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Union of Arras | Notes | Notes |
Union of Arras | References | References |
Union of Arras | Sources | Sources
Category:1579 in the Habsburg Netherlands
Category:Military alliances involving Spain
Atrecht
Category:Eighty Years' War (1566–1609)
Category:1579 treaties
Category:Arras |
Union of Arras | Table of Content | Short description, Background, Declaration of 6 January 1579, Peace of Arras, See also, Notes and references, Notes, References, Sources |
Saint Elizabeth | '''Saint Elizabeth''' | Saint Elizabeth may refer to |
Saint Elizabeth | People | People
Elizabeth (biblical figure), mother of John the Baptist
Elisabeth of Schönau (1129–1164), German Benedictine visionary
Elizabeth of Hungary (1207–1231), Hungarian princess and Christian saint
Elizabeth of Portugal (1271-1336), queen consort of Portugal and saint
Elizabeth Ann Seton (1774–1821), American Roman Catholic educator and saint
Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918), Eastern Orthodox saint and wife of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia
Elizabeth of the Trinity (1880–1906), French Carmelite nun and saint |
Saint Elizabeth | Places | Places
St. Elizabeth, Missouri, a village in the US
Saint Elizabeth Catholic Church, North Carolina, in the US
Saint Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica
St. Elizabeth Medical Center (disambiguation) |
Saint Elizabeth | See also | See also
St. Elizabeth High School (disambiguation)
St. Elizabeth's (disambiguation)
St. Elizabeth's Church (disambiguation)
St. Elizabeths Hospital (note the lack of an apostrophe), District of Columbia
Santa Isabel (disambiguation), the Portuguese and Spanish forms of the same name |
Saint Elizabeth | Table of Content | '''Saint Elizabeth''', People, Places, See also |
William Thomas Pipes | Short description | William Thomas Pipes (April 15, 1850 – October 7, 1909) was a politician in Nova Scotia, Canada. |
William Thomas Pipes | Biography | Biography
Pipes was born in Amherst, Nova Scotia. He ran in the 1878 federal election against Charles Tupper, but was unable to wrest away Tupper's seat in the House of Commons of Canada. In 1882, Pipes ran as a Liberal candidate in the provincial election and won a seat.
The Liberals unexpectedly won the most seats in the legislature despite the fact that they had no leader. William S. Fielding was at the time editor of the Halifax Morning Chronicle and could have become premier, but declined due to his lack of financial resources.
The caucus selected Pipes to lead the party and become the sixth Premier. The position was an unpaid one at the time, so Pipes had to continue his law practice. Pipes served as premier for two years, but was hobbled by personal problems and the need to earn a living. He induced Fielding to enter cabinet, and they became close collaborators.
The principal policy objective of the Pipes government was to secure a transfer of the Pictou railway line from the federal government to the province and to purchase and complete the privately owned "Eastern Extension Railway". The federal and provincial governments were unable to agree on a price, and the Pipes government abandoned the project. The Pipes government also tried to get financial assistance from Ottawa, but was unsuccessful, and was forced to cut government spending.
Pipes' personal situation became increasingly untenable, and his relations with his cabinet (aside from Fielding) were frayed. On July 15, 1884, Pipes resigned as Premier, and nominated Fielding as his successor.
Pipes broke with Fielding in 1886, however, as Fielding moved for the province's secession from Canadian confederation due to the federal government's neglect of the province's demands. During that year's election, Pipes referred to Fielding's campaign as "the putrid carcass of repeal".
In 1887, Pipes again attempted to win a seat in the federal House of Commons, but again failed to dislodge Tupper. In 1906, he returned to provincial politics, and served as Attorney-General in the cabinet of Premier George Henry Murray until his death in Boston.
Pipes was involved in business as director of Amherst Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Co, a large shareholder in the Rhodes Curry Company, and director and secretary of the Nova Scotia Lumber Company. He held these positions during his time as a provincial cabinet minister. |
William Thomas Pipes | References | References
Category:1882 in Canada
Category:Canadian Methodists
Category:Canadian people of English descent
Category:Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs
Category:People from Amherst, Nova Scotia
Category:Premiers of Nova Scotia
Category:1850 births
Category:1909 deaths
Category:Nova Scotia political party leaders
Category:19th-century members of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly
Category:20th-century members of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly |
William Thomas Pipes | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, References |
Synoptic Scale | # | Redirect Synoptic scale meteorology |
Synoptic Scale | Table of Content | # |
Synovial joint | Short description | A synovial joint, also known as diarthrosis, joins bones or cartilage with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones, constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity, and surrounds the bones' articulating surfaces. This joint unites long bones and permits free bone movement and greater mobility.The Musculoskeletal System. In: Dutton M. eds. Dutton's Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention, 5e. McGraw-Hill; Accessed January 25, 2021. https://accessphysiotherapy-mhmedical-com.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/content.aspx?bookid=2707§ionid=224662311 The synovial cavity/joint is filled with synovial fluid. The joint capsule is made up of an outer layer of fibrous membrane, which keeps the bones together structurally, and an inner layer, the synovial membrane, which seals in the synovial fluid.
They are the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal. As with most other joints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones. |
Synovial joint | Structure | Structure
Synovial joints contain the following structures:
Synovial cavity: all diarthroses have the characteristic space between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid.
Joint capsule: the fibrous capsule, continuous with the periosteum of articulating bones, surrounds the diarthrosis and unites the articulating bones; the joint capsule consists of two layers - (1) the outer fibrous membrane that may contain ligaments and (2) the inner synovial membrane that secretes the lubricating, shock absorbing, and joint-nourishing synovial fluid; the joint capsule is highly innervated, but without blood and lymph vessels, and receives nutrition from the surrounding blood supply via either diffusion (slow), or via convection (fast, more efficient), induced through exercise.
Articular cartilage: the bones of a synovial joint are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage that lines the epiphyses of the joint end of the bone with a smooth, slippery surface that prevents adhesion; articular cartilage functions to absorb shock and reduce friction during movement.
Many, but not all, synovial joints also contain additional structures:
Articular discs or menisci - the fibrocartilage pads between opposing surfaces in a joint
Articular fat pads - adipose tissue pads that protect the articular cartilage, as seen in the infrapatellar fat pad in the knee
Tendons - cords of dense regular connective tissue composed of parallel bundles of collagen fibers
Accessory ligaments (extracapsular and intracapsular) - the fibers of some fibrous membranes are arranged in parallel bundles of dense regular connective tissue that are highly adapted for resisting strains to prevent extreme movements that may damage the articulation
Bursae - sac-like structures that are situated strategically to alleviate friction in some joints (shoulder and knee) that are filled with fluid similar to synovial fluid
The bone surrounding the joint on the proximal side is sometimes called the plafond (French word for ceiling), especially in the talocrural joint. Damage to this structure is referred to as a Gosselin fracture. |
Synovial joint | Blood supply | Blood supply
The blood supply of a synovial joint is derived from the arteries sharing in the anastomosis around the joint. |
Synovial joint | Types | Types
There are seven types of synovial joints. Some are relatively immobile, therefore more stable. Others have multiple degrees of freedom, but at the expense of greater risk of injury. In ascending order of mobility, they are:
Name Example Description Plane joints(or gliding joint) carpals of the wrist, acromioclavicular joint These joints allow only gliding or sliding movements, are multi-axial such as the articulation between vertebrae. Hinge joints elbow (between the humerus and the ulna) These joints act as a door hinge does, allowing flexion and extension in just one plane, i.e. uniaxial. Pivot joints atlanto-axial joint, proximal radioulnar joint, and distal radioulnar joint One bone rotates about another Condyloid joints(or ellipsoidal joints) wrist joint (radiocarpal joint) A condyloid joint is a modified ball and socket joint that allows primary movement within two perpendicular axes, passive or secondary movement may occur on a third axes. Some classifications make a distinction between condyloid and ellipsoid joints; these joints allow flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements (circumduction). Saddle joints Carpometacarpal or trapeziometacarpal joint of thumb (between the metacarpal and carpal - trapezium), sternoclavicular joint Saddle joints, where the two surfaces are reciprocally concave/convex in shape, which resemble a saddle, permit the same movements as the condyloid joints but allows greater movement. "universal Joint" shoulder (glenohumeral) and hip joints These allow for all movements except gliding Compound joints/ bicondyloid joints knee joint condylar joint (condyles of femur join with condyles of tibia) and saddle joint (lower end of femur joins with patella) |
Synovial joint | Multiaxial joints | Multiaxial joints
thumb|A multiaxial joint, such as the hip joint, allows for three types of movement: anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and rotational.
