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Lévy's constant | See also | See also
Khinchin's constant |
Lévy's constant | References | References |
Lévy's constant | Further reading | Further reading
|
Lévy's constant | External links | External links
Category:Continued fractions
Category:Mathematical constants
Category:Paul Lévy (mathematician) |
Lévy's constant | Table of Content | In, Proof, Lemma, Ergodic argument, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
Adirondack (Mars) | Short description | Adirondack is the nickname for Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's first target rock. Scientists chose Adirondack to be Spirits first target rock after considering another, called Sashimi, that would have been a shorter, straight-ahead drive. Spirit traversed the sandy martian terrain at Gusev Crater to arrive in front of this football-sized rock on January 18, 2004, just three days after it successfully rolled off the lander.
Scientists named the angular rock after the Adirondack mountain range in New York.
thumb|left|200px|Cross-section of a typical rock from the plains of Gusev crater - most rocks contain a coating of dust - water-deposited veins are visible.
The rock was selected as Spirits first target because its dust-free, flat surface was ideally suited for grinding. Clean surfaces also are better for examining a rock's top coating. Spirit also returned microscopic images and Mössbauer spectrometer readings of Adirondack taken the day before the rover developed computer and communication problems on January 22, 2004. Both are unprecedented investigations of any rock on another planet. The microscopic images indicate Adirondack is a hard, crystalline rock. The peaks large and small in Adirondack's electromagnetic spectrum reveal that the minerals in the rock include olivine, pyroxene and magnetite - a common composition in volcanic basalt rocks on Earth.
Adirondack turned out to be typical of the other rocks on the plains. Spirit rover's instruments determined that Adironack and other rocks of the plains contain the minerals pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, and magnetite. These rocks can be classified in different ways. The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts—also called picritic basalts. The rocks are similar to ancient terrestrial rocks called basaltic komatiites. Rocks of the plains also resemble the basaltic shergottites, meteorites which came from Mars. One classification system compares the amount of alkali elements to the amount of silica on a graph; in this system, Gusev plains rocks lie near the junction of basalt, picrobasalt, and tephrite. The Irvine-Barager classification calls them basalts.McSween, etal. 2004. Basaltic Rocks Analyzed by the Spirit Rover in Gusev Crater. Science : 305. 842-845
Adirondack has been very slightly altered, probably by thin films of water because they are softer and contain veins of light colored material that may be bromine compounds, as well as coatings or rinds. Small amounts of water may have gotten into cracks inducing mineralization processes.McSween, etal. 2004. Basaltic Rocks Analyzed by the Spirit Rover in Gusev Crater. Science : 305. 842-845Arvidson, R. E., et al. (2004) Science, 305, 821-824
Coatings on the rocks in the plains may have occurred when rocks were buried and interacted with thin films of water and dust.
One sign that they were altered was that it was easier to grind these rocks compared to the same types of rocks found on Earth. |
Adirondack (Mars) | See also | See also
Aeolis quadrangle
Composition of Mars
List of rocks on Mars
Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission |
Adirondack (Mars) | References | References |
Adirondack (Mars) | External links | External links
Official Mars Rovers site
January 19, 2004 JPL press release
Category:Rocks on Mars |
Adirondack (Mars) | Table of Content | Short description, See also, References, External links |
Jurrasic park | # | redirect Jurassic Park |
Jurrasic park | Table of Content | # |
Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee | The | The Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee was a coalition of organizations which coordinated events opposing the Vietnam War in the mid-1960s. It coordinated its constituent groups to stage anti-war parades, rallies, and "peace-ins" primarily in New York City. Named after Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, it was based on 17th Street near Union Square. At the start of 1968, it included about 150 groups. A rally and march it organized with the Spring Mobilization against the War in Vietnam in 1967 featured Martin Luther King Jr., Stokely Carmichael, Benjamin Spock, and Dave Dellinger in Central Park.
Leader Norma Becker was a member of the established War Resisters League.
Chairman David Dellinger later became known as one of the Chicago Eight. |
Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee | References | References
Category:Anti–Vietnam War groups
Category:History of New York City |
Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee | Table of Content | The, References |
Prebendary | short description | thumb|Prebendal stalls in the Choir of Salisbury CathedralSee list of holders in 'Canons residentiary of Salisbury', in Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541-1857: Volume 6, Salisbury Diocese, ed. Joyce M. Horn (London, 1986), pp. 93-105
A prebendary is a member of the Catholic or Anglican clergy, a form of canon with a role in the administration of a cathedral or collegiate church. When attending services, prebendaries sit in particular seats, usually at the back of the choir stalls, known as prebendal stalls. |
Prebendary | History | History
At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086, the canons and dignitaries of the cathedrals of England were supported by the produce and other profits from the cathedral estates.. In the early 12th century, the endowed prebend was developed as an institution, in possession of which a cathedral official had a fixed and independent income. This made the cathedral canons independent of the bishop, and created posts that attracted the younger sons of the nobility.. Part of the endowment was retained in a common fund, known in Latin as communia, which was used to provide bread and money to a canon in residence in addition to the income from his prebend.
Most prebends disappeared in 1547, when nearly all collegiate churches in England and Wales were dissolved by the Act for the Dissolution of Collegiate Churches and Chantries of that year, as part of the Reformation. The church of St Endellion, Cornwall, is one of the few still extant.
The office of prebendary is retained by certain Church of England dioceses (those of Lichfield, Lincoln, and London being significant examples) as an honorary title for senior parish priests, usually awarded in recognition of long and dedicated service to the diocese. These priests are entitled to be called "Prebendary" (usually shortened to Preb.) and have a role in the administration of the relevant cathedral.Cutts, E. L. (1895) A Dictionary of the Church of England; 3rd ed. London: SPCK, p. 476. Prebendaries have a prebendal stall in certain cathedrals and collegiate churches."Prebendary, Church of England", Debretts
The greater chapter of a cathedral includes both the residentiary canons (full-time senior cathedral clergy) and the prebendaries (and, in London, the Minor Canons). In the Church of England, when a diocesan bishop retires, moves to another diocese or dies, the monarch will summon the greater chapter to elect a successor. This election is ceremonial, as the monarch (following the advice of the prime minister) tells the members of the greater chapter whom they are to elect.
Wells Cathedral and Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin still call their canons "prebendaries". They form the chapter of the cathedral and sit in their prebendal stalls when in residence in the cathedral. |
Prebendary | Prebend | Prebend
The prebend is the form of benefice held by a prebendary; historically, the stipend attached to it was usually drawn from specific sources in the income of a cathedral's estates. In the 21st century, many remaining prebendaries hold an honorary position which does not carry an income with it. |
Prebendary | Notes | Notes |
Prebendary | External links | External links
Lists of prebendaries in England and Wales since 1066: ; 1300–1541 and 1541–1857
Prebendaries of Aylesbury - The prebend of Aylesbury was attached to the See of Lincoln as early as 1092
Category:Anglican ecclesiastical offices
Category:Local Christian church officials
Category:Ecclesiastical titles |
Prebendary | Table of Content | short description, History, Prebend, Notes, External links |
Majorelle Garden | Infobox museum
| The Majorelle Garden (, , ) is a botanical garden and artist's landscape garden in Marrakesh, Morocco. It was created by the French Orientalist artist Jacques Majorelle over almost forty years, starting in 1923, and features a Cubist villa designed by French architect Paul Sinoir in the 1930s. The property was the residence of the artist and his wife from 1923 until their divorce in the 1950s.
In the 1980s, the property was purchased by the fashion designer Yves Saint-Laurent and his business manager Pierre Bergé who worked to restore it. Today, the garden and villa complex is open to the public. The villa houses the Berber Museum and in 2017 the Yves Saint Laurent Museum opened nearby. |
Majorelle Garden | History | History
thumb|Majorelle Garden's cactus collection, with Villa in the background
The Majorelle Garden was designed by the French artist, Jacques Majorelle (1886–1962), son of the Art Nouveau ébéniste (cabinet-maker) of Nancy, Louis Majorelle. As a young aspiring painter, Jacques Majorelle was sent to Morocco in around 1917 to convalesce from a serious medical condition. After spending a short time in Casablanca, he travelled to Marrakech and like many of his contemporaries, fell in love with the vibrant colours and street life he found there. After travelling around North Africa and the Mediterranean, he eventually decided to settle permanently in Marrakech.Marcilhac, F., La Vie et l'Oeuvre de Jacques Majorelle: 1886-1962, [The Orientalists Volume 7], ARC Internationale edition, 1988, pp 11-12
During his lifetime, Majorelle earned a reputation as a celebrated Orientalist painter. The special shade of bold cobalt blue, inspired by the coloured tiles he had seen around Marrakech and in Berber burnouses, was used extensively in the garden and its buildings and is named after him, bleu Majorelle—Majorelle Blue. Prior to his death, Majorelle patented the colour which carries his name.
