title
stringlengths 1
80
| section
stringlengths 1
623
| text
stringlengths 0
40.4k
|
|---|---|---|
Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell | short description | Margaret Wake, suo jure 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell and Countess of Kent ( – 19 September 1349), was the wife of Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, the youngest surviving son of Edward I of England and Margaret of France.Marshall, Alison (2006). "The childhood and household of Edward II's half-brothers, Thomas of Brotherton and Edmund of Woodstock". In Gwilym Dodd; Anthony Musson (eds.). The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 190–204. . |
Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell | Family | Family
She was the daughter of John Wake, 1st Baron Wake of Liddell (son of Baldwin Wake and Hawise de Quincy) and Joan de Fiennes. By her grandmother Hawise, she was the great-granddaughter of Elen, daughter of Llywelyn the Great (Prince of Gwynedd) and Joan, Lady of Wales (the illegitimate daughter of John of England). Her mother, Joan de Fiennes, was a daughter of William de Fiennes and Blanche de Brienne. She was a sister of Margaret de Fiennes, making Wake a cousin of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March (himself the great-grandson of Gwladus Ddu, Elen's sister). Joan de Fiennes also descended from John of Brienne and Berengaria of León, herself the granddaughter of Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile. |
Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell | Marriages and issue | Marriages and issue
Margaret married John Comyn IV of Badenoch ( – 1314) around 1312, son of the John Comyn who was murdered by King Robert the Bruce in 1306. Her husband John died at the Battle of Bannockburn, and their only child, Aymer Comyn (1314–1316), died as a toddler.
She married, for a second time, Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, the sixth son of King Edward I of England, and the second by his second wife Margaret of France. They received a papal dispensation in October 1325, and the wedding probably took place at Christmas. He was executed for treason in 1330.
Through her marriage to Edmund of Woodstock, Margaret was the mother of four children:
Edmund, 2nd Earl of Kent (c.1326– 5 October 1331).
Margaret of Kent, Viscountess of Tartas (1327-1352). She married Arnaud Amanieu VII d'Albret.
Joan of Kent (29 September 1326/1327 – 7 August 1385), known as the Fair Maid of Kent. She married firstly Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent, son of Robert de Holland, 1st Baron Holand and Maud la Zouche; secondly William Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, son of William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury and Catherine Grandison (the marriage was annulled); and thirdly Edward, the Black Prince, the eldest son and heir apparent of King Edward III of England and Queen Philippa of Hainault. She was the mother of King Richard II of England.
John, 3rd Earl of Kent (7 April 1330 – 26 December 1352). He married Isabella of Julich (also known as Elizabeth), daughter of William V, Duke of Jülich, and Joanna of Hainaut.
After the execution of her second husband, the pregnant Margaret and her children were confined to Arundel Castle in Sussex. Her brother Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell was accused of treason but later pardoned.Tout, Thomas Frederick (1899). "Wake, Thomas" In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 58. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 442–445.
When King Edward III of England reached his majority and overthrew the regents a few months later, he took in Margaret and her children and treated them as his own family. Margaret briefly succeeded her brother as Baroness Wake of Liddell in 1349, but died during an outbreak of the plague in September 1349.
Through their grandson, Thomas Holland, Margaret and her husband Edmund's descendants included both Edward IV (via Thomas's eldest and second daughters, Alinor and Joan) and Henry Tudor (via Thomas's third daughter, Margaret), from both of whom every English monarch from Henry VIII onwards descends. Thomas's daughter Margaret was also ancestor of every king of Scotland from James II, while Alinor was also ancestor of royal spouses Anne Neville and Catherine Parr. |
Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell | Depictions in fiction | Depictions in fiction
Margaret is a supporting character in the Karen Harper historical fiction novel The First Princess of Wales, which gives a fictional depiction of her daughter Joan of Kent's life at the English court.
Margaret is a character in the 2014 novel A Triple Knot by Emma Campion which primarily focuses on her daughter Joan of Kent's struggle to validate her secret marriage to Thomas Holland after her family forces her into a marriage with William Montacute, and her close, often uncomfortable relationship with her cousin and future husband Edward, Prince of Wales. |
Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell | References | References
Wake, Margaret
Wake, Margaret
Category:Year of birth uncertain
Wake, Margaret
3
Kent
Category:Hereditary women peers
Category:People from Cottingham, East Riding of Yorkshire
Margaret
Category:14th-century English people
Category:14th-century English women |
Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell | Table of Content | short description, Family, Marriages and issue, Depictions in fiction, References |
Democritus (crater) | Short description | thumb|297x297px|Location of the crater Democritus(top right) in a selenochromatic image
thumb|right|240px|Oblique view from Lunar Orbiter 4
thumb|right|240px|Oblique view also from Lunar Orbiter 4
Democritus is a lunar impact crater that is located on the northern part of the Moon, just to the north of the Mare Frigoris. Just to the south of Democritus is the lava-flooded crater Gärtner, which forms a bay on the mare. Directly to the north is Arnold, another flooded formation. |
Democritus (crater) | Description | Description
The rim of Democritus is generally sharp-edged and shows little sign of erosion. It forms not quite a circle, with outward notch-like bulges that give it a slightly irregular shape. The inner walls have single or double terraces that lead down to a relatively flat interior floor. Near the midpoint of the crater is a small central peak. |
Democritus (crater) | Names | Names
Democritus is named after the Greek philosopher of the same name. Like many of the craters on the Moon's near side, it was given its name by Giovanni Riccioli, whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized.Ewen A. Whitaker, Mapping and Naming the Moon (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p.212. Earlier lunar cartographers had given the feature different names: Michael van Langren's 1645 map calls it "Alfonsi IX Reg. Cast." after Alfonso IX of León and Castile,Ewen A. Whitaker, Mapping and Naming the Moon (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 198. and Johannes Hevelius called it "Mons Bontas".Ewen A. Whitaker, Mapping and Naming the Moon (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 202. |
Democritus (crater) | Satellite craters | Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Democritus.
