title
stringlengths 1
80
| section
stringlengths 1
623
| text
stringlengths 0
40.4k
|
|---|---|---|
Avenue A | Table of Content | '''Avenue A''' |
Avenue B | '''Avenue B''' | Avenue B may refer to:
Avenue B (album), by Iggy Pop
Avenue B (Brooklyn), in Canarsie, Brooklyn, New York City
Avenue B (Manhattan), in the Alphabet City area of East Village, Manhattan, New York City |
Avenue B | See also | See also
B Street (disambiguation) |
Avenue B | Table of Content | '''Avenue B''', See also |
Category:Days | months |
*1
Category:Chronology |
Category:Days | Table of Content | months |
Ernest Vandiver | Short description | Samuel Ernest Vandiver Jr. (July 3, 1918 – February 21, 2005) was an American Democratic Party politician who was the 73rd governor of Georgia from 1959 to 1963. |
Ernest Vandiver | Early life and career | Early life and career
Vandiver was born in Canon in Franklin County in northeastern Georgia. He was the only child of Vanna Bowers and Samuel Ernest Vandiver. His mother had two children from a previous marriage, which ended with the death of her first husband. Vandiver's father was a prominent businessman, farmer, and landowner in Franklin County. Vandiver attended public schools in Lavonia and the Darlington School in Rome, Georgia. He graduated from the University of Georgia and the University of Georgia School of Law, both in Athens. He was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society.
After stateside service as an officer in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II, he was elected in 1946 as mayor of Lavonia in Franklin County. That same year he supported Eugene Talmadge's candidacy for governor and then Herman Talmadge's claim to the office after Eugene's death.
In 1948, Talmadge appointed Vandiver to be the state's adjutant general. In 1954, Vandiver was elected lieutenant governor.
He ran for governor in 1958 and promised to restore the state's image, which had been tarnished by scandals under Governor Marvin Griffin under whom he had served in the second position. Vandiver was overwhelmingly elected. He succeeded Griffin as both lieutenant governor and governor. |
Ernest Vandiver | Governor of Georgia | Governor of Georgia
As governor, Vandiver cleaned up the corruption and mismanagement associated with the Griffin administration. He had pledged to defend segregation, using the campaign motto, "No, not one," meaning not one black child in a white school.
During the presidential election of 1960, Vandiver supported John F. Kennedy, but not fully. Vandiver favored "independent" electors. This led to the erosion of the Democratic party in the South, and southern resistance to the civil rights movement. In March 1960, Vandiver called "An Appeal for Human Rights", an article published in the Atlanta Constitution by black students at Spelman College, "an anti-American document" that "does not sound like it was written in this country".Howard Zinn, You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train (Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press, 1994, 2002), p. 28) Vandiver worked behind the scenes with Kennedy and his brother Robert and ultimately played a role in obtaining the release of Martin Luther King Jr. from jail. King had been arrested during a sit-in at Rich's in Atlanta on October 19, 1960.
Vandiver changed from his "No, not one" stance on segregation. Those urging him to change included Ivan Allen Jr. (later mayor of Atlanta), banker Mills B. Lane, Coca-Cola President Robert Woodruff, Griffin Bell (later a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and the United States Attorney General under U.S. President Jimmy Carter), and many others.
Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Vandiver said, "All the world is shocked and grieved at the death of our President. I am certain that all Georgians join together in sending our condolences to the grieved family."
Under Vandiver's administration, a United States District Court ordered the admission of two African-American students, Hamilton E. Holmes and Charlayne Hunter, to the University of Georgia. Despite his past support for segregation, Governor Vandiver did not resist the court order, sparing the University of Georgia the national publicity associated with the opposition stands taken in 1962 by Governor Ross Barnett at the University of Mississippi and in 1963 by Governor George C. Wallace at the University of Alabama. After the desegregation of the University of Georgia, Vandiver successfully urged the Georgia General Assembly to repeal a recently passed law barring state funding to integrated schools. He also appointed banker John A. Sibley to head a state commission designed to prepare for the court-ordered school desegregation.
He pledged to maintain the county unit system, a type of electoral college that had been employed to elect Georgia governors, but it was struck down by a decision of the United States Supreme Court as unconstitutional. He then ordered the Democratic State Central Committee to conduct the 1962 primary by popular vote.
Vandiver's efficiency in running state government permitted a building program and the expansion of state services without tax increases. The state expanded its ports, encouraged tourism, promoted business and industry, expanded vocational-technical education, and authorized programs for the mentally ill. |
Ernest Vandiver | Later career | Later career
In 1966, Vandiver was initially a candidate for governor and had been expected to compete with another former governor, Ellis Arnall. However, Vandiver withdrew for health reasons. When the Democratic nomination went not to Arnall but to the Atlanta businessman Lester Maddox, a strong segregationist, the Democrat Vandiver endorsed in the general election the Republican nominee, U.S. Representative Howard "Bo" Callaway, then of Pine Mountain. Maddox was ultimately elected by the Georgia legislature after election returns failed to produce a winner by majority vote.Billy Hathorn, "The Frustration of Opportunity: The Georgia Election of 1966", Atlanta History: A Journal of Georgia and the South, XXI (Winter 1987–1988), pp. 42, 47
Had Vandiver's health permitted him to run for governor in 1966, Callaway would have instead sought reelection to the U.S. House. When Vandiver looked like a potential Democratic nominee, Callaway asked William R. Bowdoin Sr. (1913–1996), an Atlanta banker and civic figure who had chaired a commission on state government reorganization, to run as a Republican gubernatorial candidate. Oddly, Carl Sanders, the term-limited governor, asked Bowdoin to run that year as a Democrat.Atlanta History, p. 44
In 1972, at the age of fifty-four, Vandiver ran for the United States Senate for a full term to replace his wife's uncle, veteran Senator Richard Russell Jr., who had died in office in 1971. Vandiver finished third behind Sam Nunn and appointed Senator David H. Gambrell in the Democratic primary election. Nunn defeated the Republican Fletcher Thompson, an Atlanta-area U.S. representative even as Richard M. Nixon was sweeping Georgia in the presidential election against the Democrat George S. McGovern.
In his final years, Vandiver would express regret at his earlier segregationist positions. "I said a lot of intemperate things back then that I now have to live with," he said in 2002. "All I can say now is that you are of your time." |
Ernest Vandiver | Marriage and the Russell family | Marriage and the Russell family
Vandiver was married to Betty Russell, a niece of Senator Russell, who had also served earlier as governor. Russell was popular and powerful in Georgia and helped to promote his nephew-in-law's career.
Vandiver was a son in law of Judge Robert Lee Russell and grandson-in-law of Judge Richard Russell Sr. For information, see Russell family. |
Ernest Vandiver | Death | Death
Ernest Vandiver died on February 21, 2005, at the age of eighty-six at his home in Lavonia, Georgia. In addition to his wife, he was survived by three children: Samuel Ernest "Chip" Vandiver, III; Vanna Elizabeth (named for her paternal grandmother and mother) Vandiver; and Jane Brevard Vandiver, who as Jane V. Kidd was elected as a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from Athens and in 2007 as the chairman of the Georgia Democratic Party. |
Ernest Vandiver | Memorials | Memorials
The stretch of I-85 through Franklin County, Georgia, is named "Ernest Vandiver Highway" in his memory. Vandiver had worked to make sure the highway traversed Franklin County, instead of proceeding further north as originally planned.
On September 26, 2008, the University of Georgia dedicated a residence hall in the East Campus Village to Vandiver. |
Ernest Vandiver | References | References |
Ernest Vandiver | External links | External links
New Georgia Encyclopedia: Ernest Vandiver
Ernest Vandiver
Governor Ernest Vandiver's Public Education Address in response to federal desegregation of the University of Georgia, January 18, 1961. From the collection of the Georgia Archives.
Category:1918 births
Category:2005 deaths
Category:Democratic Party governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Lieutenant governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Mayors of places in Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Category:Politicians from Atlanta
Category:Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers
Category:Farmers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:American bankers
Category:American segregationists
Category:University of Georgia alumni
Category:University of Georgia School of Law alumni
Category:United States Army Air Forces officers
Category:People from Lavonia, Georgia
Category:Darlington School alumni
Category:20th-century American businesspeople
Category:20th-century American lawyers
Category:Former white supremacists
Category:Phi Delta Theta members
Category:20th-century Georgia (U.S. state) politicians |
Ernest Vandiver | Table of Content | Short description, Early life and career, Governor of Georgia, Later career, Marriage and the Russell family, Death, Memorials, References, External links |
HP 9000 | Short description | thumb|HP 9000 C110 workstation boot screen maintenance mode
HP 9000 is a line of workstation and server computer systems produced by the Hewlett-Packard (HP) Company. The native operating system for almost all HP 9000 systems is HP-UX, which is based on UNIX System V.