In 1923, just four years after his marriage to Andrée Longueville, Majorelle purchased a four-acre plot, situated on the border of a palm grove in Marrakech and built a house in the Mooroccan style. In 1931, he commissioned the architect, Paul Sinoir, to design a Cubist villa for the property. Gradually, he purchased additional land, extending his holding by some 10 acres. In the grounds around the residence, Majorelle began planting a luxuriant garden which would become known as the Jardins Majorelle (Majorelle Garden). The garden became his life's work and he devoted himself to developing it for almost forty years.Jardin Majorelle, Biography- Jacques Majorelle, Online: http://jardinmajorelle.com/ang/jacques-majorelle-in-morocco/
The garden proved costly to run and in 1947, Majorelle opened the garden to the public with an admission fee designed to defray the cost of maintenance."Jacques Majorelle," Atlas Elite Magazine International, 10 July 2017, p. 8 At times, he sold off parcels of land to fund the growing garden. Following his divorce in the 1950s, Majorelle was forced to sell the house and land. After this, the garden was neglected and fell into disrepair. The garden and villa were rediscovered in the 1980s, by fashion designers, Yves Saint-Laurent and Pierre Bergé who set about restoring it and saving it. The pair owned the villa until 2008. After Yves Saint Laurent died in 2008 his ashes were scattered in the Majorelle Garden.
Since 2010, the property has been owned by the Foundation Pierre Bergé – Yves Saint Laurent, a French not-for-profit organisation and since 2011 has been managed by the Foundation Jardin Majorelle, a recognized non-profit organization in Marrakech.Foundation Jardin Majorelle, Online: http://jardinmajorelle.com/ang/fondation-jardin-majorelle/ Pierre Bergé was the director of the Garden's Foundation until his death in September, 2017.
thumb|An example of Majorelle Blue from the house in the garden |
Majorelle Garden | Gardens and museums | Gardens and museums
The gardens and buildings form a complex, where specific buildings are dedicated to various museums and exhibits of interest to visitors. The gardens, which cover two and half acres, are open to the public daily and house an important collection of cacti and sculptures.
Majorelle's former studio workshop previously housed the Islamic Art Museum of Marrakech, featuring a collection of North African textiles from Saint-Laurent's personal collection as well as ceramics and jewelry. Since 2011, however, the villa is now home to the Berber Museum (), exhibiting objects of Amazigh (Berber) culture. The villa also holds a collection of Majorelle's paintings.Foundation Jardin Majorelle, Le Cahiers de Musee Berbere, [English version], 2017
Development of the garden complex is ongoing. Profits from the gardens are used to fund new projects. In October 2017, the Yves Saint Laurent Museum was opened to the public as a tribute to the designer's legacy and his links with Marrakech. The gardens are a major tourist drawcard in Marrakech, attracting more than 700,000 visitors annually. The garden hosts more than 15 bird species that are endemic to North Africa. It has many fountains, and a notable collection of cacti. |
Majorelle Garden | Gallery | Gallery |
Majorelle Garden | References | References |
Majorelle Garden | External links | External links
Jardin Majorelle website
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1924
Category:Gardens in Morocco
Category:Buildings and structures in Marrakesh
Category:Museums in Morocco
Category:Fountains in Morocco
Category:Culture of Morocco
Category:Tourist attractions in Marrakesh
Category:Cactus gardens
Category:Maisons des Illustres
Category:1923 establishments in Morocco
Category:20th-century architecture in Morocco |
Majorelle Garden | Table of Content | Infobox museum
, History, Gardens and museums, Gallery, References, External links |
Fairy godparents | # | redirect Fairy godmother |
Fairy godparents | Table of Content | # |
Afanasy Nikitin | Short description | Afanasy Nikitin (; died 1475) was a Russian merchant from Tver and one of the first Europeans (after Niccolò de' Conti) to travel to and document his visit to India. He described his trip in a narrative known as A Journey Beyond the Three Seas (). |
Afanasy Nikitin | The voyage | The voyage
Afanasy Nikitin, son of Nikita, was a merchant in Tver. Prior to his voyage to Persia and India, Afanasy Nikitin was probably engaged in long-distance trade and had previously traveled to the Ottoman Empire, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Moldavia, Wallachia, Georgia, Crimea, and other countries. In 1466 or 1468, Nikitin left his hometown of Tver on a commercial trip, planning to trade in the lands around the Caspian Sea and go as far as Shirvan (in modern-day Azerbaijan). He travelled down the Volga, stopping at the Makaryev Monastery, then passing through Uglich, Kostroma, and Plyos to get to Nizhny Novgorod. Following the caravan of the returning ambassador to Moscow from Shirvan, Hasan Beg, Nikitin and his fellow merchants traveled further south. Near Astrakhan, his party was attacked and robbed first by Nogais (whom he calls Tatars), then again by Kaitags on the Caspian coast. Niktin's belongings were stolen, and some of his fellow Russian merchants were taken prisoner by the Kaitags. Nikitin went to the Shirvanshah's (the ruler of Shirvan) camp in Shamakhi to plead for help. His captured companions were rescued by the Shirvanshah, who, however, refused to give him and his companions means to return home. At that point, Nikitin writes, his party dispersed: "Whoever had something left in Rus' returned to Rus'; whoever had debts in Rus' went wherever they could".
Hoping to recoup his losses, Nikitin continued on to Derbent, which was a familiar market to him, and then to Baku. He then crossed the Caspian Sea into Persia, where he followed a known trade route and made prolonged stops in market towns. He passed through Chapakur (Chapak Rud, where he remained for six months), Sari, Amol, Kashan, and Yazd before reaching Hormuz in the Persian Gulf. All in all, he remained in Persia for two years. Having heard about the riches of India from Muslim merchants, he decided to travel there. In the spring of 1471, Nikitin sailed for India from Hormuz and, after making several stops, arrived in the port of Chaul six weeks later. It was probably after his arrival in India that he began writing his travel notes.
Nikitin observed the markets, lifestyles and courts of the Bahmani Sultanate and the Vijayanagara Empire. He visited the Hindu sanctuary of Parvattum, which he called "the Jerusalem of the Hindus". This provides a more detailed itinerary of his outward and return journeys. He mentions that he engaged in horse-dealing, although his mercantile activities may have been more extensive than directly stated in his account. He spent almost three years in India, before deciding to return to Russia after concluding that further travel would not make him any great profit and that he could not afford to remain in India. Nikitin also showed a longing to return to his homeland: "May God protect the Russian land! There is no land in the world like it. But why can the princes in the Russian land not live with each other as brothers? May the Russian land be well ordered, because justice there is quite rare".
On his way back, Nikitin visited Muscat, the Arabian sultanate of Somalia, and Trabzon. In November 1474, he sailed from Trebizond to Caffa (now Feodosia), where there was a large Russian settlement. It is most likely in Caffa that he composed on the basis of his travel notes and memories. On his way to Tver, Nikitin died not far from Smolensk in the spring of 1475. Other Russian merchants took his notes to Vasily Mamyrev, secretary to Ivan III, the grand prince of Moscow. The author of the Lvov Chronicle writes that he received Nikitin's notes in 1475 and incorporated them into his work but was unable to learn anything more about the traveler.
