title
stringlengths 1
80
| section
stringlengths 1
623
| text
stringlengths 0
40.4k
|
|---|---|---|
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | See also | See also
Arniston, a wreck in 1815 on the same coast that also involved the 73rd Regiment of Foot
, a troopship which hit a mine in the same area in 1917; the orderly evacuation of troops was compared to Birkenhead, although there were no casualties and the ship was saved from sinking by skilled seamanship and damage control. |
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | Notes | Notes |
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | References | References |
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | Bibliography | Bibliography
Bevan, David (1995). Daughters of the Regiment. London: Traditional Publishing.
Bevan, David (1998). Stand Fast. London: Traditional Publishing. (2nd Ed. Originally entitled: Drums of the Birkenhead, Larsen: 1972).
Carver, Stephen (2016). Shark Alley: The Memoirs of a Penny-a-Liner. Green Door Press.
Doyle, Francis Hastings. "The Loss of the Birkenhead". Poems of South African History, A.D. 1497–1910.
Lyon, David; Winfield, Rif (2004). The Sail and Steam Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815–1889. Chatham Publishing. .
|
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | External links | External links
Survivors of the wreck of HM Troopship Birkenhead 50 years later
Shipwrecks and excavations-HM Troopship Birkenhead
Scuba Diving: Birkenhead: South Africa: Submerged Productions
A tribute to the soldiers aboard HM Transport Birkenhead
Thomas M. M. Hemy (1852–1937) – The Wreck of the 'Birkenhead'
The legend of the HMS Birkenhead
Story of the Birkenhead
Category:Troop ships of the Royal Navy
Category:Troop ships of the United Kingdom
Category:Shipwrecks of the South African Atlantic coast
Category:Ships built on the River Mersey
Category:Maritime incidents in September 1847
Category:Maritime incidents in February 1852
Category:1852 in South Africa
Category:Steam frigates
Category:1845 ships
Category:Maritime incidents in South Africa
Category:King's Royal Rifle Corps
Category:19th-century history of the British Army
Category:Shark attacks |
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | Table of Content | Short description, Description and history, Launch and early life, Final voyage (1852), Sinking, Aftermath, Legacy, ''Birkenhead'' drill, ''Birkenhead'' treasure, HMS ''Birkenhead'' as namesake, Other name legacies, See also, Notes, References, Bibliography, External links |
English Renaissance | short description | thumb|The Family of Henry VIII, c. 1545, at Hampton Court Palace; unknown artist
The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England during the late 15th, 16th and early 17th centuries.Key features of Renaissance culture Andrew Dickson, "An English Renaissance: Key features of Renaissance culture". British Library online, 2017 It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century. As in most of the rest of Northern Europe, England saw little of these developments until more than a century later within the Northern Renaissance. Renaissance style and ideas were slow to penetrate England, and the Elizabethan era in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance. Many scholars see its beginnings in the early 16th century during the reign of Henry VIII."English Renaissance", Poetry Foundation online Others argue the Renaissance was already present in England in the late 15th century.
The English Renaissance is different from the Italian Renaissance in several ways. The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were literature and music. Visual arts in the English Renaissance were much less significant than in the Italian Renaissance. The English period began far later than the Italian, which was moving into Mannerism and the Baroque by the 1550s or earlier. |
English Renaissance | Literature | Literature
thumb|William Shakespeare, chief figure of the English Renaissance, as portrayed in the Chandos portrait (artist and authenticity not confirmed).
England had a strong tradition of literature in the English vernacular, which gradually increased as English use of the printing press became common by the mid-16th century. This tradition of literature written in English vernacular largely began with the Protestant Reformation's call to let people interpret the Bible for themselves instead of accepting the interpretation of the Catholic Church. Discussions of how to translate the Bible so that it could be understood by laymen but remain faithful to God's word became contentious, with people arguing how much license could be taken to impart the correct meaning without sacrificing its eloquence. The desire to let people read the Bible for themselves led William Tyndale to publish his own translation in 1526, giving way to Sir Rowland Hill's publication of the Geneva Bible in 1560, marking the re-establishment of the Church of England at the accession of Elizabeth I. These would be predecessors to the King James Version of the Bible.
Another early proponent of literature in the vernacular was Roger Ascham, who was tutor to Princess Elizabeth during her teenage years, and is now often called the "father of English prose." He proposed that speech was the greatest gift to man from God and to speak or write poorly was an affront.DAY, GARY. (2008). ENGLISH RENAISSANCE CRITICISM. In Literary Criticism: A New History (pp. 111–155). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1r2248.8 By the time of Elizabethan literature, a vigorous literary culture in both drama and poetry included poets such as Edmund Spenser, whose verse epic The Faerie Queene had a strong influence on English literature but was eventually overshadowed by the lyrics of William Shakespeare, Thomas Wyatt and others. Typically, the works of these playwrights and poets circulated in manuscript form for some time before they were published, and above all the plays of English Renaissance theatre were the outstanding legacy of the period. The works of this period are also affected by Henry VIII's declaration of independence from the Catholic Church and technological advances in sailing and cartography, which are reflected in the generally nonreligious themes and various shipwreck adventures of Shakespeare.
The English theatre scene, which performed both for the court and nobility in private performances and a very wide public in the theatres, was the most crowded in Europe, with a host of other playwrights as well as the giant figures of Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. Elizabeth I herself was a product of Renaissance humanism trained by Roger Ascham, and wrote occasional poems such as "On Monsieur's Departure" at critical moments of her life. Philosophers and intellectuals included Thomas More and Francis Bacon. All the 16th century Tudor monarchs were highly educated, as was much of the nobility, and Italian literature had a considerable following, providing the sources for many of Shakespeare's plays. English thought advanced towards modern science with the Baconian Method, a forerunner of the Scientific Method. The language of the Book of Common Prayer, first published in 1549, and at the end of the period the Authorised Version ("King James Version" to Americans) of the Bible (1611) had enduring and profound impacts on the English consciousness. |
English Renaissance | Visual arts | Visual arts
thumb|The Ditchley Portrait of Elizabeth I by the foreign Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, c.1592
England was very slow to produce visual arts in Renaissance styles, and the artists of the Tudor court were mainly imported foreigners until after the end of the Renaissance; Hans Holbein was the outstanding figure. The English Reformation produced a huge programme of iconoclasm that destroyed almost all medieval religious art, and all but ended the skill of painting in England; English art was to be dominated by portrait painting, and then later landscape art, for centuries to come.
The significant English invention was the portrait miniature, which essentially took the techniques of the dying art of the illuminated manuscript and transferred them to small portraits worn in lockets. Though the form was developed in England by foreign artists, mostly Flemish like Lucas Horenbout, the somewhat undistinguished founder of the tradition, by the late 16th century, natives such as Nicolas Hilliard and Isaac Oliver produced the finest work, even as the best producers of larger portraits in oil were still foreigners. The portrait miniature had spread all over Europe by the 18th century. The portraiture of Elizabeth I was carefully controlled and developed into an elaborate and wholly un-realist iconic style, that has succeeded in creating enduring images. |
English Renaissance | Music | Music
English Renaissance music kept in touch with continental developments far more than visual art, and managed to survive the Reformation relatively successfully, though William Byrd (c.1539/40 or 1543 – 1623) and other major figures were Catholic. The Elizabethan madrigal was distinct from, but related to, the Italian tradition. Thomas Tallis ( –1585), Thomas Morley (1557 or 1558 – 1602), and John Dowland (1563–1626) were other leading English composers.
The colossal polychoral productions of the Venetian School had been anticipated in the works of Thomas Tallis, and the Palestrina style from the Roman School had already been absorbed prior to the publication of Musica transalpina, in the music of masters such as William Byrd.
