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Prohibitory traffic sign | No turn signs | No turn signs |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No U-turn signs | No U-turn signs |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No left or U-turn signs | No left or U-turn signs |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No right or U-turn signs | No right or U-turn signs |
Prohibitory traffic sign | Other turn prohibition signs | Other turn prohibition signs |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No overtaking | No overtaking
Overtaking is prohibited either for all vehicles or for certain kinds of vehicles only (e.g. lorries, motorcycles). In the USA, this is usually phrased as "no passing zone" and indicated by a rectangular, black-on-white sign on the right side of the road that says "DO NOT PASS", and/or by a solid yellow line painted on the roadway marking the left limit of traffic (centerline), and sometimes supplemented by a yellow (no passing zone) sign on the opposite side of the road (where it can be seen by a driver who is attempting to pass). Conversely, where the passing restriction is lifted, a rectangular, black-on-white sign that says "PASS WITH CARE" is placed on the right side of the road, and/or the yellow centerline changes from solid to broken (indicating that passing is allowed in that direction). |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No overtaking or passing signs | No overtaking or passing signs |
Prohibitory traffic sign | End of overtaking signs | End of overtaking signs |
Prohibitory traffic sign | Limits | Limits |
Prohibitory traffic sign | Speed limits | Speed limits
Used to indicate a maximum permissible speed. Speed limits are posted in kilometres per hour in most countries; however, the United Kingdom and United States use miles per hour. Motorists are expected to be aware of this, as the majority of speed limit signs display only a number and no specific units, although some countries' signs do display the unit as well. In Canada, the first sign in a sequence will display km/h and subsequent signs often will omit the unit. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | Speed limit signs | Speed limit signs |
Prohibitory traffic sign | End of speed limit | End of speed limit
Used to denote that a previously posted speed limit is no longer in effect. Statutory state, local, or national speed limits usually govern speed after this point, unless another limit is signposted. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | Weight limits | Weight limits
Used to denote maximum weight for bridges. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | Width limits | Width limits
Used to denote maximum width on narrow roadways. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | Height limits | Height limits
Used to denote height limit on bridges and underpasses. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | Length limits | Length limits
Used to denote maximum length. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No horns | No horns
Sounding vehicle horns is not allowed for vehicles in some areas, most commonly in school zones, villages, or near hospitals or churches. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No parking | No parking
This sign is used where parking is prohibited. Usually shown as a red diagonal bar inside a blue circle with a red ring in Europe and parts of Asia, and a 'P' in a red circle with a cross through in North and South America, elsewhere in Asia, Australia, Africa and Ireland. The no parking sign is a part of controlled parking zone sign, which is obsolete in Belgrade from 1997. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No stopping | No stopping
This sign is used where parking and stopping is prohibited. Usually shown as a red cross inside a blue circle with a red ring in Europe and parts of Asia, and a 'E' in a red circle with a X through in South America. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | Stop at customs | Stop at customs
Stop at customs that are used at border crossings, toll roads or police. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | End of restrictions | End of restrictions
These are the signs that end restrictions. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | Other | Other |
Prohibitory traffic sign | See also | See also
No symbol
Warning sign |
Prohibitory traffic sign | References | References
Category:Traffic signs |
Prohibitory traffic sign | Table of Content | Short description, Modern prohibitory traffic signs, No entry, Wrong way, Road closed, No straight ahead, No motor vehicles, No motorcycles, No heavy goods vehicles, No buses, No pedestrians, No bicycles, No pedestrians or bicycles, No right, left, or U-turn, No right turn signs, No left turn signs, No turn signs, No U-turn signs, No left or U-turn signs, No right or U-turn signs, Other turn prohibition signs, No overtaking, No overtaking or passing signs, End of overtaking signs, Limits, Speed limits, Speed limit signs, End of speed limit, Weight limits, Width limits, Height limits, Length limits, No horns, No parking, No stopping, Stop at customs, End of restrictions, Other, See also, References |
Jake Garn | short description | Edwin Jacob "Jake" Garn (born October 12, 1932) is an American politician from the U.S. state of Utah. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a member of the United States Senate from 1974 to 1993. Garn became the first sitting member of the United States Congress of either chamber to fly in space when he flew aboard the now-former Space Shuttle Discovery as a payload specialist during NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) mission STS-51-D (April 12–19, 1985). Prior to his time in Congress, he served as the mayor of Salt Lake City in the early 1970s. |
Jake Garn | Early life and education | Early life and education
Garn was born in Richfield, Utah and the son of World War I pilot Ed Garn and the former Agnes Fern Christensen. He is of Danish and German descent. He attended East High School, Clayton Middle School, and Uintah Elementary School. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in business and finance from the University of Utah in 1955, where he was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. |
Jake Garn | Career | Career
Senator Garn is a former insurance executive. He served in the United States Navy as a Martin P5M Marlin pilot. He also served as a pilot of the 151st Air Refueling Group of the Utah Air National Guard, where he flew the Boeing KC-97L and KC-135A. He retired as a colonel in April 1979. He was promoted to brigadier general after his Space Shuttle mission. He had flown 17,000 hours in military aircraft when he flew in space.
Before his election to the Senate, Garn served on the Salt Lake City commission for four years and was elected as the mayor of Salt Lake City in 1971, entering office in 1972. He was the last Republican to hold that office to date. Garn was active in the Utah League of Cities and Towns and served as its president in 1972. In 1974, Garn was the first vice-president of the National League of Cities, and he served as its honorary president in 1975.
Garn was first elected to the Senate in 1974, succeeding retiring Republican Wallace F. Bennett, father of later Senator (and his eventual successor) Bob Bennett. Garn was re-elected to a second term in November 1980 with 74 percent of the vote, the largest victory in a statewide race in Utah history. Garn was re-elected a second time in 1986.
