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Radio Free Asia | Controversies and disputes | Controversies and disputes
In early November 2012, Ngabo Jigme, director of the Tibetan language department of Radio Free Asia (RFA), was suddenly fired. It is said that the reason why Ngapoi Jigme was fired by RFA was that he allowed the Tibetan language department to express "opposition to the Tibetan government-in-exile" and because Ngapoi Jigme was "disrespectful" to the 14th Dalai Lama. This caused dissatisfaction with the Tibetan government-in-exile; RFA was pressured to fire Ngabo Jigme. Although the Tibetan government-in-exile and RFA denied it, the incident was still questioned by many parties. RFA's long-term consultant Maura Moynihan called it a "scandal" and Tibetan writer An Leye Calling this a "farce", American Tibetologist Elliot Sperling said "there are several assertions that the political conspiracy of exiled government leaders to put pressure on the RFA was the main reason for Ngabo Jigme's dismissal".
On May 10, 2020, RFA published a news article titled "China Border Inspection Strengthens Inspection of Entry and Exit Nationals, International Students Had Their Passports Cut," which contained a screenshot of a Reddit post by a user who said his passport had been clipped by China's border inspections. However, it was later revealed that the user's attached picture was stolen from someone else. The news triggered criticism from mainland Chinese media, saying that the claims stated in the news were incongruent with the situation.
On 11 May 2021, Fact-checker First Draft News found that Chinese- and Cantonese-language versions of Radio Free Asia (RFA) published anti-vaccine misinformation regarding the Chinese vaccines, particularly the ones manufactured by Sinopharm and Sinovac. The investigation found the RFA articles amplified misleading claims about the vaccine programs, and its stories were reprinted by popular tabloid newspapers to reinforce the anti-vaccine misinformation. The RFA site did not cover suspected adverse events related to Western-made vaccines. Wen-Ying Sylvia Chou, program director at the National Cancer Institute, believed these articles caused vaccine hesitancy and global public health risks. Masato Kajimoto, a misinformation expert and journalism professor at the University of Hong Kong, suggested the articles were biased toward anti-Beijing messages and repeated unsubstantiated claims made by unreliable sources, such as The Epoch Times. |
Radio Free Asia | Awards | Awards
Radio Free Asia has received several awards for its journalism, including:
2008: Consumer Rights award. Hong Kong Consumer Council, Hong Kong Journalists Association.
2010 and 2020: The International Women's Media Foundation's Courage in Journalism Award.
Edward R. Murrow National Award, 2019. Radio-Television News Directors Association.
Sigma Delta Chi award, 2014. The Society of Professional Journalists.
Annual Human Rights Press Award, 2012, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, and 2000. Amnesty International, Hong Kong Journalists Association, Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong.
Edward R. Murrow Regional Award, 2013, 2005, 2003, 2002, and 2001. Radio-Television News Directors Association.
Gracie Allen Award, 2013, 2010, and 2008. American Women in Radio and Television.
The U.S. Broadcasting Board of Governors' David Burke Distinguished Journalism Award, 2010.
Society of Environmental Journalists's First Prize for Outstanding Online Reporting on the Environment for RFA's 2010 multimedia series "The Last Untamed River."
BenarNews, a RFA affiliate that reports in Bengali, Thai, Bahasa Malaysia, Bahasa Indonesia and English targeting South and Southeast Asia, won the 2021 Murrow Award for Excellence in Video (Small Digital News Organization) from the Radio Television Digital News Association for a video report showcasing volunteers who helped transport, bury and conduct the last rites for people who died from COVID-19 in Bangladesh.
歪脑 | WHYNOT (), a RFA affiliate aiming for younger Mandarin speakers, won the 2021 Online News Association's Journalism Award (Feature, Small Newsroom) for "Preserving the Erased Decade of the Chinese Feminist Movement".
2024 Gracies Award from Alliance for Women in Media in the TV National category for Ayeyarwady Riverbank Erosion produced by imprisoned Burmese independent filmmaker Shin Daewe for RFA Burmese language service.
2024 National Edward R. Murrow Award from the Radio-Television News Directors Association in the Network Radio Digital category for "Under the Gun in Myanmar"
2025 Gracies Award from Alliance for Women in Media in the Radio National Winners category for the special report "Please save my sister: A North Korean escapee's plea" |
Radio Free Asia | Broadcasting information | Broadcasting information
Broadcasting Information (Channels 1, 2, 3, 4) Language Service Target audience Launch Date DailyBroadcast Hours Mandarin China September 1996 24 Hours, Daily÷ over 3 channels Tibetan Tibet Autonomous RegionQinghai December 1996 23 Hours, Daily, 1 ch Burmese Myanmar February 1997 8 Hours, Daily÷ over 3 channels Vietnamese Vietnam February 1997 8 Hours, Daily÷ over 2 channels Korean North Korea March 1997 9 Hours, Daily, 1 ch Cantonese GuangdongGuangxiHong KongMacau May 1998 7 Hours, Daily÷ over 2 channels Lao Laos August 1997 5 Hours, Daily, 1 ch Khmer Cambodia September 1997 5 Hours, Daily, 1 ch Uyghur Xinjiang December 1998 6 Hours, Daily, 1 ch |
Radio Free Asia | See also | See also
International Broadcasting Bureau
Media coverage of North Korea
Murder of Robert Eric Wone, former counsel for Radio Free Asia
Open Technology Fund – a Radio Free Asia program that was created in 2012 to support global Internet freedom technologies |
Radio Free Asia | References | References |
Radio Free Asia | Further reading | Further reading
|
Radio Free Asia | External links | External links
Category:International broadcasters
Category:Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Category:Radio stations established in 1996
Category:State media
Category:Tibetan-language radio stations
Category:Democracy promotion
Category:Uyghur-language mass media
Category:Multilingual news services
Category:United States government propaganda organizations
Category:Publicly funded broadcasters
Category:Anti-communist organizations in the United States |
Radio Free Asia | Table of Content | Short description, History, List of presidents, Radio jamming and Internet blocking, Arrests of Uyghur journalists' relatives, Xinjiang internment camps, Mission, Reception, Controversies and disputes, Awards, Broadcasting information, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
Château d'Yquem | Short description | right|thumb|A bottle of Yquem of 1973
Château d'Yquem () is a Premier Cru Supérieur (Fr: "Superior First Growth") wine from the Sauternes, Gironde region in the southern part of the Bordeaux vineyards known as Graves. In the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855, Château d'Yquem was the only Sauternes given this rating, indicating its perceived superiority and higher prices over all other wines of its type. Yquem's success stems largely from the site's susceptibility to attack by "noble rot" (a particular kind of infestation by Botrytis cinerea).
Wines from Château d'Yquem are characterised by their complexity, concentration and sweetness, which is balanced by relatively high acidity. With proper care, a bottle will keep for a century or more, and the fruity overtones will gradually fade and integrate with more complex secondary and tertiary flavours.
