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Wikipedia:Requests for comment/orthogonal | Other users who endorse this summary | Other users who endorse this summary
(sign with ~~~~) |
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/orthogonal | Response by orthogonal | Response by orthogonal |
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/orthogonal | Procedural: | Procedural: |
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/orthogonal | Standing: | Standing:
From the RfC page itself (emphasis mine): "at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this user and have failed. This must involve the same dispute, not different disputes."
Fennec, who certifies this RfC, has not indicated any dispute with me.
Snowspinner, in his description, indicates this diff , describing it as "Recently, orthogonal seems to be extending his crusade against FennecFoxen for backing my ban of him up in IRC".
(In fact, this actually shows Snowspinner's notification to me of the RfC, some three hours after the RfC was written. This is odd, apparently having to do with either a database error or Snowspinner's using a url with an oldid of 0.)
But a bad url doesn't much matter: when I initially looked at the RfC, it referred to this diff: . In fact, that diff is there because of an edititng error I made (using the browser back button) that resulted in a duplicate section on my talk page. The actual section of my talk page it refers to is reproduced in full below; the original can be found here: User_talk:Orthogonal#FennecFoxenFoe.
FennecFoxenFoe
Got some email from Slashdot today:
FooAtWFU (699187) has made you their foe.
http://slashdot.org/~FooAtWFU/
Hmm. Seems that FooAtWFU's homepage is fennec.homedns.org. Now where have I seen that before? I seem to recall a webcomic or something.
Oh! It's Fennec! Now that's what I call internet synergy!
User:Fennec has made me a "foe" on his Slashdot account!
I guess I'll be seeing some down mods next time Fennec gets Slashdot mod points.
Lemme see. At this point 33 Slashdot accounts have declared me a foe. But 428 call themselves my fans (one of them is Raul654; he's a fan of Fennec too, I hope that's not a social faux pas now that Fennec has named me his foe!). I guess it's time for Fennec to make some Slashdot Sockpuppets!
(For the record, I've declared no one a foe on Slashdot. Different people have different opinions, but I've never seen that an excuse for to call someone a "foe".) -- orthogonal 00:47, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
So, rather than it being "orthogonal... extending his crusade against FennecFoxen", it records my receipt of an automatic email indicating that a Slashdot user who coincidently lists as his homepage the same homepage that IRC Fennec has several times called attention to (he has a web comic there), and is "atWFU" (User:Fennec goes to Wake Forest University) has listed me as his "foe" on Slashdot. (Slashdot allows designating a relationship with other users, one of these is "foe".)
But while I know, from that, that Fennec doesn't like me, as indicated by his declaring me a "foe" on Slashdot, Fennec has made no complaints about it on my user page. (And why should he complain? It was he who declared me a foe, not I him.)
Fennec's only other communication on my Talk page was a message indicating he had unbanned in the #wikipedia IRC channel. Fennec didn't ban me; as the comment shows, he in fact removed Snowspinner's ban. And I thanked Fennec for doing so. That was the only message he's ever left on my talk page.
I made a (lengthy) response to him, on what I see as the need for principles of free speech to be upheld even in IRC, but my dispute was not with him, and my response was not in the nature of a dispute. As I generally do as a courtesy, so users are not "surprised" by or unaware that I've responded to them, I copied his message and my response to his talk page.
Fennec's comment on my talk page, and my response can be found here: User_talk:Orthogonal#Unbanned_on_IRC.
Even had my response been in the nature of a dispute, Fennec has to date made no response to it. So Fennec has not "tried to resolve a dispute" with me over this, therefore his attempt has not failed, and indeed, there is no dispute with Fennec. And the dispute with Snowspinner in no way involves Fennec.
Therefore, on this face of it, this RfC is invalid, as only one user, Snowspinner, has a dispute with the respondent, according to the RfC definition of dispute, and only that single user is a party to that dispute or can even claim to have made any attempt to resolve it. |
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/orthogonal | Applicable policies: | Applicable policies:
The complaintant, under "Applicable policies" references both 1. Wikipedia:No personal attacks and 2. Wikipedia:Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point.
"Wikipedia:Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point" is a proposal, not a policy, as the first line of that page states: "This is a proposed policy. It is not an official guideline of Wikipedia. The hope is to obtain consensus and add it to the guidelines."
As it is not a policy, it can't be an "applicable policy"; allowing non-policy polices to be actionable is simply extra-legal "moving the goalposts" by holding users responsible for acts that are not officially objectionable.
[Update: Snowspinner has himself now removed the opening line of Wikipedia:Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point that indicated it was only a proposal. As he notes, that line was replaced by Mirv only a few hours before I first saw this RfC. It should also be noted however, that that line was in place until only three days ago, when Snowspinner first removed it. So either this became a policy three days ago by Snowspinner's action, or it isn't a policy. As it happens, I can't find any date for when voting was to close on this policy (although it may be there; I haven't greped through the entire history), so for all I know the vote is still ongoing. In any case, the total votes on the proposal to date are 17, 14 for and 3 against.
While I don't want to halt the activity of wikipedia over this RfC, I must question the usefulness of a party to this RfC is altering the documents he purports justify the RfC, while the RfC is ongoing. At minimum, this makes judging the facts all the more difficult for anyone else. It also makes it appear that my objection to it as an applicable policy, above, is disingenuous and tends to undermine my case: anyone reading this and then looking at Wikipedia:Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point would on the face of it think I'd simply made up the above or just can't read. -- orthogonal 16:31, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)]
Therefore, the only actual policy alleged to have been contravened is "Wikipedia:No personal attacks". |
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/orthogonal | Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute: | Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute:
As Snowspinner opened the RfC at 02:28, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)) and notified me of its existence at 05:30, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC), three hours later, I must assume that any more or more specific evidence is not forthcoming.
The complaintant, under "Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute" gives my entire user page: "User talk:Orthogonal, particularly the sections "Effective dissent" and "Your user page".
Calling out "particularly" certain sections implies that other sections are also actionable, but since what these might be and what might be objectionable about is not specified, I can't effectively respond. This then becomes mere hand-waving and innuendo: "orthogonal did something bad, somewhere in that page, I bet we can find something, if we look hard enough."
I suspect it may be designed to bring in an invitation from Lir to join the "Red Faction", on the theory that association with Lir might be damning in the eyes of some users. As it happens, I declined the invitation, explaining that "I'm not a supporter of any faction. I'm a supporter of Wikipedia." Regardless, nothing about that is actionable nor should be, and as it's not specifically called out, I can't effectively respond to it or be expected to try.
Therefore, the only sections of my talk page that can be looked to for evidence of an attempt at dispute resolution by the complaintant are the sections "Effective dissent" and "Your user page". |
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/orthogonal | Substantive: | Substantive:
As the RfC is invalid on its face for having only one legitimate complaintant, as explained above, I think I need give no answer to the substantive claims made.
However, in the interest of comity, I will attempt to respond to Snowspinner's claims in the near future.
