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null | American football player (born 1978)
American football player
Michael Kitome Echols (born October 13, 1978) is a former American football cornerback who played in both the National Football League (NFL) and the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was selected in the fourth round of the 2002 NFL Draft by the Tennessee Titans. He played collegiately for the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
At Wisconsin, he was a four–year starter at cornerback. He finished his career with a recovered fumble and 12 interceptions, returning one for a touchdown. Before his junior season in 2000, he was suspended one game for receiving unadvertised discounts at a shoe store. After the season, he was given second–team All–Big Ten Conference honors. In 2002, after graduating from Wisconsin, he declared for the NFL Draft. He was drafted by the Titans and debuted later that season. However, after four weeks, he injured his leg and missed the rest of the season. The following season, he saw limited action before being released by the team in 2004. After his stint with the Titans ended, he spent time with the Atlanta Falcons, Indianapolis Colts, and Detroit Lions, failing to appear in a game for any of the teams. In 2006, Echols played his final professional game for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the CFL, intercepting a pass in his only game for the team.
Early years
Echols was born on October 13, 1978 in Youngstown, Ohio. He has type 1 diabetes and requires the use of insulin. He attended Ursuline High School in Youngstown, where he was named third–team All–State. In his senior season, he recorded ten interceptions. He also played wide receiver for the football team, recording 25 receptions for 558 yards in his career. A member of the basketball team, he was a freshman when the team won the state title.
As a freshman at Wisconsin in 1997, Echols was redshirted, but in 1998, he entered week one of the season as a starting cornerback opposite fellow redshirt freshman Jamar Fletcher. Against Purdue on October 11, he intercepted quarterback Drew Brees in the end zone, ending their first drive of the game. Wisconsin won 31–24. He finished the season with three interceptions. In 1999, he started the season off poorly, being beat for touchdowns often; however, as the season progressed, his performances improved. During the season, he intercepted just one pass. Before his junior season in 2000, Echols and 25 of his teammates were suspended for the start of the season by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) for receiving unadvertised discounts at a shoe store. He served his one-game suspension during week two of the season, in which Wisconsin won 27–23 against Oregon. On November 4, against Minnesota, he intercepted a pass and returned it 56 yards for a touchdown. He finished the season with five total interceptions, as well as a fumble recovery. Echols also set a school record with 25 pass deflections. He was named second–team All–Big Ten Conference for his performances that season. Entering 2001, Echols became the only returning member of Wisconsin's secondary after the other players either graduated or declared for the 2001 NFL Draft. In an interview about the team, secondary coach Todd Bradford said that Echols, "is probably as good a tackling defensive back as there is in the country." On September 27, after Wisconsin lost to Oregon early in the month, Oregon's quarterback Joey Harrington, in a diary for ESPN.com, stated that Echols, "is one of the best corners I have ever played against. He was very impressive." He finished his senior season at Wisconsin with three interceptions. He graduated in 2002 with a degree in behavioral science and law.
Professional career
Tennessee Titans
Prior to the 2002 NFL Draft, Echols was considered to be the 14th-best cornerback in the draft class and was projected to go in either the fourth or fifth round by NFLDraftScout.com. Leading up to the draft, Pete Prisco of CBS Sports wrote that Echols, "isn't that big, but he can sure run." He also listed him as being a player that teams were underrating heading into the draft.
On the second day of the draft, Echols was selected with the 12th pick of the fourth round by the Tennessee Titans. On July 15, he signed a rookie contract with the Titans. However, on July 26, he was placed on the active/physically unable to perform list by the Titans. He made his debut with the Titans in week one against the Philadelphia Eagles. He recorded three tackles in the game. In week three, against the Cleveland Browns, Echols allowed the game–winning eight–yard touchdown to Browns wide receiver Dennis Northcutt. In the Titans' week four game against the Oakland Raiders, he suffered a leg injury and did not play another game for the rest of the season. He underwent surgery on his left tibia in December. He finished the season with 24 tackles in four games. The following season, he played sparingly, appearing in just five games and recording just eight tackles. His season debut came in week six against the Houston Texans, in which he recorded no tackles. Against both the Jacksonville Jaguars and Miami Dolphins, he recorded three tackles. In the 2004 preseason, after starting cornerback Samari Rolle injured his ankle, Echols started at right cornerback for the Titans. On August 30, against the Dallas Cowboys, he gave up 35-yard pass interference penalty, leading to the Cowboys' Billy Cundiff making a field goal to end the first half of the game. Despite starting, he was considered a candidate to be traded at the end of training camp, only to be released on September 14.
Later career
On September 20, 2004, Echols was signed to the practice squad of the Indianapolis Colts. In early October, he was signed off the Colts' practice squad by the Atlanta Falcons, but was waived on October 26 without making an appearance for Atlanta. The Colts re-signed him to their practice squad three days later. He was later promoted from the practice squad, only to be waived. On December 16, was signed to the Minnesota Vikings' practice squad. The Detroit Lions then signed him off the Vikings' practice squad on December 22. After becoming a restricted free agent at season's end, he re-signed with the Lions on April 14, 2005. He made the 53-man roster out of training camp, but was waived on October 13.
After his release by the Titans, he never appeared in another NFL game, despite being on the active roster for nine games in 2004. He finished his NFL career with 32 tackles in nine games, all of which came with Tennessee. On July 4, 2006, he signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League. In his debut with Hamilton on July 21, he intercepted a pass from Montreal Alouettes quarterback Anthony Calvillo and returned it 94 yards for a touchdown. However, a week later, he was released by the team. | 8e6be39c-9e6c-4dde-a5cd-44262cdbf067 |
null | Govindpur Area is one of the 12 operational areas of BCCL located in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision of Dhanbad district in the state of Jharkhand, India.
History
“Mining in Jharia coalfield was started 150 years back and most of the mines were open cast with manual excavations. Gradually underground mines were started at shallow depth and the mining was done by the private mine operators. Due to complex geo-mining conditions, the private mine operators abandoned the mines without taking care of the safety, conservation of the post mining situations. The unscientific mining has created many small surface craters or unsafe goaf in the Jharia coalfield area. After nationalization, Coal India has taken efforts for reorganization of mines and scientific extraction of the coal through the old and existing mines.”
Geography
[Interactive fullscreen map]
Collieries in the Govindpur Area of BCCL
U: Underground colliery, O: Open Cast colliery, M: Mixed colliery, W: Washery, F: Facilities, A: Administrative headquarters
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
Location
The Govindpur Area office is located at 23°48′04″N 86°16′36″E / 23.8012°N 86.2766°E / 23.8012; 86.2766. The Govindpur Area is located about 25 km from Dhanbad Junction railway station.
The map alongside shows some of the collieries in the Area. However, as the collieries do not have individual pages, there are no links in the full screen map.
Formation
The Govindpur Area was formed with the take over of 31 collieries from the private sector – East Dharmabandh, East Khas Baihardih, East Sinidih, Jogidih, Katras New, Khas Baihardih, New Dharmabandh, Khas Mehtadih & Selected Jamunatand, Khas Sinidih, Kharkhari, Majhlitand, Maheshpur, Narainpur, New Govindpur, New Katras, New Sinidih, New Tentuliya, Akashkinaree, North Dharmabandh, North Sinidih, North Tentuliya, North Tundu Khas, Pure Sinidih, Pure Sudriadih, Sinidih, Tundu Khas, West Jogidih, West Koiludih, West Katras, West Govindpur and West Maheshpur.
Coal mines
The Govindpur Area has the following collieries: New Akashkinaree colliery, Govindpur colliery, Block IV/ Kooridih colliery, Jogidih colliery, Maheshpur colliery, Kharkharee colliery, Dharmabandh colliery, South Govindpur colliery and Tettuliya colliery.
Mining plan
An overview of the proposed mining activity plan in Cluster III, a group of 7 mines in Govindpur Area, as of 2012, is as follows:
[Interactive fullscreen map]
Cities, towns and locations in the western portion of Dhanbad Sadar subdivision in Dhanbad district
MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: Census Town, N: Neighbourhood, R: Rural/ Urban centre
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
1.Jogidih colliery is an operating underground mine. With a normative annual production capacity of 0.244 million tonnes per year and peak annual production capacity of 0.251 million tonnes per year, it had an expected life of 30 years.
2.Maheshpur colliery is an operating underground mine. With a normative annual production capacity of 0.070 million tonnes per year and peak annual production capacity of 0.072 million tonnes per year, it had an expected life of 30 years.
3,South Govindpur colliery is a closed underground mine.
4.Teturiya colliery is a closed underground mine.
5. Govindpur colliery is an operating underground mine. With a normative annual production capacity of 0.140 million tonnes per year and peak annual production capacity of 0.144 million tonnes per year, it had an expected life of 30 years.
6.New Akashkinaree is an operating mixed mine with both underground and open cast. With a normative annual production capacity of 0.135 million tonnes per year and peak annual production capacity of 1.4 million tonnes per year, the underground mine had an expected life of 30 years. The open cast mine had a life expectancy of 11 years.
7.Block IV/ Kooridih is an operating mixed mine with both underground and open cast. With a normative annual production capacity of 0.080 million tonnes per year and peak annual production capacity of 1.3 million tonnes per year, the underground mine had an expected life of 30 years. The open cast mine had a life expectancy of 11 years.
An overview of the proposed mining activity plan in Cluster XV, a group of 4 mines including 2 in Govindpur Area, as of 2012, is as follows:
1.Kharkhari colliery is an operating underground mine. With a normative annual production capacity of 0.092 million tonnes per year and peak annual production capacity of 0.12 million tonnes per year, it has an expected life of over 30 years.
2.Dharmabandh colliery is a closed underground mine. | f02bbfc5-cf57-4bc0-884f-8885dc674566 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Pitch_and_putt_European_Championship"} | The 2007 Pitch and putt European Teams Championship held in Chia (Italy) was organized by the Federazione Italiana Pitch and Putt and promoted by the European Pitch and Putt Association (EPPA), with 10 teams in competition. Ireland won their fifth title.
Teams
Qualifying round
Final Rounds
Final standings | f22e7e76-f928-4af3-9e52-e1d4b6749ab2 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeshlaq-e_Hajj_Fathali_Mansur"} | Village in Ardabil, Iran
Qeshlaq-e Hajj Fathali Mansur (Persian: قشلاق حاج فتحعلي منصور, also Romanized as Qeshlāq-e Ḩājj Fatḥʿalī Manṣūr) is a village in Qeshlaq-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Parsabad County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 50, in 10 families. | 31a95003-791a-405b-b6bb-6741782bdc50 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_ISU_Speed_Skating_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_mass_start"} | The women's mass start in the 2013–14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup was contested over two races on two occasions, out of a total of six World Cup occasions for the season, with the first occasion involving the event taking place in Inzell, Germany, on 7–9 March 2014, and the second occasion taking place in Heerenveen, Netherlands, on 14–16 March 2014. The races were over 15 laps.
Francesca Lollobrigida of Italy won the cup, while Irene Schouten of the Netherlands came second, and Janneke Ensing of the Netherlands came third. The defending champion, Kim Bo-reum of South Korea, did not participate this season.
Top three
Race medallists
Standings
Standings as of 14 March 2014 (end of the season). | eed8ca67-0d6b-4099-9923-b55b88e9a6be |
null | English footballer
Archibald Ernest Clement (born 27 November 1901 – 1984) was an English professional footballer who played as a right back for a number of clubs in the Football League, including Millwall, Watford, New Brighton and Southport. | 6eb9d51a-2b47-4693-a3fc-8c0d7ff6d49c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavise"} | Medieval oblong shield
A pavise (or pavis, pabys, or pavesen) was an oblong shield used during the late 14th to early 16th centuries. Often large enough to cover the entire body, it was used by archers, crossbowmen, and other infantry soldiers.
Etymology
The name comes from the city of Pavia, Italy.
Historical predecessors
The concept of using a shield to cover an archer dates to at least the writing of Homer's Iliad, where Ajax used his shield to cover his half-brother Teucer, an archer, who would "peer round" and shoot arrows.[citation needed] Similar large shields made of wicker were used by Achaemenid sparabara infantry.
Description and history
Of European origin, the pavise was large, square and convex. A smaller version for hand-to-hand combat and for wearing on the backs of men-at-arms was also made. The pavise is characterized by its prominent central ridge.
The pavise was primarily used by archers and crossbowmen in the Middle Ages, particularly during sieges. It was carried by a pavisier, usually an archer, or, especially for the larger ones, by a specialist pavise-bearer. The pavise was held in place by the pavisier or sometimes deployed in the ground with a spike attached to the bottom. While reloading their weapons, archers and crossbowmen would crouch behind them to shelter against incoming missile attacks.
Pavises were often painted with the coat of arms of the town where they were made, and sometimes stored in the town arsenal for when the town came under attack. Religious icons such as St. Barbara and St. George were featured on the front of pavises. The Hussite chalice was often featured on pavises during the Hussite Wars. Most pavises were covered in a coarse, carpet-base-like canvas, before being painted with oil and egg-based paints. Only 200 or so exist today, but many were present in the period.
Naval equivalent
A related term, pavisade or pavesade, refers to a decorative row of shields or a band of canvas hung around a sailing vessel to prevent an opponent from observing the activities of those on board and to discourage boarding.
Pavesarii
The Genoese crossbowmen, an internationally-recognized elite corps, made use of the pavise, utilizing pavesarii (shield bearers). Having over three crossbowmen per pavise suggests that they took turns using the pavise as cover and were used primarily in static or defensive formations. | 1a2e89c4-96c4-4693-b479-2f04d6be16b6 |
null | World Assistance for Cambodia (known before 2012 as American Assistance for Cambodia) is a non-profit organization founded in 1993, by Bernard Krisher aimed at giving hope to the Cambodian people following the extermination of 2 million Cambodians during the Khmer Rouge genocide.