Democritus LatitudeLongitudeDiameterA61.6° N32.4° E11 kmB60.1° N28.6° E12 kmD62.9° N31.2° E8 kmK63.1° N40.7° E7 kmL63.4° N39.7° E18 kmM63.6° N37.1° E5 kmN63.6° N34.3° E16 km |
Democritus (crater) | References | References
Category:Impact craters on the Moon |
Democritus (crater) | Table of Content | Short description, Description, Names, Satellite craters, References |
Pate | distinguish | Pate, pâte au lait, or paté may refer to: |
Pate | Foods | Foods |
Pate | Pâté 'pastry' | Pâté 'pastry'
Pâté, various French meat forcemeat pies or loaves
Pâté haïtien or Haitian patty, a meat-filled puff pastry dish
Pate or paté (anglicized spellings), the Virgin Islands version of empanadas, a meat or vegetable-filled fried-dough dish |
Pate | Pâte 'dough' | Pâte 'dough'
Pate, pâte, or paste, the body of cheese excluding the rind
Pâte à choux, a kind of choux pastry |
Pate | Places | Places
Pate, Cambodia
Pate Island, also seat of a former Pate Sultanate, in Kenya |
Pate | Other | Other
Pate (instrument), a Samoan percussion instrument
Pate (surname), a surname
Pâté (film), a film by Agnieszka Wojtowicz-Vosloo
Patē, the Māori name for the tree Schefflera digitata
Pate, the surface of the human head, especially a bald head |
Pate | See also | See also
Pasty (disambiguation) |
Pate | Table of Content | distinguish, Foods, Pâté 'pastry', Pâte 'dough', Places, Other, See also |
Ichirō (name) | Infobox given name
| , also written Ichiro, Ichirou or Ichiroh is a masculine Japanese given name. The name is occasionally given to the first-born son in a family.
Like many Japanese names, Ichirō can be written using different kanji characters and can mean:
一郎: "first son"
一朗: "first clear, bright" |
Ichirō (name) | People with the name | People with the name
, Japanese judoka
, Japanese general
Ichiro Fujiyama (藤山 一郎, 1911–1993), a Japanese singer
, Japanese discus thrower
Ichirō Hatoyama (鳩山 一郎, 1883–1959), a Japanese politician and the 52nd, 53rd, and 54th Prime Minister of Japan
, Japanese shogi player
, Japanese footballer
Ichiro Ito (伊藤 一朗, born 1967), a Japanese rock guitarist
, Japanese diplomat, civil servant and politician
Ichiro Miyake (三宅 市郎, 1881–1964), a Japanese mycologist
Ichiro "Aniki" Mizuki (水木 一郎, 1948–2022), a Japanese vocalist
Ichiro Murakoshi (村越 伊知郎, 1930-2007), a Japanese voice actor
Ichirō Nagai (永井 一郎, 1931-2014), a Japanese voice actor
Ichiro Nakagawa (中川 一郎, 1925–1983), a Japanese politician from Hokkaidō
Ichirō Ozawa (小沢 一郎, born 1942), a Japanese politician, and Secretary-General of the Democratic Party of Japan
, Japanese fencer
Ichirō Shimada (島田 一郎, 1848–1878), an assassin of Ōkubo Toshimichi
Ichiro Suzuki (鈴木 一朗, born 1973), a Japanese baseball outfielder
Ichiro Suzuki (engineer) (鈴木 一郎, born 1937), a Japanese automobile engineer
Ichiro Yamaguchi (山口 一郎, born 1980), a Japanese musician (sakanaction)
Ichiro Yoshizawa (吉沢 一郎, 1903–1998), a Japanese mountaineer and expedition leader |
Ichirō (name) | Fictional characters | Fictional characters
Ichiro Ogami (大神 一郎), a character in Sakura Wars video game.
Ichiro Miyata (宮田 一郎), a fictional character in the anime and manga series Hajime no Ippo |
Ichirō (name) | References | References
Category:Japanese masculine given names
Category:Masculine given names |
Ichirō (name) | Table of Content | Infobox given name
, People with the name, Fictional characters, References |
Pons (crater) | Short description | thumb|right|Location of Pons (lower left)
Pons is a lunar impact crater that is located to the west of the prominent Rupes Altai scarp. It was named after French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons. It lies to the southeast of the crater Sacrobosco, and southwest of Polybius. To the northwest along the same flank of the formation is the crater Fermat.