Though strongly anti-abortion, Garn joined United States House of Representatives member Henry Hyde of Illinois in resigning from the board of the United States anti-abortion movement when the executive director of the organization, Peter Gemma, issued a "hit list" to target certain lawmakers who supported abortion rights. Garn and Hyde, the author of the Hyde Amendment, which limited abortions financed by Medicaid, said that "hit lists" are counterproductive because they create irrevocable discord among legislators, any of whom can be subject to a "single issue" attack of this kind by one advocacy group or another. Gemma said that he was surprised by the withdrawal of Garn and Hyde from the PAC committee but continued with plans to spend $650,000 for the 1982 elections on behalf of anti-abortion candidates.
Garn was chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and served on three subcommittees: Housing and Urban Affairs, Financial Institutions, and International Finance and Monetary Policy. He also was a member of the Senate Appropriations Committee and served as chairman of the HUD-Independent Agencies Subcommittee. He served on four other Appropriations subcommittees: Energy and Water Resources, Defense, Military Construction, and Interior. Garn served as a member of the Republican leadership from 1979 to 1984 as secretary of the Republican Conference.
His Institute of Finance has been called a "hot tub of influence peddling".
Garn retired from the Senate in 1992. He is a supporter of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact. |
Jake Garn | Savings and loan | Savings and loan
As chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, Garn was co-author with U.S. House of Representatives member Fernand St. Germain of Rhode Island of the Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982, the law that partially deregulated the savings and loan industry and attempted to forestall the looming Savings and loan crisis. |
Jake Garn | Spaceflight | Spaceflight
Garn asked to fly on the Space Shuttle because he was head of the Senate appropriations subcommittee that dealt with NASA, and had extensive aviation experience. He had previously flown a Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit prototype and driven a new Army tank. He began publicly asking NASA about flying on the Shuttle in 1981, and the agency had long planned to fly "citizen passengers" such as artists, journalists, entertainers, and the Teacher in Space Project, but the November 1984 announcement that a member of Congress would go to space surprised most observers. Garn said that flying on the Shuttle would be a fact-finding trip: "I do really think that it is a necessity that Congressmen check things out that they vote for and make certain that funds are being spent adequately. It might be necessary to have a Senator kick the tire".
thumb|Garn in 1985
STS-51-D was launched from and returned to land at the Kennedy Space Center in the U.S. state Florida in April 1985. Its primary objective was to deploy two communications satellites, and to perform electrophoresis and echocardiograph operations in space in addition to a number of other experiments. As a payload specialist, Garn's role on the mission was as a congressional observer and as a subject for medical experiments on space adaptation syndrome. At the conclusion of the mission, Garn had traveled over in 108 Earth orbits, logging over 167 hours in space.
The space sickness Garn experienced during the journey was so severe that a scale for space sickness was jokingly based on him, where "one Garn" is the highest possible level of sickness. Some NASA astronauts who opposed the payload specialist program, such as Mike Mullane, believed that Garn's space sickness was evidence of the inappropriateness of flying people with little training. Garn was in excellent physical condition, however, and began flying at the age of 16. Astronaut Charles Bolden described Garn as "the ideal candidate to do it, because he was a veteran Navy combat pilot who had more flight hours than anyone in the Astronaut Office". Fellow 51-D payload specialist Charles Walker—who also suffered from space sickness on the flight despite having flown before—stated that:
The Jake Garn Mission Simulator and Training Facility, NASA's prime training facility for astronauts in the Shuttle and Space Station programs, is named after him.
Upon his return, he co-wrote the 1989 novel Night Launch. The book centers around terrorists taking control of the Space Shuttle Discovery during the first NASA–USSR Space Shuttle flight. |
Jake Garn | Personal life | Personal life
Garn first married Hazel Rhae Thompson on February 2, 1957 in the town of Biloxi, Mississippi."Edwin Jacob Garn." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Gale Biography In Context. Retrieved July 11, 2011. Together, they had four children: Jacob, Susan, Ellen, and Jeffrey. Hazel was killed in a car crash in Cheyenne County, Nebraska, on August 17, 1976.The Daily Herald, Provo, Utah, August 20, 1976 On April 8, 1977, he then married Kathleen Brewerton, who had a son, Brook, from a previous marriage at Salt Lake Temple. Jake and Kathleen had two children together, Matthew and Jennifer. Kathleen died on May 31, 2018. He is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
In 1986, Garn donated a kidney to his 27-year-old daughter, Susan, who was experiencing progressive kidney failure as a result of diabetes."Senate: A Father's Special Gift, Time, September 22, 1986 |
Jake Garn | References | References |
Jake Garn | External links | External links
Spacefacts biography of Jake Garn
Page with true origin of "Garn scale"
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Category:1932 births
Category:American astronaut-politicians
Category:Latter Day Saints from Utah
Category:Living people
Category:Mayors of Salt Lake City
Category:United States Air Force generals
Category:United States Navy officers
Category:Republican Party United States senators from Utah
Category:David Eccles School of Business alumni
Category:Utah Republicans
Category:People from Richfield, Utah
Category:Space Shuttle program astronauts
Category:Members of Congress who became lobbyists
Category:American people of Danish descent
Category:American people of German descent
Category:20th-century United States senators |
Jake Garn | Table of Content | short description, Early life and education, Career, Savings and loan, Spaceflight, Personal life, References, External links |
Karl Immermann | Short description | thumb|Karl Leberecht Immermann.
Karl Leberecht Immermann (24 April 1796 – 25 August 1840) was a German dramatist, novelist and poet. |
Karl Immermann | Biography | Biography
He was born at Magdeburg, the son of a government official. In 1813 he went to study law at Halle, where he remained, after the suppression of the university by Napoleon in the same year, until Frederick William III of Prussia's "Summons to my people" on 17 March. Immermann responded quickly, but was prevented by illness from taking part in the earlier campaign; he fought, however, in 1815 at Ligny and Waterloo, and marched into Paris with Blücher.
At the conclusion of the war, he resumed his studies at Halle, and after being Referendar in Magdeburg, was appointed in 1819 Assessor at Münster in Westphalia. Here he made the acquaintance of Elise von Lützow, Countess von Ahlefeldt, wife of Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm Freiherr von Lützow. She inspired him to begin writing, and their relationship is reflected in several dramas written about this time.
