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Gottfried von Strassburg | Reception | Reception
thumb|250px|A page from the Munich MS of Gottfried's Tristan (transcription)
There are 29 known manuscripts of Gottfried's Tristan, dating from the 13th to the 15th century. Of these 11 are complete.
The unfinished Tristan was completed by two later poets, Ulrich von Türheim around 1235 and Heinrich von Freiberg around 1290, but their source for the latter part of the story is not Thomas's Tristan, and is generally thought to be the earlier and less courtly version of the story by Eilhart von Oberge, written around 1175. All but two of the complete manuscripts of Gottfried's work include a continuation by Ulrich or Heinrich; one uses the final part of Eilhart's work. Only one has no continuation at all.
Gottfried's work is praised by a number of later 13th-century writers, including Rudolf von Ems and Konrad von Würzburg, and was used, together with Eilhart von Oberge's version and Heinrich von Freiberg's continuation as a source for the Old Czech Tristan, written in the latter third of the 14th century.
While Gottfried's poem was still being copied in the 15th century, it was Eilhart von Oberge's less sophisticated narrative of the Tristan story that was the source of the first printed version, the 1484 Tristrant und Isalde, a work in prose which is not to be confused with the French Prose Tristan, also known as the Roman de Tristan en Prose.
Gottfried's work was rediscovered in the late 18th century, and is the source of Richard Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde (1865). |
Gottfried von Strassburg | Editions | Editions
The first modern edition of Gottfried's Tristan was that of Christian Heinrich Myller in 1785, and there have been many since. However, there is still no satisfactory critical edition and three editions are in use:
Friedrich Ranke (Weidmann 1930, with corrections 1949). This is the standard edition, but contains no critical apparatus. Most readily available in 3 volumes with Modern German translation, commentary and epilogue by Rüdiger Krohn (Reclam 1980) , and . All Tristan literature uses Ranke's line numbering for references to the text.
Digital copy (Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn).
Plain text, without line numbering (Projekt Gutenberg-DE).
K. Marold (de Gruyter 1906), republished in 2004 with an afterword by Werner Schröder . Though the text is inferior to Ranke's, this is the only edition to provide full critical apparatus.
R. Bechstein (2 vols, Leipzig, 1870), re-issued in a revised version edited by Peter Ganz (2 vols, Brockhaus 1978), which includes Bechstein's running commentary and indicates differences from Ranke's text. |
Gottfried von Strassburg | Translations | Translations
English translations:
Jessie Weston (London, 1899)
E.H. Zeydel (Princeton, 1948)
A.T. Hatto, with the Tristran of Thomas (London: Penguin, 1960).
William T. Whobrey, Tristan and Isolde, with Ulrich von Türheim's Continuation (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2020).
Modern German translations:
Xenja von Ertzdorff, Doris Scholz, Carola Voelkel (Fink, 1979)
Wolfgang Mohr (Kümmerle, 1979), in verse, based on Hermann Kurtz's translation
Rüdiger Krohn (Reclam 1980) and
Dieter Kühn (Reclam, 1998)
Peter Knecht (de Gruyter, 2004)
There are many older translations. However, any made before 1930, when Ranke's edition was first published, will be based on an outdated edition of the text. |
Gottfried von Strassburg | Notes | Notes |
Gottfried von Strassburg | Bibliography | Bibliography
|
Gottfried von Strassburg | External links | External links
An excerpt from Gottfried's prologue to Tristan, as translated by Matthew Wildermuth
Category:12th-century births
Category:13th-century German poets
Category:1210 deaths
Category:Alsatian-German people
Category:Writers of Arthurian literature
Category:Minnesingers
Category:Writers from Strasbourg
Category:Epic poets
Category:German male poets
Category:12th-century German poets
Category:Tristan and Iseult |
Gottfried von Strassburg | Table of Content | Short description, Life, Style, Sources, Text, Story, Interpretation, Gottfried and his contemporaries, Reception, Editions, Translations, Notes, Bibliography, External links |
Agatha of Sicily | short description | Agatha of Sicily () is a Christian saint. Her feast is on 5 February. Agatha was born in Catania, part of the Roman Province of Sicily, and was martyred . She is one of several virgin martyrs who are commemorated by name in the Canon of the Mass.Vincent Lorne Kennedy (1938), The Saints of the Canon of the Mass, Vatican City: Pontifical Institute for Christian Archaeology.
Agatha is the patron saint of Catania, Molise, Malta, San Marino, Gallipoli in Apulia, and Zamarramala, a municipality of the Province of Segovia in Spain. She is also the patron saint of breast cancer patients, rape victims,
martyrs, wet nurses, bell-founders, and bakers, and is invoked against fire, earthquakes, and eruptions of Mount Etna. |
Agatha of Sicily | Early history | Early history
Agatha is buried at the Badia di Sant'Agata, Catania. She is listed in the late-6th-century associated with Jerome, and the , the calendar of the church of Carthage, .W.H. Frere, Studies in Roman Liturgy: 1. The Kalendar (London, 1930), p 94f. Agatha also appears in one of the of Venantius Fortunatus.Carmen VIII, 4, De Virginitate, noted by Liana De Girolami Cheney, "The Cult of Saint Agatha" Woman's Art Journal 17.1 (Spring – Summer 1996:3–9) p. 3.
Two early churches were dedicated in her honor in Rome, Sant'Agata in Trastevere and notably the Church of Sant'Agata dei Goti in Via Mazzarino,Touring Club Italiano, Roma e dintorni [Milan, 1965], pp 444, 315) a titular church with apse mosaics of and traces of a fresco cycle, overpainted by Gismondo Cerrini in 1630. In the 6th century AD, the church was adapted to Arianism, hence its name "Saint Agatha of Goths", and later reconsecrated by Gregory the Great, who confirmed her traditional sainthood.
Agatha is also depicted in the mosaics of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, where she appears, richly dressed, in the procession of virgin martyrs along the north wall. Her image forms an initial 'I' in the Sacramentary of Gellone, which dates from the end of the 8th century. |
Agatha of Sicily | Life | Life
One of the most highly venerated virgin martyrs of Christian antiquity, Agatha was put to death during the Decian persecution (250–253) in Catania, Sicily, for her determined profession of faith.
Her written legendActa Sanctorum IV, February vol. I (new ed. Paris, 1863) pp. 599–662 comprises "straightforward accounts of interrogation, torture, resistance, and triumph which constitute some of the earliest hagiographic literature",Magdalena Elizabeth Carrasco, "The early illustrated manuscript of the Passion of Saint Agatha (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS lat. 5594)", Gesta 24 (1985), p. 20. and are reflected in later recensions, the earliest surviving one being an illustrated late-10th-century passio.Carrasco 1985, pp. 19–32.
thumb|Agatha in front of the judge as depicted in a stained glass window from 1515 in Notre-Dame, Saint-Lô
According to the 13th-century Golden Legend (III.15) by Jacobus de Voragine, 15-year-old Agatha, from a rich and noble family, made a vow of virginity and rejected the amorous advances of the Roman prefect Quintianus, who thought he could force her to turn away from her vow and marry him. His persistent proposals were consistently spurned by Agatha. This was during the persecutions of Decius, so Quintianus, knowing she was a Christian, reported her to the authorities. Quintianus himself was governor of the district.
Quintianus expected Agatha to give in to his demands when faced with torture and possible death, but Agatha simply reaffirmed her belief in God by praying: "Jesus Christ, Lord of all, you see my heart, you know my desires. Possess all that I am. I am your sheep: make me worthy to overcome the devil." To force her to change her mind, Quintianus sent Agatha to Aphrodisia, the keeper of a brothel, and had her imprisoned there; however, the punishment failed, with Agatha remaining a Christian.
Quintianus sent for Agatha again, arguing with her and threatening her, before finally having her imprisoned and tortured. She was stretched on a rack to be torn with iron hooks, burned with torches, and whipped. Her breasts were removed by tongs. thumb|St Agatha as depicted in a stained glass window in Rouen Cathedral After further dramatic confrontations with Quintianus, represented in a sequence of dialogues in her passio that document her fortitude and steadfast devotion, Agatha was then sentenced to be burnt at the stake; however, an earthquake prevented this from happening, and she was instead sent to prison, where St. Peter the Apostle appeared to her and healed her wounds.