During his trip, Nikitin studied the population of India, its social system, government, military (he witnessed war-games featuring war elephants), its economy, religion, lifestyles, and natural resources. He describes the appearances of Indians, their clothing and food, interrelations, and so on. Nikitin's notes mention: "the countrymen are very poor, but the boyars are rich and live in luxury". The abundance and trustworthiness of Nikitin's factual material provide a valuable source of information about India at that time, and his remarks on the trade of Hormuz, Cambay, Calicut, Dabhol, Ceylon, Pegu and China; on royal progresses and other functions, both ecclesiastical and civil, at the Bahmani capital Bidar, and on the wonders of the great fair at Parvattumas well as his comparisons of things Russian and Indiandeserve special notice. |
Afanasy Nikitin | Religion | Religion
160px|right|thumb|1997 commemorative coin of Bank of Russia. Nikitin in Rus'
160px|right|thumb|1997 commemorative coin of Bank of Russia. Nikitin in India
After studying Nikitin's account, and especially his references to Islam (much of India was ruled by Muslim sultans, and many Muslim merchants lived along the coast), particularly the prayers he transliterates from Arabic and Turkic into Cyrillic letters, Gail Lenhoff and Janet Martin speculated that Nikitin might have converted to Islam in India.Gail Lenhoffand Janet Martin "The Commercial and Cultural Context of Afanasij Nikitin's Journey Beyond Three Seas." Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 37, No. 3 (1989):321–344; See also Janet Martin, "Muscovite Travelling Merchants: The Trade with the Muslim East (Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries)." Central Asian Studies 4, No. 3 (1985):21–38.
His loss of contact with Christianity and his life among Muslims (and apparent lapse from Christianity and conversion to Islam) bothered him, as he mentioned several times in his account. Indeed, he began his account calling it his "sinful voyage beyond three seas." He went on to explain that he continued to date events by Christian religious holidays and invoked the Mother of God and the saints ("the Holy Fathers"), he could not remember when Christian holidays were and so he could not celebrate Easter and other movable feast days or keep the Christian fasts (Lent, the St. Peters' Fast, the fast during Advent, etc.). Thus, he kept the fasts of the Muslims and broke fast when they did so. He also wrote that at Bindar in the third year of his journey he "shed many tears for the Christian faith". Very near the end of his account, he wrote of his wish to return home and to the Christian faith: "I, Afanasy, a damned servant of Almighty God, Maker of heaven and earth, pondered over the Christian faith, the Baptism of Christ, the fasts established by the Holy Fathers, and the apostolic commandments, and I longed to go [back] to Rus!".For an English translation of Nikitin's account, see or the older .
Yakov Lurye, an editor of Nikitin's Journey, sees his conversion as doubtful, pointing out that a circumcised convert would have been persecuted or even put to death in Rus', so if Nikitin had indeed become a Muslim, he would have avoided returning to his country, while in fact he died on his way back in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania not far from the Muscovite border. However, Lurye characterizes Nikitin's religious expressions as "the peculiar syncretism of a man who acknowledged any monotheistic faith as 'true', if practiced with a pure heart". |
Afanasy Nikitin | Legacy | Legacy |
Afanasy Nikitin | Historiography | Historiography
Scholars became aware of Nikitin's Voyage relatively early and prominent historians mentioned it in their works, such as Nikolay Karamzin (1766–1826) in his History of the Russian State (1817). The text of Nikitin's Voyage in the Sofia Second Chronicle was published in its entirety for the first time in 1821. A German translation of Nikitin's notes was also published in 1835 as "Reise nach Indien unternommen von einem Russischen Kaufmann im 15 Jahrhundert" in Dorpater Jahrbücher für Literatur. The Russian diplomat in London, Mikhail Vielgorsky, translated a version for the Hakluyt Society, which was published in 1855. Many historians have used Nikitin's notes as a dependable source for the history of India in the 15th-century.
The dates of Nikitin's travels have been debated by scholars; it was generally accepted until the 1980s that Nikitin spent the years 1466–1472 in India, when Leonid S. Semyonov challenged these dates and published a book dedicated to Nikitin's travels in 1980. His chronology was accepted in the Literaturnye Pamiatniki series by the Russian Academy of Sciences. According to Semyonov's reconstruction, Nikitin left Russia in 1468 and spent the years 1471–1474 in India. |
Afanasy Nikitin | Tributes | Tributes
thumb|Monument to Afanasy Nikitin in Feodosia, Crimea
In 1955, the local authorities of Tver erected a bronze monument to Afanasy Nikitin on the bank of the Volga River. The sculptor was Sergei Orlov. There is a folk legend that this statue was raised because Nikita Khrushchev, upon visiting India, told Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru that there was a statue of Nikitin in Russia when in fact there was not (Nehru had asked if the Russians had honored the first Russian to visit India). So as not to be proven a liar, Khrushchev phoned back to Russia demanding that a statue of Nikitin be built immediately, before Nehru's state visit to Russia. The statue was featured on a Russian postage stamp in 2005 commemorating the 75th anniversary of the establishment of Tver Oblast.See Stamp News International at: http://www.stampnews.com/stamps/stamps_2005/stamp_1173967252_581033.html
Nikitin was also featured on a coin commemorating the 525th anniversary of his journey.
In 1958, the Russian state-owned Mosfilm Studio and Indian director Khwaja Ahmad Abbas' "Naya Sansar International" production house co-produced a film entitled The Journey Beyond Three Seas with Oleg Strizhenov cast as Nikitin.
The 1962-built icebreaker Ledokol-2 was renamed Afanasy Nikitin in 1966.
In 2000, a black obelisk was erected in Nikitin's honor at Revdanda, 120 km south of Mumbai, the probable location where he first set foot in India.
In 2006, the Indian organization Adventures & Explorers, with the support of the Embassy of India in Moscow and the Tver Regional Administration sponsored a Nikitin Expedition, in which 14 travelers set out from Tver to retrace Nikitin's journey through Russia, the Middle East, and Central Asia to India.See the online press report from the Embassy of India in Moscow at The expedition lasted from 12 November 2006 to 16 January 2007. The Indian newspaper The Hindu filed several reports on the expedition's progress.See the online versions of the articles at: http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/10/stories/2006121000542000.htm and http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/26/stories/2006112602291000.htm After reaching India, two members of the expedition set out in March 2007 from Mumbai in SUVs to retrace Nikitin's travels around India itself.
The Afanasy Nikitin Seamount in the Indian Ocean is named in his honor.