The HP 9000 brand was introduced in 1984 to encompass several extant technical workstation models launched formerly in the early 1980s. Most of these were based on the Motorola 68000 series, but there were also entries based on HP's own FOCUS designs. From the mid-1980s, the line was transitioned to HP's new PA-RISC architecture. Finally, in the 2000s, systems using the IA-64 were added.
The HP 9000 server line was discontinued in 2003, being superseded by Itanium-based Integrity Servers running HP-UX. The HP 9000 workstation line was discontinued in 2009, being superseded by HP Z. |
HP 9000 | History | History
thumb|HP 9000 model J6000 system board
The first HP 9000 models comprised the HP 9000 Series 200 and Series 500 ranges. These were rebadged existing models, the Series 200 including various Motorola 68000 (68k) based workstations such as the HP 9826 and HP 9836, and the Series 500 using HP's FOCUS microprocessor architecture introduced in the HP 9020 workstation. These were followed by the HP 9000 Series 300 and Series 400 workstations, which also used 68k-series microprocessors. From the mid-1980s onward, HP began changing to its own microprocessors based on its proprietary PA-RISC instruction set architecture (ISA), for the Series 600, 700, 800, and later lines. More recent models use either the PA-RISC or its successor, the HP–Intel IA-64 ISA.
All of the HP 9000 line run various versions of the HP-UX operating system, except earlier Series 200 models, which ran standalone applications or the Basic Workstation / Pascal 3.1 Workstation operating systems. HP released the Series 400, also known as the Apollo 400, after acquiring Apollo Computer in 1989. These models had the ability to run either HP-UX or Apollo's Domain/OS.
From the early 1990s onward, HP replaced the HP 9000 Series numbers with an alphabetical Class nomenclature. In 2001, HP again changed the naming scheme for their HP 9000 servers. The A-class systems were renamed as the rp2400s, the L-class became the rp5400s, and the N-class the rp7400s. The rp prefix signified a PA-RISC architecture, while rx was used for IA-64-based systems, later rebranded HPE Integrity Servers.
In 2003, HP launched the xw series, which uses x86 processors and runs Windows. The xw series remained until 2009 when it was replaced by HP Z.
On 30 April 2008, HP announced end of sales for the PA-RISC-based HP 9000. The last order date for PA-RISC-based HP 9000 systems was 31 December 2008 and the last ship date was 1 April 2009. The last order date for new HP 9000 PA-RISC options was December 31, 2009, with a last ship date of 1 April 2010. HP intends to support these systems through to 2013, with possible extensions.
The end of life for HP 9000 also marks the end of an era, as it essentially marks HP's withdrawal from the Unix workstation market (the HP 9000 workstations are end of life, and there are no HP Integrity workstations, so there is no longer a solution which targets HP/UX at the desktop). When the move from PA-RISC (9000) to Itanium (Integrity) was announced, Integrity workstations running either HP/UX or Windows were initially announced and offered, but were moved to end of sales life relatively quickly, with no replacement (arguably because x86-64 made IA-64 uncompetitive on the desktop, and HP/UX does not support x86-64, with HP offering desktop Linux as an alternative, not fully compatible, solution). |
HP 9000 | Workstation models | Workstation models
Prior to January 1985 (see also HP 9800 series):
Series 200 16 (HP 9816), 20 (HP 9920), 26 (HP 9826), 36 (HP 9836)
Series 500 20 (HP 9020), 30 (HP 9030), 40 (HP 9040)
After 1985:
Series 200 216 (HP 9816), 217 (HP 9817), 220 (HP 9920), 226 (HP 9826), 236 (HP 9836), 237 (HP 9837)
Series 300 310, 318, 319, 320, 322, 330, 332, 340, 345, 350, 360, 362, 370, 375, 380, 382, 385
Series 400 (HP Apollo 9000 Series 400) 400dl, 400s, 400t, 425dl, 425e, 425s, 425t, 433dl, 433s, 433t
Series 500 520 (HP 9020), 530 (HP 9030), 540 (HP 9040), 550, 560
Series 600 635SV, 645SV
Series 700 705, 710, 712, 715, 720, 725, 730, 735, 742, 743, 744, 745, 747, 748, 750, 755
B-class B132L, B160L, B132L+, B180L, B1000, B2000, B2600
C-class C100, C110, C132L, C160, C160L, C180, C180L, C180XP, C200, C240, C360, C3000, C3600, C3650, C3700, C3750, C8000
J-class J200, J210, J210XC, J280, J282, J2240, J5000, J5600, J6000, J6700, J6750, J7000 |
HP 9000 | Series 200 | Series 200
thumb|1 MBit Magnetic bubble memory board from early HP 9000/200 series computer
The Series 200 workstations originated before there were any "Series" at HP. The first model was the HP 9826A, followed by the HP 9836A. Later, a color version of the 9836 (9836C) was introduced. There was also a rack-mount version, the HP 9920A. These were all based on the Motorola 68000 chip. There were 'S' versions of the models that included memory bundled in. When HP-UX was included as an OS, there was a 'U' version of the 9836s and 9920 that used the 68012 processor. The model numbers included the letter 'U' (9836U, 9836CU, and 9920U). Later versions of the Series 200's included the 9816, 9817, and 9837. These systems were soon renamed as the HP Series 200 line, before being renamed again as part HP 9000 family, the HP 9000 Series 200.
There was also a "portable" version of the Series 200 called the Integral. The official model was the HP9807. This machine was about the size of a portable sewing machine, contained a MC68000 processor, ROM based HP-UX, 3½ inch floppy disk drive, inkjet printer, a keyboard, mouse, and an electroluminescent display similar to the early GRiD Compass computers. It was not battery powered, and unlike the other Series 200's that were manufactured in Fort Collins, Colorado, it was made in Corvallis, Oregon. |
HP 9000 | Series 300/400 | Series 300/400
thumb|HP 9000 model 425 running HP-UX and Visual User Environment (VUE)
thumb|HP 9000 model 425 running HP-UX and VUE
The Series 300 workstations were based around Motorola 68000-series processors, ranging from the 68010 (Model 310, introduced 1985) to the Motorola 68040 (Model 38x, introduced 1991). The Series 400 (introduced 1990) were intended to supersede the Apollo/Domain workstations and were also based on the 68030/040. They were branded "HP Apollo" and added Apollo Domain/OS compatibility. The suffix 's' and 't' used on the Series 400 represented "Side" (as in Desk side) and "Top" (as in Desk top) model. The last two digits of the Series 400 originally was the clock frequency of the processor in MHz (e.g. 433 was 33 MHz). At introduction, the Series 400 had a socket for the MC68040, but since they were not available at the time, an emulator card with an MC68030 and additional circuitry was installed. Customers who purchased systems were given a guaranteed upgrade price of $5,000USD to the MC68040, when they became available. The Series 300 and 400 shared the same I/O interface as the Series 200. The 32-bit DIO-II bus is rated at 6 MB/s.Service Handbook. HP 9000 Series 300 Computers. Model 332. February, 1989. HP Part Number 98572-90039 |
HP 9000 | Series 500 | Series 500
The Series 500s were based on the HP FOCUS microprocessor. They began as the HP 9020, HP 9030, and HP 9040, were renamed the HP Series 500 Model 20, 30, and 40 shortly after introduction, and later renamed again as the HP 9000 Model 520, 530 and 540. The 520 was a complete workstation with built-in keyboard, display, 5.25-inch floppy disk, and optional thermal printer and 5 MB hard disk. The 520 could run BASIC or HP-UX and there were three different models based on the displays attached (two color and one monochrome). The 530 was a rackmount version of the Series 500, could only run HP-UX, and used a serial interface console. The 540 was a 530 mounted inside a cabinet, similar to the disk drives offered then and included a serial multiplexer (MUX). Later models of the Series 500s were the 550 and 560, which had a completely different chassis and could be connected to graphics processors. The processors in the original Series 500s ran at 20 MHz, and could reach a benchmark speed of 1 million instructions per second (MIPS), equivalent to a VAX-11/780, then a common benchmark standard. They could be networked together and with 200 and 300 series using the Shared Resource Manager (SRM).