The rim of Pons is somewhat elongated in shape, being longer along a northeast–southwest axis than in the perpendicular direction. The outer wall is irregular and notched, particularly at the northeastern end where it is partly overlain by the satellite crater Pons D and multiple smaller formations. The interior is uneven, with low ridges projecting from the north and southeastern rims. |
Pons (crater) | Satellite craters | Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Pons.
Pons LatitudeLongitudeDiameterA27.3° S20.0° E12 kmB28.7° S20.7° E13 kmC27.9° S22.3° E18 kmD25.5° S22.1° E15 kmE25.8° S23.8° E18 kmF23.7° S21.2° E12 kmG28.3° S21.4° E6 kmH26.9° S22.3° E10 kmJ24.9° S22.2° E5 kmK27.4° S22.8° E7 kmL27.5° S20.9° E8 kmM27.1° S24.1° E11 kmN26.0° N23.0° E6 kmP25.0° N23.1° E5 km |
Pons (crater) | References | References
Category:Impact craters on the Moon |
Pons (crater) | Table of Content | Short description, Satellite craters, References |
Player of the year award | More citations needed | Several sports leagues honour their best player with an award called Player of the Year (POY). In the United States, this type of award is usually called a Most Valuable Player award. |
Player of the year award | Association football | Association football
In association football, this award is held on both an international and national level.
FIFA awards a worldwide men's and women's FIFA World Player of the Year, football's highest individual honour.
English football leagues honour the PFA Players' Player of the Year and the PFA Young Player of the Year.
Scotland has similar awards, the Scottish PFA Players' Player of the Year and the Scottish PFA Young Player of the Year.
Many organizations award "footballer of the year" awards. Among them are the European Footballer of the Year, Best Footballer in Asia, African Footballer of the Year, and in English football the Football Writers' Association's FWA Footballer of the Year.
Most clubs and teams run their own awards on an annual basis, sometimes chosen by the managers and coaches, but often by the fans. |
Player of the year award | Baseball | Baseball
In baseball, publications sometimes issue awards with this name:
The Sporting News awards a Major League Baseball player the TSN Player of the Year Award. This almost always goes to a position player, since this magazine also has separate awards for the best pitcher in each Major League.
Similarly, Baseball America and USA Today designates their respective Minor League Player of the Year Award.
Several awards for amateur baseball also exist:
The Golden Spikes Award is presented annually to the top amateur baseball players in the United States. It was jointly created by Major League Baseball and USA Baseball in 1978.
The National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association awards the Dick Howser Trophy annually to the top college player in the United States.
Publications also issue annual player of the year awards, including Baseball America, Collegiate Baseball, and the American Baseball Coaches Association. |
Player of the year award | Basketball | Basketball
In American basketball, several such awards are given:
The Oscar Robertson Trophy is awarded to the college basketball player of the year by the United States Basketball Writers Association.
The Naismith College Player of the Year award is given to the best men's college player and the best women's college player.
The John R. Wooden Award is given by the Los Angeles Athletic Club to the best men's college player and the best women's college player.
The National Collegiate Athletic Association gives the Chip Hilton Player of the Year Award to the Division I men's basketball player who exemplifies the best character.
The National Basketball Association awards an NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award. This is also known as the Hakeem Olajuwon Trophy.
The Women's National Basketball Association awards a WNBA Defensive Player of the Year Award. |
Player of the year award | Cricket | Cricket
In cricket, awards for the leading international player are the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World and the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy. |
Player of the year award | Gaelic football | Gaelic football
In Gaelic football, it may mean Donegal GAA#Player of the Year. |
Player of the year award | Ice hockey | Ice hockey
In ice hockey, in the United Kingdom the Player of the Year Trophy is awarded by Ice Hockey Journalists UK. |
Player of the year award | Lacrosse | Lacrosse
In lacrosse, two awards are given with this name, the Major League Lacrosse Offensive player of the Year Award and the Major League Lacrosse Defensive player of the Year Award. |
Player of the year award | Rugby league | Rugby league
In rugby league, player of the year awards include the Man of Steel in the Super League and the Dally M Medal in the National Rugby League. |
Player of the year award | See also | See also
Athlete of the Year
Most Valuable Player
Player of the Season (disambiguation)
Rookie of the Year (award) |
Player of the year award | References | References
*
Category:Sports trophies and awards |
Player of the year award | Table of Content | More citations needed, Association football, Baseball, Basketball, Cricket, Gaelic football, Ice hockey, Lacrosse, Rugby league, See also, References |
Parfait (disambiguation) | Wiktionary | Parfait is a food. Parfait may also refer to:
Cathar Perfect (also called Parfait), a religious leader among the Cathars
Parfait (album), a 1982 album by bassist Ron Carter |
Parfait (disambiguation) | Table of Content | Wiktionary |
Template:Human evolution | #invoke:navbox | |
Template:Human evolution | Table of Content | #invoke:navbox |
Khairpur | Multiple issues | Khairpur (Sindhi, ) is a city and the capital of the Khairpur District of Pakistan's Sindh province. |
Khairpur | History | History
The Talpur dynasty was established in 1783 by Mir Fateh Ali Khan, who declared himself the first Rais, or ruler of Sindh, after defeating the Kalhoras at the Battle of Halani.