The Italian and English Renaissances were similar in sharing a specific musical aesthetic. In the late 16th century Italy was the musical center of Europe, and one of the principal forms which emerged from that singular explosion of musical creativity was the madrigal. In 1588, Nicholas Yonge published in England the Musica transalpina—a collection of Italian madrigals that had been Anglicized—an event which began a vogue of madrigal in England which was almost unmatched in the Renaissance in being an instantaneous adoption of an idea, from another country, adapted to local aesthetics. English poetry was exactly at the right stage of development for this transplantation to occur, since forms such as the sonnet were uniquely adapted to setting as madrigals; indeed, the sonnet was already well developed in Italy. Composers such as Thomas Morley, the only contemporary composer to set Shakespeare, and whose work survives, published collections of their own, roughly in the Italian manner but yet with a unique Englishness; interest in the compositions of the English Madrigal School has enjoyed a considerable revival in recent decades. |
English Renaissance | Architecture | Architecture
thumb|left|Hampton Court Palace
Despite some buildings in a partly Renaissance style from the reign of Henry VIII (1491–1547), notably Hampton Court Palace (begun in 1515), the vanished Nonsuch Palace, Sutton Place and Layer Marney Tower, and the building of Soulton Hall under Queen Mary I, it was not until dawning of Elizabethan architecture that a true Renaissance style became widespread, influenced far more by northern Europe than Italy.
The most famous buildings, of a type called the prodigy house, are large show houses constructed for courtiers, and characterised by lavish use of glass, as at "Hardwick Hall, more glass than wall", Wollaton Hall, Montacute House, Hatfield House and Burghley House, the style continuing into the early 17th century before developing into Jacobean architecture. Lesser, but still large, houses like Little Moreton Hall continued to be constructed and expanded in essentially medieval half-timbered styles until the late 16th century. Church architecture essentially continued in the late medieval Perpendicular Gothic style until the Reformation, and then stopped almost completely, although church monuments, screens and other fittings often had classical styles from about the mid-century. The few new church buildings post-Reformation were usually still Gothic in style, as in Langley Chapel of 1601.Airs, Malcolm, The Buildings of Britain, A Guide and Gazetteer, Tudor and Jacobean, especially chapters 1, 3 and 8, 1982, Barrie & Jenkins (London), |
English Renaissance | Major English Renaissance authors | Major English Renaissance authors
Major literary figures in the English Renaissance include:
Francis Bacon
Francis Beaumont
Thomas Campion
George Chapman
Francis Hubert
Thomas Dekker
John Donne
John Fletcher
John Ford
John Milton
Ben Jonson
Thomas Kyd
Christopher Marlowe
Philip Massinger
Thomas Middleton
Thomas More
Thomas Nashe
William Rowley
William Shakespeare
James Shirley
Philip Sidney
Edmund Spenser
William Tyndale
John Webster
Thomas Wyatt |
English Renaissance | See also | See also
Tudor period
Canons of Renaissance poetry
Jacobean era
Early modern Britain
Walter Raleigh |
English Renaissance | References | References |
English Renaissance | Further reading | Further reading
Cheney, Patrick. "Recent Studies in the English Renaissance," SEL: Studies In English Literature (2007) 47(1): 199–275
Grant, Patrick. 1979. Images and Ideas in the Literature of the English Renaissance. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Hadfield, Andrew. The English Renaissance, 1500–1620 (2001)
Hattaway, Michael, ed. A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture. (2000). 747 pp.
Keenan, Siobhan. Renaissance Literature (Edinburgh Critical Guides to Literature) (2008)
Lamb, Mary Ellen. "Recent Studies In The English Renaissance," SEL: Studies in English Literature (Johns Hopkins); 2006 46(1): 195–252
Loewenstein, David. "Recent Studies in the English Renaissance," SEL: Studies in English Literature Spring 2011, Vol. 51 Issue 2, pp 199–278
Robin, Diana; Larsen, Anne R.; and Levin, Carole, eds. Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England (2007) 459p.
Rowse, A. L. The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Life of the Society (2000) excerpt and text search
Sheen, Erica, and Lorna Hutson, eds. Literature, Politics and Law in Renaissance England (2005)
Smith, Emma and Garrett A. Sullivan Jr., eds. The Cambridge Companion to English Renaissance Tragedy (2010)
Wynne-Davies, Marion. Women Writers and Familial Discourse in the English Renaissance. Relative Values (2007)
England
England
*
Category:Cultural history of England
.
.
.
.
Category:17th century in England
Category:History of England by period
Category:History of the United Kingdom by period
Category:Kingdom of England |
English Renaissance | Table of Content | short description, Literature, Visual arts, Music, Architecture, Major English Renaissance authors, See also, References, Further reading |
Thus (company) | Short description | Thus was a telecommunications provider operating in the United Kingdom based in Glasgow, Scotland. The company was once listed on the London Stock Exchange and became a subsidiary of Cable & Wireless Worldwide (CWW). Following the acquisition of Cable & Wireless Worldwide by Vodafone in July 2012, the company was gradually integrated into Vodafone. This was completed on 1 April 2013. |
Thus (company) | History | History
The company was founded in 1994 as Scottish Power Telecommunications Holdings Ltd (trading as Scottish Telecom), an offshoot of the energy company ScottishPower. In 1998 the company acquired Demon Internet.Scottish Telecom buys Demon Internet Internet News, 5 May 1998 Rod Matthews, who had founded the business, remained as Chief Executive until 1999.Matthews in new venture Independent on Sunday, 31 March 2001
thumb
On 4 October 1999 Scottish Telecom announced their new name "thus".
A short while later in 1999, the newly named Thus PLC listed on the London Stock Exchange.
thumb|Front and back of a London-branch employee’s business card showing the original Thus logo and internet domain name "let-it-be-thus.com" - circa 2000.
In 2002 it was demerged from Scottish Power in a deal which effectively wiped out the majority of the company's debts, placing the company on a sound financial footing.And thus the demerger finally came to pass Independent, 20 December 2001
In August 2004 it sold its call centre operation to Response Handling Ltd and in 2006 it acquired Your Communications and Legend Communications.RHL secures buy-out of contact group Thus Precision Marketing, 16 July 2004Thus agrees to buy Your Communications and Legend Financial News, 1 February 2006
On 28 May 2008 Cable & Wireless plc announced their intention to purchase the company with an offer of 165p per share: this first offer was rejected on 6 June 2008.Thus Group rejects Cable & Wireless approach Announcement, 6 June 2008 On 30 June 2008, Cable & Wireless announced that it had acquired a 29.9% stake in Thus and tabled an improved offer of £329 million, or 180p per share.C&W makes offer for Thus Reuters, 30 June 2008 On 1 October 2008, Cable & Wireless completed the takeover of Thus: the company became known as "Thus, a Cable & Wireless business". |
Thus (company) | Operations | Operations
The company supplied some services (most notably Internet services) to small businesses. Many of its major customers had their business transferred to Cable & Wireless Worldwide. |
Thus (company) | References | References |
Thus (company) | External links | External links
Category:Defunct telecommunications companies of the United Kingdom
Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Category:Companies based in Glasgow
Category:Telecommunications companies established in 1994
Category:Scottish brands
Category:British companies disestablished in 2013
Category:1994 establishments in Scotland
Category:2013 disestablishments in Scotland
Category:British companies established in 1994 |
Thus (company) | Table of Content | Short description, History, Operations, References, External links |
James Fitzmaurice | Short description | James Michael Christopher Fitzmaurice DFC (6 January 1898 – 26 September 1965) was an Irish aviation pioneer. He was a member of the crew of the Bremen, which made the first successful trans-Atlantic aircraft flight from East to West on 12–13 April 1928. |
James Fitzmaurice | Early life | Early life
Fitzmaurice was born in Dublin, Ireland on 6 January 1898. His parents were Michael Fitzmaurice and Mary Agnes O'Riordan. The family resided at 35 Mountjoy Cottages on Dublin's North Circular Road.
On 23 May 1902, at the age of four, Fitzmaurice moved with his parents to a house on Dublin Road, Portlaoise, Ireland. Fitzmaurice attended St. Mary's, a Christian Brothers School in Maryborough (Portlaoise) until shortly before his 16th birthday.
In 1914 he joined the National Volunteers. Later that year, he enlisted in the Cadet Company of the 7th Battalion of the Leinsters. He was then 16 years of age although the required minimum age was 19. Fitzmaurice was taken out by his father for being underage. |
James Fitzmaurice | World War I | World War I
In 1915, Fitzmaurice enlisted in the British Army, 17th Lancers (a cavalry unit). He was sent to France, was wounded, and was twice recommended for a commission. He arrived in France circa May 1916. He was then posted to another English unit, the 7th Battalion of the Queen's Royal (West Surrey) Regiment of Foot as an acting sergeant. It was part of the 55th Brigade in the British 55th (West Lancashire) Division. In July 1916, he fought in the Battle of the Somme.