-- orthogonal 08:04, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~~~~):
-- orthogonal 08:04, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
Plato 06:00, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC) |
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/orthogonal | Outside view | Outside view
This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute.
I dunno, he can be somewhat obstentatious at times, but I don't think he really does things in bad faith. I wish he would follow policy more, and not be on the sides of trolls so often, but I don't really think he's a bad user. blankfaze | (беседа!) 02:47, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~~~~):
blankfaze | (беседа!) 02:47, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
—No-One Jones 04:20, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC) Perhaps if Snowspinner were to try and listen and deal with the concerns that have been so unsubtly raised, rather than trying to prove what a terrible person Orthogonal is and just generally acting the martinet, something good and useful might come of it.
Dysprosia 06:19, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC) (plus Geogre's summary below)
Neutrality (talk) 16:42, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)
I can't certify this, though I'd like to be able to. Orthogonal isn't necessarily a bad user, but this RfC is well deserved, and in this case, he's stepped far over the line.
I'm pretty concerned about the way he's gone after Snowspinner - which is, in my eyes, a sustained, bad-faith effort to drive a contributor away. This sort of harrassment is thankfully something we've seen only a couple of times before, but in most of the cases I can remember, it unfortunately had the intended effect. Hopefully, the same won't happen this time.
Snowspinner is not an angel himself - he's done his fair share of things I disagree with. But I can't see anything he's done that deserves the sort of harrassment he's received from Orthogonal, who's been far from conciliatory in his attitudes. It also concerns me that his response to this complaint has been to try and argue that it is procedurally invalid, rather than addressing any of the concerns raised.
Regardless of what you may think of the users concerned, sustained bullying of a personal nature is unacceptable - from anyone.
Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~~~~):
Ambi 08:33, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
Andris 16:33, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)
I hope both orthogonal and Snowspinner will quickly resolve this matter, as there are better things to spend time on. (I for one would like to get back to editing the Video Poker article :)
However, I sympathize with the plight that orthogonal and Snowspinner find themselves in, so please allow me to comment on these proceedings.
First of all, it's not clear who's doing the bullying and who's pushing back.
Secondly, it's not clear who's relying on procedural issues and who is not.
Thirdly, petty procedural objections should be ignored, but after perusing this page, the first thing Snowspinner has done is to contaminate the "jury pool" by introducing selected details about an unflattering (to orthogonal) but unrelated incident concerning something called "IRC" (whatever "IRC" is), while simultaneously and conveniently claiming that the "IRC" incident will not be introduced as "evidence".
Introducing unrelated and prejudicial evidence, even simply mentioning its existence without fully describing it, is an unacceptable tactic, and whenever the use of this tactic is recognized, its usage can be judged to be a serious enough violation of ethical procedure to justify dismissing the entire matter.
So, I can't concur with Ambi's remarks that orthogonal needs to address the concerns raised by these proceedings before this rather serious procedural issue is addressed, as it makes the entire proceeding unfair to orthogonal right out of the starting gates.
Although this forum is not a court of law, contamination of the "jury pool" overshadows any other valid argument that Snowspinner might make, and I hope the record of these proceedings will be revised to strike any mention of non-Wikipedia incidents before further consideration is made of the merits.
If orthogonal is to be found guilty of doing something wrong on Wikipedia, please only consider Wikipedia-related issues.
Lastly, I find the entire notion of "censuring" somebody to be rather odious. We are all grownups, and if orthogonal "steps over the line" he just makes himself look bad, and most grownups will see that.
Looking at the two user pages and history of orthogonal and Snowspinner's edits, it's pretty clear that they come from very different points of view. Nevertheless, I hope the members of Wikipedia will decide that it is more important that we can all read contributions from both Snowspinner and othogonal, and judge for ourselves the merits of their efforts.
To end with a constructive solution, is it not possible on pages where orthogonal and Snowspinner come into conflict, to establish two separate sections, to keep them out of each other's way?
To summarize, orthogonal and Snowspinner are both passionate about certain issues in a way that the other finds offensive. They will have to agree to disagree.
But the answer to offensive speech is always more speech.
--DV 09:15, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
To follow up, it is unclear how the IRC portion of this dispute can proceed.
an arbitration committee member by the name of "James F" has stated that IRC is "beyond the scope of the Arbitration Committee".
The SysOp named "Angela" has stated flatout on her own user talk page that an IRC dispute is "...a dispute that has nothing to do with Wikipedia (Wikipedia is not IRC)".
Therefore, given that user Fennec is the second person to certify this Request for Comments, and given that Fennec's basis for this certification is the IRC issue, the certification of this Request for Comments is now in dispute.
Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~~~~):
DV 20:40, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
I have been on the outside of this, but watching, since its earliest days. What I have seen is bad and bad behavior on both sides. Snowspinner has harassed and threatened Orthogonal. I encourage people to see the post-RfA comment that started this, where Snowspinner did indeed task Orthogonal for voting outside of the mainstream and imply that this was not done. Further, after a lengthy comment to Orthogonal, Snowspinner did indeed delete orthogonal's response, mislabel it as "minor edit," and then archive his page. The point being that Snowspinner's behavior was not appropriate and about as far from conciliatory as I can imagine.
That should have been that. However, Orthogonal has felt aggrieved and continued to try to provoke Snowspinner. Indeed, there has been no conciliation there, either.
However, I looked at the "personal attacks," and, frankly, I don't see them. I see opinions. Orthogonal believes that Snowspinner is attempting to lay in far too much power for himself, or for a group of Admins. This is a legitimate matter of policy that needs discussion and not a "personal attack." The community is the referee here. If the community agrees that proposing instant bans for "personal attacks" and a new group of administrators who act as police is too great a concentration of power, then the community should vote. Since both of these proposals come from the same user, it is within the rights of any other user to say that it looks like a power grab, forcing will on the project, etc. That's just opinion, not personal attack.
There is also an extraordinary bit of circular logic, here. Snowspinner created the IRC ban and then seems to offer it as proof of Orthogonal's bad behavior. You can't do that, it seems to me, and call it evidence. It is evidence that Snowspinner disliked Orthogonal's conversation, and it might be evidence that he abused IRC powers, but it isn't, by itself, evidence that there was or is any substantive misbehavior. It testifies to high passions, not high crimes.
As for whether Orthogonal's characterization of Snowspinner's responses is accurate or not, that's for the reader to determine. By itself, it's not a personal attack. Anyone competent of reading can assess its aptness, and it could look bad for Orthogonal or Snowspinner.
If Orthogonal calls up people to get them to comment on the procedings, that's called Wikipedia. I do not understand how it differs from Snowspinner doing the same for his policies. How is it different if I call upon people to debate a policy with me? How is that incorrect? How is it "spam" (which is an extraordinarily vitriolic characterization that reveals much more passion than reason)? We're a community. We call on each other.