History and Philosophy
In 2012, the organization has been renamed World Assistance for Cambodia. It uses cambodiaschools.com which it jointly operates with its Japanese sister organization Japan Relief for Cambodia. From the mission statement on its website: "World Assistance for Cambodia (WAfC)/Japan Relief for Cambodia (JRfC) are independent nonprofit organizations dedicated to providing opportunities for the youth and rural poor in Cambodia. World Assistance for Cambodia is registered in the United States as a 501(c) (3) tax-deductible nonprofit organization. Within Cambodia, WAfC / JRfC is recognized by the Cambodian government as one nonprofit organization."
The founder's own survival of the Nazi holocaust as well as the American bombardment of Cambodia during the Vietnam War are noted as motivating factors for founding and running the organizations.
The organization maintains a host of programs and projects in Cambodia
Programs
Rural Schools Program
This program builds rural schools. Founding schemes allow founding new school or adopting an existing schools and enhancing them with computer training, English lessons, as well as vegetable gardens and other features
Girls Be Ambitious
This program is designed to enable girls who are prevented to go attend school due to poverty to attend one of the rural schools and receive an education instead of having to work in the fields, or for the family.
Bright Future Kids
Bright Future Kids is a sponsorship program for academically-talented student from the poorest rural areas of Cambodia.
A New Life Orphanage
This program matches foster parents to orphans who have lost their parents to HIV/AIDS.
Village Leap
Village Leap addresses issues of poverty, isolation, health hazards and limited educational and commercial opportunities in small remote villages in Cambodia. | c2daf91b-08df-4443-8cbe-d4fcf12e245f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balderton_railway_station"} | Disused station in Cheshire, England
Balderton railway station was a minor railway station serving the village of Balderton in Cheshire, England. It was located on the Great Western Railway (GWR) main line from London Paddington to Birkenhead Woodside. The 53-yard (48 m) Balderton Tunnel is just south of the station site, and there is an automatic half-barrier (AHB) level crossing adjacent to the site today.
The 15 in (381 mm) gauge Eaton Hall Railway, opened in 1896 to serve the estate of the Duke of Westminster, met the GWR line at Balderton.
History
The station was opened by the GWR and stayed with that company during the Grouping of 1923. On nationalisation in 1948, the line passed on to the Western Region of British Railways. Balderton was closed to passengers in 1952 and the goods service was closed in 1954. | d2e03025-942b-465d-b5b4-574889a9db6f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane,_Bollinger_County,_Missouri"} | Unincorporated community in Missouri, United States
Hurricane is an unincorporated community in the eastern part of Crooked Creek Township in Bollinger County, Missouri, United States. The community is located near Hurricane Creek, a nearby stream. after which it was named. The name derives from the creek's unusual swiftness and violence after heavy rains, which makes passage across the creek impossible or dangerous. The violence of this swiftness and speed is likened to a storm or hurricane. A post office was in operation between the years 1894–1942. | 8020e817-9035-4f02-9d5c-2ae168bc4857 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosteraeschna_minuscula"} | Species of dragonfly
Zosteraeschna minuscula, the friendly hawker is a species of dragonfly in family Aeshnidae. It is found in South Africa and Namibia. Its natural habitats include ponds and still pools in montane streams.
This is a fairly large species; 59–62 mm long with a wingspan of 76–83 mm. The thorax is brown with green stripes, and the abdomen is brown and blue. The eyes are green. It is similar to Pinheyschna subpupillata and Zosteraeschna usambarica, but has an anchor- or T-shaped mark on the frons. Males have a blue saddle on the abdomen near the thorax, and females and tenerals have an amber wash on the wings. | 7f744a4b-1cce-4503-9558-fc8d562d76c8 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_travelling_wave"} | In mathematics, a periodic travelling wave (or wavetrain) is a periodic function of one-dimensional space that moves with constant speed. Consequently, it is a special type of spatiotemporal oscillation that is a periodic function of both space and time.
Periodic travelling waves play a fundamental role in many mathematical equations, including self-oscillatory systems, excitable systems and reaction–diffusion–advection systems. Equations of these types are widely used as mathematical models of biology, chemistry and physics, and many examples in phenomena resembling periodic travelling waves have been found empirically.
The mathematical theory of periodic travelling waves is most fully developed for partial differential equations, but these solutions also occur in a number of other types of mathematical system, including integrodifferential equations, integrodifference equations, coupled map lattices and cellular automata
As well as being important in their own right, periodic travelling waves are significant as the one-dimensional equivalent of spiral waves and target patterns in two-dimensional space, and of scroll waves in three-dimensional space.
History of research
While periodic travelling waves have been known as solutions of the wave equation since the 18th century, their study in nonlinear systems began in the 1970s. A key early research paper was that of Nancy Kopell and Lou Howard which proved several fundamental results on periodic travelling waves in reaction–diffusion equations. This was followed by significant research activity during the 1970s and early 1980s. There was then a period of inactivity, before interest in periodic travelling waves was renewed by mathematical work on their generation, and by their detection in ecology, in spatiotemporal data sets on cyclic populations. Since the mid-2000s, research on periodic travelling waves has benefitted from new computational methods for studying their stability and absolute stability.
Families
The existence of periodic travelling waves usually depends on the parameter values in a mathematical equation. If there is a periodic travelling wave solution, then there is typically a family of such solutions, with different wave speeds. For partial differential equations, periodic travelling waves typically occur for a continuous range of wave speeds.
Stability
An important question is whether a periodic travelling wave is stable or unstable as a solution of the original mathematical system. For partial differential equations, it is typical that the wave family subdivides into stable and unstable parts. For unstable periodic travelling waves, an important subsidiary question is whether they are absolutely or convectively unstable, meaning that there are or are not stationary growing linear modes. This issue has only been resolved for a few partial differential equations.
Generation
A number of mechanisms of periodic travelling wave generation are now well established. These include:
In all of these cases, a key question is which member of the periodic travelling wave family is selected. For most mathematical systems this remains an open problem.
Spatiotemporal chaos
It is common that for some parameter values, the periodic travelling waves arising from a wave generation mechanism are unstable. In such cases the solution usually evolves to spatiotemporal chaos. Thus the solution involves a spatiotemporal transition to chaos via the periodic travelling wave.
Lambda–omega systems and the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation
There are two particular mathematical systems that serve as prototypes for periodic travelling waves, and which have been fundamental to the development of mathematical understanding and theory. These are the "lambda-omega" class of reaction–diffusion equations
(
) and the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation.
(A is complex-valued). Note that these systems are the same if λ(r) = 1 − r2, ω(r) = −c r2 and b = 0. Both systems can be simplified by rewriting the equations in terms of the amplitude (r or |A|) and the phase (arctan(v/u) or arg A). Once the equations have been rewritten in this way, it is easy to see that solutions with constant amplitude are periodic travelling waves, with the phase being a linear function of space and time. Therefore, u and v, or Re(A) and Im(A), are sinusoidal functions of space and time.
These exact solutions for the periodic travelling wave families enable a great deal of further analytical study. Exact conditions for the stability of the periodic travelling waves can be found, and the condition for absolute stability can be reduced to the solution of a simple polynomial. Also exact solutions have been obtained for the selection problem for waves generated by invasions and by zero Dirichlet boundary conditions. In the latter case, for the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation, the overall solution is a stationary Nozaki-Bekki hole.
Much of the work on periodic travelling waves in the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation is in the physics literature, where they are usually known as plane waves.
Numerical computation of periodic travelling waves and their stability
For most mathematical equations, analytical calculation of periodic travelling wave solutions is not possible, and therefore it is necessary to perform numerical computations. For partial differential equations, denote by x and t the (one-dimensional) space and time variables, respectively. Then periodic travelling waves are functions of the travelling wave variable z=x-c t. Substituting this solution form into the partial differential equations gives a system of ordinary differential equations known as the travelling wave equations. Periodic travelling waves correspond to limit cycles of these equations, and this provides the basis for numerical computations. The standard computational approach is numerical continuation of the travelling wave equations. One first performs a continuation of a steady state to locate a Hopf bifurcation point. This is the starting point for a branch (family) of periodic travelling wave solutions, which one can follow by numerical continuation. In some (unusual) cases both end points of a branch (family) of periodic travelling wave solutions are homoclinic solutions, in which case one must use an external starting point, such as a numerical solution of the partial differential equations.
Periodic travelling wave stability can also be calculated numerically, by computing the spectrum. This is made easier by the fact that the spectrum of periodic travelling wave solutions of partial differential equations consists entirely of essential spectrum. Possible numerical approaches include Hill's method and numerical continuation of the spectrum. One advantage of the latter approach is that it can be extended to calculate boundaries in parameter space between stable and unstable waves
Software: The free, open-source software package Wavetrain http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/wavetrain is designed for the numerical study of periodic travelling waves. Using numerical continuation, Wavetrain is able to calculate the form and stability of periodic travelling wave solutions of partial differential equations, and the regions of parameter space in which waves exist and in which they are stable.
Applications
Examples of phenomena resembling periodic travelling waves that have been found empirically include the following. | 07516651-6561-4718-90e7-d9094fb10835 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_Tennis_Complex"} | Mersin Tennis Complex is a multi tennis court constructed for the 2013 Mediterranean Games in Mersin, Turkey.
Geography
At about 36°47′27″N 34°33′05″E / 36.79083°N 34.55139°E / 36.79083; 34.55139 the tennis complex is situated to the west of the city center. The beeline distance between the complex and the Mediterranean Sea coast is 2,800 metres (9,200 ft).
Description
The complex consists of two blocks. There are two indoor and eight open courts in the complex. The total sitting capacity of the main court is 3000.
2013 Mediterranean Games
At 2013 Mediterranean Games the complex hosted tennis event between 24th and 29 June. | b4d529f0-6f09-4a0e-867f-e0f935362470 |
null | Sean Cleary may refer to: | c76fcdea-03c2-4820-9dd6-c2efd989a691 |
null | Welsh educationalist (1826–1872)
Evan Davies (26 June 1826 – 22 August 1872) was a Welsh educationalist. He was born in the Llanycrwys area of Carmarthenshire, and attended school at Llansawel, where he was taught by William Davies (1805–1859). He later studied in Alfred Day's school, Bristol, and in Glasgow, on a scholarship, from where he graduated and obtained his M.A.; in 1852 he was awarded an LL.D. For a time he taught at the new Voluntaryist college (set up without government assistance) for teachers in Brecon (1846), where after a period of training, he was appointed principal. It later became "Swansea Training College", for women teachers, and Davies moved there with the institution, remaining for the rest of his life in Swansea. Despite the demise of the Voluntaryist movement and the resulting shortage of funds, Davies continued to run the institution as a private venture until 1867 when he passed it on to Dan Isaac Davies, instead moving to a career in law, eventually becoming a partner in a legal firm. While in Swansea, he became choirmaster at the New Congregational Church, until forced to abandon the role by ill-health. | 572d5104-dd85-42e5-ad2d-efbcd8be832e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pretty_One"} | 2013 American film
The Pretty One is a 2013 comedy drama film directed and written by Jenée LaMarque. The film stars Zoe Kazan, Jake Johnson, Ron Livingston, Sterling Beaumon and John Carroll Lynch.
Plot
Laurel and Audrey (Zoe Kazan) are identical twins. Although they look the same on the outside, their personalities are very different, with Audrey being popular, sophisticated and successful while Laurel is shy, childlike, awkward and still living at home with their widowed father (John Carroll Lynch) and his new fiancée, and helping him with his work of reproducing famous paintings. At their birthday party, Audrey persuades Laurel to come and live with her. In preparation for the move, Laurel gets a new haircut that makes her look like her sister. Returning from the hair salon, they get in a severe car crash together, and when Laurel wakes up in the hospital, she is informed that her sister has died. Suffering from post-traumatic amnesia, Laurel doesn't remember who she is at first. Due to her new haircut and the fact that the deceased's body was burned beyond recognition following the accident, everybody assumes she's actually Audrey. The morning of Laurel's funeral, she remembers her actual identity but decides to keep everyone thinking that Laurel was the one who died in the crash, especially when she sees that nobody at her funeral has anything to say about her.
Laurel flies back to the city where Audrey used to live and work as a real estate agent. There, she meets her late sister's tenant, Basel (Jake Johnson), who is confused about Audrey's sudden change of personality, because Audrey was never nice to him before. While posing as her sister, she learns that Audrey had a married boyfriend, Charles (Ron Livingston), but broke up with him before the accident. Laurel continues to spend more time with Basel and Audrey's best friend and coworker Claudia (Frankie Shaw), who grows suspicious due to Audrey's change of behavior and sudden lack of skills at work.
Eventually, Laurel and Basel fall in love and begin a relationship. When she finally feels that she is adapting to her new life, Laurel accidentally introduces Charles as her ex-boyfriend to her boss Edith (Sabrina Lloyd), not knowing that Charles is actually Edith's husband, and getting immediately fired as a result. Shortly after this, Basel proposes to Laurel saying that he has loved her since they first met, which to Laurel means he loves her as Audrey, not as herself. Unable to continue deceiving everyone, Laurel reveals the truth to Basel, but he is devastated by her deception and breaks up with her.
Laurel returns home to her father and confesses her impersonation to him. He is shocked, while at the same time being relieved that the daughter he felt closer to is still alive. There is another funeral, this time for Audrey. After talking to Claudia, and receiving encouragement from her father after showing him her original paintings, Laurel eventually comes to terms with her own insecurities about being the less worthy sister. She returns to the city as herself and looks for Basel, who's still upset but also still in love with her. In the end he forgives her; they share a kiss and start making plans for the future.