A multiaxial joint (polyaxial joint or triaxial joint) is a synovial joint that allows for several directions of movement. In the human body, the shoulder and hip joints are multiaxial joints. They allow the upper or lower limb to move in an anterior-posterior direction and a medial-lateral direction. In addition, the limb can also be rotated around its long axis. This third movement results in rotation of the limb so that its anterior surface is moved either toward or away from the midline of the body. |
Synovial joint | Function | Function
The movements possible with synovial joints are:
abduction: movement away from the mid-line of the body
adduction: movement toward the mid-line of the body
extension: straightening limbs at a joint
flexion: bending the limbs at a joint
rotation: a circular movement around a fixed point |
Synovial joint | Clinical significance | Clinical significance
The joint space equals the distance between the involved bones of the joint. A joint space narrowing is a sign of either (or both) osteoarthritis and inflammatory degeneration. The normal joint space is at least 2 mm in the hip (at the superior acetabulum), at least 3 mm in the knee, and 4–5 mm in the shoulder joint., in turn citing: For the temporomandibular joint, a joint space of between 1.5 and 4 mm is regarded as normal. Joint space narrowing is therefore a component of several radiographic classifications of osteoarthritis.
In rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical manifestations are primarily synovial inflammation and joint damage. The fibroblast-like synoviocytes, highly specialized mesenchymal cells found in the synovial membrane, have an active and prominent role in the pathogenic processes in the rheumatic joints. Therapies that target these cells are emerging as promising therapeutic tools, raising hope for future applications in rheumatoid arthritis. |
Synovial joint | References | References
Tortora & Derrickson () Principles of Anatomy & Physiology (12th ed.). Wiley & Sons
Rogers, Kara (2010) Bone and Muscle: Structure, Force, and Motion p.157
Sharkey, John (2008) The Concise Book of Neuromuscular Therapy p.33
Moini (2011) Introduction to Pathology for the Physical Therapist Assistant pp.231-2
Bruce Abernethy (2005) The Biophysical Foundations Of Human Movement pp.23, 331 |
Synovial joint | Sources | Sources
Category:Joints |
Synovial joint | Table of Content | Short description, Structure, Blood supply, Types, Multiaxial joints, Function, Clinical significance, References, Sources |
Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester | Short description | Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester (26 November 1549) was an English nobleman. He was the son of Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester and Elizabeth Herbert, 3rd Baroness Herbert. On his father's death on 15 April 1526, he succeeded as the second Earl of Worcester. From his mother, he inherited the title of Baron Herbert.Burke, John, Burke's genealogical and heraldic history of peerage, baronetage and knightage, (G.P.Putnam's Sons:New York, 1914), 207.
He was invested as a Knight on 1 November 1523 in Roye, France, by the Duke of Suffolk.
Somerset obtained Tintern Abbey after the Dissolution of the Monasteries. |
Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester | Family | Family
He married twice:
Firstly, by papal dispensation dated 15 June 1514, to Lady Margaret Courtenay, daughter of William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon, by Catherine of York, daughter of Edward IV, King of England. Margaret died before 15 April 1526. Some sources say the union produced no children.G. E. Cokayne. The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, Vol. VIII, G. Bell & sons, 1898. pg 200. Google eBookDouglas Richardson. Plantagenet Ancestry, pg 801.Douglas Richardson. Magna Carta Ancestry, 2nd Edition, Vol. I, p. 551.
Secondly, before 1527, to Elizabeth Browne, daughter of Anthony Browne,Questier, Michael C., Catholicism and community in early modern England, (Cambridge University Press, 2006), 68. Knt., by Lucy, daughter of John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu. Somerset died on 26 November 1549. The children of Henry Somerset and Elizabeth Browne were:
Lady Lucy Somerset (152423 February 1583) who married John Neville, 4th Baron Latimer.
William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester (c. 1526/721 February 1589). Heir and successor of his father.
Francis Somerset (By 153222 July 1563), often erroneously said to have died at the battle of Pinkie in 1547, but fought at the siege of Leith in 1560, and was Member of Parliament for Monmouthshire, 1558.Williams, William, The parliamentary history of the principality of Wales, (1895), p. 121: Arthur Collin's peerage has him die at Pinkie or Musselburgh in 1547. He was killed in an attack on Le Havre in 1563 History of Parliament Online article by P.S. Edwards.
Charles Somerset History of Parliament article by A.H.D.
Thomas Somerset.
Lady Anne Somerset (died 17 October 1596), married Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland. Her husband was beheaded on 22 August 1572. They had four daughters and one son (died young).
Lady Eleanor Somerset, married Henry Johns
Lady Joan or "Jane" Somerset married Sir Edward Mansel. |
Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester | Family tree | Family tree |
Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester | Ancestry | Ancestry |
Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester | References | References
General
G. E. Cokayne. The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, Vol. VIII, G. Bell & sons, 1898. pg 200. Google eBook
Burke, John, Burke's genealogical and heraldic history of peerage, baronetage and knightage, G. P. Putnam's Sons: New York, 1914.
Questier, Michael C., Catholicism and community in early modern England, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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Worcester, Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of
Worcester, Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of
H
Category:16th-century English nobility
Category:Knights Bachelor
Category:16th-century English knights |
Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester | Table of Content | Short description, Family, Family tree, Ancestry, References |
BabyFace (professional wrestling) | # | redirect Face (professional wrestling) |
BabyFace (professional wrestling) | Table of Content | # |
Systolic blood pressure | # | Redirect Blood pressure |
Systolic blood pressure | Table of Content | # |
Network Solutions | Short description | Network Solutions, LLC, formerly Web.com, is an American-based technology company and a subsidiary of Web.com, the 4th-largest .com domain name registrar, with over 6.7 million registrations as of August 2018. In addition to being a domain name registrar, Network Solutions provides web services such as web hosting, website design and online marketing, including search engine optimization and pay per click management. |
Network Solutions | History | History
Network Solutions started as a technology consulting company incorporated by Emmit McHenry with Ty Grigsby, Gary Desler and Ed Peters in Washington, D.C., in 1979.
In its first few years, the company focused on systems programming services, primarily in the IBM environment. Annual revenues passed $1 million in 1982, growing to $18.5 million in 1986.
