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USS Daniel Webster | Operational history | Operational history
thumb|left|The moored training ship Daniel Webster (MTS-626) being towed from Norfolk Naval Shipyard to Charleston, South Carolina, after undergoing a maintenance availability (27 August 2012)
While in service, Daniel Webster was the last Lafayette-class submarine to be retrofitted to carry UGM-73 Poseidon missiles.
Patrol history includes:
Patrol 50 (Gold Crew) July, 1982 from Holy Loch, port calls Groton, CT, and Kings Bay, GA;
Patrol 52 Feb 1983 ERP Holy Loch;
Patrol 56 March 1984 from Holy Loch, port call Naples, Italy; port call Groton, CT in transit to the Naval Weapons Station, Charleston, SC, March 1985; ERP Charleston, April 1985; Patrol 60 June 1985;
Patrol 66 (Gold Crew) December 1986 - March 1987; port call Naples, Italy, March 1987; Patrol 68 June 1987 from Holy Loch, port call November 1987 Lisbon, Portugal. |
USS Daniel Webster | Decommissioning and conversion | Decommissioning and conversion
Daniel Webster was decommissioned on 30 August 1990 and struck from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. She was converted to a moored training ship (MTS) and S5W reactor prototype training facility, by the Charleston Naval Shipyard at Charleston, South Carolina. Upon completion and designation as the MTS-626, she was towed up-river to her permanent berth at Naval Nuclear Power Training Unit Charleston. |
USS Daniel Webster | References | References |
USS Daniel Webster | External links | External links
Rare 1964 16mm Silent Film of USS Daniel Webster bow planes tests
Category:Ships built in Groton, Connecticut
Category:Lafayette-class submarines
Category:Cold War submarines of the United States
Category:Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
Category:1963 ships |
USS Daniel Webster | Table of Content | short description, Construction and commissioning, Operational history, Decommissioning and conversion, References, External links |
USS Andrew Jackson | short description | USS Andrew Jackson (SSBN-619) was a nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine. She was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Andrew Jackson (1767–1845), the seventh President of the United States (1829–1837). |
USS Andrew Jackson | Construction and commissioning | Construction and commissioning
The contract to build Andrew Jackson was awarded to Mare Island Naval Shipyard at Vallejo, California on 23 July 1960 and her keel was laid down on 26 April 1961. She was launched on 15 September 1962 sponsored by Nancy Patterson Pigott, wife of Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver, and commissioned on 3 July 1963, with Commander Alfred J. Whittle, Jr. in command of the Blue Crew and Commander James B. Wilson in command of the Gold Crew.
She was long, wide, and had a draft of . She displaced when surfaced, and when submerged. Her top speed was above , and she had a maximum depth of . She had a complement of around 120 men, and was armed with 16 Polaris missiles and four torpedo tubes. She was propelled by a S5W Pressurized Water Nuclear Reactor powering two turbines which generated , driving one propeller. |
USS Andrew Jackson | Operational history | Operational history
thumb|left|President Kennedy watching USS Andrew Jackson launch a Polaris A-2 missile.
Following commissioning, Andrew Jackson sailed via the Panama Canal to the United States East Coast. On 1 October and 11 October 1963, during shakedown training out of Cape Canaveral, Florida, she successfully launched Polaris A-2 ballistic missiles. On 26 October 1963, she sent Polaris A-3X missiles into space in the first submerged launching of its type; she repeated the feat on 11 November 1963. On 16 November 1963, six days before his assassination, President John F. Kennedy—embarked in the missile range instrumentation ship —observed Andrew Jackson launch another Polaris A-2 ballistic missile from a point off Cape Canaveral and congratulated Commander Wilson and his crew for "impressive teamwork." |
USS Andrew Jackson | USS ''Liberty'' incident | USS Liberty incident
There is speculation amongst survivors of the 1967 Israeli attack on USS Liberty and their supporters that a U.S. Navy submarine observed and filmed the attack through their periscope. The working theory is that the submarine was either the Andrew Jackson or . The Andrew Jackson was assigned to Submarine Squadron 16, Submarine Force, Atlantic Fleet from 1964 to 1973, where she conducted patrols out of the American naval base at Rota, Spain. This would mean she could, in theory, have been in the vicinity of the attack when it occurred. There is no confirmation of this theory and it remains speculative.
In 1988, the LBJ Presidential Library declassified and released a document from the Liberty archive with the “Top Secret—Eyes Only” security caveat (Document #12C sanitized and released 21DEC88 under review case 86–199). This "Memorandum for the Record" dated 10 April 1967 reported a briefing of the "303 Committee" by General Ralph D. Steakley. According to the memo, General Steakley "briefed the committee on a sensitive DOD project known as FRONTLET 615," which is identified in a handwritten note on the original memorandum as "submarine within U.A.R. waters." Further Freedom of Information Act requests returned no information on any project called “FRONTLET 615.” This has lent credence to the theory that a U.S. Navy submarine was present during the attack.
The 1981 book Weapons by Russell Warren Howe says that Liberty was accompanied by the Andrew Jackson, which filmed the entire episode through its periscope but was unable to provide assistance. |
USS Andrew Jackson | Decommissioning and disposal | Decommissioning and disposal
Andrew Jackson was decommissioned on 31 August 1989 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on the same day. Ex-Andrew Jackson entered the Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program in Bremerton, Washington. Recycling of Ex-Andrew Jackson was completed 30 August 1999. |
USS Andrew Jackson | Notes | Notes |
USS Andrew Jackson | References | References
Category:Lafayette-class submarines
Category:Cold War submarines of the United States
Category:Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
Category:Ships built in Vallejo, California
Category:1962 ships |
USS Andrew Jackson | Table of Content | short description, Construction and commissioning, Operational history, USS ''Liberty'' incident, Decommissioning and disposal, Notes, References |
USS John Adams (SSBN-620) | short description | USS John Adams (SSBN-620), a Lafayette-class ballistic missile submarine, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Founding Father John Adams (1735–1826), the second President of the United States (1797–1801), and his son John Quincy Adams (1767–1848), the sixth President of the United States (1825–1829). Both names were used with the captains of the Blue and Gold crews alternately using the names John Adams and John Quincy Adams. |
USS John Adams (SSBN-620) | Construction and commissioning | Construction and commissioning
The contract to build John Adams was awarded to Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, on 23 July 1960 and her keel was laid down there on 19 May 1961. She was launched on 12 January 1963 sponsored by Abigail Adams Manny, great, great, great-granddaughter of John Quincy Adams, and wife of James C. Manny, and commissioned on 12 May 1964, with Commander Lando W. Zech, Jr. in command of the Blue Crew and Commander Paul J. Early in command of the Gold Crew. |
USS John Adams (SSBN-620) | Operational history | Operational history
Following her commissioning, John Adams completed sixteen deterrent patrols while assigned to the United States Atlantic Fleet After her sixteenth patrol, she entered Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington for overhaul and modernization in August 1968. She completed overhaul on 10 August 1969 and returned to sea as a unit of the United States Pacific Fleet. Both the Blue Crew and the Gold Crew shot two Polaris ballistic missiles during a Demonstration and Shakedown Operation (DASO) following the overhaul. She conducted sixteen more deterrent patrols as a unit of the Pacific Fleet.