Agatha died in prison, probably in the year 251 according to the . Although the martyrdom of Agatha is authenticated, and her veneration as a saint had spread beyond her native place even in antiquity, there is no reliable information concerning the details of her death.
Osbern Bokenam, A Legend of Holy Women, written in the 1440s, offers some further detail.Osbern Bokenham, (Sheila Delany, tr.) A Legend of Holy Women (University of Notre Dame) 1992, pp. 157–167. |
Agatha of Sicily | Veneration | Veneration
According to Maltese tradition, during the persecution of Roman Emperor Decius (AD 249–251), Agatha, together with some of her friends, fled from Sicily and took refuge in Malta. Some historians believe that her stay on the island was rather short, and she spent her days in a rock-hewn crypt at Rabat, praying and teaching Christianity to children. After some time, Agatha returned to Sicily, where she faced martyrdom. Agatha was arrested and brought before Quintianus, praetor of Catania, who condemned her to torture and imprisonment.
The crypt of St. Agatha is an underground basilica, which from early ages was venerated by the Maltese. At the time of St. Agatha's stay, the crypt was a small natural cave, which, later on, during the 4th or 5th century, was enlarged and embellished.
After the Reformation era, Agatha was retained in the calendar of the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer with her feast on 5 February. Several Church of England parish churches are dedicated in her honor.
A feast day to honor Agatha on 5 February was given final authorization in the Episcopal Church in 2022.
The translation of her relics is commemorated on 10 March and 17 August. |
Agatha of Sicily | Festival of Saint Agatha in Catania | Festival of Saint Agatha in Catania
The Festival of Saint Agatha in Catania is a major festival in the region, it takes place during the first five days of February. The Catania Cathedral (also known as ) is dedicated in her honor. |
Agatha of Sicily | Patronage | Patronage
thumb|Saint Agatha's breasts sculpted in the fortification walls at Mons, Var in the south of France
Saint Agatha is the patron saint of rape victims, breast cancer patients, wet nurses, and bellfounders (due to the shape of her severed breasts). She is also considered to be a powerful intercessor when people suffer from fires. Her feast day is celebrated on 5 February.
She is also a patron saint of Malta, where in 1551 her intercession through a reported apparition to a Benedictine nun is said to have saved Malta from Turkish invasion.
She became the patron saint of the Republic of San Marino after Pope Clement XII restored the independence of the state on her feast day of 5 February 1740.Nevio and Annio Maria Matteimi The Republic of San Marino: Historical and Artistic Guide to the City and the Castles, 2011, p. 23.
She is also the patron saint of Catania, Sorihuela del Guadalimar (Spain), Molise, San Marino and Kalsa, a historical quarter of Palermo.
She is claimed as the patroness of Palermo. The year after her death, the stilling of an eruption of Mount Etna was attributed to her intercession. As a result, apparently, people continued to ask her prayers for protection against fire.Foley O.F.M., Leonard. Saint of the Day, (revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Franciscan Media
In Switzerland, Agatha is considered the patron saint of fire services.
In the United Kingdom, Agatha is the patron saint of bell ringers in service of the Catholic Church. |
Agatha of Sicily | Iconography | Iconography
right|thumb|, a typical Sicilian sweet shaped as a breast, representing the cut breasts of Saint Agatha
Saint Agatha is often depicted iconographically carrying her excised breasts on a platter, as in Bernardino Luini's Saint Agatha (1510–1515) in the Galleria Borghese, Rome, in which Agatha contemplates the breasts on a standing salver held in her hand.
The tradition of making shaped pastry on the feast of St. Agatha, such as Agatha bread or buns, or so-called ("Breasts of St. Agatha") or ("Breasts of the virgin"), is found in many countries. |
Agatha of Sicily | Legacy | Legacy
The Basque people have a tradition of gathering on Saint Agatha's Eve () and going door-to-door through their village. Homeowners can then choose to hear a song about Agatha's life, which is accompanied by the beats of the choir's walking sticks on the ground or else a prayer for the household's deceased. After that, the homeowner donates food to the choir.J. Etxegoien, Orhipean, Gure Herria ezagutzen (Xamar) 1996 [in Basque]. The song's lyrics vary according to each local tradition and the Basque language dialect spoken locally. In 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, a version of the song in Spanish was composed. In the lyrics, this Spanish version praised the Soviet ship Komsomol, which had sunk while carrying Soviet weapons to the Second Spanish Republic.
An annual festival to commemorate the life of Saint Agatha takes place in Catania, Sicily, from 3 to 5 February. The festival culminates in an all-night procession through the city.
St. Agatha's Tower is a former Knight's stronghold located in the north west of Malta. The seventeenth-century tower served as a military base during both World Wars and was used as a radar station by the Maltese army.
St. Agatha is also commemorated in literature. The Italian poet Martha Marchina wrote an epigram in that commemorates her martyrdom. In it, Marchina characterizes Agatha as powerful and she reclaims that power because she has become more beautiful through her wounds.
Agatha of Sicily is honored with a Lesser Feast on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America on 5 February. |
Agatha of Sicily | In art | In art
Agatha is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's 1979 installation piece The Dinner Party, being represented as one of the 999 names on the Heritage Floor. |
Agatha of Sicily | See also | See also
List of Catholic saints
Santa Gadea, a church of historical importance devoted to Agatha, located in Burgos
Breast tax, head tax on women in Travancore
Nangeli, woman who cut her breast in protest |
Agatha of Sicily | Further reading | Further reading
Of Saint Agatha in "Ælfric's Lives of Saints", by Ælfric of Eynsham London, Pub. for the Early English text society, by N. Trübner & co. (1881).
|
Agatha of Sicily | Notes | Notes |
Agatha of Sicily | References | References |
Agatha of Sicily | External links | External links
"St Agatha - St Peter's Square Colonnades"
"Here Followeth the Life of St. Agatha," from Jacobus Voragine, The Golden Legend, tr. William Caxton.
"Saint Agatha of Sicily" at the Christian Iconography website
Butler, Alban. The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints, Vol. I, D. & J. Sadlier, & Company, 1864
"Saint Agatha Movie" at the Delusion website
The Crypt: movies [Movies about Saint Agatha]
The Saint Agatha Virgin and Martyr Catholic Church" at the Nova Crnja municipality.
The Votive Aedicules in honour of Saint Agata in Catania
Category:231 births
Category:251 deaths
Category:Italian saints
Category:Sicilian saints
Category:3rd-century Roman women
Category:3rd-century Christian martyrs
Category:3rd-century Christian saints
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Virgin martyrs
Category:National symbols of Malta
Category:Ancient Christian female saints
Category:Anglican saints
Category:Mount Etna |
Agatha of Sicily | Table of Content | short description, Early history, Life, Veneration, Festival of Saint Agatha in Catania, Patronage, Iconography, Legacy, In art, See also, Further reading, Notes, References, External links |
Rhea Seddon | Short description | Margaret Rhea Seddon (born November 8, 1947) is an American surgeon and retired NASA astronaut. After being selected as part of the first group of astronauts to include women in 1978, she flew on three Space Shuttle flights: as a mission specialist on STS-51-D and STS-40, and as a payload commander for STS-58, accumulating over 722 hours in space. On these flights, she built repair tools for a US Navy satellite and performed medical experiments.
A graduate of the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Seddon was awarded her doctor of medicine (MD) degree in 1973. During her residency with the University of Tennessee hospitals, she was the only woman in the General Surgery Residency Program. Before, during, and after her career in the astronaut program, she was active in hospitals emergency departments in Tennessee, Mississippi, and Texas.
Seddon became an astronaut on August 9, 1979, after selection as a candidate the year prior. At NASA her development work included the Space Shuttle Orbiter and payload software, the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory, the Flight Data File, the Space Shuttle medical kit, and checklists for launch and landing. She was a rescue helicopter physician for the early Space Shuttle flights and a support crew member for STS-6. She served as a member of NASA's Aerospace Medical Advisory Committee, as a technical assistant to the director of flight crew operations, and as a capsule communicator (CAPCOM) in the Mission Control Center. In 1996 she was detailed by NASA to Vanderbilt University Medical School in Nashville, Tennessee, where she assisted in the preparation of cardiovascular experiments that flew on the STS-90 Neurolab Spacelab flight in April 1998. She retired from NASA in November 1997 and became Assistant Chief Medical Officer of the Vanderbilt Medical Group. |
Rhea Seddon | Early life and education | Early life and education
Margaret Rhea Seddon was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, on November 8, 1947, the first child of Edward C. Seddon, a lawyer, and his wife Clayton Ransom Dann. She had a younger sister, Louise. Seddon was named after her maternal grandmother, and known by her middle name, Rhea, which is pronounced "ray". She grew up in Murfreesboro, where she attended St. Rose of Lima Catholic School. The nuns at St. Rose did not teach science until the Sputnik crisis made it a national priority. A science teacher was then recruited, and Seddon began studying science in the seventh grade. In 1960 she wrote a school report on what would happen to people who ventured into space. She attended Central High School in Murfreesboro, where she was a cheerleader. She graduated in 1965.