Network Solutions, Inc. (NSI) first operated the domain name system (DNS) registry under a sub-contract with the U.S. Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) in September 1991. NSI gave out names in the .com, .org, .mil, .gov, .edu and .net Top Level Domains (TLDs) for free, along with free Internet Protocol (IP) address blocks.
The Network Information Center at SRI International had performed the work under Elizabeth J. Feinler since 1972.
In 1992, NSI was the sole bidder on a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to further develop the domain name registration service for the Internet. In 1993, NSI was granted an exclusive contract by the NSF to be the sole domain name registrar for .com (commerce), .net (network) and .org (organization) TLDs, a continuation of work NSI had already been doing. NSI also maintained the central database of assigned names called WHOIS. A contract was given to Boeing to operate the .mil TLD registry, and was also performed by NSI under subcontract.
In May 1993, the NSF privatized the domain name registry; Network Solutions was the only bidder on the $5.9 million annual contract to administer it.
In March 1995, the company was acquired by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) for $4.7 million. At that time, the company managed 60,000 domain names.
Following the acquisition by SAIC, the NSF gave Network Solutions authority to charge for domain name registrations. Network Solutions imposed a charge of $100 for two years' registration. 30% of this revenue went to the NSF to create an "Internet Intellectual Infrastructure Fund". In 1997, a lawsuit was filed charging Network Solutions with antitrust violations with regard to domain names. The 30% of the registration fee that went to the NSF was ruled by a court to be an illegal tax. This led to a reduction in the domain name registration fee to $70 (for two years).
Network Solutions also implemented a policy of censoring domain names. This came to light when Jeff Gold attempted to register the domain name shitakemushrooms.com but was unable to. Network Solutions' automated screening system blocked the registration "because it contains four letters they consider obscene", though the domain name 'shit.com' had been successfully registered. Network Solutions argued that it was within its First Amendment rights to block words it found offensive, even though it was operating pursuant to contract with a Federal agency.
Network Solutions' $100 charge and its monopoly position in the market were contributing pressures that resulted in the creation of the International Ad Hoc Committee and a failed attempt to take control of the domain name system, and to the U.S. Department of Commerce and National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) releasing a white paper and ultimately contracting with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to administer the DNS.
In September 1997, the Network Solutions () became a public company via an initial public offering (IPO).
After the formation of ICANN in 1998, the domain name industry opened up to partial competition, with NSI retaining its monopoly on .com, .net and .org but having to recognize a separation between the functions of a registry, which manages the underlying database of domain names, and that of a registrar, which acts as a retail provider of domain names. To achieve this separation, NSI created a "firewall" between the two new divisions of the business, creating separate technical infrastructure, organizations, and facilities. By the end of 1999 the fee for registration had been reduced, from $34.99, to a wholesale rate of $6 per year to registered resellers.
In May 1999, Jim Rutt was named chief executive officer of the company; he stepped down in February 2001.
In 2000, at the peak of the dot-com bubble, the company was acquired by VeriSign for $21 billion in stock ().
On October 17, 2003, VeriSign announced the sale of Network Solutions to Pivotal Equity Group for $100 million.
In January 2006, Network Solutions acquired MonsterCommerce, an e-commerce company in the Greater St. Louis area.
In February 2007, General Atlantic, a private equity firm, acquired the company for a reported $800 million.
In January 2008, Roy Dunbar was appointed CEO.
On November 2, 2009, Tim Kelly, president of the company, replaced Dunbar as CEO. Dunbar continued to act as chairman and advisor to the company.
In August 2011, Web.com announced the acquisition of the company for $405 million and 18 million shares of newly issued Web.com stock (), which closed at $8.66 per share before the announcement, for a total purchase price of about $560 million. The acquisition was completed on October 27, 2011.
This was immediately followed by the departure of CEO Kelly and other leadership. Large-scale employee layoffs began the following day as well. By December 31, 2011, over half of the office space in the Herndon, Virginia, headquarters had been vacated, and on March 31, 2012, the company's Belleville, Illinois, office was closed.
In June 2020, Network Solutions revoked the domain name registration of two hate sites (VDARE and niggermania.com) after receiving a demand letter from the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, a civil rights organization. |
Network Solutions | 2008 domain name front running class action lawsuit | 2008 domain name front running class action lawsuit
Network Solutions offers a search engine that permits users to find out if a domain name is available for purchase. Unregistered domain names entered into this search engine are then speculatively reserved by Network Solutions.Domain Name Wire. "Network Solutions Faces PR Nightmare Over Domain FrontRunning", January 8, 2008. This "reservation" can be removed by anyone immediately by contacting Network Solutions customer service hotline, or it will automatically unreserve within four days, allowing the domain to be freely registered anywhere. Also, visitors searching for domain names on their website allow the reservation when they click "OK" on the Reservation Confirmation dialog box. Clicking "Cancel" will prevent the domain name from being reserved.
On January 8, 2008, Domain Name Wire published a story alleging that Network Solutions practices domain name front running. "If you try to register a domain at Network Solutions, but decide not to register it, you won't be able to register it anywhere else", the article says. "Network Solutions registers the domain in its company name with the words 'This Domain is available at NetworkSolutions.com'." Circle ID reported on January 8, 2008, that Jonathon Nevett, Vice President of Policy at Network Solutions and one of the seven members of the ICANN community who was consulted by the ICANN committee looking at registrar abuse of domain "tasting", as the availability search practice is called, had offered a response to the news story stating Network Solutions' policy. The policy was "a security measure to protect our customers", said Nevett. "When a customer searches for an available domain name at our website, but decides not to purchase the name immediately after conducting the search", Nevett added, "after the search ends, we will put the domain name on reserve."Circle ID. "Network Solutions Responds to Front Running Accusations" by CircleID Reporter. January 8, 2008. Nevett said that if the domain was "not purchased within 4 days, it will be released back to the registry and will be generally available for registration." But once a name was supposedly "reserved" for a potential customer, not only was it not available at any less expensive registrar, but the fee charged by Network Solutions went up to $35 instead of the original fee charged of around $10.
Jay Westerdal, one of the seven members of the ICANN community who was consulted by the ICANN committee looking at domain tasting abuse, published an article on Domain Tools on January 8, 2008, stating that Network Solutions is exposing the domains to domain tasters. The domain tasters "will snipe those domain up milliseconds after Network Solutions deletes them", says Westerdal. "It is a deplorable action that Network Solutions would announce potential domain names to the entire world", Westerdal added. On January 8, 2008, Tucows, the largest publicly traded domain name registrar, published an article on its company web site titled "Registrar Reputation and Trust" criticizing Network Solutions policy. "Potential Registrants are effectively forced to purchase the domain from Network Solutions for a period of four days at which point the domain is dropped", wrote Tucows employee James Koole. Koole says that Tucows has found a way to address the issue of domain tasting and has policies in place that uphold the rights of Registrants. "Tucows works to prevent domain name tasting by charging our Resellers a monetary fee on domain name registrations that are cancelled within the five-day Add Grace Period (AGP)", Koole said. "Tucows doesn't use WHOIS query data or search data from our API to front-run domain names", Koole added.Tucows. "Registrar Reputation and Trust" by James Koole , January 8, 2008.