On 17 April 2022, the Kozhikode Corporation paid tribute to Afanasy Nikitin, commemorating the 550th anniversary of his visit to Kozhikode. Moreover, Customs Road in the city was renamed after Nikitin, also establishing a ‘twin city’ status with Tver, the birth place of Nikitin. |
Afanasy Nikitin | In popular culture | In popular culture
The Russian rock band Aquarium composed a song titled "Afanasy Nikitin Boogie". The power metal band Epidemia composed a song titled " (Walking the three seas) about Nikitin's writings. A brand of Tver beer, "Afanasy", is named after Afanasy Nikitin.Торговая марка пива "Афанасий" |
Afanasy Nikitin | See also | See also
Daniel the Traveller
Chronology of European exploration of Asia |
Afanasy Nikitin | Notes | Notes |
Afanasy Nikitin | References | References |
Afanasy Nikitin | Sources | Sources
|
Afanasy Nikitin | Further reading | Further reading
Category:Explorers of Asia
Category:Principality of Tver
Category:Russian explorers
Category:Russian travel writers
Category:1472 deaths
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:People from Tver
Category:15th-century Russian writers
Category:15th-century merchants
Category:Russian merchants
Category:Explorers of South Asia
Category:Russian expatriates in India |
Afanasy Nikitin | Table of Content | Short description, The voyage, Religion, Legacy, Historiography, Tributes, In popular culture, See also, Notes, References, Sources, Further reading |
Jacques Majorelle | short description | Jacques Majorelle (7 March 1886 – 14 October 1962), son of the celebrated Art Nouveau furniture designer Louis Majorelle, was a French painter. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Nancy in 1901 and later at the Académie Julian in Paris with Schommer and Royer. Majorelle became a noted Orientalist painter, but is most remembered for constructing the villa and gardens that now carry his name, the Majorelle Garden in Marrakech. |
Jacques Majorelle | Life and career | Life and career
thumb|Majorelle Garden
Jacques Majorelle was born in 1886 in Nancy, France. He was the son of a celebrated furniture designer, Louis Majorelle. Jacques' childhood was spent among the draftsmen, cabinetmakers and marquetry inlayers from his father's workshops at a time when the Art Nouveau movement was in its ascendancy. Initially, his father encouraged the young Jacques to study architecture, but after three years, he decided to take up his lifelong passion, painting.Jardin Majorelle, Biography- Jacques Majorelle, Online: http://jardinmajorelle.com/ang/jacques-majorelle-in-morocco/
Majorelle received his art education at the École des Beaux-Arts in Nancy in 1901 and later at the Académie Julian in Paris with Schommer and Royer. He first exhibited at the Salon de Beaux Artes in 1908. In around 1917 he travelled to Morocco to recover from heart problems and after short period spent in Casablanca, he visited Marrakech, where he fell in love with the vibrant colours and quality of light he found there. Initially, he used Marrakech as a base for trips to Spain, Italy and other parts of North Africa, including Egypt. Eventually, however, he settled in Marrakech permanently.Marcilhac, F., La Vie et l'Oeuvre de Jacques Majorelle: 1886-1962, [The Orientalists Volume 7], ARC Internationale edition, 1988, pp 11-12
thumb|An example of Majorelle Blue from his house in Majorelle Garden in Marrakech, Morocco
He drew inspiration for his paintings from his trips and from Marrakesh itself. His paintings include many street scenes, souks and kasbahs as well as portraits of local inhabitants. He opened a handicrafts workshop in Marrakech and also designed posters to promote travel to Morocco.Marcilhac, D., La Vie et l'Oeuvre de Jacques Majorelle: 1886-1962, [The Orientalists Volume 7], ARC Internationale edition, 1988, p.12 His work was profoundly affected by his voyage to Morocco and Marrakesh. He introduced a more coloured vision, bathed in light where the drawing disappears and the image emerges from large spots of colour laid flat. It seemed as if he had discovered the sun in these countries. His style exhibited more freedom and spontaneity.Marcilhac, F., La Vie et l'Oeuvre de Jacques Majorelle: 1886-1962, [The Orientalists Volume 7], ARC Internationale edition, 1988, pp. 14–15
In 1919, he married Andrée Longueville and the pair lived in an apartment near the Jemâa el-Fna Square (then at the palace of Pasha Ben Daoud). In 1923, Jacques Majorelle bought a four-acre plot, situated on the border of a palm grove in Marrakech and began planting a luxuriant garden which would become known as the Jardins Majorelle or Majorelle Garden. Initially, he built a house in the Mooroccan style but in 1931, he commissioned the architect, Paul Sinoir, to design a Cubist villa within the grounds. In 1937, he painted the villa in a special shade of the blue, which Majorelle had developed after being inspired by the blue tiles prevalent in southern Morocco. This colour was used extensively in Majorelle's house and garden, and now carries his name; Majorelle Blue. He gradually purchased additional land, extending his holding by almost 10 acres. He continued to work on the garden for almost forty years and it is said to be his finest work.Jardin Majorelle, Biography- Jacques Majorelle, Online: http://jardinmajorelle.com/ang/jacques-majorelle-in-morocco/
The garden proved costly to run and in 1947, Majorelle opened the garden to the public with an admission fee designed to defray the cost of maintenance."Jacques Majorelle," Atlas Elite Magazine International, 10 July 2017, p. 8 He sold the house and land in the 1950s, after which it fell into disrepair. It was rediscovered in the 1980s, by designers, Yves Saint-Laurent and Pierre Bergé who set about restoring it and saving it.Notes on Jacques Majorelle, 2003, https://web.archive.org/web/20081122043640/http://www.painterskeys.com/clickbacks/majorelle.asp Yves Saint-Laurent and Pierre Bergé, who were keen art collectors, also began acquiring paintings by Majorelle. Yves Saint Laurent died in 2008 and his ashes were scattered in the gardens.
Majorelle was sent to France for medical treatment in 1962 following a car accident, and died in Paris, later that year of complications from his injuries. He is buried in Nancy, the place of his birth, alongside his father. |
Jacques Majorelle | Legacy | Legacy
thumb|Artist's blue villa in the Majorelle Garden
His life and work have been subject of a book, namely:
Marcilhac, F., La Vie et l'oeuvre de Jacques Majorelle, [volume 7 in the series, Les Orientalistes], Paris, ACR edition, 1988 |
Jacques Majorelle | Work | Work
thumb|La Casbah de Tinghir, by Jacques Majorelle, early 20th century
Majorelle is recognised as one of the early modernist Orientalists.Thornton, L., La Femme dans la Peinture Orientaliste, www.acr-edition.com, 1985, p. 245 During his lifetime, many of Majorelle's paintings were sold to private buyers and remain in private collections. Some of his early works can be found in Museums around his birthplace such as the Musee de l'Ecole de Nancy. Examples of his later work can be seen in the Mamounia Hotel, Marrakesh, the French Consulate of Marrakech and in the Villa at the Majorelle Gardens.Marcilhac, F., La Vie et l'Oeuvre de Jacques Majorelle: 1886-1962, [The Orientalists Volume 7], ARC Internationale edition, 1988, pp. 1–36← |
Jacques Majorelle | Publications | Publications
Road Trip Diary of a Painter in the Atlas and the Anti-Atlas, 1922 |
Jacques Majorelle | Select list of paintings | Select list of paintings
Souk el Khérais n.d. (Shafik Gabr Private Collection)
Souq El Khémis, n.d.
Souk à Marrakech n.d.
Souk Couvert, n.d.
Scène de souk, Marrakech n.d.
Le Marché aux Dattes, n.d.
Kasbah Tagoundaft, 1922
La Kasbah Rouge n.d.
Les Kasbahs de l'Atlas, n.d.
Kasbah Ouarzazate, n.d.
Marchandes de Pastèques et d'Oranges Tanger, n.d.
Effet de Clari-Obscur dans le Souk à Marrakech n.d.
Aït ben Addou, 1929
Portrait d'Egyptien, n.d.
Danseuses marocaines à Télouet, n.d.
Les Couvertures Noires, Marrakech, n.d.
Dans les Palmeraies, n.d.
Vue des Souks, n.d.
Fête Maroc, n.d.
Un Coin de Souk à Marrakech, n.d.
Place à Marrakech, n.d.
Scène de Village à Marg en Egypte, n.d.
Marché à Macenta, Guinée, 1952
Le souk de Marrakech, 1957
Mere et enfant d'Afrique Noire |
Jacques Majorelle | See also | See also
List of Orientalist artists
Orientalism
Villa Majorelle |
Jacques Majorelle | References | References |
Jacques Majorelle | Further reading | Further reading
Félix Marcilhac, La Vie et l'Oeuvre de Jacques Majorelle: 1886-1962, [The Orientalists Volume 7], ARC Internationale edition, 1988
Category:1886 births
Category:1962 deaths
Category:20th-century French painters
Category:20th-century French male artists
Category:Académie Julian alumni
Category:French male painters
Category:French Orientalist painters
Category:Artists from Nancy, France |
Jacques Majorelle | Table of Content | short description, Life and career, Legacy, Work, Publications, Select list of paintings, See also, References, Further reading |
Collegiate church | Short description | In Christianity, a collegiate church is a church where the daily office of worship is maintained by a college of canons, a non-monastic or "secular" community of clergy, organised as a self-governing corporate body, headed by a dignitary bearing a title which may vary, such as dean or provost.
In its governance and religious observance, a collegiate church is similar in some respects to a cathedral, but a collegiate church is not the seat of a bishop and has no diocesan responsibilities.
Collegiate churches have often been supported by endowments, including lands, or by tithe income from appropriated benefices.
The church building commonly provides both distinct spaces for congregational worship and for the choir offices of the canons. |
Collegiate church | History | History
thumbnail|Interior of Collegiate Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help and Mary Magdalene in Poznań, Poland
In the early medieval period, before the development of the parish system in Western Christianity, many new church foundations were staffed by groups of secular priests, living a communal life and serving an extensive territory. In England these churches were termed minsters, from the Latin monasterium, although only a few were truly houses of monks. In the 9th and 10th centuries many such churches adopted formal rules of governance, commonly derived from those composed by Chrodegang of Metz for Metz cathedral, and thenceforth came to be described as "collegiate"; and there were also new foundations of this type.
