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Tutu (clothing) | History | History
Marie Taglioni (1829) is believed to be the first person to sport the tutu, but the first designs of tutus actually originated two years before Taglioni performed on stage. Hippolyte Lecomte designed the basic silhouette of the Romantic tutu for Pauline Montessu in La Somnambule (1827); Taglioni's Sylphide costume's designs were not actually found. Ivor Guest points out the costume is very similar to what ballerinas would wear in class. The part of Creuse in Noverre's ballet Jason et Medée was danced by Mlle Guimard who wore a pale dress in 1770. The La Sylphide tutu may have been inspired by the use of muslin petticoats to give the skirt volume instead of using the usual hoops.
Towards the end of the 18th century, female dresses had higher waistlines and became slimmer as well; dancers appeared to begin dancing without panniers (hips hoops to accentuate skirt designs) for a more natural theme that displayed the human body and allowed more freedom in movements. These translated well in costumes in order to accent the lines of the dancers. Skin-colored tights were also worn with these evolved form-fitting costumes to preserve modesty, but replace the unseemly shapes of knickers.
However, the skirt that became known specifically as the romantic tutu made its first appearance in 1832 at the Paris Opera, where Marie Taglioni wore a gauzy white skirt cut to reveal her ankles, designed by Eugene Lami in La Sylphide.Ivor Guest, The Romantic Ballet in Paris (Alton, Hampshire: Dance Books, 2008), From the late 19th century onwards, the tutu was steadily shortened, for ease of movement and to show off the dancer's legs. Romantic tutus were effective in portraying the ethereal creatures that exist in many ballet repertoires, but as ballet became more modernized, the flouncy but stiff tutus would be replaced by softer more relaxed skirts. The traditional tutu is a symbol of historical dance and its past.
During the twentieth century, the tutu reached its peak form with a platelike shape; French critic André Levinson highlighted the contrast between the stiff and immobile features of the skirt and the energetic and alive movements of the dancers. The tutu's simple design and timeless class are the product of countless adaptations to finally present the dancer in a flattering light.
Oftentimes, tutus and costumes evolved alongside fashion during their respective eras. Skirts became shorter, fuller, and necklines were even lowered in the 1870s to display "sexual attractiveness." Fashion designers have often been involved in design for ballet.Judith Chazin-Bennahum, The Lure of Perfection: Fashion and Ballet, 1780-1830 (New York: Routledge, 2005), Fashion designers including Cecil Beaton, Christian Lacroix, and Isaac Mizrahi in the United States have all designed tutus. Among the leading makers of tutus around the world, few designers have matched the reputation of Barbara Karinska (1886–1983), the Ukrainian-born costumer for the New York City Ballet for many years, She designed and constructed tutus of extraordinary beauty and durability.Toni Bentley, Costumes by Karinska, with a foreword by Edward Gorey (New York: Abrams, 1995), |
Tutu (clothing) | Styles | Styles
The Romantic tutu is still based on Marie Taglioni's original costume, though modern materials mean it is lighter and may be more transparent. The hem falls between the knee and ankle. The complete history of the tutu, The National, Sarah Maisey, September 9, 2018
The inverted bell tutu is midway between the classical tutu and the Romantic tutu. It is made of several layers of tulle which jut out similar to a classical tutu, but the layers are longer and have a downward droop, usually to mid-thigh.
There are several versions of the modern tutu:
Classical tutu: a skirt made of 10-12 layers of stiff tulle sewn on to a pantie and basque at hip level. The lower, short layers of tulle support the top layers, making them jut out from the hip.
Pancake tutu: this tutu is supported by a hoop and is very flat, with few ruffles.Wardrobes: Types of Tutus Pacific Northwest Ballet, July 9, 2016
Platter tutu: similar to the pancake tutu but sitting at the waist instead of the hip.
American tutu (also known as the Balanchine, Karinska or powderpuff tutu): Very short ruffles of tulle are loosely sewn on to a pantie to give a soft effect.The Story of the Tutu, Dance Magazine, Victoria Looseleaf, Oct 02, 2007 |
Tutu (clothing) | Image gallery | Image gallery |
Tutu (clothing) | See also | See also
Ballerina skirt |
Tutu (clothing) | References | References |
Tutu (clothing) | External links | External links
Dancewear Through the Ages
An Inside Look at the Costumes of the New York City Ballet
Category:1827 introductions
Category:1820s fashion
Category:Ballet terminology
Category:Dancewear
Category:Dresses
Category:Skirts |
Tutu (clothing) | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, History, Styles, Image gallery, See also, References, External links |
Millennium Park (disambiguation) | '''[[Millennium Park]]''' | Millennium Park is a park in Chicago, Illinois.
Millennium Park may also refer to:
Millennium Park (Calgary), Canada
Millennium Park (Kolkata), India
Millennium Park (Abuja), Nigeria
Millennium Park (Grand Rapids), a park in Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.
Millennium Park (Manhattan), a park in New York City
, a park in Kazan, Russia
Millennium Park (Boston), a park in Boston, Massachusetts |
Millennium Park (disambiguation) | Table of Content | '''[[Millennium Park]]''' |
Clinton B. Ford | Short description | Clinton Banker Ford (March 1, 1913 – September 23, 1992) was an American investor, musician and amateur astronomer specializing in the observation of variable stars.
frame|Clinton B. Ford |
Clinton B. Ford | Birth and family | Birth and family
Clinton Banker Ford, born on March 1, 1913, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, was the son of Walter and Edith (Banker) Ford. Ford had one brother, Sylvester Ford (1906–1956). The Ford side of the family hailed from Oneonta, New York where it survived until the 1930s. Ford's mother's family came from Ovid, New York.
Ford's father, Walter, was a mathematics professor at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. Ford's first brush with the stars came in August 1927 when he went with his father to Boulder, CO to a meeting of the AMA. It was at this point in his life that Ford first saw the splendor the sky could show. |
Clinton B. Ford | First brush with the stars | First brush with the stars
In the Spring of 1927 Professor Ralph Curtiss loaned Ford two books: Splendour of the Heavens and The Friendly Stars. In the back of the latter book's original edition there was an invitation by William Tyler Olcott of the AAVSO to contribute to the advancement of astronomy by observing variable stars. Ford took Olcott and the AAVSO up on that invitation and on September 23, 1927, he reported his first variable star estimate - 184205 R Scuti at 5.3 magnitude.
Ford made over 60,000 variable star observations and became the youngest member of the American Association of Variable Star Observers at the age of fifteen. |
Clinton B. Ford | The voyage to Europe | The voyage to Europe
Ford, by virtue of a sabbatical his father took, was lucky enough to tour Europe, the Middle East, and Egypt when he was fifteen. Ford spent his sixteenth birthday in Alexandretta. Among several adventures Ford had at the time, one included climbing to the top of the Great Pyramid and carving his name into it.
Ford also visited several observatories, astronomers, and museums. He used the 6" refractor at the University of Leiden, for example, to make 36 variable star estimates for the AAVSO at this time. Later he visited American astronomer George W. Ritchey then on staff at the Observatoire de Paris where Ritchey told Ford all about his wish to create the 300" Apalantic Supertelescope. We now know this general design today as the Ritchey-Chrétien telescope. Ford also attended a meeting of the Société Astronomique de France while in Paris.