Upon completion of her thirty-second deterrent patrol, John Adams entered Portsmouth Naval Shipyard at Kittery for her second overhaul and conversion to the Poseidon missile system. She completed the overhaul and returned to sea once again as a unit of the Atlantic Fleet.
After completing an additional forty-three deterrent patrols from both her home port at Charleston, South Carolina, and from Holy Loch, Scotland, John Adams transited the Panama Canal to again enter the Puget Sound Navy Shipyard, this time in preparation for decommissioning after a long and distinguished career. At the time of her decommissioning she had completed 75 strategic deterrent patrols. |
USS John Adams (SSBN-620) | Decommissioning and disposal | Decommissioning and disposal
John Adams was decommissioned on 24 March 1989 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. She entered the Nuclear-Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, Washington. Recycling of Ex-John Adams was completed on 12 February 1996. |
USS John Adams (SSBN-620) | Notes | Notes |
USS John Adams (SSBN-620) | References | References
Category:Ships built in Kittery, Maine
Category:Lafayette-class submarines
Category:Cold War submarines of the United States
Category:Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
Category:1963 ships |
USS John Adams (SSBN-620) | Table of Content | short description, Construction and commissioning, Operational history, Decommissioning and disposal, Notes, References |
USS James Monroe | short description | +USS James Monroe (SSBN-622)
USS James Monroe (SSBN-622), a ballistic missile submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Founding Father and U.S. president James Monroe. She served with the United States Navy from 1963 to 1990. |
USS James Monroe | Construction and commissioning | Construction and commissioning
The contract to build James Monroe was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Newport News, Virginia on 3 February 1961 and her keel was laid down there on 31 July 1961. She was launched on 4 August 1962, sponsored by Mrs. Miriam Thorne Gilpatric, wife of Deputy Secretary of Defense Roswell L. Gilpatric, and commissioned on 7 December 1963, with Commander William H. Sandford in command of the Blue Crew and Commander Warren R. Cobean, Jr., in command of the Gold Crew. |
USS James Monroe | Operational history | Operational history
Following shakedown off Florida's Cape Kennedy, James Monroe spent the early months of 1964 in ballistic missile tests. She departed for her first deterrent patrol in June 1964. On 17 January 1967, James Monroe completed her twelfth deterrent patrol, having operated from both Holy Loch, Scotland, and Rota, Spain. Preparations for the arrival of the submarine squadron went forward with haste throughout the remainder of 1978 and into 1979. Commander Submarine Squadron 16 greeted the submarine tender , when she arrived at Kings Bay on 2 July 1979. Four days later, USS James Monroe entered Kings Bay and moored alongside Simon Lakes starboard side to begin a routine refit in preparation for another nuclear weapons deterrence patrol. |
USS James Monroe | Decommissioning and disposal | Decommissioning and disposal
James Monroe was decommissioned on 25 September 1990 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. Ex-James Monroe entered the Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program in Bremerton, Washington. Recycling of Ex-James Monroe was completed on 10 January 1995. |
USS James Monroe | References | References |
USS James Monroe | External links | External links
Category:Lafayette-class submarines
Category:Cold War submarines of the United States
Category:Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
Category:1962 ships
Category:Ships built in Newport News, Virginia |
USS James Monroe | Table of Content | short description, Construction and commissioning, Operational history, Decommissioning and disposal, References, External links |
USS Woodrow Wilson | short description | +USS Woodrow Wilson (SSBN-624)
USS Woodrow Wilson (SSBN-624), a ballistic missile submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924), the 28th President of the United States (1913–1921). She later was converted into an attack submarine and redesignated SSN-624. |
USS Woodrow Wilson | Construction and commissioning | Construction and commissioning
The contract to build Woodrow Wilson was awarded to Mare Island Naval Shipyard at Vallejo, California, on 9 February 1961 and her keel was laid down there on 13 September 1961. She was launched on 22 February 1963 sponsored by Miss Eleanor Axson Sayre (Wilson's granddaughter), and commissioned on 27 December 1963, with Commander Cleo N. Mitchell in command of the Blue Crew and Commander Walter N. Dietzen in command of the Gold Crew. |
USS Woodrow Wilson | Operational history | Operational history
Woodrow Wilson departed Mare Island Naval Shipyard on 9 January 1964, bound for the United States East Coast. After stopping briefly at San Diego, she proceeded on to the Panama Canal, arriving on 19 January 1964 at its western end. Violent anti-American demonstrations and riots over a recent flag-displaying incident had resulted in an extremely tense atmosphere. As a result, she transited the canal in a record seven hours ten minutes while combat-ready United States Marines and United States Army soldiers guarded the locks.
Making port at Charleston, South Carolina, on 5 February 1964, Woodrow Wilson conducted a shakedown cruise off the lower U.S. East Coast into March 1964 and underwent post-shakedown repairs and alterations into April 1964. She put to sea at the end of May 1964 upon the conclusion of these repairs and alterations and commenced her first deterrent patrol out of Charleston in June 1964.
Woodrow Wilson subsequently operated in the Atlantic Ocean until the autumn of 1968, conducting patrols from forward bases at Rota, Spain and Holy Loch, Scotland. After undergoing a 13-month overhaul and conversion to the Polaris A3 ballistic missile at Newport News Shipbuilding, she was transferred to the United States Pacific Fleet via Charleston and the Panama Canal, arriving at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 19 November 1969. She then continued on to the western Pacific Ocean, was based at Guam, and conducted deterrent patrols from Apra Harbor through 1972.
In 1972, Woodrow Wilson shifted back to the Atlantic and another overhaul and conversion to the Poseidon C3 missile at Newport News Shipbuilding. She was then home-ported at Charleston for operations with the United States Atlantic Fleet.
On 4 June 1979, Woodrow Wilson ran aground in heavy fog at Race Rock while en route to New London, Connecticut. The submarine was able to free itself and proceed to port for inspection of the damage.