Because of their performance, the US government placed the 500 series on its export restricted list. The computers were only permitted to be sold in Western Europe, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, with any other country needing written approval. |
HP 9000 | Series 700 | Series 700
thumb|HP 9000 model 735 running the Common Desktop Environment (CDE) login manager
thumb|HP 9000 model 735 running HP-UX with CDE
thumb|HP 9000 model 715
thumb|HP 9000 model 712 running HP-UX with CDE
The first workstations in the series, the Model 720, Model 730 and Model 750 systems were introduced on 26 March 1991 and were code-named "Snakes". The models used the PA-7000 microprocessor, with the Model 720 using a 50 MHz version and the Model 730 and Model 750 using a 66 MHz version. The PA-7000 is provided with 128 KB of instruction cache on the Model 720 and 730 and 256 KB on the Model 750. All models are provided with 256 KB of data cache. The Model 720 and Model 730 supported 16 to 64 MB of memory, while the Model 750 supported up to 192 MB. Onboard SCSI was provided by an NCR 53C700 SCSI controller. These systems could use both 2D and 3D graphics options, with 2D options being the greyscale GRX and the color CRX. 3D options were the Personal VRX and the Turbo GRX."Hewlett-Packard Unleashes Its RS/6000 Killers".
In early January 1992, HP introduced the Model 705, code-named "Bushmaster Snake", and the Model 710, code-named "Bushmaster Junior". Both systems are low-end diskless workstations, with the Model 705 using a 32 MHz PA-7000 and the Model 710 using a 50 MHz version. At introduction, the Model 705 was priced at under US$5,000, and the Model 710 under US$10,000."Hewlett Packard Announcements".
The first Series 700 workstations were superseded by the Model 715/33, 715/50, 725/50 low-end workstations and the Model 735/99, 735/125, 755/99 and 755/125 high-end workstations on 10 November 1992."MPower Multimedia Software Accompanies New HP 9000 700s". The existing Model 715 and Model 725 were later updated with the introduction of the Model 715/75 and 725/75 in September 1993. The new models used a 75 MHz PA-7100."...Adds New Workstations, Industrial UNIX Packages".
Increasing integration led to the introduction of the Model 712/60 and Model 712/80i workstations on 18 January 1994."Hewlett-Packard 712/60 Station Offers Stunning Spec For $4,000" Code-named "Gecko", these models were intended to compete with entry-level workstations from Sun Microsystems and high-end personal computers."Hewlett-Packard Fuels Drive To Low-End UNIX, Invades Sun's Commercial Ground". They used the PA-7100LC microprocessor operating at 60 and 80 MHz, respectively. The Model 712/80i was an integer only model, with the floating point-unit disabled. Both supported 16 to 128 MB of memory."Hewlett-Packard's Gecko Line, Due Later This Month, To Feature Precision Architecture RISC 7100LC".
The Model 715/64, 715/80, 715/100 and 725/100 were introduced in May 1994, targeted at the 2D and 3D graphics market. These workstations use the PA-7100LC microprocessor and supported 32 to 128 MB of memory, except for the Model 725/100, which supported up to 512 MB."Hewlett-Packard Fortifies Its UNIX Mid-Range".
The Model 712/100 (King Gecko), an entry-level workstation, and Model 715/100 XC, a mid-range workstation, were introduced in June 1995. The Model 712/100 is a Model 712 with a 100 MHz PA-7100LC and 256 KB of cache while the Model 715/100 XC is a Model 715/100 with 1 MB of cache."HP Launches Mid-Range 9000 With 1MB Of Cache Memory".
The Model 712 and 715 workstations feature the Lasi ASIC, connected by the GSC bus. The Lasi ASIC provided an integrated NCR 53C710 SCSI controller, an Intel Apricot 10 Mbit Ethernet interface, CD-quality sound, PS/2 keyboard and mouse, a serial and a parallel port. All models, except for the 712 series machines also use the Wax ASIC to provide an EISA adapter, a second serial port and support for the HIL bus.
The SGC bus (System Graphics Connect), which is used in the earlier series 700 workstations, has similar specifications as PCI with 32-bit/33 MHz and a typical bandwidth of about 100 MB/s . |
HP 9000 | VME Industrial Workstations | VME Industrial Workstations
Models 742i, 743i, 744, 745/745i, 747i, 748i."Hewlett-Packard Adds Board-Level HP9000 742i"."Hewlett Has First VME Single-Board RISC Computer"."Hewlett-Packard Adds 742RT, HP-RT Operating System, Hard Hat 700s". |
HP 9000 | B, C, J class | B, C, J class
thumb|HP 9000 B180L displaying the CDE login manager
thumb|HP 9000 C360 displaying the CDE login manager
thumb|HP 9000 C8000 running HP-UX with CDE
The C100, C110, J200, J210 and J210XC use the PA-7200 processor, connected to the UTurn IOMMU via the Runway bus. The C100 and C110 are single processor systems, and the J200 and J210 are dual processor systems. The Uturn IOMMU has two GSC buses. These machines continue to use the Lasi and Wax ASICs.
The B132L (introduced 1996), B160L, B132L+, B180L, C132L, C160L and C180L workstations are based on the PA-7300LC processor, a development of the PA-7100LC with integrated cache and GSC bus controller. Standard graphics is the Visualize EG. These machines use the Dino GSC to PCI adapter which also provides the second serial port in place of Wax; they optionally have the Wax EISA adapter.
The C160, C180, C180-XP, J280 and J282 use the PA-8000 processor and are the first 64-bit HP workstations. They are based on the same Runway/GSC architecture as the earlier C and J class workstations.
The C200, C240 and J2240 offer increased speed with the PA-8200 processor and the C360 uses the PA-8500 processor.
The B1000, B2000, C3000, J5000 and J7000 were also based on the PA-8500 processor, but had a very different architecture. The U2/Uturn IOMMU and the GSC bus is gone, replaced with the Astro IOMMU, connected via Ropes to several Elroy PCI host adapters.
The B2600, C3600 and J5600 upgrade these machines with the PA-8600 processor. The J6000 is a rack-mountable workstation which can also be stood on its side in a tower configuration.
The C3650, C3700, C3750, J6700 and J6750 are PA-8700-based.
The C8000 uses the dual-core PA-8800 or PA-8900 processors, which uses the same bus as the McKinley and Madison Itanium processors and shares the same zx1 chipset. The Elroy PCI adapters have been replaced with Mercury PCI-X adapters and one Quicksilver AGP 8x adapter. |
HP 9000 | Server models | Server models
thumb|HP 9000 RP7410 system board with quad PA-RISC 8700+ CPUs
thumb|HP 9000 RP7410 system board with quad PA-RISC 8700+ CPUs
thumb|HP 9000 Superdome PA-RISC model
800 Series 807, 817, 822, 825, 827, 832, 835, 837, 840, 842, 845, 847, 850, 855, 857, 867, 877, 887, 897
1200 FT Series 1210, 1245, 1245 PLUS
A-class A180, A180C (Staccato), A400, A500
D-class D200, D210, D220, D230, D250, D260, D270, D280, D300, D310, D320, D330, D350, D360, D370, D380, D390
E-class E25, E35, E45, E55
F-class F10, F20, F30 (Nova)
G-class G30, G40, G50, G60, G70 (Nova / Nova64)
H-class H20, H30, H40, H50, H60, H70
I-class I30, I40, I50, I60, I70
K-class K100, K200, K210, K220, K250, K260, K360, K370, K380, K400, K410, K420, K450, K460, K570, K580
L-class L1000, L1500, L2000, L3000
N-class N4000
N-class N4004
N-class N4005
N-class N4006
R-class R380, R390
S-class rebadged Convex Exemplar SPP2000 (single-node)
T-class T500, T520, T600
V-class V2200, V2250, V2500, V2600
X-class rebadged Convex Exemplar SPP2000 (multi-node)
rp2400 rp2400 (A400), rp2405 (A400), rp2430 (A400), rp2450 (A500), rp2470 (A500) (former A-class)
rp3400 rp3410-2, rp3440-4 (1-2 PA-8800/8900 processors)
rp4400 rp4410-4, rp4440-8
rp5400 rp5400, rp5405, rp5430, rp5450, rp5470 (former L-class)
rp7400 rp7400 (former N-class)
rp7405 rp7405, rp7410, rp7420-16, rp7440-16
rp8400 rp8400, rp8410, rp8420-32, rp8440-32
HP 9000 Superdome SD-32, SD-64, SD-128 (PA-8900 processors) |
HP 9000 | D-class (Codename: Ultralight) | D-class (Codename: Ultralight)
The D-class are entry-level and mid-range servers that succeeded the entry-level E-class servers and the mid-range G-, H-, I-class servers. The first models were introduced in late January 1996, consisting of the Model D200, D210, D250, D310 and D350."Hewlett-Packard Unveils D-Class General-Purpose Servers To Replace The E-Class Models" The Model D200 is a uniprocessor with a 75 MHz PA-7100LC microprocessor, support for up to 512 MB of memory and five EISA/HP-HSC slots. The Model D210 is similar, but it used a 100 MHz PA-7100LC. The Model D250 is dual-processor model and it used the 100 MHz PA-7100LC. It supported up to 768 MB of memory and had five EISA/HP-HSC slots. The Model D310 is a uniprocessor with a 100 MHz PA-7100LC, up to 512 MB of memory and eight EISA/HP-HSC slots. The Model D350 is a high-end D-class system, a dual-processor, it had two 100 MHz PA-7100LCs, up to 768 MB of memory and eight EISA/HP-HSC slots.