Ford's astronomical adventures in Europe were brought to a conclusion when he visited Greenwich Observatory and stood, on May 31, "right below the transit slit, with one foot at 23h 59m 59.999s and the other one at 00h 00m 00.001s." |
Clinton B. Ford | High school and college | High school and college
Upon returning from Europe, and as he finished high school, Ford found himself working for the aging Professor Edwin B. Frost at Yerkes Observatory, partially on the strength of an article he'd written for Popular Astronomy magazine. While at Yerkes he managed to do some variable star observing with some of the smaller telescopes, trace copies of the AAVSO charts that were in the Yerkes files, and learn about developing astronomical plates.
College saw Ford at the University of Michigan. Here he nearly decided to major in English and waited until his sophomore year to take his first astronomy course. In August and September 1932 Ford traveled to Maine to view the total solar eclipse on August 31. In the spring of 1933 Ford resolved to "return to science" with regard to his studies. A year later he gained Professor Heber D. Curtis, famous for his part in the Shapley-Curtis Debate on the nature of the galaxy, as his advisor. |
Clinton B. Ford | Post-college | Post-college
He served in the US Navy in World War II. Later in life, he played violin with the Stamford Symphony Orchestra of Stamford, Connecticut.
He became a member of the Ithaca College Board of Trustees in 1966 and was awarded honorary status in 1988. The college has named its observatory in his honor.October 29, 1998 - Board names observatory
He was famous in amateur astronomical circles for his quote: "Never sleep more than 90 feet from your telescope." In 1987 he won the Amateur Achievement Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
The AAVSO: Headquarters headquarters of the AAVSO in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is named the Clinton B. Ford Astronomical Data and Research Center.
When he died, aged 79, he bequeathed a substantial endowment to the AAVSO, which continues to serve as its primary source of operating income. |
Clinton B. Ford | Ford Observatories | Ford Observatories
The AAVSO previously owned the Ford Observatory named in his honor in southern California, near Wrightwood (Observatory Code 674); it was donated to the Los Angeles Astronomical Society (LAAS) in 2012. Ithaca College in New York owns another observatory of the same name, Ford Observatory, named in his honor in 1998 (Observatory Code 845); it was previously known as Ithaca College Observatory. |
Clinton B. Ford | Amateur music | Amateur music
Ford was an avid amateur violinist and chamber music player. He carried his violin with him on travels and in every location sought out local players to join him in string quartet sessions. He was one of the leading amateur musicians in the Associated Chamber Music Players (ACMP), an organization that encourages amateur chamber music and publishes an international directory of chamber music players. On his death, he bequeathed 6 million dollars to ACMP to establish a fund to advance chamber music education. |
Clinton B. Ford | See also | See also
List of observatory codes
Associated Chamber Music Players |
Clinton B. Ford | Bibliography | Bibliography
AAVSO, Some Stars, Some Music: The Memoirs of Clinton B. Ford, AAVSO, 1986. |
Clinton B. Ford | References | References
Category:1913 births
Category:1992 deaths
Category:20th-century American astronomers
Category:Musicians from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Category:Musicians from Connecticut
Category:Ithaca College
Category:University of Michigan alumni |
Clinton B. Ford | Table of Content | Short description, Birth and family, First brush with the stars, The voyage to Europe, High school and college, Post-college, Ford Observatories, Amateur music, See also, Bibliography, References |
David Wilson | '''David''' | David or Dave Wilson may refer to: |
David Wilson | Arts and literature | Arts and literature
David Wilson (artist) (1873–1935), Irish illustrator and painter
Sir David M. Wilson (born 1931), British archaeologist and director of the British Museum
David Henry Wilson (born 1937), English writer
David Niall Wilson (born 1959), American writer of horror, science fiction and fantasy fiction
David Hildebrand Wilson, founder of the Museum of Jurassic Technology
David C. Wilson (screenwriter), American screenwriter
David Fenwick Wilson (born 1929), musicologist and organist |
David Wilson | Entertainment | Entertainment
David Wilson (violinist) (born 1945), American violinist
David Wilson (director), British music video director
David Wilson (born 1948), birth name of Scottish stage and television actor David Rintoul
Dave Wilson (director) (1933–2002), American television director
Dave Wilson (radio personality), American radio personality based in Indianapolis
David S. F. Wilson, American director; see Bloodshot
David Wilson (criminologist) (born 1957), British criminologist |
David Wilson | Government | Government
David Wilson (parliamentary official) (born 1970), clerk of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Dave Wilson (Cape Breton politician) (born 1955), Canadian politician and former member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly
Dave Wilson (Sackville politician) (born 1970), Canadian politician and member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly
David Wilson (Manitoba politician) (1858–1927), Irish-born politician in Manitoba, Canada
David Wilson (New York politician) (1818–1870), New York assemblyman 1852, editor of Twelve Years a Slave
David Wilson (New Zealand politician) (1880–1977), New Zealand politician and diplomat
David Wilson, Baron Wilson of Tillyorn (born 1935), British administrator, governor of Hong Kong (1987–1992), diplomat and Sinologist
David H. Wilson (politician) (1855–1926), politician in Manitoba, Canada
David John Wilson (1887–1976), judge of the United States Customs Court
David C. Wilson (businessman) (1789–1865), banker railroad executive and mayor of Wilmington, Delaware
David L. Wilson (born 1950), member of the Delaware House of Representatives
David S. Wilson (born ca. 1981), American politician
Sir David Wilson (governor), British colonial administrator and military officer |
David Wilson | Science | Science
David Gordon Wilson (1928–2019), British-born American professor of engineering
David Sloan Wilson (born 1949), American evolutionary biologist |
David Wilson | Sports | Sports |
David Wilson | American football | American football
David Wilson (defensive back) (born 1970), American football defensive back
David Wilson (running back) (born 1991), American football running back
Dave Wilson (American football) (born 1959), American football quarterback |
David Wilson | Association football | Association football
Soldier Wilson (David Wilson, 1883–1906), Scottish footballer who played for Leeds City
David Wilson (Queen's Park footballer) (1880–1926), Scottish footballer (Queen's Park FC and Scotland)
David Wilson (footballer, born 1881) (1881–?), Scottish footballer, played for Hearts, Everton, Portsmouth
David Wilson (footballer, born 1884) (1884–1959), Scotland international footballer; after retiring he was manager for Nelson and Exeter City in England
David Wilson (footballer, born c. 1908) (1908–1992), English footballer who played for Hamilton Academical and Stranraer in the 1930s
Davie Wilson (1939–2022), Scottish footballer, played for Rangers, Dundee United, Dumbarton, Kilmarnock
Dave Wilson (footballer, born 1942), played for Preston and Liverpool
Dave Wilson (footballer, born 1944), played for Nottingham Forest, Carlisle United, Grimsby Town, Walsall, Burnley, Chesterfield
David Wilson (footballer, born 1969), footballer who began his career at Manchester United (1980s)
David Wilson (footballer, born 1994), Scottish footballer who plays for Partick Thistle
David Wilson (Scottish football manager) (born 1974), Scottish football manager of Gibraltar national football team
David A. Wilson (1875–?), English footballer |
David Wilson | Rugby football | Rugby football
David Wilson (rugby union, born 1967), Australian rugby union footballer
David Wilson (rugby union, born 1985), English rugby union player
Dave Wilson (rugby league) (born 1984), British rugby league player |
David Wilson | Other sports | Other sports
David Wilson (hurdler) (born 1951), British hurdler
Dave Wilson (swimmer) (born 1960), American swimmer & silver medalist at the 1984 Olympics
David Wilson (swimmer) (born 1966), Australian swimmer
David Wilson (cricketer, born 1917) (1917–2005), English cricketer
David Wilson (cricketer, born 1966), English cricketer
David Wilson (New Zealand cricketer) (1914–1989), New Zealand cricketer
David Wilson (figure skating) (born 1966), Canadian figure skating choreographer
David Wilson (sprinter) (born 1977), Guamanian sprinter
Dave Wilson (high jumper) (born 1938), English athlete
David Wilson (triple jumper) (born 1991), American triple jumper, 2011 All-American for the Virginia Tech Hokies track and field team
David Wilson (hammer thrower) (born 1966), American hammer thrower and shot putter, 1988 and 1989 NCAA runner-up for the UCLA Bruins track and field team |
David Wilson | Other people | Other people
David Wilson (sex offender) (born 1984), British criminal
David Wilson (hotelier) (1808–1880), hotelier
Sir David Wilson, 1st Baronet (1855–1930), Scottish landowner and agriculturalist
David Wilson (dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin) (1871–1957), Irish Anglican priest and hymnist
David Wilson (dean of Aberdeen and Orkney) (1805–1880)
David Wilson (barrister) (1879–1965), Australian barrister
David Wilson (Royal Marines officer) (born 1949), Royal Marine general
David Wilson (murderer) (died 1998), executed Saint Kitts and Nevis criminal
David Wilson (university administrator), American academic, President of Morgan State University
David G. Wilson, assistant producer for the James Bond films
David K. Wilson (1919–2007), American businessman and philanthropist
W. David Wilson, chair of the Ontario Securities Commission
David Wilson (U.S. Army general), United States Army general |
David Wilson | See also | See also
David Willson (disambiguation)
Wilson (name) |
David Wilson | Table of Content | '''David''', Arts and literature, Entertainment, Government, Science, Sports, American football, Association football, Rugby football, Other sports, Other people, See also |
Education in Warsaw | Short description | 300px|thumb|University of Warsaw, the Main Gate, Krakowskie Przedmieście Street
Warsaw is one of the most important education centres of Poland. It is home to four major universities and over 62 smaller schools of higher education. The overall number of students of all grades of education in Warsaw is almost 500,000 (29.2% of the city population; 2002). The number of university students is over 255,000.