After several overhauls in the Charleston Naval Shipyard and 40 more deterrent patrols, Woodrow Wilson entered the Charleston Naval Shipyard for its final refueling overhaul in 1988. CDR Charles Peterson was relieved of both crews by CDR Glen Dilgren in August 1989. Hurricane Hugo struck on 21 September 1989 and resulted in a one-month shipyard shutdown. During the shutdown, crew members were assigned to help with recovery operations in the Charleston area, for which the ship was awarded the Humanitarian Service Medal. During Alfa sea trials in June 1990 and as a result of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, Woodrow Wilson was directed to condense the crew, deactivate the missile systems and convert to an SSN. The ship was delivered for SSN Shakedown three months ahead of schedule.
During shakedown, the ship went 11-for-11 during AUTEC, WSAT and open ocean exercise torpedo firings against maneuvering targets.
The missile compartment was configured for support of Naval Special Warfare, and the ship passed its initial SSN Tactical Readiness Evaluation. Following shakedown, the ship was assigned to Submarine Squadron Four at Charleston, SC and won the White "A" for excellence in Anti-Submarine Warfare. Woodrow Wilson was assigned missions in Fleet and NATO Exercises, Atlantic SSN Operations and a primary tasking in the development of new submarine and Naval Special Warfare tactics. In September 1991, the ship was a key participant in Exercise Phantom Shadow, the largest ever Navy and Special Warfare exercise, which lasted a month in the Western Atlantic and Caribbean. In the spring of 1992, Woodrow Wilson conducted a successful MK 48 warshot SINKEX during her 30th underway since completion of overhaul two years before. CDR Glen Dilgren was relieved by CDR Marshall Page in April 1992. During her final years of service, the ship continued SSN operations in the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Caribbean. |
USS Woodrow Wilson | Decommissioning and disposal | Decommissioning and disposal
300px|thumb|right|A starboard view of Woodrow Wilson underway, 1 February 1991
300px|thumb|right|The salvage ship towing the decommissioned Woodrow Wilson through Admiralty Inlet to Bremerton, Washington where Woodrow Wilson was destined for scrapping via the Ship-Submarine Recycling Program.
Woodrow Wilson was deactivated in September 1993. She was decommissioned on 1 September 1994 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. Ex-Woodrow Wilson entered the Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, Washington, on 26 September 1997. Recycling of Ex-Woodrow Wilson was completed on 27 October 1998. |
USS Woodrow Wilson | Commemoration | Commemoration
Woodrow Wilsons sail is preserved as part of the Deterrent Park monument at Naval Base Kitsap in Bangor, Washington. |
USS Woodrow Wilson | References | References |
USS Woodrow Wilson | External links | External links
USS Woodrow Wilson (SSBN-624) Association
Category:Lafayette-class submarines
Category:Cold War submarines of the United States
Category:Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
Category:Ships built in Vallejo, California
Category:1963 ships |
USS Woodrow Wilson | Table of Content | short description, Construction and commissioning, Operational history, Decommissioning and disposal, Commemoration, References, External links |
USS Henry Clay | short description | USS Henry Clay (SSBN-625), a ballistic missile submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Henry Clay (1777–1852), the American statesman and orator. |
USS Henry Clay | Construction and commissioning | Construction and commissioning
The contract to build Henry Clay was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Newport News, Virginia on 3 February 1961 and her keel was laid down there on 23 October 1961. She was launched on 30 November 1962, sponsored by Mrs. Anna Gratz "Nannie" (Clay) Gibson, and commissioned on 20 February 1964, with Commander Thomas A Bryce in command of the Blue Crew and Commander John C. Lewis in command of the Gold Crew. |
USS Henry Clay | Operational history | Operational history
Henry Clay conducted shakedown off the coast of Florida beginning on 28 February 1964. She completed her first submerged Polaris missile firing on 6 April 1964 and returned to Newport News on 29 May 1964.
thumb | 220x124px | right | alt= Surface launch of a Polaris missile from the ballistic missile submarine USS Henry Clay |
April 1964 Polaris missile launch
She then moved to her new home port, Charleston, South Carolina, and departed for her first deterrent patrol on 17 August 1964.
By January 1967, Henry Clay had completed 11 deterrent patrols. As of mid-1967, she was assigned to Submarine Squadron 14.
During December 1986, Henry Clay made a port call at Plymouth, England, while being operated by her Gold crew, the only port call the Crew made between April 1985 and October 1987.
In 1987, Henry Clays Gold Crew underwent an unannounced Operational Reactor Safeguards Examination (ORSE). She received an EXCELLENT grade, the only submarine in the United States Atlantic Fleet other than the attack submarine up to that date to receive an EXCELLENT on an unannounced ORSE.
RECORD SETTING: In 1989, in preparation for its final deterrent patrol, the Henry Clay crew spent just three days in Holy Loch, Scotland for its refit (instead of the normal three week refit period), and onloaded 250,000 pounds of food. Henry Clay spent a record 121 days (April–August) beneath the North Atlantic waves on deterrent patrol. It made two, short back to back port calls in Plymouth and Portsmouth, England respectively. After its successful patrol, the Henry Clay pulled into Norfolk, VA for a brief rest and to pick up many of the crew's (male) family members for a three-day, fun "Tiger Cruise" to her home port of Charleston, South Carolina. |
USS Henry Clay | Decommissioning and disposal | Decommissioning and disposal
Henry Clay was decommissioned on 5 November 1990 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. She entered the Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program in Bremerton, Washington, for scrapping, which was completed on 30 September 1997. |
USS Henry Clay | References | References |
USS Henry Clay | External links | External links
Category:Lafayette-class submarines
Category:Cold War submarines of the United States
Category:Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
Category:1962 ships
Category:Ships built in Newport News, Virginia |
USS Henry Clay | Table of Content | short description, Construction and commissioning, Operational history, Decommissioning and disposal, References, External links |
Karlstadt, Germany | more citations needed | Karlstadt (), also called Karlstadt am Main, is a town in the Main-Spessart in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany. It is the administrative centre of Main-Spessart (Kreisstadt), and has a population of around 15,000. |
Karlstadt, Germany | Geography | Geography
Karlstadt lies on the River Main in the district (Landkreis) of Main-Spessart, roughly 25 km north of the city of Würzburg. It belongs to the Main-Franconian wine-growing region. The town itself is located on the right bank of the river, but the municipal territory extends to the left bank.