In mid-September 1996, two new D-class servers were introduced to utilize the new 64-bit PA-8000 microprocessor, the Model D270 uniprocessor and the Model D370 dual-processor. Both were positioned as entry-level servers. They used the 160 MHz PA-8000 and supported 128 MB to 1.5 GB of memory."HP Launches Commercial PA-8000 Lines"
In January 1997, the low-end Model D220, D230, D320 and D330 were introduced, using 132 and 160 MHz versions of the PA-7300LC microprocessor."HP Overhauls Its Low-End UNIX Servers With The PA-7300LC"
The D-class are tower servers with up to two microprocessors and are architecturally similar to the K-class. They sometimes masquerade as larger machines as HP shipped them mounted vertically inside a large cabinet containing a power supply and multiple disks with plenty of room for air to circulate. |
HP 9000 | R-class | R-class
The R-class is simply a D-class machine packaged in a rack-mount chassis. Unlike the D-class systems, it does not support hot-pluggable disks. |
HP 9000 | N-class | N-class
thumb|alt=N-class HP 9000.|N-class HP 9000
The N-class is a 10U rackmount server with up to eight CPUs and 12 PCI slots. It uses two Merced buses, one for every four processor slots. It is not a NUMA machine, having equal access to all memory slots. The I/O is unequal though; having one Ike IOMMU per bus means that one set of CPUs are closer to one set of I/O slots than the other.
The N-class servers were marketed as "Itanium-ready", although when the Itanium shipped, no Itanium upgrade was made available for the N class. The N class did benefit from using the Merced bus, bridging the PA-8x00 microprocessors to it via a special adapter called DEW.
The N4000 was upgraded with newer processors throughout its life, with models called N4000-36, N4000-44 and N4000-55 indicating microprocessor clock frequencies of 360, 440, and 550 MHz, respectively. It was renamed to the rp7400 series in 2001. |
HP 9000 | L-class | L-class
The L-class servers are 7U rackmount machines with up to 4 CPUs (depending on model). They have 12 PCI slots, but only 7 slots are enabled in the entry-level L1000 system. Two of the PCI slots are occupied by factory integrated cards and cannot be utilized for I/O expansion by the end-user.
The L1000 and L2000 are similar to the A400 and A500, being based on an Astro/Elroy combination. They initially shipped with 360 MHz and 440 MHz PA-8500 and were upgraded with 540 MHz PA-8600.
The L3000 is similar to the N4000, being based on a DEW/Ike/Elroy combination. It shipped only with 550 MHz PA-8600 CPUs.
The L-class family was renamed to the rp5400 series in 2001. |
HP 9000 | A-class | A-class
The A180 and A180C were 32-bit, single-processor, 2U servers based on the PA-7300LC processor with the Lasi and Dino ASICs.
The A400 and A500 servers were 64-bit, single and dual-processor 2U servers based on the PA-8500 and later processors, using the Astro IOMMU and Elroy PCI adapters. The A400-36 and A500-36 machines used the PA-8500 processor running at 360 MHz; the A400-44 and A500-44 are clocked at 440 MHz. The A500-55 uses a PA-8600 processor running at 550 MHz and the A500-75 uses a PA-8700 processor running at 750 MHz.
The A-class was renamed to the rp2400 series in 2001. |
HP 9000 | S/X-class | S/X-class
The S- and X-class were Convex Exemplar SPP2000 supercomputers rebadged after HP's acquisition of Convex Computer in 1995. The S-class was a single-node SPP2000 with up to 16 processors, while the X-class name was used for multi-node configurations with up to 512 processors. These machines ran Convex's SPP-UX operating system. |
HP 9000 | V-class | V-class
The V-class servers were based on the multiprocessor technology from the S-class and X-class. The V2200 and V2250 support a maximum of 16 processors, and the V2500 and V2600 support a maximum of 32 processors. The V-class systems are physically large systems that need extensive cooling and three-phase electric power to operate. They provided a transitional platform between the T-class and the introduction of the Superdome. |
HP 9000 | Operating systems | Operating systems
thumb|HP 9000 C110 running Linux
Apart from HP-UX and Domain/OS (on the 400), many HP 9000s can also run the Linux operating system. Some PA-RISC-based models are able to run NeXTSTEP.
Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix was ported to the HP 9000 as HPBSD; the resulting support code was later added to 4.4BSD. Its modern variants NetBSD and OpenBSD also support various HP 9000 models, both Motorola 68k and PA-RISC based.
In the early 1990s, several Unix R&D systems were ported to the PA-RISC platform, including several attempts of OSF/1, various Mach ports and systems that combined parts of Mach with other systems (MkLinux, Mach 4/Lites). The origin of these ports were mostly either internal HP Labs projects or HP products, or academic research, mostly at the University of Utah.
One project conducted at HP Laboratories involved replacing core HP-UX functionality, specifically the virtual memory and process management subsystems, with Mach functionality from Mach 2.0 and 2.5. This effectively provided a vehicle to port Mach to the PA-RISC architecture, as opposed to starting with the Berkeley Software Distribution configured to use the Mach kernel infrastructure and porting this to PA-RISC, and thereby delivered a version of HP-UX 2.0 based on Mach, albeit with certain features missing from both Mach and HP-UX. The motivation for the project was to investigate performance issues with Mach related to the cache architecture of PA-RISC along with potential remedies for these issues. |
HP 9000 | See also | See also
HP 3000
HPE Integrity Servers
HP Superdome
HP 9800 series, prior series of scientific computer workstations
HP 7935 disc drive |
HP 9000 | Notes | Notes |
HP 9000 | External links | External links
HP 9000 evolution, HP 9000 evolution to HP Integrity
Official HP Mission-Critical Musings Blog
HP 9836 at old-computers.com
HP Computer Museum
hp-series300.net Information resource on HP 9000 Series 300 computers
OpenPA.net Information resource on HP PA-RISC-based computers, including HP 9000/700, 800 and later systems
Site communautaire sur les stations de travail et serveurs hp9000, regroupant des informations, part number ainsi que de la documentation au format PDF.
9000
9000
Category:Computer workstations
Category:Computer-related introductions in 1984
Category:32-bit computers
Category:64-bit computers |
HP 9000 | Table of Content | Short description, History, Workstation models, Series 200, Series 300/400, Series 500, Series 700, VME Industrial Workstations, B, C, J class, Server models, D-class (Codename: Ultralight), R-class, N-class, L-class, A-class, S/X-class, V-class, Operating systems, See also, Notes, External links |
Daniel Hunter McMillan | Short description | Sir Daniel Hunter McMillan, (January 14, 1846 – April 14, 1933) was a Manitoba politician. He was a cabinet minister in Thomas Greenway's government from 1889 to 1900, and served as the seventh Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba from 1900 to 1911. |
Daniel Hunter McMillan | Biography | Biography
McMillan was born in Whitby, Canada West (now Ontario), and was educated there and at Collingwood. His initial career goal was to be a professional soldier. He saw active service on the Niagara frontier in 1864, and was an officer with the 19th Lincoln Battalion of Infantry involved in repelling the Fenian raids of 1866. In 1870, he served in the expedition of Col. Wolseley which ended the Red River Rebellion. Staying in Manitoba, McMillan would be one of the founding officers of the 90th Winnipeg Battalion of Rifles in 1883. When the North-West Rebellion broke out in 1885, McMillan became a Major with the newly formed 95th Battalion of Infantry (Manitoba Grenadiers) and later was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel on June 17, 1887. In 1904, McMillan would be appointed Colonel of the 12th Manitoba Dragoons.