The death of Mir Sohrab Khan Talpur, founder of the Khairpur branch abdicated power to his eldest son Mir Rustam Ali Khan, in 1811.left|thumb|Khairpur State (marked in red) joined Pakistan as a princely state in 1947
Rustam ruled until 1842, when he abdicated in favor of his youngest brother Mir Ali Murad. Ali Murad helped the British in 1845-7 during the Turki campaign, but was later accused of plotting against the British in 1851–2, and so was stripped of his lands in upper Sindh by the British East India Company. As a result, the remaining land under his control consisted mostly of Khairpur city, and its immediate environs. During the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, Ali Murad sided with the British, and prevented rebels from seizing the Shikarpur jail and treasury. He regained the favour of the British, and in 1866, the British promised to recognize any future successors as rightful rulers of Khairpur.
Ali Murad's eldest son had predeceased him, and so he was succeeded by his second son, Mir Faiz Muhammad Khan, who ruled until his death 1909. He was in turn succeeded by his son, Mir Imam Bakhsh Khan Talpur, who aided the British war effort during World War I, and was thus awarded the honorary title Lieutenant Colonel in 1918. He died in 1921, and was succeeded by Mir Ali Nawaz Khan. Under his rule, the feudal Cherr system of forced labour was abolished, while new canals were laid for irrigation. |
Khairpur | Geography | Geography
Khairpur district is located in north-eastern Sindh and is bounded on the north by Shikarpur and Sukkur, on the east by India, on the south by Sanghar district and Shaheed Benzeerabad and on the west by Larkana and Noshero Feroz. The district lies from 680 10’ to 700 10’ east longitude and 260 9’ to 270 42’ north Latitude. |
Khairpur | Politics | Politics
Politically, the city of Khairpur have been dominated by the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) since the era of 1970s. Excluding the exceptional occasions, where other parties had also left mark of their victory now or then but more or less the city have been represented by the MNAs belonging PPP in the Provincial and National Assembly. |
Khairpur | The National Assembly | The National Assembly
The city is represented by the 1 MNA in the federal legislature since the remapping of the constituencies during 2018 Elections.
+Member of National Assembly (MNAs)ConstituencyYearParty Nafeesa ShahNA-208 Khairpur-I2018PPP |
Khairpur | The Provincial Assembly | The Provincial Assembly
+Member of Provincial Assembly (MPA)ConstituencyYearPartySyed Qaim Ali ShahPS-26 Khairpur-I2018PPP |
Khairpur | Climate | Climate
Khairpur has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), characterised by extremely hot and hazy summers with warm winters. Khairpur is known for its extremely hot summers, and was described as the hottest city in British India. Wind speed is low throughout the year, and sunshine is abundant. Summer temperatures regularly surpass . Dry heat is experienced starting from April to early June until the Monsoon season starts to arrive. Monsoons in Khairpur are not very wet, but bring high dew points, resulting in high heat indices. Monsoons recede by September, but it is not until late October that the short lived autumn season is experienced before the onset of the region's cool winters. The average annual rainfall of Khairpur is and mainly occurs in the monsoon season. The highest annual rainfall ever is , recorded in 1978 and the lowest annual rainfall ever is 0 mm in 1941. |
Khairpur | Demographics | Demographics
At the 1998 census, the population of the city of Khairpur was 102,188 having increased from 61,447 at the 1981 census. The city had an estimated population of 127,857 in 2006.
thumb|مريم توب چوڪ خيرپور |
Khairpur | Education | Education
There are following Colleges and Universities in Khairpur
Khairpur Medical College KMC, Khairpur Mirs
Pir Abdul Qadir Shah Jeelani Institute of Medical Sciences, Khairpur Mirs
Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mirs
IBA-Institute of Emerging Technologies, SIBAU Campus Khairpur
Mehran University College Of Engineering And Technology SZAB Campus Khairpur,
The Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University of Technology & Skill Development, Khairpur Mirs,
Khairpur College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology (KCAET) at Khairpur,
Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools and Colleges Khairpur Campus ,
IBA Community College Khairpur ,
Superior Science College Khairpur Mirs ,
Khairpur Women College Khairpur , |
Khairpur | See also | See also |
Khairpur | References | References |
Khairpur | Further reading | Further reading |
Khairpur | External links | External links
Khairpur diaries: Where women earn and women rule
The golden harvest of Khairpur by Zofeen Ebrahim
Category:Populated places in Sindh
Category:Khairpur District |
Khairpur | Table of Content | Multiple issues, History, Geography, Politics, The National Assembly, The Provincial Assembly, Climate, Demographics, Education, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
Category:Plant families | Commons cat | |
Category:Plant families | Table of Content | Commons cat |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Short description | "A Hard Day's Night" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. Credited to Lennon–McCartney, it was primarily written by John Lennon, with some minor collaboration from Paul McCartney. It was released on the soundtrack album A Hard Day's Night in 1964. It was also released as a single in the UK (with "Things We Said Today" as its B-side), and in the US (with "I Should Have Known Better" as its B-side.)