In 1823, Immermann was appointed judge at Magdeburg, and in 1827 was transferred to Düsseldorf as Landgerichtsrat or district judge. The countess, whose marriage had in the meantime been dissolved, followed him, and, though refusing marriage, shared his home until 1839, when he married a granddaughter of August Hermann Niemeyer (1754–1828), chancellor and rector perpetuus of Halle University. In 1834 Immermann undertook the management of the Düsseldorf theatre, and, although his resources were small, succeeded for two years in raising it to a high level of excellence. The theatre, however, was insufficiently endowed to allow of him carrying on the work, and In 1836 he returned to his official duties and literary pursuits. He died at Düsseldorf.
Immermann had considerable aptitude for the drama, but it was long before he found a congenial field for his talents. His early plays are imitations, partly of Kotzebue's, partly of the Romantic dramas of Ludwig Tieck and Müller, and are now forgotten. In 1826, however, appeared Cardenio und Celinde, a love tragedy of more promise; this, as well as the earlier productions, awakened the ill-will of Count Platen, who made Immermann the subject of his wittiest satire, Der romantische Oedipus. Between 1827 and 1832 Immermann redeemed his good name by a series of historical tragedies, Das Trauerspiel in Tirol (1827), Kaiser Friedrich II. (1828) and a trilogy from Russian history, Alexis (1832). His masterpiece is the poetic mystery, Merlin (1831), a noble poem, which, like its model, Faust, deals with the deeper problems of modern spiritual life.
Immermann's important dramaturgic experiments in Düsseldorf are described in detail in Düsseldorfer Anfänge (1840). More significant is his position as a novelist. Here he clearly stands on the boundary line between Romanticism and modern literature; his Epigonen (1836) might be described as one of the last Romantic imitations of Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, while the satire and realism of his second novel, Münchhausen (1838), form a complete break with the older literature.
As a prose-writer Immermann is perhaps best remembered to-day by his story of village life, Der Oberhof, which is embedded in the formless mass of Münchhausen. His last work was an unfinished epic, Tristan und Isolde (1840).
Immermann's Gesammelte Schriften were published in 14 volumes in 1835–1843; a new edition, with biography and introduction by R. Boxberger, in 20 volumes (Berlin, 1883); selected works, edited by M. Koch, (4 volumes, 1887–1888) and Franz Muncker (6 volumes, 1897). See G. zu Putlitz, Karl Immermann, sein Leben und seine Werke (2 volumes, 1870); Ferdinand Freiligrath, Karl Immermann, Blätter der Erinnerung an ihn (1842); Wilhelm Müller, K. Immermann und sein Kreis (1860); R. Fellner, Geschichte einer deutschen Musterbühne (1888); K. Immermann: eine Gedächtnisschrift (1896). |
Karl Immermann | References | References |
Karl Immermann | External links | External links
Category:1796 births
Category:1840 deaths
Category:Dramatists and playwrights from the Kingdom of Prussia
Category:Novelists from the Kingdom of Prussia
Category:Poets from the Kingdom of Prussia
Category:Writers from Magdeburg
Category:German male novelists
Category:19th-century German novelists
Category:German-language poets
Category:German male poets
Category:German satirists
Category:German satirical novelists
Category:19th-century German male writers |
Karl Immermann | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, References, External links |
Gordon Sidney Harrington | Short description | Gordon Sidney Harrington (August 7, 1883 – July 4, 1943) was a Nova Scotia politician and the 11th premier of Nova Scotia from 1930 to 1933.
He was mayor of Glace Bay from 1913 to 1915 when he enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force fighting in World War I. He was elected a Conservative MLA in 1925 representing Cape Breton Centre and his support from miners helped ensure the Conservative Party's victory in that election. Harrington became Minister of Labour in the government of Edgar N. Rhodes and became Premier of Nova Scotia when Rhodes left provincial politics to enter the federal cabinet in 1930.
During Harrington's term he was able to end ongoing labour disturbance among miners in Cape Breton which had afflicted the previous two premiers. He improved the provincial department of mining, fought for the coal and steel industries in Ottawa, and passed legislation calling for a national policy on coal and steel.
However, his government was unable to combat the Great Depression and was defeated by the Liberals in the 1933 election. Harrington remained in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly until 1937. His government was the last Conservative government until Robert Stanfield was able to take power in 1956. |
Gordon Sidney Harrington | References | References
Category:1883 births
Category:1943 deaths
Category:Canadian Anglicans
Category:Canadian people of Anglo-Irish descent
Category:Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia MLAs
Category:Premiers of Nova Scotia
Category:People from Glace Bay
Category:Nova Scotia political party leaders
Category:20th-century members of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly
Category:20th-century mayors of places in Nova Scotia |
Gordon Sidney Harrington | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Muko | '''Muko''' | Muko may refer to:
Mukō, Kyoto, Japan
The Mukogawa River
Muko Jima, Bonin Islands, Japan
Muko Station, a railway station on the Hakubi Line in Kōfu, Tottori Prefecture, Japan
Muko, Rwanda in Gikongoro District, Rwanda
Muko, Uganda in Kabale District, Uganda |
Muko | Table of Content | '''Muko''' |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | Short description | The County of Aumale, later elevated to a duchy, was a medieval fief in Normandy, disputed between France and England during parts of the Hundred Years' War. |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | Norman nobility | Norman nobility
Aumale was a medieval fief in the Duchy of Normandy and, after 1066, of the King of England.
According to Chisholm, the fief of Aumale was granted by the archbishop of Rouen to Odo, brother-in-law of William the Conqueror, who erected it into a countship.
Thompson wrote that it was given to Adelaide, William's half-sister, as a dower by her first husband Enguerrand; it then passed jure uxoris to her second and third husbands, Lambert and Odo.Kathleen Thompson, 'Being the Ducal Sister: The Role of Adelaide of Aumale', Normandy and its Neighbours 900–1250; Essays for David Bates, ed. David Crouch, Kathleen Thompson (Brepols Publishers, Belgium, 2011), p. 72 In the Domesday Book of 1086, Adelaide is recorded as the Countess of Aumale, with holdings in Suffolk and Essex. In 1087 Odo received the Lordship of Holderness, and at some time before 1090 Adelaide's holdings were passed to their son, Stephen. In 1102 the fief, with Odo's lands in Holderness, passed to their son, Stephen. |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | Lords | Lords
Norman counts:
Guerinfroi, lord before 996–?