The University of Warsaw (Uniwersytet Warszawski, 55,000 students, 19 faculties) was established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, in Kraków. Warsaw University of Technology (Politechnika Warszawska, 31,000 students, 18 faculties) is the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest in Central Europe, employing 2,000 professors. It was established in 1898 as the Nicolas II's Technical Institute, in 1915 changed the name at the present one. Other institutions for higher education:
Medical University of Warsaw (Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny, the largest medical school in Poland and one of the most prestigious – established in 1950 as the Medical Academy (earlier a medicine was being lectured at the Medical Faculty of the University of Warsaw), the present name obtained in 2008; 10,000 students, 4 faculties;
National Defence University University (AON), highest military academic institution in Poland, established in 1951 with seven faculties;
Chopin University of Music (Uniwersytet Muzyczny Fryderyka Chopina), the oldest and largest music school in Poland, and one of the largest in Europe, established in 1810 with six faculties;
Warsaw School of Economics (SGH), the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country, established in 1906 as “August Zieliński's Men's Private Trade Courses”, the present name obtained in 1916, but between 1949 and 1991 had the name “Main School of Planning and Statistics”; 18,000 students. There are no faculties as all the professors work in the five colleges and the educational programs are being made by the whole university, not by a given college;
University of Life Science (SGGW) - the largest agricultural university founded in 1816 as the Agronomic Institute, since 1840 – Institute of Forestry and Farming, since 1919 – the Main School of Farming (this is still the university's name in Polish); 30,000 students, 13 faculties;
Academy of Physical Education (AWF) – established in 1929 as the Central Institute of Physical Education, the present name obtained in 1949; it has three faculties.
thumb|Copernicus Science Centre
The Copernicus Science Centre, a science museum, is located on the bank of the Vistula River in Warsaw. It contains over 450 interactive exhibits that enable visitors to single-handedly carry out experiments and discover the laws of science for themselves. The centre is the largest institution of its type in Poland and one of the most advanced in Europe. |
Education in Warsaw | List of scientific institutions in Warsaw | List of scientific institutions in Warsaw
thumb|Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw
thumb|Building of the SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
The most important scientific institutions in the city are:
University of Warsaw (Uniwersytet Warszawski)
Warsaw University of Technology (Politechnika Warszawska)
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University (Uniwersytet Stefana kardynała Wyszyńskiego)
Medical University of Warsaw (Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny)
War Studies University ()
Chopin University of Music (Uniwersytet Muzyczny Fryderyka Chopina)
Theatre Academy (Akademia Teatralna im. Aleksandra Zelwerowicza)
SGH Warsaw School of Economics (Szkoła Główna Handlowa) (former name - Szkoła Główna Planowania i Statystyki)
Warsaw Agricultural University (Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego)
Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts (Akademia Sztuk Pięknych)
Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw (Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego Józefa Piłsudskiego w Warszawie)
SWPS University (SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny)
Branches in Wrocław, Sopot, Poznań, and Katowice
thumb|Polsko-Japońska Wyższa Szkoła Technik Komputerowych
Other (mostly community-run and private) schools include:
Collegium Civitas
Collegium Humanum – Warsaw Management University
Vistula University
Europejska Akademia Sztuk
European School of Law and Administration (ESLA)
Olympus Szkoła Wyższa im. Romualda Kudlińskiego (former name - Wyższa Szkoła Bankowości, Finansów i Zarządzania im. prof. Romualda Kudlińskiego)
Branches in Łódź and Stalowa Wola
Pedagogium - Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiki Resocjalizacyjnej
Polsko-Japońska Wyższa Szkoła Technik Komputerowych
Branch in Bytom
Prywatna Wyższa Szkoła Businessu i Administracji
Szkoła Wyższa im. Bogdana Jańskiego
Branches in Chełm, Elbląg and Kraków
Szkoła Wyższa Mila College
Szkoła Wyższa Przymierza Rodzin
Szkoła Wyższa Rzemiosł Artystycznych
Szkoła Wyższa Warszawska
Warszawska Szkoła Biznesu
Warszawska Szkoła Zarządzania - Szkoła Wyższa
Warszawska Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomiczna
Wszechnica Polska - Szkoła Wyższa TWP
Wyższa Szkoła Administracyjno - Społeczna
Wyższa Szkoła Celna
Wyższa Szkoła Działalności Gospodarczej
Wyższa Szkoła Dziennikarska im. M. Wańkowicza
Branch in Lublin
thumb|Part of Kozminski University campus
Wyższa Szkoła - Edukacja w Sporcie
Sport and Leisure Institute in Wrocław
Wyższa Szkoła Ekologii i Zarządzania
Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomiczna
Branch in Koszalin
Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomiczno-Informatyczna
Wyższa Szkoła Finansów i Zarządzania
Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarowania Nieruchomościami
Branches in Białystok and Gdańsk
Wyższa Szkoła Handlu i Finansów Międzynarodowych
Wyższa Szkoła Handlu i Prawa im. Ryszarda Łazarskiego
Wyższa Szkoła Hotelarstwa, Gastronomii i Turystyki
Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki Stosowanej i Zarządzania
Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki, Zarządzania i Administracji
Wyższa Szkoła Infrastruktury i Zarządzania Rolnictwem
Wyższa Szkoła Języków Obcych i Zarządzania Finansami "Avans"
Wyższa Szkoła Komunikowania i Mediów Społecznych im. Jerzego Giedroycia
Wyższa Szkoła Menedżerska SIG
Branch in Ciechanów
Wyższa Szkoła Nauk Społecznych im. Ks. J. Majki
Wyższa Szkoła Organizacji Turystyki i Hotelarstwa
Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna TWP
Branches in Olsztyn, Katowice, Człuchów, Wałbrzych; divisions in Lublin, Szczecin and Wałbrzych
Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna ZNP
Wyższa Szkoła Promocji
Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania im. Leona Koźmińskiego
Wyższa Szkoła Społeczno-Ekonomiczna
Wyższa Szkoła Stosunków Międzynarodowych i Amerykanistyki
Wyższa Szkoła Sztuk Wizualnych i Nowych Mediów
Wyższa Szkoła Techniczno-Ekonomiczna
Wyższa Szkoła Turystyki i Hotelarstwa
Wyższa Szkoła Turystyki i Języków Obcych
Wyższa Szkoła Turystyki i Rekreacji
Wyższa Szkoła Ubezpieczeń i Bankowości
Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania
Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania i Prawa
Branch in Płońsk
Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania Personelem
Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa Kosmetyki i Pielęgnacji Zdrowia
Wyższa Warszawska Szkoła Humanistyczna
Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania in Łódź, Branch in Warsaw |
Education in Warsaw | References | References
|
Education in Warsaw | Table of Content | Short description, List of scientific institutions in Warsaw, References |
Clinton Ford | '''Clinton Ford''' | Clinton Ford may refer to:
Clinton Ford (singer) (1931–2009), British singer who scored four UK hit singles between 1959 and 1967
Clinton B. Ford, American astronomer and violinist
Clint Ford, American screenwriter and actor (b. 1976) |
Clinton Ford | Table of Content | '''Clinton Ford''' |
Denis Healey, Baron Healey | # | redirect Denis Healey |
Denis Healey, Baron Healey | Table of Content | # |
ATC code D06 | ATC codes lead | |
ATC code D06 | {{anchor | D06A Antibiotics for topical use |
ATC code D06 | {{anchor | D06AA Tetracycline and derivatives
D06AA01 Demeclocycline
D06AA02 Chlortetracycline
D06AA03 Oxytetracycline
D06AA04 Tetracycline
QD06AA52 Chlortetracycline, combinations
QD06AA53 Oxytetracycline, combinations
QD06AA54 Tetracycline, combinations |
ATC code D06 | {{anchor | D06AX Other antibiotics for topical use
D06AX01 Fusidic acid
D06AX02 Chloramphenicol
D06AX04 Neomycin
D06AX05 Bacitracin
D06AX07 Gentamicin
D06AX08 Tyrothricin
D06AX09 Mupirocin
D06AX10 Virginiamycin
D06AX11 Rifaximin
D06AX12 Amikacin
D06AX13 Retapamulin
D06AX14 Ozenoxacin
D06AX15 Rifamycin
QD06AX99 Other antibiotics for topical use, combinations |
ATC code D06 | {{anchor | D06B Chemotherapeutics for topical use |
ATC code D06 | {{anchor | D06BA Sulfonamides
D06BA01 Silver sulfadiazine
D06BA02 Sulfathiazole
D06BA03 Mafenide
D06BA04 Sulfamethizole
D06BA05 Sulfanilamide
D06BA06 Sulfamerazine
QD06BA30 Combinations of chemotherapeutics for topical use
D06BA51 Silver sulfadiazine, combinations
QD06BA53 Mafenide, combinations
QD06BA90 Formosulfathiazole
QD06BA99 Sulfonamides, combinations |
ATC code D06 | {{anchor | D06BB Antivirals
D06BB01 Idoxuridine
D06BB02 Tromantadine
D06BB03 Aciclovir
D06BB04 Podophyllotoxin
D06BB05 Inosine
D06BB06 Penciclovir
D06BB07 Lysozyme
D06BB08 Ibacitabine
D06BB09 Edoxudine
D06BB10 Imiquimod
D06BB11 Docosanol
D06BB12 Sinecatechins
D06BB53 Aciclovir, combinations |
ATC code D06 | {{anchor | D06BX Other chemotherapeutics
D06BX01 Metronidazole
D06BX02 Ingenol mebutate
D06BX03 Tirbanibulin |
ATC code D06 | {{anchor | D06C Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, combinations
Empty group |
ATC code D06 | References | References
D06
|
ATC code D06 | Table of Content | ATC codes lead, {{anchor, {{anchor, {{anchor, {{anchor, {{anchor, {{anchor, {{anchor, {{anchor, References |
Cecil Parkinson, Baron Parkinson | # | redirect Cecil Parkinson |
Cecil Parkinson, Baron Parkinson | Table of Content | # |
Geoffrey Howe, Baron Howe of Aberavon | # | redirect Geoffrey Howe |
Geoffrey Howe, Baron Howe of Aberavon | Table of Content | # |
Maritime geography | Short description | thumb|right|350px|The four kinds of navigable water in the Gulf of Mexico.
Maritime geography is a collection of terms used by naval military units to loosely define three maritime regions: brown water, green water, and blue water. |
Maritime geography | Definitions | Definitions
The elements of maritime geography are loosely defined and their meanings have changed throughout history. The USA's 2010 Naval Operations Concept defines blue water as "the open ocean", green water as "coastal waters, ports and harbors", and brown water as "navigable rivers and their estuaries". Robert Rubel of the US Naval War College includes bays in his definition of brown water, and in the past US military commentators have extended brown water out to from shore.
During the Cold War, green water denoted those areas of ocean in which naval forces might encounter land-based aircraft and brown water, land-based artillery. The development of long-range bombers with antiship missiles turned most of the oceans to "green" and the term all but disappeared. After the Cold War, US amphibious taskforces were sometimes referred to as the green-water navy, in contrast to the blue-water carrier battlegroups. This distinction disappeared as increasing threats in coastal waters forced the amphibious ships further offshore, delivering assaults by helicopter and tiltrotor from over the horizon. This prompted the development of ships designed to operate in such waters - the Zumwalt class destroyer and the littoral combat ships. Rubel has proposed redefining green water as those areas of ocean which are too dangerous for high-value units, requiring offensive power to be dispersed into smaller vessels such as submarines that can use stealth and other characteristics to survive. Under his scheme brown water would be zones in which ocean-going units could not operate at all, including rivers, minefields, straits and other choke points. |
Maritime geography | Regions | Regions |
Maritime geography | Brown water | Brown water
The brown water environment starts from the shoreline through to the end of the continental shelf. A brown-water navy focuses on littoral operations and primarily takes a defensive role. "Brown water" or "brown ocean" is also used by meteorologists to refer to intertidal wetlands where the border between the ocean and dry land is not clear-cut. |
Maritime geography | Green water | Green water
The green water environment extends from the outer edge of the brown-water layer past any continental shelves, archipelagos and islands; perhaps a few hundred miles from shore. It is the most important maritime arena, including most coastal traffic and territorial waters, in which are found the great majority of a nation's maritime police, customs, environmental, and economic concerns. A green-water navy is capable of defense of its nation in depth and is a significant offensive force within its territory. |
Maritime geography | Blue water | Blue water
The blue water environment extends from the outer edge of the green-water zone to the deep ocean of the world. A blue-water navy can project its nation's power throughout the world. The blue water policy was a long-standing political philosophy in Britain in the 18th century, which sought to advance British power through use of the Royal Navy, although the term "blue water" did not appear until 1834.Shorter OED |
Maritime geography | See also | See also
Littoral zone |
Maritime geography | References | References
Category:Oceanography |
Maritime geography | Table of Content | Short description, Definitions, Regions, Brown water, Green water, Blue water, See also, References |
Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club | Infobox rowing club
| Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club (DHuGRC) is a rowing club from Rotherbaum, Hamburg, Germany. It was founded in 1836 as Der Hamburger Ruder Club, the club is the fourth oldest rowing club in the world (2nd if only counting non-academically affiliated clubs) after Brasenose College Boat Club, Jesus College Boat Club (Oxford) and Leander Club . The Germania Ruder Club, which was founded in 1854 merged with Der Hamburger Ruder Club in 1934, with the joint club adapting the current name.