On his 19th birthday in January 1917, Fitzmaurice held the rank of Corporal, was an acting Sergeant, and commanded Platoon No. 13 of D Company, 7th Queen's. He was approved for a commission in May. On 8 June, Fitzmaurice left for England "to take up commission". He was sent for training to Cadet College and graduated to the 8th (Irish) Battalion, King's (Liverpool Regiment) as a Second Lieutenant on 28 November 1917. Fitzmaurice was then posted to the School of Military Aeronautics at Reading. On 1 June 1918, Fitzmaurice began his "practical flying training" at Eastbourne Aerodrome. On 28 October 1918, having completed his elementary training at Eastbourne, Fitzmaurice was posted to the No. 1 School of Fighting and Aerial Gunnery at Marske-by-the-Sea, near Middlesbrough. He completed his training as a fighter pilot and was posted to sail to France on 11 November 1918, the day that the Armistice with Germany became effective. His sailing was cancelled when the Armistice was announced. |
James Fitzmaurice | After the war | After the war
Fitzmaurice married Violet "Bill" Clarke on his 21st birthday. He continued to serve in the Royal Air Force, flying the mails with 110 Squadron. He served in the "Army of Occupation" until 1919. In May 1919, he was selected to undertake the first-night mail flight (Folkestone to Boulogne). In 1919, he was selected for a Cape to Cairo flight (which did not materialize). From September to November 1919, Fitzmaurice commanded the 6th Wing Working Party of the RAF. He was assigned the task of removing useful material from six aerodromes which had been deactivated. In December he was demobilized and spent most of the following 18 months selling insurance for the North British and Mercantile Insurance Company.
In about May 1921, Patricia Fitzmaurice was born. She was the only child of Violet and James Fitzmaurice. Fitzmaurice was recalled in May 1921 after 18 months and was attached to 25 Squadron. He accepted a Short Service Commission for four to six years. In August 1921 Fitzmaurice resigned his RAF commission.
thumb|upright|Irish Air Corps crest
Sometime during his service in the RAF, Fitzmaurice adopted the accent used by English officers. He apparently retained this distinctively non-Irish accent for the remainder of his life. His new accent may have helped his career in the RAF.
In February 1922, Fitzmaurice joined the Irish National Army's Air Service following the formation of the Irish Free State. Early in 1923 he was promoted to captain. On 25 October 1925, he was promoted to Acting Commandant and was appointed second-in-command of the Irish Air Corps, with headquarters in Baldonnel. He was later promoted to Commandant on 1 September 1927.
Fitzmaurice made his first attempt to fly the Atlantic in 1927, when in the Princess Xenia (aircraft) (a Fokker F.VIIa aircraft) piloted by Captain Robert Henry McIntosh, who got financial backing from an American millionaire William Bateman Leeds and his co-financier Captain Anthony (Wilfred Heyman) Joynson-Wreford. Captain Joynson-Wreford was to have been the navigator on the flight but unfortunately had to stand down due to the recurrence of an old war injury. Having received the meteorological forecast indicating, that even though the first 200 miles off the Irish coast were poor, the rest of the route to America was clear, so they decided to proceed with the attempt. A large crowd watched their take off from Baldonnel at 1:30 p.m., however, the weather off the coast of Galway was turbulent and got worse until visibility was virtually nil. It seemed suicidal to continue so they turned back and landed at Beale Strand near Ballybunion in County Kerry. Fitzmaurice was co-pilot of the Xenia with Maurice W. Piercey for the five and a half-hour flight that only took them 300 miles off the Irish coast.Roseberry, C.R.(1966). The Challenging Skies: The Colorful Story of Aviation's Most Exciting Years, 1919-1939, p. 120. Garden City NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc. |
James Fitzmaurice | ''Bremen'' flight | Bremen flight
thumb|The Bremen after the transatlantic crossing
On 12–13 April 1928, Fitzmaurice flew in the crew of the Bremen on the first transatlantic aircraft flight from East to West. The crew consisted of:
Captain Hermann Köhl (1888–1938), pilot
Commandant James Fitzmaurice, (1898–1965) co-pilot
Baron Ehrenfried Günther Freiherr von Hünefeld (1892–1929), owner
Köhl made a "perfect three-point landing" on a shallow, ice-covered, water reservoir (which James called a "lagoon") for the lighthouse at Greenly Island, Canada. Just as the Bremen came to a stop, it broke through the ice. The tail then projected about 20 feet (6 m) into the air. Everybody got wet but everybody was safe.Roseberry, pp. 177-179 |
James Fitzmaurice | After the flight | After the flight
On 2 May 1928, the 70th United States Congress authorized the President, Calvin Coolidge, to confer the United States Distinguished Flying Cross on the fliers.United States Statutes at Large, Volume 45, p.482, Chapter 480, 70th Congress, 1st Session, H.R.13331, Public, No.341, 2 May 1928.
In recognition of their trans-Atlantic flight achievement, Fitzmaurice and his two companions were bestowed the Freedom of the City of Dublin on 30 June 1928.
After the successful flight, Fitzmaurice was promoted from Major to Colonel, but he resigned from the Service on 2 February 1929. He was divorced in January 1931. Fitzmaurice met Hitler in 1933, following an invitation extended shortly after the Reichstag elected Hitler as Chancellor, Fitzmaurice was reportedly present to witness the Reichstag fire.
During much of the 1930s, Fitzmaurice lived in New York. He spent World War II in London, where he ran a club for veteran pilots. After the war, he returned to Ireland.
On 1 June 1955, Fitzmaurice was the guest of honour when Lufthansa inaugurated airline service between Shannon and New York.
Fitzmaurice died in Dublin on 26 September 1965. |
James Fitzmaurice | Legacy | Legacy
There are streets named for Fitzmaurice in four German cities: Bremen (at the airport), Cologne, Ulm and Pfaffenhofen an der Roth. In addition, streets have been named for him in cities in a number of English-speaking countries, including in Wagga Wagga, Australia.
The Fitzmaurice Flying School was opened in Baldonnel in February 1996 and in April the restaurant in the Kingswood County House Hotel was named after the aviator. In 1998, for the 70th anniversary of the famous flight, a short film was made profiling the life of Fitzmaurice with dramatic reconstruction of the flight. An Post issued a postage stamp commemorating Fitzmaurice as part of a series of four stamps of Irish aviation pioneers in the same year when his daughter, Patricia, unveiled a bronze bust of Fitzmaurice in the foyer of Portlaoise County Hall. Also in 1998, Dublin County Council named the new link road between Saggart and Rathcoole, two villages that are close to the Irish Air Corps headquarters at Baldonnel, as Fitzmaurice Road. |
James Fitzmaurice | See also | See also
List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland
P. A. Ó Síocháin |
James Fitzmaurice | References | References |
James Fitzmaurice | External links | External links
Category:1898 births
Category:1965 deaths
Category:Aviators from Dublin (city)
Category:Aviation pioneers
Category:Irish colonels
Category:17th Lancers soldiers
Category:Queen's Royal Regiment soldiers
Category:Royal Air Force officers
Category:People from Portlaoise
Category:Burials at Glasnevin Cemetery
Category:British Army personnel of World War I
Category:King's Regiment (Liverpool) officers
Category:Irish Air Corps personnel
Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Category:Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
Category:Military personnel from Dublin (city)
Category:Irish officers in the British Army
Category:Irish officers of the Royal Air Force |
James Fitzmaurice | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, World War I, After the war, ''Bremen'' flight, After the flight, Legacy, See also, References, External links |
Template:Tennis at the Summer Olympics | Navbox
| Category:Tennis at the Summer Olympics navigational boxes |
Template:Tennis at the Summer Olympics | Table of Content | Navbox
|
Villalvernia | Infobox Italian comune
| Villalvernia is a comune, population 932, in the Province of Alessandria in Piedmont, Italy, situated in a hilly area on the right bank of the Scrivia. |
Villalvernia | History | History
Probably founded during the 10th century, and simply called Villa, the town was partially enfeoffed to the bishops of Tortona by Pope Adrian IV (Nicholas Breakspear). In 1413 Filippo Maria Visconti enfeoffed it to Guglielmo d'Alvernia. The village remained with the Alvernias for 167 years, which explains the "alvernia" part of the placename.