Since 1959, Château d'Yquem has also produced a dry white wine called Ygrec (the name of the letter "Y" in French), made predominantly from Sauvignon blanc and a few lots of Sémillon. It was originally produced only in select years; since 2004 it has been produced every year. |
Château d'Yquem | History | History
Chateau d'Yquem was acquired by Jacques de Sauvage in December 1593. De Sauvage acquired the property from the French monarchy by exchanging other lands that he owned for what was then referred to as the 'House of Yquem'. The site has been home to a vineyard since at least 1711 when the estate became fully owned by Léon de Sauvage d'Yquem. In 1785 it passed to the Lur-Saluces family when Françoise-Joséphine de Sauvage d'Yquem married Count Louis-Amédée de Lur-Saluces, a godson of Louis XV and Lady Victoire de France. Monsieur Lur-Saluces died three years later, and his wife subsequently focused her energy on sustaining and improving the estate.
While Minister Plenipotentiary to France, Thomas Jefferson visited the château and later wrote, "Sauterne.[sic] This is the best white wine of France and the best of it is made by Monsieur de Lur-Saluces." Jefferson ordered 250 bottles of the 1784 vintage for himself, and additional bottles for George Washington. However, at that time the technique of allowing noble rot to infect grapes had not yet been discovered, so the wine Jefferson was drinking was a different and less sweet wine.
The 1811 Château d'Yquem, a comet vintage, has exhibited what wine experts like Robert Parker have described as exceptional longevity with Parker scoring the wine a perfect 100 points when tasted in 1996.Harding, Graham (2005). A Wine Miscellany. New York: Clarkson Potter Publishing. pp. 45–47. |
Château d'Yquem | Since 1968 | Since 1968
right|150px|thumb|A half bottle of Yquem, 1999.
After the 1968 death of the Marquis Bernard de Lur-Saluces, the château was run by Comte Alexandre de Lur-Saluces, a minority (7%) owner. The Comte inherited a typical annual production of 66,000 bottles a year. After the 1973 oil crisis, demand fell and prices plummeted. The price of a bottle of d'Yquem dropped to 35 francs; prices began to rise only in the 1980s.
left|thumb|Vineyards of Château d’Yquem in Sauternes.
Under the Comte's leadership, "tractors replaced horses, collapsing cellars were renovated, and unused acreage was planted", with production in good years reaching 100,000 bottles and sales about $10 million.
Following a bitter family feud and the decision of Eugene de Lur-Saluces (Alexandre's other brother) to sell part of his 47% share of the business, on 28 November 1996, to the French luxury goods giant LVMH Moët Hennessy – Louis Vuitton bought 55% of Château d'Yquem from the family of the Comte Alexandre de Lur-Saluces for about $100 million. The Comte, after first challenging the sale in court for over two years, was kept as the manager of the estate.
On 17 May 2004, the Comte retired and was replaced by the current managing director of Château Cheval Blanc, Pierre Lurton. The Comte had been known for being particularly dedicated towards maintaining quality, going so far as to reject an entire batch of the wine if he did not like the results of a randomised testing.
In 2006, a 135-year vertical (containing every vintage from 1860 to 2003) was sold by The Antique Wine Company in London for $1.5 million, one of the highest prices ever paid for a single lot of wine.vinfolio.com, The Wine Collector, 1860–2003 vertical of Yquem sells for $1.5 million Also that year, Dior and Château d'Yquem together created a skin care product made from the sap of the Yquem vines.sybarites.org Dior and Château d’Yquem Create L’Or de Vie Anti Aging Cream Together
In July 2011, an 1811 bottle of Château d'Yquem sold for £75,000 ($117,000) at The Ritz Hotel, London to a private collector, Christian Vannequé, to become the most expensive bottle of white wine ever sold. |
Château d'Yquem | Production | Production
right|thumb|A bottle of 1945 d'Yquem showing the color change that this white wine goes through as it ages
The vineyard has in the Sauternes appellation, though only are in production at any time. Each year, vines from two to three hectares are grubbed up and left fallow for a year. Since grapes from newly planted vines are not worthy of the chateau name for five to seven years, about 20 hectares are held in reserve each year. The vines consist of 80% Sémillon and 20% Sauvignon blanc, though the latter's vigour implies the proportions are more nearly equal in the final wine.
Harvesting is carefully timed, and on average six tries through the vineyard are undertaken each year to ensure that only the botrytized grapes are selected. The yield averages nine hectolitres per hectare (2.5 acres), compared to the usual twelve to twenty hectolitres per hectare in Sauternes. The grapes are pressed three times and transferred to oak barrels for maturation over a period of about three years.
On average, 65,000 bottles are produced each year. In a poor vintage, the entire crop is deemed unworthy of bearing the Château's name and sold anonymously; this happened nine times in the 20th century: 1910, 1915, 1930, 1951, 1952, 1964, 1972, 1974, and 1992 and in the 21st century one time: 2012. |
Château d'Yquem | Vintages | Vintages
+ Chateau d'Yquem vintages Yquem Grand Cru . Retrieved 15 October 2012 Great vintages 1825 1847 1865 1870 1893 1904 1921 1937 1947 1959 1967 1983 1986 1988 1990 1995 1997 2001 2003 Years without vintages 1910 1915 1930 1951 1952 1964 1972 1974 1992 2012 |
Château d'Yquem | See also | See also
Château Raymond-LafonCoates, Clive (2004). The Wines of Bordeaux. University of California Press. pp. 248-249. |
Château d'Yquem | References | References
Echikson, William (2004). Noble rot: A Bordeaux Wine Revolution. New York: W.W. Norton. Chapters 7, 11.
Amon, Michael. Yquem oder Schlafende Konten, eDITION vortschritt, Wien 2011, Roman/Novel (german Language), überarbeitete Neuauflage. Michael Amon
Footnotes |
Château d'Yquem | External links | External links
Château d'Yquem official site
Category:Bordeaux wine producers
Category:LVMH brands
Category:Comité Colbert members |
Château d'Yquem | Table of Content | Short description, History, Since 1968, Production, Vintages, See also, References, External links |
Hampstead tube station | short description | Hampstead is a London Underground station in Hampstead, North London, England. It is on the Edgware branch of the Northern line, between Golders Green and Belsize Park stations. The branch's northernmost subterranean station, it is on the boundary between Travelcard Zone 2 and Zone 3.
Designed by architect Leslie Green, it was opened on 22 June 1907 by the Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway. As it is at the junction of Heath Street and Hampstead High Street, the name Heath Street was proposed before opening, and the original tiled signs on the platform walls still read Heath Street. Because Hampstead is on a steep hill, the station's platforms are the deepest on the London Underground network, at below ground level; and it has the deepest lift shaft on the Underground, at . Its high-speed lifts, originally manufactured by Otis, were modernised by the Wadsworth Lift Company, and again in 2014 by Accord.