Cast
Production
On March 30, 2012, Zoe Kazan and Jake Johnson joined the cast of The Pretty One to play lead roles, Jenée LaMarque wrote the script and she made her directorial debut of her own 2011 black listed script. The filming started on June 1, 2012. Sterling Beaumon also joined the cast in the middle of June as Hunter, a womanizer who is sleeping with his former babysitter. Later on 22 June, Ron Livingston joined the cast to play Charles, Robin Schorr and Steven Berger produced the film.
Filming
The filming began in early June 2012 in Los Angeles. | 53d3a593-4ca3-4c0f-96f3-3cccdd4a2e61 |
null | Canadian-born Hong Kong/Chinese chef
May Chow is a Canadian-born Hong Kong/Chinese chef, who runs restaurants in Hong Kong and Thailand. She was named Asia's Best Female Chef in 2017, and has used this as a platform to promote LGBT issues and help women find work in professional kitchens.
Career
May Chow was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. She was interested in cooking from an early age, helping her mother in the kitchen. She had wanted to take up horse riding or ceramics, but her parents were reluctant and so she used cooking as a creative outlet. Chow attended Suffield Academy in Suffield, Connecticut, but when she suggested that she wanted to go to culinary school, her college councillor rebuked her and told her to choose from a provided list of schools. Chow attended Boston University, where she studied hotel management. As part of the third year, she undertook cooking classes offered by local chefs.
While at University, she worked part-time as a chef, which she concealed from her parents. After graduation, she moved to Los Angeles where she worked alongside the private chef for director James Cameron. Chow travelled to Hong Kong in 2009, and was hired at Alvin Leung's Bo Innovation where she worked for a year. Afterwards she worked with Que Vinh Dang at TBLS, which has since been closed, as a private chef, and at Yardbird with Matt Abergel.
Chow first showed her signature mini-bao buns at an Island East Market in Hong Kong in 2012. Abergel suggested that she make them look like burgers, and supported her endeavour. She sold out her buns repeatedly at the farmer's market, and opened a permanent store Little Bao in 2013. A second location opened in Bangkok in 2017, along with a beer bar in Tai Hang, Hong Kong, called Second Draft.
In 2017, she was named the Best Female Chef by Asia's 50 Best Restaurants. She was contacted late in 2016 and told that she had won, in order to find out if she would accept or decline. Chow considered declining because of the responsibility that came with it, but decided to accept instead. She has used her local fame to focus on campaigning for LGBT issues, and to provide more opportunities for women in professional kitchens. She has also worked on a new Chinese restaurant in Hong Kong, called Happy Paradise. She has appeared on the Food Network series Inspired with Anna Olson. | 22cec550-aa53-4dfd-9acd-cf3517314d18 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Just-Malmont"} | Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
Saint-Just-Malmont (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒy(st) malmɔ̃]; Occitan: Sent Just de Malmont) is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.
Population | ea807d07-22c5-4ad0-b83d-736c7eb5b13f |
null | Birtwistle is a surname. Notable people with that surname or similar surnames include: | abc5bc5a-a2b8-45d6-8b8a-e421099624ee |
null | 1974 film
Sisyphus is a 1974 Hungarian animated short film directed by Marcell Jankovics.
Summary
It is based on the myth of Sisyphus and shows a man who tries to move a boulder up a slope.
Reception and legacy
The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 48th Academy Awards. In 2008, it was used in a commercial for the GMC Yukon Hybrid which was shown at the Super Bowl. | 6e6338ec-c30b-47eb-9032-77ce39f7f69f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Woman_Man"} | 1989 studio album by George Jones
One Woman Man is an album by American country music artist George Jones, released on February 28, 1989 on Epic Records.
Recording
One Woman Man spawned one hit single, a cover of the 1950s Johnny Horton song "(I'm A) One Woman Man", which peaked at No. 5 in March 1989. None of the other singles penetrated the top 25, although "The King Is Gone (So Are You)" would become a big fan favorite; originally titled "Ya Ba Da Ba Doo (So Are You)," the song is about a man who, in a drunken stupor after using a Flintstones jelly bean jar to drink whiskey from a "Jim Beam decanter that looks like Elvis", believes Elvis Presley and Fred Flintstone are his drinking buddies. Written by Roger D. Ferris, the novelty was perfect for Jones, who also performed it at live shows as a way to poke gentle fun at his past excesses. The song's publisher changed the title to avoid a legal entanglement; early pressings of the LP contain its original title.
One Woman Man garnered more critical claim than any other Jones LP in years but in reality it was a hodgepodge collection of new material, previously released tracks and a couple of unreleased cuts fished out of the vaults and dusted off with fresh vocals. "Burning Bridges" and the murder ballad "Radio Lover", for example, had already appeared on the 1983 album Jones Country. The album includes a re-recording of Hank Locklin's "Don't You Ever Get Tired (Of Hurting Me)", a song Jones had initially covered on his 1965 album, Mr. Country and Western Music. Also included is a cover of The Louvin Brothers' "My Baby's Gone". The dismal failure of the album's other singles following "(I'm A) One Woman Man" was largely the result of veteran country stars losing favor with country radio as the format was altered radically as the nineties dawned, a turn of events that left Jones appalled. "I shouldn't have to beg for radio play," the singer groused a few years later in a November 1992 interview with People. "It disgusts the hell out of me to see the way country has changed. There's just too much money involved now."
Reception
One Woman Man received positive reviews and rose to No. 13 on the Billboard country albums chart. Brian Mansfield of AllMusic calls it "One of Jones' best Epic albums." In his book George Jones: The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend, biographer Bob Allen writes that Jones "seemed to briefly rediscover the old honky-tonk fervor he'd misplaced in middle age. The entire LP...was firmly anchored in the honky-tonk spirit."
Track listing
Chart performance | 90177bfe-d058-4063-a1ac-3921efa695ad |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deronje"} | Village in Vojvodina, Serbia
Deronje (Serbian Cyrillic: Дероње) is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Odžaci municipality, in the West Bačka District, Vojvodina province. The village has a Serb ethnic majority and its population is 2,847 people (2002 census).
Historical population
Gallery
Coordinates: 45°27′N 19°13′E / 45.450°N 19.217°E / 45.450; 19.217
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deronje. | 4d16c2b3-e81b-4ea4-a33b-e80d8f6ee5c7 |
null | American archaeologist (1945–2012)
Elizabeth M. Brumfiel (born Elizabeth Stern; March 10, 1945 – January 1, 2012) was an American archaeologist who taught at Northwestern University and Albion College. She had been a president of the American Anthropological Association.
Early life and education
Brumfiel was born in Chicago, Illinois and attended Evanston Township High School. She participated as a Peace Corps volunteer in La Paz, Bolivia in 1966–1967. She got her B.A. and Ph.D. degrees in anthropology from the University of Michigan in 1965 and 1976 respectively and in 1969 got her M.A. in the same field from the University of California, Los Angeles.
Career
Brumfiel was a Peace Corps volunteer from 1966 to 1967 and until 1968 served as research assistant at the Center for Population Planning, University of Michigan. From 1970 to 1977, she served as lecturer at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Eastern Michigan University and between 1971 and 1972, was a teaching fellow at the Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan. She then relocated to Albion, Michigan, where she became an assistant professor at the Department of Anthropology and Sociology of Albion College and after serving as a chair of the department was promoted to assistant professor, serving as such from 1985 to 1989. Brumfiel was promoted to professor in 1989 at the same department of the same institution, and in 1996 became John S. Ludington, Endowed Professor.
Research
Brumfiel's publications focused on gender, political economy, and the relationship between these areas of scholarship. She also worked to show how archaeology, as an academic discipline, is connected to other fields of anthropology and to other disciplines such as gender studies and political science. Brumfiel conducted an archaeological project at the site of Xaltocan in Mexico starting in 1987. Before that, she participated with Richard Blanton at Monte Albán in Mexico and directed research at the Mexican sites of Xico and Huexotla.
Brumfiel was one of the first scholars to examine the role of women in Aztec culture through their interactions. Brumfiel studied how these interactions evolved over time through food preparation methods as well as textile manufacturing. “Mexican archeologists respected her very strongly,” said Gabriela Vargas-Cetina, an anthropology professor at the Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, in Mérida, Mexico. Brumfiel also served on the editorial boards of Latin American Antiquity and Ancient Mesoamerica and was an advisory editor of the Current Anthropology. She helped found the World Council of Anthropological Associations and held strong feminist and liberal views. From 2000 to 2002, she was a distinguished lecturer at Sigma Xi and then taught at Albion College in Michigan for 25 years before joining Northwestern University in 2003. She was president of the American Anthropological Association from 2003 to 2005.
In 2006, conservative author David Horowitz listed her among the most dangerous professors in his book "The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America" because of her strong voice on social justice and human rights. In 2007, she was honored with the Eagle Warrior Prize and from 2008 to 2009 she served as lead curator of "The Aztec World" at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois.
Personal life and death
Prior to her death from cancer in Skokie, Illinois hospice in 2012, Brumfiel was married to her husband, Vincent, and had a son with him, Geoffrey.
Significant works
Edited volumes
Journal entries | 3903625a-56de-40fb-88d5-f2e58682f616 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujifilm_X-Trans_sensor"} | The Fujifilm X-Trans is a sensor developed by Fujifilm and used in its Fujifilm X series cameras. Unlike most sensors featuring a conventional Bayer filter array, X-Trans sensors have a unique 6 by 6 pattern of photosites. Fujifilm claims that this layout can minimise moiré effects, and in turn increase resolution by eliminating the need for a low-pass filter.
Details
Typical Bayer sensor arrays have RGB photosites in a repeated 2 by 2 pattern. When it overlaps with a regular pattern that is being captured, a new interference pattern can occur that does not exist in real life. In contrast, X-Trans sensors have a more randomised pattern of RGB photosites than conventional Bayer array sensors, reducing the likelihood of interference and removing a need for a low-pass filter that lowers image resolution. See U.S. Patent 8,531,563.
Conventional Bayer sensors can also produce false colour as they do not have R and B photosites in some horizontal and vertical lines, Fujifilm claims that X-Trans sensors on the other hand have an improved colour reproduction due to all horizontal and vertical lines containing at least one R, G and B pixels.
Fuji claims that APS-C sized X-Trans sensors, while being physically smaller, have a greater perceived resolution than the number of pixels on the sensor and are said to be on par with some full frame sensors.
X-Trans sensors are said to be manufactured for Fujifilm by Sony Corporation.
While the first three generations of X-Trans sensors are front-illuminated, the fourth generation uses the principle of backside illumination. This improves noise levels and image quality.
Drawbacks
Image artifacts
Under certain conditions, cameras equipped with X-Trans II and III sensors can exhibit purple flare/grid artifacts in backlit photos. This occurs due to the particular arrangement of the phase detection and masking layers on the sensor. The appearance of the effect can vary with the demosaicing algorithms in use.
Future development
In an interview with DPreview during the CP+ 2017 show in Yokohama, Japan Fujifilm confirmed that an X-Trans sensor array is to be used for its next generation of APS-C sized sensors, whilst larger medium format sensors will continue using a conventional Bayer array because of the increased processing requirements of X-Trans filter arrangement.
List of X-Trans sensors | c733bbb9-798a-4fc7-8285-f9b3d442eccb |
null | German TV series or program
Ein Mann am Zug is a German television series. After the 90-minute pilot film was broadcast on September 20, 1993, the remaining 15 episodes were broadcast weekly on ZDF from September 23, 1993 to December 30, 1993. | a8ed316f-1caf-455b-82ac-9de9e2bd2df4 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_heterophylla"} | Species of Asian fig
Ficus heterophylla is a fig plant species, in the family Moraceae, which can be found in India, southern China, Indo-China and western Malesia. In Vietnam it may be called vú bò.
Synonyms
No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life. Various previously described varieties have either been subsumed or re-assigned to other species:
Gallery | ed2e8a4c-356f-4fcb-88cd-e7cc3365526e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Workers_Party"} | Political party in Burma
The Burma Workers Party, until 1958 the Burma Workers and Peasants Party, was a communist party in Burma, formed on 8 December 1950 by leftist elements of the Socialist Party. In December 1962 it merged with the People's Comrade Party to form the United Workers Party. In March 1964, it was among the many parties banned by decree of the Revolutionary Council.
History
The founders of the BWPP were 42 leading cadres of the Socialist Party, who denounced the leadership of Ba Swe and Kyaw Nyein. These included Thakin Chit Maung, Thakin Hla Kywe, Thakin Lwin and U Ba Nyein. Within the Socialist Party discussions had emerged on issues like the affiliation of the Trade Union Congress (Burma) to the World Federation of Trade Unions. Under the leadership of Thakin Lwin, the TUC(B) had steered towards an openly communist line. In the May Day rally of 1950, TUC(B) demonstrators had carried large portraits of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong. Thakin Lwin had publicly declared that TUC(B) followed the 'communist party line', but denounced the White Flag Communist Party, Red Flag Communist Party and Josip Broz Tito as 'deviationists'. Except for Thakin Lwin, a major leader amongst the founders of the BWPP was Thakin Chit Maung who was a leader of the All Burma Peasants Organisation. The BWPP formed a new trade union centre, the Burma Trade Union Congress (BTUC).
The BWPP was a Marxist–Leninist party. It considered the AFPFL government as servants of imperialism. However, unlike the White Flag and Red Flag communist parties the BWPP worked as a legal political parties. The party was sometimes nicknamed as 'Red Socialists'.
At the time of its foundation, the party had ten MPs amongst its members. In the 1951 election, the strength of the BWPP parliamentary faction increased to twelve. Ahead of the 1956 legislative election, the BWPP launched the National United Front in 1955. In the elections the NUF won 48 seats.
In June 1957 Prime Minister U Nu made a deal with the BWPP to be able to defeat a no confidence vote in the parliament.