Since the amalgamations in 1978, Karlstadt's Stadtteile have been Gambach, Heßlar, Karlburg, Karlstadt, Laudenbach, Mühlbach, Rohrbach, Stadelhofen, Stetten, and Wiesenfeld. |
Karlstadt, Germany | History | History
From the late 6th to the mid-13th century, the settlement of Karlburg with its monastery and harbor was located on the west bank of the Main. It grew up around the Karlsburg, a castle perched high over the community, that was destroyed in the German Peasants' War in 1525.
In 1202, Karlstadt itself was founded by Konrad von Querfurt, Bishop of Würzburg. The town was methodically laid out with a nearly rectangular plan to defend Würzburg territory against the Counts of Rieneck. The plan is still well preserved today. The streets in the old town are laid out much like a chessboard, but for military reasons they are not quite straight.
In 1225, Karlstadt had its first documentary mention. In 1236, the castle and the village of Karlburg were destroyed in the Rieneck Feud. In 1244, winegrowing in Karlstadt was mentioned for the first time. From 1277 comes the earliest evidence of the town seal. In 1304, the town fortifications were finished. The parish of Karlstadt was first named in 1339. In 1369 a hospital was founded. Between 1370 and 1515, remodelling work was being done on the first, Romanesque parish church to turn it into a Gothic hall church. About 1400, Karlstadt became for a short time the seat of an episcopal mint. The former Oberamt of the Princely Electorate (Hochstift) of Würzburg was, after Secularization, in Bavaria's favour, passed in 1805 to Grand Duke Ferdinando III of Tuscany to form the Grand Duchy of Würzburg, and passed with this to the Kingdom of Bavaria.
The Jewish residents of the town had a synagogue as early as the Middle Ages. The town's synagogue was destroyed on Kristallnacht (the Night of Broken Glass, 9 November 1938) by Nazi SA men, SS, and Hitler Youth, as well as other local residents. Its destruction is recalled by a plaque at the synagogue's former site.Gedenkstätten für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus. Eine Dokumentation, Band 1. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn 1995, , S. 152 The homes of Jewish residents were attacked as well, the possessions therein were looted or brought to the square in front of the town hall where they were burned, and the Jews living in the town were beaten. |
Karlstadt, Germany | Governance | Governance
The mayor of Karlstadt is Michael Hombach (CSU), elected in 2020.
The council is made up of 24 council members, excluding the mayor.
CSU SPD Grüne FWG Total 2002 10 7 2 5 24 seats 2008 8 6 3 7 24 seats
(as of 2 March 2008)
The town's coat of arms might be described thus: Quarterly, first and fourth azure, second and third argent a fleur-de-lis gules. The town's earliest seal, from 1277, showed an effigy of Charlemagne, who is said to have founded and named the town (Charlemagne is called Karl der Große in German). The next seal after this one also bore Charlemagne's likeness, and this appeared on town seals until the 18th century. However, in 1544 the town began using a quartered shield as its arms. This is thought to have come from the banner of state borne by the Prince-Bishopric (Hochstift) of Würzburg, to which the town once belonged. The fleurs-de-lis were added in the early 19th century, and they refer to Charlemagne. |
Karlstadt, Germany | Transport | Transport
Karlstadt lies at the junction of two Bundesstraßen, the B 26 and the B 27. On two road bridges, the Old Main Bridge (Alte Mainbrücke) built in 1953 and the more northerly New Main Bridge (Neue Mainbrücke) built in 2005, the river Main can be crossed.
Through the municipal area runs the Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line, north-south. Within the municipal territory lie a section of the Mühlberg Tunnel and part of the Nantenbach Curve.
Karlstadt has a small airfield east of the town. |
Karlstadt, Germany | Economy | Economy
thumb|Industry south of Karlstadt.
Local industry includes Düker Ironworks, the Schwenk Cement Works, and the Kohl Wood Veneer Factory. Besides these three large industrial plants, many handicraft businesses have also set up shop in Karlstadt. Another big employer is the Main-Spessart Landratsamt (district administration). Many inhabitants commute to Würzburg, 25 km away, or Lohr am Main, 18 km away.
Winegrowing has only a small economic importance nowadays, but still has great cultural significance. Vineyards in Karlstadt are the Roßtal and Im Stein. There are also others in centres, especially in Stetten (Stettener Stein) and on the way from the main town out to Gambach. |
Karlstadt, Germany | Education | Education
The following institutions exists in Karlstadt: several kindergartens, five primary schools, one gymnasium, one Realschule, and "Piranha" youth cultural centre. |
Karlstadt, Germany | Notable people | Notable people
Johannes Schöner (1477–1547), mathematician, geographer, cartographer, astronomer and astrologist
Andreas Bodenstein (–1541), Protestant Reformer
Johann Rudolph Glauber (1604–1670), apothecary and chemist
Franz Sperr (1878–1945), member of the German resistance to Nazism
Ruth Westheimer (1928–2024), German-American sex therapist, talk show host and author
Roland Büchner (born 1954), choirmaster of the Regensburger Domspatzen |
Karlstadt, Germany | Gallery | Gallery |
Karlstadt, Germany | References | References |
Karlstadt, Germany | External links | External links
Category:Main-Spessart
Category:Würzburg
Category:Lower Franconia
Category:Populated places on the Main basin
Category:Populated riverside places in Germany |
Karlstadt, Germany | Table of Content | more citations needed, Geography, History, Governance, Transport, Economy, Education, Notable people, Gallery, References, External links |
Ilunga | refimprove | Ilunga is a personal name in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
In June 2004, "ilunga" was reported as being a Bantu word meaning "a person who is ready to forgive any abuse for the first time, to tolerate it a second time, but never a third time", and – in the opinion of 1,000 linguists surveyed on the subject – the world's most difficult word to translate.BBC News: Congo word "most untranslatable" |
Ilunga | Ilunga as a family name | Ilunga as a family name
Ilunga is a family name placed before the given name. There are many famous African and African-descended people named Ilunga. For example:
Kalala Ilunga, legendary founder of the Luba ethnic group of Democratic Republic of Congo
Sylvestre Ilunga, appointed as the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in May 2019-
Didier Ilunga-Mbenga, basketball, Congo, joined Dallas Mavericks in July 2004
Dorah Ilunga Kabulu, politician, Belgium
Hérita Ilunga, footballer, Democratic Republic of Congo
Masengo Ilunga, former footballer of Ethnikos Piraeus born in Zaire.
Ilunga Mwepu, Congolese footballer
Kasongo Ilunga, Congolese politician |
Ilunga | See also | See also
Words hardest to translate |
Ilunga | References | References
MacIntyre, Ben. Why do Koreans say "a biscuit would be nice" instead of "I want a biscuit"?, The Times, August 21, 2004.