To the north, between Hampstead and Golders Green stations, is the uncompleted North End or Bull & Bush station. London Overground's Hampstead Heath station on the North London line is a 10–15 minute walk east on South End Road.thumb|left|Tiling on the southbound platform, showing the original proposed name, "Heath Street" |
Hampstead tube station | Connections | Connections
London Buses routes 46 and 268, schools service 603 and night bus N5 serve the station. |
Hampstead tube station | References | References |
Hampstead tube station | External links | External links
London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
Category:Northern line stations
Category:Tube stations in the London Borough of Camden
Category:Former Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway stations
Category:Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1907
Category:Buildings and structures in Hampstead
Category:Leslie Green railway stations
Category:London Underground Night Tube stations |
Hampstead tube station | Table of Content | short description, Connections, References, External links |
Captiva (album) | Infobox album | Captiva is the third studio album from Christian rock band Falling Up, released on October 2, 2007. The band recorded the album with Seattle producer Aaron Sprinkle, who also handled the production duties for the band's debut, Crashings.
As opposed to the band's first two albums, Crashings and Dawn Escapes, Captiva is more alternative and experimental rock driven as a whole, similar to some elements that were present on Dawn Escapes, but much less hard rock-driven, and continues to show a change in the band's musical direction. It also features much less distorted guitar rhythms, and nearly all turntable effects present on previous albums are omitted. It is the final album to feature keyboardist Adam Taylor and only album with guitarist Micah Sannan, who would both depart from the group shortly before the album's release.
"Hotel Aquarium" was the album's first single. "Goodnight Gravity", "How They Made Cameras", "A Guide to Marine Life", and "Maps" have also been posted on the band's PureVolume page. The album reached the Billboard Top Christian albums chart peaking at No. 19 and reached the Top Heatseekers albums chart peaking at No. 7. It has sold just over 20,000 copies worldwide. |
Captiva (album) | Track listing | Track listing
All tracks by Jessy Ribordy except where noted.
"A Guide to Marine Life" - 4:02
"Hotel Aquarium" (Ribordy, Aaron Sprinkle) - 2:45
"Goodnight Gravity" (Sprinkle) - 3:22
"Captiva" - 3:30
"Helicopters" - 3:50
"Maps" (Ribordy, Chris Stevens, Sprinkle) - 3:26
"How They Made Cameras" - 4:07
"Good Morning Planetarium" (Ribordy, Sprinkle) - 3:15
"Murexa" (Ribordy, Randy Torres) - 2:56
"Drago or the Dragons" - 4:23
"Arch to Achtilles" - 4:47
"The Dark Side of Indoor Track Meets" - 5:39 |
Captiva (album) | Personnel | Personnel
Falling Up
Jessy Ribordy – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards, piano
Micah Sannan – lead guitar
Adam Taylor – keyboards, programming, backing vocals
Jeremy Miller – bass guitar, backing vocals
Josh Shroy – drums, percussion
Production
Aaron Sprinkle - producer, engineer
Randy Torres - engineer
Chris Carmichael - string arrangements, performance, and recording
Compound Recording, Seattle, Washington – recording location
J.R. McNeely – mixing
Elm South Studio, Franklin, Tennessee – mixing location
Troy Glessner – mastering
Spectre Studio – mastering location |
Captiva (album) | Singles | Singles
"Hotel Aquarium"
"Goodnight Gravity"
"Good Morning Planetarium"
"Maps" |
Captiva (album) | References | References |
Captiva (album) | External links | External links
E-Card
Category:2007 albums
Category:Falling Up (band) albums
Category:BEC Recordings albums
Category:Albums produced by Aaron Sprinkle |
Captiva (album) | Table of Content | Infobox album, Track listing, Personnel, Singles, References, External links |
Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal | short description | The Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal (CGDSM) is a military decoration of the United States Coast Guard that was established 4 August 1949 and is presented to coast guardsmen for "Exceptionally meritorious service to the government in a duty of great responsibility." Prior to this date, members of the Coast Guard were eligible to receive the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. The Homeland Security Distinguished Service Medal, which replaced the Transportation Distinguished Service Medal in 2002, is another higher precedence Distinguished Service Medal that may be awarded to coast guardsmen. The Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal is equivalent to the Army's Army Distinguished Service Medal, Naval Service's Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Air and Space Forces' Air Force Distinguished Service Medal. |
Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal | Criteria | Criteria
The Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal is awarded to coast guardsmen who distinguish themselves by exceptionally meritorious service to the United States Government in a duty of great responsibility. The medal may also be awarded to members of the uniformed services of the United States who distinguish themselves while working with the U.S. Coast Guard. The exceptional performance of duty must be clearly above what is normally expected and must have contributed materially to the success of a major command or project. The decoration is typically awarded to senior flag officers, such as the commandant of the Coast Guard. However, this does not preclude the award of the medal to any person who meets the eligibility requirements.
The bestowing authority of the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal is the secretary of homeland security. Prior to 2003, the award was authorized by the secretary of transportation, and prior to 1967, it was authorized by the secretary of the treasury. |
Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal | Devices | Devices
Additional awards of the CGDSM are denoted by inch gold stars. |
Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal | Notable recipients | Notable recipients
Admiral Jonathan Greenert - Chief of Naval Operations
Admiral Alfred C. Richmond, first recipient of the medal, 1961
General Richard Myers, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
General Peter Pace, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2005
General Norman Schwarzkopf Jr., Commander of Operation Desert Storm, 1991
General Eric Shinseki US Army Chief of Staff
General Colin Powell Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Rick Trent, first enlisted recipient of the medal, 1998
Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Vincent W. Patton III
Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Frank A. Welch
Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Charles W. Bowen
Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Michael P. Leavitt |
Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal | See also | See also
Awards and decorations of the United States military |
Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal | References | References
Distinguished Service Medal
Category:Awards established in 1949
* |
Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal | Table of Content | short description, Criteria, Devices, Notable recipients, See also, References |
Ohio Senate | short description |
The Ohio Senate is the upper house of the Ohio General Assembly. The State Senate, which meets in the Ohio Statehouse in Columbus, first convened in 1803. Senators are elected for four year terms, staggered every two years such that half of the seats are contested at each election.Article II, section 2, Ohio Constitution. Even numbered seats and odd numbered seats are contested in separate election years. The president of the Ohio Senate presides over the body when in session, and is currently Rob McColley.