Guerinfroi Aymard (son) ?–1048
Bertha of Aumale (daughter) 1048–1052
Hugh II, Count of Ponthieu 1048–1052 (married to Bertha)
Enguerrand I of Aumale (married Adelaide of Normandy, who retained the lordship after her husband's death)
Adelaide of Normandy 1053–1087 with
Lambert of Boulogne 1053–1054 (married to Adelaide) |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | Counts | Counts
125px|right|thumb|Coat of arms of the Counts of Aumale, adopted late 12th century, at start of age of heraldry
Anglo-Norman counts:
Odo of Troyes 1069–1115 (married to Adelaide)
Stephen of Aumale before 1070–1127
William le Gros 1127–1179
Hawise of Aumale 1179–1194 with her husbands as Counts jure uxoris:
William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex 1180–1189
William de Forz 1189–1194
Baldwin of Béthune 1195–1196
confiscated; to French royal domain. The English kings continued to recognise the title, as Earl of Albemarle (see English peerage section below) |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | French nobility | French nobility
In 1196, Philip II of France captured the castle of Aumale, and granted the title of "Count of Aumale" to Renaud de Dammartin. It was later held by the houses of Castile, Harcourt, and Lorraine.
After several extinctions the title was re-created in 1547 for Francis, then styled Count of Aumale by courtesy. On his accession as Duke of Guise, he ceded it to his brother Claude, Duke of Aumale. It was later used as a title by Henri d'Orléans, the youngest son of Louis-Philippe, King of the French and Duke of Orléans.
, the titleholder is a grandson of the late Henri, Count of Paris, Orléans heir, and his wife, Princess Isabelle of Orléans-Braganza of Brazil. Prince Foulques, Duke of Aumale, son of Prince Jacques, Duke of Orléans and the duchess, née Gersende de Sabran-Pontèves, added it to his title of Comte d'Eu. |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | Counts (House of Dammartin) | Counts (House of Dammartin)
French Counts:
Renaud I, Count of Dammartin 1224–1227
Mathilde de Dammartin 1227–1260, also Countess of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis and Queen of Portugal by her two marriages, Countess of Mortain, Countess of Boulogne and Countess of Dammartin-en-Goële with
Philip Hurepel 1227–1234 (married to Mathilde)
Alphonso of Portugal 1238–1253 (married to Mathilde)
Simon of Dammartin 1234–1239
Joan of Dammartin 1239–1278 with |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | Counts (House of Castile) | Counts (House of Castile)
125px|right|thumb|Coat of arms Infante Ferdinand of Castile, Count of Aumale and Baron of Montgomery
Ferdinand I 1239–1252 (married to Joan)
Ferdinand II, Count of Aumale 1252–1260 (son of Joan and Ferdinand I)
John I 1260–1302 (son of Ferdinand II)
John II 1302–1343 (married to Catherine of Artois, daughter of Philip of Artois and Blanche of Brittany)
Blanche of Ponthieu 1343–1387 with |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | Counts (House of Harcourt) | Counts (House of Harcourt)
John III 1343–1356 (husband of Blanche)
John IV 1356–1389 (son)
John V 1389–1452 (son)
John VI, de facto 1415–1424 (son)
Mary, de facto 1424–1452, de jure to 1476 (sister), with |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | Counts (House of Lorraine-Vaudémont) | Counts (House of Lorraine-Vaudémont)
125px|thumb|right|Coat of Arms of the Dukes of Guise
Antoine, Count of Vaudémont 1452–1458 (married to Marie)
John VI 1458–1473 (son of Antoine and Marie)
René 1473–1508 (nephew of John)
Claude I 1508–1547 |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | Dukes | Dukes
125px|right|thumb|Coat of Arms of the Dukes of Aumale of the Lorraine family
Francis 1547–1550
Claude II 1550–1573
Charles 1573–1595
Anne 1618–1638 (countess of Maulévrier)
Henry of Savoy, Duke of Nemours 1618–1632 (married to Anne)
Louis of Savoy 1638–1641 (also Duke of Nemours)
Charles Amadeus of Savoy 1641–1652 (also Duke of Nemours)
to royal domain
Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours
Louis Charles de Bourbon (1701–1773)
sold to the crown, but payment not made, so returned to the heir
Louis Jean Marie of Bourbon (1776–1793)
Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale (1822–1897) |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | English peerage | English peerage
Through the end of the Hundred Years' War, the kings of England at various times ruled Aumale, through their claims to be dukes of Normandy and later, kings of France. The title of Count or Duke of Aumale was granted several times during this period. |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | Earls (1095) | Earls (1095)
In 1196, Philip II of France captured the castle of Aumale (and, subsequently, the remainder of Normandy). The kings of England continued to claim the Duchy of Normandy, and to recognize the old line of Counts or Earls of Aumale. These were:
see above for Counts before 1196
Hawise of Aumale, 2nd Countess of Aumale (died 1214), married, bef. 1196:
Baldwin of Bethune (died 1212), Count of Aumale jure uxoris
thumb|100px|Seal of William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle. Arms: A cross patonce
William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle (died 1242), son of the 2nd Countess by her second husband William de Forz (died 1195)
William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle (died 1260), son of the 3rd Earl
Thomas de Forz, 5th Earl of Albemarle (died 1269), son of the 4th Earl
Aveline de Forz, Countess of Albemarle (died 1274), daughter of the 4th Earl
Aveline married Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster, in 1269, but she died without issue in 1274. A claim upon the inheritance by John de Eston (de Ashton) was settled in 1278 with the surrender of the earldom to the Crown. |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | Dukes, first creation (1385) | Dukes, first creation (1385)
also: Duke of Gloucester (1385–1397), Earl of Essex (1376–1397), Earl of Buckingham (1377)
Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester (died 1397), fifth son of Edward III, was created Duke of Aumale by writ of summons on 3 September 1385, but was also made Duke of Gloucester very soon after, and seems never to have used the former title. It was almost certainly forfeit upon his murder while awaiting trial for treason.