In 1580, after the wedding of Francesco with Antonia Alvernia, the feud passed to the Spinola family. In 1652 the feudatories obtained the title of Marquess from Philip IV, King of Spain.
On 1 December 1944, the village was bombed by the United States Air Force; 105 inhabitants were killed and 253 were injured. |
Villalvernia | References | References
Category:Cities and towns in Piedmont |
Villalvernia | Table of Content | Infobox Italian comune
, History, References |
Christopher Street | short description | Christopher Street is a street in the West Village neighborhood of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is the continuation of 9th Street west of Sixth Avenue.
It is most notable for the Stonewall Inn, which is located on Christopher Street near the corner of Seventh Avenue South. As a result of the Stonewall riots in 1969, the street became the center of the world's gay rights movement in the late 1970s. To this day, the inn and the street serve as an international symbol of gay pride.
Christopher Street is named after Charles Christopher Amos, the owner of the inherited estate which included the location of the street. Amos is also the namesake of nearby Charles Street, and of the former Amos Street, which is now West 10th Street., pp. 37, 39 |
Christopher Street | History | History
thumb|left|260px| PATH station
Christopher Street is, technically, the oldest street in the West Village, as it ran along the south boundary of Admiral Sir Peter Warren's estate, which abutted the old Greenwich Road (now Greenwich Avenue) to the east and extended north to the next landing on the North River, at present-day Gansevoort Street. The street was briefly called Skinner Road after Colonel William Skinner, Sir Peter's son-in-law. The street received its current name in 1799, when the Warren land was acquired by Warren's eventual heir, Charles Christopher Amos. Charles Street remains, but Amos Street is now 10th Street."A portion of the West Village was carved from a farm owned by a man named Charles Christopher Amos, and his three names were parceled out among three of the new streets." ()
The road ran past the churchyard wall of the Church of St. Luke in the Fields (built 1820–22; rebuilt after a fire, 1981–85) still standing on its left, down to the ferry landing, commemorated in the block-long Weehawken StreetWeehawken, New Jersey, lies on the opposite shore. (laid out in 1829), the shortest street in the West Village. At the Hudson River, with its foundation in the river and extending north to 10th Street, Newgate Prison, the first New York State Prison, occupied the site from 1796 to 1829, when the institution was removed to Sing Sing and the City plotted and sold the land.
West Street is on more recently filled land, but the procession of boats that had made the inaugural pass through the Erie Canal stopped at the ferry dock at the foot of Christopher Street, November 4, 1825, where it was met by a delegation from the city; together they proceeded to the Lower Bay, where the cask of water brought from the Great Lakes was ceremoniously emptied into the salt water.Frank Bergen Kelley, Edward Hagaman Hall. Historical Guide to the City of New York (City History Club of New York), 1909:75.
In 1961, Jane Jacobs, resident in the area and author of The Death and Life of Great American Cities published that same year, headed a group that successfully stopped Mayor Robert Wagner's plan to demolish twelve blocks along West Street north of Christopher Street, including the north side of Christopher Street to Hudson Street, and an additional two blocks south of it, slated for "urban renewal".Landmarks Preservation Commission: Weehawken Street Historic District, May 2, 2006 |
Christopher Street | Gay icon<span class="anchor" id="As a gay icon"></span> | Gay icon
thumb|left|The Stonewall Inn on Christopher Street in Greenwich Village, a designated U.S. National Historic Landmark and National Monument, as the site of the June 1969 Stonewall riots and the cradle of the modern gay rights movement|alt=A two-story building with brick on the first floor, with two arched doorways, and gray stucco on the second floor off of which hang numerous rainbow flags.
Christopher Street is the site of the Stonewall Inn, the bar whose patrons fought back violently in June 1969 against a police raid, sparking the Stonewall riots that are widely seen as the birth of the gay liberation movement. The Christopher Street Liberation Day Committee formed to commemorate the first anniversary of that event, the beginning of the international tradition of a late-June event to celebrate gay pride. The annual gay pride festivals in Berlin, Cologne, and other German cities are known as Christopher Street Days.
In part because of the riots at the Stonewall Inn, the LGBT community came to congregate around Christopher Street. By the early 1970s, other LGBT businesses had opened along the street, even as the bar itself had closed. A commentator for The Advocate wrote in 1972 that the riots had succeeded in associating Christopher Street's name with LGBT culture, while a 1982 Washington Post article described the street, and particularly the bar's site, as the "birthplace of the gay rights movement in this country". Large numbers of gay men would stroll its length at seemingly all hours. Gay bars and stores selling leather fetish clothing and artistic decorative items flourished at that time. This changed dramatically with the loss of many gay men during the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s.
Christopher Street magazine, a respected gay magazine, began publication in July 1976 and folded in December 1995. Anaïs Nin once worked at Lawrence R. Maxwell Books, located at 45 Christopher Street.Recollections of Anaïs Nin, Ohio University Press, 1996, p. 6.
On June 23, 2015, the Stonewall Inn was the first landmark in New York City to be recognized by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on the basis of its status in LGBT history, and on June 24, 2016, the Stonewall National Monument was named the first U.S. National Monument dedicated to the LGBTQ-rights movement. The visitor center opened on June 28, 2024, as the first official national visitors center dedicated to the LGBTQ+ experience to open anywhere in the world. Numerous politicians and celebrities participated in the inauguration ceremonies,; and the New York City Subway's Christopher Street–Sheridan Square station was renamed the Christopher Street–Stonewall station on the same day. |
Christopher Street | Iconic locations | Iconic locations
Near Sixth Avenue, Christopher Street intersects with a short, winding street, coincidentally named Gay Street.
Since 1992, Christopher Park, located at the intersection of Christopher, Grove, and West 4th Streets, has hosted a duplicate of the sculpture Gay Liberation Monument by George Segal to commemorate the gay rights traditions of the area. The Oscar Wilde Bookshop, located on the corner of Christopher and Gay, was the oldest LGBT bookshop in the world until it closed in 2009. |
Christopher Street | {{anchor | Other locations
thumb|270px|Lucille Lortel Theatre
thumb|Former United States Appraiser Store, later a Federal Office Building, now The Archive, an apartment building on the National Register of Historic Places and a New York City landmark
McNulty's Tea and Coffee Company, a purveyor dating back to 1895, is on the street.Frommer's review of McNulty's Tea & Coffee Company, The New York Times. Accessed online 23 July 2008.
Kettle of Fish, a bar now on Christopher Street, was once located above the famous Gaslight Cafe on MacDougal Street. Since the Beat Generation, it has also become affiliated with Green Bay Packers fans.
Adjacent to Sheridan Square is Christopher Park, a .145 acre landmark. The park that contains a bronze statue of Philip Sheridan and a reproduction of George Segal's Gay Liberation, originally located at Stanford University.
St John's Lutheran Church is at 81 Christopher Street, between Bleecker and West 4th Streets.
The Lucille Lortel Theatre, an Off-Broadway playhouse, is located at 121 Christopher Street.
At the westernmost tip is the Christopher Street Pier, which was recently renovated and converted into a waterfront park.
Christopher Street is the first stop in Manhattan on the 33rd Street branches of the PATH. The PATH identifies Christopher Street station with a large single capital 'C'.
The street also hosts a station on the New York City Subway's IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line at (), Formerly, the Christopher Street elevated station served the now-demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line.
At the southwest corner of Seventh Avenue and Christopher Street is the Hess triangle, a mosaic which reads "Property of the Hess Estate Which Has Never Been Dedicated for Public Purpose". A surveying error for the subway line left this small triangle remaining in private possession.