The current boathouse at Außenalster was opened in 2016. |
Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club | Notable Rowers | Notable Rowers
Bastian Seibt from this club represented Germany at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. |
Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club | References | References |
Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club | External links | External links
Official website including information in English
Category:Sports clubs and teams established in 1934
Category:Sport in Hamburg
Category:Rowing clubs in Germany
Category:1934 establishments in Germany |
Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club | Table of Content | Infobox rowing club
, Notable Rowers, References, External links |
Clinton Ford (singer) | Short description | Clinton Ford (born Ian George Stopford Harrison; 4 November 1931 – 21 October 2009) was an English popular singer of the 1950s and 1960s. |
Clinton Ford (singer) | Biography | Biography
He was born to George Henry Harrison and Annie Simpson who, in 1911, lived in Howard Street, off Eccles New Road in Salford, Lancashire.
Initially, he worked as a laboratory assistant, but in 1957 became a Butlins Redcoat in Pwllheli, and worked there for three summer seasons. During the winter season he sang with the Jazz Band called 'Merseysippi' at the Cavern Club in Liverpool, recording several songs with them, including "Get Out and Get Under".
He began his recording career as Clinton Ford with the Oriole record label, changing his name because his own did not fit some of his American songs. He performed skiffle in the Backwoods Skiffle Group and recorded some unsuccessful singles with the Hallelujah Skiffle Group. He appeared at the Royal Albert Hall, and with Ken Dodd on Dodd's television shows. He also appeared in Stars and Garters, The Billy Cotton Band Show, and The Good Old Days.
Ford had his first success with a cover of the Red Foley song "Old Shep", which appeared on the chart in 1959. Ford donated all his royalties from this recording to the Guide Dogs for the Blind. It was the only version of the song ever to chart in the UK. His next singles were "Too Many Beautiful Girls", followed by "Fanlight Fanny" which was his most successful single, reaching 22 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1962. His album Fanlight Fanny (1962) reached number 16 in the UK Albums Chart. He toured with Kenny Ball & His Jazzmen and played at the Cavern Club in Liverpool around the time that the Beatles were starting to become popular.
His career outlasted many of his contemporaries, with his singles appearing in the UK charts over a span of more than eight years. He was also in great demand on BBC Radio programmes, such as Saturday Club, where a live singer was required to sing standards and also covers of current hit songs.
After recording for Columbia Records, in 1966 Ford changed record label to Piccadilly Records. In 1967 "Run To The Door" again made the UK chart, and other singles including "Dandy" (popularized by Herman's Hermits) backed with another Formby number "Why Don't Women Like Me", and "This Song Is Just For You" were released. In 1968 Ford made the comic album Clinton The Clown with George Chisholm and the Inmates in a single all-night session. The album included "The Old Bazaar in Cairo", which Ford co-wrote with Ken Morris and Charlie Chester, and the suggestive "My Baby's Wild About My Old Trombone".
He set up a guest house with his wife on the Isle of Man but continued to tour throughout the 1980s and 1990s. BBC Radio 2's veteran DJ, Brian Matthew, who was best man at Ford's wedding, revealed on his Sounds of the '60s show, on 10 March 2007, that Ford was living on the Isle of Man but was seriously ill, unable to work and bed-ridden.
Clinton Ford died on 21 October 2009. He is survived by his wife, Margaret (Maggie) née Worsfold, whom he married in 1962, and four children, Georgina, Susannah, Rebecca and Ian.
Ford's track "Dance With a Dolly (With a Hole in Her Stocking)" was chosen by the television producer Anne Wood as one of her Desert Island Discs in October 2011. |
Clinton Ford (singer) | Discography | Discography |
Clinton Ford (singer) | Selected singles | Selected singles
Year Single Chart Positions UK AU1959"Old Shep"27-1961"Too Many Beautiful Girls"48-1962"Fanlight Fanny"22-1966"Why Don't Women Like Me?"-29"Dandy"54791967"Run to the Door"25-1968"The Last One to Say Goodnight"-100 |
Clinton Ford (singer) | Albums | Albums
Clinton Ford (1962) – UK No.16
Listen With Us (1965 Columbia Records 33SX1689)
Clinton The Clown (1968) with George Chisholm (Pye 182010)
Songs For Children Aged One to a Hundred (1969) Marble Arch Records |
Clinton Ford (singer) | References | References |
Clinton Ford (singer) | External links | External links
Clinton Ford at 45-rpm.org.uk
Spencer Leigh's appreciation of Clinton Ford
Category:1931 births
Category:2009 deaths
Category:English male singers
Category:Musicians from Salford
Category:Skiffle musicians
Category:Butlins Redcoats
Category:20th-century English singers
Category:British novelty song performers
Category:20th-century British male singers |
Clinton Ford (singer) | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Discography, Selected singles, Albums, References, External links |
William Healey Dall | Short description | William Healey Dall (August 21, 1845 – March 27, 1927) was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska. He described many mollusks of the Pacific Northwest of North America, and was for many years America's preeminent authority on living and fossil mollusks.
Dall also made substantial contributions to ornithology, zoology, physical and cultural anthropology, oceanography, and paleontology. In addition he carried out meteorological observations in Alaska for the Smithsonian Institution. |
William Healey Dall | Biography | Biography |
William Healey Dall | Early life | Early life
Dall was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His father Charles Henry Appleton Dall, (1816–86), a Unitarian minister, moved in 1855 to India as a missionary. His family however stayed in Massachusetts, where Dall's mother Caroline Wells Healey was a teacher, transcendentalist, reformer, and pioneer feminist.
In 1862, Dall's father, on one of his few brief visits home, brought his son in contact with some naturalists at Harvard University, where he had studied, and in 1863, when Dall graduated from high school, he took a keen interest in mollusks. In 1863 he became a pupil of Louis Agassiz of Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology, in natural science. He encouraged Dall's interest in malacology, a field still in its infancy. He also studied anatomy and medicine under Jeffries Wyman.Short biography and bibliography of W.H. Dall, inhs.uiuc.edu. Accessed November 5, 2022. |
William Healey Dall | First positions, first expeditions | First positions, first expeditions
thumb|right|310 px|Village on the lower Yukon during fishing season, June 1868, from an original sketch by Dall
thumb|right|300 px| Dall's 1875 map showing the distribution of native tribes in Alaska
thumb|right|150 px|Dall about 1888
Dall took a job in Chicago. There he met the famous naturalist Robert Kennicott (1835–1866) at the Chicago Academy of Sciences Museum. In 1865 the Western Union Telegraph Expedition was mounted to find a possible route for a telegraph line between North America and Russia by way of the Bering Sea. Kennicott was selected as the scientist for this expedition, and with the influence of Spencer Fullerton Baird of the Smithsonian Institution, he took Dall as his assistant, because of his expertise in invertebrates and fish. Aboard the clipper Nightingale, under the command of the naturalist Charles Melville Scammon, Dall explored the coast of Siberia, with first several stops in Alaska (still Russian territory at that time). Scammon Bay, Alaska was named after Charles Scammon.