McMillan settled in Winnipeg following the Wolseley expedition, and became a successful businessman within the city. He established a milling and grain business in Winnipeg in 1874, and oversaw the first shipment of western Canadian wheat to Minneapolis shortly thereafter. He also served as the first president of the Winnipeg Grain Exchange for one year (1887–1888), served too as a Director and later Vice-President of the Great-West Life Assurance Company.
McMillan became politically active during this period. In 1879, he ran for the Manitoba legislature in the riding of Winnipeg against Thomas Scott, the leader of the opposition to John Norquay's government. Norquay was supported by both Liberals and Conservatives at the time, and McMillan was a prominent member of the Winnipeg Liberal community. Despite strong backing from the Manitoba Free Press, however, he lost to Scott by 387 votes to 321.
The 1879 election was unusual even by the standards of early Manitoba politics, in that both Norquay and Scott claimed the support of a majority of elected members after the results were announced. Eventually, Norquay consolidated his hold over the government and Scott departed for federal politics. On December 4, 1880, McMillan was elected for Winnipeg in a by-election, defeating Alexander Logan.
Norquay would gradually break his ties with the Winnipeg Liberals over the next two years, and forged an alliance with the province's Conservative establishment in 1882. It may be assumed that McMillan had crossed into the opposition by this time. He was never a cabinet minister under Norquay, and did not run for re-election in 1883.
Thomas Greenway's Liberals were called to form a government in January 1888, and won a landslide majority in a general election held later in the year. McMillan was returned to parliament for the riding of Winnipeg Centre in this election, defeating Conservative Thomas Gilroy by 972 votes to 470. He was not immediately called into Greenway's cabinet, but was named Provincial Treasurer on May 7, 1889. He held this position for the remainder of Greenway's time as Premier, and was given the additional portfolio of Provincial Lands Commissioner on October 7, 1896. He had no difficulty being re-elected in 1892, and won unopposed in 1896.
Greenway's Liberals were defeated by the Conservatives under Hugh John Macdonald in 1899, although McMillan retained his seat over Conservative A.J. Andrews by 1364 votes to 1249. On October 9, 1900, he was appointed as the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba by Canadian Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier. The post was mostly ceremonial by this time, and McMillan had little practical influence over the governments of Macdonald and Rodmond Roblin. He was knighted in 1902 and stepped down from the Lt. Governor's position in 1911. |
Daniel Hunter McMillan | Notes | Notes |
Daniel Hunter McMillan | External links | External links
Manitoba Historical Society profile
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
Category:1846 births
Category:1933 deaths
Category:Canadian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Category:Lieutenant governors of Manitoba
Category:Canadian Militia officers
Category:Lincoln and Welland Regiment
Category:Royal Winnipeg Rifles officers
Category:12th Manitoba Dragoons
Category:People from Whitby, Ontario
Category:Members of the Executive Council of Manitoba
Category:Ministers of finance of Manitoba |
Daniel Hunter McMillan | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Notes, External links |
Craig Unger | Short description | Craig Unger (b. March 25, 1949) is an American journalist and writer. He has served as deputy editor of The New York Observer and was editor-in-chief of Boston magazine. He has written about George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush for The New Yorker, Esquire Magazine, and Vanity Fair. He has written about the Romney family and Hart InterCivic, as well as about Donald Trump's links to the Russian mafia, Vladimir Putin, and how "he is 'absolutely certain' that the U.S. president is a Russian asset". |
Craig Unger | Early life and education | Early life and education
Unger grew up in Dallas, Texas, and graduated from Harvard University."Profile: Craig Unger", Scribe Publishing House : London & Melbourne. Accessed March 11, 2025 |
Craig Unger | Career | Career
On April 11, 2004, Unger wrote an op-ed for The Boston Globe demanding answers from the 9/11 Commission on who had given permission for Saudi nationals to leave the United States. He repeated the theme in his 2004 book, House of Bush, House of Saud, that was also featured in Michael Moore's film Fahrenheit 9/11:
"Is it possible that President Bush himself played a role in authorizing the evacuation of the Saudis after 9/11?" Unger reportedly traced $1.4 billion in investments by the Saudis to friends and business organizations closely associated with the Bush family.
Unger's 2007 book The Fall of the House of Bush is about the internal feud in the Bush family and the rise and collusion of the neoconservative and Christian right in Republican party politics, viewing each group's world view and efforts concerning present and potential future US policy through a distinctly negative prism.Leonard Lopate Show, WNYC 820AM, Interview with Craig Unger, November 27, 2007. In his previous work, House of Bush, House of Saud explored the relationship between the Bush family and the House of Saud.
In his 2018 book, House of Trump, House of Putin: The Untold Story of Donald Trump and the Russian Mafia, Unger tells about links existing between the Russian mafia, Vladimir Putin, and the Trump Organization. He names 59 Russians as long-term business associates of Donald TrumpDonald Trump Is a 'Russian Asset' Owned by the Mafia, Author Claims in New Book, by Nina Burleigh, NewsweekSigns of Trump-Putin collaboration, starting years before the campaign? by Shane Harris, The Washington Post In February 2025, Unger was interviewed and said that "he is 'absolutely certain' that the U.S. president is a Russian asset". |
Craig Unger | Books | Books
Blue Blood (1989). New York: St. Martin's Press. . .
House of Bush, House of Saud: The Secret Relationship Between the World's Two Most Powerful Dynasties (2004). New York: Scribner. . .
The Fall of the House of Bush: The Untold Story of How a Band of True Believers Seized the Executive Branch, Started the Iraq War, and Still Imperils America's Future (2007). New York: Scribner. . .
American Armageddon: How the Delusions of the Neoconservatives and the Christian Right Triggered the Descent of America--and Still Imperil Our Future. (2008) New York: Scribner. . .
Boss Rove: Inside Karl Rove's Secret Kingdom of Power (2012). New York: Scribner. . .
When Women Win: EMILY's List and the Rise of Women in American Politics (2016), with Ellen Malcolm. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. . .
House of Trump, House of Putin: The Untold Story of Donald Trump and the Russian Mafia (2018). New York, New York: Dutton. . .
American Kompromat: How the KGB Cultivated Donald Trump, and Related Tales of Sex, Greed, Power, and Treachery (2021). New York, New York: Dutton. . .
Den of spies: Reagan, Carter, and the secret history of the treason that stole the White House (2024). Boston: Mariner Books. . . |
Craig Unger | See also | See also
Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia |
Craig Unger | References | References |
Craig Unger | External links | External links
craigunger.com
Craig Unger Bio
'War president' Bush has always been soft on terror, Craig Unger, The Guardian, September 11, 2004
Saving the Saudis Craig Unger, Vanity Fair at Wes Jones.
Category:20th-century American journalists
Category:21st-century American journalists
Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers
Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers
Category:American political historians
Category:American political writers
Category:American foreign policy writers
Category:American magazine editors
Category:American male journalists
Category:American male non-fiction writers
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:1949 births
Category:Living people |
Craig Unger | Table of Content | Short description, Early life and education, Career, Books, See also, References, External links |
Cheaters (2000 film) | short description | Cheaters is a 2000 American drama television film written and directed by John Stockwell and starring Jeff Daniels, Jena Malone, Blake Heron, Luke Edwards, and Paul Sorvino. It chronicles the true story of the 1994–1995 Steinmetz High School team that cheated in the United States Academic Decathlon (USAD). It aired on HBO on May 20, 2000. It was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special. |
Cheaters (2000 film) | Plot | Plot
In 1995 Chicago, Jolie Fitch is a junior at Steinmetz High School who enjoys Dr. Jerry Plecki's English class. Dr. Plecki is offered the position of Academic Decathlon coach, a job all the other teachers consider to be a waste of time. Dr. Plecki holds an open call for the students, but no one arrives to participate. Jolie convinces him that he needs to look for the smarter students and recruit them. He recruits seven students (Darius, Matt, Paul, Dominik, Irwin, Agnieszka, and Jolie). They spend the next few months studying hard for the regional competition.