Currently, the Senate consists of 24 Republicans and 9 Democrats, with the Republicans controlling two more seats than the 22 required for a supermajority vote. Senators are limited to two consecutive terms. Each senator represents approximately 349,000 Ohioans, and each Senate district encompasses three corresponding Ohio House of Representatives districts. |
Ohio Senate | Composition | Composition
135th General Assembly (2022-2023)
Party(Shading indicates majority caucus)TotalVacantDemocraticRepublicanEnd of previous Assembly726330Begin 2025 Session924330Latest voting share |
Ohio Senate | Leadership | Leadership
Presiding President of the Senate Rob McColley President Pro Tempore Bill Reineke Majority Leadership Majority Floor Leader Theresa Gavarone Majority Whip George Lang Minority Leadership Minority Leader Nickie Antonio Assistant Minority Leader Hearcel Craig Minority Whip Kent Smith Assistant Minority Whip Beth Liston
Other officers
Clerk: According to the Rules of the Senate, the clerk is elected by the members of the Senate and is tasked with maintaining records of all Senate bills and resolutions. The clerk is also responsible for handling all documents received from other government departments. |
Ohio Senate | Members of the 136th Senate | Members of the 136th Senate
thumb|300x300px|Senate districts by party
District Senator Party Residence Counties represented Term limited First elected 1 Rob McColley Republican Napoleon Defiance, Fulton, Hancock, Hardin, Henry, Logan, Paulding, Putnam, Van Wert, Williams2026 2017* 2 Republican Bowling GreenErie, Huron, Lucas, Ottawa, Wood 2028 2019* 3 Michele Reynolds Republican Canal WinchesterFranklin, Madison, Pickaway 2030 2022 4 George Lang Republican West Chester Butler 2028 2020 5 Steve Huffman Republican Tipp CityButler, Darke, Miami, Montgomery, Preble 2026 2018 6 Willis Blackshear Jr. Democratic Dayton Montgomery 2032 2024 7 Steve Wilson Republican Maineville Hamilton, Warren 2026 2017* 8 Louis Blessing Republican Colerain TownshipHamilton 2028 2019* 9 Catherine Ingram Democratic Cincinnati Hamilton 2030 2022 10 Republican Springfield Clark, Clinton, Greene 2032 2024 11 Paula Hicks-Hudson Democratic Toledo Lucas 2030 2022 12 Republican Waynesfield Allen, Auglaize, Champaign, Darke, Logan, Mercer, Shelby 2032 2024 13 Nathan Manning Republican North Ridgeville Huron, Lorain 2026 2018 14 Terry Johnson Republican McDermottAdams, Brown, Clermont, Scioto 2028 2019* 15 Hearcel Craig Democratic Columbus Franklin 2026 2018 16 Beth Liston Democratic Dublin Franklin 2032 2024 17 Shane Wilkin Republican Jasper Township Fayette, Gallia, Highland, Hocking, Jackson, Lawrence, Perry, Pike, Ross, Vinton 2030 2022 18 Jerry Cirino Republican Kirtland Cuyahoga, Lake 2028 2020 19 Andrew Brenner Republican PowellCoshocton, Delaware, Holmes, Knox 2026 2018 20 Tim Schaffer Republican LancasterFairfield, Licking, Perry 2028 2019* 21 Democratic Cleveland Cuyahoga 2030 2022 22 Mark Romanchuk Republican Ontario Ashland, Medina, Richland 2028 2020 23 Nickie Antonio Democratic Lakewood Cuyahoga 2026 2018 24 Republican Strongsville Cuyahoga 2032 2024 25 Democratic Columbus Franklin 2030 2022 26 Bill Reineke Republican Eden Township Crawford, Marion, Morrow, Sandusky, Seneca, Union, Wyandot 2028 2020 27 Kristina Roegner Republican HudsonGeauga, Portage, Summit 2026 2018 28 Democratic Hudson Summit 2032 2024 29 Republican Canton Stark 2034 2025* 30 Brian Chavez Republican Marietta Athens, Belmont, Guernsey, Harrison, Jefferson, Meigs, Monroe, Morgan, Noble, Washington 2032 2023* 31 Republican Dover Guernsey, Muskingum, Stark, Tuscarawas, Wayne 2030 2022 32 Sandra O'Brien Republican Lenox Township Ashtabula, Geauga, Trumbull 2028 2020 33 Alessandro Cutrona Republican CanfieldCarroll, Columbiana, Mahoning 2034 2024*
*Senator was originally appointed. |
Ohio Senate | Past composition of the Senate | Past composition of the Senate |
Ohio Senate | References | References |
Ohio Senate | External links | External links
Ohio Senate official website
Project Vote Smart – State Senate of Ohio
Map of Ohio Senate Districts, 2012-2022
2012 Election Results from Ohio Secretary of State
2010 Election Results from Ohio Secretary of State
2008 Election Results from Ohio Secretary of State
2006 Election Results from Ohio Secretary of State
Category:Ohio General Assembly
Category:State upper houses in the United States
|
Ohio Senate | Table of Content | short description, Composition, Leadership, Members of the 136th Senate, Past composition of the Senate, References, External links |
Blackwall DLR station | Short description | Blackwall is a Docklands Light Railway (DLR) station in Blackwall, London, England. It is located very close to the northern entrance to the Blackwall road tunnel under the River Thames. The station is on the Beckton branch of the DLR between Poplar and East India stations.
The DLR station opened, with the Beckton Branch, on 28 March 1994. There was a previous station very close to this site, called Poplar station, which was served by the London and Blackwall Railway from 6 July 1840 to 3 May 1926. Poplar station was along the route of Aspen Way just to the south and east of the DLR station. Blackwall station on the London and Blackwall Railway was actually farther east, on what is today Jamestown Way. A crossover west of the station allows trains from Beckton and Poplar to reverse here. |
Blackwall DLR station | Services | Services
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour from Blackwall is:
6 tph to Tower Gateway
6 tph to Bank
6 tph to Beckton
6 tph to
Additional services call at the station during the peak hours, increasing the service to up to 16 tph in each direction. |
Blackwall DLR station | Connections | Connections
London Buses route 15 serves the station. |
Blackwall DLR station | References | References |
Blackwall DLR station | External links | External links
Docklands Light Railway website – Blackwall station page
Map of Poplar, 1885.
Category:Docklands Light Railway stations in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Category:Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1994
Category:Blackwall, London |
Blackwall DLR station | Table of Content | Short description, Services, Connections, References, External links |
Christopher Pearse Cranch | Short description | Christopher Pearse Cranch (March 8, 1813 – January 20, 1892) was an American writer and artist often associated with Transcendentalism and the Hudson River School. |
Christopher Pearse Cranch | Biography | Biography
Cranch was born March 8, 1813, in Alexandria, Virginia.Richardson, Todd. "Christopher Pearse Cranch" in Writers of the American Renaissance: An A to Z Guide. Denise D. Knight, editor. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003: 72. His conservative father, William Cranch, was Chief Judge of the United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia.Carpenter, Hazen C. "Emerson and Christopher Pearse Cranch" in The New England Quarterly. Vol. 37, No. 1 (March 1964): 26. Cranch was the youngest of 13 siblings, including his brother John who would go on to become a painter.
He graduated from Columbian College (now George Washington University) in 1835 before attending Harvard Divinity School and becoming a licensed preacher.Carpenter, Hazen C. "Emerson and Christopher Pearse Cranch" in The New England Quarterly. Vol. 37, No. 1 (March 1964): 19. During his years at Harvard, he came in contact with people like John Sullivan Dwight and Theodore Parker, through whom he was introduced to Unitarianism. He traveled as a Unitarian minister, preaching in Providence, Andover, Richmond, Bangor, Portland, Boston, Washington, and St. Louis. Later, he pursued various occupations: a magazine editor, caricaturist, children's fantasy writer (the Huggermugger books), poet (The Bird and the Bell with Other Poems in 1875), translator, and landscape painter. He married Elizabeth DeWindt in 1843. His daughter, Caroline Cranch, was a painter.