In 1866, Dall continued this expedition to Siberia. On a stop at St. Michael, Alaska, he was informed that Kennicott had died of a heart attack on May 13, 1866, while prospecting a possible telegraph route along the Yukon River. Set on finishing Kennicott's Yukon River work, Dall stayed on the Yukon during the winter. Because of cancellation of his own expedition, he had to continue this work at his own expense until autumn 1868. Meanwhile, in 1867, the U.S. had acquired Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars. This was uncharted country, with a fauna and flora still waiting to be explored and described, a task Dall took upon himself as a surveyor-scientist.
Back at the Smithsonian, he started cataloguing the thousands of specimens he had collected during this expedition. In 1870 he published his account of his pioneering travels in Alaska and Its Resources, describing the Yukon River, the geography and resources of Alaska, and its inhabitants. Also in 1870, Dall was appointed Acting Assistant to the United States Coast Survey (renamed the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1878).
Dall went on several more reconnaissance and survey missions to Alaska between 1871 and 1874. His official mission was to survey the Alaska coast, but he took the opportunity to acquire specimens, which he collected in great numbers. In 1871–72, he surveyed the Aleutian Islands. In 1874 aboard the United States Coast Survey schooner Yukon, he anchored in Lituya Bay, which he compared to Yosemite Valley in California, had it retained its glaciers.
He sent his collection of mollusks, echinoderms, and fossils to Louis Agassiz at Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology; plants went to Asa Gray at Harvard; archaeological and ethnological material went to the Smithsonian. In 1877–1878 he was associated with the Blake expeditions", along the east coast of the United States. The major publications on the Blake Expeditions were published in the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard.
Dall was in Europe in August 1878, sent to a meeting in Dublin of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He took the opportunity to visit mollusk collections and meet European scholars. |
William Healey Dall | 1880 and after | 1880 and after
Dall married Annette Whitney in 1880. They travelled to Alaska on their honeymoon. After arriving in Sitka, his wife went back home to Washington, D.C. He began his final survey season aboard the schooner Yukon. He was accompanied, among others, by the ichthyologist Tarleton Hoffman Bean (1846–1916).
In 1882 Dall contributed for the Republican Congressional Campaign Committee.Box 18 Folder 40 William Healey Dall Archives Smithsonian Archives
In 1884, Dall left the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (known until 1878 as the U.S. Coast Survey), having already written over 400 papers. In 1885 he transferred to the newly created United States Geological Survey, obtaining a position as paleontologist. He was assigned to the U.S. National Museum as honorary curator of invertebrate paleontology, studying recent and fossil mollusks. He would hold this position until his death.
As part of his work for the U.S. Geological Survey, Dall made trips to study geology and fossils: in the Pacific Northwest (1890, 1892, 1895, 1897, 1901, and 1910), in Florida (1891), and in Georgia (1893).
In 1899 he and an elite crew of scientists, such as the expert in glaciology John Muir, were members of the Harriman Alaska Expedition along the glacial fjords of the Alaska coast and the Aleutian Islands and to the Bering Strait aboard the steamer . Many new genera and species were described. Dall was the undisputed expert on Alaska, and the scientists aboard were often surprised by his erudition, both in biology and in respect to the cultures of the native Alaskan peoples. His contributions to the reports of the Harriman Alaska Expedition, include a chapter Description and Exploration of Alaska, and Volume 13, Land and Fresh-water Mollusks.
He spent two months at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii, examining its shell collection. |
William Healey Dall | Societies and honors | Societies and honors
He was elected member of most of the U.S. scientific societies, vice-president of American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) (1882, 1885), a founder of the National Geographic Society, and the Philosophical Society of Washington. In 1897 he was elected to both the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. He was a Foreign Member of the Geological Society of London. His eminence also earned him several honorary degrees. Mount Dall, an peak in the Alaska Range, now in Denali National Park and Preserve, was named after Dall by A. H. Brooks of the U.S. Geological Survey in 1902. In 1912, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. |
William Healey Dall | Publications | Publications
Dall published over 1,600 papers, reviews, and commentaries. He described 5,427 species, many of them mollusks.Florence A. Ruhoff (1973), Bibliography and Zoological Taxa of Paul Bartsch, Biographical Sketch by Harald A. Rehder, Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, Number 143 Many of his papers were short, but a number of his publications were comprehensive monographs.
thumb|Title page of "A Monograph of West American Pyramidellid Mollusks" (1909)
Report on the Mollusca, Part I Bivalvia Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard, Vol. XII (1885–1886)
Report on the Mollusca, Part II Gastropoda & Scaphopoda Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard, Vol. XVIII, XXIX – (June 1889)
On the remains of later prehistoric man obtained from caves in the Catherina Archipelago, Alaska Territory, and especially from the caves of the Aleutian Islands (1878)
Meteorology and Bibliography of Alaska
The Currents and Temperatures of Bering Sea and the Adjacent Waters (1882)
Alaska Coast Pilot (1883)
List of Marine Mollusca (1884)
Report on the Mollusca Brachiopoda and Pelecypoda of the Blake Expedition (1886)
Mollusca of the Southeast Coast of the United States (1890)
Instructions for Collecting Mollusks (1892)
Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida (4 vols., 1890–98)
Neocene of North America (1892)
Alaska as it was and Is. 1865–1895 (1895)
Alaska and Its Resources (1870, 1897)
Dall, William Healey. "Notes on an original manuscript chart of Bering's expedition of 1725-30, and on an original manuscript chart of his second expedition, together with a summary of a journal of the first expedition, kept by Peter Chaplin, and now first rendered into English from Bergh's Russian version." (4° 2 maps. (Coast and Geodetic Survey. Ann. Report, 1890. App. 19, 759–775.)) See National Geographic for a related article by Dall.
Dall, William Healey.Report of geographic and hydrographical explorations on the coast of Alaska [1873.] (4° 1 map. (Coast Survey. Ann. Report, 1873. App. 11, pp. 111–2.))
Dall, William Healey. Report on coal and lignite of Alaska. (Geol. Survey. 17 Rpt., pt. 1. 1896. pp. 763–908, pls. 48–58.)
Dall, William Healey. Report on Mount Saint Elias, Mount Fairweather, and some of the adjacent mountains. (Coast Survey. Ann. Report, 1875. App. 10, pp. 157–88).
Dall, William Healey. "Tribes of the Extreme Northwest" (Contributions to No. Amer. Ethnology. v. 1, pp. 1–156. ills. 1 map.)
Dall, William Healey. Map: Showing the distribution of the tribes of Alaska and adjoining territory. 55° to 65° N latitude × 130° to 170° W longitude. Scale: = . Size: .
Genera and species named in his honor
Brachiopods:
Dallina Beecher, 1895
Mollusks:
Conus dalli Stearns, 1873
Dalliella Cossman, 1895
Haliotis dalli Henderson, 1915
Rissoina dalli Bartsch, 1915
Caecum dalli Bartsch, 1920
Notoplax dalli Is. & Iw. Taki, 1929
Knefastia dalli Bartsch, 1944
Cirsotrema dalli Rehder, 1945
Hanleya dalli Kaas, 1957
Propeamussium dalli E.A. Smith, 1886
Crustaceans:
Chthamalus dalli Pilsbry, 1916
Fish:
Sebastes dallii C. H. Eigenmann & Beeson, 1894 (Calico Rockfish)
Lythrypnus dalli (C. H. Gilbert, 1890) (Bluebanded goby)
Mammals:
Dall's sheep, Ovis dalli Nelson, 1884
Dall's porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli F. True 1885Ursus arctos dalli (Merriam, 1896).