At regionals, the team faces their biggest competitor in Whitney Young Magnet High School, who have consistently won for almost a decade. As expected, Whitney Young is victorious and Steinmetz places 5th overall, but still qualify for the state competition. The students are overwhelmed to be facing Whitney Young in the next round, but an opportunity arises when Matt receives a copy of the test. Irwin then brings it to Dr. Plecki, who feels that using the test is the team's best chance to win.
After some persuasion, all seven members agree to copy the answers on various items (calculators, shoes, a piece of gum, etc.). Dr. Plecki then tells Irwin privately that because he had the lowest scores in the group, he will be out of the state competition; however, he will be guaranteed a spot in nationals. Though Irwin is upset, he agrees to go along with it.
At the state finals, Steinmetz meets Whitney Young again. The team successfully gets through the exams with the answers they secretly wrote down and with Jolie coaching them in the Super Quiz. At the end of the day, Steinmetz wins with an overall score of 49,000, raising the ire and suspicions of Whitney Young.
As Steinmetz celebrates, a spiteful Irwin writes an essay, detailing how he feels betrayed by Dr. Plecki and how they received an advance copy of the test. Suspicions heighten when the principal questions Irwin. The Illinois Academic Decathlon board arrives at the school with news that the team will need to take a re-test to validate their scores. If they refuse, they will lose their championship. Feeling betrayed by Irwin and angered by the board's ultimatum, they refuse to cooperate and plan to seek an injunction to halt the state from re-testing them.
As the media siege escalates, Angela Lam, a student on the Academic Decathlon team from the year prior, talks to the press about how she was given the answers to the Super Quiz in the state competition by Dr. Plecki. She encourages the current team members to come clean if they cheated. Dr. Plecki is immediately suspended from his teaching duties and the team members are taken to the Board of Education headquarters where they are interrogated individually. Despite being pressured, they refuse to come clean and insist they did not cheat. However, Dominik ultimately confesses after a heart-to-heart talk with one of the investigators.
As a result, the state title is stripped from Steinmetz and awarded to Whitney Young. Dr. Plecki is fired from Steinmetz, and the team members are harassed by the other students for ruining their reputation. Dr. Plecki decides to leave Chicago in hopes the media will disperse and leave the team members alone. He meets with his team one last time by Lake Michigan in downtown Chicago, where they present him with a gift: John Milton's book Paradise Lost signed by the team and the gold medal in Language and Literature that they didn't return to the board. With the team disbanded and Dr. Plecki gone, Jolie feels that she's lost a mentor that actually cared about her academic possibilities. In the end, Jolie gets accepted into college and recognizes the merit of her achievements without cheating.
In the epilogue, it is stated that Dominik, Agneiska, and Paul went off to college, Matt worked in a hardware store and was voted employee of the month, Darius' whereabouts are unknown, Irwin went to college to become a journalist, and Dr. Plecki got married and owned a business.
As a result of the 1995 cheating scandal, Steinmetz High School was banned from fielding an Academic Decathlon team for ten years. They returned to the competition in 2006. |
Cheaters (2000 film) | Cast | Cast |
Cheaters (2000 film) | Production | Production
Filming took place in Toronto and Chicago. |
Cheaters (2000 film) | See also | See also
Starter for 10 |
Cheaters (2000 film) | References | References |
Cheaters (2000 film) | External links | External links
Category:2000 television films
Category:2000 films
Category:2000 drama films
Category:2000 in American television
Category:2000s American films
Category:2000s coming-of-age drama films
Category:2000s English-language films
Category:2000s high school films
Category:American coming-of-age drama films
Category:American drama television films
Category:American films based on actual events
Category:American high school films
Category:Coming-of-age drama films based on actual events
Category:Films about academic scandals
Category:Films about competitions
Category:Films directed by John Stockwell
Category:Films scored by Paul Haslinger
Category:Films set in 1995
Category:Films set in Chicago
Category:Films shot in Chicago
Category:Films shot in Toronto
Category:HBO Films films
Category:Television films based on actual events
Category:United States Academic Decathlon |
Cheaters (2000 film) | Table of Content | short description, Plot, Cast, Production, See also, References, External links |
File (metalwork) | # | redirect File (tool) |
File (metalwork) | Table of Content | # |
David H. Gambrell | Short description | David Henry Gambrell (December 20, 1929 – May 6, 2021) was an American attorney who represented Georgia in the United States Senate from 1971 through 1972. |
David H. Gambrell | Education and legal career | Education and legal career
Gambrell was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 20, 1929, the son of Kathleen (Hagood) and Smythe Gambrell. He graduated from Davidson College in 1949, and received his JD, with honors, from Harvard Law School in 1952. He served in the reserves of the United States Army. After serving as a Teaching Fellow at Harvard and then as an associate and partner at the King & Spalding law firm in Atlanta, Gambrell founded Gambrell & Stolz, LLP in 1963. He served as president of the Atlanta Bar Association from 1965 to 1966, and as president of the State Bar of Georgia from 1967 to 1968. He also served in the American Bar Association House of Delegates, on the Board of Editors of the ABA Journal, and as Director of the National Legal Aid and Defender Association. In 2002, he received the State Bar of Georgia's Distinguished Service Award, and the Atlanta Bar Association, in 2007, honored him with their Leadership Award. |
David H. Gambrell | Political career | Political career
Gambrell went on to take part in state politics, serving as chairman of the Georgia Democratic Party from 1970–1971. In 1971, upon the death of Richard Russell Jr., Governor Jimmy Carter appointed Gambrell to the United States Senate, where he served during the years 1971 and 1972. While in the U.S. Senate he served as a member of the Banking Committee, Aeronautics and Space Committee, and Senate Select Committee on Small Business. Gambrell, a moderate, was defeated in the Democratic primary runoff in 1972 by the more conservative Sam Nunn, who went on to serve in the Senate for the next twenty-four years. Gambrell sought the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1974, but fared badly, finishing behind Lester Maddox, George Busbee (the eventual winner), and Bert Lance. |
David H. Gambrell | Other activities | Other activities
Gambrell served in a number of public, business and civic roles, including the Directorships of three publicly held corporations, the Visiting Committees of Davidson College, Harvard Law School, Emory University and the Board of Directors of the Georgia Chamber of Commerce. He also served as Chairman of the Governor's Committee on Post-Secondary Education, as chairman of the Drafting Committee for the Education Article of the Georgia Constitution, as a member on the Board of Curators of the Georgia Historical Society and as a trustee of the Lawyers Foundation of Georgia. He retired as a director of American Software, Inc. and was a trustee of the Georgia Legal History Foundation. |
David H. Gambrell | Personal life | Personal life
Gambrell was married to Luck Flanders Gambrell. They had four children. She was a philanthropist in her hometown of Swainsboro, Georgia, having donated of land to establish East Georgia State College in 1971; the building housing the college's library bears her name to honor this gift. Luck died on June 29, 2015. Gambrell died on May 6, 2021, after a period of declining health. |
David H. Gambrell | References | References |
David H. Gambrell | External links | External links
Category:1929 births
Category:2021 deaths
Category:Politicians from Atlanta
Category:Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers
Category:Democratic Party United States senators from Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:United States Army officers
Category:Davidson College alumni
Category:Harvard Law School alumni
Category:Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats
Category:State political party chairs of Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:20th-century United States senators |
David H. Gambrell | Table of Content | Short description, Education and legal career, Political career, Other activities, Personal life, References, External links |
Incipit | Short description | thumb|upright=1.2|Decorated incipit page to the Gospel of Matthew, 1120–1140
The incipit ( ) of a text is the first few words of the text, employed as an identifying label. In a musical composition, an incipit is an initial sequence of notes, having the same purpose. The word incipit comes from Latin and means "it begins". Its counterpart taken from the ending of the text is the explicit.
Before the development of titles, texts were often referred to by their incipits, as with for example Agnus Dei. During the medieval period in Europe, incipits were often written in a different script or colour from the rest of the work of which they were a part, and "incipit pages" might be heavily decorated with illumination. Though the word incipit is Latin, the practice of the incipit predates classical antiquity by several millennia and can be found in various parts of the world. Although not always called by the name of incipit today, the practice of referring to texts by their initial words remains commonplace. |
Incipit | Historical examples | Historical examples |
Incipit | Sumerian | Sumerian
In the clay tablet archives of Sumer, catalogs of documents were kept by making special catalog tablets containing the incipits of a given collection of tablets.