On January 9, 2008, CNET reported that Network Solutions will soon not register domains when people search for domains from the company's Whois search page, will offer only an "under construction" page for sites that it has reserved, and newly reserved pages won't be linked to the numerical Internet addresses that allow Web browsers to locate the pages.CNET. "Network Solutions amends Net registration process" by Stephen Shankland. January 9, 2008. Network Solutions will continue to register domains when people search for domains from the company's home page. |
Network Solutions | Class action and resolution | Class action and resolution
On February 25, 2008, law firms Kabateck LLP, (then Kabateck Brown Kellner), and Engstrom, Lipscomb & Lack, filed class-action lawsuits, McElroy v. Network Solutions LLC, et. al and James Lee Finseth v. Network Solutions LLC, against the company for front running, which was settled in favor of the plaintiffs, in 2009."Notice of Class Action Settlement in the Matters of McElroy v. Network Solutions LLC, et. al, Case No. CV 08-01247 PSG (VBKx) Finseth v. Network Solutions LLC, Case No. CV 08-01537 PSG (VBKx)", Traverse Legal, April 29, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2019. |
Network Solutions | Controversies | Controversies |
Network Solutions | Server breach | Server breach
In August 2009, Network Solutions notified customers that its servers were breached, and led to the exposure of names, address, and credit card numbers of more than 573,000 people who made purchases on Web sites hosted by the company. Susan Wade, a spokesperson for Network Solutions, said, "We really feel terrible about this". At the time of this writing, NSI does not know how their servers were compromised. |
Network Solutions | Malware | Malware
One year later in August 2010, Network Solutions discovered that one of their widgets offered to their domain registration and hosting customers was capable of distributing malware by sites displaying it. As many as 5,000,000 of their registered domains may have been affected by the hack. The affected widget was at least temporarily addressed by Network Solutions, who were able to make changes to the code to prevent it from loading. |
Network Solutions | WebLock Service | WebLock Service
In January, 2014 Network Solutions' marketing department sent an email to customers stating that the company would be automatically enrolling customers in a new security program called WebLock, for an initial charge of $1,850 for the first year and $1,350 each subsequent year. The company claimed the cost offset new security features to protect domains, including registering as a "certified user" and confirmation of configuration changes with those "certified users".
... To help recapture the costs of maintaining this extra level of security for your account, your credit card will be billed $1,850 for the first year of service on the date your program goes live... After that you will be billed $1,350 on every subsequent year from that date. If you wish to opt out of this program you may do so by calling us at 1-888-642-0265.
Web.com COO Jason Teichman later clarified that the program would actually be opt-in, saying "we did not do a good job in wording that [email]" and "It's not our intention to enroll anyone in a program they don't want." |
Network Solutions | Publishing Non-Public Information | Publishing Non-Public Information
In September, 2009, Network Solutions began publishing a list of domain name WHOIS searches performed by customers and other service users in the past day. |
Network Solutions | ''Fitna'' controversy | Fitna controversy
In March 2008, "Fitnathemovie.com", a website that Dutch politician Geert Wilders had reserved at Network Solutions, was taken offline. Wilders intended to host a film he had created, Fitna. At that time, the only page on the site was a picture of the Qur'an accompanied by the text "Geert Wilders presents Fitna" and "Coming soon". Network Solutions' notice stated that they were "investigating whether the site's content is in violation of the Network Solutions Acceptable Use Policy".Dutch Islam film website 'shut' BBC Wilders said the 15-minute film will show how verses from the Qur'an are being used today to incite modern Muslims to behave violently and anti-democratically.
As a result of Network Solutions' decision, "fitnathemovie.com" was not available to the public on the day of the film's release. Wilders expressed his displeasure with Network Solutions for pre-censoring the domain name.
Network Solutions also came under criticism because although they refused to host Wilders' website, they had provided registration services for the Hezbollah domain hizbollah.org.Networking Tools In response to these criticisms, Network Solutions agreed that hizbollah.org violated their acceptable use policy and ceased hosting that web site, as well.
Due to heavy media coverage, many people were aware of the film's existence and the controversy surrounding its domain name. Some were outraged by the actions of Network Solutions in dealing with one of its customers. Freedom of speech protestors created videos commenting on the situation, and some uploaded Wilders' film to social networking sites such as YouTube shortly after its release. Protestors for both sides created their own blogs and video statements on the matter. Anti-censorship protestors took their campaigns to sites such as YouTube in order to alert others of the situation.Online Protesting Social Media User Protesting On March 23, 2008, Brian Krebs of the Washington Post published an article explaining more facts related to the event. Krebs wrote that Network Solutions spokesperson Susan Wade stated that Network Solutions had received several complaints regarding the website, but she did not elaborate on the specific nature of the complaints. |
Network Solutions | Controversy over subdomain hijacking | Controversy over subdomain hijacking
In April 2008, reports indicated that in addition to the aforementioned front-running practices, Network Solutions had begun exploiting an obscure provision of its end-user license agreement that permits it to use and advertise on its users' unassigned subdomains, even despite the registration and private ownership of the top-level domain itself. The provision states: 'You also agree that any domain name directory, sub-directory, file name or path (e.g.) that does not resolve to an active web page on your Web site being hosted by Network Solutions, may be used by Network Solutions to place a "parking" page, "under construction" page, or other temporary page that may include promotions and advertisements for, and links to, Network Solutions' Web site...'"
Ars Technica has documented how to opt out of this scheme, but many private domain holders and privacy advocates cite the move as another step in Network Solutions' series of recent attempts to push the boundaries of profitability and responsibility in its domain practices. |
Network Solutions | ''Races.com'' controversy | Races.com controversy
According to a Wired.com article, in 1999 Network Solutions bungled the transfer of "races.com", accidentally placing it back into the pool of available domain names. MBA student John McLanahan purchased the domain privately for thousands of dollars. A domain name speculator was able to obtain it, and demanded $500,000 for its return. |
Network Solutions | Misleading customers over refunds | Misleading customers over refunds
In April 2015, the Federal Trade Commission announced that Network Solutions had agreed to settle charges that it misled consumers who bought web hosting services by promising a full refund if they canceled within 30 days. In reality, the FTC stated, the company withheld substantial cancellation fees amounting to up to 30 percent of the refund. |
Network Solutions | See also | See also
Domain Name System |
Network Solutions | References | References |
Network Solutions | External links | External links
Category:Certificate authorities
Category:Domain name registrars
Category:American companies established in 1979
Category:1979 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Category:Herndon, Virginia
Category:Web.com
Category:1997 initial public offerings
Category:2000 mergers and acquisitions
Category:Companies based in Fairfax County, Virginia |
Network Solutions | Table of Content | Short description, History, 2008 domain name front running class action lawsuit, Class action and resolution, Controversies, Server breach, Malware, WebLock Service, Publishing Non-Public Information, ''Fitna'' controversy, Controversy over subdomain hijacking, ''Races.com'' controversy, Misleading customers over refunds, See also, References, External links |
T Eliot | # | Redirect T. S. Eliot |
T Eliot | Table of Content | # |
T Lawrence | # | Redirect T. E. Lawrence |
T Lawrence | Table of Content | # |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | short description | USS Manchester was a light cruiser of the United States Navy, which were built during World War II. The class was designed as a development of the earlier s, the size of which had been limited by the First London Naval Treaty. The start of the war led to the dissolution of the treaty system, but the dramatic need for new vessels precluded a new design, so the Clevelands used the same hull as their predecessors, but were significantly heavier. The Clevelands carried a main battery of twelve guns in four three-gun turrets, along with a secondary armament of twelve dual-purpose guns. They had a top speed of .