The song featured prominently in the Beatles' first feature film, A Hard Day's Night. The song topped the charts in both the United Kingdom and United States when it was released as a single. The American and British singles of "A Hard Day's Night", as well as both the American and British albums of the same title, held the top position in their respective charts simultaneously for a couple of weeks in August 1964, the first time any artist had accomplished this feat. |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Title | Title
The song's title originated from something said by Ringo Starr, the Beatles' drummer. Starr described it this way in an interview with disc jockey Dave Hull in 1964: "We went to do a job, and we'd worked all day and we happened to work all night. I came up still thinking it was day I suppose, and I said, 'It's been a hard day …' and I looked around and saw it was dark so I said, '… night!' So we came to 'A Hard Day's Night.'"
Starr's statement was the inspiration for the title of the film, which in turn inspired the composition of the song. According to Lennon in a 1980 interview with Playboy magazine: "I was going home in the car and Dick Lester [director of the movie] suggested the title, 'Hard Day's Night' from something Ringo had said. I had used it in In His Own Write [a book Lennon was writing then], but it was an off-the-cuff remark by Ringo. You know, one of those malapropisms. A Ringo-ism, where he said it not to be funny … just said it. So Dick Lester said, 'We are going to use that title.'"
In a 1994 interview for The Beatles Anthology, however, McCartney disagreed with Lennon's recollections, basically stating that it was the Beatles, and not Lester, who had come up with the idea of using Starr's verbal misstep: "The title was Ringo's. We'd almost finished making the film, and this fun bit arrived that we'd not known about before, which was naming the film. So we were sitting around at Twickenham studios having a little brain-storming session … and we said, 'Well, there was something Ringo said the other day.' Ringo would do these little malapropisms, he would say things slightly wrong, like people do, but his were always wonderful, very lyrical … they were sort of magic even though he was just getting it wrong. And he said after a concert, 'Phew, it's been a hard day's night.'"
In 1996, yet another version of events cropped up. In an Associated Press report, the producer of the film A Hard Day's Night, Walter Shenson, stated that Lennon described to Shenson some of Starr's funnier gaffes, including "a hard day's night", whereupon Shenson immediately decided that that was going to be the title of the movie (replacing other alternatives, including Beatlemania). Shenson then told Lennon that he needed a theme song for the film. |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Composition | Composition
Lennon dashed off the song in one night, and brought it in for comments the following morning. As he described in his 1980 Playboy interview, "the next morning I brought in the song … 'cuz there was a little competition between Paul and I as to who got the A-side – who got the hits. If you notice, in the early days the majority of singles, in the movies and everything, were mine … in the early period I'm dominating the group … The reason Paul sang on 'A Hard Day's Night' (in the bridge) is because I couldn't reach the notes." However, McCartney and others remember McCartney collaborating with Lennon.
On 16 April 1964, the Beatles gathered at Studio 2 of the EMI Studios and recorded "A Hard Day's Night". It took them less than three hours to polish the song for its final release, eventually selecting the ninth take as the one to be released. Evening Standard journalist Maureen Cleave described a memorable taxi ride the morning the song was recorded:
In the Associated Press report, Shenson described his recollection of what happened. At 8:30 in the morning, "There were John and Paul with guitars at the ready and all the lyrics scribbled on matchbook covers. They played it and the next night recorded it." Shenson declared, "It had the right beat and the arrangement was brilliant. These guys were geniuses." |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Opening chord | Opening chord
"A Hard Day's Night" is widely known for its iconic Rickenbacker 360/12 12-string guitar's "mighty opening chord" played by George Harrison. According to George Martin, "We knew it would open both the film and the soundtrack LP, so we wanted a particularly strong and effective beginning. The strident guitar chord was the perfect launch," having what Ian MacDonald called "a significance in Beatles lore matched only by the concluding E major of 'A Day in the Life', the two opening and closing the group's middle period of peak creativity".
According to musicologist Jeremy Summerly, "the sound of this chord is the most discussed pop opening of all time."Summerly, J. (2019) "What is the opening chord of 'A Hard Day's Night'?" Analysis of the chord has been much debated, it having been described as G7add9sus4, G7sus4, or G11sus4 and others below.
Part of the chord is an Fadd9 as confirmed by Harrison during an online chat on 15 February 2001:
According to Walter Everett the opening chord has an introductory dominant function because McCartney plays D in the bass: Harrison and Martin play F A C G, over the bass D, on twelve-string guitar and piano respectively, giving the chord a mixture-coloured neighbour, F; two diatonic neighbours, A and C; plus an anticipation of the tonic, G – the major subtonic as played on guitar being a borrowed chord commonly used by the Beatles, first in "P.S. I Love You" (see mode mixture), and later in "Every Little Thing", "Tomorrow Never Knows" and "Got to Get You into My Life" (in the latter two against a tonic pedal).
Alan W. Pollack also interprets the chord as a surrogate dominant, the G being an anticipation that resolves on the G major chord that opens the verse. He suggests it is a mixture of D minor, F major, and G major (missing the B). Tony Bacon calls it a Dm7sus4 (D F G A C), which is the minor seventh chord (plus the fourth, G) (for more information regarding chord functions see diatonic function).