The catalog was meant to be used by the very limited number of official scribes who had access to the archives, and the width of a clay tablet and its resolution did not permit long entries. An example from Lerner (1998):Lerner, Frederick Andrew. The Story of Libraries: From the Invention of Writing to the Computer Age. New York: Continuum, 1998. . . |
Incipit | Hebrew | Hebrew
thumb|The first page of the Vilna Edition of the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot, folio 2a., with the word "Me-ematai" in the box at the top
Many books in the Hebrew Bible are named in Hebrew using incipits. For instance, the first book (Genesis) is called Bereshit ("In the beginning ...") and Lamentations, which begins "How lonely sits the city...", is called Eykha ("How"). A readily recognized one is the "Shema" or Shema Yisrael in the Torah: "Hear O Israel..." – the first words of the proclamation encapsulating Judaism's monotheism (see beginning Deuteronomy 6:4 and elsewhere).
All the names of Parshiyot are incipits, the title coming from a word, occasionally two words, in its first two verses. Each book is, of course, called by the same name as the first Parashah within it.
Some of the Psalms are known by their incipits, most noticeably Psalm 51 (Septuagint numbering: Psalm 50), which is known in Western Christianity by its Latin incipit Miserere ("Have mercy").
In the Talmud, the chapters of the Gemara are titled in print and known by their first words, e.g. the first chapter of Mesekhet Berachot ("Benedictions") is called Me-ematai ("From when"). This word is printed at the head of every subsequent page within that chapter of the tractate.
In rabbinic usage, the incipit is known as the "dibur ha-matḥil" (דיבור המתחיל), or "beginning phrase", and refers to a section heading in a published monograph or commentary that typically, but not always, quotes or paraphrases a classic biblical or rabbinic passage to be commented upon or discussed.
Many religious songs and prayers are known by their opening words.
Sometimes an entire monograph is known by its "dibur hamatḥil". The published mystical and exegetical discourses of the Chabad-Lubavitch rebbes (called "ma'amarim"), derive their titles almost exclusively from the "dibur ha-matḥil" of the individual work's first chapter. |
Incipit | Ancient Greek | Ancient Greek
The final book of the New Testament, the Book of Revelation, is often known as the Apocalypse after the first word of the original Greek text, ἀποκάλυψις apokalypsis "revelation", to the point where that word has become synonymous with what the book describes, i.e. the End of Days (ἔσχατον eschaton "[the] last" in the original). |
Incipit | Classical Arabic | Classical Arabic
Each chapter in the Quran, with the exception of the ninth, begins with Bismillah Al-Rahman Al-Rahim -- meaning "in the name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful." |
Incipit | Medieval Europe | Medieval Europe
thumb|Incipit, miniature and first four lines of Aiol and Mirabel, ms. 25516 fr. of the BnF, fol. 96r. 1275–90.
Incipits are generally, but not always, in red in medieval manuscripts. They may come before a miniature or an illuminated or historiated letter. |
Incipit | Papal bulls | Papal bulls
Traditionally, papal bulls and encyclicals, documents issued under the authority of the Pope, are referenced by their Latin incipit. |
Incipit | Hindu texts | Hindu texts
Some of the mantras, suktas from the hymns of the Vedas, conform to this usage. |
Incipit | Modern uses of incipits | Modern uses of incipits
The idea of choosing a few words or a phrase or two, which would be placed on the spine of a book and its cover, developed slowly with the birth of printing, and the idea of a title page with a short title and subtitle came centuries later, replacing earlier, more verbose titles.
The modern use of standardized titles, combined with the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD), have made the incipit obsolete as a tool for organizing information in libraries.
However, incipits are still used to refer to untitled poems, songs, and prayers, such as Gregorian chants, operatic arias, many prayers and hymns, and numerous poems, including those of Emily Dickinson. That such a use is an incipit and not a title is most obvious when the line breaks off in the middle of a grammatical unit (e.g., Shakespeare's sonnet 55 "Not marble, nor the gilded monuments").
Latin legal concepts are often designated by the first few words, for example, habeas corpus for habeas corpus ad subjiciendum ("may you have the person to be subjected [to examination]") which are itself the key words of a much longer writ.
Many word processors propose the first few words of a document as a default file name, assuming that the incipit may correspond to the intended title of the document.
The space-filling, or place-holding, text lorem ipsum is known as such from its incipit.
Occasionally, incipits have been used for humorous effect, such as in the Alan Plater-written television series The Beiderbecke Affair and its sequels, in which each episode is named for the first words spoken in the episode (leading to episode titles such as "What I don't understand is this..." and "Um...I know what you're thinking"). |
Incipit | In music | In music
Incipit for Chopin's Nocturne in B-flat minor, Op. 9, No. 1, single-staff version Incipit for Chopin's Nocturne in B-flat minor, Op. 9, No. 1, full-score version
Musical incipits are printed in standard music notation. They typically feature the first few bars of a piece, often with the most prominent musical material written on a single staff (the examples given at right show both the single-staff and full-score incipit variants). Incipits are especially useful in music because they can call to mind the reader's own musical memory of the work where a printed title would fail to do so. Musical incipits appear both in catalogs of music and in the tables of contents of volumes that include multiple works.
In choral music, sacred or secular pieces from before the 20th century were often titled with the incipit text. For instance, the proper of the Catholic Mass and the Latin transcriptions of the biblical psalms used as prayers during services are always titled with the first word or words of the text. Protestant hymns of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are also traditionally titled with an incipit. |
Incipit | In computer science | In computer science
In computer science, long strings of characters may be referred to by their incipits, particularly encryption keys or product keys. Notable examples include FCKGW (used by Windows XP) and 09 F9 (used by Advanced Access Content System). |
Incipit | See also | See also
Opening sentence
Epigraph
Exordium (rhetoric)
Preface
Prologue
Rubrication |
Incipit | Notes | Notes |
Incipit | References | References
Other sources
Barreau, Deborah K.; Nardi, Bonnie. "Finding and Reminding: File Organization From the desktop". SigChi Bulletin. July 1995. Vol. 27. No. 3. pp. 39–43
Casson, Lionel. Libraries in the Ancient World. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2001. . .
Malone, Thomas W. "How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of Office Information Systems". ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems. Vol. 1. No. 1 January 1983. pp. 99–112.
Nardi, Bonnie; Barreau, Deborah K. "Finding and Reminding Revisited: Appropriate metaphors for File Organization at the Desktop". SigChi Bulletin. January 1997. Vol. 29. No. 1.
Category:Latin literary phrases
*|Incipit
Category:Publishing
Category:Formal sections in music analysis
Category:Catholic canonical documents |
Incipit | Table of Content | Short description, Historical examples, Sumerian, Hebrew, Ancient Greek, Classical Arabic, Medieval Europe, Papal bulls, Hindu texts, Modern uses of incipits, In music, In computer science, See also, Notes, References |
Tooltip | short description | thumb|400px|A web browser tooltip displayed for hyperlink to HTML, showing what the abbreviation stands for.
The tooltip, also known as infotip or hint, is a common graphical user interface (GUI) element in which, when hovering over a screen element or component, a text box displays information about that element, such as a description of a button's function, what an abbreviation stands for, or the exact absolute time stamp over a relative time ("… ago"). In common practice, the tooltip is displayed continuously as long as the user hovers over the element or the text box provided by the tool. It is sometimes possible for the mouse to hover within the text box provided to activate a nested tooltip, and this can continue to any depth, often with multiple text boxes overlapped.
On desktop, it is used in conjunction with a cursor, usually a pointer, whereby the tooltip appears when a user hovers the pointer over an item without clicking it.
thumb|URL tooltip in Kiwi Browser, a Chromium derivative, revealed with the stylus on a Samsung Galaxy Note 4.
On touch-screen devices, a tooltip is displayed upon long-pressing—i.e., tapping and holding—an element. Some smartphones have alternative input methods such as a stylus, which can show tooltips when hovering above the screen.