The ship was laid down 25 September 1944 by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation's Fore River Shipyard, Quincy, Massachusetts; launched 5 March 1946; sponsored by Mrs. Ernest J. Gladu; and commissioned 29 October 1946, Capt. Peter G. Hale in command. |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | Design | Design
thumb|left|Depiction of the Cleveland class, showing the plan and profile
The Cleveland-class light cruisers traced their origin to design work done in the late 1930s; at the time, light cruiser displacement was limited to by the Second London Naval Treaty. Following the start of World War II in September 1939, Britain announced it would suspend the treaty for the duration of the conflict, a decision the US Navy quickly followed. Though still neutral, the United States recognized that war was likely and the urgent need for additional ships ruled out an entirely new design, so the Clevelands were a close development of the earlier s, the chief difference being the substitution of a two-gun dual-purpose gun mount for one of the main battery gun turrets.
Manchester was long overall and had a beam of and a draft of . Her standard displacement amounted to and increased to at full load. The ship was powered by four General Electric steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Rated at , the turbines were intended to give a top speed of . Her crew numbered 1285 officers and enlisted men.
The ship was armed with a main battery of twelve 6 in /47-caliber Mark 16 guns in four 3-gun turrets on the centerline. Two were placed forward in a superfiring pair; the other two turrets were placed aft of the superstructure in another superfiring pair. The secondary battery consisted of twelve /38-caliber dual-purpose guns mounted in twin turrets. Two of these were placed on the centerline, one directly behind the forward main turrets and the other just forward of the aft turrets. Two more were placed abreast of the conning tower and the other pair on either side of the aft superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense consisted of twenty-eight Bofors guns in four quadruple and six double mounts and ten Oerlikon guns in single mounts.
The ship's belt armor ranged in thickness from , with the thicker section amidships where it protected the ammunition magazines and propulsion machinery spaces. Her deck armor was thick. The main battery turrets were protected with faces and sides and tops, and they were supported by barbettes 6 inches thick. Manchesters conning tower had 5-inch sides. |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | Service history | Service history |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | Mediterranean, 1947–1949 | Mediterranean, 1947–1949
thumb|left|Manchester in the Mediterranean Sea, 9 March 1948.
Manchester completed her shakedown cruise in the Caribbean and returned to Boston, her home port, 26 March 1947. There she was equipped with an experimental plastic cover for her bridge to be tested on her first transatlantic crossing. On 18 April, she steamed for the Mediterranean to lend visible support to the Truman Doctrine of 12 March. Returning to the East Coast for two weeks in June, she conducted a Naval Reserve training cruise out of Newport, R.I. She resumed her Mediterranean cruise 25 June, returning to Boston 30 November. Manchester completed two more deployments with the 6th Fleet (9 February to 26 June 1948, 3 January to 4 March 1949) before departing Philadelphia 18 March for assignment with the Pacific Fleet. |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | Far East, 1949 | Far East, 1949
She arrived at Long Beach 3 April and departed two weeks later for the politically volatile Far East, entering the harbor at Tsingtao, China, 15 May. The cruiser operated in the Yellow, East China, and South China Seas until returning to Long Beach 28 November.
During this time, the Nationalist Chinese forces, having suffered extreme setbacks, had begun their withdrawal to the island of Taiwan, 16 July, and the People's Republic of China had been proclaimed at Peiping, 1 October 1949. The success of the Red Chinese bolstered other Asian Communist aspirations. On 25 June 1950, North Korean leaders ordered their troops to cross the 38th parallel into South Korea. The United Nations quickly declared North Korea the aggressor and called on members of that body to repel the invasion, 26 to 27 June. |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | Korean War, 1950–1953 | Korean War, 1950–1953 |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | 1950 | 1950
At that time, Manchester, docked at San Francisco, was undergoing overhaul. Work was sped up and by 1 August the cruiser was on her way to the Western Pacific. She arrived at Sasebo, Japan, in early September and joined TF 77. As part of a carrier group, she commenced operations in the Yellow Sea, supporting United Nations Forces air efforts against the elongated Communist communications lines by coastal patrol, blockade, and bombardment. On 15 September, Manchester provided fire support for the landings at Inchon. After the establishment of major control of the Inchon–Seoul transport complex, she moved north to bombard North Korean troop concentrations on Tungsan Got, while aircraft from her strike force hit the railhead at Ongjin, 27 September. This action effectively slowed reinforcement of Communist forces in the south by disrupting their supply lines and keeping their troops occupied in defensive action.
Manchester then steamed with her task group around the peninsula to support the invasion at Wonsan. Arriving 10 October, she commenced shore bombardment and patrol duties in support of the minesweeping operations in the area while planes from TF 77 conducted raids against North Korean vessels, road and rail centers, warehouses, and supply depots as far north as Songjin. The U.N. Forces soon reached the Yalu River and, as the heavy fighting appeared to be over, Manchester was reassigned, 29 October, to TF 72, then patrolling the Taiwan Straits. This patrol duty was ended shortly thereafter by the full scale intervention of Communist Chinese troops in Korea. On 3 December, the cruiser rejoined TF 77 and steamed to Hungnam to support the complete evacuation of that port and the demolition of its facilities. Completing this operation, the task force continued to defend U.N. units, effecting their safe withdrawal from untenable positions. |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | 1951 | 1951
thumb|left|Manchester alongside at Wonsan on 3 May 1951.
On 8 January 1951, Manchester evacuated injured crewmembers from the Thai corvette HTMS Prasae, which had grounded the previous day behind enemy lines near Kisamon Tan on the east coast. Naval gunfire kept enemy soldiers from swarming onto the ship until, the ship having been declared unsalvageable, the remainder of the crew was taken off by the cruiser's helicopter. Guns from accompanying destroyers were then turned on Prasae.
For the next month and a half, Manchester patrolled off the east coast of Korea. Firing at both shore and inland targets, she blasted communication and transportation centers, destroying and disrupting the enemy's equipment and troop concentrations. On 22 February, she steamed to Wonsan to add her guns to the siege and blockade of that port which had commenced five days earlier. She continued to conduct shore bombardment activities along the northeast coast, primarily at Wonsan and Songjin, for the remainder of her first Korean combat tour.
On 1 June, Manchester departed Korean waters for Yokosuka en route back to Long Beach, arriving in California 15 June. Spending less than five months at home, the cruiser was underway for the Far East again 5 November. She arrived back in the combat zone 8 December and took up duties as flagship of TF 95, the U.N. blockading and escort force. |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | 1952 | 1952
By this time, the conflict had altered in character, from quick forceful action to perseverance in the systematic destruction of the enemy's personnel and equipment. To this purpose, TF 95 maintained a blockade along the entire Korean coast and bombarded the Communist's main supply routes, which, because of the mountainous terrain, lay on the narrow coastal plains. Manchester patrolled along the Korean Peninsula shelling military targets in areas such as Chinnamp'o, Chongjin, Tong'Cho-Ri as well as regularly returning to Hungnam, Songjin, and Wonsan to add to the destruction of those tightly held enemy positions. While her guns blasted, Manchester's helicopters continued her reputation as a good friend of downed pilots, performing rescues at sea and on land behind enemy lines. Her medical officers also worked overtime aiding sick and wounded members of the U.N. Forces.
On 14 May 1952, Manchester completed her second tour in Korea and departed the bombline on the east coast of Korea. She returned to Long Beach 29 May, departing two weeks later for voyage repairs and overhaul at San Francisco. |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | 1953 | 1953
thumb|left|Manchester firing with her forward turret off the North Korean east coast, March 1953.