All locations can be accessed via the westbound bus, which runs along the entire street (eastbound buses use West 10th Street). |
Christopher Street | Notable current and past residents | Notable current and past residents
Theodor W. Adorno, philosopher and cultural theorist, once lived at 45 Christopher Street
Richard Amos, brother of Charles Christopher Amos, member of the Culper Spy Ring in New York City during the American Revolutionary War
Eva Amurri, actor
Bob Balaban, actor and writer, lived at 95 Christopher Street
Vincent Canadé, artist, lived at 86 Christopher Street in the 1930s
James Coco, actor, once lived at 45 Christopher Street
E. E. Cummings, poet, lived at 11 Christopher Street in 1918
Harlan Ellison, science fiction author, lived at 95 Christopher Street in the early 1960s
Dick Francis, science fiction illustrator, once lived at 105 Christopher Street
Ben M. Hall, author and founder of the Theatre Historical Society of America, lived at 181 Christopher Street where he was murdered in 1970
Rosemary Harris, actress, once lived at 77 Christopher Street
Philip Seymour Hoffman, actor
Sally Kirkland, actress, once lived at 84 Christopher Street
Luigi Lucioni, Italian-American painter known for his still lifes, landscapes, and portraits. His family emigrated to Christopher Street from Malnate, Italy in 1911.Embury, Stuart P. (2006). "Chapter One: The Early Years". The Art and Life of Luigi Lucioni. Embury Publishing Company. pp. 1–3.
Peter MacNicol, actor, once lived at 95 Christopher Street
Marshall W. Mason, theater director, lived at 165 Christopher Street for 43 years
David "Fathead" Newman, jazz musician who lived at 95 Christopher through the 1980s
Yoko Ono, singer and artist, once lived at 87 Christopher Street
William Poole, member of the New York City gang Bowery Boys
Dawn Powell, author, lived at 95 Christopher Street from 1963 to 1965"Dawn Powell, Novelist, Is Dead; Author of Witty, Satirical Books; Middle Class Was the Object of Her Stinging Fiction-13 Books Published", The New York Times, November 16, 1965. "Miss Powell, who had resided in Greenwich Village most of her life, maintained an apartment at 95 Christopher Street, where she did most of her writing in recent years."
Lindsay Price, actress
Amy Sedaris, actress and comedian, once lived at 95 Christopher Street
Linda Solomon, New York editor of New Musical Express and Village Voice columnist lived at 95 Christopher from 1960 to 1999
Ted White, author and editor, once lived at 105 Christopher Street |
Christopher Street | In popular culture | In popular culture
"Christopher Street" is both a song and the main location of the 1953 musical Wonderful Town.
The courtyard of 125 Christopher Street was the model for the sets of the 1954 thriller film Rear Window, directed by Alfred Hitchcock.
The 1979 episode "The Spy" of the TV show Barney Miller—about a group of New York City police detectives working in the fictional 12th Precinct in Greenwich Village—established Miller's home address as 617 Christopher Street.
In Paul Simon's 1983 song "Rene and Georgette Magritte with Their Dog after the War," artist René Magritte and his wife Georgette "were strolling down Christopher Street when they stopped in a men's store."
The 1999 song "My My Metrocard", by queercore punk band Le Tigre on their debut album, mentions the location.
On the TV show NYPD Blue, season 7, episode 3 (June 2000) "The Man with Two Right Shoes" shows Christopher Street directly after detectives mention "hitting the fairy bars" to find a gay, male prostitute.
The Lou Reed song "Halloween Parade" from his 1989 album New York begins with the line "There's a downtown fairy singing out 'Proud Mary' as she cruises Christopher Street."
In the comic series "Preacher", it is referenced as the current address of detective Paul Bridges, implying that the tough, ruthless, and homophobic detective, was in fact homosexual.
In The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel episode "Interesting People on Christopher St.", the main character Miriam mistaking her manager for a lesbian (the character Susie's sexuality is ambiguous), goes to Christopher St. surreptitiously asking for info on a lesbian bar, often being rebuffed as she is mistaken for an undercover cop. |
Christopher Street | References | References |
Christopher Street | External links | External links
Gay/Lesbian nightlife on Christopher Street from GayCities New York
New York: Christopher Street, NYSonglines.com virtual walking tour
Category:Streets in Manhattan
Category:Stonewall National Monument |
Christopher Street | Table of Content | short description, History, Gay icon<span class="anchor" id="As a gay icon"></span>, Iconic locations, {{anchor, Notable current and past residents, In popular culture, References, External links |
Liberalism in Serbia | short description | Liberalism in Serbia is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ denotes another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it is not necessary so that parties labeled themselves as a liberal party. |
Liberalism in Serbia | Introduction | Introduction
Liberal parties were active in former Serbia and later in Yugoslavia. After the restoration of democracy liberal factions became active again. |
Liberalism in Serbia | The timeline | The timeline |
Liberalism in Serbia | From Liberals to Nationalists | From Liberals to Nationalists
1848: Beginning of differentiating of political currents, liberals noticeable next to the conservatives
1858: Liberals organized themselves though not yet as political party in the modern sense
1881: The group established the Society for the promotion of Serbian Literature (Дружина за помагање српске књижевности) NGO
1883: The organization is formed into a political party: Liberal Party (Либерална странка)
1904: A left-wing faction seceded as the ⇒ Liberal Democratic Party (Либерално демократска странка) returning to original liberal ideas, the remainder continues as the National Party (Национална странка) straying far away from liberalism
1905: The ⇒ Liberal Democratic Party reunited the National Party into the People's Party (Народна странка) of the liberal center
1919: The party merged with the Independent Radical Party and the Serbian Progressive Party (among many others) into the ⇒ Yugoslav Democratic Party |
Liberalism in Serbia | Progressive Party | Progressive Party
1842: The Constitution-defenders (Уставобранитељи) are organized, first forefathers of the progressives
1868: The Young Conservatives are organized, although not yet as a political party
1881: The Serbian Progressive Party (Српска напредна странка) is founded with many strong liberal ideas
1896: The party dissolved
1906: The party is reestablished, fully reformed
1914: The conservative faction seceded as the Serbian Conservative Party (Конзервативна странка)
1919: The party merged with the People's Party and the Independent Radical Party (along with many others) into the ⇒ Yugoslav Democratic Party
1920: The party is reestablished by the remainder that didn't join into the Democrats
1925: The party ceased to exist |
Liberalism in Serbia | Radical Party | Radical Party
1881: People's Radical Party (Народна радикална странка) was founded as a classical radical party.