Note: This creation is not listed in several sources such as "The Complete Peerage", which indicates the creation shown below as the 1st. |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | Dukes, second creation (1397) | Dukes, second creation (1397)
also: Duke of York (1385), Earl of Cambridge (1362–1414), Earl of Rutland (1390–1402), Earl of Cork (c. 1396)
Edward of Norwich, 1st Earl of Rutland (died 1415), first son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (himself fourth son of Edward III), was created Duke of Aumale shortly after Woodstock's murder, but was deprived of the title by Henry IV Bolingbroke in 1399. Edward is referred to in Shakespeare's Richard II as the "Duke of Aumerle" |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | Earls (1412) | Earls (1412)
also: Duke of Clarence (1412)
Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence (1387–1421), second son of Henry IV Bolingbroke, was created Earl of Aumale along with his dukedom of Clarence, and carried both titles until his death without issue. |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | Counts (1422) | Counts (1422)
also: Earl of Warwick (1088)
Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick (1382–1439), military commander under Henry V in France, was created Count of Aumale for life only.
In further creations in the English peerage after the Hundred Years' War, Aumale was spelled in the Latinised form Albemarle. For these, see Duke of Albemarle and Earl of Albemarle. |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | References | References
Turner, Ralph V. "William De Forz, Count of Aumale: An Early Thirteenth-Century English Baron", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 115, No. 3 (June 17, 1971), pp. 221–249.
Aumale
Category:Earls of Albemarle
Category:Noble titles created in 1412 |
Counts and dukes of Aumale | Table of Content | Short description, Norman nobility, Lords, Counts, French nobility, Counts (House of Dammartin), Counts (House of Castile), Counts (House of Harcourt), Counts (House of Lorraine-Vaudémont), Dukes, English peerage, Earls (1095), Dukes, first creation (1385), Dukes, second creation (1397), Earls (1412), Counts (1422), References |
Starnberg (district) | Infobox German district
| Starnberg () is a Landkreis (district) in the southern part of Bavaria, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Fürstenfeldbruck, Munich, Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Weilheim-Schongau and Landsberg.
Starnberg district and the Hochtaunuskreis regularly compete for the title of Germany's wealthiest district. |
Starnberg (district) | Geography | Geography
The main geographic feature of the district are the five lakes – the Starnberger See and Ammersee, as well as the smaller Weßlinger See, Wörthsee and Pilsensee. The lakes were formed by the glaciers of the last ice age. Hence the district is also called Fünf-Seen-Land (five-lake county). |
Starnberg (district) | History | History
The district was created in 1902, when the Bezirksamt München II was dissolved, and the new Bezirksamt Starnberg and Bezirksamt Wolfratshausen were created. Starting in 1939 they were called Landkreis. In 1972 two municipalities (Bachhausen and Höhenrain) from the district Wolfratshausen were added to the district. In the 1978 communal reform the previously 42 municipalities were merged into the current 14 ones. |
Starnberg (district) | Partnerships | Partnerships
Since 1982 the district has a partnership with the district Bad Dürkheim in Rhineland-Palatinate. Since 1981 it also has a partnership with the Taipei County (now New Taipei City), which developed after a delegation of parachutists from Taiwan stayed in Starnberg for the 1980 parachuting world championship in Altenstadt/Schongau. |
Starnberg (district) | Coat of arms | Coat of arms
The coat of arms show the Bavarian diamonds in the background, with a yellow lion and eagle in front. The two animals were the symbol of the Counts of Andechs-Meranien, who ruled the area until 1248. |
Starnberg (district) | Towns and municipalities | Towns and municipalities
TownsMunicipalitiesStarnbergAndechs
Berg
Feldafing
Gauting
Gilching
Herrsching (Ammersee)<li>Inning am Ammersee
<li>Krailling
<li>Pöcking
<li>Seefeld
<li>Tutzing
<li>Weßling
<li>Wörthsee |
Starnberg (district) | References | References |
Starnberg (district) | External links | External links
Five Lake County tourist information
Starnberg information (English)
Category:Districts of Bavaria
Category:Districts of Upper Bavaria |
Starnberg (district) | Table of Content | Infobox German district
, Geography, History, Partnerships, Coat of arms, Towns and municipalities, References, External links |
Nanowo | # | redirect Nanao |
Nanowo | Table of Content | # |
Salmonby | Short description | __NOTOC__
Salmonby is a village in the civil parish of Tetford, in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated north-east from Horncastle, south from Louth and north-west from Spilsby. Salmonby lies within the Lincolnshire Wolds, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Tetford lies to the north-east and Somersby to the south.
The parish covers about , and contains a chalybeate spring, whose waters eventually join the Steeping River near Spilsby. |
Salmonby | History | History
An upper palaeolithic core (a piece of flint which has been repeatedly used to flake material in order to make flint tools) was found near Salmonby. The core was in good condition and has been dated at 50,000 - 10,000 years old. The area was a source of blue phosphate of iron and a great deal of iron oxide ore.