Category:Given names
Category:Bantu-language surnames
Category:Kongo-language surnames |
Ilunga | Table of Content | refimprove, Ilunga as a family name, See also, References |
Summer of Sam | Short description | Summer of Sam is a 1999 American crime thriller film about the 1977 David Berkowitz (Son of Sam) serial murders and their effect on a group of fictional residents of an Italian-American neighborhood in The Bronx in the late 1970s. It focuses on two young men from the neighborhood: Vinny (John Leguizamo), whose marriage is faltering due to his cheating, and Ritchie (Adrien Brody), Vinny's childhood friend who has embraced punk fashion and music.
The murder investigation and other contemporary events, such as the New York City blackout of 1977 and the New York Yankees' winning season, provide a backdrop to the stories of Vinny, Ritchie, their families and friends. The film was directed and co-produced by Spike Lee, who also co-wrote the film with Michael Imperioli and Victor Colicchio. The film was a box-office disappointment. |
Summer of Sam | Plot | Plot
It is the summer of 1977, and New York City lives in fear of the ".44 Caliber Killer", who shoots young women and their male companions. The killer, David Berkowitz, later identifies himself as "Son of Sam" in a note left at a murder scene. Berkowitz lives in a messy apartment, where he is driven crazy by the barking of a neighbor's large black labrador, Harvey, the dog of Sam Carr, and has a vision of the dog directing him to kill.
In an Italian-American neighborhood in the Bronx (likely Morris Park, Throggs Neck, or Pelham Bay), hairdresser Vinny and his pretty wife Dionna go disco dancing at a local nightclub, where they meet Dionna's attractive cousin Chiara. Vinny offers to drive Chiara home while Dionna remains at the club. Vinny and Chiara then park on a residential street and have sex in the car. Son of Sam watches them, but when another couple pulls up behind their car, flashing their lights and honking their horn, Vinny and Chiara drive off, embarrassed. After they leave, Son of Sam kills the couple who had parked behind Vinny. When Vinny picks up Dionna back at the club, she notices the smell of vaginal lubrication on his face and realizes he had sex with Chiara but does not let on that she knows.
On the drive home, Vinny notices police near the location where he had parked with Chiara and sees the bodies of the slain couple. The religious and guilty Vinny, realizing he could have been a victim, decides that God spared him in order to give him a chance to reform his ways and stop cheating on his wife. Although Vinny loves Dionna, their sex life is suffering because Vinny enjoys anal sex, "69" and other sex acts that he considers kinky, but which he cannot bring himself to discuss or perform with his wife. He is also having an affair with Gloria, the owner of the hair salon where he works.
The next day, while Vinny is hanging out with neighborhood drug dealer Joey T and his friends, Vinny's old friend Ritchie, who has been away for some time, reappears, sporting a punk spiked hairdo and clothing and affecting a British accent. Vinny, Joey T, and the others dislike the change in Ritchie and he soon finds himself unwelcome in the neighborhood. Ruby, a promiscuous local girl, is attracted to Ritchie and the two begin a relationship. Unlike other men, Ritchie takes an interest in Ruby as a person, not just as a sexual outlet. She learns that he makes money by erotic dancing and prostituting himself at a gay theater but remains loyal to him and begins to dress in punk fashion herself.
As the Son of Sam killings continue, tension rises in the neighborhood. A local police detective asks the local mob boss to help him find the killer; Joey T and his friends also make a list of possible suspects, including Ritchie whom they regard as "a freak". Ritchie and Ruby invite Vinny and Dionna to come see their punk band perform at CBGB, but once there, Dionna feels intimidated by the punk crowd and refuses to go in. Vinny and Dionna instead go to Studio 54, where they are denied entry and finally end up at Plato's Retreat where they take drugs and participate in an orgy. Vinny becomes upset when he sees Dionna appearing to enjoy the experience of having sex with another man, even though he himself is having sex with other women. He berates Dionna in the car on the way home, resulting in his angered wife revealing that she knows he cheated on her with Chiara. She storms off to stay at her father's house. Vinny begins to drink, uses drugs and makes a scene at Gloria's hair salon, causing her to angrily throw him out and then inform Dionna about their affair. Upon hearing from Gloria, Dionna leaves Vinny for good.
Joey T and his gang decide that the latest witness sketch of Son of Sam released by the police resembles Ritchie and attempt to track him down at CBGB. Joey persuades the unstable Vinny, who is high on drugs he has taken to dull the pain of his impending divorce, to help them lure Ritchie out of his house, since Vinny is the only local friend Ritchie still trusts. Unbeknownst to Vinny and his friends, the police have already arrested David Berkowitz, the real Son of Sam. Vinny goes to Ritchie's family home, where Ritchie and Ruby are packing up to leave town, and lures Ritchie out on the pretext of talking about his failing marriage. Once Ritchie is outside, Vinny warns Ritchie under his breath to run, but Ritchie does not heed the warning and is attacked and severely beaten by Joey T and his gang. Ritchie's stepfather, Eddie, emerges from the house brandishing his gun and rescues the badly injured Ritchie, telling the attackers that Ritchie is not the Son of Sam and that the TV news is reporting that the police have just arrested the real killer. Unable to face Ritchie, Vinny walks away. |
Summer of Sam | Cast | Cast |
Summer of Sam | Production | Production
Spike Lee spent months trying to convince Leonardo DiCaprio to take the role of Ritchie. DiCaprio declined the role and Adrien Brody was cast as Ritchie. Lee later stated The role of Dionna was originally written with Jennifer Esposito in mind. A cast reshuffle ended with Mira Sorvino as Dionna and Esposito as Ruby. Journalist Jimmy Breslin, to whom the real Son of Sam sent letters during the time of the murders, appears as himself introducing and closing the film. Phil Rizzuto appears in the film as the Yankees' broadcaster and boxer Evander Holyfield makes a brief appearance as a man in a riot.
The film was largely shot during the summer of 1998 and set in the Italian-American neighborhoods of Country Club, Morris Park and Throggs Neck sections of the Bronx, with some scenes filmed in Brownsville, Brooklyn. Although most of the Son of Sam murders actually took place in Queens, the double shooting that Vinny narrowly escapes has been called an accurate depiction of the April 1977 killing of Alexander Esau and Valentina Suriani in the Bronx. Marie's Beauty Lounge, the salon where Vinny works, was a real salon on Morris Park Avenue, between Williamsbridge Road and Bronxdale Avenue. The real CBGB club was also used; the band L.E.S. Stitches shown playing there was a contemporary punk band from New York's Lower East Side.