1903: Liberal wing secedes from the People's Radical Party and forms the Independent Radical Party (Самостална радикална странка)
1919: The Independent Radical Party merges with the ⇒ Serbian Progressive Party and the People's Party, along with many other political forces from former Austria-Hungary into the pan-Yugoslav ⇒ State Party of Serbian, Croatian and Slovene Democrats |
Liberalism in Serbia | From Democrats to Liberals | From Democrats to Liberals
1919: The Independent Radical Party merges with the Serbian Progressive Party and the People's Party, along with many other political forces from former Austria-Hungary into the pan-Yugoslav State Party of Serbian, Croatian and Slovene Democrats (Државотворна странка демократа Срба, Хрвата и Словенаца / Državnotvorna stranka demokrata Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca)
1919: A group of hard-core republicans secedes
1920: The republican dissidents form the Republican Democratic Party (Републиканска демократска странка / Republikanska demokratska stranka)
1921: Republican Party is renamed as Yugoslav Republican Party (Југословенска републиканска странка / Jugoslovenska republikanska stranka)
1921: The party is formally named as the Yugoslav Democratic Party (Југословенска демократска странка / Jugoslovenska demokratska stranka) gaining a statute
1924: A faction formed the ⇒ Independent Democratic Party (Самостална демократска странка / Samostalna demokratska stranka)
1929: monarchic dictatorship is established and parties are banned
1935: preserving structure, the Democrats return into politics with the reintroduction of multi-parliamentarism
1945: Parties are again banned, JDS goes into pacifist resistance to Communism
1948: JDS is destroyed by Communists, but "Our Word" (Naša reč) emigrant newspaper is organized maintaining Democrats' ideology
1963: emigrants reform the party as the Democratic Alternative (Demokratska alternativa) emigrant movement abroad
1968: student liberal demonstrations in Belgrade, opposition to Communist dictatorship formed => Committee for the Protection of Human Rights (Комитет за заштиту људских права / Komitet za zaštitu ljudskih prava), considered predecessor of the modern Democratic Party
1982: Democratic Alternative ceases to exist
1989: Reestablishment of the party declared (Democratic Party (Serbia)
1990: The party is reorganized as a political party, but just in Serbia
1990: "Our Word" stops editing
1991: A nationalist group seceded as the Serbian Liberal Party (Српска либерална странка / Srpska liberalna stranka)
1992: Conservative wing seceded as the Democratic Party of Serbia (Демократска странка Србије / Demokratska stranka Srbije)
1996: A faction seceded as the Democratic Center (Демократски центар / Demokratski centar)
2001: The party changed its ideology to social democracy
2004: The ⇒ Democratic Centre returned into the Democratic Party
2005: A faction led by Čedomir Jovanović seceded as the Liberal Democratic Party
2007: ⇒ Civic Alliance of Serbia merged into the Liberal Democratic Party |
Liberalism in Serbia | From Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia to Reformist Party | From Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia to Reformist Party
1989: The pan-Yugoslav Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia (Savez reformskih snaga Jugoslavije) is founded
1991: The party is renamed in Serbia into the Reformist Party (Reformska stranka)
1992: The party merged with the Republican Club (Republikanski klub) into the Civic Alliance of Serbia (Građanski savez Srbije) |
Liberalism in Serbia | Civic Alliance of Serbia | Civic Alliance of Serbia
1992: The ⇒ Reformist Party merged with the Republican Club (Republikanski klub) to form the Civic Alliance of Serbia (Građanski savez Srbije)
1996: A left wing faction seceded as the ⇒ Social Democratic Union (Socijaldemokratska unija)
2007: The party merged into the ⇒ Liberal Democratic Party |
Liberalism in Serbia | Liberal leaders | Liberal leaders
Čedomilj Mijatović
Milan Piroćanac
Milutin Garašanin
Stojan Novaković
Ljubomir Davidović
Milan Grol
Zoran Đinđić |
Liberalism in Serbia | See also | See also
History of Serbia
Politics of Serbia
List of political parties in Serbia |
Liberalism in Serbia | References | References
Serbia
Category:Politics of Serbia |
Liberalism in Serbia | Table of Content | short description, Introduction, The timeline, From Liberals to Nationalists, Progressive Party, Radical Party, From Democrats to Liberals, From Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia to Reformist Party, Civic Alliance of Serbia, Liberal leaders, See also, References |
Živa (mythology) | distinguish | __notoc__
Živa, Zhiva () is a mother goddess of one of the tribes belonging to the Obodritic confederation of the Polabian Slavs. The goddess so appears only in the Chronicle of Helmold of Bozov. He described the strengthening of the pagan cult during the reign of Niklot:
As the tribe's main gord was Ratzeburg, Živa, in one copy of the Chronicle, is called "Goddess of Ratzeburg" ().
In copies of the Chronicle, the name is noted as: (Copenhagen copy), (Lübeck), (Vienna), (Szczecin). The Copenhagen, Lübeck and Szczecin manuscripts indicate that the name contained the grapheme ⟨w⟩ ([v]); the Szczecin notation was created as a result of frequent ⟨u⟩ → ⟨n⟩ alternation and reflected the form *Syuua, while the double ⟨u⟩ = ⟨w⟩, which indicates the original form (*Syva). The Viennese transcript is the most distorted in relation to the original.
Scholars agree on the etymology of this theonym. It is read as the Slavic *Živa, from Slavic feminine adjective *živa "alive, live, living". Živa is also a personal name attested in several Slavic languages, e.g. the Old Polabian personal name *Živa (Latin: , 1336), the Old Polish surname Żywa (Latin: , , , ), the Serbo-Croatian given name , the Bulgarian , and others. Originally, therefore, this theonym was a given name, which then became an epithet of an unknown goddess, whose characteristics would have to be related to the meaning of the name; this theonym can be understood as a wishing name, e.g., "may she be alive and live long", or a characterizing name, e.g., "she who is alive". Vyacheslav Ivanov i Vladimir Toporov considered Živa to be an epithet of the goddess Mokosh (which was preserved in the names of the Polabians after Christianization). |
Živa (mythology) | See also | See also
140 Siwa |
Živa (mythology) | References | References |
Živa (mythology) | Works cited | Works cited
|
Živa (mythology) | External links | External links
Category:Mother goddesses
Category:Slavic goddesses |
Živa (mythology) | Table of Content | distinguish, See also, References, Works cited, External links |
Forstmann Little & Company | Short description | Forstmann, Little & Company was an American private equity firm, specializing in leveraged buyouts (LBOs). At its peak in the late 1990s, Forstmann Little was among the largest private equity firms globally. Ultimately, the firm would suffer from the bursting of the internet and telecom bubbles, having invested heavily in technology and telecommunications companies. Following the death of the last surviving founder, Theodore Forstmann, in 2011, the firm was dissolved and its assets sold off. It closed in May 2014. |
Forstmann Little & Company | History | History
Ted Forstmann was a golfing partner of Derald Ruttenberg at the Deepdale Country Club on Long Island. He arranged for Ruttenberg to meet Henry Kravis and Jerry Kohlberg of the start-up Kohlberg Kravis Roberts. Kravis and Kohlberg proposed what they called a leveraged buyout. After the two had left, Ruttenberg suggested that Forstmann could do the same himself. Ruttenberg arranged funding for Forstmann, who launched Forstmann Little & Company in 1978.
The company was founded by brothers Ted and Nick Forstmann, and Brian Little. With the deaths of Brian Little and Nicholas Forstmann in 2000 and 2001, respectively, Ted Forstmann was the chief partner. A third brother, J. Anthony Forstmann, is a limited partner in the firm.
Between its inception in 1978 to its 2014 closing, the firm made more than 30 acquisitions and significant investments returning over $14 billion in profit for its investors.
Successful acquisitions included Gulfstream Aerospace, Topps Playing Cards, Dr Pepper, Stanadyne, and General Instrument. The company was usually successful in making a profit on such purchases, selling Gulfstream to General Dynamics, and General Instrument to Motorola. In the case of Gulfstream, Ted Forstmann took direct control of the financially ailing company's day-to-day operations to improve the company's attractiveness to a potential acquirer.
The company has also had some flops, such as McLeodUSA and XO Communications. In 2002, the state of Connecticut sued Forstmann, Little & Company to recover $125 million in losses associated with investments in these two telecom companies, citing negligence and breach of contract.Litigation: A growing risk factor for private equity, Private Equity Newsletter, September 18, 2007. While Forstmann settled the case for $15 million, the suit was considered a landmark, launching a series of similar actions between private equity fund managers and public entity investors.Goodbye to all that, New York Times, October 10, 2004.
One prominent episode in the life of the company was the 1988 bidding war for RJR Nabisco. Forstmann Little offered to acquire RJR Nabisco, but the management (chiefly F. Ross Johnson) instead chose Shearson Lehman Hutton. In the end, the board of directors chose Forstmann Little's arch-rival, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. The episode was popularized in the book Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco.
Other headline transactions the firm participated in include Revlon (1985), which resulted in the so-called Revlon Duty, and Citadel Broadcasting, of which Forstmann Little owns 27%, following a merger with ABC Radio in 2006. In 2004, Forstmann Little acquired IMG in a $750 million deal, and in 2005 bought 24 Hour Fitness for $1.6 billion. |
Forstmann Little & Company | Dissolution | Dissolution
In 2011, Theodore Forstmann, the last surviving founder, died of brain cancer. The law firm Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld dissolved the firm by selling off its assets. IMG was sold in 2013 for $2.3 billion to William Morris Endeavor. The last asset to be sold was 24 Hour Fitness, which was purchased for $2 billion by AEA Investors. |
Forstmann Little & Company | References | References |
Forstmann Little & Company | External links | External links
Forstmann Little & Company (Archive of Company Website from May 2000)
Category:American companies established in 1978
Category:Financial services companies established in 1978
Category:Financial services companies disestablished in 2015
Category:Private equity firms of the United States
Category:1978 establishments in New York (state)
Category:2015 disestablishments in New York (state)
Category:American companies disestablished in 2015 |
Forstmann Little & Company | Table of Content | Short description, History, Dissolution, References, External links |
Elin Nordegren | Short description | Elin Maria Pernilla Nordegren (; born 1 January 1980) is a Swedish former model and nanny. She was married to professional golfer Tiger Woods from 2004 until their divorce in 2010. |
Elin Nordegren | Early life and education | Early life and education
Nordegren was born in Stockholm. Her mother, politician Barbro Holmberg, is the former Swedish migration and asylum policy minister as well as the former Governor of Gävleborg County. Her father, Thomas Nordegren, is a radio journalist who has served as a bureau chief in Washington, D.C. She has an elder brother, Axel, and a twin sister Josefin Nordegren.Tiger Woods Update: Elin Nordegren's Swedish hideway offers privacy, but no running water. NY Daily News. 14 December 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2009. Her parents divorced when she was seven years old. Nordegren and her sister had summer jobs as cashiers in supermarkets to finance their studies. The two moved to Germany with their father in 1997 for a year, studying English and German in eleventh grade at John F. Kennedy School, Berlin. Elin started modeling in 2000, and appeared on the cover of Cafe Sport magazine in the summer of 2000.