The new year, 1953, brought no change in the negative results of the cease-fire talks begun at Kaesong 10 July 1951 and later moved to Panmunjom. The conflict continued and Manchester departed on 25 January for her third deployment in Korean waters. On 4 March, she rejoined TF 77 on the bombline off the peninsula's east coast. On 8 March, she returned to Wonsan and again commenced shelling Wonsan. She came back to this besieged city periodically during this tour, spending the remainder of the time on patrol along the bombline, providing fire support for the U.N. Forces at the eastern end of the frontline.
On 23 July, Manchester departed Korea for Yokosuka. On 27 July, the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed at Panmunjom and hostilities ended. On 28 July, Manchester got underway for her homeport, having successfully completed three combat tours with no major battle damage. |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | Pacific, 1954–1956 | Pacific, 1954–1956
During 1954 and 1955, the cruiser was twice deployed for six month periods with the 7th Fleet in the western Pacific. On her last return voyage she participated in Operation "Glory", the return to Hawaii of fifty unidentified American dead from the Korean War. Departing Yokosuka 20 January 1956, she stopped at Pearl Harbor for ceremonies and continued on to Long Beach, arriving 5 February. At the end of the month, she sailed for San Francisco, where she entered the Reserve Fleet 27 February, and decommissioned 27 June 1956. Struck from the Navy list 1 April 1960, she was sold 31 October 1960 to the Nicolai Joffe Corp. |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | Awards | Awards
World War II Victory Medal
Navy Occupation Medal with "EUROPE" and "ASIA" clasps
China Service Medal
National Defense Service Medal
Korean Service Medal with nine battle stars
Korean Presidential Unit Citation
United Nations Korea Medal
Korean War Service Medal
For part of her Korean deployment (12 July 1951 – 29 May 1952), she was commanded by Laurence Hugh Frost, who would later be the Director of the National Security Agency under Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy. |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | Footnotes | Footnotes |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | Notes | Notes |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | Citations | Citations |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | References | References
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USS Manchester (CL-83) | External links | External links
history.navy.mil: USS Manchester
hazegray.org: USS Manchester
Category:Cleveland-class cruisers
Category:Cold War cruisers of the United States
Category:Korean War cruisers of the United States
Category:Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
Category:1946 ships |
USS Manchester (CL-83) | Table of Content | short description, Design, Service history, Mediterranean, 1947–1949, Far East, 1949, Korean War, 1950–1953, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, Pacific, 1954–1956, Awards, Footnotes, Notes, Citations, References, External links |
Sunday Creek (Ohio) | Use American English | Sunday Creek is a tributary of the Hocking River, 27.2 miles (43.8 km) long, in southeastern Ohio in the United States. Via the Hocking and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining 139 square miles (360 km2) in a mainly rural area of the Allegheny Plateau region. Its name is locally said to derive from early white settlers who in 1802 reached the creek on a Sunday, and so named it after the day of their discovery. (also see nearby Monday Creek.)
Sunday Creek rises in southeastern Perry County and flows generally southwardly into northern Athens County, passing through the communities of Rendville, Corning, Glouster, Trimble, Jacksonville, and Millfield (site of the 1930 Millfield Mine disaster), to Chauncey, where it flows into the Hocking River. In Athens County north of Glouster it collects the East Branch Sunday Creek, 15.5 miles (25 km) long, which rises in Perry County and passes through Morgan County. Tom Jenkins Dam, constructed on the East Branch in Athens County in 1950 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, forms Burr Oak Lake, the site of Burr Oak State Park. In Glouster, Sunday Creek collects the West Branch Sunday Creek, 14 miles (22.5 km) long, which rises in Perry County and flows generally southwardly.
Other significant Tributaries include Greens Run, Mud Fork, and Johnson Run, all perennial streams draining the area to the west of the creek.
thumb|left|200px|Sunday Creek in Glouster in 2006
A predominant land use in the watershed of Sunday Creek has historically been coal mining, with both underground and surface mines in the area. A 1997 study by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency identified the lowermost thirteen miles of Sunday Creek as having been "irretrievably damaged to the extent that no appreciable aquatic life can be supported" due to the creek's low pH, caused by acid mine drainage. The lower areas of the creek are generally colored orange from the effects of acid-mine drainage during times of low water.
, an organization called the Sunday Creek Watershed Group operates with the intention of addressing water quality and ecosystem-related matters in the watershed. It is sponsored by Rural Action, a non-profit organization in southeastern Ohio.
True Pigments is a social enterprise founded in 2019 as part of Rural Action, in collaboration with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources and Ohio University. The initiative aims to develop innovative technologies that transform acid mine drainage (AMD) from the Truetown Mine Disaster into marketable pigments. These pigments are intended for production and sale in the wholesale market, contributing to environmental sustainability by addressing water pollution issues caused by AMD. |
Sunday Creek (Ohio) | See also | See also
Palos Covered Bridge, which spans the creek and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places
List of rivers of Ohio
Monday Creek |
Sunday Creek (Ohio) | References | References
Category:Rivers of Ohio
Category:Rivers of Athens County, Ohio
Category:Rivers of Morgan County, Ohio
Category:Rivers of Perry County, Ohio |
Sunday Creek (Ohio) | Table of Content | Use American English, See also, References |
Earl of Portmore | Short description | thumb|100px|David Colyear, 1st Earl of Portmore.
Earl of Portmore was a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1703 for the Scottish military commander David Colyear, 1st Lord Portmore. He had already been created Lord Portmore in 1699 and was made Lord Colyear and Viscount of Milsington at the same time as he was granted the earldom, also in the Peerage of Scotland. He was the son of Alexander Colyear, who had been created a Baronet, of Holland, in the Baronetage of England on 20 February 1677. Lord Portmore married Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester, a former mistress of James II. He was succeeded by his only surviving son, the second Earl. He represented Wycombe and Andover in Parliament. His grandson, the fourth Earl (who succeeded his father), sat as Member of Parliament for Boston. The fourth Earl died without surviving male issue in 1835 when the titles became extinct. |
Earl of Portmore | Colyear Baronets, of Holland (1677) | Colyear Baronets, of Holland (1677)
right|80px|Arms of Robertson, later Colyear of Holland
Sir Alexander Colyear, 1st Baronet (d. c. 1685)
Sir David Colyear, 2nd Baronet (c. 1656–1730) (created Lord Portmore in 1699 and Earl of Portmore in 1703) |
Earl of Portmore | Earls of Portmore (1703) | Earls of Portmore (1703)
David Colyear, 1st Earl of Portmore (c. 1656–1730)
David Colyear, Viscount Milsington (1698–1729)
Charles Colyear, 2nd Earl of Portmore (1700–1785)
William Colyear, 3rd Earl of Portmore (1745–1823)
Thomas Charles Colyear, 4th Earl of Portmore (1772–1835)
Hon. Brownlow Charles Colyear (d. 1819) |
Earl of Portmore | Arms | Arms |
Earl of Portmore | References | References
Category:Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of Scotland
Category:1703 establishments in Scotland
Category:Noble titles created in 1703
Category:1677 establishments in Scotland
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Earl of Portmore | Table of Content | Short description, Colyear Baronets, of Holland (1677), Earls of Portmore (1703), Arms, References |
Teays River | Short description | thumb|320px|right|The Teays River network, which existed before disruption by glaciers during the Pleistocene. Reconstruction is based on the discovery of large buried valleys in West Virginia, Ohio, and Indiana and other evidence.
