title
stringlengths 1
80
| section
stringlengths 1
623
| text
stringlengths 0
40.4k
|
|---|---|---|
Anthurium | Species | Species
For a full list, see the List of Anthurium species.
thumb|right|Anthurium andraeanum Princess Amalia Elegance
In 1860 there were 183 species known to science, and Heinrich Wilhelm Schott defined them in 28 sections in the book Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum.Schott, H. W. Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum. Wien. 1860. In 1905 the genus was revised with a description of 18 sections.Engler, A. (1905). Araceae-Pothoideae. Das Pflanzenreich IV. 23B, Heft 21, pp. 1–330. In 1983 the genus was divided into the following sections:Sections of Anthurium. aroid.org
Belolonchium
Calomystrium
Cardiolonchium
Chamaerepium
Cordatopunctatum
Dactylophyllium
Decurrentia
Digitinervium
Gymnopodium
Leptanthurium
Pachyneurium
Polyphyllium
Polyneurium
Porphyrochitonium
Schizoplacium
Semaeophyllium
Tetraspermium
Urospadix
Xialophyllium |
Anthurium | Gallery | Gallery |
Anthurium | Toxicity | Toxicity
All plants within the Anthurium genus are toxic to cats, dogs, and even horses. Each part of the plant, including the root, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds, poses a risk of toxicity. The plant contains insoluble calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause oral irritation, pain, swelling, excessive drooling, vomiting, and difficulty swallowing. Keeping these plants away from your pets (and equines) is the best way to prevent a medical emergency. |
Anthurium | See also | See also
Spathiphyllum, similar looking plant genus of same family |
Anthurium | References | References |
Anthurium | External links | External links
Category:Araceae genera
Category:Constantly blooming plants |
Anthurium | Table of Content | Short description, Description and biology, Cultivation, Propagation, Species, Gallery, Toxicity, See also, References, External links |
Like Father, Like Clown | Distinguish | "Like Father, Like Clown" is the sixth episode of the third season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on October 24, 1991. In the episode, Krusty the Clown reveals to the Simpsons that he is Jewish and that his father, Rabbi Hyman Krustofsky, kicked him out for pursuing a career in comedy. Bart and Lisa try to reunite a heartbroken Krusty with his estranged father.
The episode was written by the duo of Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky, and directed by Jeffrey Lynch and Brad Bird; as it was Lynch's first credit as a director, Bird was assigned to help him. Krusty's religion had not been part of the original concept of the character, so Kogen and Wolodarsky decided to parody the 1927 film The Jazz Singer and establish that Krusty is Jewish. The episode was carefully researched and two rabbis, Lavi Meier and Harold M. Schulweis, were credited as "special technical consultants". Comedian Jackie Mason, who had once been an ordained rabbi, provided the voice of Hyman Krustofsky. Hyman later became an infrequently recurring character voiced by Dan Castellaneta. Mason returned to voice the character in several later episodes.
In its original broadcast, "Like Father, Like Clown" finished 34th in ratings with a Nielsen rating of 12.7. Mason won a Primetime Emmy Award in 1992 for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for his performance as Hyman Krustofsky. |
Like Father, Like Clown | Plot | Plot
Krusty had agreed to have dinner with the Simpsons to repay Bart for helping exonerate him for charges of armed robbery. When he keeps canceling, an upset Bart writes him a letter saying he has lost faith in Krusty. Krusty's secretary, Lois Pennycandy, is so moved by the letter that she threatens to quit if Krusty does not keep his promise to Bart, so Krusty reluctantly attends. When asked to say grace, Krusty recites a Hebrew blessing. Realizing that Krusty is Jewish, Lisa speaks of his heritage, making him break down in tears. He tells the family that saying the blessing reminds him of his troubled past.
Krusty reveals his real name is Herschel Krustofsky () and describes his upbringing on the Lower East Side of Springfield. His father, Hyman Krustofsky, is a rabbi who hated his son's wish to become a comedian and wanted him to follow in his footsteps. At school, Krusty made the other students laugh and became a slapstick comedian behind his father's back. One night, Krusty performed at a rabbis' convention unknowingly attended by Hyman. A rabbi squirted seltzer on him, washing off his clown makeup. Recognizing Krusty, an outraged Hyman immediately disowned his son. They have not seen or spoken to each other in 25 years.
While filming an episode of The Krusty the Klown Show, Krusty is reduced to tears on-camera after showing a father-and-son themed episode of The Itchy & Scratchy Show. Lisa says “A man who envies our family is a man who needs help” and she and Bart decide to reunite father and son. Hyman tells them: "I have no son!" and Bart says "Great, we came all this way and it's the wrong guy." He adds: "I didn't mean that literally!" He refuses to reconcile with Krusty because he believes that his son had abandoned his faith and family. To outsmart Hyman, Lisa finds Judaic teachings that urge forgiveness, but he refutes her arguments. In a last-ditch effort, Bart convinces Hyman to abandon his stubborn ways by quoting Sammy Davis Jr. — a Jewish entertainer like Krusty — and making a passionate plea about the struggles that the Jewish people have overcome. Bart's speech finally convinces Hyman that entertainers have a place in Jewish culture.
Krusty is feeling glum when he starts the live of his show, and then calls for Itchy & Scratchy to roll. Bart and Lisa arrive backstage with Hyman, and he and Krusty joyously reconcile before the audience. Hyman accepts a cream pie from Bart and throws it in his son's face. |
Like Father, Like Clown | Production | Production
thumb|upright|Brad Bird co-directed the episode.
"Like Father, Like Clown" was written by the duo of Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky. Krusty's religion had not been part of the original concept of the character, so Kogen and Wolodarsky decided to parody The Jazz Singer and establish that Krusty is Jewish.Jean, Al. (2003). Commentary for "Like Father, Like Clown", in The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox. They pitched the idea to co-executive producer Sam Simon, who rejected it, but it was approved by James L. Brooks.Kogen, Jay. (2003). Commentary for "Like Father, Like Clown", in The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox. Krusty's last name, Krustofsky, was established in this episode as pitched by Al Jean. The portion of the episode where characters quote the Bible in support or opposition of clowning were carefully researched. Cited passages from the Bible include Exodus 20:12 and Joshua 1:8. The quotations from the Talmud were also researched, and two rabbis, Lavi Meier and Harold M. Schulweis, were credited as "special technical consultants". Schulweis was asked to take a look at a draft of the script. While not a fan of the show, he felt "it was profound" and added some corrections. He later commented, "I thought it had a Jewish resonance to it. I was impressed by the underlying moral seriousness."
The episode was co-directed by Jeffrey Lynch and Brad Bird. It was Lynch's first credit as a director, so Bird was assigned to help him out and "usher [Lynch] into the world of directing things quickly".Bird, Brad. (2003). Commentary for "Like Father, Like Clown", in The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox. Krusty is one of Bird's favorite characters, and he always tries to animate a scene in every Krusty episode.
Rabbi Krustofsky was voiced by Jackie Mason, who had once been an ordained rabbi, but had resigned to become a comedian. Mason recorded his lines in New York City, and Dan Castellaneta, the voice of Krusty, went there to record with him.Castellaneta, Dan. (2003). Commentary for "Like Father, Like Clown", in The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox. In the script, Bart and Lisa try to trick Rabbi Krustofsky into meeting with Krusty by arranging a lunch date between him and Saul Bellow, the "Nobel Prize-winning Jewish novelist". Originally, this was intended to be Isaac Bashevis Singer, but the writers changed it when Singer died, and Mason had to re-record his lines to accommodate the alteration. Rabbi Krustofsky became an infrequently recurring character, and his occasional speaking parts were voiced by Castellaneta. Mason later returned to voice the rabbi in "Today I Am a Clown" in the fifteenth season, "Once Upon a Time in Springfield" in the twenty-first season, and "Clown in the Dumps" in the twenty-sixth season, in which the character dies. |
Like Father, Like Clown | Cultural references | Cultural references
The episode is a homage to the film The Jazz Singer (1927), about a son with a strict religious upbringing who defies his father to become an entertainer. Krusty is partially based on Jewish comedian Jerry Lewis, who starred in the 1959 version of the film. A nod to the film is featured in dialogue when Rabbi Krustofsky says, "Oh, if you were a musician or a jazz singer, this I could forgive!" In the Simpsons house, Krusty plays The Concert for Bangladesh. In Krusty's studio, there are pictures of him with Alfred Hitchcock and The Beatles. Lisa tells Homer there are many Jewish entertainers, including Lauren Bacall, Dinah Shore, William Shatner and Mel Brooks. In Krusty's flashback, he and his father walk down the street in a parody of a scene from The Godfather Part II. The scene of a young Krusty practicing comedy in the bathroom is a reference to Philip Roth's Portnoy's Complaint. Lisa and Bart try to trick Hyman into meeting Krusty, telling him that "the Nobel-Prize winning Jewish novelist Saul Bellow" wants to have lunch with him at Izzy's Deli. They tell Krusty that he's to be presented with the Legion of Honor and walks in humming "La Marseillaise", asking to be directed to François Mitterrand's table. At the end of the episode, Krusty and his father sing "O Mein Papa", a 1952 song originally by Eddie Fisher. Bart quotes a passage from Sammy Davis Jr.'s 1965 autobiography Yes, I Can. |
Like Father, Like Clown | Reception | Reception
thumb|Jackie Mason won an Emmy Award for his role as Hyman Krustofsky in this episode.