Though not one of its founding members, Cranch became associated with the Transcendental Club;Gura, Philip F. American Transcendentalism: A History. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 7–8. he read Ralph Waldo Emerson's Nature by December 1836 and beginning in June 1837 served as a substitute editor of the Western Messenger in the absence of James Freeman Clarke. For that journal, Cranch reviewed Emerson's Phi Beta Kappa address at Harvard in August 1837 known as "The American Scholar". He referred to the speech as "so full of beauties, full of original thought and illustration" and its author as "the man of genius, the bold deep thinker, and the concise original writer".Carpenter, Hazen C. "Emerson and Christopher Pearse Cranch" in The New England Quarterly. Vol. 37, No. 1 (March 1964): 20.
Cranch's connection with the Transcendentalists ultimately diminished his demand as a minister. He soon became disillusioned with his harsh experiences in the west and returned to Boston in 1839.
His poetry was published in The HarbingerFelton, R. Todd. A Journey into the Transcendentalists' New England. Berkeley, California: Roaring Forties Press, 2006: 126. and The DialPacker, Barbara L. The Transcendentalists. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 2007: 119. among other publications. He sent "Enosis", which Hazen Carpenter noted as perhaps Cranch's most well-known poem, to Emerson for The Dial on March 2, 1840.Carpenter, Hazen C. "Emerson and Christopher Pearse Cranch" in The New England Quarterly. Vol. 37, No. 1 (March 1964): 24-25.
thumb|Illustrations of the New Philosophy, c. 1844
Cranch left the ministry to focus on a career in the arts and spent about 20 years in Italy and France studying and practicing painting.Richardson, Todd. "Christopher Pearse Cranch" in Writers of the American Renaissance: An A to Z Guide. Denise D. Knight, editor. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003: 73. As an artist, Cranch painted landscapes similar to the work of Thomas Cole, the Hudson River School, and the Barbizon school in France. In one foray into historical painting, Cranch depicted the burning of P. T. Barnum's American Museum in New York City. Later in life, Cranch painted scenes from Venice and Italy. Cranch's caricatures of Emerson were later bound as Illustrations of the New Philosophy: Guide. Perhaps his most well-remembered and recognized artwork is a hand-drawn caricature illustrating Emerson's concept of the "transparent eyeball".Robinson, David. "The Career and Reputation of Christopher Pearse Cranch: An Essay in Biography and Bibliography" in Studies in the American Renaissance. 1978: 455. In 1850, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician, and became a full Academician in 1864.
In 1863, Cranch returned to the United States with his family, including his wife Elizabeth De Windt. Their son George enlisted in the Union Army during the Civil War and was killed shortly thereafter. Cranch spent the last couple decades of his life in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and contributed to publications like Harper's, The Atlantic, Putnam's, and Lippincott's as well as publishing three books of poetry. He died at his home in Cambridge on January 20, 1892, and was buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Massachusetts. |
Christopher Pearse Cranch | Works | Works
Poems (1844)
The Last of the Huggermuggers, A Giant Story (1855)
Kobboltozo, A Sequel to the Last of the Huggermuggers (1857)
The Aeneid of Virgil (translation, 1872)
Satan: A Libretto (1874)
The Bird and the Bell with Other Poems (1875)
Ariel and Caliban with Other Poems (1887) |
Christopher Pearse Cranch | References | References |
Christopher Pearse Cranch | Further reading | Further reading
The Life And Letters Of Christopher Pearse Cranch: By His Daughter Lenora Cranch Scott (1917)
Stula, Nancy, with Barbara Novak and David M. Robinson, At Home and Abroad: The Transcendental Landscapes of Christopher Pearse Cranch (1813-1892), New London: Lyman Allyn Art Museum, 2007 |
Christopher Pearse Cranch | External links | External links
Listing at American Transcendentalism Web
Artwork by Christopher Pearse Cranch
Category:1813 births
Category:1892 deaths
Category:Harvard Divinity School alumni
Category:19th-century American painters
Category:American male painters
Category:Members of the Transcendental Club
Category:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Category:American children's writers
Category:American fantasy writers
Category:Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Category:19th-century American poets
Category:American male novelists
Category:19th-century American novelists
Category:American male poets
Category:Poets from Washington, D.C.
Category:Painters from Washington, D.C.
Category:American landscape painters
Category:National Academy of Design members
Category:19th-century American male writers |
Christopher Pearse Cranch | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Works, References, Further reading, External links |
Tampere United | short description | thumb|Tammela Stadion, home of Tampere United.
Tampere United is a Finnish football club from the city of Tampere. In the 2025 season, the club plays in Ykkönen, the third highest level of football in Finland.
The club had a team in Veikkausliiga, the premier football league in Finland, until the end of the 2010 season. It was excluded from participating in Finnish football during the 2011 season amid suspicions of money laundering. The club was kept alive by its supporters, who entered a team called TamU-K in Kutonen, the lowest level of football in Finland, in 2012. The club earned three promotions in four years, and all its teams were taken over by Tampere United in the lead up to the 2016 season. Tampere United is now a fan-owned club and controlled by the same supporters who ran TamU-K. |
Tampere United | History | History
The club was formed in July 1998. The initial plan was to merge two local football clubs FC Ilves and TPV but TPV decided to continue as its own team. FC Ilves continued to play in lower divisions and Tampere United inherited its place in the second highest division.
In their first season, 1999 they won promotion to the top division, 15 months after the formation of the club. During season 2000 they reached sixth place in the league. In their third season 2001 they won the Finnish championship.
In 2002, they finished in fifth place, and in 2003, third place. In 2006, Tampere United won their 2nd Finnish Championship and one year later, in 2007, they were the champions yet again taking home their 3rd title.
During the 2007 season, Tampere United also reached the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League. Tampere defeated Bulgarian champions Levski Sofia 2–0 on aggregate in the second qualifying round. Tampere United failed to reach the Champions League group stage when Rosenborg BK defeated them 5–0 on aggregate. In the UEFA Cup first round, United lost to Girondins de Bordeaux 4–3 on aggregate. |
Tampere United | Exclusion and collapse | Exclusion and collapse
On 14 April 2011 the club were suspended indefinitely by the Football Association of Finland because they had received money from a dubious company based in Singapore, known for involvement in fixed games and money laundering. The club was excluded from the 2011 season of Veikkausliiga. Players under contract were released due to lack of funds.
The club did not participate in any league in 2012 or 2013. In April 2013 the Turku Court of Appeal found the former CEO Deniz Bavautdin and the former chairman of the board Harri Pyhältö guilty of money laundering. |
Tampere United | Revival by the supporters | Revival by the supporters
Supporters of Tampere United founded a supporters' trust in 2009 after the club had hit financial difficulties. The aim was to help fans gain a voice within the club and to buy shares of the club.