Adrien Brody's nose was broken during the climactic fight scene in which his character Ritchie is brutally beaten by his friends. The sex orgy scene at Plato's Retreat included more explicit shots in the original cut but was edited after the MPAA threatened the film with an "NC-17" rating.
Summer of Sam: Original Soundtrack was released on June 29, 1999 and features disco and rock songs from the 1970s.
1. Got to Give It Up - Marvin Gaye (6:02)
2. Dancing Queen - ABBA (3:49)
3. Baba O'Riley - The Who (5:09)
4. Running Away - Roy Ayers (3:12)
5. Everybody Dance - Chic (3:31)
6. La Vie en Rose - Grace Jones (7:27)
7. Let No Man Put Asunder - First Choice (7:59)
8. Fooled Around and Fell in Love - Elvin Bishop (2:58)
9. There But for the Grace of God Go I - Machine (4:58)
10. Best of My Love - The Emotions (3:46)
11. Dance with Me - Peter Brown (3:50)
12. Don’t Leave Me This Way - Thelma Houston (3:40) |
Summer of Sam | Reception | Reception
Summer of Sam premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on May 20, 1999, and was released in the United States on July 2. It received mixed reviews from critics. The film has an approval rating of 50% at Rotten Tomatoes based on 104 reviews, with a weighted average of 5.50/10. The site's consensus states: "Spike Lee offers intense visuals but his storytelling feels crowded and overambitious". Retrieved February 15, 2023 On Metacritic, the film has a score of 67 out of 100 based on reviews from 26 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Retrieved June 29, 2019 Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade D− on scale of A to F.
Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times stated "Lee is a powerful filmmaker who certainly knows how to have an impact on an audience, but those who survive his ministrations are likely to wonder if in this case the battle was worth the bruises". Todd McCarthy of Variety gave a positive review, writing the film "is the closest Lee has yet come to Scorsese territory." In the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert gave it three-and-a-half out of four stars and regarded the screenplay as more of "an analytical outsider's view" of provincial scapegoating rather than "the inside, autobiographical job of a Martin Scorsese film". He added Summer of Sam "vibrates with fear, guilt and lust", and that the film is "not about the killer, but about his victims—not those he murdered, but those whose overheated imaginations bloomed into a lynch mob mentality. There is a sequence near the end of the film that shows a side of human nature as ugly as it is familiar: the fever to find someone to blame and the need to blame someone who is different."
According to film academic R. Barton Palmer in 2011, Summer of Sam continues to be widely viewed as Spike Lee's most controversial film, "issuing a cynical appeal to trashy tastes", which has "prevented some critics from according it more than cursory consideration". Many critics objected to its handling of sexual themes, its pervasive street language, and "what some saw as [Lee's] bitterly negative and even defamatory representations of white ethnic culture". |
Summer of Sam | Accolades | Accolades
Award Category Subject Result ALMA Awards Outstanding Actor in a Feature Film John Leguizamo Black Reel Awards Best Film Soundtrack Terence Blanchard Theatrical - Best DirectorSpike Lee Stinkers Bad Movie Awards Worst Supporting Actor Valladolid International Film Festival Golden Spike |
Summer of Sam | References | References |
Summer of Sam | External links | External links
Category:1999 films
Category:1999 crime drama films
Category:1990s serial killer films
Category:1999 crime thriller films
Category:40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks films
Category:Films about adultery in the United States
Category:American crime drama films
Category:American crime thriller films
Category:American serial killer films
Category:Drama films based on actual events
Category:1990s English-language films
Category:Films about Italian-American culture
Category:Films scored by Terence Blanchard
Category:Films about male prostitution in the United States
Category:Films directed by Spike Lee
Category:Films shot in New York City
Category:Films set in 1977
Category:Films set in the Bronx
Category:1990s Italian-language films
Category:Punk films
Category:Films with screenplays by Spike Lee
Category:Crime films based on actual events
Category:Touchstone Pictures films
Category:Cultural depictions of David Berkowitz
Category:Films produced by Jon Kilik
Category:1999 multilingual films
Category:American multilingual films
Category:Italian-language American films
Category:1990s American films
Category:English-language crime drama films
Category:English-language crime thriller films |
Summer of Sam | Table of Content | Short description, Plot, Cast, Production, Reception, Accolades, References, External links |
CSSR | '''CSSR''' | CSSR may refer to:
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czech and Slovak: ČSSR), onetime name of Czechoslovakia
Climate Science Special Report, Volume 1 of the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) 2017/2018
Canadian Society for the Study of Religion
Canadian Society for the Study of Rhetoric
Center for the Study of Science and Religion, a center inside The Earth Institute at Columbia University
Congregatio Sanctissimi Redemptoris, Latin name of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, abbreviated to C.Ss.R
Council with Social Services Responsibilities, part of the UK Healthcare Commission
Centre for Social Studies and Reforms (CSSR), based in Cochin, Kerala, India
Call setup success rate, a term used in telecommunications denoting the percentage of the attempts to make a call which result in a connection to the dialed number
Conservative Site-specific recombination |
CSSR | Table of Content | '''CSSR''' |
Patricia Mauceri | short description | Patricia Mauceri is an American actress. She is best known for playing the role of Carlotta Vega on the ABC soap opera, One Life to Live. |
Patricia Mauceri | Early life and career | Early life and career
Mauceri played Angie Perrini Frame on Another World in 1977. She has had small roles in films such as Saving Grace and Die Hard with a Vengeance, and appeared in television shows such as Law & Order and The Sopranos.
Mauceri portrayed Carlotta Vega on the ABC soap opera, One Life to Live from 1995 until March 25, 2009.Carlotta Vega profile - Soaps.com She was reportedly replaced in the role after voicing personal religious objections to a planned storyline in which Carlotta would be supportive of a gay relationship.
Mauceri has served on the theatre faculty of the MasterWorks Festival since 2005.