Originally, the endowments of these foundations were held in a common treasury from which each canon received a proportion for their subsistence, such canons being termed portioners; but from the 11th century onwards, the richer collegiate churches tended to be provided with new statutes establishing the priests of the college as canons within a formal chapter such that each canon was supported by a separate endowment, or prebend; such canons being termed prebendaries. A few major collegiate bodies remained portionary – such as Beverley Minster and the cathedral chapters of Utrecht and Exeter – but in less affluent foundations, the pooled endowments of the community continued to be apportioned between the canons. Both prebendaries and portioners tended in this period to abandon communal living, each canon establishing his own house within the precinct of the church. In response to which, and generally on account of widespread concern that the religious life of collegiate communities might be insufficiently rigorous, many collegiate foundations in the 12th century adopted the Augustinian rule, and become fully monastic, as for example at Dorchester Abbey and Christchurch Priory.
Because each prebend or portion provided a discrete source of income as a separate benefice, in the later medieval period canons increasingly tended to be non-resident, paying a vicar to undertake divine service in their place. Kings and bishops came to regard prebends as useful sources of income for favoured servants and supporters, and it was not uncommon for a bishop or archbishop also to hold half a dozen or more collegiate prebends or deaneries.
From the 13th century onwards, existing collegiate foundations (like monasteries) also attracted chantry endowments, usually a legacy in a will providing for masses to be sung for the repose of the souls of the testator and their families by the collegiate clergy or their vicars. The same impetus to establish endowed prayer also led to many new collegiate foundations in this later period; under which an existing parish church would be rebuilt to accommodate a new chantry college; commonly with the intention that the rectory of the parish should be appropriated to support the new foundation. A new organisational structure was developed for these bodies, by which endowment income was held collectively, and each canon received a fixed stipend conditional on being personally resident, such canons being termed fellows, or chaplains led by a warden or master. In this arrangement, only the office of warden constituted a separate benefice; appointment to the individual canonries being at the discretion of the chapter. Chantry colleges still maintained the daily divine office with the additional prime function of offering masses in intercession for departed members of the founder's family; but also typically served charitable or educational purposes, such as providing hospitals or schools. For founders, this presented the added advantage that masses for the repose of themselves and their families endowed in a chantry would be supported by a guaranteed congregation of grateful and virtuous recipients of charity, which conferred a perceived advantage in endowing such a chantry in a parish church over doing so in a monastery. Consequently, in the later medieval period, testators consistently tended to favour chantries linked to parochial charitable endowments.
One particular development of the chantry college principle was the establishment in university cities of collegiate foundations in which the fellows were graduate academics and university teachers. Local parish churches were appropriated to these foundations, thereby initially acquiring collegiate status. However, this form of college developed radically in the later Middle Ages after the pattern of New College, Oxford, where for the first time college residence was extended to include undergraduate students. Thereafter, university collegiate bodies developed into a distinct type of religious establishment whose regular worship took place in dedicated college chapels rather than in collegiate churches; and in this form they survived the Reformation in England in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge; as also did the associated collegiate schools and chapels of Eton College and Winchester College.
In a collegiate church or chapel, as in a cathedral, the canons or fellows are typically seated separately from any provision for a lay congregation, in quire stalls parallel with the south and north walls facing inwards, rather than towards the altar at the eastern end. This has influenced the design of other churches in that the singing choir is seen as representing the idea of a college. The Westminster model of parliamentary seating arrangement arose from Parliament's use of the collegiate St Stephen's Chapel Westminster for its sittings, until Westminster Palace burned down in 1834. |
Collegiate church | Contemporary examples | Contemporary examples
Three traditional collegiate churches have survived in England since the Middle Ages: at Westminster Abbey in London, St George's Chapel of Windsor Castle and Church of St Endelienta, St Endellion, Cornwall.
The idea of a "collegiate church" has continued to develop a contemporary equivalent.
Examples of contemporary collegiate churches in America today are The Collegiate Church of New York City,. These include the Marble Collegiate Church, founded in 1628, and the Middle Collegiate, Fort Washington Collegiate and West End Collegiate churches, affiliated with the Reformed Church in America.
In the Catholic Church, most cathedrals possess a cathedral chapter and are thus collegiate churches. The number of collegiate chapters other than those of cathedrals has been greatly reduced compared to times past. Three of them are in Rome: the two papal basilicas (other than the Lateran as cathedral and St. Paul's as a monastery) of St. Peter and St. Mary Major, together with the Basilica St. Maria ad Martyres. Elsewhere, three can be found in Germany, to wit, St. Martin's Church, Landshut (chapter of Sts. Martin and Kastulus), the Church of Sts. Philipp and James in Altötting (chapter of St. Rupert) and St. Remigius in Borken. In Portugal the one example (abolished in 1869, restored in 1891 abolished again in 1910 and restored in 1967 – minus its Royal prerogative, the monarchy itself having been abolished in the intervening period) that survives is that of the ancient Real Colegiada of Nossa Senhora da Oliveira in Guimarães. One collegiate church can be found in the Czech Republic: Sts. Peter and Paul Basilica in Prague-Vyšehrad. |
Collegiate church | Historical examples | Historical examples |
Collegiate church | Belgium | Belgium
Historical Collegiate Churches include:
Antwerp: Saint James' Church
Bruges: Church of Our Lady
Kortrijk: Church of Our Lady
Liège: see: Seven collegiate churches of Liège.
Church of St John the Evangelist
Church of St. Denis
Collegiate Church of St. Bartholomew
Mons: Saint Waltrude Collegiate Church; Chapter of Noble Canonesses.
Nivelles: Collegiate Church of Saint Gertrude; Chapter of Noble Canonesses. |
Collegiate church | England | England
In pre-Reformation England there were usually a number of collegiate churches in each diocese, with over a hundred in total. They were mostly abolished during the reign of Edward VI in 1547, as part of the Reformation, by the Act for the Dissolution of Collegiate Churches and Chantries (Dissolution of Colleges Act 1547). Almost all continue to serve as parish churches with a resident rector, vicar or curate (although the appointment of a vicar in succession to the priestly services of the Augustinian priory at St Paul's Church, Bedford predates this by nineteen years). Two major collegiate churches, however, Manchester and Southwell, were refounded with a collegiate body after the Reformation; and these were joined by the revived college at Ripon in 1604, all three churches maintaining choral foundations for daily worship. These three churches became cathedrals in the 19th century. Hence, at the beginning the 20th century, the royal peculiars of Westminster and Windsor alone survived with a functioning non-cathedral and non-academic collegiate body.
The colleges of Oxford and Cambridge universities, and the schools of Eton and Winchester, successfully resisted dissolution at the Reformation, arguing that their chantry origins had effectively been subsumed within their continuing academic and religious functions; and pleading that they be permitted simply to cease maintaining their chantries and obituaries. For the most part, they had already ceased to undertake collegiate worship in their appropriated churches, which reverted to normal parish status. The chapel of Merton College, Oxford, however, continued to serve as a collegiate church until 1891; just as the chapel of Christ Church, Oxford doubles as the cathedral of Oxford; while the chapel of Eton College serves as the parish church of Eton to this day. The Church of St Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent, though never collegiate in the medieval period, maintained a choral foundation for collegiate worship after the Reformation in association with the Magnus Bequest, an arrangement that continued till 1901.