The first party congress of the BWPP has held in Rangoon 27 December 1957 – 2 January 1958, during which the name 'Burma Workers Party' was adopted. At the congress 259 delegates, representing 22 districts and around 3000 party members, were present. The congress adopted five main slogans: "(1) One party our strength, one party our aim!; (2) Let us separate ourselves from Capitalists and their like; Let us form alliance with those who are true to us and our Cause!; (3) Let us define our political aim clearly and keep Democracy in view!; (4) Internal Peace through Democracy!; (5) Afro-Asian Alliance for world peace!"
The congress elected various leadership committees:
After the declaration of 'Burmese Way to Socialism' by the Ne Win regime, the BWP was marginalised. At the end of 1962, the BWP and the People's Comrade Party merged into the United Workers Party. | f7b6e9b2-a99e-4202-9e34-da121670259a |
null | Eastern Motorway may refer to various motorways, including:
Topics referred to by the same term | e44e9c04-d8d4-4734-b95a-68cb997a51b0 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancilla_inornata"} | Species of gastropod
Ancilla inornata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ancillariidae.
Description
Distribution
This marine species occurs off Oman. | c7ab72e1-a32a-4bcb-a604-091d0b769ced |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafarabad_County"} | County in Qom province, Iran
County in Qom, Iran
Jafarabad County (Persian: شهرستان جعفرآباد) is in Qom province, Iran. The capital of the county is the city of Jafariyeh. At the 2006 census, the region's population (as Jafarabad District of Qom County) was 19,594 in 4,859 households. The following census in 2011 counted 20,064 people in 5,557 households. At the 2016 census, the district's population was 21,963 in 6,429 households. It was separated from Qom County on 10 May 2021 to form Jafarabad County.
Administrative divisions
The population history of Jafarabad County's administrative divisions (as a district of Qom County) over three consecutive censuses is shown in the following table.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jafarabad County. | b3aa2d7c-186e-474d-ae0c-1d2ae4c30ca5 |
null | The Electrical Trades Union was a trade union representing electrical technicians and engineers in Ireland.
The union was founded in 1923 when the electrical section of the Irish Engineering Industrial Union split away. Initially, it was named the Electrical Trades Union (Dublin), but became the Electrical Trades Union (Ireland) in 1925. It joined the Irish Trades Union Congress, then joined the group of unions which formed the rival Congress of Irish Unions.
The union was initially very small, with only 240 members in 1930, but grew to 1,000 in 1940. From the 1960s onwards, the union began accepting workers in a wide variety of jobs only loosely connecting with electrical matters, and this enabled it to expand its membership above 6,000 by 1970. In 1974, the British Electrical Trades Union became part of the Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union, and the Irish union took the opportunity to drop the disambiguator from its own name, officially becoming the "Electrical Trades Union" for this first time.
In 2001, the union merged with the National Engineering and Electrical Trades Union to form the Technical Engineering and Electrical Union.
General Secretaries
1970s: T. Heery
1980s: Frank O'Reilly | 3fb7353e-f070-4202-92bd-f5ac3712e610 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Ernst_Br%C3%BCnnow"} | German-American orientalist and philologist (1858–1917)
Rudolph Ernst Brünnow (February 7, 1858 in Ann Arbor, Michigan – April 14, 1917 in Bar Harbor, Maine) was a German-American orientalist and philologist.
Life
The son of the Berlin-born astronomer Franz Friedrich Ernst Brünnow, Rudolph Ernst was born during the period his father was living in the United States. In 1863 the father and son returned to Europe. In 1882 he was awarded a doctorate in philosophy at the University of Strasbourg.
In 1897 and 1898, Brünnow and Alfred von Domaszewski, took two trips together to Arabia to gain new insights into the former Roman province Arabia Petraea. They surveyed the site at Petra and made the first modern map of this former capital of the Nabatean empire.
In 1909 Brünnow was the recipient of the Lucy Wharton Drexel Medal for his archeological work in Assyria and Arabia.
In 1910 Brünnow was appointed the chair of Semitic Languages at Princeton. In addition to the German and English languages he mastered French, ancient Greek, Latin, Turkish and Assyrian.
Brünnow was appointed as the Bar Harbor Village Improvement Association Path Committee Chairman in 1912, a position he remained at until his death in 1917. He is credited with designing the Precipice Trail, the Orange & Black Path, and the Beehive Trail at Acadia National Park.
Works | 8399a696-6ab6-4081-8cf9-4ead4c3bc267 |
null | Italian football player
Alessio Canessa (born 12 September 1999) is an Italian football player. He plays for Pro Livorno Sorgenti in Serie D.
Club career
He is a product of Livorno youth teams and spent the 2017–18 season on loan to Serie D club Ponsacco.
He made his Serie B debut for Livorno on 9 December 2018 in a game against Foggia, as a starter. | 250b175c-e4f7-4789-a6ef-6e89fd57ecec |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinelopi_Karamesiou"} | Greek synchronized swimmer
Pinelopi Karamesiou (born 16 January 2003) is a Greek synchronized swimmer. She would have competed in the 2020 Summer Olympics, but the Greek team was disqualified due to a swimmer testing positive for COVID-19. | 8eddcc2a-a77a-4871-9273-5aa18e1770c3 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Nothing_Personal"} | 2009 studio album by Bury Your Dead
It's Nothing Personal is the fifth studio album by American metalcore band Bury Your Dead. The album was released on May 26, 2009, through Victory Records. It was also the last album to be released on that label and to feature Myke Terry (Volumes) on vocals.
The album peaked at the Billboard 200 at number 142.
Track listing
Personnel | 872f3b7f-fdd7-43bc-8378-9ec059510b18 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)"} | Visible part of the ear that is outside the head
The auricle or auricula is the visible part of the ear that is outside the head. It is also called the pinna (Latin for "wing" or "fin", plural pinnae), a term that is used more in zoology.
Structure
The diagram shows the shape and location of most of these components:
Development
The developing auricle is first noticeable around the sixth week of gestation in the human fetus, developing from the auricular hillocks, which are derived from the first and second pharyngeal arches. These hillocks develop into the folds of the auricle and gradually shift upwards and backwards to their final position on the head. En route accessory auricles (also known as preauricular tags) may be left behind. The first three hillocks are derived from the 1st branchial arch and form the tragus, crus of the helix, and helix, respectively. Cutaneous sensation to these areas is via the trigeminal nerve, the attendant nerve of the 1st branchial arch. The final three hillocks are derived from the second branchial arch and form the antihelix, antitragus, and lobule, respectively. These portions of the ear are supplied by the cervical plexus and a small portion by the facial nerve. This explains why vesicles are classically seen on the auricle in herpes infections of the facial nerve (Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II).
The auricle's functions are to collect sound and transform it into directional and other information. The auricle collects sound and, like a funnel, amplifies the sound and directs it to the auditory canal. The filtering effect of the human pinnae preferentially selects sounds in the frequency range of human speech.
Amplification and modulation
Amplification of sound by the pinna, tympanic membrane and middle ear causes an increase in level of about 10 to 15 dB in a frequency range of 1.5 kHz to 7 kHz. This amplification is an important factor in inner ear trauma resulting from elevated sound levels.
Non-electrical hearing apparatuses which were designed to protect hearing (particularly that of musicians and others who work in loud environments) which fit snugly in the concha have been studied by the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research (ISVR) at the University of Southampton in the U.K.
Notch of pinna
Due to its anatomy, the pinna largely eliminates a small segment of the frequency spectrum; this band is called the pinna notch. The pinna works differently for low and high frequency sounds. For low frequencies, it behaves similarly to a reflector dish, directing sounds toward the ear canal. For high frequencies, however, its value is thought to be more sophisticated. While some of the sounds that enter the ear travel directly to the canal, others reflect off the contours of the pinna first: these enter the ear canal after a very slight delay. This delay causes phase cancellation, virtually eliminating the frequency component whose wave period is twice the delay period. Neighboring frequencies also drop significantly. In the affected frequency band – the pinna notch – the pinna creates a band-stop or notch filtering effect. This filter typically affects sounds around 10 kHz, though it can affect any frequencies from 6 – 16 kHz. It also is directionally dependent, affecting sounds coming from above more than those coming from straight ahead. This aids in vertical sound localization.
Functions
In animals the function of the pinna is to collect sound, and perform spectral transformations to incoming sounds which enable the process of vertical localization to take place. It collects sound by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the auditory canal. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process, as well as frequency dependent amplitude modulation which adds directional information to the sound (see sound localization, vertical sound localization, head-related transfer function, pinna notch). In various species, the pinna can also signal mood and radiate heat.
Clinical significance
There are various visible ear abnormalities:
In other species
Visible auricles are a common trait in mammals, particularly placental mammals and marsupials, but are poorly developed or absent in monotremes. Marine mammals usually have either reduced auricles or no auricals due to sound travelling differently in water than in air, as well as the fact that auricles would potentially slow them down in the water. Skin impressions show large, mouse-like auricles in Spinolestes.
External auricles are absent in other tetrapod groups such as reptiles, amphibians, and birds.
Additional images | b4513f87-885d-4eab-a747-c440428a2d03 |
null | Jacob Wayne Owensby (born October 1957) is the fourth and current bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Western Louisiana.
Biography
Owensby undertook studies at Emory University from where he graduated with bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees in philosophy. After studies at Sewanee: The University of the South, he was ordained to the diaconate on June 8, 1997 and to the priesthood on December 7, 1997. He was assistant rector of St Mark’s Church in Jacksonville, Florida between 1997 and 1999, then rector of St Stephen’s Church in Huntsville, Alabama, and later rector of Emmanuel Church in Webster Groves, Missouri. In 2009 he was appointed Dean of St Mark's Cathedral in Shreveport, Louisiana.
On April 21, 2012, he was elected on the sixth ballot as Bishop of Western Louisiana during a special convention held at St James’ Church in Alexandria, Louisiana. He was consecrated on July 21, 2012 in St Mark's Cathedral by Presiding Bishop Katharine Jefferts Schori. | d0ca55bc-8e46-49bc-99de-a1f18a565bd6 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrgomantis_bisignata"} | Species of praying mantis
Pyrgomantis bisignata, common name Jones' mantis is a species of praying mantis found in the Congo River region. | d954996e-68e5-4bfa-b9dd-d9cde56e64f2 |
null | The following is the results of the Iran Super League 2011/12 basketball season, Persian Gulf Cup.
Regular season
Standings
Results
Relegation
Playoffs
Quarterfinals
Mahram vs. Shahrdari Gorgan
Azad University vs. Zob Ahan
Foolad Mahan vs. Melli Haffari
Petrochimi vs. Sanaye Petrochimi
Semifinals
Mahram vs. Azad University
Foolad Mahan vs. Petrochimi
3rd place
Azad University vs. Foolad Mahan
Final
Mahram vs. Petrochimi
Final standings | 5b36d41d-0fbc-4903-ae5d-2734e9803404 |
null | Expedition of Zayd ibn Harithah in al-Jumum took place in September 627 (AH 6).
Zayd ibn Harithah was the freed slave and the adopted son of Muhammad. A platoon, under the leadership of Zayd ibn Harithah, was sent to Al Jumum, the habitation of Banu Salim, in the same year. A group of non-Muslims were captured. A woman from Banu Muzaina was also captured, and she showed them the way to the enemy’s camp. There the Muslims took some captives and gained a lot of booty. Later on, Muhammad granted the woman her freedom and married her to one of his followers. | 21a65e05-9ab1-476a-8810-e2bf0c97ae68 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoks"} | 2005 studio album by Ahmet Koç
Paradoks is an album by Turkish bağlama artist Ahmet Koç. The artist covers some well-known pop songs, playing his bağlama.[citation needed]
Track listing | ff00b211-d6e9-4386-b584-d5f55dbfef67 |
null | Village in Andhra Pradesh, India
Vepada is a village in Vizianagaram district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Demography
Vepada mandal has a population of 50,264 in 2001. 24,823 Males and 25,441 Females. The average literacy rate is 48%, below the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy rate is 61% and that of females 35%. | 906e8cf0-3f14-4e72-a6f4-2739e864b0a9 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamienna,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"} | Settlement in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
Kamienna [kaˈmjɛnna] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Biały Bór, within Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Biały Bór, 19 km (12 mi) north of Szczecinek, and 153 km (95 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
The settlement has a population of 20. | a9bd6cee-9183-4291-8810-4a25adcf40f1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghunsari"} | Village in Uttar Pradesh, India
Ghunsari is a village in Harchandpur block of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 22 km from Raebareli, the district headquarters. As of 2011, its population is 321, in 74 households. It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.
The 1961 census recorded Ghunsari (as "Ghonsari") as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 187 people (94 male and 93 female), in 32 households and 29 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 200 acres.
The 1981 census recorded Ghunsari as having a population of 259 people, in 39 households, and having an area of 78.51 hectares. The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice. | fc7d941c-e190-483b-b910-4a68770451a3 |
null | Season of television series
This is a list of episodes from the fourteenth season of Shark Tank. The season premiered on September 23, 2022 on ABC. It is the first season to have a live audience.
Episodes
Guest sharks this season include Emma Grede, CEO and co-founder of Good American and founding partner of Skims; Gwyneth Paltrow, actress and founder of goop; Peter Jones, dragon on Dragons' Den; Daniel Lubetzky, founder and executive chairman of Kind; Kendra Scott, founder and CEO of Kendra Scott LLC; and Tony Xu, CEO and co-founder of DoorDash. | 4c1b2497-920c-4c3c-b425-3554473c257d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallulah-North_Shore"} | Neighborhood of Jacksonville in Florida
Tallulah-North Shore, or simply North Shore, is a neighborhood of Jacksonville, Florida located in the Northside area. First platted in 1879, the primarily residential area was annexed by Jacksonville in 1925. The Trout River, a tributary of the St. Johns River, is North Shore's most notable feature and also forms the neighborhood's northern border.