A friend of the family, Lois Kennedy, was a physician—Seddon worked in her office one summer—and inspired her to pursue a career in medicine. Another friend of the family, Florence Ridley, a professor of English at the University of California, Los Angeles, recommended some universities in California with good life sciences programs. Seddon entered the University of California, Berkeley, where she joined the Sigma Kappa sorority. Her father had been on the board of directors of Rutherford County Hospital, which was opening a new coronary care unit in the summer after her freshman year, and he arranged for Seddon to spend her summer there as an aide. However, the new center's opening was delayed, and she spent the summer working in the surgical unit, where she decided to become a surgeon. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree in physiology in 1970.
During her senior year at Berkeley, Seddon was accepted by the University of Tennessee College of Medicine. When she matriculated in 1970, there were only six women in the class of more than one hundred medical students. She was awarded her Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree in 1973. Her father paid for flying lessons as a graduation gift. Seddon did her one-year internship at the Baptist Memorial Hospital-Memphis. Women were not permitted in the surgery doctors' lounge there, so she had to wait between cases on a folding chair in the nurses' bathroom. She then did three years of residency at the University of Tennessee hospitals in Memphis, where she was the only woman in the General Surgery Residency Program. She worked in emergency departments at several hospitals in Mississippi and Tennessee, despite this being against the rules of the residency program. |
Rhea Seddon | NASA career | NASA career
thumb|upright|Portrait from 1978 |
Rhea Seddon | Selection | Selection
On July 8, 1976, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) issued a call for applications for pilot and mission specialist candidates. It was the first time that women were encouraged to apply. A colleague, Russ Greer, a neurosurgery resident who had worked at NASA and was aware that Seddon had expressed an interest in becoming an astronaut, informed Seddon of the selection process that was underway, and she decided to apply. She wrote to NASA and was sent an application form. She found that at in height, she was just tall enough to meet the minimum height requirement of for mission specialists. The application required three references, and she chose three people who had most strongly influenced her to that point: James Pate, the head of surgery at the hospital; Jose Guma, her flying instructor; and Jim Arnhart, the administrator of Rutherford Hospital.
From 8,079 applicants NASA identified 208 for further screening, conducted in groups of about twenty. Seddon was contacted by Jay F. Honeycutt from NASA and was asked to come to the Johnson Space Center (JSC) for a week of interviews and physical examinations, beginning August 29, 1977. Her group of twenty applicants was the first one that included women. Among the eight women in the group were Anna Sims, Shannon Lucid, Nitza Cintron, and Millie Hughes-Wiley. Afterwards, she returned to the Memphis Veterans Administration Hospital, where she commenced a residency in plastic surgery. She soon changed course again after she developed a particular interest in the nutrition of surgery patients. In January 1978 journalist Jules Bergman asked if he could interview her on Good Morning America, and he revealed that she had been selected for astronaut training; Seddon received official word from George Abbey, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations on January 16. The names of the 35 successful candidates in NASA Astronaut Group 8 were publicly released later that day. |
Rhea Seddon | Training | Training
thumb|left|Practicing CPR during a zeroG training flight
New selections were considered astronaut candidates rather than full-fledged astronauts until they finished their training and evaluation, which was expected to take two years. Group8's name for itself was "TFNG". The abbreviation was deliberately ambiguous; for public purposes, it stood for "Thirty-Five New Guys", but within the group itself, it was known to stand for the military phrase, "the fucking new guy", used to denote newcomers to a military unit. Pilot training was not required of mission specialist candidates, but they were given training in how to handle emergencies while flying in the back seat of NASA's Northrop T-38 Talon jets. Seddon had a private pilot license, and logged time spent in the T-38 as co-pilot time. Due to her small size and the ill-fitting parachute harness she had to wear, she had trouble climbing into the aircraft.
A particularly difficult part of the curriculum for Seddon was SCUBA training, which was conducted in the pool at the Clear Lake Recreational Center. She was not a strong swimmer, and it took practice and exercise to develop proficiency. SCUBA training was a prerequisite for Extravehicular Activity (EVA) training, but Seddon was never considered for this because NASA did not have space suits in her small size. She was sent to the 1979 Paris Air Show to represent NASA along with Mercury Seven astronaut Deke Slayton. The two of them drew crowds of people who wanted to see a famous astronaut or were curious about what a woman astronaut was like.
As an astronaut candidate, Seddon drew a civil service salary of about US$22,000 (), which was more than she made as a surgical resident. Nonetheless, when she went to buy a townhouse she was told that her income was $3,000 short of what was required, even with her father putting up the deposit. United Savings and Loan refused to lend her the money without her father's co-signature. She also bought a new Chevrolet Corvette. She figured that her astronaut job took up only fifty to sixty hours a week, which left time to practice medicine. This required six months to obtain a Texas medical license and secure permission from NASA Headquarters, and another loan from her father to cover the license fee and malpractice insurance. After several months of serving in the emergency rooms of various hospitals, she met Diana Fire, a physician who worked at Sam Houston Memorial Hospital, and accepted an offer to work in the emergency room there on weekends. Seddon worked there until it closed twelve years later, then moved to Spring Branch Hospital, where she remained until she left Houston.
thumb|Seddon and Gibson with newborn baby Paul
Seddon officially became an astronaut in August 1979, after NASA decided that one year of training was sufficient. As with earlier astronaut groups, each astronaut candidate was assigned a particular specialization; Seddon's assignment was the Space Shuttle food system and the orbital medical kit. For STS-1, the first orbital spaceflight of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the inaugural flight of the , Abbey decided that the five MDs of the 1978 and 1980 astronaut groupsNorman Thagard, Anna Fisher and Seddon from the 1978 group, and Bill Fisher and Jim Bagian from the 1980 groupwould be assigned to the search and rescue helicopters supporting the flight. These would be required if the Space Shuttle crashed or the astronauts had to eject. Seddon was placed in charge of the group, and as such could choose her assignment. She, therefore, decided to join the group at Cape Canaveral. In the event, the mission went well, and search and rescue were not required.
In February 1981 Seddon became engaged to fellow astronaut Robert L. "Hoot" Gibson. They were married on May 30 in a ceremony at the First United Methodist Church in Murfreesboro, followed by a reception at the Stones River Country Club. A second reception was held in Houston, followed by a honeymoon in Hawaii. Seddon (who retained her maiden name) then resumed her role with search and rescue in preparation for the upcoming STS-2 mission. She also worked in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory, where the Space Shuttle's software was tested.
Seddon's first child was born in July 1982 and was named Paul Seddon Gibson after Gibson's father. Gibson already had one child, a daughter called Julie, from his first marriage. While many astronauts had children, this was the first child born to an astronaut couple. The newborn suffered from a serious condition arising from inhaling meconium and was rushed by helicopter from Clear Lake Hospital to Houston's Hermann Hospital, where he soon responded to treatment. |
Rhea Seddon | Space flights | Space flights
thumb|upright|Seddon builds a homemade repair tool during the STS-51-D mission in 1985.
In August 1983 Abbey offered Seddon a flight assignment on STS-41-E, which she accepted. Had the mission been flown as planned in August 1984, she would have become the third American woman to fly in space, but the mission, which was renumbered STS-41-F, was delayed and then canceled. The crew was kept together and assigned to STS-51-E, but it too was delayed and canceled. Finally, they were assigned to STS-51-D. With each change of mission came different payloads requiring different training.