Otherwise, twelve colleges survived the Reformation in England and Wales in nominal form. In some cases these were refoundations under Queen Mary (as for instance the college of Wolverhampton); in other cases, they may simply have been overlooked by the suppression commissioners. Unlike at Manchester, Ripon and Southwell, these churches did not continue to maintain regular collegiate worship, but their prebends or portioners persisted as non-resident sinecures, and as such were mostly dissolved by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners Act 1840 (3 & 4 Vict. c. 113). However, the Victorian legislators themselves overlooked two churches of portioners in Shropshire – St Mary's, Burford and St George's, Pontesbury; and also the college of Saint Endellion in Cornwall, which uniquely continues collegiate to this day, having in 1929 been provided with new statutes that re-established non-resident unpaid prebends and an annual chapter. |
Collegiate church | Ireland | Ireland
thumb|left|The roofs of St. Mary's Collegiate Church in Youghal, Ireland
In Ireland, there are a number of ancient churches still in regular use that are collegiate churches. Most notably the church known as St Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin, is a collegiate church. St Mary's Collegiate Church (in Youghal founded 1220, County Cork, a building of very remote antiquity, home to a fine choir, The Clerks Choral. St Nicholas' Collegiate Church in Galway, founded in 1320 and granted collegiate status in 1484, is another fine example of a pre-reformation Collegiate Church. The Collegiate Church of St Peter and St Paul is located in Kilmallock; founded by 1241, it was dedicated as a collegiate church in 1410. |
Collegiate church | Scotland | Scotland
thumb|left|St Mary's Collegiate Church, Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland, consecrated 1410, now a place of worship for the Church of Scotland
The church now referred to as 'St Giles Cathedral', in Edinburgh, became a collegiate church in 1466, less than a century before the Scottish Reformation. |
Collegiate church | Wales | Wales
St Peter's Collegiate Church, Ruthin, was built by John de Grey in 1310, following the erection of Ruthin Castle by his father, Reginald de Grey in 1277. For some time before this, Ruthin had been the home of a nunnery and a prior. From 1310 to 1536 St Peter's was a Collegiate Church served by a Warden and seven priests. Following the dissolution of the college its work was restored on a new pattern by Gabriel Goodman (1528–1601), a Ruthin man who became Dean of Westminster in 1561. Goodman re-established Ruthin school in 1574 and refounded the Almshouses of Christ's Hospital, together with the Wardenship of Ruthin in 1590. Since then, St Peter's has continued as a Parochial and Collegiate Church with its Warden, Churchwardens and Parochial Church Council. A close relationship is maintained between the Church, Ruthin School and the Almshouses of Christ's Hospital.
St Padarn's Church, Llanbadarn Fawr was a collegiate church, having originally been founded as a clas church by Saint Padarn, after whom it was named, in the early sixth century.St Padarn's Church, Llanbadarn Fawr, Aberystwyth The church had been the seat of a bishop during the years immediately following St Padarn, who was its first bishop. The church was re-founded as a cell of St Peter's, Gloucester (a Benedictine abbey), by Gilbert fitzRichard. Monastic life at Llanbadarn Fawr was short-lived for the Welsh drove the English monks away when they re-conquered Cardigan. The priory later became a college of priests. Thomas Bradwardine, later briefly Archbishop of Canterbury, was Rector of Llanbadarn Fawr 1347–1349, and thereafter the Abbot of the Cistercian Vale Royal Abbey, Chester, was ex officio Rector 1360–1538.
The old Bishop's Palace at Abergwili, home to the Bishop of St David's since 1542, when Bishop William Barlow transferred his palace from St David's to Abergwili, re-using the premises of an older college of priests. The building is believed to have been built between 1283 and 1291, when Thomas Bek was made bishop of St Davids. It was known as a college until it was amalgamated with the Dominican friary now known as Christ College Brecon, refounded as a public school in 1541. It was almost completely rebuilt in 1903 following a disastrous fire. It contains the chapel originally added by Archbishop Laud in 1625, when he was Bishop of St David's. In 1974 the old episcopal palace was purchased by Carmarthenshire County Council for use as a museum, whilst a new residence for the bishops, "Llys Esgob", was built in part of the grounds, together with Diocesan Offices – thereby continuing a connection with Abergwili which has now lasted for well over 400 years.
St. Cybi's Collegiate and Parish Church, Holyhead, was another collegiate church, as is the Collegiate and Parish Church of St Mary, St Mary's Square, Swansea, along with St Beuno's Church, Clynnog Fawr. |
Collegiate church | See also | See also
List of collegiate churches in England
List of collegiate churches in Scotland
Chapter
Collegiate Church of Notre Dame de Mantes, France |
Collegiate church | References | References |
Collegiate church | Literature | Literature
G.H. Cook English Collegiate Churches of the Middle Ages (Phoenix House, 1959)
P.N. Jeffery The Collegiate Churches of England and Wales (Robert Hale, 2004)
Category:Types of church buildings
hu:Káptalan#Típusai: székeskáptalanok és társaskáptalanok |
Collegiate church | Table of Content | Short description, History, Contemporary examples, Historical examples, Belgium, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, See also, References, Literature |
Green ribbon | Short description | 100px|right
The green ribbon can have a variety of symbolic meanings. |
Green ribbon | Mitochondrial disease | Mitochondrial disease
Mitochondrial disease awareness is represented by a green ribbon. Mitochondrial disease (mito) is a debilitating genetic disorder that robs the body's cells of energy, causing multiple organ dysfunction or failure and potentially death. There are many forms of mitochondrial disease; it is highly complex and can affect anyone of any age. Mitochondrial disease can cause any symptom in any organ at any age. There are currently no cures and few effective treatments. |
Green ribbon | Cerebral palsy | Cerebral palsy
Cerebral palsy (CP) awareness is represented by a green ribbon. CP is one of the most common childhood disabilities and represents a wide range of fine and gross motor function impairment, mental delay and other combinations caused by injury to the brain through trauma, lack of oxygen at birth or another cause. |
Green ribbon | Mental health | Mental health
Mental health awareness is represented by a green ribbon. |
Green ribbon | Kidney disease | Kidney disease
Kidney disease and kidney cancer awareness are another cause represented by the green ribbon. People who have kidney disease, are on dialysis, have received a kidney transplant, or who are living kidney donors wear the green ribbon to help raise awareness about the condition. March is kidney awareness month and those who are affected by the kidney disease or would like to support the cause and raise awareness, are encouraged to wear the ribbon all month long. |
Green ribbon | Levellers and early Whig radicals | Levellers and early Whig radicals
In 17th century England during and after the English Civil War the wearing of a sea-green ribbon symbolized affiliation with the ideals of the Levellers and later in the century with radical Whiggism.
The green ribbon and sprigs of rosemary were symbols of support for the Levellers during the English Civil War and English Interregnum. At the funeral of Thomas Rainsborough (a Member of Parliament and also a Leveller leader who had spoken at the Putney Debates) there were thousands of mourners wearing the Levellers' ribbons of sea-green and bunches of rosemary for remembrance in their hats, as there were the next year, 1649, at the funeral of Robert Lockyer a New Model Army Agitator executed by Oliver Cromwell for mutiny.
The Green Ribbon Club was one of the earliest of the loosely combined associations which met from time to time in London taverns or coffee-houses for political purposes in the 17th century. It had its meeting place at the King's Head tavern at Chancery Lane End, so was known as the King's Head Club. It seems to have been founded about the year 1675 as a resort for members of the political party hostile to the court. As these associates were in the habit of wearing in their hats a bow, or bob, of green ribbon, as a distinguishing badge useful for the purpose of mutual recognition in street brawls, the name of the club was changed, about 1679, to the Green Ribbon Club. The 'Green Ribbon' was the badge of The Levellers in the English Civil Wars in which many of the members had fought and was an overt reminder of their radical origins. |
Green ribbon | Support of farm families | Support of farm families
In 1998, Margaret Bruce, a Pastoral Associate at St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church in North Dakota, sought a way to support farm families and came up with the idea of a green ribbon and a card that read "We care through prayer." Around the same time, the National Catholic Rural Life Conference (NCRLC) began receiving emergency calls from farm families in stress and saw that the situation was getting worse across the country. In November 1998, NCRLC launched the Green Ribbon Campaign at their 75th anniversary meeting. They developed and began to disseminate rural crisis packets to help parishes deal with the growing rural crisis. |
Green ribbon | HIV/AIDS | HIV/AIDS
In the UK, in November 2008, a Manchester-based support group for people living with or being affected by HIV/AIDS; launched a campaign called Body Positive North West, using a green ribbon as their symbol. The aim is to raise awareness of 60 second HIV testing and encourage more people to get themselves screened for HIV, as research suggests that over a third of all HIV-infected people in Britain, are themselves unaware of this.Health Protection Agency – Testing Times – HIV and other Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United Kingdom: 2007 |
Green ribbon | Awareness of other political and cultural issues | Awareness of other political and cultural issues
thumb|Green ribbon used as a sign against the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Following the July 2005 London bombings, British police in Nottinghamshire distributed green ribbons as part of a Good Faith campaign to show support for Muslim communities.
A green ribbon draped around the symbol for the game Quake was used to raise awareness of sexual discrimination against female players.
In Iran the green ribbon was used as a sign of support for Mir-Hossein Mousavi in 2009 Iranian presidential election, a color which has since become pervasive in Iran.
Centrist camp and fringe localist which don't associate with pro-democracy camp and pro-Beijing camp in Hong Kong.