Geography
Tallulah-North Shore is located on Jacksonville's Northside, along the banks of Trout River. The neighborhood's boundaries consist of Trout River on the northern edge, Moncrief Creek to the west, Main Street to the east, and CSX rail lines bordering the Brentwood neighborhood to the south.
History
Throughout most of the 1800s the area now considered Tallulah-North Shore consisted mainly of farms, lumberyards and naval stores operations. In 1879, anticipating residential growth in the region, a man by the name of Jeremiah Fallausbee platted an area he called Tallulah. The name "Tallulah" is an American Indian name meaning "leaping water." The area would remain sparsely populated until housing needs increased in the wake of the Great Fire of 1901. In 1915, additional areas were platted under the name North Shore. The city annexed the entire area in 1925.
Education
North Shore Elementary, operated by the Duval County Public Schools district, is the only public school in the neighborhood or North Shore.
Economy
Commercial districts
The corner of N. Pearl Street and Tallulah Avenue is the commercial area most associated with the Tallulah-North Shore neighborhood. Made up of a small agglomeration of buildings, the area houses a meat market, a seafood market and local restaurants. Currently the home of Miller's Soulfood Kitchen, the intersection's most striking building was designed by local architect Taylor Hardwick as a milk house for the Skinner's Dairy company. The neighborhood's eastern border is made up exclusively of commercial development paralleling Main Street (US 17). On its southwestern edge, North Shore is also proximal to commercial areas along Norwood Avenue, including the Gateway Town Center, a 700,000 square feet shopping center housing a chain grocer and pharmacy.
Transportation
Public transportation
Tallulah-North Shore is served by several Jacksonville Transportation Authority (JTA) bus routes. These routes include the following:
Features
North Shore Park
North Shore Park is located along the Trout River at the northern terminus of Pearl Street. The park was included and named on the 1915 plat of North Shore. The city later expanded the park by acquiring adjacent properties in 1943 and 1944. The park contains picnic facilities, a boat landing, an asphalt walking trail and stone benches. A shoreline kayak launch was added to the park in 2018.
Tallulah Park
Tallulah Park is located on Tallulah Avenue at Vermillion Street. Land for the park was purchased by the city in 1935, and it was later expanded in 1949. The four-acre park contains many of the same facilities that it did in 1965. Facilities include lighted tennis courts, a baseball diamond and basketball courts. An attractive tree canopy surrounds the perimeter of the park.
Signet Park
Signet Park is located along the banks of Trout River. The park was included in the 1915 plat of North Shore but it was unnamed at that time. Though the tract may have been known as Trout Park for a time, it eventually became known as Signet Park, due in part to the name change of Silver Street to Signet Street, which is adjacent to the park. An additional parcel extending to the Trout River was later incorporated onto the northern end of the park.
Rolliston Park
Rolliston Park is located along the west side of a canal that leads into the Trout River. The developers of North Shore donated most of the land for the park to the city in 1940 and 1941. The city purchased the remainder from the developer in 1944. Known as Rolliston Street Park in 1969, the park's most striking feature is an elongated expanse of lawn, which is bordered by a tree-lined canal and the Trout River. | 4d5c2425-306a-4dbb-bb95-34bb40de83b3 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saragossa_(Natchez,_Mississippi)"} | Historic house in Mississippi, United States
United States historic place
Saragossa was a plantation in Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi.
Location
It is located on Saragossa Road in Natchez, Mississippi.
History
The plantation was established in 1823 by Dr Stephen Duncan (1787-1867), the wealthiest cotton planter and the second largest slaveowner in the Antebellum South. Cotton was the main cash crop grown here.
In 1835, William St. John Elliot purchased the plantation, who also owned D'Evereux. In 1849, it was purchased by William G. Conner, who sold it back to Elliot in 1852. That same year, in 1852, it was purchased by Winfield Gibson. Three years later, in 1855, it was purchased by Caroline Williams, who bequeathed it to her daughter, Anna (Williams) Smith, and her son-in-law, Walton Pembroke Smith. It then stayed in the Smith family until the 1970s.
It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 24, 1980. | 2b4ee600-8400-42b7-868c-4f29a7b043cd |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Class_614"} | The DB Class 614s are German diesel multiple units operated by the Deutsche Bundesbahn, comprising two Class 614 driving units and up to two Class 914 centre cars. On 1 January 1994 the ownership of these vehicles was transferred to the DB's legal successor Deutsche Bahn and its subsidiaries or business areas.
The Class 614 is a direct evolution of the Class 624 / 634[citation needed] and only differs from them in a few points of detail. As a result, the technical section will only cover these differences.
History
Prototypes
In 1971 the prototypes, 614 001 + 914 001 + 614 002 and 614 003 + 914 002 + 614 004, were delivered. Testing was carried out from Trier along the Moselle valley and into the Eifel. Unlike the production vehicles the prototypes had a tilting systems.
Production units
Full production by MAN SE and the Uerdingen Waggonfabrik began in 1973. The first series of 25 three-coach units was delivered at the time when so-called "pop liveries" were in vogue and so they were painted in stone-grey and orange. Immediately following the first batch were the 15 units of the second series delivered in 1975 and stabled at Brunswick locomotive depot. These were already painted in the new ocean blue and beige livery.
Operations
There are a total of 42 Class 614 three-car units, which are stationed at Nuremberg and Brunswick. In the early years, Trier was also a base for these DMUs. The Brunswick 614's have mainly worked in the Harz and Weser Uplands since their introduction. In doing so they often ran on former East-West trunk lines, which lost their significance after the partition of Germany. The most important termini were Altenbeken, Bad Harzburg, Bad Lauterberg, Bielefeld, Brunswick, Bodenburg, Göttingen, Hamelin, Hildesheim, Kreiensen, Löhne, Northeim, Ottbergen, Paderborn, Salzgitter-Lebenstedt, and Walkenried. During some timetable periods they also called at Lemgo, Münster, Nordhausen, Osnabrück, Oldenburg, Rahden, Uelzen and Wilhelmshaven. Currently the units all operate in the standard configuration as three-car multiples, whereas in former years they were frequently run as just two-car units or sometimes in fours. Quite often they formed part of mixed multiples, for example: 614+914+934+634. Meanwhile, following the transfer of numerous lines to private firms as a result of competition, and the delivery of the Class 648.25 to DB Regio, the Brunswick DMUs have largely withdrawn from these classic routes. Instead they have been used on atypical routes, like e.g. Leer - Nieuweschans, Emden Hbf - Emden-Außenhafen, Minden - Rotenburg, Uelzen - Bremen and Hanover – Soltau - Buchholz, although currently only the last two routes are still worked by them. The Brunswick Class 628's freed up from other locations were expected to replace the remaining 614's during 2008. Several vehicles have already been set aside and scrapped, several were moved to Hamm Rbf and are hoping for a better future there.
The Nuremberg 614's are underway in the Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz) and in Franconia (Franken), working such routes as Forchheim–Ebermannstadt, Fürth–Cadolzburg, Fürth–Markt Erlbach and Nuremberg–Simmelsdorf-Hüttenbach/Neuhaus an der Pegnitz. Here too only three-coach trains are used, whilst previously several 934's were stationed at Nuremberg in order to be able to form four-car multiples. These formations were not liked by drivers because the lack of engine power on the 614 was only too obvious on inclines. The use of the Nuremberg VT 614's is coming to an end, because in December 2008 new VT 648s were to be used on most of the routes in the Nuremberg diesel network.
A number of class 614 units have been sold on to CFR in Romania, where they form CFR's Class 76. Some have been partially rebuilt by Remarul 16 Februarie with new driver's cabs and MTU powerplants.
Differences from 624/634
Even though their external appearance is somewhat different, the variations between Classes 614 and 624 are not that great. The following sections describe their main differences; in all other respects the classes are the same.
Running gear
The bogies were slightly changed. They are supported, as on the 634's, by air bags, but are controlled by 4 air suspension valves on each coach (apart from 614 001 to 004). The resulting four-point support changes over to a three-point support at speeds below 25 km/h using a pressure control on the wheelset bearing, which deactivates one of the valves.
Instead of the mechanical anti-skid system on the 624/634 the Class 614 has electronic anti-skid control.
Engine
The D 3650 HM 12 U diesel engine from MAN is largely the same as that on the 624/634, but is driven at a higher final speed of 2150 rpm and is rated at 370 kW/500 hp, but only set at 331 kW/450 hp (as is normal on the 624/634). The handpump fitted to many 624/634's for topping up the cooling water is not installed on the 614. The fan equipment for the coolant water system can be set to emergency operation by the driver should the fan valve fail, something which can only be done in a workshop on the 624/634.
26 coaches (13 sets) have been equipped with new Cummins diesel engines in recent years. These engines have the considerably higher power of 448 kW. However, this remotoring programme was stopped when the operational future of the Class 614 became markedly bleaker.
Heating
On modernisation all 614's, and even the 914 centre coaches, were given a timer that enables the time to be set for coaches to be preheated. In this way their preparation time can be shortened. At the same time standard thermostat valves from trade were installed in the 1st class compartments.
Door operation
The Class 614 has door control with selective door opening and door sensory systems. The doors, which on the 624/634 were not always easy to open, are assisted by compressed air. As part of modernisation in the mid-90s a warning tone device was retrofitted and - unlike the 624 - also an anti-jam system. Some of the vehicles also have warning lights in the area of the door. Shortly after the turn of the millennium several 614's were converted to TAV (technikbasierte Abfertigungsverfahren) automatic door operation. Door control computers were installed, door handles removed and replaced by door opening buttons and photoelectric beams. Because the new door control system was not very reliable and the vehicles were approaching the end of their service life the TAV installation programme was halted after a few years, even before the end of the remotoring programme.
Passenger information systems
Until their modernisation the 614's had the destination blinds familiar from the 624/634 series. These were later replaced by two electronic dot matrix displays on each VT coach. The control of all displays in the train was achieved by entering the destination code number into Brose entry devices that are installed on every driver's console. In addition several Nuremberg 614's were given early passenger information displays.
Passenger areas
The interior of the Class 614 always set it apart clearly from its older brethren. On delivery the coaches had adjustable seats with individual, fabric-covered cushions. The colour of the seat covers as well as the imitation leather arms and headrests varied, being either red-brown or green. The sides were screened with beige plastic. The 1st class compartment was largely the same as that on the 624/634. And whilst the interiors looked very smart, the colours were very much contemporary and were no longer up to date by the mid-1990s.
During the course of the modernisation programme the 614's were given the first double-decker coaches delivered to the old Federal states and the y-coaches of well-known design with beige wall coverings and light green fabric-covered individual seats, some arranged facing each other, others all facing in the same direction. One unique feature is the folding table at every seat, some of which are now missing as a result of vandalism. As on the 624/634 the luggage compartment behind the cab, together with its loading doors, was omitted. The 1st class compartments were given pink wall coverings, blue tables and blue, adjustable individual seats with red head cushions.
The last 914's to be modernised were each given two closed vacuum toilet systems, of which one is fitted for the disable. Later the remaining 914's were retrofitted with them.
Livery
The first series to be delivered, which went to Nuremberg depot, were painted in the contemporary 'pop' colour scheme. This was later changed on the 614 to a blood orange window stripe on a gravel grey background. This livery was retained until the coaches were modernised. The second series, delivered to Brunswick depot, was supplied in ocean-blue and beige. Unlike the 624/634 the 614 was given an additional thin blue decorative stripe above the line dividing the colours which lent the vehicles a more dynamic appearance. Almost all 614s were initially painted light grey and mint green for the redesign and, later on, traffic red and white. The only exception is unit 614 005 + 914 003 + 614 006 which was painted in gravel grey and orange on modernisation and preserved the 'pop' colour scheme into the new millennium. All other vehicles have since been repainted in the current scheme of traffic red and white.
Citations | ec7ffcfd-34f6-4d19-917e-0a7ce9370ead |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masc_(band)"} | South Korean boy band
Masc (Korean: 마스크) was a South Korean boy band formed by J Planet Entertainment in 2016. They debuted as a four-member group with Woosoo, 26, ACE and Heejae on August 19th, 2016 with the mini album Strange. In late July 2018, members ACE and Chibin left the group due to assault allegations against the former. Soon after, member 26 left the group to focus on a career in film.
On October 18 2020, the group announced their disbandment through a YouTube video.
Former members
Discography
Extended plays
Singles | f08402ea-a54d-49f0-87c3-c3f7f2f5df2e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosphingosine"} | Chemical compound
Phytosphingosine is a sphingoid base, a fundamental building block of more complex sphingolipids. It is abundant in plants and fungi and present in animals. | 35584b50-f422-4c69-a157-ca6b5fcc1eaa |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meranti_Islands_Regency"} | Regency in Riau, Indonesia
Meranti Islands is a regency (kabupaten) of Riau Province, and lies off the eastern coast of the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. The regency comprises the islands of Tebing Tinggi, Rangsang, Padang and Merbau, together with minor offshore islands. The principal town is Selat Panjang on Tebing Tinggi Island. The regency covers an area of 3,707.84 km2, and had a population of 176,290 at the 2010 Census, 180,946 at the 2015 Census and 206,116 at the 2020 Census.
Administrative districts
When created, the regency was divided into five districts (kecamatan), listed below with their populations at the 2010 Census:
On 26 January 2011 the regency was re-divided into nine districts. The additional four districts are Tebing Tinggi Timur (East Tebing Tingggi Island, leaving the residual area of Tebing Tinggi District to cover the town of Selat Panjang), Rangsang Pesisir (Coastal Rangsang), Pulau Merbau (Merbau Island, leaving the residual area of Merbau District to cover the southern part of Padang Island) and Tasik Putri Puyu (covering the northern part of Padang Island). The areas and the populations at the 2020 Census of the nine districts have areas as follows. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, and the number of villages (rural desa and urban kelurahan) in each district.