The mission was scheduled to lift off on March 19, 1985, but suffered a series of delays. STS-51-D lifted in the from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) on April 12, 1985. The crew deployed the ANIK-C satellite for Telesat of Canada, and Syncom IV-3 for the US Navy. A malfunction in the Syncom spacecraft resulted in the first unscheduled spacewalk, rendezvous, and proximity operations for the Space Shuttle in an attempt to activate the satellite using the Remote Manipulator System (RMS). Seddon used her surgical skills to operate a bone saw to help build homemade repair tools for the satellite. She was able to manually engage the start lever with the RMS, but the launch sequence did not commence, and the satellite was left in low Earth orbit. On this mission she logged 168 hours in 109 Earth orbits.
After the flight she presented a banner she had flown with to Central Middle School (as Central High School now was), and met President Ronald Reagan at the Oval Office in Washington, DC. The Syncom IV-3 satellite was retrieved, repaired, and launched into a geostationary orbit by the STS-51-I mission in August 1985.
Even before the STS-51-D mission was flown, Abbey offered Seddon a chance to fly on the Spacelab Life Sciences (SLS-1) mission, which was scheduled to lift off aboard the in late January 1986. She accepted but had doubts about whether she could be ready in time with all her work and home commitments. As it turned out, there was ample time because it was delayed due to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.
While she waited for her Spacelab Life Sciences mission to be scheduled, she sought out a refresher program in emergency medicine. Such programs were uncommon at the time, but she found one at Denver General Hospital. The course cost several thousand dollars, which she could not afford, but she wrote to Vincent Markovchik, the head of the program, and he agreed to waive the fee. In 1988 Abbey offered her the chance of another flight in the meantime, but Seddon declined, as she was hoping to have another child, and felt that the SLS-1 mission needed someone to watch over it, even if its launch was years in the future.
Seddon also began to think about acquiring some managerial experience and went to see Carolyn Huntoon, the head of the Space and Life Sciences Directorate at JSC, about a secondment to her area. Huntoon agreed to take Seddon on as an assistant in the spring of 1988. However, while Abbey was Director of Flight Operations, he had an astronaut technical assistant, known in the NASA Astronaut Corps as the "Bubba". The main job of the technical assistant was acting as Abbey's pilot, but the technical assistant also did many odd jobs on Abbey's behalf. When Don Puddy succeeded Abbey, he considered abolishing the position, but in May 1988 Seddon was unexpectedly given the job. Under Puddy, the job no longer entailed being a personal pilot and driver, but Seddon still worked on a variety of tasks. These included preparations for the STS-26 "Return to Flight" mission, and developing policies in cooperation with the Space and Life Sciences Directorate. She helped establish criteria for access to astronauts' psychiatric records, procedures for clearing astronauts as medically fit to fly, and processes for using astronauts for medical experiments. She left the position when she had her second child, Edward Dann Gibson (named after her father), who was born in March 1989.
thumb|left|Seddon on the STS-40 mission
When Seddon returned from maternity leave in July 1989, the launch of SLS-1 had been added to the flight schedule as STS-40, with a launch date of May 1990. By this time the crew had been training a few hours per month since January 1986, and the payload had been changed several times. It was so overbooked with experiments that the mission was split into two: SLS-1 and SLS-2. One crew member, Bob Phillips, was grounded with a minor medical condition and was replaced by Millie Hughes-Fulford. Hopes that training could now proceed uninterrupted were soon dashed; Seddon was called upon to participate in the selection of NASA Astronaut Group 13 (who became known as the "Hairballs"). And the schedule continued to slip.
The STS-40 SLS-1 mission finally lifted off from the KSC in the on June 5, 1991. During the nine-day mission, the crew performed experiments that explored how humans, animals, and cells respond to microgravity and re-adapt to Earth's gravity on return. Other experiments were designed to investigate materials science, plant biology and cosmic radiation, and tests of hardware proposed for the Space Station Freedom Health Maintenance Facility. The mission completed 146 orbits of the Earth, and Seddon logged an additional 218 hours in space.
From September 1991 to July 1992, Seddon was a Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) in the Mission Control Center, handling the STS-42 and STS-45 missions. She expressed a desire to Chief Astronaut Dan Brandenstein to participate in SLS-2, the follow-up mission to SLS-1. This was readily accommodated, as life sciences missions were not popular assignments among astronauts. In October 1991 she was designated the payload commander for the STS-58 / SLS-2 mission. This was a new position created to provide a single point of contact for the science crew. During training for the mission, she broke four bones in her foot while sliding down a Space Shuttle escape slide during a practice for an emergency evacuation. This was diagnosed as a Lisfranc fracture. Surgery was required to insert screws to realign the bones, and she had to spend six weeks in a cast and another six in a walking boot. This did not leave much time before the launch date, but there was no move to replace her, and the flight was delayed a few months for other reasons.
thumb|Seddon spins the Spacelab Life Sciences rotating chair as Martin Fettman serves as a test subject on the STS-58 mission.
SLS-2 involved animal testing, with mice being dissected in space. At this time NASA management began to feel pressure from animal rights groups, and NASA Administrator Dan Goldin asked for a report on the animal experiments. Seddon and payload specialist Martin J. Fettman prepared a report on how the research could be conducted without killing animals, which amounted to removing body parts without killing them. Seddon and Fettman felt that this was unethical. NASA management ordered the Director of Flight Crew Operations, David Leestma, to modify the experiments to harvest organs without killing the test animals. Leestma ignored this and took no action, so the mission was flown as originally planned.
STS-58 with SLS-2 lifted off in the Space Shuttle Columbia on October 18, 1993. During the fourteen-day flight the seven-person crew performed neurovestibular, cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary, metabolic, and musculoskeletal medical experiments on themselves and 48 rats, studying human and animal physiology both on Earth and in space flight. In addition, the crew performed ten engineering tests aboard the Orbiter Columbia and nine Extended Duration Orbiter Medical Project experiments. The mission was accomplished in 225 orbits of the Earth in over 336 hours.
thumb|upright|Delivering a lecture in 2015
In June 1995 Seddon had her third child, a daughter she named Emilee Louise after her sister, who had died the year before. Seddon became the Assistant to the Director of Flight Crew Operations for Shuttle/Mir Payloads, a new position, which involved travel to Russia. In September 1996 she was detailed by NASA to Vanderbilt University Medical School in Nashville, Tennessee, as an assistant Chief Medical Officer, where she assisted in its organization and structuring. She also assisted in the preparation of cardiovascular experiments that flew aboard Columbia on the STS-90 Neurolab Spacelab flight in April 1998. |
Rhea Seddon | Later life | Later life
Seddon retired from NASA in November 1997, and for the next eleven years she was the assistant Chief Medical Officer of the Vanderbilt Medical Group in Nashville, Tennessee.
She had begun writing her memoirs in December 1993 but set the project aside in June 1996. In 2008 she enrolled in a creative writing program at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro. She afterwards completed her memoirs; the book, entitled Go For Orbit, was published in 2015 and won the Independent Book Publishers Association Ben Franklin Gold Award for Best Autobiography/Memoir. |
Rhea Seddon | Awards and honors | Awards and honors
Seddon's awards from NASA included the NASA Space Flight Medal in 1985, 1991 and 1993; the NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 1988 and 1992, and the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal in 1994. She was inducted into the Tennessee Aviation Hall of Fame in 2005, and the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame and Tennessee Women's Hall of Fame in 2015. In 2017 she was named as one of the University of Tennessee Centennial Top100 Alumni and was a co-recipient of the Great American leadership award along with Gibson. |
Rhea Seddon | Bibliography | Bibliography |
Rhea Seddon | See also | See also
List of female spacefarers |
Rhea Seddon | Notes | Notes |
Rhea Seddon | References | References |
Rhea Seddon | External links | External links
Rhea Seddon – Rats, Folks, and Jellyfish: Studying Life in Space
Category:1947 births
Category:Living people
Category:American women astronauts
Category:Physician astronauts
Category:American physicians
Category:People from Murfreesboro, Tennessee
Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni
Category:University of Tennessee Health Science Center alumni
Category:NASA civilian astronauts
Category:United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees
Category:Space medicine doctors
Category:Space Shuttle program astronauts
Category:Daughters of the American Revolution people |
Rhea Seddon | Table of Content | Short description, Early life and education, NASA career, Selection, Training, Space flights, Later life, Awards and honors, Bibliography, See also, Notes, References, External links |
Jeffrey A. Hoffman | short description | Jeffrey Alan Hoffman (born November 2, 1944) is an American former NASA astronaut and currently a professor of aeronautics and astronautics at MIT.