In Russia, the green ribbon is used as a sign of anti-war protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine starting in 2022, usually not displayed on person as St. George ribbon. |
Green ribbon | Awareness of health and safety issues | Awareness of health and safety issues
Green ribbons have been used to promote awareness for many diseases and causes.
Donation and transplant: Bone marrow donation, kidney donation, living organ donation, organ donation, organ transplantation, stem cell donation and research, tissue donation, bronchiolitis obliterans (common after lung transplants)
Mental health/illness: Bipolar disorder/manic depression, depression, childhood depression
Nervous system issues: cerebral palsy, neurofibromatosis, neural tube defects, spinal cord injury and research, Tourette syndrome, traumatic brain injury
Eye issues: Eye injury prevention, glaucoma
Kidney and adrenal issues: Kidney disease, kidney cancer, renal cell carcinoma, adrenal cancer, nephrotic syndrome, Fanconi syndrome,
Congenital disorders: Dwarfism, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, mitochondrial disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, prune belly syndrome, Von Hippel–Lindau disease
Gastroparesis
Intellectual disability
Missing children
Worker safety
Safe driving & pedestrian safety |
Green ribbon | Other shades of green ribbons | Other shades of green ribbons
Jade ribbon: hepatitis B and liver cancer, especially in Asian and Pacific Islander communities
Light green ribbon: Celiac disease, chronic pelvic pain, human papillomavirus and Sexually transmitted infections
Lime green ribbon: Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5), Duchenne muscular dystrophy, gastroschisis, Kabuki syndrome, Lyme disease, lymphoma, muscular dystrophy, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Sandhoff disease, spinal cord injury, achalasia
Mint green ribbon: Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, congenital hepatic fibrosis, genetic disorders, Ivemark Syndrome
Teal ribbon: Anti-bullying awareness, agoraphobia, anxiety disorder, Batten disease, cervical cancer, Arnold–Chiari malformation, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, dissociative identity disorder, ectodermal dysplasia, fibular hemimelia, food allergies, fragile X syndrome, gynecological cancers, hoarding, interstitial cystitis, knee injury, military sexual trauma, myasthenia gravis, obsessive–compulsive disorder, ovarian cancer, panic disorder, polycystic kidney disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder, progressive supranuclear palsy, proximal femoral focal deficiency, rape, scleroderma, sexual assault, substance abuse, Tourette syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia, tsunami victims, uterine cancer and vulvar cancer
Turquoise ribbon: Addiction recovery, Bone tumors, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, dysautonomia, interstitial cystitis, Native American reparation and renal cell carcinoma
Sea green ribbon: Stuttering
Mixed ribbons: Anal cancer (green & blue), cervical cancer (teal & white), domestic violence and sexual assault (teal & purple), hypotonia (lime green, blue, & pink), MEF2C haploinsufficiency syndrome (lime green & black, with DNA strand), medullary sponge kidney (purple, teal & green), pseudotumor cerebri (green & blue), schizencephaly (green & purple), Stickler syndrome (green & purple), thyroid cancer (pink, purple & teal) |
Green ribbon | See also | See also
Medals of Honor (Japan)
Jade Ribbon Campaign
Turquoise ribbon |
Green ribbon | References | References |
Green ribbon | External links | External links
Category:Awareness ribbon
Ribbon, green
Category:Bipolar disorder |
Green ribbon | Table of Content | Short description, Mitochondrial disease, Cerebral palsy, Mental health, Kidney disease, Levellers and early Whig radicals, Support of farm families, HIV/AIDS, Awareness of other political and cultural issues, Awareness of health and safety issues, Other shades of green ribbons, See also, References, External links |
List of calypsonians | # | redirect List of calypso musicians |
List of calypsonians | Table of Content | # |
Pink ribbon | short description | 100px|right
The pink ribbon is an international symbol of breast cancer awareness. Pink ribbons, and the color pink in general, identify the wearer or promoter with the breast cancer brand and express moral support for people with breast cancer. Pink ribbons are most commonly seen during National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. |
Pink ribbon | History | History
right|thumb|250px|100 women who survived breast cancer carry a pink ribbon and create the fight breast cancer logo.
Charlotte Haley, a breast cancer survivor, introduced the concept of a peach-coloured breast cancer awareness ribbon. She attached them to cards which read, “The National Cancer Institute’s annual budget is 1.8 billion US dollars, and only 5 percent goes to cancer prevention. Help us wake up our legislators and America by wearing this ribbon.”
Haley's publicity was carried out in a grassroots manner: she handed thousands of cards out at the local supermarket and wrote to influential US women, including former First Ladies and Dear Abby.
For legal reasons, Self Magazine and other organisations used pink ribbons to promote awareness of breast cancer, rather than Haley's original peach colour. |
Pink ribbon | Meaning | Meaning
The color pink is considered feminine in modern Western countries. It evokes traditional feminine gender roles, caring for other people, being beautiful, being good, and being cooperative.
The pink ribbon represents the courage to fight breast cancer, hope for the future, and the charitable goodness of people and businesses who publicly support the breast cancer movement.Sulik, 2010. pages 146–150. It is intended to evoke solidarity with women who currently have breast cancer.
Breast cancer organizations use the pink ribbon to associate themselves with breast cancer, to promote breast cancer awareness, and to support fundraising.Sulik, 2010. pages 124–125. Some breast cancer-related organizations, such as Pink Ribbon International, use the pink ribbon as their primary symbol. Susan G. Komen for the Cure uses a stylized "running ribbon" as their logo.Sulik, 2010. p. 147.
While specifically representing breast cancer awareness, the pink ribbon is also a symbol and a proxy of goodwill towards women in general.Sulik, 2010. p. 112, 125, 132. Buying, wearing, displaying, or sponsoring pink ribbons signals that the person or business cares about women. The pink ribbon is a marketing brand for businesses that allows them to promote themselves with women and identify themselves as being socially aware.Sulik, 2010. p. 67, 132. Compared to other women's issues, promoting breast cancer awareness is politically safe. |
Pink ribbon | Products | Products
thumb|250x250px|Pink ribbon on a Maine license plate, with the slogan "Early detection saves lives"
Each October, many products are emblazoned with pink ribbons, colored pink, or otherwise sold with a promise of a small portion of the total cost being donated to support breast cancer awareness or research.
The first breast cancer awareness stamp in the U.S., featuring a pink ribbon, was issued 1996. As it did not sell well, a new stamp with an emphasis on research was designed. The new stamp does not feature the pink ribbon.
Wacoal launched a bra in 1999 known as the Awareness Bra, which features a pink ribbon on each band to remind women to be conscious of their breast health. In 2001, the Fit for the Cure campaign was launched to raise funds for breast cancer awareness and research. Wacoal donates to Susan G. Komen for every woman who participates in a complimentary fitting during Fit for the Cure.
In Canada, the Royal Canadian Mint produced a silver commemorative breast cancer coin. 15,000 coins were minted during 2006. On one side of the coin, a portrait of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth is illustrated, while on the other side a pink ribbon has been enameled. Additionally, 30 million 25-cent coins were minted with pink ribbons during 2006 for normal circulation. Designed by the mint's director of engraving, Cosme Saffioti, this colored coin is the second in history to be put into regular circulation. |
Pink ribbon | Intellectual property status | Intellectual property status
In most jurisdictions, the pink ribbon is considered public domain. However, in Canada, the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation claimed ownership of the ribbon as a trademark until it was voluntarily abandoned. |
Pink ribbon | Criticism | Criticism
The pink ribbon is frequently used in cause-related marketing, a cooperation between non-profits and businesses to promote a product that also supports a cause. Because the pink ribbon is not licensed by any corporation, it is more open to being abused by businesses that donate little or none of their revenue to breast cancer research. While companies such as Estée Lauder have distributed over 70 million pink ribbons, and donated over $25 million to breast cancer research, other companies have been discovered using the pink ribbon inappropriately—either by not donating their profits, or by using the pink ribbon on products that include ingredients which cause cancer. |
Pink ribbon | Pinkwashing | Pinkwashing
Activism against pinkwashing targets breast cancer awareness and donation campaigns that are merely an alibi. The origins of activism against pinkwashing have been dated to a 1985 Breast Cancer Action (BCA) campaign. In 2002 activism against corporate pinkwashing gained international media coverage when the BCA launched its "Think before You Pink" campaign against companies or organisations "that claim to care about breast cancer by promoting a pink ribbon product, but at the same time produce, manufacture and/or sell products that are likely to cause the disease." The "Think Before You Pink" campaign urged people to "do something besides shop." The BCA has particularly excoriated major cosmetic companies such as Avon, Revlon, and Estée Lauder, which have claimed to promote women's health while simultaneously using known and/or suspected cancer-causing chemicals, such as parabens and phthalates in their products.