In its original broadcast, "Like Father, Like Clown" finished 34th in ratings for the week of October 21–27, 1991, with a Nielsen rating of 12.7. It was the highest rated program on Fox that week. Mason won a Primetime Emmy Award in 1992 for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for his performance as Hyman Krustofsky. He was one of six voice actors from The Simpsons to win the award in its inaugural year.
He is one of three The Simpsons guest stars to win the award; Marcia Wallace won in 1992 for voicing Edna Krabappel, and Kelsey Grammer won for voicing Sideshow Bob in 2006. In 1998, TV Guide listed it in its list of top twelve Simpsons episodes. The authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, called the episode, "a magnificent show, with Jackie Mason wonderfully over the top as Krusty's long-lost pa, and Lois Pennycandy giving Krusty a good talking to about Bart."
Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz of The Star-Ledger listed "Like Father, Like Clown" as one of the ten episodes of The Simpsons that shows the "comic and emotional scope of the show". They wrote, "Most Krusty the Klown episodes go heavy on celebrity cameos, while playing up the character's misanthropic greed. This one gave him a heart, as Bart and Lisa try to reunite him with his estranged rabbi father (voice of Jackie Mason), who has never forgiven his son for going into show biz." DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson wrote that the episode "lacks a surfeit of guffaws, but it manages to be sweet and heartfelt without becoming sappy. It's more of a charming show than a laughfest, but it does the job."
In a retrospective review in The A.V. Club, Nathan Rabin writes "Like most Borsht-Belt shtick-slingers, Krusty is prickly and hard on the outside but soft, tender and sweet on the inside. Shtick without sentimentality is like lox without bagels and 'Like Father, Like Son' taps into a side of Krusty we seldom see: a lost little boy who never got over his father’s rejection and pines for what he sees as the domestic bliss of the Simpsons. As Lisa says with just the right note of sad, weary understanding, 'A man who envies our family is a man who needs help.'”
In his 2018 memoir Springfield Confidential, Simpsons season 3 showrunner Mike Reiss named the episode as one of four that broke new ground, alongside "Moaning Lisa", "Homer at the Bat" and the original "Treehouse of Horror". Reiss noted how the episode established several new precedents for the show: it centered on a secondary character, it focused on a non-Christian religion and expert consultants were involved in the writing of the religious debate between the Rabbi and Bart. |
Like Father, Like Clown | Notes | Notes |
Like Father, Like Clown | References | References |
Like Father, Like Clown | Bibliography | Bibliography |
Like Father, Like Clown | External links | External links
Category:The Simpsons season 3 episodes
Category:1991 American television episodes
Category:Television episodes written by Wallace Wolodarsky
Category:Television episodes about Jews and Judaism
Category:Jewish comedy and humor
Category:Works about clowns
Category:The Jazz Singer (play)
Category:Television episodes written by Jay Kogen
Category:Television episodes directed by Jeffrey Lynch |
Like Father, Like Clown | Table of Content | Distinguish, Plot, Production, Cultural references, Reception, Notes, References, Bibliography, External links |
Liberalism in North Macedonia | short description | This article gives an overview of liberalism in North Macedonia. North Macedonia was not an independent country before 1991, so the parties from Serbia and Yugoslavia were active before that year. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ denotes another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it is not necessary for parties to label themselves as a liberal party. |
Liberalism in North Macedonia | History | History
In the years immediately following independence, liberalism became a major force but, since 2000, the major political grouping has split into the liberal democrats and mainline factions. Nowadays, the liberals are divided into the Liberal Democratic Party (Liberalna Demokraticka Partija, member LI), part of the left of center government coalition, and the Liberal Party of Macedonia (Liberalna Partija na Makedonija, member ELDR), part of the right of center opposition coalition. |
Liberalism in North Macedonia | From Union of Reformist Forces in Macedonia to Liberal Party of Macedonia | From Union of Reformist Forces in Macedonia to Liberal Party of Macedonia
1990: The Macedonian followers of Ante Marković established the Union of Reformist Forces in Macedonia (Sojuz na Reformiskite Sili na Makedonija), led by Stojan Andov.
1991: The party was renamed Reformist Forces of Macedonia-Liberal Party (Sojuz na Reformiskite Sili na Makedonija-Liberalna Partija) after the Young Democratic-Progressive Party joined the party.
1994: The party was renamed Liberal Party of Macedonia (Liberalna Partija na Makedonija).
1997: The party merged with the Democratic Party into the Liberal Democratic Party (Liberalno-Demokratska Partija).
2000: The LDP split and the Liberal Party of Macedonia (Liberalna Partija na Makedonija) was reconstituted with Andov as leader. |
Liberalism in North Macedonia | From Democratic Party of Macedonia to Liberal Democratic Party | From Democratic Party of Macedonia to Liberal Democratic Party
1993: Petar Gošev left the SDSM and founded the centrist Democratic Party (Demokratska Partija)
1997: The party merged with the Liberal Party of Macedonia into the Liberal Democratic Party (Liberalno-Demokratska Partija)
2000: The LDP split and the Liberal Party of Macedonia was reconstituted. Most of the party continued as the Liberal Democratic Party, with Risto Penov as leader |
Liberalism in North Macedonia | See also | See also
History of North Macedonia
Politics of North Macedonia
List of political parties in North Macedonia |
Liberalism in North Macedonia | References | References
Macedonia, Republic of
Category:Politics of North Macedonia |
Liberalism in North Macedonia | Table of Content | short description, History, From Union of Reformist Forces in Macedonia to Liberal Party of Macedonia, From Democratic Party of Macedonia to Liberal Democratic Party, See also, References |
Bijlands Kanaal | Short description | The Bijlands Kanaal (Bijland Canal) is a canal in the Dutch province of Gelderland, near the Dutch-German border. It is currently by far the most important river-stretch of the Rhine when that major river enters the Netherlands.
It was dug between 1773 and 1776 to cut off a large bend in river Waal to improve water regulation. This bend, and comparable waters, are currently only minor streams. They are known as the minor Oude Waal and De Bijland, and the larger Oude Rijn. The, more or less, defunct flows now only serve one purpose: to function as a buffer zone between the free flowing Waal and Nederrijn on one side and the abandoned stream-beds on the other side. The defuncts streams are shallow waters for most of the time and serve as an important spawning ground for all kinds of fish (since they remained connected to the main river through small creeks).
However, in times of extreme high water-levels the 'dead' waters spring to life again, as the result of artificial overflow-devices. From time to time, the Oude Waal and De Bijland can temporarily taste the freedom of a free-flowing river. The area surrounding the 'dead' rivers is known for its historical significance and is a relic of a type of historical dyke landscape that is becoming more and more rare in the Netherlands.
thumb|right|Near Millingen
The Bijlands Kanaal is part of the extensive reconstruction works that Gelderland, then a semi-independent state within the federation of the Dutch Republic, undertook to better regulate water flow around the Rhine-Waal fork. It is named after Castle De Bijland, which had been destroyed by the river Waal circa 1750. In addition to the Bijlands Kanaal, the Pannerdens Kanaal is part also part of the same river regulation system. Both canals cut off shallow and slow-moving bends in the river Rhine, now known as the Oude Waal and De Bijland. Although both waters are called "Kanaal" (English: canal) they are now an indistinguishable part of the river and both lost all characteristics of an artificial structure. The area surrounding both the main rivers Waal and Rhine, and the mostly defunct abandoned streams, are all part of the extensive nature restoration project known as the Gelderse Poort.
Nowadays, the canal is of enormous importance to Rhine navigation, being part of the main Rhine waterway and the first section of the Waal-Rhine fork. |
Bijlands Kanaal | References | References
Category:Canals in the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
Category:Canals opened in 1776
Category:Canals in the Netherlands
Category:Canals in Gelderland
Category:Geography of Berg en Dal (municipality)
Category:Zevenaar |
Bijlands Kanaal | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Boycie | Short description | Herman Terrance Aubrey "Boycie" Boyce (born 31 January 1948) is a fictional character in the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, played by John Challis. His story is continued in the spin-off series The Green Green Grass in which Boycie and his family flee to the countryside to escape from the Driscoll Brothers. A younger Boycie also appears in the prequel series Rock & Chips. Along with Denzil, he is one of only two characters to appear in all three. |
Boycie | Profile | Profile
Boycie is a local second-hand car dealer from Lewisham; for a long time, he was the richest and most successful regular at the Nag's Head pub. His drink of choice is a large cognac.
Boycie, although materially successful and ostentatious in his spending, remains competitive with Del and other friends, enjoying their company, although he does enjoy revelling in his superiority. Despite this, it appears that he dearly loves his friends throughout the series. He generally wears clothes and carries accessories synonymous with 1980s yuppie success, such as trench coats and very early mobile telephones. In the episode Sickness and Wealth, in which the series regulars took part in a séance, the medium (Uncle Albert's girlfriend, Elsie Partridge) asked for "an Audrey. Audrey. No... Aubrey?" When Boycie replied that his middle name was Aubrey, Trigger said "You never told us your name is Aubrey." Boycie replied "Nor would you if your name was Aubrey." The Peckham Archives book suggests that Boycie's father was a Luftwaffe Officer.