Hoffman made five flights as a Space Shuttle astronaut, including the first mission to repair the Hubble Space Telescope in 1993, when the orbiting telescope's flawed optical system was corrected. Trained as an astrophysicist, he also flew on the 1990 Spacelab Shuttle mission that featured the Astro-1 ultraviolet astronomical observatory in the Shuttle's payload bay. Over the course of his five missions he logged more than 1,211 hours and 21.5 million miles in space. He was also NASA's second Jewish astronaut, and the second Jewish man in space after Soviet cosmonaut Boris Volynov. |
Jeffrey A. Hoffman | Background | Background
Hoffman was born November 2, 1944, in Brooklyn, New York, but considers Scarsdale, New York, to be his hometown. He graduated from Scarsdale High School in 1962, received a BA degree (summa cum laude) in astronomy from Amherst College in 1966,Astronomy Alumni - website of Amherst College a PhD degree in astrophysics from Harvard University in 1971,Astronomy Alumni PhD Recipients and Advisors - website of the Harvard University and an MSc degree in materials science from Rice University in 1988.Jeffrey Hoffman '88 Inducted into Jewish American Hall of Fame - alumni website of Rice University Hoffman is an Eagle Scout.
Hoffman is a member of the International Academy of Astronautics, the International Astronomical Union, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the American Astronomical Society, the Spanish Academy of Engineering, Phi Beta Kappa, and Sigma Xi.
he is co-director of the Massachusetts Space Grant Consortium and a professor of the Practice in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT. |
Jeffrey A. Hoffman | Academic experience | Academic experience
Hoffman's original research interests were in high-energy astrophysics, specifically cosmic gamma ray and x-ray astronomy. His doctoral work at Harvard was the design, construction, testing, and flight of a balloon-borne, low-energy, gamma ray telescope.
From 1972 to 1975, during post-doctoral work at the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom, he worked on several x-ray astronomy rocket payloads. He also designed and supervised the construction and testing of the test equipment for use in an x-ray beam facility which he used to measure the scattering and reflectivity properties of x-ray concentrating mirrors. During his last year at Leicester, he was project scientist for the medium-energy x-ray experiment on the European Space Agency's EXOSAT satellite and played a leading role in the proposal and design studies for this project.
He worked in the Center for Space Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1975 to 1978 as project scientist in charge of the orbiting HEAO-1 A4 hard x-ray and gamma ray experiment, launched in August 1977.
His involvement included pre-launch design of the data analysis system, supervising its operation post-launch, and directing the MIT team undertaking the scientific analysis of flight data being returned. He was also involved extensively in analysis of x-ray data from the SAS-3 satellite being operated by MIT. His principal research was the study of x-ray bursts, about which he authored or co-authored more than 20 papers.
He joined the MIT Aeronautics and Astronautics faculty in 2001 as a senior lecturer, and since 2002 has been a professor of the Practice in that department. His research specialties include human space flight operations, space flight technology, human-machine interactions, extravehicular activity, and conducting laboratory research in space. His teaching interests include space systems design and space policy. Dr. Hoffman instructed a course in systems engineering on the space shuttle that is available for free in video format from academic earth. |
Jeffrey A. Hoffman | NASA experience | NASA experience
Selected by NASA in January 1978, Hoffman became an astronaut in August 1979. During preparations for the Shuttle Orbital Flight Tests, he worked in the Flight Simulation Laboratory at Downey, California, testing guidance, navigation and flight control systems. He worked with the orbital maneuvering and reaction control systems, with Shuttle navigation, with crew training, and with the development of satellite deployment procedures. Hoffman served as a support crewmember for STS-5 and as a CAPCOM (spacecraft communicator) for the STS-8 and STS-82 missions. He also worked on EVA, including the development of a high-pressure spacesuit, and preparations for the assembly of the Space Station. Hoffman was a co-founder of the Astronaut Office Science Support Group. In 1996 he led the Payload and Habitability Branch of the Astronaut Office.
Among the Jewish items he took into space were a Dreidel, which he spun for an hour, a Mezuzah, which he attached to the space station bunk bed he and fellow Jewish astronaut Scott J. Horowitz alternately used, and a Hanukkah menorah.
Hoffman left the astronaut program in July 1997 to become NASA's European Representative in Paris, where he served until August 2001. His principal duties were to keep NASA and NASA's European partners informed about each other's activities, try to resolve problems in US-European cooperative space projects, search for new areas of US-European space cooperation, and represent NASA in European media. In August 2001, Hoffman was seconded by NASA to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he is a professor in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He is engaged in several research projects using the International Space Station and teaches courses on space operations and design. |
Jeffrey A. Hoffman | Space flight experience | Space flight experience
thumb|200px|Hoffman repairing the Hubble during STS-61
STS 51-D (April 12–19, 1985)
STS-35 (December 2–10, 1990)
STS-46 (July 31 – August 8, 1992)
STS-61 (December 2–13, 1993)
STS-75 (February 22 – March 9, 1996)
Hoffman made his first space flight as a mission specialist on STS 51-D, April 12–19, 1985, on the Space Shuttle Discovery. On this mission, he made the first STS contingency spacewalk, in an attempted rescue of a malfunctioning satellite.
Hoffman made his second space flight as a mission specialist on STS-35, December 2–10, 1990, on the Space Shuttle Columbia. This Spacelab mission featured the ASTRO-1 ultraviolet astronomy laboratory, a project on which Hoffman had worked since 1982.
Hoffman made his third space flight as payload commander and mission specialist on STS-46, July 31 – August 8, 1992, on the Space Shuttle Atlantis. On this mission, the crew deployed the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA), an ESA-sponsored free-flying science platform, and carried out the first test flight of the Tethered Satellite System (TSS), a joint project between NASA and the Italian Space Agency. Hoffman had worked on the Tethered Satellite project since 1987.
Hoffman made his fourth flight as an EVA crewmember on STS-61, December 2–13, 1993, on the Space Shuttle Endeavour. During this flight, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was captured, serviced, and restored to full capacity through a record five spacewalks by four astronauts, including Hoffman. Hoffman also spun a dreidel for the holiday of Hanukkah to a live audience watching via satellite.
Hoffman last flew on STS-75 (February 22 – March 9, 1996) on the Space Shuttle Columbia. This was a 16-day mission whose principal payloads were the reflight of the Tethered Satellite System (TSS) and the third flight of the United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-3). The TSS successfully demonstrated the ability of tethers to produce electricity. The TSS experiment produced a wealth of new information on the electrodynamics of tethers and plasma physics before the tether broke at 19.7 km, just shy of the 20.7 km goal. The crew also worked around the clock performing combustion experiments and research related to USMP-3 microgravity investigations. During this mission, Hoffman became the first astronaut to log 1000 hours aboard the Space Shuttle. Hoffman took with him a small Torah scroll, and he read from the Book of Genesis during the flight. The documentary film "Space Torah" released in 2023, is centered around this event.
With the completion of his fifth space flight, Dr. Hoffman has logged more than 1,211 hours and 21.5 million miles in space. |
Jeffrey A. Hoffman | After NASA | After NASA
Since 2002, he has been a professor of the Practice in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Since 2008 he has also been a visiting professor at the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Leicester.
He is the author of a book titled An Astronaut's Diary (June 1986) which is accompanied by a cassette tape. The audio tape contains excerpts of the original recordings he made with a pocket tape recorder.