Everett points out that the chord relates to the Beatles' interest in pandiatonic harmony.
Dominic Pedler has also provided an interpretation of the chord, with the Beatles and George Martin playing the following:
George Harrison: Fadd9 in 1st position on Rickenbacker 360/12 12-string electric guitar
John Lennon: Fadd9 in 1st position on a Gibson J-160E 6-string acoustic guitar
Paul McCartney: high D3 played on the D-string, 12th fret on Hofner 500/1 electric bass
George Martin: D2-G2-D3 played on a Steinway Grand Piano
Ringo Starr: subtle snare drum and ride cymbal
This gives the notes:
G-B-D-F-A-C (the B is a harmonic). One of the interesting things about this chord (as described by Pedler) is how McCartney's high bass note reverberates inside the soundbox of Lennon's acoustic guitar and begins to be picked up on Lennon's microphone or pick-up during the sounding of the chord. This gives the chord its special "wavy" and unstable quality. Pedler describes the effect as a "virtual pull-off".
In 2004, Jason Brown, a mathematics professor at Dalhousie University, published a report titled "Mathematics, Physics and 'A Hard Day's Night'", in which he analysed the properties of the song's opening chord using Fourier transforms. He concluded that Martin's piano contribution provided the important element in the chord beside Harrison's playing. In November the following year, Wired published an article on Brown's use of Celemony's Melodyne Editor with Direct Note Access technology to further analyse the chord.Celemony’s Melodyne Makes Easy Work of 'Hard Day's Night'", Wired.com. Brown's findings were partly challenged in 2012 by another mathematician, Kevin Houston from the University of Leeds. Houston, who also used a Fourier transform, attributed a greater importance in Lennon's contribution on acoustic guitar, rather than the piano notes played by Martin.
Harrison played a repeated guitar arpeggio, outlining the notes of the opening chord, thereby ending the song in a circular fashion. Martin said that the ending was his idea: "Again, that's film writing. I was stressing to them the importance of making the song fit, not actually finishing it but dangling on so that you're into the next mood." The song contains 12 other chords. |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Music | Music
The song is composed in the key of G major and in a time signature. The verse features the VII or major subtonic chord that was a part of the opening chord as an ornament or embellishment below the tonic. Transposed down a perfect fifth, the modal frame of the song though pentatonic features a ladder of thirds axially centred on G with a ceiling note of B and floor note of E (the low C being a passing tone).
According to Middleton, the song, "at first glance major-key-with-modal-touches", reveals through its "Line of Latent Mode" "a deep kinship with typical blues melodic structures: it is centred on three of the notes of the minor-pentatonic mode (E-G-B), with the contradictory major seventh (B) set against that. Moreover, the shape assumed by these notes – the modal frame – as well as the abstract scale they represent, is revealed, too; and this – an initial, repeated circling round the dominant (G), with an excursion to its minor third (B), 'answered' by a fall to the 'symmetrical' minor third of the tonic (E) – is a common pattern in blues."
Lennon opens the twelve-measure-long verse and carries it along, suddenly joined at the end by McCartney, who then sings the bridge. |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Recording | Recording
During the recording of "A Hard Day's Night", Lennon and McCartney doubletracked their vocals throughout including the chorus. Lennon sings the lead vocal on the verses and Paul sings lead on the middle eight. During the chorus, McCartney handles the high harmony and Lennon the low harmony. Take 7 reveals that the lyrics were still not set with Lennon singing "you make me feel all right" and McCartney and Harrison still unsteady with their respective lines, ending with Lennon chiding them with the line "I heard a funny chord".
The instrumental break is played by Harrison on a Rickenbacker 12-string guitar, with Martin doubling on a piano, recorded to tape at half-speed and then sped up to normal. Recording this solo was the most time-consuming aspect of the session. A take that appeared on a bootleg in the 1980s shows Harrison making errors in his playing. In the description of Rolling Stones editors: "But by the time the session ended at 10 that night, he had sculpted one of his most memorable solos – an upward run played twice and capped with a circular flourish, with the church-bell chime of his guitar echoed on piano by Martin."
The song closes with Harrison playing an arpeggio of the opening chord (Fadd9) during the fade-out. |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Lyrics | Lyrics
The lyrics speak about the singer's devotion to his lover, and how he works so she can buy the things she wants. The singer sings about his tiredness when he comes home from work, but how the things that his lover does perk him up. |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Release and reception | Release and reception
"A Hard Day's Night" was first released to the United States, coming out on 26 June 1964 on the album A Hard Day's Night, the soundtrack to the film, and released by United Artists. It was the first song to be released before single release (see below).
The United Kingdom first heard "A Hard Day's Night" when it was released there on 10 July 1964, both on the album A Hard Day's Night, and as a single, backed with "Things We Said Today" on the B-side. Both the album and single were released by Parlophone Records. The single began charting on 18 July 1964, a week later ousting the Rolling Stones' "It's All Over Now" from the top spot on the British charts on 25 July 1964, coincidentally the day when both the American and British albums too hit the peak of their respective charts. The single stayed on top for three weeks, and lasted another nine weeks in the charts afterwards.