A short documentary about Mauceri was filmed by Olive Tree Pictures. In 2017 she portrayed Jenny Sanchez in the faith-based movie Courageous Love. |
Patricia Mauceri | Filmography | Filmography |
Patricia Mauceri | Film | Film
Year Title Role Notes1979Natural EnemiesGirl in Brothel1986Saving GraceLucia1994Don Juan DeMarcoDoña Querida1995Die Hard with a VengeanceMiss Thomas1997I Think I DoMs. Rivera1998Went to Coney Island on a Mission from God... Be Back by FiveMrs. Muñoz2001Jump TomorrowConsueloDon't Say a WordSofia2006FreedomlandJudge2017Courageous LoveJenny SanchezLongingShort film2018MariaFilming |
Patricia Mauceri | Television | Television
Year Title Role Notes1976KojakYolandaEpisode: "Where Do You Go When You Have Nowhere to Go?"1977Another WorldAngie Perrini Frame1980As the World TurnsAndrea Andropolous1990Mrs. StewartEpisode: "Dawn and the Dream Boy"1991Law & OrderMrs. FermiEpisode: "Out of Control"1994GhostwriterMrs. MichaelsEpisode: "What's Up with Alex?: Part 1"Lifestories: Families in CrisisLourdesEpisode: "POWER: The Eddie Matos Story"1995–2009One Life to LiveCarlotta VegaRecurring role1997Law & OrderVirginia WattsEpisode: "We Like Mike"1999Now and AgainRealtor #1Episode: "One for the Money"2000Law & OrderBelinda RojasEpisode: "Vaya Con Dios"2001Law & OrderFemale FriendEpisode: "Soldier of Fortune"100 Centre StreetEpisode: "The Bug"MarieEpisode: "Army of One"Boss of BossesNina CastellanoTV film2004Rescue MeFranco's MomEpisode: "Revenge"2005Law & Order: Trial by JuryJudge Francesco CarusoEpisode: "The Abominable Showman"2009Royal PainsBenny's MomEpisode: "Strategic Planning"2021-2023Manifest (TV series)Director Zimmer8 episodes |
Patricia Mauceri | References | References |
Patricia Mauceri | External links | External links
PatriciaMauceri.com
MasterWorksFestival.org
Category:Living people
Category:Actresses from Brooklyn
Category:American soap opera actresses
Category:American television actresses
Category:American film actresses
Category:20th-century American actresses
Category:21st-century American actresses
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) |
Patricia Mauceri | Table of Content | short description, Early life and career, Filmography, Film, Television, References, External links |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Taggle | Dictionary definition and neologism. I realize the article is brand-new, but I don't see any possibility that it could become encyclopedic. Transwiki to | Dictionary definition and neologism. I realize the article is brand-new, but I don't see any possibility that it could become encyclopedic. Transwiki to Wiktionary and delete. To the author: please don't take it personally, we do want you to contribute, but this simply isn't a subject appropriate for an encyclopedia. —Triskaideka 19:15, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)
Delete: Not really wiktionary, because it's Internet slang. Again, we aren't trying to bite the new user, but the article is a dictdef of an out of the way Internet slang term. Geogre 19:45, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)
Delete slang. Davodd 16:51, Sep 4, 2004 (UTC)
Delete with regrets. Cute slang, nice layout, neat definition, interesting etymology (French phrase condensing into English-sounding word). Merging it into some internet culture article would be a good idea, but Internet Relay Chat, which sounds like the obvious location, surprisingly (to me) has no kind of appropriate section for such matters, neither in the English nor the French Wikipedia. But I would urge the originator and others to try to think of some such place for the material. Bishonen 00:49, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
Delete slangdef. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:45, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
Delete. Dictdef. — Gwalla | Talk 05:56, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC) |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Taggle | Table of Content | Dictionary definition and neologism. I realize the article is brand-new, but I don't see any possibility that it could become encyclopedic. Transwiki to |
Eddy Wally | Short description | Eduard Van De Walle (12 July 1932 – 6 February 2016), known by his stage name Eddy Wally, was a Belgian schlager singer and actor from Zelzate, East Flanders, and the once self-proclaimed "Voice of Europe".
As a crooner and showman, Eddy Wally toured worldwide, including China, Australia, all of Europe, the United States, and the USSR. As Eddy Wally was short, he tended to use outside chairs in his act.
Eddy Wally was best known for his song "Chérie" which became a double-platinum hit. Wally was also known for "Ik spring uit een vliegmachien" ("I'll jump out of an aeroplane"), and "Dans Mi Amor". |
Eddy Wally | Attire and cultural iconography | Attire and cultural iconography
On and off stage, Wally usually wore flashy, shiny, expensive outfits, characterized by a camp and kitsch style reminiscent of Liberace. In 2004, Eddy Wally's wardrobe was acquired by the Stedelijk Modemuseum van Hasselt, and was displayed under the title "Eddy Wally's Geweldige Garderobe". The exhibition comprised 115 custom made outfits, valued at up to $5,300 apiece.
In October 2009, famed Belgian artist Kamagurka proclaimed:
It's still discussed whether or not Eddy Wally was a stereotype. Jan Van Rompaey, a former host of many human interest programs and talkshows on Belgian television, interviewed Wally many times. According to him, Wally had a limited vocabulary and was not a stereotype, although he exaggerated his eccentricity. Kamagurka reached a similar conclusion and insinuated Wally acted strange "because people expected this from a famous person". Kamagurka also revealed Wally had some kind of dyslexia and wrote all of his lyrics in his own phonetic transcription language. Wally also had trouble learning scripted lines, even the most simple ones. - episode aired on Monday 8th of February 2016 on Eén
Wally was also known for a video posted on YouTube in 2007 by a person from the community of him exclaiming "Wow" and winking. This had gained worldwide recognition and had become a meme, which many other YouTube users began to use in their videos for comedy.
At some point in time, the novelist Deborah Bishop was writing a biography of Wally, entitled Wow!. |
Eddy Wally | Background | Background
Eddy Wally's first job was a market trader selling handbags. In the 1960s, he became popular after his association with Dutch producer Johnny Hoes. He even had his own disco "Chérie-Paris Las Vegas", first known as "Eddy Wally's Texas Bar".
Eddy Wally used to be a regular feature on the UK television programme Eurotrash, where he was renowned for his eccentric dress sense. |
Eddy Wally | Honours | Honours
A main-belt asteroid is named after Eddy Wally (9205 Eddywally). It is in orbit around the Sun between Mars and Jupiter.
Knight of the Order of Leopold, by Royal Decree of 2005. |
Eddy Wally | Death | Death
Eddy Wally died on 6 February 2016, aged 83, following a stroke. |
Eddy Wally | References | References
a |
Eddy Wally | External links | External links
Official website (in Dutch).
Link to Eddy Wally Soundboard for Iphone
Category:1932 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:20th-century Belgian male singers
Category:20th-century Belgian singers
Category:Dutch-language singers of Belgium
Category:Schlager musicians
Category:21st-century Belgian male singers
Category:21st-century Belgian singers
Category:Belgian male actors
Category:Salespeople
Category:People from Zelzate
Category:People from Evergem
Category:Internet memes |
Eddy Wally | Table of Content | Short description, Attire and cultural iconography, Background, Honours, Death, References, External links |
Luxembourg Grand Prix | Short description | The Luxembourg Grand Prix () was the name given to two races of the FIA Formula One World Championship, held in 1997 and 1998. Both races were held in Germany at the Nürburgring, which is located some from the Germany–Luxembourg border.