Hoffman is a visiting lecturer at the International Space University. |
Jeffrey A. Hoffman | Awards and honors | Awards and honors
Amherst College 1963 Porter Prize in Astronomy
1964 Second Walker Prize in Mathematics
1965 John Summer Runnells Scholarship Prize
1966 Stanley V. and Charles B. Travis Prize
Woods Prize for Scholarship
Elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1965 and Sigma Xi in 1966
Woodrow Wilson Foundation Pre-Doctoral Fellowship, 1966–67
National Science Foundation Pre-Doctoral Fellowship, 1966–1971
National Academy of Sciences Post-Doctoral Visiting Fellowship, 1971–72
Harvard University Sheldon International Fellowship, 1972–73
NATO Post-Doctoral Fellowship, 1973–74
NASA Space Flight Medals (5)
NASA Exceptional Service Medals (2)
NASA Distinguished Service Medals (2)
V. M. Komarov and the Sergei P. Korolev Diplomas by the International Aeronautical Federation in 1991 and 1994
Inducted into the Astronaut Hall of Fame in 2007 |
Jeffrey A. Hoffman | See also | See also
History of the Jews in Houston |
Jeffrey A. Hoffman | References | References |
Jeffrey A. Hoffman | External links | External links
BBC World Service Discovery programme with Jeffrey Hoffman on the Shuttle, needs Real Audio player
Spacefacts biography of Jeffrey A. Hoffman
Category:1944 births
Category:20th-century American Jews
Category:Amherst College alumni
Category:Academics of the University of Leicester
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:Living people
Category:MIT School of Engineering faculty
Category:People from Scarsdale, New York
Category:Rice University alumni
Category:NASA civilian astronauts
Category:Scarsdale High School alumni
Category:Space Shuttle program astronauts
Category:United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees
Category:Spacewalkers
Category:21st-century American Jews |
Jeffrey A. Hoffman | Table of Content | short description, Background, Academic experience, NASA experience, Space flight experience, After NASA, Awards and honors, See also, References, External links |
Jan Sterling | Short description | Jan Sterling (born Jane Sterling Adriance; April 3, 1921 – March 26, 2004) was an American film, television and stage actress. At her most active in films during the 1950s (immediately prior to which she had joined the Actors Studio), Sterling received a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in The High and the Mighty (1954) as well as an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination. Her best performance is often considered to be opposite Kirk Douglas, as the opportunistic wife in Billy Wilder's 1951 Ace in the Hole. Although her career declined during the 1960s, she continued to play occasional television and theatre roles. |
Jan Sterling | Early life | Early life
Sterling was born in New York City, the daughter of Eleanor Ward (née Deans) and William Allen Adriance Jr, an architect and advertising executive.Willis, John. 2006. Screen World: 2005 Film Annual. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp 387, 453; , . She had a younger sister, Ann "Mimi" Adriance, a model and businesswoman.Ann “Mimi” Welfeld obituary Retrieved October 4, 2022 Jane grew up in a wealthy household and attended private schools before moving with her family to Europe and South America. In London and Paris she was schooled by private tutors, and in London she attended Fay Compton's dramatic school. During the taping of the pilot of a game show in 1968, she told the story of having been sent airfare to fly back to the United States; seeing some lingerie she liked in a shop window, she used the last of her money to buy it, then traded in the airfare and booked aboard a steamship. Midway through the voyage, she found out that the airship she had originally been booked on, the , had been destroyed in a massive fire upon arriving in New Jersey on May 6, 1937. |
Jan Sterling | Acting career | Acting career
As a teenager, she returned to the borough of Manhattan, and using variations of her given name, including "Jane Adriance" and "Jane Sterling", she began her acting career in 1938 by performing on Broadway as the character Chris Faringdon in Bachelor Born."Jan Sterling", Internet Broadway Database (IBDB), The Broadway League, New York, N.Y. Retrieved July 12, 2019. For the summer of 1939, Sterling appeared in the summer stock cast at Elitch Theatre, the oldest Summer stock theater in the country, with Jane Wyatt appearing as the season's leading lady.
She then appeared in a variety of other Broadway productions during the 1940s, such as When We Were Married, This Rock, and The Rugged Path. In 1947, she made her film debut in Tycoon, billed as Jane Darian. Ruth Gordon reportedly insisted she change her stage name, and they agreed upon Jan Sterling. She played a prominent supporting role in Johnny Belinda (1948). Alternating between films and television, Sterling appeared in several television anthology series during the 1950s, and played film roles in Caged (1950), Mystery Street (1950), Union Station (1950), The Mating Season (1951), Ace in the Hole (1951), Flesh and Fury (1952), The High and the Mighty (1954), Female on the Beach (1955), and High School Confidential (1958). Often cast as hard and determined characters, she played a sympathetic character in Sky Full of Moon (1952). In 1950, she was cast as Ruth (the girlfriend of Deputy Roscoe, played by veteran western film star Roscoe Ates) on The Marshal of Gunsight Pass.
thumb|right|Sterling in Split Second (1953)
thumb|right|Sterling in The High and the Mighty (1954)
In 1954, Sterling was nominated for an Academy Award and won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in The High and the Mighty. Later that year, she travelled to Britain to play the role of Julia in the 1956 version of George Orwell's 1984 despite being several months pregnant at the time. During the following years, she appeared regularly in films. Some of her appearances on American television series include the title character in "The Annie Griffith Story" on Wagon Train in 1959 and "The Selena Hartnell Story" in 1961; and during the 1960s, guest-starring role on Riverboat, her performance as Dianne Jordan in a 1960 Bonanza episode ("The Blood Line"), her portrayal of Nurse Murdoch in the 1963 episode "Millions of Faces" on ABC's Breaking Point, and her performance in the 1967 episode "Eleven Miles to Eden" of NBC's The Road West. In late 1968, Sterling began portraying the conniving Miss Foss on The Guiding Light. After performing in the 1969 film The Minx, she curtailed her appearances in films and on television but continued to work on stage. She did, however, return to television in 1979 to portray the wife of President Herbert Hoover in Backstairs at the White House, and in 1981, Sterling made her last film appearance playing Walter Matthau's wife in the First Monday in October. |
Jan Sterling | Marriages | Marriages
Sterling was married twice. In 1941 she wed actor John Merivale, a union that ended in divorce seven years later. She then married actor Paul Douglas in 1950 and remained with him until his death in 1959.Life Magazine. "Paul Douglas: Demon to Daddy". March 12, 1951. p. 118. In the 1970s, she entered into a long-lasting personal relationship with Sam Wanamaker, who was based predominantly in the United Kingdom. Inactive professionally for nearly two decades, she made an appearance at the Cinecon Film Festival in Los Angeles in 2001. |
Jan Sterling | Health and death | Health and death
Sterling's later life was marked by illness and injury that included diabetes, a broken hip, and a series of strokes. Her son died of heart failure in December 2003 aged 48. Sterling died three months later, on March 26, 2004, aged 82, at the Motion Picture and Television Hospital in Woodland Hills, California. |
Jan Sterling | Films | Films
Tycoon (1947) – Dancer at Fiesta (uncredited)
Johnny Belinda (1948) – Stella McCormick
Caged (1950) – Jeta Kovsky – aka Smoochie
The Skipper Surprised His Wife (1950) – Rita Rossini
Mystery Street (1950) – Vivian Heldon
Gunfire (1950) – Flo – Saloon Girl (uncredited)
Union Station (1950) – Marge Wrighter
Snow Dog (1950)
The Mating Season (1951) – Betsy
Appointment with Danger (1951) – Dodie
Ace in the Hole (1951) – Lorraine Minosa
Rhubarb (1951) – Polly Sickles
Flesh and Fury (1952) – Sonya Bartow
Sky Full of Moon (1952) – Dixie Delmar
Pony Express (1953) – Denny Russell
Split Second (1953) – Dottie Vale
The Vanquished (1953) – Rose Slater
Alaska Seas (1954) – Nicky Jackson
The High and the Mighty (1954) – Sally McKee
Return from the Sea (1954) – Frieda
The Human Jungle (1954) – Mary Abbott
Women's Prison (1955) – Brenda Martin
Female on the Beach (1955) – Amy Rawlinson
Man with the Gun (1955) – Nelly Bain
1984 (1956) – Julia of the Outer Party
The Harder They Fall (1956)Maltin, Leonard. 2008. Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide. Penguin. , – Beth Willis
Slaughter on Tenth Avenue (1957) – Madge Pitts
The Female Animal (1958) – Lily Frayne
High School Confidential! (1958) – Arlene Williams
Kathy O' (1958) – Celeste Saunders
Love in a Goldfish Bowl (1961) – Sandra Slide
The Incident (1967) – Muriel Purvis
The Angry Breed (1968) – Gloria Patton
The Minx (1969) – Louise Baxter
Sammy Somebody (1976)
First Monday in October (1981) – Christine Snow |
Jan Sterling | Selected Television appearances | Selected Television appearances
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1958) (Season 3 Episode 20: "On the Nose") - Fran Holland
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1961) (Season 6 Episode 17: "The Last Escape") - Wanda Ferlini
The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1962) (Season 1 Episode 14: "The Tender Poisoner") - Beatrice Bartel |
Jan Sterling | Radio appearances | Radio appearances
Year Program Episode/source 1952 Stars over Hollywood A Dime a Dozen 1953 Theatre Guild on the Air The Show-Off |
Jan Sterling | References | References |
Jan Sterling | External links | External links
The Guardian UK obituary
Images of Jan Sterling's 1960 passport (with incorrect year of birth), passportland.com; accessed May 3, 2014.