In 2012 the supporters' trust founded a new team named after the supporters' trust, TamU-K, In 2012 the team played in Kutonen, the bottom division in Finnish football, and gained promotion to Vitonen. The promotion playoff match that decided promotion had the attendance of 441. In 2013 the team was promoted to Vitonen and in 2014 the team made it to penalties in the promotion playoff and lost. After another season in Nelonen TamU-K was promoted to Kolmonen,
In the lead up to the 2016 season, Tampere United took over all the teams that played under TamU-K. Thereby the first team played in Kolmonen in 2016, and after the season it got promoted Kakkonen. In 2017 Tampere United finished sixth in Kakkonen Group B and in 2018 it finished ninth in Group C, and remains in Kakkonen in the 2019 season. |
Tampere United | Honours | Honours
Veikkausliiga
Champions: 2001, 2006, 2007
Finnish Cup
Champions: 2007
Runners-up: 2001, 2009
Finnish League Cup
Champions: 2009
Runners-up: 2011
Finnish Regions’ Cup
Champions: 2021 |
Tampere United | Tampere United in Europe | Tampere United in Europe
Season Competition Round Opponent Score (home-away) 2002–03 UEFA Champions League Q1 Pyunik F.C. 0–4, 0–2 2003 UEFA Intertoto Cup 1 Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț 1–0, 1–2 2 FK Sutjeska Nikšić 0–0, 1–0 3 HNK Cibalia 0–2, 1–0 2004 UEFA Intertoto Cup 1 CS Grevenmacher 0–0, 1–1 2 Khazar Universiteti 3–0, 0–1 3 OFK Beograd 0–0, 0–1 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup 1 Skála ÍF 2–0, 1–0 2 R. Charleroi S.C. 1–0, 0–0 3 SS Lazio 1–1, 0–3 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup 1 Carmarthen Town 5–0, 3–1 2 Kalmar FF 1–2, 2–3 2007–08 UEFA Champions League Q1 SS Murata 2–0, 2–1 Q2 PFC Levski Sofia 1–0, 1–0 Q3 Rosenborg BK 0–3, 0–2 2007–08 UEFA Cup 1 Girondins de Bordeaux 2–3, 1–1 2008–09 UEFA Champions League Q1 FK Budućnost Podgorica 2–1, 1–1 Q2 FC Artmedia Petržalka 1–3, 2–4 |
Tampere United | Season to season | Season to season
SeasonLevelDivisionSectionAdministrationPositionMovements1999Tier 2 YkkönenNorth Group Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 1st Promotion Group – 1st2000Tier 1 Veikkausliiga Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 6th2001Tier 1 Veikkausliiga Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 1st Champions2002Tier 1 Veikkausliiga Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 6th Upper Group – 5th2003Tier 1 Veikkausliiga Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 3rd2004Tier 1 Veikkausliiga Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 3rd2005Tier 1 Veikkausliiga Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 3rd2006Tier 1 Veikkausliiga Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 1st Champions2007Tier 1 Veikkausliiga Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 1st Champions2008Tier 1 Veikkausliiga Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 7th2009Tier 1 Veikkausliiga Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 7th2010Tier 1 Veikkausliiga Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 7th2011N/ASuspended2012Tier 7KutonenGroup 4 Finnish FA Tampere District 2ndPromoted2013Tier 6VitonenGroup 1 Finnish FA Tampere District 1stPromoted2014Tier 5Nelonen Finnish FA Tampere District 2nd2015Tier 5Nelonen Finnish FA Tampere District 1stPromoted2016Tier 4Kolmonen Finnish FA Tampere District 1stPromoted2017Tier 3KakkonenGroup B Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 6th2018Tier 3KakkonenGroup C Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 9th2019Tier 3KakkonenGroup B Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 12thRelegated2020Tier 4Kolmonen Finnish FA Tampere District 3rd2021Tier 4Kolmonen Finnish FA Tampere District 1stPromoted2022Tier 3KakkonenGroup B Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 8th2023Tier 3KakkonenGroup B Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 5th2024Tier 4KakkonenGroup B Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 3rdPromoted via play-offs2025Tier 3Ykkönen Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) TBA
11 seasons in Veikkausliiga
2 seasons in Ykkönen
6 seasons in Kakkonen
3 season in Kolmonen
2 seasons in Nelonen
1 season in Vitonen
1 season in Kutonen |
Tampere United | Current squad | Current squad |
Tampere United | Managers | Managers
Harri Kampman (1999–2000)
Ari Hjelm (2001–2010)
Jarkko Wiss (2011)
Antti Pettinen (2011–2012)
Mika Suonsyrjä (2012–2015)
Mikko Mäkelä (2016–2018)
Leroy Maluka (2018)
Mourad Seddiki (2019)
Jukka Listenmaa (2020–2024)
Tero Suonperä (2024 – present) |
Tampere United | References | References |
Tampere United | External links | External links
Official website
Category:Football clubs in Finland
Category:Association football clubs established in 1998
Category:1998 establishments in Finland
Category:Sport in Tampere |
Tampere United | Table of Content | short description, History, Exclusion and collapse, Revival by the supporters, Honours, Tampere United in Europe, Season to season, Current squad, Managers, References, External links |
Fleming, Ohio | Short description | Fleming is a small unincorporated community in rural eastern Barlow Township, Washington County, Ohio, United States.
Located along State Route 550 between Barlow and Marietta, it is surrounded by farmland dotted with occasional trees. It lies near the Wayne National Forest. The headwaters of Wolf Creek, a stream that meets the Muskingum River at Waterford to the north, flow near Fleming.DeLorme, Ohio Atlas & Gazetteer, 7th ed., 2004, p. 81. |
Fleming, Ohio | History | History
Fleming was laid out in 1853. A post office called Fleming was established in 1866. |
Fleming, Ohio | References | References
Category:Unincorporated communities in Washington County, Ohio
Category:Unincorporated communities in Ohio |
Fleming, Ohio | Table of Content | Short description, History, References |
Properties of the Holy See | Short description | The properties of the Holy See are regulated by the 1929 Lateran Treaty signed with the Kingdom of Italy. Although part of Italian territory, some of them enjoy extraterritoriality similar to those of foreign embassies, including tax exemptions.see Article 13, 14, 15 and 16 in the Lateran Treaty Nonetheless, those visiting these properties are generally required to follow the immigration rules of Italy. For example, American seminarians at the Pontifical North American College need an Italian visa, despite residing, and studying, in extraterritorial property of the Holy See. |
Properties of the Holy See | Outside Vatican City but inside Rome | Outside Vatican City but inside Rome |
Properties of the Holy See | Extraterritorial property | Extraterritorial property
Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran (Arcibasilica di San Giovanni in Laterano)
Basilica of Saint Mary Major (Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore)
Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls (Basilica di San Paolo fuori le Mura) (the complex includes also the Benedictine monastery, the Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo and the Pontifical Beda College).
Lateran Palace, Lateran University, the Scala Santa and adjoining buildings,
Palace of St Callixtus (Palazzo San Callisto) - home of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum.
Certain buildings on the Gianicolo Hill, namely the Pontifical Urbaniana University, the Pontifical North American College, the Ukrainian Pontifical College of Saint Josaphat, the Romanian Pontifical College and the Bambino Gesù Hospital.
Palazzo della Cancelleria between the Corso Vittorio Emanuele II and Campo de' Fiori.