Coordinates: 1°0′N 102°42′E / 1.000°N 102.700°E / 1.000; 102.700 | 691ab967-76c8-4331-82e1-d8162496825c |
null | Kesmeşeker (meaning sugarcube) is a Turkish rock band, founded around 1990 by Cenk Taner (vocals, guitar), Belen Ünal (guitar), Tayfun Çağlar (vocals, bass), and Melih Rona (drums).
After 20 years and eight recorded albums, only Cenk Taner of the founding members still continues to perform with the band.
Albums | 0cf4bce4-0ff2-4cf6-b5ea-853d618af5c4 |
null | Stars in Battledress (SiB) was an organisation of entertainers who were members of the British Armed Forces during World War II.
History
In Britain, during the Second World War, entertainment was considered an essential to keep morale high. In 1939 ENSA was organised by Basil Dean to send groups of entertainers to factories and military camps. The artists in ENSA were initially civilians and consequently could not be sent to areas were fighting was occurring. This did not mean that they were in places where there was no danger from enemy action—the whole of Britain was a war zone due to the air raids. Later ENSA performers were commissioned as officers.
In order to get concert parties to forward areas, Stars in Battledress was formed. Talent existing in serving members of the army and ATS was transferred and sent to perform in any location, even on the edge of a battlefield. Colonel Basil Brown, together with Major Bill Alexander and Captain George Black (son of the impresario George Black) started up the organisation. As all the members of the concert parties were in the Armed Forces of Britain, there was no restriction of the location of concerts.
Stars in Battledress encompassed all three services. The RAF had a group called the RAF Gang Show, which was organised by Ralph Reader (who had in the pre-war years produced the Boy Scout Gang Show). The Navy also produced many concert parties that performed both afloat and in onshore venues.
SIB was directed during the war by Frank Chacksfield. It also included the popular band leader Bert Firman.
Stars in Battledress is frequently referred to as an Army “concert party troupe.” It was very much more than that and had a considerable number of companies performing at various locations at the same time. Its official title was the War Office (forerunner of the Ministry of Defence) Central Pool of Artistes which was based in Upper Grosvenor Street, London. This was the first war in which there was an official military entertainment unit. Shows rehearsed at studios nearby and went on a shake-down tour of units, including AA sites, in the London area before going out on more extensive tours abroad or in the UK.
Only other ranks were allowed to be in the cast. Officers had to be producers.
Comedian, Sergeant Charlie Chester, was a major performer and in charge of the script-writing department. He was reputed to have taken a company abroad on the heels of the troops in the D-Day landings. Among his company was Arthur Haines who had developed his comic skills while serving in the Royal Engineers, and with whom he did a double act. While near Caen, northern France, Arthur pointed to a trench full of mud and scores of tiny frogs. He told Charlie: “Nothing would get me into that.” At that moment, a German plane appeared, raking the ground with its machine guns and Arthur promptly dived into the trench from which he emerged covered in mud and frogs.
Haines joined Charlie in the BBC radio series Stand Easy which developed from the Army show and ran from 1946 to 1949 and Arthur went on to further success including the Arthur Haynes show in the early sixties.
As it became clear that Germany had lost the war, more SIB companies were formed. Among them was Going Places with Lieutenant Desmond Llewellyn, who played Q in the James Bond films after the war, as producer, and Sergeant Wally Huntley, in charge on the road. Going Places had eight soldiers and two ATS members. Walter Huntley’s own story and of what it was like to be in an SIB show is told in his book Dummy Bullets, published by Trinity Mirror in 2008. As a cub journalist he had enlisted in the Territorial Army in 1939 and was mobilised at the start of the war with the 149th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery, in Hoylake, then in Cheshire. Because the Army had so few soldiers who could do shorthand and typing he was quickly posted to the regimental office.
Huntley had been an amateur ventriloquist since his school days and had acquired a full size walking dummy, whom he enlisted with him! They were soon involved in troop shows. As the Army had even fewer ventriloquists than shorthand writers he eventually became a full-time entertainer with SIB and spent most of the war “talking to myself.” His dummy, Gunner Jimmy Green, had a battledress made for him by the Army and developed his own persona in military circles. After media publicity in the newspapers and on radio and TV – including a live broadcast from the BBC Centre at Shepherd’s Bush - he took up residence at the Imperial War Museum in London in 2009, where he is one of the exhibits.
Post-war
Post war operation of entertainment for the forces was taken over by the Combined Services Entertainment.
Some SiB artists who became well known after the war | cee8b9eb-c557-4136-ac77-edae6c1ead3d |
null | Rujinan Phanseethum (Thai: รุจินันท์ พันธ์ศรีทุม), nicknamed Mameaw (Thai: มะเหมี่ยว) (born in Udon Thani) is a Thai beauty queen who was crowned Miss Earth Thailand 2009 and a top eight finalist in the Miss Earth 2009 international pageant.
Pageantry
Phanseethum competed and won first runner-up in the Miss Thailand Universe 2009. She was also crowned Miss Thailand Earth 2009 in Bangkok, Thailand on March 28, 2009. She represented Thailand in the Miss Earth 2009 and placed as one of the top eight finalists, which was held in Boracay, Philippines on November 22, 2009. | 4de64e6e-4046-47b8-8732-bb8e0f8c670f |
null | Gepid general fighting for the Byzantine Empire
Mauricius (born before 520 – 536) was a Gepid general fighting for the Byzantine Empire. He was the son of Magister militium Mundus. He was presumably an MVM vacans.
Biography
Mauricius was the son of Mundus (Mundo), himself possibly a grandson of Attila, king of the Huns. He was a strategos, a military general, in the Byzantine Empire. In 529, he went to Constantinople with his father, where he received gifts from the emperor (Justinian I).
In 532 he fought in the Nika riots on the side of the Byzantines. In January of that year he commanded his troops in the hippodrome massacre, which ended the riots.
In 535, he and his father took part in the Gothic War. That year, he and his father sailed out to Dalmatia, where Mundus led his army against the Goths, while Belisarius invaded Italy. His father defeated the Goths, taking the capital of Salona. The next year, a Gothic army arrived, to reconquer the lost province. He ran across the Gothic army while on a scouting expedition with just a few men with him. He was trapped by the Goths and killed in the ensuing skirmish, after a fierce fight. His enraged father sailed out and defeated the Goths, but, too eager in the following pursuit, he was mortally wounded.
Legacy
His son, Theudimund was part of the barbarian military aristocracy, and fought the Ostrogoths in Treviso in 540.
Family
Mauricius was the son of the Gepid general Mundus and an unknown woman. He had the following offspring: | c292b97a-d18a-4ab4-96e3-1f01d410e9f8 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrews_Presbyterian_Kirk"} | Coordinates: 25°04′34″N 77°20′36″W / 25.075979°N 77.343412°W / 25.075979; -77.343412 St. Andrews Presbyterian Kirk is a church in downtown Nassau, Bahamas. The church was founded by fifty-five Scottish Presbyterian settlers in 1798, as the St. Andrews Society. On August 7, 1810 the foundation stone of the Kirk was laid, while in 1842 a Session room was added to the Kirk. In 1872 it started a mission School in Bin Town. In 1890s the manse was started.
It adheres to the Westminster Confession of Faith, Apostles Creed and the Nicene Creed and has several house fellowships. For several years it was affiliated with the Church of Scotland, but in 2010 it switched to affiliation with the Evangelical Presbyterian Church and is now affiliated with the EPC. The long range plan to form the Bahama Presbytery.
Lucaya Presbyterian Church in Grand Bahama is also affiliated with the EPC.
St. Andrew's Presbyterian Kirk was founded by members of the St. Andrew Society and, under the direction of Rev. John Rae, began conducting services in the Court House in January 1810.
The first Nassau company of the Boy's Brigade began at St. Andrew's in 1909. Under the leadership of Rev. J. Herbert Poole, St. Andrew's School was founded in 1948. During the ministry of Rev. James Jack, Lucaya Presbyterian Kirk was founded and began holding regular services in Freeport, Grand Bahama in 1968. In 1994, another mission charge, Kirk of the Pines, was created in Marsh Harbour, Abaco. | 19ec9bdc-f9ed-496c-9cf3-b3c439a99610 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Spin_(Knott%27s_Berry_Farm)"} | Swinging Top Scan ride
Sol Spin is a swinging Top Scan ride at Knott's Berry Farm built by Mondial Rides. Riders spins in a circular rotation while swinging in an angle. The ride opened to the general public on April 21, 2017 in the Fiesta Village section of the park. Designed by Mondial, Sol Spin is a tipsy top turvy adventure taking places 6 stories high over Fiesta Village. As the ride lifts off the ground, riders begin spinning in a circular motion while guests are spun around. At its peak, Sol Spin rotates guests in circular motion at 60 feet in the air. Riders can experience up to 4gs at the peak of the ride. In addition, the ride is located on the former spot of Windseeker which was also built by Mondial. Sol Spin is unique as it is the largest Mondial Top Scan to this day. Knott's Sol Spin was customized to fit in the former location of Windseeker.
Height Requirement
Sol Spin has a minimum guest requirement of 54 inches and a maximum guest requirement of 76 inches. It is one of the park's several thrill rides. The ride is rated as an aggressive thrill due to a high thrilling and intense experience. Riders of extreme sizes cannot ride due to the ride's seat design. Each is accompanied by a tight over-the-shoulder restraint and a seat belt as a secondary safety measure.
Experience
Located right in the Fiesta Village of the park, guests enter a large circular area surrounded by palms and flowers. As guests enter, the ride attendant instructs which free rotating gondola is available. Mon dial's Top Scan typically only seat a maximum of 5 guests per gondola. However, Knott's was able to add an extra seat to each arm, extending the number of riders from 5 to 6. This customized design increased the capacity of the ride from 30 riders per cycle to 36. Currently, no other Top Scans in operating seat more than 5 guests per rotating gondola. Mondial was able to customize the ride for added capacity due to Knott's frequent high crowds. Moreover, Riders select any set from the 6 rotating arms. Each rotating arm holds 6 guests. Riders are the instructed to place the over the shoulder restraints. As the ride begins operation, all 6 rotating arms begin spinning in a circular motion while gainng speed and height. At the same time, the arms begin rotating at an angle and causes rides to spin six stories high. At the peak of the ride, riders are inverted a couple of times during the spinning cycle. Furthermore, one agreed criticism by some park visitors is the short cycle of the ride. In comparison to the Top Scan in European parks, Sol Spin has a short to mild operating cycle despite offering an aggressive and thrilling experience. | 8b7238ef-e2bf-406d-8b13-e98ddad219af |
null | Inside Australia is a weekly documentary series, produced and broadcast by the Special Broadcasting Service. It premiered at 7:00 pm on Sunday 12 October 2003. | 9041b40b-455f-41a5-8d1d-f44a77937ee9 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salm,_Chaharmahal_and_Bakhtiari"} | Village in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran
Salm (Persian: سلم, also Romanized as Salam) is a village in Kiar-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Kiar County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,454, in 330 families. The village is populated by Lurs. | 00d516db-f839-4074-81b1-c24f3d8a8e77 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohors_I_Ulpia_Dacorum"} | Military unit
Cohors prima Ulpia Dacorum ("1st Ulpian cohort of Dacians") was an infantry regiment of the Auxilia corps of the Imperial Roman army. It was founded by the Roman emperor Trajan (r. 98-117), probably in preparation for his planned war against Parthia (113-6). The regiment's honorific title Ulpia refers to the emperor's gens, or clan-name (Marcus Ulpius Traianus).
During the Principate era (to AD 284), the regiment is attested (as such) in a single record, a Roman military diploma dated 156/7, which shows that the unit was at this time based in the Roman province of Syria: most likely, it had remained in the East after the end of the Parthian War.
The regiment's original recruits were probably mainly ethnic Moesians and Dacians from the recently conquered province of Dacia. The cohort consisted of 480 infantrymen, divided into 6 centuriae of 80 men each.
Two other auxiliary units attested in the epigraphic record, the cohorts II Aurelia Dacorum and III Aurelia Dacorum have been linked to I Ulpia Dacorum by some scholars. As their title implies, these units were established by the emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-180), and it has been suggested that I Ulpia Dacorum was merged into one or both of these.
However, this theory is contradicted by the Notitia Dignitatum, a late Roman list of administrative and military commands, compiled in ca. AD 395. This document lists a regiment of this name as stationed in Syria, under the command of the Dux Syriae, at Fort Claudiana, an unidentified location. It is possible, however, that the Notitia contains data obsolete at the time of writing, and lists many units that had long since ceased to exist.
Citations | 64e015a2-907f-416a-8ce2-5e338e6238d7 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafield_Park,_Hampshire"} | Seafield Park a former Royal Navy shore establishment located near to now former RNAS Lee-on-Solent, Hampshire
Units
The following units were here at some point: | be082628-2d09-4c60-ba31-bb259665209f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-bellied_wren"} | Species of bird
The black-bellied wren (Pheugopedius fasciatoventris) is a species of bird in the family Troglodytidae. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, and Panama.
Taxonomy and systematics
The black-bellied wren has three subspecies, the nominate Pheugopedius fasciatoventris fasciatoventris, P. f. melanogaster, and P. f. albigularis.
Description
Male black-bellied wrens weigh 23.5 to 34.5 g (0.83 to 1.22 oz) and females 19.5 to 28.5 g (0.69 to 1.01 oz). Adults of all three subspecies have a rich chestnut back and tail; the latter has black bars. They have a white supercilium of varying size above a grayish face and are white on the chin, throat, and breast. All three have a black belly, but that of P. f. melanogaster is unmarked while those of the other two subspecies have thin white bars.