As alternative to pinkwashing the BCA runs an annual awareness campaign "Breast Cancer Industry Month" to emphasize the costs of treatment. The Susan G. Komen Foundation, founded 1982 to end breast cancer forever, has also been criticized for pinkwashing because its corporate partnerships amount to little more than cause related marketing that encourage a culture of consumerism. In response to this criticism the Komen Foundation and the then New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman established guidelines to help consumers understand what their donations support. The use of breast cancer or the pink ribbon in cause marketing to promote products such as firearms or pornography has also drawn controversy.
In her 2006 book Pink Ribbons, Inc.: Breast Cancer and the Politics of Philanthropy Samantha King claimed that breast cancer has been transformed from a serious disease and individual tragedy to a market-driven industry of survivorship and corporate sales pitch. The book inspired a 2012 National Film Board of Canada documentary, Pink Ribbons, Inc., directed by Léa Pool.
150px|thumbnail|right| Pink ribbon Philippines Philippine Cancer Society, Inc. |
Pink ribbon | Other meanings | Other meanings
Pink ribbons for girls (and blue for boys) were used from the mid-19th century on christening gowns in Paris, and to a limited extent in the United States. In St. Petersburg (Russia) ribbons of the same color scheme were used on white funeral shrouds for children. |
Pink ribbon | See also | See also
Awareness ribbon
List of awareness ribbons |
Pink ribbon | References | References
Category:Breast cancer awareness
Ribbon, pink
Category:Awareness ribbon |
Pink ribbon | Table of Content | short description, History, Meaning, Products, Intellectual property status, Criticism, Pinkwashing, Other meanings, See also, References |
Litopterna | Short description | Litopterna (from "smooth heel") is an extinct order of South American native ungulates that lived from the Paleocene to the Pleistocene-Holocene around 62.5 million to 12,000 years ago (or possibly as late as 3,500 years ago), and were also present in Antarctica during the Eocene. They represent the second most diverse group of South American ungulates after Notoungulata. It is divided into nine families, with Proterotheriidae and Macraucheniidae being the most diverse and last surviving families. |
Litopterna | Diversity | Diversity
left|thumb|Skeleton of Theosodon (Macraucheniidae)
left|thumb|Historic life restoration of Thoatherium (Proterotheriidae)
The body forms of many litopterns, notably in the limb and skull structure, are broadly similar to those of living ungulates, unlike other South American native ungulate groups, which are often strongly divergent from living ungulates. Paleocene and Eocene litopterns generally had small body masses, with Protolipterna (Protolipternidae) estimated to have had a body mass of , though the Eocene sparnotheriodontids were considerably larger, with estimated body masses of around . Most proterotheriids had body masses of around while many macraucheniids had body masses of around . Some of the last macraucheniids like Macrauchenia were considerably larger, with body masses around a ton. Adianthidae generally had small body masses, with members of the genus Adianthus estimated to weigh . Members of the proterotheriid subfamily Megadolodinae are noted for having bunodont (rounded cusp) molar teeth, which is largely unique to litopterns among South American native ungulates. Litopterns of the mid-late Cenozoic had hinge-like limb joints and hooves similar to those of modern ungulates, with the weight being supported on three toes in macraucheniids and one in proterotheriids, with the protherotheriid Thoatherium developing greater toe reduction than that present in living horses. Macraucheniids had long necks and limbs.
Members of the macraucheniid subfamily Macraucheniinae saw the progressive migration of the nasal opening to the top of the skull, which was often historically suggested to indicate the presence of a trunk, though other authors have suggested that a moose-like prehensile lip, or a saiga-like nose to filter dust are more likely. |
Litopterna | Ecology | Ecology
Litopterns were likely hindgut fermenters. At least some macraucheniids like Macrauchenia are suggested to have been mixed feeders feeding on both browse and grass. Sparnotheriodontids are suggested to have been browsers. Some proterotheriids are suggested to have been browsers, while some members proterotheriid subfamily Megadolodinae like Megadolodus have been suggested to have been omnivorous with at least part of their diet consisting of hard fruit. |
Litopterna | Evolutionary history | Evolutionary history
Litopterna, like other "South American native ungulates" is thought to have originated from groups of archaic "condylarths" that migrated from North America. Sequencing of the collagen proteome and mitochondrial genome of Macrauchenia has revealed that litopterns are true ungulates, sharing a common ancestor with Notoungulata, and with their closest living relatives being Perissodactyla (the group containing living equines, rhinoceros and tapirs) as part of the clade Panperissodactyla, with the split from Perissodactyla being estimated at around 66 million years ago. The relationship of Litopterna to other South American native ungulate groups is uncertain, though it may be closely related to the "condylarth" group Didolodontidae. The earliest litopterns appeared during the early Paleocene, around 62.5 million years ago.
Aside from South America, sparnotheriodontids are also known from the Eocene aged La Meseta Formation in the Antarctic Peninsula, representing the only record of litopterns on the Antarctic continent. Litopterns declined during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, likely as a result of climatic change and competition with recently immigrated North American ungulates who arrived as part of the Great American interchange, following the connection of the previously isolated North and South America via the Isthmus of Panama. Macrauchenia, Xenorhinotherium (Macraucheniidae) and Neolicaphrium (Proterotheriidae) were the last surviving genera of litopterns. All became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene around 12,000 years ago as part of the end-Pleistocene extinction event, along with most other large mammals in the Americas, co-inciding with the arrival of the first humans to the continent. A study in 2025 suggested that Xenorhinotherium may have survived until the late Holocene based on a specimen radiocarbon dated to 3,493–4,217 years cal. Before Present (BP). It is possible that hunting had a causal role in their extinction. |
Litopterna | Classification | Classification
Order Litopterna
Proacrodon
Family Protolipternidae
Asmithwoodwardia
Miguelsoria
Protolipterna
Family Indaleciidae
thumb|Adiantoides lealithumb|Cramauchenia normalisthumb|Theosodon patagonicathumb|Macraucheniathumb|Xenorhinotherium bahiensisAdiantoides
Indalecia
Family Sparnotheriodontidae
Phoradiadius
Notiolofos
Sparnotheriodon
Victorlemoinea
Family Amilnedwardsiidae
Amilnedwardsia
Ernestohaeckelia
Rutimeyeria
Family Notonychopidae
Notonychops
Requisia
Superfamily Macrauchenioidea
Family Adianthidae
Proectocion
Adianthinae
Adianthus
Proadiantus
Proheptaconus
Thadanius
Tricoelodus
Family Macraucheniidae
Llullataruca
Subfamily Cramaucheniinae
Coniopternium
Caliphrium
Cramauchenia
Phoenixauchenia
Polymorphis
Pternoconius
Theosodon
Subfamily Macraucheniinae
Cullinia
Huayqueriana
Macrauchenia
Macraucheniopsis
Oxyodontherium
Paranauchenia
Promacrauchenia
Scalabrinitherium
Windhausenia
Xenorhinotherium
Superfamily Proterotherioidea
Family Proterotheriidae
thumb|Anisolophus flowerithumb|Diadiaphorus majusculusthumb|Thoatherium crepidatumAnisolambda
Anisolophus
Brachytherium
Diadiaphorus
Diplasiotherium
Eoauchenia
Eolicaphrium
Epecuenia
Epitherium
Guilielmofloweria
Heteroglyphis
Lambdaconus
Lambdaconops
Mesolicaphrium
Neobrachytherium
Neodolodus
Neolicaphrium
Olisanophus
Paramacrauchenia
Paranisolambda
Picturotherium
Prolicaphrium
Promylophis
Proterotherium
Protheosodon
Pseudobrachytherium
Tetramerorhinus
Thoatherium
Thoatheriopsis
Villarroelia
Uruguayodon
Wainka
Xesmodon
Megadolodinae
Bounodus
Megadolodus |
Litopterna | References | References |
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