IRC comments are not and must not be confused with Wikipedia activity. Don't go on IRC, if someone there bothers you. When I see the Freenode surfers trying to pick political fights, I ignore them. Can't Snowspinner and Orthogonal do the same with each other? Is it such that they need to invoke RfC over it?! Please, people, let's not get to that. I can go to IRC and say, "I'd like to blow up Dartmouth College," but I don't expect anyone to think that my votes on Dartmouth Articles are prejudiced (or call the Dartmouth fire department). People do vent there, after all. In the whole time that this tempest has brewed in a teapot, I've seen Orthogonal continue to edit, continue to contribute articles that are beyond reproach, so what Wikipedia offense is being called into question here?
Had Snowspinner ever extended the olive branch, or asked a third party to mediate, I think none of this would have happened. Had Orthogonal dropped his attempts to get Snowspinner to confess to some imputed dark design, perhaps this would not have happened. The fact is that neither has been pleasant to the other, and I'm not convinced that either has really sought peace.
In sum, I think this is two people who really dislike each other. There is, in my opinion, no grounds for action here at all, because, if action were to be taken, it would be on both parties. The grounds for the RfC as stated are, in my opinion, completely fallacious. The grounds for the RfC as unstated are not. The truth is that Orthogonal has been monomaniacal about Snowspinner's attempts at increasing power through policy, and Snowspinner has been monomaniacal about silencing Orthogonal. An RfC could as easily have been launched against Snowspinner for malicious banning, in my opinion, as against Orthogonal for "personal attacks."
These are two people who don't like each other, and Wikipedia is not suffering from it. I say there are no grounds here. Geogre 14:36, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~~~~):
Mike H 16:35, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)
DV 20:40, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
Ambi 01:40, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC) I'm endorsing this as well, as I think it's conclusions are pretty fair, and probably the most accurate of all of these outside views. That said, however, I want to make clear that I disagree with two of Geogre's points - I believe that orthogonal's statements have gone far behind one of of policy (which Geogre seems to characterise it as). I think Snowspinner just did a good job of explaining why on this talk page. Secondly, I believe that this does harm Wikipedia.
Zocky 02:29, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC) I fully endorse Geogre's view. I would just observe that orthogonal is involved in personal disputes much more rarely than Snowspinner.
Dysprosia 06:19, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC) (plus blankfaze's summary above)
Paul August 15:57, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)
Sam [Spade] 22:34, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
I will not make my answer too long. Snowspinner is as usual very overreacting with the evidence. Orthogonal was in the best faith trying to solve the problem and to point out to snowspinner what mistakes he keeps making. Snospinner just got angry and started another RfC. I don`t think that it was a wise idea to promote such an agressive user to admin but I think it is just one of "child sickness"(we call it that way in Serbian , if it is offencive in English sorry) of Wikipedia. I will just keep hoping that Snowspinner will start to accept compromises and to cooperate.
Snowspinner started his attacks on orthogonal because he stood on my side when I was attacked by strange evidences. Some of them include : not voting for snowspinner, putting articles which Snowspinner on FAC. Some of them became featured but Snowspinner argued even about that. His attitude is very arogant and he is not willing to listen to other users. That is what we can see in his IRC powers missuse where he is banning everyone who dissagree. I really don`t understand how can Wikipedia have such admins who are acting in totalitarist way.
Snowspinner uses very infamous way of dealing with people who don`t think like he. He is writting on IRC the worst things about such users. This made orthogonal at first think that I am idiotical throll but now he found out what kind of lies were pushed by snowspinner.
I was warned that my comments here will be used as evidence against me. Obviously I don`t have right for oppinion while Snowspinner can curse my name as much as he can.
Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~~~~):
Avala|★ 20:33, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
I think Avala is correct, doing some investigation of my own I found that Snowy was gathering odd evidence against Avala here and that blaming Orthogonal for defending him. I'm interested is Snowy advotcating a system like the old soviet union where if someone defends another they are thown into jail also?--Plato 05:57, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC) |
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/orthogonal | Discussion | Discussion
All signed comments and talk not related to a vote or endorsement, should be directed to this page's discussion page.
Avala, when you say "one of "child sickness"(we call it that way in Serbian , if it is offencive in English sorry)," I think the word you're looking for in English is "growing pains." It's not insulting in English. Geogre 12:06, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC) |
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/orthogonal | Table of Content | In order to remain listed at, Statement of the dispute, Description, Evidence of disputed behavior, Applicable policies, Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute, Users certifying the basis for this dispute, Other users who endorse this summary, Response by orthogonal, Procedural:, Standing:, Applicable policies:, Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute:, Substantive:, Outside view, Discussion |
Turtle Lake | '''Turtle Lake''' | Turtle Lake may refer to:
Canada
Turtle Lake (Temagami), in Ontario
Turtle Lake (Saskatchewan)
Turtle Lake Monster, cryptid that allegedly lives in the lake
Turtle Lake (Vancouver Island)
Georgia
Turtle Lake (Tbilisi), or "Kus Tba"
United States
Turtle Lake (Beltrami County, Minnesota)
Turtle Lake (Cass County, Minnesota)
Turtle Lake (Douglas County, Minnesota)
Turtle Lake (Grant County, Minnesota)
Turtle Lake (Polk County, Minnesota)
Turtle Lake Township, Beltrami County, Minnesota
Turtle Lake Township, Cass County, Minnesota
Turtle Lake, Shoreview, Minnesota
Turtle Lake Elementary School, Shoreview, Minnesota
Turtle Lake, Montana
Turtle Lake, North Dakota
Turtle Lake, Wisconsin, a village
Turtle Lake, Barron County, Wisconsin, a town
Turtle Lake, Walworth County, Wisconsin, a CDP
Vietnam
Turtle Lake (Ho Chi Minh City) |
Turtle Lake | Table of Content | '''Turtle Lake''' |
Liberalism in Switzerland | unreferenced | This article gives an overview of liberalism and the historical radicalism movement within liberalism in Switzerland. It is limited to liberal and radical parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it is not necessary that parties labeled themselves as a liberal party. |
Liberalism in Switzerland | Introduction | Introduction
In the nineteenth century the radicalism of Freisinn became the dominant political force in Switzerland, which remained for a long time in the twentieth century. Both the major Free Democratic Party of Switzerland (Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei der Schweiz/Parti Radical-Démocratique Suisse, member LI, ALDE Party) and the minor Liberal Party of Switzerland (Liberale Partei der Schweiz/Parti Libéral Suisse, member LI) were centre-right liberal parties that merged into FDP.The Liberals (FDP.Die Liberalen/PLR.Les Libéraux-Radicaux, observer LI, member ALDE) in 2009. |