In May 2014, Nordegren graduated from Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida, with a degree in psychology, receiving the outstanding senior award.Owen, David. Back in the zone from The Guardian. 29 October 2006.Tresniowski, Alex. Can Tiger Save His Marriage? from People. 25 January 2010. She gave the commencement address at the graduation ceremony. |
Elin Nordegren | Personal life | Personal life |
Elin Nordegren | Marriage and family | Marriage and family
Nordegren took a job in Champagne, a Stockholm clothing store, where she met Mia Parnevik, wife of Swedish golfer Jesper Parnevik, who hired Nordegren as the au pair to their children, the job requiring her to move full-time to the U.S. Tiger Woods was introduced to her during the 2001 Open Championship. For the previous year, Woods had asked to be introduced to Nordegren, who was seeing someone else at the time. "She had no interest in Tiger and he was OK with that," Mia Parnevik said. "There was a big line of single golfers wanting to meet her. They were gaga over her." At the time, she had hopes of becoming a child psychologist. In November 2003, Woods and Nordegren attended the Presidents Cup tournament in South Africa and became officially engaged when Woods proposed at the luxury Shamwari Game Reserve.
They were married in October 2004, by the 19th hole of the Sandy Lane resort in Barbados. Woods rented the entire complex for a week, including three golf courses and 110 rooms, costing almost
Nude photographs purporting to be of Nordegren began circulating on the Internet. Despite them being fakes, Irish magazine The Dubliner published the nude photographs and stated they were of Nordegren. On 16 November 2006, Nordegren filed a libel suit against The Dubliner. Nordegren won €125,000, and The Dubliner was required to publish a lengthy apology in a variety of venues.
In 2007, Woods announced the birth of the couple's daughter, Sam Alexis, a day after finishing second in the U.S. Open. On 2 September 2008, Woods announced they were expecting another child in late winter. Nordegren gave birth to a boy, Charlie Axel, in 2009. |
Elin Nordegren | Divorce | Divorce
In December 2009, her marriage to Woods was the subject of extensive media coverage after Woods admitted to infidelity, which had been revealed following his single-vehicle accident near the family's Florida home. After Woods' infidelity was revealed, Jesper Parnevik was quoted as having said, "I'm kind of filled with sorrow for Elin since me and my wife are at fault for hooking her up with him, and we probably thought he was a better guy than he is." Woods announced he would take an "indefinite break" from golf to work on his marriage. These efforts were unsuccessful, however, as Nordegren and Woods finalized their divorce in the Bay County Circuit Court in Panama City, Florida, on 23 August 2010. Nordegren's legal team included her sister, Josefin (who is licensed to practice law in England and Sweden) and several of Josefin's U.S. colleagues at international law firm McGuireWoods.Brian Baxter. "Family Ties Help McGuireWoods Land Tiger Woods Divorce Role". The American Lawyer. .
Using the $100 million she received from her divorce from Woods, she purchased a $12 million Florida mansion built in the 1920s. She had the entire structure demolished after an architect advised that it made better sense to start over than to try bringing the home up to current hurricane safety codes. Before demolishing the home in December 2011, she allowed Habitat for Humanity to come into the home for four weeks and salvage anything they found of value. The contents of the estate were auctioned at a Habitat for Humanity warehouse, including a fountain with water spouting out of three lions' mouths, five refrigerators, temperature-controlled wine coolers, and other furniture. |
Elin Nordegren | Later relationships | Later relationships
In 2011, Nordegren was in a relationship with American businessman Jamie Dingman, which lasted less than a year. She dated American entrepreneur Chris Cline from 2013 to 2017.
In June 2019, it was announced that Nordegren was expecting her first child with former National Football League player Jordan Cameron. Nordegren gave birth to a son, Arthur, in October 2019. In December 2022, Nordegren gave birth to their second child, reportedly a daughter. The couple also has a third child together. |
Elin Nordegren | References | References
Category:Identical twin females
Category:Nannies
Category:People from Stockholm
Category:Rollins College alumni
Category:Swedish expatriates in the United States
Category:Swedish female models
Category:Swedish twins
Category:1980 births
Category:Living people |
Elin Nordegren | Table of Content | Short description, Early life and education, Personal life, Marriage and family, Divorce, Later relationships, References |
Kovar | Short description | thumb|Assortment of Kovar metal shapes from an advertisement in a 1950 electronics magazine
Kovar (trademark of CRS Holdings, inc., Delaware) is a nickel–cobalt ferrous alloy compositionally identical to Fernico 1, designed to have substantially the same thermal expansion characteristics as borosilicate glass (≈ between , to ≈ at 800 °C) to allow a tight mechanical joint between the two materials over a range of temperatures. It finds application in glass-to-metal seals in scientific apparatus, and conductors entering glass envelopes of electronic parts such as vacuum tubes (valves), X-ray and microwave tubes and some lightbulbs.
Kovar was invented to meet the need for a reliable glass-to-metal seal, which is required in electronic devices such as light bulbs, vacuum tubes, cathode-ray tubes, and in vacuum systems in chemistry and other scientific research. Most metals cannot seal to glass because their coefficient of thermal expansion is not the same as glass; as the joint cools after fabrication the stresses due to the different expansion rates of the glass and metal cause the joint to crack.
Kovar not only has thermal expansion similar to glass, but its nonlinear thermal expansion curve can often be made to match a glass, thus allowing the joint to tolerate a wide temperature range. Chemically, it bonds to glass via the intermediate oxide layer of nickel(II) oxide and cobalt(II) oxide. The proportion of iron oxide is low due to its reduction by cobalt. The bond strength is highly dependent on the oxide layer thickness and character. The presence of cobalt makes the oxide layer easier to melt and dissolve in the molten glass. A grey, grey-blue or grey-brown color indicates a good seal. A metallic color indicates lack of oxide, while black color indicates overly oxidized metal, in both cases leading to a weak joint.
The name Kovar is often used as a general term for Fe–Ni alloys with these particular thermal expansion properties. The related particular Fe–Ni alloy Invar exhibits minimum thermal expansion. |
Kovar | Typical composition | Typical composition
Given in percentages of weight.
Fe Ni Co C Si Mn balance 29% 17% < 0.01% 0.2% 0.3% |
Kovar | Properties | Properties
Property sintered HIPed Density g /cm3 8.0 8.35 Hardness / HV1 160 150Young's Modulus / GPa 138reduction of area at fracture / % 30yield strength / MPa 270thermal conductivity / W/K∙m 17Curie Temperature / °C 435electrical resistivity Ω mm2 / m 0.49specific heat J/g∙K 0.46thermal expansion coefficient/10−6 / K (25–200 °C) 5.5 (25–300 °C) 5.1 (25–400 °C) 4.9 (25–450 °C) 5.3 (25–500 °C) 6.2 |
Kovar | References | References |
Kovar | External links | External links
Kovar specification page
Category:Ferrous alloys
Category:Nickel alloys |
Kovar | Table of Content | Short description, Typical composition, Properties, References, External links |
Principle of compositionality | Short description | In semantics, mathematical logic and related disciplines, the principle of compositionality is the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its constituent expressions and the rules used to combine them. The principle is also called Frege's principle, because Gottlob Frege is widely credited for the first modern formulation of it. However, the principle has never been explicitly stated by Frege, and arguably it was already assumed by George BooleBoole, G. (1854). An investigation of the laws of thought: on which are founded the mathematical theories of logic and probabilities. Walton and Maberly. decades before Frege's work.