Category:1921 births
Category:2004 deaths
Category:20th-century American actresses
Category:Actresses from New York City
Category:American film actresses
Category:American stage actresses
Category:American television actresses
Category:Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Category:Deaths from diabetes in California
Category:American expatriates in France
Category:American expatriates in the United Kingdom
Category:21st-century American women |
Jan Sterling | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, Acting career, Marriages, Health and death, Films, Selected Television appearances, Radio appearances, References, External links |
Aloysius Gonzaga | Short description | Aloysius de Gonzaga, SJ (; 9 March 156821 June 1591) was an Italian aristocrat who became a member of the Society of Jesus. While still a student at the Roman College, he died as a result of caring for the victims of a serious epidemic. He was beatified in 1605 and canonized in 1726. |
Aloysius Gonzaga | Early life | Early life
thumb|left|150px|Aloysius de Gonzaga as a boy
Gonzaga was born the eldest of eight children, at his family's castle in Castiglione delle Stiviere, between Brescia and Mantua in northern Italy in what was then part of the Duchy of Mantua, into a cadet branch of the illustrious House of Gonzaga. "Aloysius" is the Latin form of his given name in Italian, "Luigi". Gonzaga was the son of Ferrante Gonzaga, Marquess of Castiglione, and Dona Marta Tana di Santena, daughter of a baron of the Piedmontese Della Rovere family. His mother was a lady-in-waiting to Isabel, the wife of Philip II of Spain.
As the first-born son, he was in line to inherit his father's title and status of Marquis. His father assumed that Gonzaga would become a soldier, as that was the norm for sons of the aristocracy and the family was often involved in the minor wars of the period. As early as age four, Luigi was given a set of miniature guns and accompanied his father on training expeditions so that the boy might learn "the art of arms". At age five, Gonzaga was sent to a military camp to get started on his training. His father was pleased to see his son marching around camp at the head of a platoon of soldiers. His mother and his tutor were less pleased with the vocabulary he picked up there.
He grew up amid the violence and intrigue of Renaissance Italy.
In 1576, at age 8, he was sent to Florence along with his younger brother, Rodolfo, to serve at the court of the Grand Duke Francesco I de' Medici and to receive further education. While there, he fell ill with a disease of the kidneys, which troubled him throughout his life. While he was ill, he took the opportunity to read about the saints and to spend much of his time in prayer. In November 1579, the brothers were sent to the Duke of Mantua. Gonzaga was shocked by the violent and frivolous lifestyle he encountered there.
Gonzaga returned to Castiglione where he met Cardinal Charles Borromeo, and from him received First Communion on 22 July 1580. After reading a book about Jesuit missionaries in India, Gonzaga felt strongly that he wanted to become a missionary. He started practicing by teaching catechism classes to young boys in Castiglione in the summers. He also repeatedly visited the houses of the Capuchin friars and the Barnabites located in Casale Monferrato, the capital of the Gonzaga-ruled Duchy of Montferrat where the family spent the winter. He also adopted an ascetic lifestyle.
The family was called to Spain in 1581 to assist Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress. They arrived in Madrid in March 1582, where Gonzaga and Rodolfo became pages for the young Infante Diego. Gonzaga started thinking in earnest about joining a religious order. He had considered joining the Capuchins, but he had a Jesuit confessor in Madrid and decided instead to join that order. His mother agreed to his request, but his father was furious and prevented him from doing so.
In July 1584, a year and a half after the Infante's death, the family returned to Italy. Gonzaga still wanted to become a priest, but several members of his family worked hard to persuade him to change his mind. When they realized there was no way to make him give up his plan, they tried to persuade him to become a secular priest and offered to arrange for a bishopric for him. If he were to become a Jesuit he would renounce any right to his inheritance or status in society. His family's attempts to dissuade him failed; Gonzaga was not interested in higher office and still wanted to become a missionary. |
Aloysius Gonzaga | Religious life | Religious life
thumb|left|Painting of Aloysius Gonzaga in Marmoutier Abbey, Alsace, France
In November 1585, Gonzaga gave up all rights of inheritance, which was confirmed by the emperor. He went to Rome and, because of his noble birth, gained an audience with Pope Sixtus V. Following a brief stay at the Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga, the Roman home of his cousin, Cardinal Scipione Gonzaga, on 25 November 1585 he was accepted into the Society of Jesus in Rome."Finding God Amid Disease: The Story of St. Aloysius Gonzaga", Gonzaga University During this period, he was asked to moderate his asceticism somewhat and to be more social with the other novices.
Gonzaga's health continued to cause problems. He was sent to Milan for studies, but was sent back to Rome after some time because of his health. On 25 November 1587, he took the three religious vows of chastity, poverty and obedience. In February and March 1588, he received minor orders and started studying theology to prepare for ordination. In 1589, he was called to Mantua to mediate between his brother Rodolfo and the Duke of Mantua. He returned to Rome in May 1590. It is said that, later that year, he had a vision in which the Archangel Gabriel told him that he would die within a year.
In 1591, a plague broke out in Rome. The Jesuits opened a hospital for the stricken, and Gonzaga volunteered to work there."Saint Aloysius Gonzaga", Franciscan Media After begging alms for the victims, Gonzaga began working with the sick, carrying the dying from the streets into a hospital founded by the Jesuits. There he washed and fed the plague victims, preparing them as best he could to receive the sacraments. But though he threw himself into his tasks, he privately confessed to his spiritual director, Robert Bellarmine, that his constitution was revolted by the sights and smells of the work; he had to work hard to overcome his physical repulsion.
At the time, many of the younger Jesuits had become infected with the disease, and so Gonzaga's superiors forbade him from returning to the hospital. But Gonzaga—long accustomed to refusals from his father—persisted and requested permission to return, which was granted. Eventually he was allowed to care for the sick, but only at another hospital, called Our Lady of Consolation, where those with contagious diseases were not admitted. While there, Gonzaga was infected. He grew ill and was bedridden by 3 March 1591, a few days before his 23rd birthday.
Gonzaga declined for many weeks. It seemed certain that he would die in a short time, and he was given Extreme Unction. He spoke several times with his confessor, the cardinal and later saint, Robert Bellarmine. Gonzaga told several people that he would die on the Octave of the feast of Corpus Christi. On that day, 21 June 1591, as he began to grow weak, Bellarmine gave him the last rites. He died just before midnight. |
Aloysius Gonzaga | Veneration | Veneration
thumb|right|The head of Saint Aloysius Gonzaga at San Luigi Gonzaga in Castiglione delle Stiviere
thumb|upright|Saint Aloysius Gonzaga in Glory by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, incomplete provenance
Gonzaga was buried in the Church of the Most Holy Annunciation, which later became the Church of Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Sant'Ignazio) in Rome. His name was changed to "Robert" before his death, in honor of his confessor. Many people considered him to be a saint soon after his death, and his remains were moved into the Sant'Ignazio church, where they now rest in an urn of lapis lazuli in the Lancellotti Chapel. His head was later translated to the sanctuary-basilica bearing his name (elevated to Minor Basilica by Pope Paul VI in 1964Catholic.org Basilicas in Italy) in Castiglione delle Stiviere. He was beatified by Pope Paul V on 19 October 1605—only fourteen years after the Saint's death—and then canonized together with another Jesuit novice, Stanislaus Kostka, by Pope Benedict XIII on 31 December 1726.
Purity was his notable virtue. The Carmelite mystic, Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi, claimed to have had a vision of him on 4 April 1600. She described him as radiant in glory because of his "interior works," a hidden martyr for his great love of God.
Saint Aloysius' feast day is celebrated on 21 June, the date of his death. |
Aloysius Gonzaga | Patronage | Patronage
thumb|St. Aloysius Gonzaga on the campus of Mount Aloysius College, Cresson, Pennsylvania
In 1729, Pope Benedict XIII declared Aloysius de Gonzaga to be the patron saint of youth and students, placing all schools under the patronage of the Saint. In 1926, he was named patron of all Christian youth by Pope Pius XI. Owing to the manner of his death, he has been considered a patron saint of plague victims. For his compassion and courage in the face of an incurable disease, St. Aloysius Gonzaga has become the patron both of AIDS patients and their caregivers. Gonzaga is also the patron of Valmontone, a town in Lazio.