Liberalism in Switzerland | Timeline | Timeline |
Liberalism in Switzerland | Regeneration | Regeneration |
Liberalism in Switzerland | From Liberal Democrats to Liberal Party of Switzerland | From Liberal Democrats to Liberal Party of Switzerland
1893: The moderate liberals established the Liberal Democrats (Liberaldemokraten), but most German-speaking liberals joined in 1894 the ⇒ Free Democratic Party of Switzerland
1913: The party is renamed Liberal Democratic Party (Liberaldemokratische Partei)
1961: The party is reorganised into the Liberal Democratic Union of Switzerland (Liberaldemokratische Union der Schweiz)
1977: The party is renamed Liberal Party of Switzerland (Liberale Partei der Schweiz/Parti Libéral Suisse) |
Liberalism in Switzerland | Free Democratic Party of Switzerland | Free Democratic Party of Switzerland
1894: The Radicals (Freisinn in German) became a dominant factor in Swiss politics and established as a party the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland (Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei der Schweiz/Parti Radical-Démocratique Suisse)
1896: A faction formed the ⇒ Extreme Left
1918: A conservative faction of the party seceded as the Farmers', Traders' and Citizens' Party
1941: The Zürich branch joined the ⇒ Democratic Party of Switzerland
1971: The Zürich branch of the ⇒ Democratic Party of Switzerland rejoined the party |
Liberalism in Switzerland | From Extreme Left to Democratic Party of Switzerland | From Extreme Left to Democratic Party of Switzerland
1896: The left wing of the ⇒ Free Democratic Party of Switzerland established the Extreme Left (Äußerste Linke)
1905: The Extreme Left organised itself as the social liberal Democratic Party of Switzerland (Demokratische Partei der Schweiz)
1941: A Zürich faction of the ⇒ Free Democratic Party of Switzerland joined the party
1971: The Zürich branch of the party returned to the ⇒ Free Democratic Party of Switzerland, while the Glarus and Grisons branches merged into the Swiss People's Party |
Liberalism in Switzerland | Ring of Independents | Ring of Independents
1936: Gottlieb Duttweiler formed the Ring of Independents as a social-liberal party
1999: The party disbanded |
Liberalism in Switzerland | Liberal leaders | Liberal leaders
Freisinn: Ludwig Snell - Alfred Escher |
Liberalism in Switzerland | References | References |
Liberalism in Switzerland | See also | See also
History of Switzerland
Politics of Switzerland
List of political parties in Switzerland
Category:Politics of Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland |
Liberalism in Switzerland | Table of Content | unreferenced, Introduction, Timeline, Regeneration, From Liberal Democrats to Liberal Party of Switzerland, Free Democratic Party of Switzerland, From Extreme Left to Democratic Party of Switzerland, Ring of Independents, Liberal leaders, References, See also |
Peter Eriksson (politician) | Short description | Lars-Johan Peter Eriksson (born 3 August 1958) is a Swedish politician who served as Minister for International Development Cooperation from January 2019 to December 2020. He previously served as Minister for Housing and Digital Development from 2016 to 2019 and was a member of Swedish Parliament (1994–1998 and 2002–2014) and European Parliament 2014–2016. Between 2002 and 2011, he was spokesperson for the Green Party. |
Peter Eriksson (politician) | Political career | Political career |
Peter Eriksson (politician) | Early beginnings | Early beginnings
Eriksson began his political career in Kalix, Norrbotten, where he was Municipal Commissioner from 1999 to 2004. He was also member of the Riksdag 1994–1998 and 2002–2014.
Between 2002 and 2011, Eriksson was one of the two spokespersons (leaders) of the Green Party in Sweden, working alongside Maria Wetterstrand. Under their leadership, the party notably abandoned a demand in its manifesto that calls for Sweden to leave the EU.Rikard Jozwiak (October 6, 2008), Swedish Greens soften EU stance European Voice. |
Peter Eriksson (politician) | Member of the European Parliament, 2014–2016 | Member of the European Parliament, 2014–2016
Eriksson was a Member of the European Parliament from July 2014 to May 2016, where he served on the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. In addition to his committee assignments, he was part of the Parliament's delegations to the EU-Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee, the EU-Moldova Parliamentary Association Committee, and the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly.Peter Eriksson European Parliament. Within the Greens–European Free Alliance, he served as group's vice-chair under the leadership of co-chairs Ska Keller and Philippe Lamberts. |
Peter Eriksson (politician) | Return to Sweden | Return to Sweden
Eriksson served as Minister for Housing and Digital Development from May 2016 to January 2019. In the 2019 cabinet reshuffle, he was appointed Minister for International Development Cooperation. In this capacity, he pledged a total of approximately US$290 million in contributions of Sweden to Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria for the 2020–2022 period.Sweden Steps Up Fight Against Epidemics with Strong Pledge to Global Fund Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, press release of October 3, 2019. On 17 December 2020, Peter Eriksson announced his resignation from the cabinet with immediate effect. |
Peter Eriksson (politician) | Other activities | Other activities
World Bank, Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors (since 2019)Board of Governors World Bank. |
Peter Eriksson (politician) | Honours | Honours |
Peter Eriksson (politician) | Foreign honours | Foreign honours
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (14 January 2019) |
Peter Eriksson (politician) | References | References
Peter Eriksson at the Riksdag website |
Peter Eriksson (politician) | External links | External links
Peter Eriksson, blog
Category:1958 births
Category:Green Party (Sweden) MEPs
Category:Leaders of political parties in Sweden
Category:Living people
Category:Male feminists
Category:Members of the Riksdag 1994–1998
Category:Members of the Riksdag 1998–2002
Category:Members of the Riksdag 2002–2006
Category:Members of the Riksdag 2006–2010
Category:Members of the Riksdag 2010–2014
Category:Members of the Riksdag from the Green Party
Category:MEPs for Sweden 2014–2019
Category:Municipal commissioners of Sweden
Category:People from Tranås Municipality
Category:Swedish male bloggers
Category:Swedish feminists
Category:Ministers for housing of Sweden |
Peter Eriksson (politician) | Table of Content | Short description, Political career, Early beginnings, Member of the European Parliament, 2014–2016, Return to Sweden, Other activities, Honours, Foreign honours, References, External links |
Avant-garde art | # | redirect Avant-garde |
Avant-garde art | Table of Content | # |
USS Benjamin Franklin | Short description | USS Benjamin Franklin (SSBN 640), the lead ship of her class of ballistic missile submarine, was the only submarine of the United States Navy to be named for Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. |
USS Benjamin Franklin | Construction and commissioning | Construction and commissioning
The contract to build Benjamin Franklin was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut, on 1 November 1962 and her keel was laid down there on 25 May 1963. She was launched on 5 December 1964, sponsored by Mrs. Francis L. Moseley and Mrs. Leon V. Chaplin, great, great, great, great, great-granddaughters of Benjamin Franklin, and commissioned on 22 October 1965, with Captain Donald M. Miller commanding the Blue Crew and Commander Ross N. Williams commanding the Gold Crew. |
USS Benjamin Franklin | Service history | Service history
On 6 December 1965, the Gold Crew successfully launched a Polaris A-3 ballistic missile in close coordination with an orbital pass of the Gemini 7 astronauts Frank Borman and Jim Lovell.