Boycie and Del share a loose friendship, but prefer to play a long-standing game of one-upmanship. They play each other at poker, in which they both cheat and the stakes are high. Boycie is at pains to maintain the upper hand over Del in that he is a mason, a successful businessman and wealthier than the Trotters. One of his trademarks is his deep, mocking laugh, usually following a sarcastic, biting remark at the expense of other characters, as well as his distinctive South London nasal twang. Boycie made his first appearance in second episode of the first series; he made sporadic appearances from series 2–5 and appeared more frequently in series 6 and 7.
It is, however, usually Del, a character more street smart and popular with the Nag's Head social group, who gains the upper hand, often trading on the fact that he has a long-standing, flirtatious friendship with Boycie's wife, Marlene. Del has alluded to past sexual encounters with Marlene, and to her reputation among the Nag's Head regulars as "The Peckham Bicycle". He has also claimed to have inside knowledge, through Marlene, of Boycie's marital secrets, and has alleged that Boycie has at times suffered from impotence; these rumours were not fully quashed even after the eventual birth – following many attempts – of Boycie and Marlene's son, Tyler.
Boycie enjoys overt displays of wealth, formerly living in King's Avenue, the most expensive street in south east London. He also owns a holiday cottage in Cornwall.
In The Green Green Grass, Boycie is portrayed with the same personality as in Only Fools and Horses but he seems to be more respected by women. In one episode, "Sex and the Country", he is seduced by Tyler's English teacher, who admits she likes more mature men, and in another episode, "Life Swap", Boycie's swapped wife tries to seduce him.
In two episodes, there are allusions to Boycie having had at least two extramarital affairs. In "Go West Young Man", he reveals he has a "bit on the side", for whom he buys an E-type Jaguar, but it is later crashed into while Del is driving it. In "Dates", Del blackmails Boycie into doing a favour for him by threatening to inform Marlene of an encounter Boycie had with a woman in Sheffield.
It is revealed in the episode "From Prussia With Love" that Boycie spent some time in prison in his youth. His criminal record includes convictions for perjury, embezzlement, conspiring to pervert the course of justice, the fraudulent conversion of traveller's cheques and attempting to bribe the Mayor of Lambeth.
In Rock & Chips, Boycie is portrayed as a young man and a member of Del's gang at school. He is still the tight person seen in the original stories, although he is much more amiable and humorous as a young man. Later in the series, after leaving school, he gets a job as a car cleaner for Alberto Balsam, a Spanish second-hand car dealer. Though Boycie is clean shaven throughout the prequel, Sullivan had reportedly intended Boycie to grow his trademark moustache in later episodes. |
Boycie | First name | First name
Throughout Only Fools and Horses and The Green Green Grass, Boycie is given many first names, including Aubrey, which he reveals is his middle name, as can be heard during the séance scene in the episode "Sickness and Wealth". At his remarriage, after discovering his forty-year marriage to Marlene was unofficial because the registrar was unlicenced, the vicar names him as Herman Aubrey Boyce. However, in "Strangers on the Shore", his first name is clearly seen as Terrance on the contract book towards the end of the episode. The Peckham Archives book has his full name as Herman Terrance Aubrey Boyce. |
Boycie | References | References
Category:Only Fools and Horses characters
Category:Fictional businesspeople
Category:Fictional people from London
Category:Fictional farmers
Category:Television characters introduced in 1981
Category:Freemasonry in fiction
Category:English male characters in sitcoms |
Boycie | Table of Content | Short description, Profile, First name, References |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Washington DC Convention and Tourism Corporation | Anyone else remember | Anyone else remember User:Patricknoddy's contributions to VfD from awhile ago? The little guy does try. This one is nothing more than contact information. But how much can you really say about a local tourism office?
We should also consider Convention and Visitors Bureau—nothing more than a dicdef, and a "list" that includes the above nominated selection. It seems that he intends on creating infinitely more of these—take a look at Template:Southcentral Alaska CVBS and COCS. Hell, we should delete that, too. Postdlf 19:29, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)
put the external link into Washington, D.C. and delete. Dunc_Harris|☺ 19:32, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)
Keep. Stub can feasibly be expanded. Davodd 16:50, Sep 4, 2004 (UTC)
Delete - Wikipedia is not a yellow pages. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:47, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
Keep. Agree with Davodd.--Dittaeva 16:07, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC) |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Washington DC Convention and Tourism Corporation | Table of Content | Anyone else remember |
Carling Black Label | Short description | Carling Black Label is a lager distributed by Carling Brewing Company. |
Carling Black Label | History | History
Although its original focus was on ale, Carling has brewed lager-style beers since the 1870s. In 1927, as part of a corporate re-branding under new president J. Innes Carling, the company renamed its Black & White Lager to Black Label.
Three years later, Carling was purchased by Toronto business tycoon E. P. Taylor, who merged it into his Canadian Breweries Limited (CBL), which grew to be the world's largest brewing company. Under Taylor, Black Label was promoted as CBL's flagship brand and went on to become the first beer to be brewed on a mass international scale, becoming particularly popular in Commonwealth countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. |
Carling Black Label | Canada | Canada
In response to a shift in popular taste away from ale, Carling added a three-storey lager plant to their main London, Ontario, brewery in 1877. Carling's Lager (later renamed Carling's Bavarian Stock Lager, and then Carling's Imperial Club Lager) was the company's first lager. Carling's Black & White Lager was introduced in the 1920s and later renamed Black Label Lager, in contrast to their Red Cap Ale.
Around 1990, Black Label had an advertising campaign in Canada which used the phrase "The Legend is Black". |
Carling Black Label | United States | United States
thumb|Brewing Corporation of America of Cleveland, Ohio in 1965. Home of Carling Black Label lager and Carling Red Cap Ale and former site the Peerless Motor Car Company|alt=|324x324px
After the repeal of prohibition in 1933, the Peerless Motor Car Company, looking for a way to diversify in the car market of the Great Depression, purchased the American rights to Carling's formulas, identifying labels and trademarks. Technicians and brewmasters were sent from Canada to convert a Peerless plant in Cleveland, Ohio, into the Brewing Corporation of America. They first tried just brewing Carling's Red Cap Ale, but sales were too slow to maintain the brewery, and didn't climb until the introduction of Black Label lager. The philosophy behind Black Label was to have a high quality lager that was available nationwide, but with a locally brewed budget price. The strategy worked, and the next several decades led to rapid growth and expansion for the brewery and the Carling Black Label brand. Carling Black Label was available to GIs in Vietnam, but still in steel cans, which were sometimes rusted when the troops got it there, and served warm.
When Carling stopped producing Black Label to focus on a more profitable lager, they found their sales plummeting. Carling re-introduced Black Label with a beautiful blonde named Mabel, portrayed by Jeanne Goodspeed, with the slogan "Hey Mabel, Black Label!". The twenty-year marketing campaign cemented the name in the popular culture of America.
In 1979, after several years of intense pressure from Miller and Anheuser-Busch, Carling was bought out by the Heileman Brewing Co. of La Crosse, Wisconsin. Carling and the Black Label brand are currently owned by the Molson Coors Brewing Company. Though no longer widely distributed in the U.S., Black Label is still available in select markets (notably, metro Detroit), and remains the official beer of Beer Frisbee. |
Carling Black Label | United Kingdom | United Kingdom
Black Label was introduced to the United Kingdom in 1952. Originally only available in bottles, in 1965 the Hill Top in Sheffield became the first pub to pour Carling Black Label on draught.
thumb|left|A pint of Carling in a pub in Kettering, England|alt=|324x324px
thumb|left|Carling Black Label sign on a club in Pontefract, West Yorkshire.
In the 1970s and 80s, Carling Black Label sales were driven to great heights, due partly to increased advertising support, in particular the classic "I bet he drinks" series of advertisements, and partly with the launch of Carling Black Label in cans. Cans were important to Carling's success as they helped open up the "take home" market.
The "I bet he drinks" series of ads showed someone doing something cool, clever or difficult, and having a bystander say "I bet he drinks Carling Black Label". With the help of this advertising campaign, it became Britain's best-selling brand of beer in 1971. In the 1980s, many of the adverts featured comedians Mark Arden and Stephen Frost, also known as The Oblivion Boys, delivering the classic punchline. One of the advertisements in the series, Dambusters from 1989, was a parody of the 1955 film of the same name, and was ranked at number 12 on ITV's list of the "Best Ever Ads" in 2005, and at number 17 on Channel 4's list of the "100 Greatest TV Ads" in 2000. Campaign Live also ranked it at number 5 in their list of the "Top 10 Funniest TV Ads of All Time" in 2008.