A common variant of tooltips, especially in older software, is displaying a description of the tool in a status bar. Microsoft's tooltips feature found in its end-user documentation is named ScreenTips."Show or hide ScreenTips." Microsoft Support. Retrieved 2020 December 13. Apple's tooltips feature found in its developer documentation is named help tags. The Classic Mac OS uses a tooltips feature, though in a slightly different way, known as balloon help. Some software and applications, such as GIMP, provide an option for users to turn off some or all tooltips. However, such options are left to the discretion of the developer, and are often not implemented. |
Tooltip | Origin | Origin
The term tooltip originally came from older Microsoft applications (e.g. Microsoft Word 95). These applications would have toolbars wherein, when moving the mouse over the Toolbar icons, displayed a short description of the function of the tool in the toolbar. More recently, these tooltips are used in various parts of an interface, not only on toolbars. |
Tooltip | Examples | Examples
CSS, HTML, and JavaScript also other coding systems allow web designers to create customized tooltips.
Demonstrations of tooltip usage are prevalent on web pages. Many graphical web browsers display the title attribute of an HTML element as a tooltip when a user hovers the pointer over that element; in such a browser, when hovering over Wikipedia images and hyperlinks a tooltip will appear. |
Tooltip | See also | See also
Mouseover
Hoverbox
Infobox
Dialog box
Status bar |
Tooltip | References | References
Category:Graphical user interface elements
Category:User interface techniques |
Tooltip | Table of Content | short description, Origin, Examples, See also, References |
Liberalism in Slovenia | short description |
This article gives an overview of liberalism in Slovenia. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it isn't necessary so that parties labeled themselves as a liberal party. |
Liberalism in Slovenia | History | History
After the independence of Slovenia former young socialists claim to have restarted the liberal tradition of former Austria-Hungary. Their organized liberalism became a major political force. The Liberal Democracy of Slovenia (Liberalna demokracija Slovenije, becomes a member of the LI and the ELDR) and profiles itself as a left of center liberal party. Others argue that there have been no liberal parties in Slovenia since independence in 1991. They say that claims of the former communist youth (ZSMS) and LDS that they represent liberal parties with liberal doctrines are political propaganda and that facts demonstrate that both ZSMS and LDS followed socialist and anti liberal policies. |
Liberalism in Slovenia | From National Party of Carniola to Democratic Party | From National Party of Carniola to Democratic Party
1894: Ivan Tavčar led the Young Slovenes to establish the National Party of Carniola (Narodna stranka za Krajnsko). In Gorizia related groups formed the National Progressive Party in 1900
1905: The Carniolan party is renamed National Progressive Party (Narodno napredna stranka). In Upper Styria related groups formed the National Party of Styria (Narodna stranka za Štajersko)
1918: The three party merged into the Yugoslav Democratic Party (Jugoslovanska demokratska stranka)
1919: The party merged with Serbian and Croatian into the pan-Yugoslav more or less liberal State Party of Serbian, Croatian and Slovene Democrats (Državnotvorna stranka demokrata Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca). Some of the Slovene liberals did not join JDS and founded Independent Agrarian Party (Samostojna kmetijska stranka) and National-Socialist Party (Narodno-socialistična stranka). Except the name, the latter did not have much in common with German Nazis and could have been described as a social liberal party.
1919: The party is renamed into the Democratic Community (Demokratska zajednica)
1920: The party is renamed into the Democratic Party (Demokratska stranka). Leader is Ljubomir Davidović
1924: A faction, including the majority of prominent Slovene liberals formed the Independent Democratic Party (Samostojna demokratska stranka), mainly active in Croatia, Bosnia, Vojvodina and Slovenia
1929: After the royal coup, all parties were banned.
1931: Slovene liberals leaders joined the government party (Yugoslav Radical-Peasant Democracy - Jugoslovenska radikalno-kmečka demokracija), from 1934 Yugoslav National Party (Jugoslovenska nacionalna stranka). *1935-1941: JNS was in opposition.
1941-1945: Following the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia, political parties were dissolved but continued activities in underground. Facing the communist insurgence, Slovene liberals co-founded the underground national organization Slovene Covenant (Slovenska zaveza).
1945: All democratic parties were dissolved and banned. |
Liberalism in Slovenia | From ZSMS-Liberal Party to Liberal Democracy of Slovenia | From ZSMS-Liberal Party to Liberal Democracy of Slovenia
1989: The Socialist Youth League of Slovenia (abbreviated ZSMS) changes its name into Za Svobodo Mislecega Sveta (For the Freedom of a Thinking World) and is shortly after reorganised into the Liberal Party (ZSMS - Liberalna stranka)
1990: The party is renamed into the Liberal Democratic Party (Liberalno demokratska stranka)
1994: The party merged with the ⇒ Democratic Party, a faction of the Slovenian Greens and the Socialist Party of Slovenia into the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia (Liberalna demokracija Slovenije), led by Janez Drnovšek
From Slovenian Democratic League to Democratic Party
1989: Oppositionals established the Slovenian Democratic League (Slovenska demokratična zveza)
1991: The party is renamed Democratic Party (Demokratska Stranka), led by Dimitrij Rupel
1994: Most of the party merged into the ⇒ Liberal Democracy of Slovenia. A faction continued under the label Democratic Party of Slovenia (Demokratska stranka Slovenije)
Zares, Positive Slovenia and Alliance of Alenka Bratušek
2004: Active Slovenia (Aktivna Slovenija) split from Youth Party of Slovenia.
2006: Zoran Janković founded Zoran Janković List (Lista Zorana Jankovića).
2007: Zares split from ⇒ LDS and merged with Active Slovenia.
2011: Zoran Janković founded Positive Slovenia (Pozitivna Slovenija) which also join LDS and Zares members
2014: Alenka Bratušek split from PS and founded Alliance of Alenka Bratušek (Zavezništvo Alenke Bratušek)
2015: Zares dissolved
2016: ZaAB is renamed Alliance of Social Liberal Democrats (Zavezništvo socialno-liberalnih demokratov)
2017: ZaSLD is renamed Party of Alenka Bratušek (Stranka Alenke Bratušek)
2022: SAB merged into ⇒ the Freedom Movement.
Civic List
2011: Gregor Virant founded Gregor Virant's Civic List (Državljanska lista Gregorja Viranta)
2012: LGV is renamed Civic List (Državljanska lista)
Modern Centre Party, Concretely and Freedom Movement
2014: Miro Cerar founded Party of Miro Cerar (Stranka Mira Cerarja)
2016: This party is renamed Modern Centre Party (Stranka modernega centra)
2018: Miro Cerar left the SMC after joining the 14th Government of Slovenia
2021: Former SMC member Jure Leben founded Green Actions Party (Stranka zelenih dejanj).
2021: The party merged with the ⇒ Economic Active Party into the Concretely (Konkretno).
2021: Igor Zorčič split from SMC and founded Liberal Democrats (Liberalni demokrati).
2022: Green Actions is renamed Freedom Movement (Gibanje Svoboda).
List of Marjan Šarec
2014: Marjan Šarec founded List of Marjan Šarec''' (Lista Marjana Šarca'')
2022: The party merged into ⇒ the Freedom Movement. |
Liberalism in Slovenia | Liberal leaders | Liberal leaders
Janez Drnovšek - Anton Rop
Alenka Bratušek
Miro Cerar
Marjan Šarec
Robert Golob |
Liberalism in Slovenia | See also | See also
Free Society Institute
History of Slovenia
Politics of Slovenia
List of political parties in Slovenia |
Liberalism in Slovenia | References | References
Slovenia
Category:Politics of Slovenia |
Liberalism in Slovenia | Table of Content | short description, History, From National Party of Carniola to Democratic Party, From ZSMS-Liberal Party to Liberal Democracy of Slovenia, Liberal leaders, See also, References |
Beer hall | Short description | thumb|upright=1.3|Hofbräuhaus am Platzl beer hall in Munich, Germany
A beer hall or beer palace () refers to a type of establishment that gained significant popularity in the 19th century, particularly across Central Europe. These venues were pivotal to the social and cultural life of cities renowned for their brewing traditions, such as Munich, Dortmund, Berlin, and Graz. Frequently, they boasted grand interiors, sometimes spanning up to 1,500 square metres, designed to host large gatherings. Many beer halls were located adjacent to breweries, which added to their charm by offering freshly brewed beer in cosy settings often referred to as "brewing lounges" or "beer houses." They became emblematic of communal enjoyment, festivity, and the celebration of beer culture. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.