History needed for 1965–1993. |
USS Benjamin Franklin | Decommissioning and disposal | Decommissioning and disposal
Benjamin Franklin was decommissioned on 23 November 1993 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. Her scrapping via the Nuclear-Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program in Bremerton, Washington, was completed on 21 August 1995. |
USS Benjamin Franklin | Notes | Notes |
USS Benjamin Franklin | References | References
Category:Ships built in Groton, Connecticut
Category:Benjamin Franklin-class submarines
Category:Cold War submarines of the United States
Category:Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
Category:1964 ships
Category:Benjamin Franklin |
USS Benjamin Franklin | Table of Content | Short description, Construction and commissioning, Service history, Decommissioning and disposal, Notes, References |
Traffic cone | Short description | thumb|right|Traffic cones are usually used to divert traffic. The reflective sleeves are for nighttime visibility; the bosses at the top ease handling and can be used for attaching caution tape.
Traffic cones, also called pylons, witches' hats, road cones, highway cones, safety cones, caution cones, channelizing devices, construction cones, roadworks cones, or just cones, are usually cone-shaped markers that are placed on roads or footpaths to temporarily redirect traffic in a safe manner. They are often used to create separation or merge lanes during road construction projects or automobile accidents, although heavier, more permanent markers or signs are used if the diversion is to stay in place for a long period of time. |
Traffic cone | History | History
Traffic cones were invented by Charles D. Scanlon, an American who, while working as a painter for the Street Painting Department of the City of Los Angeles, was unimpressed with the traditional wooden tripods and barriers used to mark roads which were damaged or undergoing repainting. Scanlon regarded these wooden structures as easily broken, hard to see, and a hazard to passing traffic. Scanlon's rubber cone was designed to return to an upright position when struck by a glancing blow. The patent for his invention was granted in 1943.
Traffic cones were first used in the United Kingdom in 1958, when the M6 motorway opened. These traffic cones were a substitute for red lantern paraffin burners being used during construction on the Preston Bypass. David Morgan of Burford, Oxfordshire, UK believes that he constructed the first experimental plastic traffic cones in 1961 while working at Imperial Chemical Industries, which replaced pyramid-shaped wooden ones previously used.
In the United States on May 1, 1959, the Pacific Gas and Electric Company in Oakland, California adopted the policy of placing orange safety cones at the left front and left rear corners of their service trucks while parked on the street to increase visibility and safety for the workers. This policy was implemented as the result of a suggestion by their employee, Russell Storch, a cable splicer. He was awarded $45 for his suggestion. This policy is still in use today.PG&E file number 761.1, Suggestion number 1-1759 a letter dated May 1, 1959 from PG&E awarding Mr. Russell Storch an employee of PG&E $45.00 for his suggestion of the use of the cones
Modern traffic cones are usually made of brightly colored thermoplastic. PVC from bottles can be recycled to make traffic cones. |
Traffic cone | Usage | Usage |
Traffic cone | Traffic management | Traffic management
thumb|Cones in use at the "Bridgegate" entrance to the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee, New Jersey
Traffic cones are typically used outdoors during road work or other situations requiring traffic redirection or advance warning of hazards or dangers, or the prevention of traffic. For night time use or low-light situations traffic cones are usually fitted with a retroreflective sleeve to increase visibility. On occasion, traffic cones may also be fitted with flashing lights for the same reason.
In the US, cones are required by the US Federal Highway Administration's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) to be fitted with reflective white bands to increase night-time visibility. Reflective collars, white strips made from white reflective plastic, slip over cones snugly, and tape or adhesive can be used to permanently attach the collars to the cones. |
Traffic cone | Types and sizes | Types and sizes
thumb|upright|Traffic cone on the right is used to indicate that no parking is allowed (UK)
Traffic cones are designed to be highly visible and easily movable. Various sizes are used, commonly ranging from around to a little over . Typical traffic cones are fluorescent "safety" orange, but other bright colors including yellow, pink, red, and lime green are also used, with the color depending on context in some countries. The cones usually have a retroreflective strip (commonly known as "flash tape") to increase their visibility at night.
In the United States, they come in such sizes as:
, – for indoor/outdoor applications
, – for outdoor applications such as freeway line painting
, , (also called Metro cones for their use in cities) – for non-highway applications such as local streets
, – for freeway/highway applications (with reflective stripes)
, – for freeway/highway applications (with reflective stripes)
In New Zealand, they are compliant in two sizes for use on all roads; these are:
35 in (900mm), up to 16.5 lb (7 kg) - for all activities on all roads. (with two reflective stripes)
17.7 in (450mm), up to 16.5 lb (7 kg) - for the protection of wet road markings only (with one reflective stripe) |
Traffic cone | Other forms | Other forms
Cones are easy to move or remove. Where sturdier (and larger) markers are needed, construction sites use traffic barrels (plastic orange barrels with reflective stripes, normally about the same size as a 200-liter (55 gallon) drum. When a lane closure must also be a physical barrier against cars accidentally crossing it, a Fitch barrier, in which the barrels are filled with sand, or a Jersey barrier is used.
In many countries such as Australia and in some American states such as California, traffic barrels are rarely seen; pillar-shaped moveable bollards are instead used where larger and sturdier warning or delineation devices are needed. Typically, bollards are high fluorescent orange posts with reflective sleeve and heavyweight rubber bases. Larger devices such as barrier boards may be used instead of cones where larger areas need to be excluded or for longer periods. |
Traffic cone | Indoor and non-traffic use | Indoor and non-traffic use
Cones are used to lay out courses for autocross competitions.
Cones are also frequently used in indoor public spaces to mark off areas which are closed to pedestrians, such as a restroom being out of order, or to denote a dangerous condition, such as a slippery floor. They can be used on school playgrounds to limit areas of a playing field, and on ice rinks to define class, private party, or private lesson areas. Some of the cones used for this purpose are miniature, as small as tall, and some are disposable full-size cones made of biodegradable paper.
Being distinctive, easily portable and usually left unguarded, traffic cones are often stolen. Students are frequently blamed, to the extent that the British National Union of Students has attempted to play down this "outdated stereotype". |
Traffic cone | In popular culture | In popular culture
thumb|upright|Duke of Wellington statue, with cone (and reserve cones on standby)
In 2007, artist Dennis Oppenheim commemorated the traffic cone with a monumental sculpture of five 20' (six metre) tall cones. They were installed temporarily in Miami, Seattle's Olympic Sculpture Park,Seattle Post-Intelligencer, "Oppenheim's big cones are a caution", May 29, 2008 and Seoul, Korea.
An orange-and-white cone is the logo used by VideoLAN (best known for its VLC media player software).
German group Kraftwerk featured traffic cones on their first two albums, as well as in their concerts at the time.