Salmonby Church, dedicated to St Margaret, was a medieval construction, largely rebuilt in 1871. It was closed and deconsecrated in 1973, then demolished in 1978, with only a small wooden gate leading to the churchyard, and a few photographs, remaining:"Salmonby St Margeret", Diocese of Lincoln. Retrieved 18 May 2012
In 1971 the civil parish had a population of 58. On 1 April 1987 the parish was abolished and merged with Tetford. |
Salmonby | Community | Community
The village has a public house, the Cross Keys Inn & Restaurant, fishing lakes, cottages and a Caravan Club CL site. There is a picnic area at a nearby sandstone cliff wall; the wall has carved reliefs of unknown origin or age."Salmonby Sculptures", Lincolnshirewolds.info. Retrieved 18 May 2012 |
Salmonby | Tetford and Salmonby Scarecrow Festival | Tetford and Salmonby Scarecrow Festival
Tetford and Salmonby hold an annual weekend Scarecrow Festival. Villagers build scarecrows modelled on TV and film personalities, historic and contemporary figures and fictional icons, and display them outside their houses each year during May. A Scarecrow Trail is just over away. The event raises funds for Tetford church and local charities."The Scarecrow Festival of Tetford and Salmonby"; Loutheye.co.uk. Retrieved 18 May 2012 |
Salmonby | References | References |
Salmonby | External links | External links
East Lindsey District Council website
"Salmonby", Genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 18 May 2012
Category:Villages in Lincolnshire
Category:Former civil parishes in Lincolnshire
Category:East Lindsey District |
Salmonby | Table of Content | Short description, History, Community, Tetford and Salmonby Scarecrow Festival, References, External links |
Nôgata, Fukuoka | # | redirect Nōgata, Fukuoka |
Nôgata, Fukuoka | Table of Content | # |
Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius | short description | Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius (9 August 1883 – 24 April 1970) was a German fluid dynamics physicist. He was one of the first students of Prandtl.
Blasius provided a mathematical basis for boundary-layer drag but also showed as early as 1911 that the resistance to flow through smooth pipes could be expressed in terms of the Reynolds number for both laminar and turbulent flow. After six years in science he changed to Ingenieurschule Hamburg (today: University of Applied Sciences Hamburg) and became a Professor. On 1 April 1962 Heinrich Blasius celebrated his 50th anniversary in teaching. He was active in his field until he died on 24 April 1970.
One of his most notable contributions involves a description of the steady two-dimensional boundary-layer that forms on a semi-infinite plate that is held parallel to a constant unidirectional flow . |
Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius | Correlations | Correlations
First law of Blasius for turbulent Fanning friction factor:
Second law of Blasius for turbulent Fanning friction factor:
Law of Blasius for friction coefficient in turbulent pipe flow:
|
Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius | See also | See also
Blasius function |
Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius | Notes | Notes |
Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius | References | References
Hager, W.H., "Blasius: A life in research and education," Experiments in Fluids, 34: 566–571 (2003)
Blasius, H., "Das Aehnlichkeitsgesetz bei Reibungsvorgängen in Flüssigkeiten", Mitteilungen über Forschungsarbeiten auf dem Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens, vol.134, VDI-Verlag Berlin (1913) |
Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius | External links | External links
Category:1883 births
Category:1970 deaths
Category:20th-century German physicists
Category:German fluid dynamicists |
Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius | Table of Content | short description, Correlations, See also, Notes, References, External links |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/User Information-Habitat subpages | '''''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:VfD-User_Information-Habitat_subpages&action=edit Add to this deletion debate]''''' | Add to this deletion debate
User subpages:
User:Information-Habitat/DataPerfect/Reports
User:Information-Habitat/Collective intelligence agency
User:Information-Habitat/Meditations on One Light in All
User:Information-Habitat/Light cubes
User:Information-Habitat/Information ecology/Domains
User:Information-Habitat/Table of contents
User:Information-Habitat/DataPerfect
Listed by me for deletion (there was some discussion about how they should be listed but I hope this is resolved). I have also left some comments on the owner's talk page. Hopefully we'll get a friendly outcome, but if not I'm serious about deletion in 5 days. This is another abuse of our site, perhaps unintentional, but it must go. Andrewa 17:53, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)
I too hope that we can reach a friendly, win-win outcome as I have become deeply enamored of, and committed to, Wikipedia, which appears to be an ideal medium for Information Habitat. As contributors to this discussion are no doubt aware, the pages refered to here have been moved to my new identity Information Habitat, which I adopted after realizing that the use of a hyphen between words - a naming convention I have used in a variety of contexts, eg, naming of domains - was not useful in the Wikipedia context.
I should add that I have been monitoring the comments expressed here - as well as others I have received on relevant Talk pages, and this has led to an intensive process of reflection on the nature and dynamics of Information Habitat's relationship with WIkipedia. However, I have found communication through the talk pages to be somewhat cumbersome, my default means being via electronic mailing lists and my favorte being IRC, and I had felt that the best way for me to proceeed was by clarifying Information' Habitat's self-definition / description, which I have now framed as a Taoist information garden - with a nod - not yet acknowledged - to CSS Zen Garden.
I might add that my decision to shift towards developing sub-pages to my User page was largely in response to a suggestion from Alex756 - combined with my seeing how Secretlondon - one of the first Wikipedians to respond to an entry of mine - was using her sub-pages. This allowed me to establish a development area where I would have the freedom to assemble some of the key areas in which Information Habitat has been specializing - without being perceived as a disruptive influence in Wikipedia.
I have taken to heart your suggetion that I download Wikipedia, and I hope to be able to install Linux and wikipedia on a donated computer - something that could happen as early as today with the help of a friend who will be visiting shortly. Once I have done that, I will be happy to move pages that may not be "ready for prime time" to the local host, although I realize that it is likely to involve a day or two's learning process, eg. in terms of how to refer to the pages in Wikipedia proper from such a local host, and would like to postpone that for a few days, as I will be giving a lecture to the Information Ecology SIG at Yale Forestry School this Friday - and plan to make extensive reference to Wikipedia as a vital frontier in information ecology.
The pending visit of the person who will be able to help me set up a Linux box for Wikipedia leads me to cut short my comments - quite possibly for most of the day, however, I hope my responses can help us move forward to a happy and peaceful resolution. Information Habitat 19:03 (UTC), 6 Apr 2004
Delete all. RickK | Talk 02:40, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)
Not an appropriate use of the user talk namespace. Delete all except maybe /red links and /Common code. Angela. 11:37, Mar 28, 2004 (UTC)
Delete. This user has contributed nothing to Wikipedia, and, seemingly, user's only purpose here is archival of personal material. Much can be forgiven if dues are paid, but we don't even have a deposit. Denni 01:05, 2004 Mar 30 (UTC)
Please note some of Information Habitat's recent contributions - eg Consultative Status, Commission on Sustainable Development, Brundtland Commission and minor contributions to a number of related pages, which I hope point to the how Information Habitat can make a useful contribution in the area of the United Nations with a particular focus on the role of ICTs in strengthening NGO participation in the global conferences of the 1990s and in the related development of global civil society. Also of potential value are the wildflower watercolor paintings I have been uploading which hopefully can serve as seeds for a children's wildflower wikipedia.