Distribution and habitat
P. f. melanogaster is the northernmost subspecies; it is found from the Gulf of Nicoya in western Costa Rica through western Panama to the Canal Zone. P. f. albigularis is found from the Canal Zone into Colombia's Chocó Department. The nominate P. f. fasciatoventris is found in northwestern and central Colombia east to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and south into the Cauca and Magdalena valleys. The species inhabits the interior and edges of primary and secondary forest and is often associated with streams.
Behavior
Feeding
The black-bellied wren forages mainly in the canopy and sub-canopy of both the forest interior and its edges. It also sometimes forages in the understory and on the ground, but always in dense cover. It preys on small arthropods but details are scant.
Breeding
The black-bellied wren nests mostly in forest edges, usually near the ground in vine tangles. The nests are domed with a side entrance and constructed by both sexes of strips of palm and sugar cane leaves and lined with softer plant material. The clutch size is two. It appears that only the female incubates the eggs. The species' nests are heavily predated.
Vocalization
Both sexes of the black-bellied wren have large song repertoires; one male was recorded with 38 different songs and a female with 19. Multiple examples are available at Xeno-canto and Cornell's Macaulay Library .
Status
The IUCN has assessed the black-bellied wren as being of Least Concern. However, its population "is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and fragmentation." | 5a56ced3-efa9-4474-be39-36ada63ef991 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_W._Davis_Tower"} | Clock tower at Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio
The Tom W. Davis Tower is a clock tower at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. It is located near the North Recreation Center and features a 20x40 foot light-emitting diode display and a large clock. It was completed in autumn of 2017. The tower displays inscribed quotes from William McKinley and Roberto Clemente at its base.
History
The tower was named after Tom W. Davis, in honor of his gift of 1.4 million USD to The Ohio State University. | 78095609-3952-4455-bc9a-d1a4f2c72f2e |
null | Baker Nagar Sundrasi or simply Sundrasi is a village near cb ganj in Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh, India. | 9e9495af-6edb-42c6-a8e0-e77ec64aad88 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessais-le-Fromental"} | Commune in Centre-Val de Loire, France
Bessais-le-Fromental (French pronunciation: [bɛsɛ lə fʁɔmɑ̃tal]) is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.
Geography
A farming area comprising a village and several hamlets situated by the banks of the river Auron, some 27 miles (43 km) southeast of Bourges at the junction of the D175, D110 and the D951 roads. The commune shares its southern border with the department of Allier.
Population
Sights | 3a61a528-b3fa-4fd7-a6d6-036b608eb031 |
null | Randy Dunton (born December 22, 1960) is a former head men's basketball coach at Liberty University. He had been the assistant under head coach Jeff Meyer, who was subsequently let go in 1997. Dunton was named the interim head coach for 1997–1998, a season that saw the Liberty Flames defeat in-state rival Virginia. However, he was not offered a contract at the end of the season, and Mel Hankinson became the head coach.
Dunton later coached at Binghamton University as an assistant. He was finally offered the head coaching position at Liberty University after the school suffered through four disappointing seasons under Hankinson. Dunton brought in some junior college players and helped lead the team to a second-place finish in his first year back, and then Liberty won the Big South Conference championship and an NCAA Tournament berth in 2004.
However, his team slipped in subsequent years and did not have a winning record from 2004–05 to 2006–07. Dunton's contract was not renewed at the end of the 2006–07 season.
Dunton coached a U17 girls' basketball team in Brookville, Virginia, a team which feaincludedtured his daughter. In January 2012, Randy became the women's basketball head at Virginia University of Lynchburg.
Head coaching record | b276935a-022f-498e-bc02-c7788fc526da |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilta_chateri"} | Species of jumping bristletail
Dilta chateri is a species of jumping bristletail in the family Machilidae. | afb65fc7-80ee-4c60-9a87-1dc33be2105b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_2K14"} | 2013 wrestling video game
2013 video game
WWE 2K14 is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by 2K Sports for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It was released on October 29, 2013, in North America, October 30, 2013, in Japan, October 31, 2013, in Australia, and November 1, 2013, in Europe and India. The game's box art features The Rock as the cover athlete.
Succeeding 2012's WWE '13, 2K14 is the first game in the WWE 2K series, and is the first game to be published after Take-Two Interactive gained the license for WWE video games from THQ in a bankruptcy filing. It was also the last video game to use WWE's "scratch" logo that first appeared in the Attitude Era.
The game is succeeded by WWE 2K15 in 2014.
Gameplay
2K14' is primarily an update of WWE '13, featuring various changes to modes and mechanics, along with new several features.
Exhibition
Improvements have been made to the navigation system, allowing for more fluid walking, running, and dragging motions. Characters also move faster than previously; before running, characters display "starting up" animations, to prevent players from spamming running attacks. All chain reversals now result in offensive attacks, to make for quicker matches by avoiding continuous reversal stalemates. Catapult finishers can now be used offensively. Some characters can launch an opponent into the air and catch them for a catch finisher. Seven new "OMG!" moments have been added, allowing certain finishers to be done on two opponents, and players to interact with the arena environment. The nearfall system has been improved with more than two counts. A "Slobberknocker Mode", adapted from "The Streak" mode, had been added as a gauntlet match.
Create Suite
"Create-a-Superstar" now features expanded character save slots for up to 100 created superstars. The mode also introduces the ability to use existing superstars as a template for new custom variants. "Create-a-Championship" has been expanded after being limited in WWE '13.
Story modes
30 Years of WrestleMania
WWE 2K14 features a single-player campaign called "The 30 Years of WrestleMania", which recreates nearly three decades of WWE history. Similar to WWE '13's "Attitude Era mode", "30 Years of WrestleMania" spans 45 matches centered around various Superstars, alternate gimmicks, and the use of classic WWE footage across every Wrestlemania event up unto WrestleMania XXIX. The storylines distinctly follow characters who were involved in memorable WrestleMania matches.
In "Wrestlemania mode", matches have primary objectives that are required to be completed; and bonus historical objectives to recreate iconic moments. In some cases, the player will follow a guided sequence of inputs, rather than freely control their character. Storylines featured include; "Hulkamania Runs Wild", which focuses on Hulk Hogan in early WrestleMania events; and "The New Generation", showcasing the rise of Bret "The Hitman" Hart and "The Heartbreak Kid" Shawn Michaels in the mid-1990s. In addition, the mode's "Attitude Era" chapter brings back storylines featured in WWE '13's "Attitude Era" mode alongside new storylines. The "Ruthless Aggression" chapter focuses on the departure of The Rock, lessened focus on "The Game" Triple H and rise of John Cena. The final "Universe Era" chapter focuses on the rise of "The Apex Predator" Randy Orton and the returns of The Rock and Brock Lesnar.
"The Streak"
The game has a mode that focuses on The Undertaker's WrestleMania winning streak of 21 matches at the time of the game's release, from WrestleMania VII, where he defeated Jimmy Snuka, to WrestleMania XXIX, where he defeated CM Punk, before being defeated for the first time by "The Beast" Brock Lesnar at Wrestlemania XXX almost six months later. As The Undertaker, the player can battle waves of opponents attempting to break the streak. The player can also select any superstar from the roster and challenge The Undertaker himself at any WrestleMania arena. The difficulty level is higher than in any previous WWE game. The Undertaker can chokeslam the player if grappled at the head; submit the player with the Hell's Gate when The Undertaker is grounded; and can appear once behind the player, in an animation previously used for if the Undertaker interferes in a match if he has a finisher stored.
WWE Universe
"WWE Universe" is overhauled, carrying over features from previous games, while introducing new features of its own. The player can customize existing WWE Shows, bring back retired series, or create their own original shows. They can choose the superstars participating in these shows and the titles featured on them. The ability to choose the status of a WWE Superstar, whether assigned to one show, several, a legend, or a free agent is also available.
A new feature introduced is the Rivalry Manager. Corroborating with an updated statistics tracker, "Rivalry Manager" can track all rivalries as well divide storylines into periods based on dates, during which period the rivalry will continue depending on in-ring decisions. Previous "Universe" storylines from earlier games have been revamped to use the "Rivalry Manager".
Marketing and release
Casey Collins, WWE Executive Vice President of Consumer Products, revealed on June 4 at the WWE Global Business Partner Summit, that The Rock would be featured on the cover of WWE 2K14. The official cover and trailer were revealed on the June 24 episode of WWE Raw.
In July, The Ultimate Warrior was announced as a pre-order exclusive playable character. On August 1, 2K Games announced a special "Phenom Edition" which included Undertaker-themed extras, including the "American Badass" gimmick as a playable character.
Reception
Reception
WWE 2K14 received positive reviews, with the Xbox 360 version receiving "generally favorable" reviews", while the PS3 version received "average" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic which gave the Xbox 360 version a score of 75/100 based on 42 reviews and the PlayStation 3 version a score of 74/100 based on 21 reviews.
IGN gave the game an 8.7 out of 10 saying "It still lacks the brains to deliver competent AI and commentators, but WWE 2K14 has more than enough brawn to make up for it. 30 Years of Wrestlemania provides the strongest campaign backbone the series has had in a long time, the in-ring action is faster and more fluid than it's been in years, and thanks to WWE 2K14's continually expanding creation suite, we're swimming in more options than we ever knew we wanted. It is indeed "time to play the game". GameSpot rated the game a 6 out of 10, saying that the game was clunky, "It's a shame the wrestling isn't up to par in WWE 2K14 because the elements surrounding it are so interesting... For anyone who grew up loving professional wrestling, be prepared to be swept away in a tide of nostalgia. If only the core action could have been as compelling." | e71a2295-4f2c-41bf-8178-6f96efac9eb7 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_AFF_U-23_Championship_squads"} | Below are the squads for the 2022 AFF U-23 Championship, which takes place between 14 to 26 February 2022.
Group A
Cambodia
Head coach :
Ryu Hirose
Timor Leste
Head oach:
Fábio Magrão
Philippines
Head coach:
Stewart Hall
The final squad was announced on 10 February 2022.
Brunei
Head coach:
Aminuddin Jumat
The final squad was announced on 8 February 2022.
Group B
Malaysia
Head coach:
Brad Maloney
Laos
Head coach:
Michael Weiß
Group C
Thailand
Head coach:
Salva Valero Garcia
The final squad was announced on 1 February 2022.
Vietnam
Head coach:
Đinh Thế Nam
Singapore
Head coach:
Nazri Nasir | 17131b8a-4601-419a-b1e1-f53c26425ba8 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ko%C5%A1ice_Open"} | Tennis tournament
The 2014 Košice Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the twelfth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Košice, Slovakia between 9 and 14 June 2014.
Singles main-draw entrants
Seeds
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Doubles main-draw entrants
Seeds
Other entrants
The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
Champions
Singles
Doubles | e8134898-b008-482b-a010-892ff51a4164 |
null | Radio station in Saint Paul, Minnesota
WFNU-LP is a community low-power broadcast radio station licensed to Saint Paul, Minnesota, serving Frogtown and much of Saint Paul on 94.1 MHz. The station has a hyper-local focus on the Frogtown community and surrounding neighborhoods. Programming is varied, with multiple genres of music to local talk with community members. WFNU-LP broadcasts from an antenna on top of the Frogtown Square building on the corner of University Avenue and Dale Street in Frogtown.
History
WFNU-LP was the second Local Community Radio Act-enabled low-power radio station to start broadcasting in Saint Paul after WEQY-LP. The station's first radio broadcast on 94.1 was on August 3, 2016 after the station had been streaming programming online for over a year. | 9d07ed70-20c7-4d3b-864c-8931b30c148a |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Emperor%27s_Cup"} | Football tournament season
The 82nd Emperor's Cup Statistics of Emperor's Cup in the 2002 season.
Overview
It was contested by 80 teams, and Kyoto Purple Sanga won the cup.
Results
First round
Second round
Third round
Fourth round
Quarter finals
Semi finals
Final
Kyoto Purple Sanga won the cup and guaranteed a place in the 2004 AFC Champions League But Sanga were relegated to the Division 2 in 2003 so this spot was transferred to Yokohama F. Marinos, the 2002 J.League Division 1 runner-up. | e7d5a26a-c1bc-4416-a60c-34458fd80bef |
null | James J. Gross is a psychologist best known for his research in emotion and emotion regulation. He is a professor at Stanford University and the director of the Stanford Psychophysiology Laboratory.
Education
Gross received his B.A. in philosophy from Yale University in 1987, where he was awarded the Alpheus Henry Snow Prize. He was a graduate visiting student at Oxford University from 1987 to 1988 and received a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1993.
Work in psychology
Gross' contributions to psychology lie primarily in the area of emotion regulation through psychophysiological research. He has published numerous, frequently cited papers regarding emotion regulation, and recently edited the Handbook of Emotion Regulation.
Awards and fellowships
Gross has been the recipient of numerous academic awards from psychological and educational associations: | 46fd41c2-5447-44de-9dae-d9ccfb874ead |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnic_at_Hanging_Rock_(novel)"} | Book by Joan Lindsay
Picnic at Hanging Rock is an Australian historical fiction novel by Joan Lindsay. The novel, set in 1900, is about a group of female students at an Australian girls' boarding school who vanish at Hanging Rock while on a Valentine's Day picnic, and the effects the disappearances have on the school and local community. The novel was first published in 1967 in Australia by Cheshire Publishing and was reprinted by Penguin in 1975. It is widely considered by critics to be one of the greatest Australian novels. In 2022, it was included on the "Big Jubilee Read" list of 70 books by Commonwealth authors, selected to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.