The principle of compositionality (also known as semantic compositionalism) is highly debated in linguistics. Among its most challenging problems there are the issues of contextuality, the non-compositionality of idiomatic expressions, and the non-compositionality of quotations. |
Principle of compositionality | History | History
Discussion of compositionality started to appear at the beginning of the 19th century, during which it was debated whether what was most fundamental in language was compositionality or contextuality, and compositionality was usually preferred. Gottlob Frege never adhered to the principle of compositionality as it is known today (Frege endorsed the context principle instead), and the first to explicitly formulate it was Rudolf Carnap in 1947. |
Principle of compositionality | Overview | Overview
A common formulation of the principle of compositionality comes from Barbara Partee, stating: "The meaning of a compound expression is a function of the meanings of its parts and of the way they are syntactically combined."
It is possible to distinguish different levels of compositionality. Strong compositionality refers to compound expressions that are determined by the meaning of its immediate parts and a top-level syntactic function that describes their combination. Weak compositionality refers to compound expressions that are determined by the meaning of its parts as well as their complete syntactic combination. However, there can also be further gradations in between these two extremes. This is possible, if one not only allows the meaning of immediate parts but also the meaning of the second-highest parts (third-highest parts, fourth-highest parts, etc.) together with functions that describes their respective combinations.
On a sentence level, the principle claims that what remains if one removes the lexical parts of a meaningful sentence, are the rules of composition. The sentence "Socrates was a man", for example, becomes "S was a M" once the meaningful lexical items—"Socrates" and "man"—are taken away. The task of finding the rules of composition, then becomes a matter of describing what the connection between S and M is.
Among the most prominent linguistic problems that challenge the principle of compositionality are the issues of contextuality, the non compositionality of idiomatic expressions, and the non compositionality of quotations.Pelletier (2016) section "12 This Chapter"
It is frequently taken to mean that every operation of the syntax should be associated with an operation of the semantics that acts on the meanings of the constituents combined by the syntactic operation. As a guideline for constructing semantic theories, this is generally taken, as in the influential work on the philosophy of language by Donald Davidson, to mean that every construct of the syntax should be associated by a clause of the T-schema with an operator in the semantics that specifies how the meaning of the whole expression is built from constituents combined by the syntactic rule. In some general mathematical theories (especially those in the tradition of Montague grammar), this guideline is taken to mean that the interpretation of a language is essentially given by a homomorphism between an algebra of syntactic representations and an algebra of semantic objects.
The principle of compositionality also exists in a similar form in the compositionality of programming languages. |
Principle of compositionality | Critiques | Critiques
The principle of compositionality has been the subject of intense debate. Indeed, there is no general agreement as to how the principle is to be interpreted, although there have been several attempts to provide formal definitions of it.Szabó, Zoltán Gendler (2012) "Compositionality". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published Thu Apr 8, 2004; substantive revision Fri Dec 7, 2012
Scholars are also divided as to whether the principle should be regarded as a factual claim, open to empirical testing; an analytic truth, obvious from the nature of language and meaning; or a methodological principle to guide the development of theories of syntax and semantics. The Principle of Compositionality has been attacked in all three spheres, although so far none of the criticisms brought against it have been generally regarded as compelling. Most proponents of the principle, however, make certain exceptions for idiomatic expressions in natural language.
The principle of compositionality usually holds when only syntactic factors play in the increased complexity of sentence processing, while it becomes more problematic and questionable when the complexity increase is due to sentence or discourse context, semantic memory, or sensory cues.Baggio et al. (2012), Conclusions. Among the problematic phenomena for traditional theories of compositionality is that of logical metonymy, which has been studied at least since the mid 1990s by linguists James Pustejovsky and Ray Jackendoff.Chersoni, E., Lenci, A., & Blache, P. (2017, August). Logical metonymy in a distributional model of sentence comprehension. In Sixth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (* SEM 2017) (pp. 168-177).James Pustejovsky. 1995. The Generative Lexicon. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MARay Jackendoff. 1997. The Architecture of the Language Faculty. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Logical metonymies are sentences like John began the book, where the verb to begin requires (subcategorizes) an event as its argument, but in a logical metonymy an object (i.e. the book) is found instead, and this forces to interpret the sentence by inferring an implicit event ("reading", "writing", or other prototypical actions performed on a book). The problem for compositionality is that the meaning of reading or writing is not present in the words of the sentence, neither in "begin" nor in "book".
Further, in the context of the philosophy of language, the principle of compositionality does not explain all of meaning. For example, you cannot infer sarcasm purely on the basis of words and their composition, yet a phrase used sarcastically means something completely different from the same phrase uttered straightforwardly. Thus, some theorists argue that the principle has to be revised to take into account linguistic and extralinguistic context, which includes the tone of voice used, common ground between the speakers, the intentions of the speaker, and so on. |
Principle of compositionality | See also | See also
Componential analysis
Context principle
Semantics (computer science)
Semantics of logic
Garden-path sentence
Initial algebra
Levels of Processing model
Opaque context — another problem for compositionality
Referential transparency — in programming languages
Semantic decomposition (natural language processing) |
Principle of compositionality | Notes | Notes |
Principle of compositionality | References | References
Baggio, G., Van Lambalgen, M., & Hagoort, P. (2012) The processing consequences of compositionality, in M. Werning, W. Hinzen, & E. Machery (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of compositionality (pp. 655–672).
Janssen, T. M. (2012) Compositionality: Its historic context, in M. Werning, W. Hinzen, & E. Machery (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of compositionality, pp. 19–46, Oxford University Press.
Pelletier, Francis Jeffry (2001) Did Frege believe Frege’s principle?, in Journal of Logic, Language and Information 10:87–114.
Pelletier, Francis Jeffry (2016) Semantic Compositionality in M. Aronoff (ed) The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Oxford UP. |
Principle of compositionality | Further reading | Further reading
Ferreira, F., Bailey, K. G., & Ferraro, V. (2002). Good-enough representations in language comprehension in Current directions in psychological science, 11(1), 11-15.
Ferreira, F., & Patson, N. D. (2007). The ‘good enough’approach to language comprehension in Language and Linguistics Compass, 1(1‐2), 71-83.
(2004) revisions in 2005, 2007, 2012, 2017, 2020.
Werning, Markus; & Edouard Machery, & Gerhard Schurz (Eds., 2004) The Compositionality of Meaning and Content, Vol. I & II, Ontos
Werning, Markus; & Wolfram Hinzen, & Edouard Machery (Eds., 2012) The Oxford Handbook of Compositionality, Oxford University Press
Category:Semantics
Category:Principles
Category:Philosophy of language
Category:Syntax–semantics interface
Category:Formal semantics (natural language) |
Principle of compositionality | Table of Content | Short description, History, Overview, Critiques, See also, Notes, References, Further reading |
Lewis Kimberly | Short description | thumb|300px|A posed photograph of U.S. Navy officers holding a council of war aboard the Asiatic Squadron flagship, the steam frigate , off Korea in June 1871 prior to the Korean Expedition. Commander Lewis Kimberly, commanding officer of the sloop-of-war , stands second from left.
Rear Admiral Lewis Ashfield Kimberly (April 22, 1830 – January 28, 1902) was an officer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War and the years following. |
Lewis Kimberly | Biography | Biography |
Lewis Kimberly | Early life and career | Early life and career
Kimberly was born in Troy, New York, and was appointed a midshipman on 8 December 1846. He served aboard the sloop in the Africa Squadron in 1847–50, then in the Pacific aboard the frigate during 1850–52, receiving promotion to passed midshipman on June 8, 1852. He then returned to African waters, serving in the sloops and in 1853–56, and was promoted to master and lieutenant on September 15 and 16, 1855. Kimberly spent some time stationed at the Boston Navy Yard, and then served aboard the sloop in the East India Squadron between July 1857 and April 1860, before joining the newly commissioned steam sloop which sailed for the Mediterranean in October 1860, finally returning to the United States in July 1861 after the outbreak of the Civil War.
Between 1856 and 1860, he kept a notebook of doodles, sketches, and watercolors. Themes included geometric designs, architectural drawings, caricatures, cipher codes, and sketches of his colleagues. In 2008, the USS Constitution Museum acquired it. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.