Traditionally, but unofficially, the Wellington Statue in Glasgow is decorated with a traffic cone. The presence of the cone is given as the reason the statue is in the Lonely Planet 1000 Ultimate Sights guide (at number 229) as a "most bizarre monument". |
Traffic cone | Television | Television
The Traffic Cones is a Belgian TV series on Nickelodeon created by Pascal Adant. |
Traffic cone | See also | See also
Amsterdammertje
Bollard
Cones Hotline
Construction barrel
Road traffic control
Traffic barrier
Traffic guard
VLC Media Player |
Traffic cone | References | References |
Traffic cone | External links | External links
wikt:traffic cone
Federal Highway Administration Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
Category:American inventions
Category:Road safety
Category:Road transport
Category:Safety equipment
Category:Streetworks
Category:Traffic signs
Category:1914 introductions |
Traffic cone | Table of Content | Short description, History, Usage, Traffic management, Types and sizes, Other forms, Indoor and non-traffic use, In popular culture, Television, See also, References, External links |
USS Kamehameha | short description | +USS Kamehameha (SSBN-642) / (SSN-642)
USS Kamehameha (SSBN-642) was a Benjamin Franklin-class ballistic missile submarine and the only ship in the United States Navy to be named after Kamehameha I, the first King of Hawaii (c. 1758–1819). She is one of only two United States ships named after a monarch. She was later reclassified as an attack submarine and re-designated SSN-642.
The ship's motto was Imua, which roughly translates from Hawaiian as "go forth and conquer." Another motto used by her crew was Kam do, a play on the phrase "can do." |
USS Kamehameha | Construction and commissioning | Construction and commissioning
thumb|left|USS Kamehameha (SSBN-642) in her original configuration as a fleet ballistic missile submarine at her launching on 16 January 1965.The contract to build Kamehameha was awarded to Mare Island Naval Shipyard in Vallejo, California on August 31, 1962. The Kamehameha was sponsored by Mrs. Pauline Nawahineokalai King (née Evans), widow of Samuel Wilder King, the eleventh Territorial Governor of Hawaii, and commissioned on December 10, 1965 with Commander Roth S. Leddick in command of the Blue Crew and Commander Robert W. Dickieson in command of the Gold Crew. Construction began on May 2, 1963 and she was launched on January 16, 1965.
Conducting deterrence patrols during the Cold War, Kamehameha's armament was 16 Poseidon ballistic missiles plus 10–12 Mark 48 heavy torpedoes non-ADCAP (advanced capability). |
USS Kamehameha | Service history | Service history
Kamehameha was built by the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in Vallejo, California. Upon completion, she went on her first sea trials off the coast of California. She conducted missile firing tests at Cape Canaveral, Florida, after which she sailed to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Although Pearl Harbor was her home port until 1970, she made all of her Pacific patrols out of Apra Harbor, Guam, to permit maximum time on patrol station with a minimum transit time to and from port.
Kamehameha joined the United States Pacific Fleet and the Blue Crew began her first deterrent patrol on 6 August 1966. In November 1966, the Gold Crew relieved the Blue Crew and returned to patrol. On her last Pacific patrol, the Blue Crew took her to the Pacific Missile Test Range to fire two dummy warhead missiles. The Blue Crew then took Kamehameha into port at Pearl Harbor to prepare for transfer to the Atlantic Fleet.
The Gold Crew relieved the Blue Crew and spent the next few weeks in Honolulu allowing the people of Hawaii to go aboard and see the submarine named in honor of the King of Hawaii. In early June 1970, with the Gold Crew operating the boat, Kamehameha got underway for Charleston, South Carolina via the Panama Canal for duty with Submarine Squadron 18 based at Charleston. The submerged transit to the Panama Canal took approximately seven days, and upon arrival off the coast of Panama, Kamehameha surfaced and was met by the Panama Canal pilot who took her through. The passage through the canal was given priority by the canal authorities, and so little time was spent waiting to enter. The boat was the object of considerable curiosity from those on ships nearby, and from the onlookers ashore. Once clear of the canal, Kamehameha submerged again and began the final leg of the transit, passing through the Caribbean and out into the Atlantic.
Kamehameha surfaced just east of the Charleston harbor sea buoy and waited for the tug to bring Miss Charleston on board. The information about Miss Charleston was in Commander Submarine Squadron 18's message of instructions for Kamehameha's arrival and had caused excitement among the bachelor junior officers. Both the Officer of the Deck, a lieutenant and the Junior Officer of the Deck were scanning the channel. One lookout reported a Navy tug just appearing in the distance. All binoculars were trained on the tug, and the OOD reported, "I see a female standing on the bow!" Thirty seconds later, he then reported, "Captain, that's not Miss Charleston, that's your wife!" The remark was relayed to a reporter who also had arrived on the tug, and the next day, in the Charleston newspaper, the Society page bore the headline, "That's Not Miss Charleston, That's the Captain's Wife!" Miss Charleston had gone to the wrong pier in the shipyard and thus missed the boat.
Shortly after Kamehameha's arrival, she was ordered to sail on patrol earlier than scheduled to fill in for another boat that had suffered a casualty to the main engines. Kamehameha exchanged all 16 missiles in less than 24 hours and replaced the ship's battery. She then took Commander Submarine Flotilla Six, on board and proceeded to sea for four days of sea trials, allowing the flotilla commander to see the capabilities of the new boat. In the event, Kamehameha passed with flying colors and embarked on her first Atlantic Fleet deterrent patrol. She made two more patrols, one Blue and one Gold, and in April 1971, was taken by the Blue Crew into the shipyard for a major overhaul, including refitting for the newer Poseidon missile system, and refueling of the reactor. On 31 May 1971, the Gold Crew was disbanded during the overhaul.
Between 1974 and 1978 she belonged to Submarine Group 2, Squadron 16; homeported in New London, Connecticut, and advance-based in Rota, Spain. She conducted nuclear deterrent patrols in the Atlantic and vicinity without incident in 1975 and 1976. During September–November 1976, Kamehameha spent time in Charleston, South Carolina, conducting SPECOPS with other units, then onto the AUTEC range for qualifications before resuming patrol duties after her return to Rota.
The Kamehameha entered Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PNSY) in 1981 for a non-refueling overhaul. She finished sea trials in late 1982 and worked her way from Groton, Connecticut, to Port Canaveral, Florida, and then to Charleston for her complement of missiles. She then transferred to Holy Loch, Scotland. During the late 1980s, Kamehameha completed a refueling overhaul at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine. Following completion, she transferred to Groton in December 1989 for re-certification inspections and training. During this period, the Gold Crew launched the last Poseidon C-3 (no tactical warheads installed) from missile tube No. 4 off Port Canaveral, Florida. Following certification, she returned to deterrent patrol operations in November 1990 and returned to Holy Loch, Scotland. In August 1991, with the deactivation of the Poseidon missile system, Kamehameha transferred from Holy Loch to Groton and performed non-deterrent patrol operations until July 1992 when she left for conversion.