The American single on 1 August started a two-week-long run at the top, setting a new record – nobody before had ever held the number one position on both the album and singles charts in the United Kingdom and the United States at the same time. The Beatles were the only ones who had done this until 1970 when Simon and Garfunkel achieved the same feat with their album Bridge over Troubled Water and its title track.
The song was the fifth of seven songs by the Beatles to hit number 1 in a one-year period, an all-time record on the US charts. In order, these were "I Want to Hold Your Hand", "She Loves You", "Can't Buy Me Love", "Love Me Do", "A Hard Day's Night", "I Feel Fine" and "Eight Days a Week". It was also the sixth of seven songs written by Lennon-McCartney to hit number 1 in 1964, an all-time record on the US charts for writing the most songs to hit number 1 in the same calendar year (see List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones).
The song's opening chord and closing arpeggios were highly influential on the Byrds. After watching the film A Hard Day's Night and seeing Harrison's choice of guitar, Roger McGuinn adopted the Rickenbacker as his and the Byrds' signature instrument. In this way, according to author Andrew Grant Jackson, "A Hard Day's Night" "birthed" the folk-rock sound that the Byrds popularised in 1965. That same year, "A Hard Day's Night" won the Grammy Award for Best Performance by a Vocal Group. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked the song at number 153 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Personnel | Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald:
John Lennon – double-tracked vocals (verses), acoustic rhythm guitar
Paul McCartney – double-tracked vocals (middle-eight), harmony vocal, bass
George Harrison – lead electric twelve-string guitar
Ringo Starr – drums, bongos, cowbell
George Martin – piano, producer |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | In popular culture | In popular culture
"A Hard Day's Night" was used as wake-up music on Space Shuttle Missions STS-30, STS-61, and STS-69.
The song was played to conclude the Channel Four breakfast programme The Channel Four Daily in 1992. |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Live renditions | Live renditions
The Beatles regularly played the song live throughout 1964 and 1965.
During his 2016 One on One tour, Paul McCartney played the song for the first time as a solo artist and for the first time by a Beatle in half a century. The Beatles played it for the last time on 31 August 1965 at the Cow Palace in Daly City, California. |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Cover versions | Cover versions
Many artists have covered the song. Peter Sellers made a comedy version in which he recited the lyrics in the style of Laurence Olivier in the film Richard III. Sellers' recording was a UK Top 20 hit in 1965. A version by Ramsey Lewis reached number 11 in Canada in February 1966. |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Charts | Charts |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Weekly charts | Weekly charts
Chart (1964)PeakpositionAustralian Kent Music Report1Finland (The Official Finnish Charts)1German Media Control Singles Chart2New Zealand (Lever Hit Parade)1South Africa (Springbok)1Sweden (Kvällstoppen)1Sweden (Tio i Topp)1US Cash Box Top 1001
Chart (1986-1987)PeakpositionCanada (RPM) Top Singles 87
Chart (2015)Peakposition Sweden Heatseeker (Sverigetopplistan)20 |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Year-end charts | Year-end charts
Chart (1964)RankSouth Africa14UK5US Billboard Hot 100Musicoutfitters.com13US Cash Box 18 |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Certifications | Certifications |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Notes | Notes |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | References | References
Jason Brown's research on the opening chord. To hear the story, listen 12'35" into the broadcast.
|
A Hard Day's Night (song) | External links | External links
Category:Songs about labor
Category:The Beatles songs
Category:1964 songs
Category:1964 singles
Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Category:Cashbox number-one singles
Category:RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Category:UK singles chart number-one singles
Category:Number-one singles in Norway
Category:Number-one singles in South Africa
Category:Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Category:Parlophone singles
Category:Song recordings produced by George Martin
Category:Songs written by Lennon–McCartney
Category:Otis Redding songs
Category:Dionne Warwick songs
Category:Chet Atkins songs
Category:Capitol Records singles
Category:Songs published by Northern Songs
Category:Film theme songs |
A Hard Day's Night (song) | Table of Content | Short description, Title, Composition, Opening chord, Music, Recording, Lyrics, Release and reception, Personnel, In popular culture, Live renditions, Cover versions, Charts, Weekly charts, Year-end charts, Certifications, Notes, References, External links |
Barry Dignam | Short description | Barry Dignam (born 31 March 1971) is an Irish filmmaker. Some of his films are Chicken, Dream Kitchen, Stages, Bounce and A Ferret Called Mickey. |
Barry Dignam | Career | Career
Barry Dignam studied drama at Trinity College, Dublin and Film at the National Film School of Ireland (IADT). He has made a number of internationally successful shorts including Chicken, Dream Kitchen and A Ferret Called Mickey. His films have been presented in official selection at over a hundred and fifty international film festivals and have won numerous awards. He has been nominated for a Palme d'Or at Cannes and a Berlin Bear. Dignam's work has been screened by top broadcasters including Film Four, PBS, Canal+ and have been released on DVD and theatrically in both Europe and the US.