Aloysius Gonzaga is also celebrated in a small south Italy town called Alezio, as a patron of the town, celebrated on June 21.
Being the patron saint of youth and students and because of his service to others as a young adult, several schools and colleges are named after Aloysius Gonzaga. Mount Aloysius College in Cresson, Pennsylvania and
Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington, are a few examples.
thumb|San Luigi Gonzaga Basilica in Castiglione delle Stiviere |
Aloysius Gonzaga | Iconography | Iconography
In art, Gonzaga is shown as a young man wearing a black cassock and surplice, or as a page. His attributes are a lily, referring to innocence; a cross, referring to piety and sacrifice; a skull, referring to his early death; and a rosary, referring to his devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. St. Joseph's Church in Gelsenkirchen, the location of German soccer club Schalke 04, has a glass window of the saint with a soccer ball.
Gonzaga is represented on the ceiling of the Chapel of the Immaculate, at Collegio Rotondi, Italy, in the act of adoring Our Lady with her child Jesus. |
Aloysius Gonzaga | In popular culture | In popular culture
thumb|St. Aloysius Gonzaga Church on the campus of Gonzaga University in Spokane, WashingtonIrish writer James Joyce, being educated at the Jesuit Clongowes Wood College, chose Aloysius Gonzaga as his confirmation saint. |
Aloysius Gonzaga | See also | See also
Catholic Church in Italy
List of Catholic saints
St. Aloysius (disambiguation)
Saint Aloysius Gonzaga, patron saint archive |
Aloysius Gonzaga | References | References |
Aloysius Gonzaga | External links | External links
Category:1568 births
Category:1591 deaths
Category:People from Castiglione delle Stiviere
Category:Italian Roman Catholic saints
Category:16th-century Italian Jesuits
Category:Jesuit saints
Aloysius
Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Category:Burials at Sant'Ignazio, Rome
Category:Angelic visionaries
Category:Gonzaga University
Category:Canonizations by Pope Benedict XIII |
Aloysius Gonzaga | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, Religious life, Veneration, Patronage, Iconography, In popular culture, See also, References, External links |
Edmund Walker Head | short description | Sir Edmund Walker Head, 8th Baronet, KCB (16 February 1805 – 28 January 1868) was a 19th-century British politician and diplomat. |
Edmund Walker Head | Early life and scholarship | Early life and scholarship
Head was born at Wiarton Place, near Maidstone, Kent, the son of the Reverend Sir John Head, 7th Bt. and Jane (née Walker) Head. He succeeded to his father's title in 1838.
He was educated at Winchester College and Oriel College, Oxford, and in 1830 he was made a Fellow of Merton College. He was an Oxford scholar and tutor who published several books, including a book on the verbs shall and will. In 1866, Head published The Story of Viga Glum, which he had translated from the original Icelandic. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1863. |
Edmund Walker Head | Government service | Government service
In 1847, Head was appointed Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick (1847–1854).
While Lieutenant Governor, Head authorized the creation of an engineering faculty at the University of New Brunswick (UNB). This was the first such programme in what would become Canada.
In 1854, Head was appointed Governor General of the Province of Canada.The Edinburgh Gazette, September 22, 1854, Numb. 6423, p. 813. He served until 1861. During his time in office, there was some controversy over his refusal to grant a dissolution to the Reform ministry at the time of the "Double Shuffle".David Mills, "Double Shuffle", Canadian Encyclopedia, July 7, 2015.
He was appointed a Privy Councillor in 1857, and Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1860.
Head died in London in 1868. |
Edmund Walker Head | Family | Family
thumb|left|Lady Anna Maria Head (née Yorke)
He had married Anna Maria Yorke, daughter of Reverend Philip Yorke Prebendary of Ely, and his wife, Hon. Anna Maria Cocks, daughter of John Cocks, 1st Earl Somers, on 27 November 1838. Anna Maria was born in 1808. The couple had three children. Their son accidentally drowned in Quebec's Saint-Maurice River in September 1859. One of their two daughters was born at Fredericton, New Brunswick on 6 February 1849.
Anna Maria was an artist, who sketched a picture of the view from Major's Hill, Ottawa, Ontario which she subsequently presented to Queen Victoria. Within a month or two after this event Her Majesty chose Ottawa as the seat of Government of United Canada. Lady Head volunteered and bestowed alms among the poor. A memorial of her Ladyship's visit to the Upper Ottawa, in a bark canoe, in 1856, stands at Portage-du-Fort, Quebec. In the county of Renfrew, a township Maria, was named in her honour. Lady Head died at Oak Lea, Shere, Guildford, England, 25 August 1890. |
Edmund Walker Head | Legacy | Legacy
Sir Edmund Head Hall is the name of the engineering building at the University of New Brunswick.UNB Archives and Special Collections: Sir Edmund Head Hall
Edmundston, New Brunswick, is named after him.Edmundston: Heritage and Culture
The united township of Head, Clara and Maria in Renfrew County, Ontario was named in honour of Head and his wife.
Mount Head in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta is named after him. |
Edmund Walker Head | See also | See also
List of lieutenant governors of New Brunswick
List of governors general of the Province of Canada |
Edmund Walker Head | References | References |
Edmund Walker Head | External links | External links
Portrait of Sir Edmund Walker Head by Henry Weigall on the Art UK Your Paintings website
Category:1805 births
Category:1868 deaths
Category:Edmundston
Category:People from Maidstone
Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of England
Category:Governors-general of the Province of Canada
Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Category:Governors of the Colony of New Brunswick
Category:Governors of the Hudson's Bay Company
Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society
Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Category:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Category:Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
Category:Committee members of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge |
Edmund Walker Head | Table of Content | short description, Early life and scholarship, Government service, Family, Legacy, See also, References, External links |
David Griggs | '''David Griggs''' | David Griggs may refer to:
David Griggs (American football) (1967–1995), American football linebacker in the National Football League
S. David Griggs (1939–1989), American astronaut
David T. Griggs (1911–1974), American geophysicist
David Griggs (artist), Australian artist whose work featured in ArtExpress in 1994 |
David Griggs | Table of Content | '''David Griggs''' |
Mooka | '''Mooka''' | Mooka may refer to:
Mooka, Tochigi, in Japan
Mooka Railway Mooka Line, in Japan |
Mooka | Table of Content | '''Mooka''' |
Saint Blasius | # | Redirect Saint Blaise (disambiguation) |
Saint Blasius | Table of Content | # |
Prohibitory traffic sign | Short description | thumb|Prohibitory traffic signs in Russia
Prohibitory traffic signs are used to prohibit certain types of manoeuvres or some types of traffic. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | Modern prohibitory traffic signs | Modern prohibitory traffic signs |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No entry | No entry
No admittance to unauthorised personnel, usually shown as a red circle with a white rectangle across its face. It is often used for one-way traffic. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | Wrong way | Wrong way
These signs denote that the road is only for traffic coming in the opposite direction. Used at intersections to roads with one-way traffic or ramps. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | Road closed | Road closed
No admittance for vehicles. It is used on closed roads. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No straight ahead | No straight ahead
Traffic is not permitted to continue straight, and must usually turn. These may occur at an intersection with incoming one-way traffic. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No motor vehicles | No motor vehicles
Motor vehicles are not permitted in this region. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No motorcycles | No motorcycles
Motorcycles are not permitted in this area. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No heavy goods vehicles | No heavy goods vehicles
Heavy goods vehicles are not allowed. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No buses | No buses
Buses are not permitted. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No pedestrians | No pedestrians
Pedestrians are not allowed on the road, but may use a footpath instead. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No bicycles | No bicycles |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No pedestrians or bicycles | No pedestrians or bicycles
Pedestrians and bicycles are not permitted, but may be allowed on a footpath. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No right, left, or U-turn | No right, left, or U-turn
Either for all vehicles or with some exceptions (emergency vehicles, buses). These are usually to speed up traffic through an intersection or due to street cars or other rights of way or if the intersecting road is one-way. Indicated near-universally by an arrow making the prohibited turn overlaid with a red circle with an angular line crossing it. |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No right turn signs | No right turn signs |
Prohibitory traffic sign | No left turn signs | No left turn signs |
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