Carling was Britain's best selling draught beer between 1985 and 2024. Black Label has been dropped from the brand name and logo in Britain since 1997. |
Carling Black Label | South Africa | South Africa
In South Africa, Black Label began to take on a different tone with the anti-apartheid movement. This was partly due to the fact that, at 5.5%, it had more alcohol than the other brands of beer that generally had 5.0%, as noted in the popular advertising catch phrase "only hard working students deserve an extra 0.5 percent".
thumb|upright|right|SABMiller variants of Black Label
Furthermore, the connotation of black to the racial issue became a point of pride to the native Africans. It used to be sold with the motto, "America's Lusty, Lively Beer", perhaps in reference to Canada, though it is seldom seen in the United States. The motto came from an older advertising campaign in the United States. Another famous Afrikaans slogan for Black Label in South Africa is "Black Label sê die bybel", which means "The Bible says (one should drink) Black Label".
The beer was parodied by South African T-shirt company Laughitoff. The slogan was changed to "Black Labour, White Guilt", which led to an unsuccessful trademark infringement lawsuit from SABMiller.
The brand has the local nickname "Zamalek", after the Egyptian soccer team Zamalek SC beat Kaizer Chiefs in the 1990s. |
Carling Black Label | References | References |
Carling Black Label | External links | External links
Official Carling Lager website
Category:Canadian beer brands
Category:Molson Coors brands
Category:Beer brands of the United Kingdom |
Carling Black Label | Table of Content | Short description, History, Canada, United States, United Kingdom, South Africa, References, External links |
Assist (baseball) | short description | thumb|right|upright=1.25|The shortstop (at right) has fielded the ball and thrown it to the first baseman; if the batter is put out, the shortstop will be credited with an assist.
In baseball, an assist (denoted by A) is a defensive statistic, baseball being one of the few sports in which the defensive team controls the ball. An assist is credited to every defensive player who fields or touches the ball (after it has been hit by the batter) prior to the recording of a putout, even if the contact was unintentional. For example, if a ball strikes a player's leg and bounces off him to another fielder, who tags the baserunner, the first player is credited with an assist. A fielder can receive a maximum of one assist per out recorded. An assist is also credited if a putout would have occurred, had another fielder not committed an error. For example, a shortstop might field a ground ball cleanly, but the first baseman might drop his throw. In this case, an error would be charged to the first baseman, and the shortstop would be credited with an assist.
If a pitcher records a strikeout where the third strike is caught by the catcher, the pitcher is not credited with an assist. However, if the batter becomes a baserunner on a dropped third strike and the pitcher is involved in recording a putout by fielding the ball and either tagging the runner out or throwing to first base for the out, the pitcher is credited with an assist just as any other fielder would be.
Assists are an important statistic for outfielders, as a play often occurs when a baserunner on the opposing team attempts to advance on the basepaths when the ball is hit to the outfield (even on a caught fly ball that results in an out; see tag up). It is the outfielder's job to field the ball and make an accurate throw to another fielder who is covering the base before the runner reaches it. The fielder then attempts to tag the runner out. This is especially important if the runner was trying to reach home plate, as the assist and tag prevent the baserunner from scoring a run. Assists are much rarer for outfielders than infielders (with the exception of first basemen) because the play is harder to make, and also because outfielder assist situations occur less often than the traditional ground-ball assist for a shortstop, second baseman, or third baseman. However, as a result, outfield assists are worth far more than infield assists, and tell more about an outfielder's throwing arm than infielder assists do.
In recent years, some sabermetricians have begun referring to assists by outfielders as baserunner kills. Some sabermetricians are also using baserunner holds as a statistic to measure outfield arms. A baserunner hold occurs when the baserunner does not attempt to advance an extra base on an outfielder out of concern of being thrown out by a strong, accurate throw. This can be combined with baserunner kills for better accuracy, as runners often do not try for an extra base when an outfielder with an excellent arm is playing. |
Assist (baseball) | All-time single-season assists leaders by position | All-time single-season assists leaders by position |
Assist (baseball) | First base | First base
Albert Pujols: 185 (St. Louis Cardinals, 2009)
Bill Buckner: 184 (Boston Red Sox, 1985)
Mark Grace: 180 (Chicago Cubs, 1990)
Mark Grace: 167 (Chicago Cubs, 1991)
Sid Bream: 166 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1986)
Bill Buckner: 161 (Chicago Cubs, 1983)
Bill Buckner: 159 (Chicago Cubs, 1982)
Bill Buckner: 157 (Boston Red Sox, 1986)
Todd Helton: 156 (Colorado Rockies, 2003)
Mickey Vernon: 155 (Cleveland Indians, 1949)
Career
Eddie Murray: 1865
Todd Helton: 1728
Jeff Bagwell: 1703
Keith Hernandez: 1682
Mark Grace: 1665
George Sisler: 1529
Mickey Vernon: 1448
Fred McGriff: 1447
Albert Pujols: 1429
Andrés Galarraga: 1376
Fred Tenney: 1363
Bill Buckner: 1351
Jake Beckley: 1315 |
Assist (baseball) | Second base | Second base
Frankie Frisch: 641 (St. Louis Cardinals, 1927)
Hughie Critz: 588 (Cincinnati Reds, 1926)
Rogers Hornsby: 582 (New York Giants, 1927)
Ski Melillo: 572 (St. Louis Browns, 1930)
Ryne Sandberg: 571 (Chicago Cubs, 1983)
Rabbit Maranville: 568 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1924)
Frank Parkinson: 562 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1922)
Tony Cuccinello: 559 (Boston Braves, 1936)
Johnny Hodapp: 557 (Cleveland Indians, 1930)
Lou Bierbauer: 555 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1892) |
Assist (baseball) | Shortstop | Shortstop
Ozzie Smith: 621 (San Diego Padres, 1980)
Glenn Wright: 601 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1924)
Dave Bancroft: 598 (Philadelphia Phillies/New York Giants, 1920)
Tommy Thevenow:597 (St. Louis Cardinals, 1926)
Iván DeJesús: 595 (Chicago Cubs, 1977)
Cal Ripken: 583 (Baltimore Orioles, 1984)
Whitey Wietelmann: 581 (Boston Braves, 1943)
Dave Bancroft: 579 (New York Giants, 1922)
Rabbit Maranville: 574 (Boston Braves, 1914)
Don Kessinger: 573 (Chicago Cubs, 1968) |
Assist (baseball) | Third base | Third base
Graig Nettles: 412 (Cleveland Indians, 1971)
Graig Nettles: 410 (New York Yankees, 1973)
Brooks Robinson: 410 (Baltimore Orioles, 1974)
Brooks Robinson: 405 (Baltimore Orioles, 1967)
Harlond Clift: 405 (St. Louis Browns, 1937)
Mike Schmidt: 404 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1974)
Doug DeCinces: 399 (California Angels, 1982)
Brandon Inge: 398 (Detroit Tigers, 2006)
Clete Boyer: 396 (New York Yankees, 1962)
Mike Schmidt: 396 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1977)
Buddy Bell: 396 (Texas Rangers, 1982) |
Assist (baseball) | Catcher | Catcher
Bill Rariden: 238 (Newark Peppers [Federal League], 1915)
Bill Rariden: 215 (Indianapolis Hoosiers [Federal League], 1914)
Pat Moran: 214 (Boston Beaneaters [National League], 1903)
Oscar Stanage: 212 (Detroit Tigers, 1999)
Art Wilson: 212 (Chicago Whales [Federal League], 1914)
Gabby Street: 210 (Washington Senators, 1909)
Frank Snyder:204 (St. Louis Cardinals, 1915)
George Gibson: 203 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1910)
Bill Bergen: 202 (Brooklyn Superbas, 1909)
Claude Berry: 202 (Pittsburgh Rebels [Federal League], 1914) |
Assist (baseball) | Pitcher | Pitcher
Ed Walsh: 227 (Chicago White Sox, 1907)
Will White: 223 (Cincinnati Red Stockings [American Association], 1883)
Ed Walsh: 190 (Chicago White Sox, 1908)
Harry Howell: 178 (St. Louis Browns, 1905)
Tony Mullane: 177 (Louisville Eclipse [American Association], 1882)
John Clarkson: 174 (Chicago White Stockings [National League], 1885)
John Clarkson: 172 (Boston Beaneaters [National League], 1889)
Jack Chesbro: 166 (New York Highlanders, 1904)
George Mullin: 163 (Detroit Tigers, 1904)
Ed Walsh: 160 (Chicago White Sox, 1911) |
Assist (baseball) | Left field | Left field
Harry Stovey: 38 (Philadelphia Athletics, 1889)
Jimmy Sheckard: 36 (Brooklyn Superbas, 1903)
Jimmy Sheckard: 32 (Chicago Cubs, 1911)
Tilly Walker: 30 (St. Louis Browns, 1914)
Duffy Lewis: 29 (Boston Red Sox, 1913)
Duffy Lewis: 28 (Boston Red Sox, 1910)
Max Carey: 27 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1913)
Duffy Lewis: 27 (Boston Red Sox, 1911)
Bobby Veach: 26 (Detroit Tigers, 1920)
Goose Goslin: 26 (Washington Senators, 1923)
Billy Hamilton: 26 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1890)
Joe Kelley: 26 (Brooklyn Superbas, 1899)
Jimmy Sheckard: 26 (Chicago Cubs, 1912) |
Assist (baseball) | Center field | Center field