I hope this may allay some of the concerns about the absence of contructive contributions. Imho, some of the earlier postings may also represent a useful methodological contribution - e.g. the discussion of the shortcoming of red links, and the proposal for their treatment as Search links, and the /Common code page - or imply them as in the unelaborated reference to the use of WordPerfect outline styles to generate Wikipedia pages offline, and in an undocumented use of a DataPerfect digital engine to generate sets of wiki pages. Information Habitat 19:03 (UTC), 6 Apr 2004
Comment: this is most likely an alter ego of User:Information-Ecologist who did contribute; some of the pages existed earlier as now-deleted articles -- Hankwang 11:59, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)
|*True re alter ego. It had become clear to me that my participation in Wikipedia should properly be in on behalf of Information Habitat, rather than in a personal capacity, although there may be areas in which I might play a more personal role - see my comment above re the change from Information-Habitat to Information Habitat. Information Habitat 19:03 (UTC), 6 Apr 2004
An SQL query also found the following pages. Angela. 22:26, Mar 30, 2004 (UTC)
User:Information-Ecologist/Common code
User:Information-Ecologist/DataPerfect
User:Information-Ecologist/Information ecology
User:Information-Ecologist/Information ecology/Domains
User:Information-Ecologist/Information ecology domains
User:Information-Ecologist/Light cubes images
User:Information-Ecologist/Table of contents
User:Information-Ecologist/information ecology
User:Information-Ecologist/red links
User:Information-Habitat/DataPerfect/Reports
User:Information-Habitat/Information ecology
User:Information-Habitat/Light cubes/Images
User:Information-Habitat/Meditations on One Light in All
Thank you. These are all part of the same project, and should IMO be the subject of the same vote. I see they all have VfD notices now too. I'm not quite sure what the best procedure is now. The pages seem static, and posts to the user(s) pages are not being replied to, I don't know whether they are being read and I'm not really interested in snooping although the info is there somewhere. Anyway, the important thing is that it doesn't seem at all urgent now, but it does need cleaning up at leisure. So my gut feeling is that, unless anyone objects, we should restart the five day period now. After this delay, I'd like to assume all "delete all" votes apply to these pages too unless otherwise stated, and hopefully delete all the subpages at once. Andrewa 10:26, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)
right|100px
More pages have sprung up, like weeds.
Through my mother, an avid self-taught botanist, I learned that many flowering plants commony referred to as weeds are more fruitfully understood as wildflowers - and that the biodiversity - and beauty - of a garden can be greatly enhanced by the incluusion of uncultivated areas in which wildflowers are free to grow. You can see some of my mother's wildflower paintings at my user page. Information Habitat 19:03 (UTC), 6 Apr 2004
User:Information_Habitat
User:Information Habitat/Common code
User:Information_Habitat/Table_of_contents
User:Information Habitat/DataPerfect
User:Information_Habitat/Information_ecology/Domains
User:Information Habitat/One Light in All/Meditations
User:Information Habitat/Collective intelligence agency
...and many, many more... He responded to the VfD by deleting his old pages and making new ones under a new username. Ashibaka ✎ 20:56, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)
Mea culpa re deletion of VfD messages. As to the reason for moving the pages, I have spoke to that in a response above concerning my change in name, which was the principal reason for moving the pages. Information Habitat 19:03 (UTC), 6 Apr 2004
This is bad. I spoke too soon. We need to do something about it. Any suggestions? How can we avoid waiting 5 days to delete these? Or should I just resign myself to listing them every week, until I get sick of it and let someone else take over? Andrewa 13:22, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC)
If he continues to do it after the pages have been VfD-deleted, he should be referred to arbitration. Angela. 21:43, Apr 1, 2004 (UTC)
I believe that we should proceed with deletion of the pages, which I support. Once that has been done, any duplicate pages subsequently created are candidates for Speedy Deletion according to our policy. UninvitedCompany 21:22, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)
As the nominator, I don't think I should actually do the deletion although as a new sysop I do now have the power. But IMO, at the very least the pages which have been on this page for 5 days or more can now be deleted. Andrewa 02:05, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)
Pages which are duplicates of those deleted can then be nominated for speedy delete. Perhaps we should let those actually listed here go for the 5 days, but any others are targets. Again, I think someone else should be involved in this, but possibly it's OK for me to either nominate them for speedy delete or action the request, just not both. This is academic until some other sysop does the first deletions - assuming you agree that consensus has been reached! Comments welcome, I'm still feeling my way. Andrewa 02:05, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC) |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/User Information-Habitat subpages | A win-win proposal for resolution | A win-win proposal for resolution
According to the Bylaws of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. "The goals of the foundation are to encourage the further growth and development of open content, social sofware WikiWiki-based projects and to provide the full contents of those projects to the public free of charge." I suggest that the work of User:Information Habitat be moved from Wikipedia to either this Wikibooks project or to this meta-wiki location. JWSchmidt 13:15, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)
I support this proposal, and I certainly support the lateral thinking behind it.
There is nothing to stop the authors of this material from moving it to either site immediately. I'd recommend the Wikibook rather than the Meta, because it seems to me that this is borderline for the Meta and seems to fit the Wikibook far better. But either would be better than the English Wikipedia User namespace.
As a contributor to the Meta I would personally raise no objection to its going there right now, but I can see a danger that I might raise one in the future (near or far) as the project develops. That's what I mean by borderline. But I also agree that there's enormous potential benefit to Wikipedia in having this material in a sister site. So that's a strong win/win. Excellent.