See also
:Category:Taxa named by William Healey Dall
References
Dall, William Healey. (1870). Alaska and its Resources. Lee and Shepard, Boston. 627 pages. (also reprinted 1897)
Dall, William Healey. 1898. The Yukon Territory: The Narrative of W.H. Dall, Leader of the Expedition to Alaska in 1866–1868. London: Downey & Co.
Further reading
Boss, Kenneth J., Joseph Rosewater [and] Florence A. Ruhoff. The zoological taxa of William Healey Dall Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press 1968.
Merriam C.H. "WILLIAM HEALEY DALL" Science. 1927 Apr 8;65(1684):345-347.
Paul, Harald Alfred Rehder and Beulah E. Shields Bartsch. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SHORT BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF WILLIAM HEALEY DALL''. Smithsonian Institution 1946.
WOODRING, W.P. WILLIAM HEALEY DALL August 21, 1845—March 27, 1927 a Biographical Memoir National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 1958. 24 pp. |
William Healey Dall | External links | External links
A selection of Dall's transcribed field books
The Harriman Expedition, 1899 at PBS
Juneau Empire article
Category:1845 births
Category:1927 deaths
Category:Explorers of Alaska
Category:Harvard College alumni
Category:Wesleyan University people
Category:American zoologists
Category:American malacologists
Category:Smithsonian Institution people
Category:Teuthologists
Category:United States Geological Survey personnel
Category:United States Coast Survey personnel
Category:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey personnel
Category:19th-century American explorers
Category:People from Boston
Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Category:National Geographic Society founders
Category:English High School of Boston alumni
Category:Conchologists
Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society |
William Healey Dall | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Early life, First positions, first expeditions, 1880 and after, Societies and honors, Publications, External links |
Union of Orthodox Congregations | # | RedirectOrthodox Union |
Union of Orthodox Congregations | Table of Content | # |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Caliculation Routines | * | This page was listed here a while ago. The general consensus was that the page should be moved to Wikibooks, but it looks like no one did. I moved it to Wikibooks here, so I think the page should be deleted now. Quadell (talk) 15:13, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
Delete, does not belong in the encyclopedia. - SimonP 16:11, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
What? Why does it even deserve a Wikibook? It looks like an unclear experiment writeup. There is no way to tell what's actually being tested, or what "software" is being used; as it's written now, it's just not meaningful. Move to Kaupp's talk page (under ==Kaupp, what is this supposed to be?== or something) and delete. --Ardonik 20:15, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
Relax, it's not Creature from the Black Lagoon. It's a how-to for estimating the efficiency of a water boiler -- a specialized, but practical topic. Yes, it needs work, I agree. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:09, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
Quadell, I believe std operating procedure is to delete an article once it's been transwikied, no need for another vfd listing. Thanks for taking the time to transwiki it. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:09, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
Thanks. Okay, I'll do it. Quadell (talk) 14:38, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC) |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Caliculation Routines | Table of Content | * |
Radio Free Asia | Short description | Radio Free Asia (RFA) is a news service that publishes online news, information, commentary and broadcasts radio programs for its audiences in Asia. The service, which provides editorially independent reporting, has the stated mission of providing accurate and uncensored reporting to countries in Asia that have poor media environments and limited protections for speech and press freedom.
RFA has historically been American government-funded, operates as a non-profit corporation, headquartered in Washington, D.C., with news bureaus and journalists in Asia, Europe, and Australia.
RFA was established by the US International Broadcasting Act of 1994 with the stated aim of "promoting democratic values and human rights", and countering the narratives and monopoly on information distribution of the Chinese Communist Party, as well as providing media reports about the North Korean government. It has historically been funded and supervised by the U.S. Agency for Global Media (formerly Broadcasting Board of Governors), an independent agency of the United States government.
RFA digitally publishes news articles, photos, videos, and podcasts on its website and social media channels including Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, X in ten Asian languages for audiences in Mainland China, Hong Kong, North Korea, Laos, Cambodia,Multiple sources:
Laura Oliver (July 6, 2023). "As Cambodia approaches a crucial election, journalists suffer shutdowns and abuse" . Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism; University of Oxford. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
Staff Writer (August 2, 2023). Cambodia: Access to Independent Media Blocked . Human Rights Watch. Retrieved August 28, 2023. Vietnam and Myanmar.
On March 15, 2025, the United States Agency for Global Media terminated grants to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and Radio Free Asia following a directive from the Trump Administration. The station and its staff have defied the executive order and remained on the air while considering legal action to challenge the presidential directive. On March 27, Democracy Forward filed suit on behalf of Radio Free Asia to block the U.S. Agency for Global Media's attempt to cancel federal funds appropriated by Congress. |
Radio Free Asia | History | History
After the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, a bipartisan group of senators and congressmen led by Jesse Helms and Joe Biden came together and sponsored legislation to create Radio Free Asia. Republican House Speaker Newt Gingrich supported Radio Free Asia as a means to press China on human rights. The International Broadcasting Act was passed by the Congress of the United States and signed by President Bill Clinton in 1994, officially establishing Radio Free Asia.
Radio Free Asia was incorporated in March 1996, and began broadcasting in September 1996. Although RFA directors preferred to broadcast under the name "the Asia-Pacific Network", Republican representatives including Chris Smith and Jesse Helms insisted on returning the name to Radio Free Asia before broadcasting began, to which president Richard Richter complied. Radio Free Asia was forced to change the name in part due to financial pressures from the US government, for although they operated with an independent board, their initial $10 million annual budget came from the Treasury.
In 1997, the then US Deputy Secretary of State, Strobe Talbott, began talks with the government of Australia to purchase abandoned transmission facilities near Darwin, Northern Territory for the purpose of expanding RFA's signal to overcome jamming. Richter personally lobbied in Canberra to support this effort. Although the Australian Government intended to sell the facilities to a foreign broadcaster, preference was given to the BBC over the fledgling RFA due to fears that such a sale would anger China, with Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs Alexander Downer stating, "we are certainly not in the game of provocatively damaging our relations with China."
In response to radio jamming efforts from China, Newt Gingrich and House Republican leaders helped to increase the budget of RFA and VOA, with further funding of RFA proposed as a way to combat China's political repression without levying trade restrictions that would anger American businesses.
With the passage of the International Broadcasting Act in 1994, RFA was brought under auspices of the United States Information Agency where it remained until the agency's cessation of broadcasting duties and transitioned to U.S. Department of State operated Broadcasting Board of Governors in 1999. In September 2009, the 111th Congress amended the International Broadcasting Act to allow a one-year extension of the operation of Radio Free Asia.Bill Text Versions for the 111th Congress, 2009–2010. The Library of Congress.
On June 25, 2010, the US Senate unanimously approved Republican Senator Richard Lugar's legislation to promote the free dissemination of information in East Asia through the permanent authorization of RFA. The House of Representatives passed Lugar's bill S.3104 to grant Radio Free Asia permanent Congressional authorization on June 30 and it was signed into law on July 13, 2010.
RFA broadcasts in nine languages, via shortwave, satellite transmissions, medium-wave (AM and FM radio).