Hardy Richardson: 45 (Buffalo Bisons, 1881)
Charlie Duffee: 43 (St. Louis Browns, 1889)
Jim Fogarty: 42 (Philadelphia Quakers, 1889)
Tom Brown: 39 (Louisville Colonels, 1893)
Tom Brown: 37 (Louisville Colonels, 1892)
Jimmy Ryan: 36 (Chicago White Stockings, 1889) |
Assist (baseball) | Right field | Right field
Orator Shafer: 50 (Chicago White Stockings, 1879)
Hugh Nicol: 48 (St. Louis Browns, 1884)
Chuck Klein: 44 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1930)
Tommy McCarthy: 44 (St. Louis Browns, 1888)
Jimmy Bannon: 43 (Boston Beaneaters, 1894)
Orator Shafer: 41 (Buffalo Bisons, 1883)
Jim Lillie: 41 (Buffalo Bisons, 1884)
Mike Mitchell: 39 (Cincinnati Reds, 1907)
Jim Fogarty: 39 (Philadelphia Quakers, 1887)
Tommy McCarthy: 38 (St. Louis Browns, 1888)
King Kelly: 38 (Chicago White Stockings, 1883) |
Assist (baseball) | References | References |
Assist (baseball) | External links | External links
MLB.com – MLB Official Rules – The Official Scorer
Category:Fielding statistics
Baseball |
Assist (baseball) | Table of Content | short description, All-time single-season assists leaders by position, First base, Second base, Shortstop, Third base, Catcher, Pitcher, Left field, Center field, Right field, References, External links |
Fluyt | short description | thumb|right|Dutch fluyt, 1677
A fluyt (archaic Dutch: fluijt "flute"; ) is a Dutch type of sailing vessel originally designed by the shipwrights of Hoorn as a dedicated cargo vessel. Originating in the Dutch Republic in the 16th century, the vessel was designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with the maximum of space and crew efficiency. Unlike rivals, it was not built for conversion in wartime to a warship, so it was simpler and cheaper to build and carried twice the cargo, and could be handled by a smaller crew. Construction by specialized shipyards using new tools made it half the cost of rival ships. These factors combined to sharply lower the cost of transportation for Dutch merchants, giving them a major competitive advantage, particularly with bulk goods. The fluyt was a significant factor in the 17th-century rise of the Dutch seaborne empire. In 1670 the Dutch merchant marine totalled 568,000 tons of shipping—about half the European total. |
Fluyt | Ship design | Ship design
The standard fluyt design minimized or completely eliminated its armaments to maximize available cargo space, and used block and tackle extensively to facilitate ship operations. Another advantage of its pear-shape (when viewed from the fore or aft) was a shallow draft which allowed the vessel to bring cargo in and out of ports and up and down rivers which other vessels could not reach. This ship class was credited for making the Dutch more competitive in international trade, and was widely employed by the Dutch East India Company in the 17th and 18th centuries. However, its usefulness caused the fluyt to gain such popularity that similar designs were soon developed by seagoing competitors of the Dutch. For example, the English shipbuilding industry began to adapt the design of the fluyt during the later part of the 17th century as English merchants, seeing how much cheaper Dutch shipping was, acquired Dutch-built ships captured in the Anglo-Dutch wars.
The design of the fluyt evolved from the early galleon, to which it bore a resemblance; the galleon, developed in Spain, was also built in the Netherlands, then under the same monarchs. Fluyts typically had a displacement of 200 to 300 tons and were approximately in length.
It is a persistent myth that the fluyt was developed to evade Sound Tolls. The toll registers, however, show that during the 70 years from 1562 to 1632 it was a well-established procedure in the Sound for the toll-officers to use the bills of lading to determine the loading-capacities of the vessels passing through. They did not employ any sort of measuring device to assess the width, length, and depth of the vessels and then calculate the size of the ships.
The fluyt was square rigged with two or three masts. When rigged with three masts, the fore and main (front two) masts were square rigged, with the mizzen (rearmost) mast often rigged with a triangular lateen sail, as pictured above. Masts were much higher than those of galleons to allow for greater speed. At times fluyts were also armed and served as auxiliary vessels, which was a common practice in the Baltic Sea. |
Fluyt | ''The Swan'' | The Swan
In 2003, Martin Mattenik and Deep Sea Productions, using side scanning sonar, discovered a shipwreck lying on the floor of the Baltic Sea. The wreck was visited five times between 2003 and 2010. The Baltic is unusual in that there is a thick layer of fresh water inhospitable to saltwater-loving shipworms and shipwrecks are protected from the ravages of shipworms. The top of the wreck's rudder is decorated with three flowers which is typical of Dutch-built ships of the era. This ship is believed to be named the Swan due to the sculpted body of a swan found in the wreckage. At the time it was customary to attach a figure depicting the name of the ship to the transom. Dutch fluyts were built and used in the 16th and 17th centuries as a contract-for-hire vessel. England had not yet established its own large-scale shipbuilding industry and the Dutch dominated the market. During the 17th century, English companies leased ships like the Swan to carry colonists to America. |
Fluyt | Replicas | Replicas
thumb|Hector, a replica
The Hector, constructed in Pictou, Nova Scotia, and launched in 2000, is a replica of an early 18th-century fluyt which, in the summer of 1773 carried 189 Scottish immigrants to Nova Scotia. The replica was constructed according to line drawings from the Maritime Museum Rotterdam, and built using traditional shipbuilding techniques. As of 2017, the Hector is operated by the Hector Quay Society and is open to the public. |
Fluyt | See also | See also
Flyboat |
Fluyt | References | References
Category:Merchant sailing ship types
Category:Dutch inventions
Category:Ship designs of the Dutch Republic
Category:Ships attacked and captured by pirates
Category:16th-century ships
Category:17th-century ships
Category:18th-century ships
Category:Fluyts
category:Tall ships |
Fluyt | Table of Content | short description, Ship design, ''The Swan'', Replicas, See also, References |
Rodney Trotter | Short description | Rodney Charlton Trotter (also known as Dave by Trigger) is a fictional character in the long running BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, played by Nicholas Lyndhurst. |
Rodney Trotter | Biography | Biography
Rodney Charlton Trotter was born on 2 November 1960 to Joan Trotter (nee Hollins) and Freddie ‘ The Frog ‘ Robdal. His presumed father is Reg Trotter.
Rodney is the son of Joan Mavis Trotter, grandson of Edward Trotter, and great nephew of Albert Trotter.
His full name is Rodney Charlton Trotter. In "Little Problems" it is revealed that Rodney is named after "handsome actor" Rod Taylor and Charlton after Charlton Athletic, his mother's favourite football team.
Rodney is the younger brother of Derek Trotter, who affectionately refers to him as "Rodders". Rodney has supported Del with all his schemes, but is not as confident as his brother. Del's comments whenever Rodney makes a mistake, including "Plonker", "Wally", "Twonk", "Dipstick" and "Tart", became notable catchphrases throughout the series. It is revealed in numerous episodes such as "Big Brother", "The Long Legs of the Law", and "A Royal Flush" that Rodney is appalled by Del's behaviour, including lying to girls they want to date.
Throughout the series, Rodney's presumed father was Reg Trotter, although his actual paternity was occasionally called into question, such as in the 1987 Christmas special "The Frog's Legacy", due to the unavoidable fact that he shared little resemblance to either Del or Reg in terms of appearance or personality. In the final Only Fools and Horses episode, the 2003 Christmas special "Sleepless in Peckham", Rodney discovered through an old photograph of the first Jolly Boys' Outing that he and Del did not actually share the same father. His biological father was revealed to be local gentleman thief, Freddie "The Frog" Robdal, who had an affair with Del and Rodney's mother Joan in March 1960, and Rodney instantly deduced this due to Robdal's striking resemblance to him. This is confirmed in the prequel series Rock & Chips. In the episode's final scene, Rodney asks Del if he is anything like Freddie Robdal, but Del denies it, labelling Robdal several derogatory terms such as "thief", "conman", "liar" and a "cheat", none of which apply to Rodney. |
Rodney Trotter | Age | Age
The BBC comedy guide for Only Fools and Horses clearly states that Rodney's birthday is 26 February; however, this is contradicted in "Sleepless in Peckham", when Cassandra mistakes Freddie the Frog in an old 1960s photo of the first Jolly Boys' Outing for Rodney. Rodney corrects her, claiming that the photo was taken in July 1960 before he was born (according to Rodney), thus making Rodney's date of birth the date he reveals it to be in "The Unlucky Winner Is...", 2 November. This is confirmed when Rodney's birth is shown in "Rock & Chips".