The Teays River
(pronounced taze) was a major preglacial river that drained much of the present Ohio River watershed, but took a more northerly downstream course. Traces of the Teays across northern Ohio and Indiana are represented by a network of river valleys. The largest still existing contributor to the former Teays River is the Kanawha River in West Virginia, which is itself an extension of the New River.
The name "Teays," from the much smaller Teays Valley still extant above the surface, has been associated with the river and the remainder of its related buried valley since 1910.The Glacial Boundary in Western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois; George Frederick Weight; Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey No. 58; Washington, Government Printing Office; 1890; pg 86-88 The more appropriate name would be the Ancestral Kanawha Valley.Glacial Geology of Wabash County, Indiana: William J. Wayne and William D. Thornbury; Indiana Department of Conservation, Geological Survey; Bulletin No. 5; Bloomington, Indiana; 1951 The term Teays is used when discussing the buried portion of the Ancestral Kanawha River.
The Teays was comparable in size to the Ohio River. The River's headwaters were near Blowing Rock, North Carolina; it then flowed through Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. (Hansen, 1995).Teays River; ES 767 Quaternary Geology, Fall 2011; Wesley C. Smith; Emporia State University, Earth Science Department: Webpage submitted on November 28, 2011 The largest tributary to the Teays River was the Old Kentucky River (Teller 1991), which extended from southern Kentucky through Frankfort and subsequently flowed northeast, meeting other tributaries and eventually joining the Teays. |
Teays River | Creation | Creation
Scattered glacial erratics in northeastern Kentucky and southern OhioLeverett; 1929, pp. 33-47 are pre-Kansan in age. Only the Nebraskan is recognized as earlier than Kansan; these have been designated as remnants of deposits left by the Nebraskan glacier.Thwaites, 1946, pl. 3 The ice sheet overrode the preglacial Teays creating ponds or glacial lakes. The back up of water diverted the upper basin over the surrounding divides into the preglacial Ohio River. Thus the ‘deep stage’ more likely is post-Nebraskan and pre-Kansan in age rather than preglacial. With the withdrawal of the Nebraskan glacier, which caused integration of the upper Kanawha (Teays) with the preglacial Ohio, a vastly shortened, unnamed descendant of the Teays apparently headed somewhere in west-central Ohio and cut the ‘deep stage’ across Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois during the long Aftonian interglacial stage, which followed.
If the sequence of bedrock formations of northern Indiana were exposed, the extensive cliffs along the ‘deep stage’ of the Teays and its tributaries would provide a clearer understanding of the stratigraphy of northern Indiana. The entire Silurian section below the Liston Creek limestoneIndiana Division of Geology, 1949, pl. 2 and a few feet of the upper Ordovician probably would be visible in the vicinity of La Fontaine.
In Wabash County the part of the Teays Valley above the ‘deep stage’ consists of broad terraces at an altitude of about . From this terrace level the bedrock rises gradually to the on the Lexington pene-plain surface. These terraces probably correspond in age to an erosional surface in the unglaciated areas known as the Parker strath, which was the result an erosion cycle that ended before the Kansan phase of the pre-Illinoian glaciation.Fenneman, 1938, p. 443 More recent correlationThornbury, 1948, p. 1359 places its age as pre-Nebraskan. The Parker strath probably represents an erosional level existent at the beginning of the Pleistocene before the rejuvenation associated with, and following, the Nebraskan glaciation. The general appearance and width of the strath terrace along the Teays Valley in Indiana indicates that it represents only a slight rejuvenation following the Lexington cycle.
In Virginia and West Virginia, the Teays River flowed in the valleys of the modern New River and Kanawha River (Hansen, 1995). The river then flowed west to Scioto County, Ohio, and to Ross County, Ohio, near Chillicothe. The valley then disappears under glacial sediments but can be tracked using water well yields and other means (Hansen, 1995). A total of seven tills have been identified within the Teays River Valley (Andrews, 2004). In portions of Ohio, the buried valley is up to wide and lies beneath of glacial sediments (Hansen, 1995). |
Teays River | Course | Course
The Teays River was a north- and northwest-flowing river existing before the Pleistocene Ice Ages – before 2.5 million years ago.Professional Paper 13, Plate xviii; Wm Tight; U.S. Geological Survey; Washington, 1903 The Teays flowed through southwest West Virginia, between Kentucky and Ohio, and northwest across Ohio (see illustration). The Teays then flowed under what is present-day Lafayette, Indiana, and just north of Champaign, Illinois, and likely was coincident with the lower present-day Illinois River.
The Teays River was dissected and largely wiped away by advancing glaciers and their meltwater. These glaciers were the massive continental ice sheets that began to cover large parts of Ohio and other states downstream (west) of Ohio between 2.5 and 3 million years ago. Their presence caused lakes (Lake Tight, Lake Monongahela, etc.) to form along the Teays and associated rivers. Overflow of these lakes into nearby, lower valleys caused large floods and new rivers to form. These new rivers – formed about 2 million years ago – included the present-day Ohio and Scioto Rivers, which are associated with the most direct evidence of the Teays. |
Teays River | West Virginia | West Virginia
The Teays River was the main stream of a preglacial river system. Its headwaters was near the eastern escarpment of the Blue Ridge, at the edge of the Piedmont Plateau in North Carolina and Virginia.Stout and Schaaf, 1931, pp. 671-672Stout, Ver Steeg and Lamb, Water in Ohio. Bulletin 44, Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1943, p. 51The Teays River; Karl Ver Steeg: The Ohio Journal of Science; Vol. XLVI, November, 1946 No. 6; College of Wooster; Wooster, Ohio
The New River, the southernmost headwater of the Teays River, arises in Watauga County, North Carolina, in the Blue Ridge. This area is northeast of Asheville. It flows northeasterly direction for some distance and after making a right-angled bend, it trends northward until it makes a 90° turn to the west and joins the Gauley River. Here, it takes a new name as the Kanawha River. This continues to the northwest to Charleston. As New River, it was joined by the Greenbrier and Bluestone rivers. At Charleston, the Kanawha is joined by the Elk River.
In its course, the Teays River cut across the folded Appalachians, a remarkable feature. The valley varies in width, from , an average of . A mile wide valley can be observed without a stream from St. Albans to Huntington. No doubt, a large stream once occupied this abandoned valley. Approaching Huntington, the Guyandotte River joins the general path of the ancient river beginning at Barboursville and follows it north until the former river veers west over the south hills of Huntington and joins the Ohio River Valley heading west towards Kentucky. The Ohio River follows the Teays path until leaving the Ohio River in the north end of Catlettsburg where it veers away just south of Ashland to Wheelersburg. The Ohio River has a floor of the original valley as shown by the silted flats south of Ashland and the terraces between Franklin Furnace and Wheelersburg.