The Luxembourg title was chosen in 1997 despite the race being held in Germany and not in Luxembourg's own territory as the Hockenheimring was already contracted to host the German Grand Prix. The Nürburgring had previously hosted the European Grand Prix in 1995 and 1996, but it was renamed due to other changes in the 1997 schedule. Following the cancellation of the Portuguese Grand Prix, a second race in Spain was added, with Jerez hosting the European Grand Prix along with the Spanish Grand Prix at Barcelona. Jerez was due to host the race again in 1998, but the rights to the European Grand Prix had been revoked from the organisers of the race after an incident on the podium in 1997. In 1999 the Nürburgring race returned to using the European Grand Prix title, which it held every year until 2007. |
Luxembourg Grand Prix | History | History |
Luxembourg Grand Prix | 1997 | 1997
As it was, the Luxembourg Grand Prix provided a moment in history, as Renault-powered cars took the first four places at the finish with Jacques Villeneuve (Williams-Renault) taking first place. The race was also Villeneuve's final Formula One victory.
For a long time it looked as if Mika Häkkinen would take his first Formula One win as he pulled away at the front from his McLaren teammate David Coulthard. However, in the space of one lap, both McLarens had pulled out of the race with blown engines allowing Villeneuve to move close to an eventual World Championship. Michael Schumacher's race was over by the end of the first lap after his brother Ralf Schumacher collided with his teammate Giancarlo Fisichella at the first corner; this caused immediate retirement for three out of the four cars involved (Ralf, Fisichella, and Ukyo Katayama), and also caused suspension damage to the fourth car (Michael Schumacher's Ferrari) which also led to its retirement two laps later. |
Luxembourg Grand Prix | 1998 | 1998
1998 saw Mika Häkkinen gain revenge for his engine failure at the previous race by taking victory at this one, with Michael Schumacher second despite qualifying on pole, and Häkkinen's teammate Coulthard third. Häkkinen also, like Villeneuve the year prior, went on to win the World Championship in the final race of the season at Suzuka; this meant that every winner of the Luxembourg GP went on to win that year's World Championship. |
Luxembourg Grand Prix | Winners | Winners
thumb|200px|Findel Circuit layout (1949–1952)
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
Year Driver Constructor Location Report 1949 Luigi VilloresiFerrariFindelReport 1950 Alberto AscariFerrariReport 1951 Alan Brown Cooper-NortonReport 1952 Les LestonCooper-NortonReport 1953–1996 Not held Jacques VilleneuveWilliams-Renault Nürburgring GP-StreckeReport Mika HäkkinenMcLaren-MercedesReport1999Replaced by European Grand Prix |
Luxembourg Grand Prix | Notes | Notes |
Luxembourg Grand Prix | References | References
Category:Formula One Grands Prix
Category:National Grands Prix
Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1949
Category:Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1998 |
Luxembourg Grand Prix | Table of Content | Short description, History, 1997, 1998, Winners, Notes, References |
Anthurium | Short description | Anthurium (;Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607 Schott, 1829) is a genus of about 1,000Mantovani, A. and T. E. Pereira. (2005). Anthurium (section Urospadix; subsection Flavescentiviridia). Rodriguesia 56(88), 145–60.Haigh, A. Araceae. Neotropical Araceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. species of flowering plants, the largest genus of the arum family, Araceae. General common names include anthurium, tailflower, flamingo flower,Anthurium spp. Poisonous Plants of North Carolina. North Carolina State University. pigtail plant, and laceleaf.Anthurium. ITIS.Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1–560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Nadruz Coelho, M.A., Waechter, J.L. & Mayo, S.J. (2009). Revisão taxonômica das espécies de Anthurium (Araceae) seção Urospadix subseção Flavescentiviridia. Rodriguésia; Revista do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal, Jardim Botânico e Estaçao Biologica do Itatiaya 60: 799–864.
The genus is native to the Americas, where it is distributed from northern Mexico to northern Argentina and parts of the Caribbean.Croat, T. (1983). A revision of the genus Anthurium (Araceae) of Mexico and Central America. Part 1: Mexico and Middle America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 211–417. |
Anthurium | Description and biology | Description and biology
Anthurium is a genus of herbs often growing as epiphytes on other plants. Some are terrestrial. The leaves are often clustered and are variable in shape. The inflorescence bears small flowers which are perfect, containing male and female structures. The flowers are contained in close together spirals on the spadix. The spadix is often elongated into a spike shape, but it can be globe-shaped or club-shaped. Beneath the spadix is the spathe, a type of bract. This is variable in shape, as well, but it is lance-shaped in many species. It may extend out flat or in a curve. Sometimes it covers the spadix like a hood. The fruits develop from the flowers on the spadix. They are juicy berries varying in color, usually containing two seeds.Croat, T. B. Anthurium description. aroid.org
The spadix and spathe are a main focus of Anthurium breeders, who develop cultivars in bright colors and unique shapes. Anthurium scherzerianum and A. andraeanum, two of the most common taxa in cultivation, are the only species that grow bright red spathes. They have also been bred to produce spathes in many other colors and patterns.Anthurium scherzerianum (flamingo flower). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Anthurium plants are poisonous due to calcium oxalate crystals. The sap is irritating to the skin and eyes. |
Anthurium | Cultivation | Cultivation
thumb|right|Anthurium scherzerianum inflorescence
Like other aroids, many species of Anthurium plant can be grown as houseplants, or outdoors in mild climates in shady spots, including Anthurium crystallinum and Anthurium clarinervium with its large, velvety, dark green leaves and silvery white venation. Many hybrids are derived from Anthurium andraeanum or Anthurium scherzerianum because of their colorful spathes. They thrive in moist soils with high organic matter. In milder climates the plants can be grown in pots of soil. Indoors plants thrive at temperatures of and at lower light than other house plants. Wiping the leaves off with water will remove any dust and insects. Plants in pots with good root systems will benefit from a weak fertilizer solution every other week. In the case of vining or climbing Anthuriums, the plants benefit from being provided with a totem to climb. |
Anthurium | Propagation | Propagation
Anthurium can be propagated by seed or vegetatively by cuttings. In the commercial Anthurium trade, most propagation is via tissue culture.Chen, J., et al. Cultural guidelines for commercial production of interiorscape Anthurium. ENH956. Environmental Horticulture. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida IFAS. Published 2003, revised 2009. |
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