Palazzo di Propaganda Fide (the Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples) in the Piazza di Spagna.
Palace of the Holy Office - home of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in the Piazza del Sant'Uffizio and adjacent to the Basilica of St. Peter.
Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches (formerly Palazzo dei Convertendi in Piazza Scossacavalli), in Via della Conciliazione (rione of Borgo)
Palazzo Pio in Via della Conciliazione (in exchange for Palazzo della Dataria)
Palace of the Vicariate (also called Palazzo Maffei Marescotti) in Via della Pigna off the Corso Vittorio Emanuele II near the Piazza del Gesù
Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary
Campo Santo Teutonico
The larger part of Paul VI Audience Hall (the rostrum with the papal throne, however, is part of Vatican territory).
The Jesuit Curia Complex
The complex of the General Curia of the Order of St. Augustine (including the Collegio Sta. Monica and the Pontifical Augustinian Patristic Institute) |
Properties of the Holy See | Non-extraterritorial property | Non-extraterritorial property
Palace of the Holy Apostles attached to the Basilica dei Santi Apostoli.
Palace attached to the Church of San Carlo ai Catinari
Collegio Bellarmino in Via del Seminario near the Church of Sant'Ignazio.
Archaeological Institute, Pontifical Oriental Institute, Pontifical Lombard Seminary and the Russian College on Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore.
The two Palaces of Sant'Apollinare between the Piazza Sant'Apollinare and Via della Serola.
The House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul, including the Nympheum of Nero, on the Caelian Hill. |
Properties of the Holy See | Former extraterritorial property | Former extraterritorial property
Palazzo della Datarìa near the Quirinal Palace (not a property of the Holy See anymore; exchanged for Palazzo Pio) |
Properties of the Holy See | Outside Rome | Outside Rome
thumb|275px|Extraterritorial property of the Holy See in Castel Gandolfo:
1. Papal palace with adjacent garden
2. Garden of the Villa Cybo
3. Villa Barberini, gardens and agricultural area
4. Oliveto ex-Bacelli
5. Church of San Tommaso di Villanova |
Properties of the Holy See | Extraterritorial property | Extraterritorial property
Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo, the Gardens of the Villa Cybo, Villa Barberini plus adjacent gardens, the summer estate of the Pontificio Collegio Urbano di Propaganda Fide and the papal farm between the towns of Castel Gandolfo and Albano Laziale (around ).
Area of Santa Maria di Galeria, where the antennae of Vatican Radio are located. The area was ceded by Italy to the Holy See in an agreement in 1951. |
Properties of the Holy See | Non-extraterritorial property | Non-extraterritorial property
The Basilica of the Holy House (Santa Casa) at Loreto, Province of Ancona.
The Basilica of St Francis at Assisi, Province of Perugia.
The Basilica of St Anthony at Padua, Province of Padua.
The Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope, Graham County, Arizona, US.
The Fundamental Accord, signed in 1993, grants property rights and tax exemptions to the Holy See over various Christian holy sites in Israel, but the agreement was never finalized because of diplomatic problems between the Vatican and Israeli governments. |
Properties of the Holy See | See also | See also
Papal States
Vatican City State
Index of Vatican City-related articles |
Properties of the Holy See | References | References
Category:World Heritage Sites in Italy |
Properties of the Holy See | Table of Content | Short description, Outside Vatican City but inside Rome, Extraterritorial property, Non-extraterritorial property, Former extraterritorial property, Outside Rome, Extraterritorial property, Non-extraterritorial property, See also, References |
Intellectualism | Short description | Intellectualism is the mental perspective that emphasizes the use, development, and exercise of the intellect, and is identified with the life of the mind of the intellectual. (Definition) In the field of philosophy, the term intellectualism indicates one of two ways of critically thinking about the character of the world: (i) rationalism, which is knowledge derived solely from reason; and (ii) empiricism, which is knowledge derived solely from sense experience. Each intellectual approach attempts to eliminate fallacies that ignore, mistake, or distort evidence about "what ought to be" instead of "what is" the character of the world.Some Problems of Philosophy, William James. Longman's, Green and Co.: New York, 1916, p. 221. |
Intellectualism | Ancient moral intellectualism | Ancient moral intellectualism
thumb|right|165px|Socrates (c. 470 – 399 BC)
The first historical figure who is usually called an "intellectualist" was the Greek philosopher Socrates (c. 470 – 399 BC), who taught that intellectualism allows that "one will do what is right or [what is] best, just as soon as one truly understands what is right or best"; that virtue is a matter of the intellect, because virtue and knowledge are related qualities that a person accrues, possesses, and improves by dedication to the use of reason. (Definition and note on Socrates) Philosopher Dominic Scott refers to a "standard criticism" of Socrates' attitude to human nature: that he treats human nature as more rational than it really is.Scott, D. (2009), Plato's Meno, Cambridge University Press, p. 51, accessed on 30 December 2024
Socrates's definition of moral intellectualism is a basis of the philosophy of Stoicism, wherein the consequences of that definition are called "Socratic paradoxes", such as "There is no weakness of will", because a person either knowingly does evil or knowingly seeks to do evil (moral wrong); that anyone who does commit evil or seeks to commit evil does so involuntarily; and that virtue is knowledge, that there are few virtues, but that all virtues are one.
The concepts of truth and knowledge in contemporary philosophy are unlike Socrates's concepts of truth, knowledge, and ethical conduct, and cannot be equated with modern, post–Cartesian conceptions of knowledge and rational intellectualism. In that vein, by way of detailed study of history, Michel Foucault demonstrated that in classical antiquity (800 BC – AD 1000), "knowing the truth" was akin to "spiritual knowledge", which is integral to the principle of "caring for the self". In an effort to become a moral person the care for the self is realised through ascetic exercises meant to ensure that knowledge of truth was learned and integrated to the Self. Therefore, to understand truth meant possessing "intellectual knowledge" that integrated the self to the (universal) truth and to living an authentic life. Achieving that ethical state required continual care for the self, but also meant being someone who embodies truth, and so can readily practice the Classical-era rhetorical device of parrhesia: "to speak candidly, and to ask forgiveness for so speaking"; and, by extension, to practice the moral obligation to speak truth for the common good, even at personal risk.Gros, Frederic (ed.)(2005) Michel Foucault: The Hermeneutics of the Subject, Lectures at the College de France 1981–1982. Picador: New York. p. 000. |
Intellectualism | Medieval theological intellectualism<!--'Medieval theological intellectualism' redirects here; linked from 'Averroes', 'Thomas Aquinas', and 'Meister Eckhart'--> | Medieval theological intellectualism
Medieval theological intellectualism is a doctrine of divine action, wherein the faculty of intellect precedes, and is superior to, the faculty of the will (voluntas intellectum sequitur). As such, intellectualism is contrasted with voluntarism, which proposes the will as superior to the intellect, and to the emotions; hence, the stance that "according to intellectualism, choices of the Will result from that which the intellect recognizes as good; the will, itself, is determined. For voluntarism, by contrast, it is the Will which identifies which objects are good, and the Will, itself, is indetermined". From that philosophical perspective and historical context, the Spanish Muslim polymath Averroës (1126–1198) in the 12th century, the English theologian Roger Bacon, the Italian Christian theologian Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), and the German Christian theologian Meister Eckhart (1260–1327) in the 13th century, are recognised intellectualists.Jeremiah Hackett, A Companion to Meister Eckhart, BRILL, 2012, p. 410. |
Intellectualism | See also | See also
Anti-intellectualism
Chinese intellectualism
Intellectual
Intellectual movements in Iran
Intelligentsia
Intelligence Quotient
Scientia potentia est |
Intellectualism | References | References
Category:Academic terminology
Category:Intellectual history
Category:Intelligence
Category:Philosophy of education
Category:Rationalism
Category:Thought |
Intellectualism | Table of Content | Short description, Ancient moral intellectualism, Medieval theological intellectualism<!--'Medieval theological intellectualism' redirects here; linked from 'Averroes', 'Thomas Aquinas', and 'Meister Eckhart'-->, See also, References |
Bothwell Castle | Short description | Bothwell Castle is a large medieval castle, sited on a high, steep bank, above a bend in the River Clyde in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is located between Bothwell and Uddingston, about south-east of Glasgow. Construction of the castle was begun in the 13th century by the ancestors of Clan Murray, to guard a strategic crossing point of the Clyde. Bothwell played a key role in Scotland's Wars of Independence, changing hands several times.