At Wheelersburg, the Teays River flowed northward past Minford, Stockdale and Beaver, to Waverly, through a high-level, broad, well-defined open valley. |
Teays River | Ohio | Ohio
The Teays system in Ohio is known as the Parker Strath. The Teays River extended across Ohio in a northwesterly direction from Huntington, West Virginia. It splits away from the Ohio River near Sciotodale/Wheelersburg and goes north and west through Minford, Stockdale, and Beaver before merging with the Scioto River valley near Waverly/Piketon. This is clearly visible on aerial and satellite imagery. However, its floor exists as broad upland flats, near Omega and Higby. The Scioto River has eroded and partially destroyed the Teays Valley from Waverly to Richmond Dale. It then continues northward to Chillicothe, where it disappears under a layering of Wisconsin glacial drift. Surveying under the glacial drift has revealed that it continues to the border of Indiana, near Grand Lake St. Marys. From Chillicothe, the Teays Valley can be traced in a northwesterly direction past Andersonville, crossing the southwestern part of Pickaway County, past Atlanta. From there, it crosses the northeast corner of Fayette County near Pancoastburg (former Waterloo), extending in a northwesterly direction past London in Madison County, to South Vienna in Clark County. Here the Teays was joined by the Groveport River, which drained central Ohio. From South Vienna, the Teays River continues in a westerly direction, to a point near Springfield, in Clark County, and thence northwestward past Boulusville and St. Paris in Champaign County, and Sidney, Anna and Botkins, in Shelby County, to the southeastern part of Washington Township in Auglaize County, where it was joined from the north by a tributary, Wapakoneta Creek. The Teays continued its course westward past the village of Mercer to Rockford. Continuing west to the Ohio-Indiana state line in Mercer County. |
Teays River | Indiana | Indiana
The Teays Valley enters Indiana in Jay County and trends west. It turns to the northwest west of La Fontaine crossing Miami County south of the Wabash River. Reaching under Tippecanoe County, it continues west through southern Benton County and into Illinois. (Fidlar, 1948, pp. 12–15). |
Teays River | Illinois | Illinois
In Illinois, the valley is called the Mahomet.(Horberg, 1945, pp. 349–350). It trends westerly across the state, into the bedrock valley of the Illinois River. |
Teays River | Entrenched or ‘deep stage’ | Entrenched or ‘deep stage’
The ‘deep stage’ is used to describe the portion of the Teays Valley and other proglacial valleys carved into bedrock in the Great Lakes region. This includes Ohio Valley, near Madison, Indiana, before the Pleistocene;Malott, 1922, p. 137 the Wabash Valley; and the Mississippi Valley. The floor of the Teays Valley in West Virginia is above the entrenched Kanawha and Ohio valley floors, and its bedrock floor is at least above them. The ‘deep stage’ apparently was cut mainly after the diversion of the upper Kanawha (Teays) drainage to the Ohio River (Stout, Ver Steeg, and Lamb, 1943, pp. 78–79).
The lowest bedrock altitude obtained along the course of the Teays Valley across Wabash County was above sea level in the vicinity of La Fontaine. The average gradient of the Mahomet Valley above Beardstown, Illinois, is about 7 inches per mile (11.1 cm per kilometer).Horberg 1945, p. 359 The altitude of the valley floor where it occurs beneath the present floodplain of the Wabash River should be about .
The profile of the Teays is a gorge-like valley entrenched within a broad, old age valley. Steep walls high can be recognized along the buried trench. The inner valley has been called the ‘deep stage’ and is interglacial in age. |
Teays River | Tributaries | Tributaries |
Teays River | Ohio valleys | Ohio valleys
In the unglaciated area of southern Ohio, tributaries reflect the adjacent hills, which are considerably reduced: low gradients, broad valleys for the size of the modern streams, and dendritic patterns, all features of maturity. The largest of the tributaries in Ohio are the Marietta River, Hamden Creek, Albany River, Barlow Creek, Portsmouth River, Logan River, Bremen Creek, Putnam Creek, Cambridge River, Groveport River, Mechanicsburg Creek, and Wapakoneta Creek. The Cincinnati River flows northeastward from the southwest corner of Ohio to Dayton, to join the Teays River. At the time a divide existed between the preglacial Teays and the Miami watershed. Well records do not indicate a broad depression, which widens northward and is of sufficient size to have accommodated so large a stream as the Cincinnati River. |
Teays River | Preglacial Eel Valley | Preglacial Eel Valley
The Eel Valley in Wabash County, Indiana, follows a preglacial tributary of the Teays.(Horberg, 1945, p. 357). It too has a ‘deep stage’. At its junction with the Teays Valley it is just under above sea level. The tributary does not rise above through its length in Wabash County. |
Teays River | Illinois valleys | Illinois valleys
A tributary from the north enters the Mahomet Valley near Paxton, and important tributaries from the south, north of Danville, and in western Logan and Menard counties. |
Teays River | Demise | Demise
The Kanawha (Teays) was forced across a major divide when the return of the Laurentian ice sheet dammed the northward flow of the river. The diversion occurred during the Nebraskan or older pre-Illinoian glaciation. This is based on an analysis of the drift found in the valley from the Kansan or late pre-Illinoian age.Horberg, 1945, p. 353 |
Teays River | Present-day remnants | Present-day remnants
Visual remains of the Teays River today include large valleys containing only small streams (such as the mile-wide valley from Huntington to St. Albans in West Virginia and the valley extending north from Wheelersburg in Ohio). These valleys can be seen on aerial and satellite images. However, short segments of some such valleys are still occupied by the Ohio and Scioto Rivers. The Scioto flows through the valley in the opposite direction (south) to that taken by the Teays (north).
thumb|320px|right|Appalachian Plateau near Athens in southeast Ohio. The plateau was characterized by low, rolling hills and slow-moving rivers until glaciers disturbed regional streams. The distant ridge is actually a flat upland surface beneath Albany. A shallow paleovalley, now filled with proglacial lake sediments, underlies the flat surface. The paleovalley once fed the Teays River and contains river and lake sediments. The valley was abandoned after the Ohio River was formed and surrounding streams cut downward to increase their valley depths.
The Teays River was dissected and largely wiped away by advancing glaciers and their meltwater. These glaciers were the massive continental ice sheets that began to cover large parts of Ohio and other states downstream (west) of Ohio between 2.5 and 3 million years ago. Their presence caused lakes (Lake Tight, Lake Monongahela, etc.) to form along the Teays and associated rivers. Overflow of these lakes into nearby, lower valleys caused large floods and new rivers to form. These new rivers – formed about 2 million years ago – included the present-day Ohio and Scioto Rivers, which are associated with the most direct evidence of the Teays.
The present Ohio-Mississippi river system contains some distinctive relict fish populations descended from Jurassic Period fishes of the Teays, such as the primitive bowfin (Amia calva) and various gars (Lepisosteus spp). |
Teays River | Discovery | Discovery
The Teays River was discovered and named for the village of Teays, West Virginia, by geologist William G. Tight (1865–1910).Wright, G. Frederick (1894), "The Cincinnati Ice Dam", The Popular Science Monthly, June issue, pp. 184–198. The small community of Teays is in the "riverless" Teays Valley that used to be the bottom of the Teays River.
In 1886, Gerard Fowke recognized that the gorge west of Chillicothe, Ohio, was larger than Paint Creek would have created. He claimed that a large river would have had to exist to create the wide and deep valley. Conventional geologists did not support his claim.A Great Lost River Gets Its Due; Walter Sullivan; Science, The New York Times; November 29, 1983
In 1903 William G. Tight, a professor at Denison University in Granville, Ohio, saw the same type of valley and small stream running from Charleston to the Ohio River. It had only a minor water course beyond St. Albans, West Virginia. Here, the Kanawha River turns north. Professor Tight sought in vain to persuade the geological community that this valley once carried a mighty river that continued across Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois through a valley now deeply buried under glacial deposits. He called it the Teays (pronounced taze) River, for a village in West Virginia. |
Teays River | Namesakes | Namesakes
Teays Valley, West Virginia, and Ashville, Ohio's Teays Valley Local School District are named after the former river. |
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