For much of her operational career, Kamehameha was based in Rota, Spain. |
USS Kamehameha | Conversion to attack submarine | Conversion to attack submarine
In September 1992 through July 1993, at Mare Island Naval Shipyard in Vallejo, California, Kamehameha was converted to a Dry Deck Shelter/swimmer delivery platform, reclassified as an attack submarine, and given hull number SSN-642; her ballistic missile capability was removed, and she carried only torpedoes as armament. After her conversion, there was only one crew, and her subsequent missions included SEAL special warfare operations. Following conversion, Kamehameha transferred to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, for the remainder of her operational career. |
USS Kamehameha | Decommissioning and disposal | Decommissioning and disposal
Kamehameha was decommissioned on 2 April 2002 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. She was the last of the original 41 for Freedom fleet ballistic missile submarines in service, and the oldest submarine in the United States Navy at the time of her decommissioning. The wardroom of the oldest submarine in the fleet carried Richard O'Kane's personal cribbage board, and upon Kamehamehas decommissioning the board was transferred to the next oldest boat, . Upon her decommissioning, Kamehameha had been the longest serving nuclear-powered submarine in history, with a total service period exceeding 37 years. This was exceeded by the in July 2018, prior to her own decommissioning on 18 May 2021.
Kamehamehas scrapping via the Nuclear-Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, Washington, began in October 2002 and was completed on 28 February 2003. |
USS Kamehameha | Commemoration | Commemoration
Kamehamehas commissioning gifts from the State of Hawaii, including her bust of King Kamehameha I, an Acacian Acacia koa plate used for eating, bow and spear, and the wardroom monkeypod wood table, are on display at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, at the Pacific Fleet Submarine Museum. Her periscopes have been donated to Deterrent Park on Submarine Base Bangor, Washington, to become part of the exhibit. |
USS Kamehameha | Notes | Notes |
USS Kamehameha | References | References
Category:Benjamin Franklin-class submarines
Category:Cold War submarines of the United States
Category:Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
Category:Ships built in Vallejo, California
Category:1965 ships |
USS Kamehameha | Table of Content | short description, Construction and commissioning, Service history, Conversion to attack submarine, Decommissioning and disposal, Commemoration, Notes, References |
USS George Bancroft | short description | USS George Bancroft (SSBN-643), a (or "640-class") fleet ballistic missile submarine, was the fourth ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of George Bancroft (1800-1891), United States Secretary of the Navy (1845–1846) and the founder of the United States Naval Academy. |
USS George Bancroft | Construction and commissioning | Construction and commissioning
The contract to build George Bancroft was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut, on 1 November 1962 and her keel was laid down there on 24 August 1963. She was launched on 20 March 1965, sponsored by Mrs. Jean B. Langdon, great, great-granddaughter of Secretary Bancroft, and Mrs. Anita C. Irvine, his great, great, great-granddaughter, and commissioned on 22 January 1966, with Captain Joseph Williams in command of the Blue Crew and Commander Walter M. Douglass in command of the Gold Crew. |
USS George Bancroft | Service history | Service history
George Bancroft was assigned to Submarine Squadron 14 of Submarine Flotilla 6 with New London, Connecticut, as her home port. Her first deployment began with her departure from New London on her first deterrent patrol on 26 July 1966, manned by the Blue Crew. Soon after she successfully completed the patrol with her arrival at Holy Loch, Scotland, the Gold Crew relieved the Blue Crew. A few weeks later, George Bancroft got underway for her second deterrent patrol, manned by the Gold Crew, which ended toward the close of the year. Early in 1967, George Bancroft began her third deterrent patrol, manned by the Blue Crew.
History needed for 1967-1993. |
USS George Bancroft | Decommissioning and disposal | Decommissioning and disposal
George Bancroft was decommissioned on 21 September 1993 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. Her scrapping via the Nuclear-Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, Washington, was completed on 30 March 1998. |
USS George Bancroft | Commemoration | Commemoration
George Bancrofts sail is on display at Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Georgia. |
USS George Bancroft | Notes | Notes |
USS George Bancroft | References | References |
USS George Bancroft | External links | External links
Map:
Category:Ships built in Groton, Connecticut
Category:Benjamin Franklin-class submarines
Category:Cold War submarines of the United States
Category:Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
Category:1965 ships |
USS George Bancroft | Table of Content | short description, Construction and commissioning, Service history, Decommissioning and disposal, Commemoration, Notes, References, External links |
USS George C. Marshall | short description | USS George C. Marshall (SSBN-654), a ballistic missile submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for General of the Army George C. Marshall (1880-1959), who served as U.S. Secretary of State from 1947 to 1949 and as U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1950 to 1951. |
USS George C. Marshall | Construction and commissioning | Construction and commissioning
The contract to build George C. Marshall was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Newport News, Virginia, on 29 July 1963 and her keel was laid down there on 2 March 1964. She was launched on 21 May 1965, sponsored by Katherine Tupper Marshall, widow of General Marshal. At the launching ceremony, former U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson (1893–1971) eloquently described George C. Marshalls strategic deterrent role in the Cold War in this way: "... the waves set up by this launching will go to the furthest reaches of our foreign relations. The very existence of this ship, her power, her mission, her orders, her competence to execute them, will affect more computations, more decisions, than we can readily imagine. Far beyond the Pentagon, the State Department, and the White House, she will add a new factor, a new magnitude, to the correlation of forces by which the communists determine their decisions."
George C. Marshall was commissioned on 29 April 1966, with Commander Warren Richardson Cobean, Jr. in command of the Blue Crew and Commander Willard Edward Johnson in command of the Gold Crew. |
USS George C. Marshall | Service history | Service history
History needed for 1973-1981.
September 1969, the Blue crew went aboard in Holy Loch, Scotland, and departed in October on patrol #7 under the command of Capt Hay. In December the ship returned to Holy Loch and the Gold crew took over.
This sequence was repeated in March 1970 with the Blue crew returning on board in Holy Loch. It tied up alongside the submarine tender USS Canopus.
1970 and 1971, the Gold and Blue crews repeated the sequence except that the Gold crew returned to Charleston, SC in March 1971. The Blue crew was under the command of Capt Roy C. Paul for patrols #11 and #13 returning to Holy Loch before transit to overhaul via the Panama Canal.
Refueling and Poseidon Conversion Overhaul September 1971- March 1973
April 1973 successfully performed DASO ballistic missile launch
November 1975 visited Faslane Submarine Base in Scotland
Operated out of Rota Naval Station, Rota, Spain mid-1970s
Late in 1970s "George C. Marshall" was caught in a fishing trawler net during a transit from Holy Loch, Scotland, leaving a scar on her sail from the wire
In 1980 "George C. Marshall" went through an extensive overhaul in the floating dry dock USS Los Alamos (AFDB-7) in Holy Loch, Scotland
Leaving Holy Loch, Scotland, "George C. Marshall" made a port call in Weymouth, England for 2 days
Conducted midshipman ops out of Naval Submarine Base New London, CT
Moved to Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, GA for one patrol and test fired ballistic missiles prior to entering shipyard for overhaul
Moved to Naval Weapons Station Charleston, SC to unload weapons prior to entering overhaul at Newport News Shipyard.