The huge cylindrical donjon was built in the 13th century, but before the rest of the castle was completed it was severely damaged in a series of sieges. Rebuilding in the early 15th century enlarged the castle, but it was abandoned by the 18th century. The present ruin is rectangular, with the remains of the donjon to the west, and the later Great Hall to the east. The courtyard is enclosed by long curtain walls, with round towers at the south-east and south-west corners. The castle was described by Scottish archaeologist William Douglas Simpson as one of the "foremost secular structures of the Middle Ages in Scotland". |
Bothwell Castle | History | History
King David I granted the barony of Bothwell to David Olifard (or Olifant), Justiciar of Lothian, in the mid 12th century. The lands passed to his descendants including his daughter who had married William de Moravia son of William son of Freskin, who was deceased by 1226 circa. Then by 1252 the barony became the property of their son Walter de Moravia, or Walter of Moray He began construction of the castle, but by the start of the Wars of Scottish Independence in 1296, only the main donjon, the prison tower, and the short connecting curtain wall were completed. Foundations of the remainder were probably in place, and would have been defended by a wooden palisade. |
Bothwell Castle | Wars of Scottish Independence | Wars of Scottish Independence
The forces of King Edward I of England invaded Scotland at the start of the war, and seized Bothwell. The castle was at this time held by Walter's son, William Moray of Bothwell. The English garrison holding the castle was besieged by the Scots for 14 months in 1298—1299, and eventually capitulated. Edward I returned in 1301, capturing the castle once more with a force of 6800 men, and specially constructed siege engines. Bothwell became the headquarters of Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, Edward's appointed Warden of Scotland, and remained in English hands for several years.
thumb|left|Plan of Bothwell Castle
Following Robert the Bruce's victory at Bannockburn in 1314, the castle provided shelter for several English nobles. However, the castle's constable, Sir Walter FitzGilbert, surrendered the castle to the approaching Scots. For this act, he was granted the barony of Cadzow, where his descendants became the powerful Hamilton family. The Scots slighted the castle after its surrender.
In 1336 the English returned again, this time under Edward III. The English king had the castle repaired, and again made it his headquarters in Scotland. The following year, however, Sir Andrew Murray, great-nephew of Sir William and the rightful owner of Bothwell, recaptured the stronghold, again using siege engines. Following his victory he slighted the castle once more, pulling down the west side of the donjon and tumbling it into the Clyde, in order that it could not be reoccupied by the enemy. The castle remained derelict until the 1360s. |
Bothwell Castle | Douglas | Douglas
In 1362, Joan Moray of Bothwell, heiress of the Morays, married Archibald Douglas, nicknamed "the Grim" and later to be Lord of Galloway and Earl of Douglas. Douglas commenced rebuilding Bothwell, repairing the donjon and completing the walls. The work was continued by his son, Archibald, the 4th Earl. By 1424 they had constructed the Great Hall and adjacent chapel, with towers at the north-east and south-east corners, and curtain walls connecting to the donjon, enclosing the courtyard.
The "Black" Douglases were forfeited in 1455, and their lands returned to the crown. James III granted Bothwell to Lord Crichton, and then to Sir John Ramsay, who were both forfeited in turn. In 1488 Bothwell was granted again to Patrick Hepburn, 2nd Lord Hailes, and the Earldom of Bothwell was created for him. Hepburn did not retain Bothwell Castle for long, however, exchanging it with Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus, known as "Bell-the-Cat", in return for Hermitage Castle in Liddesdale. James IV visited Bothwell in 1503 and 1504.
Bothwell thus reverted to the Douglases, and descended through the Earls of Angus and Marquesses of Douglas to the Earls of Forfar. Archibald Douglas, 1st Earl of Forfar, began construction of a new mansion nearby, demolishing the castle's north-east tower for its stone. (His house was demolished in 1926 due to mining subsidence in the area). After the death of the 2nd Earl at Sheriffmuir in 1715, the castle reverted to the senior line of the Douglas family, represented by the 1st Duke of Douglas and his heirs. The castle then descended to the Earls of Home. In 1935 the 13th Earl gave Bothwell into state care. It is now managed by Historic Environment Scotland as a scheduled monument, and was open to the public (with admission charge) until the castle was closed in 2020 due to safety issues. |
Bothwell Castle | Design | Design
While the castle was never completed to its original design, its design is similar to the strongholds of Coucy, Kildrummy and Dirleton as it has a round keep (or donjon). The keep, while currently in ruins, was originally high and in diameter with walls which were thick. Thick walls and a powerful gatehouse were later added to the structure and the castle was considered "one of the most important military strongholds in Scotland". |
Bothwell Castle | Popular culture | Popular culture
The castle features in The Scottish Chiefs. |
Bothwell Castle | References | References
Mason, Gordon The Castles of Glasgow and the Clyde, Goblinshead, 2000
Salter, Mike The Castles of South West Scotland, Folly Publications, 1993 |
Bothwell Castle | External links | External links
Historic Environment Scotland: Visitor guide
Engraving of Bothwell Castle in 1693 by John Slezer at National Library of Scotland
Video footage of Bothwell Castle
Category:Castles in South Lanarkshire
Category:Scheduled monuments in South Lanarkshire
Category:Listed castles in Scotland
*Castle Bothwell
Category:Historic house museums in South Lanarkshire
Category:Clan Murray
Category:De Moravia family
Category:Bothwell and Uddingston
Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Clydesdale and South East Glasgow |
Bothwell Castle | Table of Content | Short description, History, Wars of Scottish Independence, Douglas, Design, Popular culture, References, External links |
HPC | Wiktionary | HPC may refer to: |
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