However, some episodes of Only Fools and Horses do not support this; in "Big Brother", 1981, Rodney states to Del that he is 23 years of age, which would make his year of birth 1957 or 1958. In the same episode Del Boy states that there is a thirteen-year age gap between himself and Rodney. "You couldn't be like any other little brother could you eh, and come along a couple of years later after me. Oh no no, not you. You had to wait thirteen years!" In the following episode "Go West Young Man", which was broadcast in September 1981 (and was the second episode of Only Fools and Horses ever broadcast), Del Boy states that he (Del) is 35. In "Big Brother" since Rodney had said he was 23, Rodney must already have had his birthday that year with Del still to have his 36th birthday later that year. Therefore, Rodney must have been born during 1958. In "Healthy Competition", which was broadcast in the November of 1983, Rodney says that he is twenty four years old. Therefore the year of his birth is either 1958 or 1959. In "As One Door Closes", set in early 1985, Rodney tells Del that he is 24, making his year of birth 1960. In "Yuppy Love", Del states that the Trotter family have been living at Nelson Mandela House since 1962, and that Rodney was born in the flat. Similarly, Rodney & Cassandra's wedding certificate shows that they were married on 25 January 1989 and gives Rodney's age as 26 and Cassandra's as 21. This would make Rodney born in 1962 (assuming he hadn't yet had a birthday before his wedding in 1989) and during "Modern Men" (set around Christmas 1996), Mickey Pearce describes Rodney as a "34-year-old paperboy", which would also back up a birth year of 1962. However, during "Mother Nature's Son", set around Christmas 1992, Rodney states that he is 31, suggesting he was born in 1961. |
Rodney Trotter | Early life | Early life
Del claimed in "Mother Nature's Son" that Rodney was still being breastfed until he was three and a half years old. As a child, Rodney was "all snot and Marmite" with a "funny haircut". Unlike Del, Rodney went to grammar school, where he received GCEs in Art and Mathematics. Del often asks Rodney questions, saying 'You're the one with GCEs!'. He was subsequently expelled from art college in Basingstoke after three weeks for smoking cannabis in a fellow student's room. He was fined £250 and given an eighteen-month suspended sentence for possession of cannabis. |
Rodney Trotter | Career | Career
With only two GCEs and a criminal record, Del gave Rodney a job as an assistant market trader (or "Financial Advisor") and dogsbody, knowing that he was unlikely to get a decent job anywhere else due to his past mistakes. Rodney's main duty was checking for the police while Del would be illegally selling his merchandise in the market. In early episodes, Rodney was angered by this, and also by the fact that he had a menial job and lived in a shambolic flat.
Rodney took over from Del in 2001 when he was declared bankrupt, forbidding him from running a company. When Trotters Independent Traders was about to cease operating, Del knew that Rodney was not banned from managing a firm and so after two decades as an assistant market trader, Rodney finally got promoted to titular Managing Director, but this did not stop Del from trying to control the company.
For some time, Rodney worked as Financial Director of T.I.T.CO (a job which included such executive tasks as loading the van). Rodney has principles and is often disgusted by Del's business activities, such as dealing in stolen goods. Despite his moral objections, Rodney is usually persuaded into Del's money-making schemes by Del's smooth-talking manipulation and the possibility of financial rewards. |
Rodney Trotter | Marriage to Cassandra | Marriage to Cassandra
Rodney found a kindred-spirit in Cassandra, whom he met at a computer training course in "Yuppy Love". He lied to her that he lived in the upmarket King's Avenue in order to impress her; however, she later found out where he lived when she phoned Nelson Mandela House. When he met Cassandra, it gave him a chance to move on in life, which resulted in his leaving Del behind. They married in 1989 in the episode "Little Problems".
Her father Alan employed Rodney at his company, Parry Print Ltd. (at least until Rodney accidentally quit that job), and, with some financial assistance from Del, he was able to buy a flat and finally move out of Nelson Mandela House. Their marriage suffered when Rodney assaulted Cassandra's boss, and broke his nose, upon returning from Margate in "The Jolly Boys' Outing". They separated in the 1990 Christmas special "Rodney Come Home", and throughout the seventh series attempted to save their marriage; in "The Chance of a Lunchtime" Del played matchmaker, in order for them to re-unite. This worked, until Rodney was seen by Cassandra with one of Del's ex-fiancées, when he was accompanying her to a taxi because she was drunk. In "Three Men, a Woman and a Baby", Cassandra told Rodney that it was all over between them, until her mum insisted she should see their solicitor for advice, who told her that they should talk. He stayed the night but they were interrupted by Del phoning to say Raquel had gone into labour.
In "Miami Twice", it was revealed that the two were living together on weekends as they tried to repair their relationship. In "Mother Nature's Son", they were fully reconciled. They had been trying for a baby ever since, so when it was announced in "Heroes and Villains" that Cassandra was pregnant, everyone was jubilant. However she miscarried at the end of the following episode; "Modern Men". In the last episode, "Sleepless in Peckham", Cassandra gave birth to a girl, whom Rodney named Joan after his late mother.
Rodney lives with Cassandra, their daughter Joan, Del, Del's "significant other" Raquel and their son Damien at Flat 368 on the twelfth floor of the fictional Nelson Mandela House on the Nyerere Estate, Peckham, London in 2003, but Del's autobiography states that barely a month after receiving their fortune from Uncle Albert's will, Rodney and Cassandra had got their own flat. |
Rodney Trotter | Personality | Personality
Rodney's personality was based on the experiences of series creator John Sullivan, who also had an older brother and claimed to have been, like Rodney, a slacker and an idealist in his youth, but struggled with confidence and was supported by his sibling. |
Rodney Trotter | Catchphrases | Catchphrases
The only running phrase Rodney uses is the word "cosmic" to describe something good or impressive, either in a sentence or exclamation form. More often than not, he uses this expression sarcastically, such as when being caught in a downpour without a raincoat that fits ("Yuppy Love"), or upon hearing a set of wardrobe doors acquired by Del were stolen ("As One Door Closes"). However, he frequently calls Del a "git" in the same way as Del would call him a "plonker", "wally" or "dipstick". |
Rodney Trotter | Dave | Dave
The name "Dave" is bestowed upon him by Trigger, the only character to refer to him as such, and was born from a one-line joke in the very first episode, "Big Brother". This became a long-running joke throughout the entire series.
No matter how many times Trigger was told Rodney's name, he continued to call him Dave. One instance was in "Three Men, a Woman and a Baby", Rodney tells Trigger that if Del and Raquel's baby is a boy, they will name it Rodney after him. Trigger then tells Mike, the landlord of The Nags Head pub, who is holding a "Guess the baby name" competition, that "If it's a boy, they're naming him Rodney, after Dave". Another instance was portrayed in "Modern Men", when Mike announced a toast to future Mum and Dad "Cassandra and Rodney"; everyone said "Cassandra and Rodney", but Trigger could be heard shouting "Dave" after everyone else stops talking. In "Homesick", Rodney did tell Trigger to his face that his name was Rodney and not Dave. Trigger seemed to understand but almost immediately started calling him Dave again, and also refers to him as this when Rodney is not around. |
Rodney Trotter | Personal life | Personal life
In the episode "It's Only Rock And Roll", Rodney is a drummer in a band fronted by "Mental" Mickey Maguire. Despite their terrible musical abilities, Del convinces the band that by having him as their manager they will go on to become a big success. Having secured a booking at a local pub for Saint Patrick's Day celebrations, the night ends in disaster with a fight breaking out. Having convinced Rodney that the band is going nowhere, he finally quits, leaving the remaining four to continue without him. However, one evening back in their flat, Del turns on the TV to find Rodney's old band performing on Top of The Pops.
Rodney had recurring nightmares about his nephew Damien. He was convinced that he was going to be the son of Satan.
It is implied in some episodes that Rodney is a Chelsea supporter. In "The Long Legs of the Law", Del remarks that ICI have dropped a point, to which Rodney replies that "Chelsea dropped three on Saturday!" In a later episode, "A Royal Flush", he takes Victoria to see a football match at Stamford Bridge. |
Rodney Trotter | Family tree | Family tree |
Rodney Trotter | Notes | Notes
Category:Only Fools and Horses characters
Category:Television sidekicks
Category:Fictional orphans
Category:Fictional criminals
Category:Fictional businesspeople
Category:Fictional merchants
Category:Television characters introduced in 1981
Category:English male characters in sitcoms
Rodney has been portrayed locally in the Grimsby area by Taz Sevenoaks |
Rodney Trotter | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Age, Early life, Career, Marriage to Cassandra, Personality, Catchphrases, Dave, Personal life, Family tree, Notes |
Rise to Rebellion | Short description | Rise to Rebellion is a 2001 historical fiction book by Jeff Shaara that tells the story of the events leading up to the American Revolution. The book spans from the Boston Massacre to the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The events of the American Revolution are portrayed through the perspectives of multiple characters, including Sentry Hugh White of the British army, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Lieutenant-General Thomas Gage, George Washington, Governor Thomas Hutchinson, Captain James Hall, Abigail Adams, Paul Revere, Dr. Joseph Warren, and Major John Pitcairn. Other characters in the book include King George the Third, George Greenville, Samuel Adams, Issac Barre, John Hancock, John Wilkes, William Pitt, Edmund Burke, Sir Charles Townshend, Sir Will Hills, Francis Bernard, Deborah Franklin, William Franklin, Martha Washington, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, General Jeffrey Amherst, Margaret Kemble Gage, Captain Thomas Preston, Josiah Quincy, Samuel Johnson, Will Strahan, John Quincy Adams, Lord Wedderburn, Thomas Paine, Lord Admiral Richard Howe, John Montagu, Paul Revere, Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith, Captain John Parker, Walter Laurie, Admiral Graves, Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Henry Clinton, John Burgoyne, Artemas Ward, William Prescott, General Putnam, Major Gridley, Charles Lee, Horatio Gates, William Tryon, Daniel Morgan, Bonvouloir, Richard Montgomery, Hiram Jones, Lady Germain, Henry Knox, Nathaniel Green, and Robert Livingston. The book covers events leading to the American Revolution, starting with what is known as "The Boston Massacre" and ending with the writing and signing of the Declaration of Independence.