Dignam lectures in screenwriting and direction at the National Film School at IADT Dún Laoghaire. |
Barry Dignam | Personal life | Personal life
Dignam and his partner, Hugh Walsh, are one of the first couples to enter into civil partnership in Ireland, and the first to do so after the mandatory three-month wait (six previous couples were granted exemptions on compassionate grounds). |
Barry Dignam | References | References
Category:Irish film directors
Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:Alumni of Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology |
Barry Dignam | Table of Content | Short description, Career, Personal life, References |
New Burlington, Clinton County, Ohio | Short description | New Burlington is a former town located in Chester Township in the northwestern corner of Clinton County, Ohio, off Ohio State Route 380. The GNIS classifies it as a populated place. It was acquired by the United States federal government when Caesar Creek was dammed and a reservoir created in the 1970s. |
New Burlington, Clinton County, Ohio | History | History
New Burlington was laid out in 1833, and named after Burlington, North Carolina, the native home of a share of the first settlers. A post office called New Burlington was established in 1837, and remained in operation until 1971. New Burlington was a "station" on the Underground Railroad. |
New Burlington, Clinton County, Ohio | Gallery | Gallery |
New Burlington, Clinton County, Ohio | References | References |
New Burlington, Clinton County, Ohio | Further reading | Further reading
Category:Geography of Clinton County, Ohio
Category:Ghost towns in Ohio
Category:Unincorporated communities in Ohio
Category:1971 disestablishments in Ohio |
New Burlington, Clinton County, Ohio | Table of Content | Short description, History, Gallery, References, Further reading |
Chipolata | Short description | thumb|right|Chipolata-type sausages
A chipolata () is a type of fresh sausage, likely created in France. Sausages by that name appear in the 1903 edition of Escoffier's Le guide culinaire. Chipolatas are often prepared as a relatively thin and short sausage.
Chipolatas are typically made from coarse-ground pork seasoned with salt and pepper together with herbs and spices—according to the particular recipe—such as sage, thyme, pimento, or nutmeg.
The word is French and probably derives from the Italian , which essentially means "made with onions" and according to some sources may have referred to an onion stew with sausages.http://www.ochef.com/747.htm ; also, Il cucchiaio d'argento has a "cipollata" recipe that is essentially a type of omelet.
Chipolatas are common in the United Kingdom. They frequently appear as part of a Christmas dinner wrapped in streaky bacon as pigs in blankets.Christmas dinner in England . Retrieved 9 September 2008
A consists of onions, chipolata sausages, chestnuts, salt pork, and sometimes carrots in a demiglace or Madeira sauce.
thumb|right|alt=Fried cipollate from Switzerland.|In Switzerland, cipollate are small sausages containing veal, milk and pork.
In Switzerland, the Italian spelling (plural: cipollate) is more prevalent. The sausage also usually contains veal and milk, in addition to pork. are fried or grilled and often served to children. taste and look like a miniature version of the St. Galler Bratwurst. |
Chipolata | See also | See also
List of sausages |
Chipolata | References | References
Category:French sausages
Category:British sausages
Category:Fresh sausages |
Chipolata | Table of Content | Short description, See also, References |
Lévy's constant | In | In mathematics Lévy's constant (sometimes known as the Khinchin–Lévy constant) occurs in an expression for the asymptotic behaviour of the denominators of the convergents of simple continued fractions.
In 1935, the Soviet mathematician Aleksandr Khinchin showed[Reference given in Dover book] "Zur metrischen Kettenbruchtheorie," Compositio Matlzematica, 3, No.2, 275–285 (1936). that the denominators qn of the convergents of the continued fraction expansions of almost all real numbers satisfy
Soon afterward, in 1936, the French mathematician Paul Lévy found[Reference given in Dover book] P. Levy, Théorie de l'addition des variables aléatoires, Paris, 1937, p. 320. the explicit expression for the constant, namely
The term "Lévy's constant" is sometimes used to refer to (the logarithm of the above expression), which is approximately equal to 1.1865691104… The value derives from the asymptotic expectation of the logarithm of the ratio of successive denominators, using the Gauss-Kuzmin distribution. In particular, the ratio has the asymptotic density function
for and zero otherwise. This gives Lévy's constant as
.
The base-10 logarithm of Lévy's constant, which is approximately 0.51532041…, is half of the reciprocal of the limit in Lochs' theorem. |
Lévy's constant | Proof | Proof
Ergodic Theory with Applications to Continued Fractions, UNCG Summer School in Computational Number Theory University of North Carolina Greensboro May 18 - 22, 2020.
Lesson 9: Applications of ergodic theory
The proof assumes basic properties of continued fractions.
Let be the Gauss map. |
Lévy's constant | Lemma | Lemma
where is the Fibonacci number.
Proof. Define the function . The quantity to estimate is then .
By the mean value theorem, for any ,The denominator sequence satisfies a recurrence relation, and so it is at least as large as the Fibonacci sequence . |
Lévy's constant | Ergodic argument | Ergodic argument
Since , and , we haveBy the lemma,
where is finite, and is called the reciprocal Fibonacci constant.
By Birkhoff's ergodic theorem, the limit converges to almost surely, where is the Gauss distribution. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.