It would be good to contact the people involved in the Wikibook. I'll do that, and there's no reason that others can't too, in fact I think it would be very good if the supporters of this project (and especially those Wikipedians voting against and otherwise resisting and/or delaying deletion) got involved in this. And, there will be other ways you can help too. There's nothing stopping you from moving this material either, is there?
The author(s) can then request speedy deletion of the user subpages by existing procedures. Or, I'd personally have no objection to some or all of them becoming interwiki redirects, although this does make them a pain to delete or edit if there is the need, and not all may agree with this. AFAIK we have no policy or precedent prohibiting the use of sock puppets by users in good standing, which is the current status of Information-Ecologist etc.
So agree, a very promising win/win suggestion. As such very good stuff, whether it eventually works out or not IMO. I've had a good think about it overnight and now recommend it to others involved. Andrewa 20:31, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)
You may now notice that all but one of the original batch of pages listed for deletion has gone. This was by speedy delete (and not by me) at the request of the creator. I admit I suggested this to him, but there was no duress. This is also progress IMO, and true consensus. Andrewa 05:21, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC) |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/User Information-Habitat subpages | Table of Content | '''''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:VfD-User_Information-Habitat_subpages&action=edit Add to this deletion debate]''''', A win-win proposal for resolution |
Noshirominato | # | redirect Noshiro, Akita |
Noshirominato | Table of Content | # |
Union of Arras | Short description | The Union of Arras (Dutch: Unie van Atrecht, French: Union d'Arras, Spanish: Unión de Arrás) was an alliance between the County of Artois, the County of Hainaut and the city of Douai in the Habsburg Netherlands in early 1579 during the Eighty Years' War. Dissatisfied with the religious policies of rebel leader Prince of Orange and the States General of the Netherlands, and especially the rise of the radical Calvinist Republic of Ghent since October 1577, they signed a declaration on 6 January 1579 about their intent to offer a vigorous defense of the Roman Catholic religion against what they saw as encroachments by Calvinists in other provinces. These signatories would begin negotiations for a separate peace with the Spanish Crown, which resulted in the Treaty of Arras of 17 May 1579. |
Union of Arras | Background | Background
After the Pacification of Ghent, the entire Habsburg Netherlands was united in opposition to the government of king Philip II of Spain, the overlord of the Netherlands. They formed the Union of Brussels that constituted a formal government, formed by the States General and a governor-general who was appointed by the States General: the archduke Matthias, in competition with the royal governor-general, Don Juan of Austria.Don Juan had initially recognized the Union of Brussels and even concluded the Perpetual Edict, but he broke in July 1577 with the States General; cf. Israel, p.187 Orange, the leader of the originally rebelling provinces, Holland and Zeeland, had a leading role in the Council of State that formed the executive for the States General.Israel, pp.186–187 One of the important provisions of the Pacification was that the Calvinists received freedom of religion in Holland and Zeeland, and would be tolerated elsewhere in the Netherlands, but that the other 15 provinces would officially maintain the Catholic Church as the dominant one.Israel, p. 186 Calvinists in other provinces soon also claimed freedom of religion. In Flanders and Brabant they even used force to change the government of cities like Ghent, Bruges, and Antwerp to obtain this objective, much to the dismay of Catholic politicians in the southern part of the country. Orange tried to promote civil peace with a policy of "religious peace," allowing freedom of worship to both Catholics and Protestants in the entire Netherlands.Israel, pp. 193–196 |
Union of Arras | Declaration of 6 January 1579 | Declaration of 6 January 1579
Don Juan died in October 1578 and was replaced as commander of the Spanish Army of Flanders and royal governor-general by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, who proved an able diplomat, adept at driving wedges between the Catholic nobles in the south and the regime of Orange and the States General.Who had moved from Brussels to Antwerp after the disastrous defeat of the Dutch States Army at the Battle of Gembloux (1578); Israel, p. 194 In opposition to the policies of Orange a group of Catholic nobles, known in historiography by the name "Malcontents," had formed under the leadership of the stadtholder of Hainaut, Philip de Lalaing, 3rd Count of Lalaing and Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing. Parma opened negotiations with the Malcontents and they brought about an alliance of Hainaut, Artois, and the city of Douai, which on 6 January 1579 subscribed to a declaration in which they expressed their discontent about the events since the Pacification of Ghent, and (without naming names) rejected the "religious peace" policy of Orange.Edmundson, p. 71 The declaration issued in the following rousing promise:
Beyond this promise the declaration did not contain more concrete resolutions, such as the formation of a defensive alliance, like a number of the northern provinces formed later in January 1579 in the form of the Union of Utrecht. But this was not to be expected, as the signers of the declaration considered themselves the "true" defenders of the Union of Brussels, that they intended to continue.Cf. the text of the declaration in Union d'Arras |
Union of Arras | Peace of Arras | Peace of Arras
However, the members of the Union of Arras soon opened peace negotiations with Parma, which resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Arras (1579) on 17 May 1579.
These were the main conditions:
The provisions of the Pacification of Ghent, the Perpetual Edict and the Union of Brussels were reaffirmed, both by the Spanish Crown and the members of the Union of Arras;
There should be no more garrisons of foreign mercenary troops, either paid by Spain or by the States General;
The Council of State should be organized like that of the time of Charles V;
Two-thirds of the council members should be installed by all States of the member provinces consenting;
All privileges that were in force at the time of the reign of Charles V should be reinstated;
Taxes imposed after the reign of Charles V were to be abolished;
Roman Catholicism was the only allowed religion. Any other religion (i.e. Calvinism) should be prohibited.Cf. Rowen
The provinces that signed the Peace were:
County of Hainaut
County of Artois
Lille, Douai and Orchies (Walloon Flanders)
The regions that favored the Peace, but did not sign it at time (though they later acceded), were
County of Namur,
County of Luxembourg,
Duchy of Limburg.
Parma used these "reconciled" counties as a base to start his reconquest of the "disobedient" provinces (members of the Union of Utrecht). |
Union of Arras | See also | See also
Union of Utrecht |
Union of Arras | Notes and references | Notes and references |
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