Rise to Rebellion is the first of a two-part series on the American Revolution, modeled after Jeff and Michael Shaara's Civil War trilogy. It is followed by The Glorious Cause. |
Rise to Rebellion | Reception | Reception
Rise to Rebellion received generally positive reviews for its vivid portrayal of the historical events of the American Revolution. Booklist praised it as "an exciting evocation of events leading up to the formation of America," and Publishers Weekly appreciated the book's "passion and vigor." Kirkus Reviews, however, called the work "dull" and "disappointing," saying that the characters were "all so burdened by the task of providing the reader with huge dollops of sedulously digested information that Shaara neglects to give them any individual reality."
Rise to Rebellion spent six weeks on the New York Times fiction bestsellers list from July to August 2001. It peaked at No. 9 on the list in the week of July 22, 2001. |
Rise to Rebellion | References | References
Category:Novels set during the American Revolutionary War
Category:2001 American novels
Category:Novels by Jeffrey Shaara
Category:Ballantine Books books |
Rise to Rebellion | Table of Content | Short description, Reception, References |
Samuel Barnett | '''Samuel Barnett''' | Samuel Barnett may refer to:
Samuel Barnett (actor) (born 1980), English actor
Samuel Barnett (reformer) (1844–1913), English clergyman and social reformer
Samuel Jackson Barnett (1873–1956), American physicist, discoverer of the Barnett effect |
Samuel Barnett | Table of Content | '''Samuel Barnett''' |
Swimming at the 1908 Summer Olympics | Short description | At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, six swimming events were contested. These were the first Olympic Games in which a 100-metre pool had been especially constructed (inside the main stadium's track and field oval). Previous Olympic events were swum in open water (1896: The Mediterranean Sea, 1900: The Seine River, 1904: an artificial lake). Only men participated in the swimming events. The competitions were held from Monday, July 13, 1908, to Saturday, July 25, 1908.
All six of the 1908 events became staples of the Olympic swimming programme, and have been contested at every edition of the Games since. The 50 m, 200 m, and 800 m freestyle events were dropped from the previous edition (though these would later return), the relay was lengthened from 4 × 50 yards to 4 × 200 m, and the 400 m breaststroke was shortened to 200 metres.
Canada and Finland made their first appearances in swimming, while Austria, Hungary, and the United States continued their streaks of appearing each time. Fourteen nations competed in all, with 100 swimmers entering the events. |
Swimming at the 1908 Summer Olympics | Medal table | Medal table |
Swimming at the 1908 Summer Olympics | Medal summary | Medal summary
100 m freestyle 400 m freestyle 1500 m freestyle 100 m backstroke 200 m breaststroke 4 × 200 m freestyle relay John Derbyshire Paul RadmilovicWilliam FosterHenry Taylor József MunkImre ZachárBéla Las-Torres Zoltán Halmay Harry HebnerLeo GoodwinCharles DanielsLeslie Rich |
Swimming at the 1908 Summer Olympics | Participating nations | Participating nations
A total of 100 swimmers from 14 nations competed at the London Games:
|
Swimming at the 1908 Summer Olympics | References | References
Category:Events at the 1908 Summer Olympics
1908
Category:1908 in swimming
Category:Swimming competitions in the United Kingdom |
Swimming at the 1908 Summer Olympics | Table of Content | Short description, Medal table, Medal summary, Participating nations, References |
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | Short description | HMS Birkenhead, also referred to as HM Troopship Birkenhead or Steam Frigate Birkenhead, was one of the first iron-hulled ships built for the Royal Navy. She was designed as a steam frigate, but was converted to a troopship before being commissioned.
While transporting troops and a few civilians to Algoa Bay, the Birkenhead was wrecked on 26 February 1852 at Danger Point near Gansbaai, from Cape Town in the Cape Colony. There were insufficient serviceable lifeboats for all the passengers, and the soldiers famously stood in ranks on board, allowing the women and children to board the boats safely and escape the sinking.
Only 193 of the estimated 643 people on board survived, and the soldiers' chivalry gave rise to the unofficial "women and children first" protocol when abandoning ship, while the "Birkenhead drill" of Rudyard Kipling's poem came to describe courage in the face of hopeless circumstances. |
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | Description and history | Description and history
The Birkenhead was laid down at John Laird's shipyard at Birkenhead as the frigate HMS Vulcan, but renamed Birkenhead soon afterwards after the town where she was built. She had two steam engines from Forrester & Co that drove a pair of paddle wheels, and two masts rigged as a brig.
According to her designer, John Laird:
The ship was divided into eight watertight compartments, while the engine room was divided by two longitudinal bulkheads into four compartments, making 12 watertight compartments in total. She had a round stern and a bow that ended in a large figurehead of Vulcan, holding a hammer in one hand, and some of "the bolts of Jove" that he had just forged in the other. Her armament was originally intended to be two 96-pounder pivot guns, one forward and the other aft, and four 68-pounder broadside guns.There is no indication that this armament was ever fitted. |
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | Launch and early life | Launch and early life
The Birkenhead was launched on 30 December 1845 by the Marchioness of Westminster. Her hull then weighed 903 tons and drew , although she was at this time missing approximately 15 tons of cabin fittings. Machinery, stores, and other fittings were expected to add an additional 1,000 or so tons, increasing her draught six more feet. She undertook her maiden voyage to Plymouth in 1846, averaging to for the journey.
She remained laid up for some time, before being put to varied use around England, Scotland and Ireland. In November 1846, Isambard Kingdom Brunel's iron ship SS Great Britain ran aground on the sands of Dundrum Bay, Ireland. There was doubt as to whether she could be re-floated. Brunel advised that if anyone could rescue the ship then the man to do it was the naval engineer, James Bremner. He was engaged and the Great Britain was re-floated on 27 August 1847 with the assistance of HMS Birkenhead.Unfortunately, the cost of the salvage bankrupted her owner, the Great Western Steamship Company, causing the Great Britain to be sold and turned into an emigration ship.
The Birkenhead was never commissioned as a frigate, as two factors came into play while she was still under construction that resulted in her being converted into a troopship. Firstly, the Royal Navy's warships were switched from paddle wheels to more efficient propeller propulsion, following an experiment by the Admiralty in 1845 in which the benefits of the propeller over the paddle wheel were dramatically demonstrated. Secondly, the Admiralty had doubts about the effects of cannon shot against iron hulls – in a number of trials carried out at the Royal Arsenal in 1845, at lower velocities shot made a jagged hole that was hard to plug. (Includes a photograph of the Birkenhead)
On 15 September 1847, Birkenhead ran down and sank the brig Oratio in the English Channel off The Lizard, Cornwall. The owners of the brig sued for their loss in the Admiralty Court. Birkenhead was found to be to blame as she had no look-out posted, being nineteen short in her crew.
As part of her conversion to a troopship in 1851, a forecastle and poop deck were added to the Birkenhead to increase her accommodation, and a third mast was added, to change her sail plan to a barquentine. Although she never served as a warship, she was faster and more comfortable than any of the wooden sail-driven troopships of the time, making the trip from the Cape in 37 days in October 1850. |
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | Final voyage (1852) | Final voyage (1852)
In January 1852, under the command of Captain Robert Salmond RN, the Birkenhead left Portsmouth conveying troops from ten different regiments, including the 2nd Regiment of Foot and the 74th Regiment of Foot, to the Eighth Xhosa War against the Xhosa in the Cape Colony. On 5 January, she picked up more soldiers at Queenstown (now Cobh), Ireland, and conveyed some officers' wives and families.
On 23 February 1852, Birkenhead docked briefly at Simon's Town, near Cape Town. Most of the women and children disembarked along with a number of sick soldiers. Nine cavalry horses, several bales of hay and 35 tons of coal were loaded for the last leg of the voyage to Algoa Bay.
She sailed from Simon's Bay at 18:00 on 25 February 1852 with between 630The Story of the Birkenhead by A. C. Addison page 35 and 643 men, women and children aboard, the exact number being in some doubt. In order to make the best possible speed, Captain Salmond decided to hug the South African coast, setting a course that was generally within of the shore. Using her paddle wheels, she maintained a steady speed of . The sea was calm and the night was clear as she left False Bay and headed east.
thumb|250px|"The Wreck of the Birkenhead" () by Thomas Hemy
Shortly before 02:00 on 26 February, while Birkenhead was travelling at a speed of , the leadsman made soundings of . Before he could take another sounding, she struck an uncharted rock at with of water beneath her bows and at her stern. The rock lies near Danger Point (near Gansbaai, Western Cape). Barely submerged, this rock is clearly visible in rough seas, but it is not immediately apparent in calmer conditions.