The first transmission was in Mandarin Chinese and it is RFA's most broadcast language at twelve hours per day. RFA also broadcasts in Cantonese, Tibetan (Kham, Amdo, and Uke dialects), Uyghur, Burmese, Vietnamese, Lao, Khmer (to Cambodia) and Korean (to North Korea). The Korean service launched in 1997 with Jaehoon Ahn as its founding director. Broadcasts in Khmer to Cambodia that began under the country's communist regime continue despite the country no longer being communist. In 2017, RFA and other networks, such as Voice of America, were put under the then newly created U.S. Agency for Global Media (USAGM) that also sends representatives to its board of directors.
In January 2022, RFA announced that it had appointed Carolyn Bartholomew as the new chair of its board of directors. As of December 2023, its board members include: Michael J. Green, Michael Kempner, Keith Richburg, Shanthi Kalathil, and Allison Hooker. RFA receives its funding through annual budget allocations from the USAGM.
In March 2024, RFA announced the closure of its Hong Kong bureau, citing journalist safety concerns from Hong Kong's enactment of the Safeguarding National Security Ordinance.
On March 15, 2025, the United States Agency for Global Media imposed a 30-day total freeze on funding to RFA and terminated grants to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and Radio Free Asia following a directive from the Trump Administration and Elon Musk's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), with the intention of making that permanent. The station and its staff have defied the executive order and remained on the air while considering legal action to challenge the presidential directive. On March 21, RFA affiliate WHYNOT halted operations. On March 27, Democracy Forward filed suit on behalf of Radio Free Asia to block the U.S. Agency for Global Media's attempt to cancel federal funds appropriated by Congress On April 4, Radio Free Asia halted radio broadcasts in Mandarin, Tibetan and Lao, and heavily reduced its Burmese, Khmer, Korean and Uyghur language services. |
Radio Free Asia | List of presidents | List of presidents
+NameTermRichard "Dick" Richter1996–July 29, 2005Libby LiuSeptember 2005–November 2019Bay FangNovember 20, 2019–June 2020Stephen J. YatesDecember 2020–January 22, 2021Bay FangJanuary 2021–present |
Radio Free Asia | Radio jamming and Internet blocking | Radio jamming and Internet blocking
Since broadcasting began in 1996, Chinese authorities have consistently jammed RFA broadcasts.
Three RFA reporters were denied access to China to cover U.S. President Bill Clinton's visit in June 1998. The Chinese embassy in Washington had initially granted visas to the three but revoked them shortly before President Clinton left Washington en route to Beijing. The White House and United States Department of State filed complaints with Chinese authorities over the matter but the reporters ultimately did not make the trip.Sieff/Scully "Radio Free Asia reporters stay home; Clinton kowtows to Beijing's ban, critics contend", The Washington Times, June 24, 1998
The Vietnamese-language broadcast signal was also jammed by the Vietnamese government from the beginning. Human rights legislation has been proposed in Congress that would allocate money to counter the jamming. Research by the OpenNet Initiative, a project that monitors Internet filtering by governments worldwide, showed that the Vietnamese-language portion of the Radio Free Asia website was blocked by both of the tested ISPs in Vietnam, while the English-language portion was blocked by one of the two ISPs.
To address radio jamming and Internet blocking by the governments of the countries that it broadcasts to, the RFA website contains instruction on how to create anti-jamming antennas and information on web proxies.
On March 30, 2010, China's domestic internet censor, known as the Great Firewall, temporarily blocked all Google searches in China, due to an unintentional association with the long-censored term "rfa". According to Google, the letters, associated with Radio Free Asia, were appearing in the URLs of all Google searches, thereby triggering China's filter to block search results. |
Radio Free Asia | Arrests of Uyghur journalists' relatives | Arrests of Uyghur journalists' relatives
thumb|RFA's six Uyghur journalists (2018)
In 2014–2015 China arrested three brothers of RFA Uyghur Service journalist Shohret Hoshur. Their jailing was widely described by Western publishers as Chinese authorities' efforts to target Hoshur for his reports on otherwise unreported violent events of the Xinjiang conflict. Much larger numbers of relatives of RFA's Uyghur-language staff have since been detained, including the family of Gulchehra Hoja.
RFA is the only station outside China that broadcasts in the Uyghur language. It has been recognized by journalists of The Atlantic, The Washington Post, The New York Times, and The Economist for playing a role in exposing Xinjiang internment camps. In particular, The New York Times has regarded certain RFA articles as part of the few reliable sources of information about Xinjiang. |
Radio Free Asia | Xinjiang internment camps | Xinjiang internment camps
In 2018, after RFA journalist Hoja published an interview with an individual who had been detained in the Xinjiang internment camps, Chinese authorities detained approximately two dozen of Hoja's relatives. Later that year, Chinese authorities forcibly disappeared two brothers and five cousins of an editor for RFA's Uyghur language service.
National Review has reported that as of 2021, eight of Radio Free Asia's fifteen staff of Uyghur ethnicity have family members who are detained in the Xinjiang internment camps. |
Radio Free Asia | Mission | Mission
Radio Free Asia's functions, as listed in , are to:
provide accurate and timely information, news, and commentary about events in Asia and elsewhere; and
be a forum for a variety of opinions and voices from within Asian nations whose people do not fully enjoy freedom of expression.
Additionally, the International Broadcasting Act of 1994 (Title III of ), which authorized the creation of the RFA, contains the following paragraph:
According to a Congressional Research Service report titled "U.S. International Broadcasting: Background and Issues for Reform" updated on December 15, 2016:RFA’s target audiences are mandated by legislation and include countries in Asia where governments prohibit access to a free press, specifically the People’s Republic of China and its regions of Tibet and Xinjiang, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, North Korea and Vietnam. RFA was authorized as a nonfederal, private nonprofit corporation that would operate under a BBG grant, much like RFE/RL. The RFA's mission statement is outlined on its website as follows: |
Radio Free Asia | Reception | Reception
thumb|The logo of Radio Free Asia from 2010 to Fall 2021
In 1999, Catharin Dalpino of the Brookings Institution, a former assistant secretary deputy for human rights, called Radio Free Asia "a waste of money" and elaborated that she believed its goals had more to do with domestic political symbolism than with supporting democratic movements in Asia, stating that "Wherever we feel there is an ideological enemy, we're going to have a Radio Free Something." Dalpino said she had reviewed scripts of RFA's broadcasts and viewed the station's reporting as unbalanced due to focus on the testimony of dissidents in exile rather than the events occurring in the countries themselves. Lynne Weil, a director of communications and external affairs for the U.S. Agency for Global Media, has disputed descriptions of government-funded outlets as propaganda, referring to outlets such as BBC as examples of non-propagandist journalism funded by a government entity. In 2001, Richter stated that congressional interference in the organization was minimal, saying that he "wanted to make sure we weren't just getting set up to be a kill-the-Commie organization."
Monroe Price, director of the Center for Global Communication Studies, described RFA as "a modern iteration of Cold War use of the airwaves, emphasizing a turn from the traditional Cold War targets to new ones" and argued that the goals of RFA prove that the "instruments of international broadcasting are a reflection of the priorities and internal politics of the sending nation." Michael Sobolik of Hudson Institute said "RFA reporting from countries like China has been great for our foreign policy leaders and our elected officials, because we get better insight into what’s happening there, which serves the American interest. We don’t do this just out of the goodness of our hearts."
Vietnamese newspapers such as the state-run Nhân Dân have criticized the goals of RFA and broadcasts into the country, with a writer for Nhân Dân accusing the network of attempting to "interfere in other countries' internal affairs."
According to The Baltimore Sun in 2001, Chinese citizens calling in to RFA have expressed a wide range of opinions on the network, both positive and negative, many calling from pay phones to hide their identities. |
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