During an overhaul at Newport News Shipbuilding that lasted from 1981 to 1984, George C. Marshall underwent modifications that included the removal of her Mk 45 ASTOR (and the related 4FZ alarm system) and her Mark 14 torpedo and Mark 37 torpedo capabilities and the installation of a Mobile Submarine Simulator (MOSS) decoy capability on tubes 3 and 4.
History needed for 1984-1992.
George C. Marshall conducted 78 strategic deterrent patrols during her career and was one of the last units to leave Holy Loch, Scotland, following the closing of that base in 1992. She conducted her last dive off San Diego, California, in 1992 on her way to Bremerton, Washington, for decommissioning. |
USS George C. Marshall | Decommissioning and disposal | Decommissioning and disposal
George C. Marshall was decommissioned on 24 September 1992 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. Her scrapping via the Nuclear-Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton was completed on 28 February 1994. |
USS George C. Marshall | Notes | Notes |
USS George C. Marshall | References | References |
USS George C. Marshall | External links | External links
Category:Benjamin Franklin-class submarines
Category:Cold War submarines of the United States
Category:Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
Category:1965 ships
Category:Ships built in Newport News, Virginia |
USS George C. Marshall | Table of Content | short description, Construction and commissioning, Service history, Decommissioning and disposal, Notes, References, External links |
USS Francis Scott Key | short description | +USS Francis Scott Key (SSBN-657)
USS Francis Scott Key (SSBN-657), a ballistic missile submarine, was the only submarine of the United States Navy to be named for Francis Scott Key (1779–1843), an American lawyer, author, and amateur poet who wrote the poem "The Defense of Fort McHenry", which became the words to the United States' national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". During World War II there was a liberty ship named SS Francis Scott Key. |
USS Francis Scott Key | Construction and commissioning | Construction and commissioning
300px|left|thumb|Francis Scott Key is waterborne for the first time at the end of the launching ways at the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation at Groton, Connecticut, during her launching on 23 April 1965.The contract to build Francis Scott Key was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut on 29 July 1963 and her keel was laid down there on 5 December 1964. She was launched on 23 April 1965, sponsored by Mrs. Marjory Key Thorne and Mrs. William T. Jarvis, both direct descendants of Key, and commissioned on 3 December 1966, with Captain Frank W. Graham in command of the Blue Crew and Lieutenant Commander Joseph B. Logan in command of the Gold Crew. |
USS Francis Scott Key | Service history | Service history
The Francis Scott Key was part of Submarine Squadron (SUBRON) 16 based in Rota, Spain. The squadron and submarines moved to Kings Bay, Georgia in 1979.
The Key conducted the first submerged launch of a Trident missile in 1979. She also became the first submarine to go on deterrent patrol with Trident I missiles.
The Gold crew performed the submarine's last SSBN deterrent patrol, Patrol #72, in 1992. The Key combined crews and changed homeport from Charleston, SC to Pearl Harbor, HI in late 1992.
left|250px|thumb|A montage of a Trident I (C4) missile and its reentry vehicles launched from Francis Scott Key |
USS Francis Scott Key | Decommissioning and disposal | Decommissioning and disposal
Francis Scott Key was decommissioned on 2 September 1993 with Commander Carl D. Olson in command, and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. Her scrapping via the U.S. Navy's Nuclear-Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, Washington, was completed on 1 September 1995. |
USS Francis Scott Key | References | References |
USS Francis Scott Key | External links | External links
Category:Ships built in Groton, Connecticut
Category:Benjamin Franklin-class submarines
Category:Cold War submarines of the United States
Category:Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
Category:1965 ships |
USS Francis Scott Key | Table of Content | short description, Construction and commissioning, Service history, Decommissioning and disposal, References, External links |
Two Rivers | wiktionary | Two Rivers may refer to: |
Two Rivers | Places | Places |
Two Rivers | North America | North America
Two Rivers, Alaska, a census-designated place in Fairbanks North Star Borough
Two Rivers, former name of Dos Rios, California
Two River (Mississippi River tributary), a river in Minnesota
Two Rivers (Red River of the North tributary), a river in Minnesota
Two Rivers (town), Wisconsin
Two Rivers, Wisconsin
Two Rivers Township, Morrison County, Minnesota |
Two Rivers | Elsewhere | Elsewhere
Two Rivers Way, footpath in Somerset, England
Mesopotamia, the Land of the Two Rivers or The Two Rivers, referring to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers |
Two Rivers | Schools | Schools
Two Rivers High School (disambiguation), several schools
Two Rivers Magnet Middle School, East Hartford, Connecticut
Two Rivers School District, Yell County, Arkansas |
Two Rivers | Entertainment | Entertainment
Two Rivers, a 2007 album by Iraqi-American trumpeter Amir ElSaffar
"Two Rivers" (song), a 1985 song by Northern Irish band The Adventures
"Two Rivers", a 1989 song by Jeff Beck from the album Jeff Beck's Guitar Shop
Two Rivers (The Wheel of Time), an isolated region in Robert Jordan's novels, in which the series begins
Billy Two Rivers (born 1935), Canadian professional wrestler and politician
"Joe Two Rivers", a major character in the 1963-65 Canadian television series The Forest Rangers
Junji Hirata (born 1956), Japanese professional wrestler a.k.a. "Sonny Two Rivers"
E. Donald Two-Rivers (?–2008), American playwright |
Two Rivers | Other uses | Other uses
Two Rivers Correctional Institution, Umatilla, Oregon
Two Rivers Detention Facility, Hardin, Montana
Two Rivers Dam, dry dam in southeastern New Mexico
Two Rivers Light, Wisconsin lighthouse
Two Rivers Mansion (Nashville, Tennessee), historic house
Two Rivers mine, bord and pillar mine in South Africa
Two Rivers Press, English company
Two Rivers Psychiatric Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
Two Rivers Ranch, cattle ranch business in Florida
Battle of Two Rivers (671) in Caledonia
Order of the Two Rivers, award given by kings and presidents of Iraq
"Ardulfurataini", national anthem of Iraq from 1981 to 2003 |
Two Rivers | See also | See also
Deux Rivières (disambiguation)
Dos Rios (disambiguation) |
Two Rivers | Table of Content | wiktionary, Places, North America, Elsewhere, Schools, Entertainment, Other uses, See also |
Republic of New Afrika | Short description | The Republic of New Afrika (RNA), founded in 1968 as the Republic of New Africa, is a black nationalist organization and black separatist movement in the United States popularized by black militant groups. The larger New Afrika movement in particular has three goals:
Creation of an independent black-majority country situated in the Southeastern United States, in the heart of an area of black-majority population.
Payment by the federal government of several billion dollars in reparations to African American descendants of slaves for the damages inflicted on Africans and their descendants by chattel enslavement, Jim Crow laws, and modern-day forms of racism.
A referendum of all African Americans to determine their desires for citizenship; movement leaders say their ancestors were not offered a choice in this matter after emancipation in 1865 following the American Civil War. |
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