Captain Salmond rushed on deck and ordered the anchor to be dropped, the quarter-boats to be lowered, and a turn astern to be given by the engines. However, as the ship backed off the rock, the sea rushed into the large hole made by the collision and the ship struck again, buckling the plates of the forward bilge and ripping open the bulkheads. Shortly, the forward compartments and the engine rooms were flooded, and over 100 soldiers were drowned in their berths. |
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | Sinking | Sinking
The surviving soldiers mustered and awaited their officers' orders. Salmond ordered the senior military officer, Colonel Seton, to send men to the chain pumps. Sixty were directed to this task, sixty more were assigned to the tackles of the lifeboats, and the rest were assembled on the poop deck in order to raise the forward part of the ship. The women and children were placed in the ship's cutter which lay alongside. Two other large boats (capacity 150 each) were manned, but one was immediately swamped and the other could not be launched due to poor maintenance and paint on the winches. This left only three smaller boats available.
The surviving officers and men assembled on deck, where Lieutenant-Colonel Seton of the 74th Foot took charge of all military personnel and stressed the necessity of maintaining order and discipline to his officers. As a survivor later recounted: "Almost everybody kept silent, indeed nothing was heard, but the kicking of the horses and the orders of Salmond, all given in a clear firm voice."
thumb|300px|The Wreck of the Birkenhead (1901) by Charles Dixon.
Ten minutes after the first impact, the engines still turning astern, the ship struck again beneath the engine room, tearing open her bottom. She instantly broke in two just aft of the mainmast. The funnel went over the side and the forepart of the ship sank at once. The stern section, now crowded with men, floated for a few minutes before sinking.
Just before she sank, Salmond called out that "all those who can swim jump overboard, and make for the boats". Colonel Seton, however, recognising that rushing the lifeboats would risk swamping them and endangering the women and children, ordered the men to stand fast, and only three men made the attempt. The cavalry horses were freed and driven into the sea in the hope that they might be able to swim ashore.
The soldiers did not move, even as the ship broke up barely 20 minutes after striking the rock. Some of the soldiers managed to swim the to shore over the next 12 hours, often hanging on to pieces of the wreck to stay afloat, but most drowned, died of exposure or were killed by sharks.
The next morning, the schooner Lioness discovered one of the cutters and, after saving the occupants of the second boat, made her way to the scene of the disaster. Arriving in the afternoon, she found 40 survivors still clinging to the rigging. It was reported that, of the approximately 643 people aboard, only 193 were saved. Captain Edward W.C. Wright of the 91st Argyllshire Regiment was the most senior army officer to survive; he was made a brevet major for his actions during the ordeal, dated 26 February 1852.
The number of personnel aboard is in some doubt, but an estimate of 638 was published in The Times. It is generally thought that the survivors comprised 113 soldiers (all ranks), 6 Royal Marines, 54 seamen (all ranks), 7 women, 13 children and at least one male civilian, but these numbers cannot be substantiated, as muster rolls and books were lost with the ship.
Of the horses, eight made it safely to land, while the ninth had its leg broken while being pushed into the sea. |
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | Aftermath | Aftermath
thumb|upright|The Danger Point Lighthouse, erected near Gansbaai after the sinking.
A number of sailors were court martialled as a result of the accident. The court was held on 8 May 1852 on board HMS Victory in Portsmouth, and attracted a great deal of interest. However, as none of the senior naval officers of the Birkenhead survived, no one was found to be to blameworthy. Captain Wright told the court martial:
The order and regularity that prevailed on board, from the moment the ship struck till she totally disappeared, far exceeded anything that I had thought could be effected by the best discipline; and it is the more to be wondered at seeing that most of the soldiers were but a short time in the service. Everyone did as he was directed and there was not a murmur or cry amongst them until the ship made her final plunge – all received their orders and carried them out as if they were embarking instead of going to the bottom – I never saw any embarkation conducted with so little noise or confusion.
thumb|upright|right|Remembrance plate installed on the lighthouse in 1936
In 1895, a lighthouse was erected at Danger Point to warn shipping of the dangerous reef. The lighthouse is about tall and is visible for approximately . In 1936, a remembrance plate for the Birkenhead was affixed to its base by the Navy League of South Africa. A new Birkenhead memorial was erected nearby in March 1995. In December 2001, the plaque was moved closer to the lighthouse.
A memorial in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, bears the following inscription:
Frederick William IV of Prussia was so impressed by the bravery and discipline of the soldiers that he ordered an account of the incident to be read at the head of every regiment in his army. Queen Victoria ordered the erection of an official Birkenhead monument at the Chelsea Royal Hospital. In 1892, Thomas M. M. Hemy painted a widely admired maritime depiction of the incident, "The wreck of the Birkenhead". Prints of this painting were distributed to the public. In 1977, the South African mint issued a "Heroes of the Birkenhead Medallion" gold coin commemorating the 125 years since the sinking, featuring Hemy's painting on one of the faces of the coin.Specification of the 1977 "Heroes of the Birkenhead" Medallion
40 grams of 18 Carat Gold or 30 gm of pure
38mm diameter 3.25mm thick
Issued by South African Mint in high quality Proof with frosting of the scenes
Minted in 1977, 125 years after the sinking
Legendary shipwreck because of the disciplined conduct of the Troops on Board
The order "Stand Fast !! Women and Children First" became entrenched in Maritime History.
The Reverse shows in exquisite detail an extract of the painting by Thomas Hemy done after the wreck.
The Obverse shows the lifeboats and flotsam around the wreck. |
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | Legacy | Legacy |
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | ''Birkenhead'' drill | Birkenhead drill
The sinking of the Birkenhead is one of the earliest maritime disaster evacuations during which the concept of "women and children first" is known to have been applied.The phrase was recorded earlier in an eyewitness report of the fire aboard the New York-Le Havre packet Poland in May 1840, which led to the loss of the ship: "On a suggestion that we might be obliged to take to the boats it was immediately remarked by one of our French passengers, and responded to by others, "Let us take care of the women and children first"." The women and children were handed into the boats first, then joined by some of the male passengers, while others and the bulk of the crew remained aboard to fight the fire.). "Women and children first" subsequently became standard procedure in relation to the evacuation of sinking ships, in fiction and in life. The term "Birkenhead drill" became defined as courageous behaviour in hopeless circumstances and appeared in Rudyard Kipling's 1893 tribute to the Royal Marines, "Soldier an' Sailor Too":
To take your chance in the thick of a rush, with firing all about,
Is nothing so bad when you've cover to 'and, an' leave an' likin' to shout;
But to stand an' be still to the Birken'ead drill is a damn tough bullet to chew,
An' they done it, the Jollies – 'Er Majesty's Jollies – soldier an' sailor too!
Their work was done when it 'adn't begun; they was younger nor me an' you;
Their choice it was plain between drownin' in 'eaps an' bein' mopped by the screw,
So they stood an' was still to the Birken'ead drill, soldier an' sailor too! |
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | ''Birkenhead'' treasure | Birkenhead treasure
thumb|250px|The paddle shaft of the wreck in 2011
There was a rumour that the Birkenhead was carrying a military payroll of £240,000 in gold coins weighing about three tons, which had been secretly stored in the powder-room before the final voyage. Numerous attempts have been made to salvage the gold. In 1893, the nephew of Colonel Seton wrote that a certain Mr. Bandmann at the Cape obtained permission from the Cape Government to dive the wreck of the Birkenhead in search of the treasure. A June 1958 salvage attempt by a renowned Cape Town diver recovered anchors and some brass fittings but no gold. In 1986–1988, a combined archaeological and salvage excavation was carried out by Aqua Exploration, Depth Recovery Unit and Pentow Marine Salvage Company. Only a few gold coins were recovered, which appear to have been the possessions of the passengers and crew.
The rumour of treasure and the shallow depth of the wreck at have resulted in the wreck being considerably disturbed, despite its being a war grave. In 1989, the British and South African governments entered into an agreement over the salvage of the wreck, sharing any gold recovered. |
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | HMS ''Birkenhead'' as namesake | HMS Birkenhead as namesake
Three placenames in the Canadian province of British Columbia were conferred in honour of the Birkenhead disaster by Hudson's Bay Company explorer Alexander Caulfield Anderson, a boyhood friend and cousin of Lt-Col. Seton of the 74th Regiment of Foot, on a traverse of uncharted country between the Fraser Canyon and the coastal Lower Mainland in 1846. Named after his cousin, Seton Lake cuts west through the Coast Mountains from the Fraser Canyon town of Lillooet, beyond which is its twin Anderson Lake.
A few miles southwest from the head of Anderson Lake is Mount Birkenhead, named by Anderson, on the north side of the low pass connecting the valley of those lakes to that of the Birkenhead River. The river, the valley area near Mount Birkenhead known as Birken, and Birkenhead Lake at the summit of the pass were in turn named after the mountain, and not directly by Anderson. |
HMS Birkenhead (1845) | Other name legacies | Other name legacies
According to local tradition, Salmonsdam Nature Reserve in the Overberg—a region in South Africa—is named after Captain Robert Salmond. Locals to this day refer to Great White Sharks as "Tommy Sharks," after the Tommys that were taken by them in water. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.