Overview
Although the events depicted in the novel are entirely fictional, it is framed as though it were a true story, corroborated by ambiguous pseudohistorical references. Its unresolved conclusion has sparked significant public, critical, and scholarly analysis, and the narrative has become a part of Australia's national folklore as a result. Lindsay claimed to have written the novel over two weeks at her home Mulberry Hill in Baxter, on Victoria's Mornington Peninsula, after having successive dreams of the narrated events.
An excised final chapter of the novel was published posthumously as part of a book entitled The Secret of Hanging Rock, which also included critical commentary and theories about the novel. Another book, titled The Murders at Hanging Rock, was published in 1980, proposing varying other interpretations. The novel has been adapted into other media, most famously in the 1975 critically well-received film of the same name by director Peter Weir.
Plot
The novel begins with a brief foreword stating that whether the novel "is fact or fiction, my readers must decide for themselves" and implying that the events occurred.
At Appleyard College, a private boarding school for upper-class girls near Mount Macedon, Victoria, a picnic is being planned for the students under the supervision of Mrs. Appleyard, the school's headmistress. The picnic entails a day trip to Hanging Rock, on St. Valentine's Day in 1900. One of the students, Sara, who is in trouble with Mrs. Appleyard, is not allowed to go. Sara's close friend Miranda goes without her. When they arrive, the students relax, and eat lunch. Afterward, Miranda goes to climb the monolith with classmates Edith, Irma, and Marion despite being forbidden to do so. The girls' mathematics teacher, Greta McCraw, follows behind them separately. Miranda, Marion, and Irma climb still higher in a trance-like state while Edith flees in terror; she returns to the picnic in hysterics, disoriented and with no memory of what occurred. Miss McCraw is also nowhere to be accounted for except for being seen by Edith who passed her ascending the rock in her underwear. The school scours the rock in search of the three girls and their teacher, but they are not found.
The disappearances provoke much local concern and international sensation with rape, abduction, and murder being assumed as probable explanations. Several organized searches of the picnic grounds and the area surrounding the rock itself turn up nothing. Meanwhile, the students, teachers and staff of the college, as well as members of the community, grapple with the riddle-like events. Mike Fitzhubert, an Englishman who was picnicking at the grounds the same day, embarks on a private search of the rock and discovers Irma, unconscious and on the verge of death. When he fails to return from his search, he is found in an unexplained daze, sitting at the rock with Irma, by his friend and uncle's coachman, Albert Crundall.
Concerned parents begin withdrawing their daughters from the prestigious college, prompting various staff to leave; the college's handyman and maid quit their jobs, and the French instructor, Mlle. Dianne de Poitiers, announces that she will be getting married and leaving the college as well. A junior governess at the college, Dora Lumley, also leaves with her brother Reg, only for both to be killed in a hotel fire. Amidst the unrest both in and around the college, Sara vanishes, only to be found days later, having apparently committed suicide (her body was found directly beneath the school's tower, with her head "crushed beyond recognition"). Mrs. Appleyard, distraught over the events that have occurred, kills herself by jumping from a peak on Hanging Rock.
In a pseudo-historical afterword purportedly extracted from a 1913 Melbourne newspaper article, it is written that both the college and the Woodend Police Station, where records of the investigation were kept, were destroyed by a bush fire in the summer of 1901. In 1903, rabbit hunters came across a lone piece of frilled calico at the rock, believed to have been part of the dress of the governess, Miss Greta McCraw, but neither she nor the girls were ever found.
Excised final chapter
According to her editor Sandra Forbes, Lindsay's original draft of the novel included a final chapter in which the mystery was resolved. At her editor's suggestion, Lindsay removed it prior to publication. Chapter Eighteen, as it is known, was published posthumously as a standalone book in 1987 as The Secret of Hanging Rock by Angus & Robertson Publishing.
The chapter opens with Edith fleeing back to the picnic area while Miranda, Irma, and Marion push on. Each girl begins to experience dizziness and feel as if she is "being pulled from the inside out." A woman suddenly appears climbing the rock in her underwear, shouting "Through!", and then faints. This woman is not referenced by name and is apparently a stranger to the girls, yet the narration suggests she is Miss McCraw. Miranda loosens the woman's corset to help revive her. Afterwards, the girls remove their own corsets and throw them off the cliff. The recovered woman points out that the corsets appear to hover in mid-air as if stuck in time, and that they cast no shadows. She and the girls continue together. The girls then encounter what is described as "a hole in space", by which they physically enter a crack in the rock following a lizard; the unnamed woman transforms into a crab and disappears into the rock. Marion follows her, then Miranda, but when Irma's turn comes, a balanced boulder (the hanging rock) slowly tilts and blocks the way. The chapter ends with Irma "tearing and beating at the gritty face on the boulder with her bare hands."
The missing material amounts to about 12 pages; the remainder of the publication The Secret at Hanging Rock contains discussion by other authors, including John Taylor and Yvonne Rousseau. The suspension of the corsets and description of the hole in space suggest that the girls have encountered some sort of time warp, which is compatible with Lindsay's fascination with and emphasis on clocks and time in the novel.
Conception
Lindsay claimed to have written the novel based on an idea she had in a dream. In a 2017 article in The Age, it was noted: "The dream had centred on a summer picnic at a place called Hanging Rock, which Joan knew well from her childhood holidays. Joan told Rae [her housekeeper] that the dream had felt so real that when she awoke at 7.30am, she could still feel the hot summer breeze blowing through the gum trees and she could still hear the peals of laughter and conversation of the people she'd imagined, and their gaiety and lightness of spirit as they set out on their joyful picnic expedition."
According to her housekeeper at the time, the events of the novel were dreamt by Lindsay successively. Several years after the publication of the novel, Lindsay would recount the experience of writing it as such: "Picnic at Hanging Rock really was an experience to write, because I was just impossible when I was writing it. I just sort of thought about it all night and in the morning I would go straight up and sit on the floor, papers all around me, and just write like a demon!"
The novel was written over a total of two weeks at Lindsay's home in Mulberry Hill. In thinking of a title, Lindsay recalled the painting At the Hanging Rock by William Ford, which had hung in her husband Daryl's office at the National Gallery of Victoria, and chose to incorporate it into the title as it was "simple and pretty, and belied the horrors hidden within." In an interview after Lindsay's death, academic Terrence O'Neill, who had befriended Lindsay, remarked the supernatural elements of the novel: "It was clear that [Joan] was interested in Spiritualism, and longed for some spiritual dimension in her life, but she didn't feel safe bringing that side of her out in front of her husband. So I think she channelled it into her writing. I know she was very interested in Arthur Conan Doyle and his belief in and theories about Spiritualism, nature and the existence of spirits."
The novel was imported for sale in the United States, and would receive its first publication there in 2014 by Penguin Random House. In the United Kingdom, the novel was printed in several editions by Vintage, in 1998 and 2013.
Basis in reality
Did I think the story was true? We did talk about this. But the truth for Joan was different to the rest of us. She was never straightforward about it. I think I decided in the end that it was a great work of the imagination. I see it as a book of place; a painterly book that captures the atmosphere of the Australian bush.
Sandra Forbes, editor, on the novel's truth claim
Picnic at Hanging Rock is written in the form of a true story, and even begins and ends with a pseudohistorical prologue and epilogue, reinforcing the mystery that has generated significant critical and public interest since its publication in 1967. However, while the geological feature, Hanging Rock, and the several towns mentioned are actual places near Mount Macedon, the story itself is entirely fictitious. Lindsay had done little to dispel the myth that the story is based on truth, in many interviews either refusing to confirm it was entirely fiction, or hinting that parts of the book were fictitious and that others were not. The dates named in the novel do not correspond to actual dates in the 1900 calendar. For instance, Valentine's Day, 14 February 1900, occurred on a Wednesday, not a Saturday; similarly, Easter Sunday fell on 15 April in 1900, not on 29 March.
Appleyard College was to some extent based on Clyde Girls' Grammar School at St Kilda East, Victoria, which Joan Lindsay attended as a day-girl while in her teens. Incidentally, in 1919 this school was transferred to the town of Woodend, Victoria, about 8 km southwest of Hanging Rock. The fictional site of the college was described in the book as having an eastward view of Mount Macedon on the Bendigo Road. This would place it roughly 3.6 mi. (5.8 km) south of Woodend. The total trip to Hanging Rock was about 7.5 mi. (12 km.).
When asked in a 1974 interview about whether or not the novel was based in truth, Lindsay responded: "Well, it was written as a mystery and it remains a mystery. If you can draw your own conclusions, that's fine, but I don't think that it matters. I wrote that book as a sort of atmosphere of a place, and it was like dropping a stone into the water. I felt that story, if you call it a story—that the thing that happened on St. Valentine's Day went on spreading, out and out and out, in circles." The unresolved mystery of the disappearances in the novel aroused so much lasting public interest that in 1980 a book of hypothetical solutions (by Yvonne Rousseau) was published, called The Murders at Hanging Rock.
Publication history
The novel was first published on 1 November 1967 by F. W. Cheshire, Melbourne, under the aegis of Andrew Fabinyi, with an acclaimed "dream-like" cover design by Alison Forbes. It was reprinted in paperback by Penguin Books' Australian division in 1975, printed in conjunction with the release of the film adaptation. A hardback illustrated edition was also printed in Australia in 1987, also by Penguin. It would receive another reprinting by Penguin Books Australia in 2013 as part of the "Penguin Australian Classics" series.
Critical analysis
Much of the critical and scholarly interest in the novel has centered on its mysterious conclusion, as well as its depiction of Australia's natural environment in contrast with the Victorian population of the British colony established in 1851. In 1987, literary scholar Donald Bartlett drew comparisons between Lindsay's treatment of the rock and that of the fictitious Marabar Caves in E. M. Forster's A Passage to India, which has been interpreted as a metaphor for Pan, the Greek god of the wild: "There is more, of course, to A Passage to India than Pan motifs, for example symbols such as the snake, the wasp and the undying worm, not to mention the vast panorama of India's religions. But I believe it probable that Joan Lindsay consciously borrowed the elements [from A Passage to India]."
Literary scholar Kathleen Steele argues in her essay "Fear and Loathing in the Australian Bush: Gothic Landscapes in Bush Studies and Picnic at Hanging Rock" that the novel's treatment of landscape and its missing characters is reflective of Australia's national history and the relationship between the rock and the Aboriginal population: "The silence surrounding Aborigines, and the manner in which Europeans foregrounded 'geographical, historical and cultural difference and discontinuity,' yet denied Aborigines either presence or history, created a gothic consciousness of 'something deeply unknowable and terrifying in the Australian landscape.'" ... "Lindsay provokes a reflection on the understanding of Australia as an un-peopled land where nothing of consequence occurred until the British gave it a history."
Adaptations
Film
The first film adaptation of the book was a short by Tony Ingram, a fourteen-year-old filmmaker, who got permission from Joan Lindsay to adapt her book as The Day of Saint Valentine. However, only about ten minutes of footage was filmed before the rights were optioned to Peter Weir for his more famous feature-length version, and the production was permanently shelved. The completed footage is included on some DVD releases of Weir's film.
The feature film version of Picnic at Hanging Rock premiered at the Hindley Cinema Complex in Adelaide on 8 August 1975. It became an early film of the Australian New Wave and is arguably Australia's first international hit film.
Theatre
Picnic at Hanging Rock was adapted by playwright Laura Annawyn Shamas in 1987 and published by Dramatic Publishing Company. Subsequently, it has had many productions in the US, Canada, and Australia. There have also been musical adaptations of the novel.
In 2007 a youth musical adaptation by Robert Johns (adapter) and Brian Spence (composer) premiered at Chichester's Minerva Theatre in West Sussex, UK.
A stage-musical adaptation, with book, music, and lyrics by Daniel Zaitchik, was scheduled to open in New York City in the fall of 2012. The musical received a 2007 staged reading at New York's Lincoln Center, and further workshop development at the 2009 O'Neill Theater Center National Music Theater Conference. The musical had its world premiere on 28 February 2014 at Weber State University in Ogden, Utah under the direction of Jim Christian.
In 2016, the Malthouse Theatre in Melbourne showed a stage adaptation dramatized by Tom Wright and directed by Matthew Lutton. The production was later staged at the Royal Lyceum Theatre in Edinburgh, Scotland in January 2017. The overseas production worked alongside the original Australian theatre makers Malthouse Theatre, Melbourne as well as Black Swan State Theatre Company. The Malthouse Theatre presented an encore season of Picnic at Hanging Rock in early 2018.
Radio
An abridged form of the book was read by New Zealand actress Lisa Harrow on BBC Radio Four in 1996 in its Book at Bedtime slot. In 2010, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio adaptation. The cast included Simon Burke, Penny Downie, Anna Skellern and Andi Snelling.
Miniseries
On 6 September 2016, it was announced that Fremantle Media and pay-TV broadcaster Foxtel were producing a six-part miniseries, to be broadcast in 2017. The miniseries became available on Amazon Prime streaming on 25 May 2018.
Works cited | b5881bae-da5d-4dd4-b364-a6746d3aa9b4 |
null | 5 Pairs of Shoes is a series of essays of travel literature written by Tekkan Yosano and his students Mokutaro Kinoshita, Kitahara Hakushu, Hirano Banri and Yoshii Isamu, which was published in 1907 in a Tokyo newspaper. Because all five authors later became famous poets, the essays aroused an interest in culture related to Southeast Asia and Christianity.
In 1907, the five poets traveled through northern Kyushu and later published 29 essays in the Tokyo newspaper Tokyo 26 Shimbun. The writers were not identified in the newspaper. On August 9, they travelled on foot for a distance of 32 km to Oe-mura, Amakusa, Kumamoto. They stayed at Takasagoya Inn. On August 10, they met French Catholic Father Frederic Louis Garnier (1860-1941）, who preached Catholicism in Amakusa from the late Meiji period to the early Shōwa period. On August 29, they were invited to a party at a Japanese restaurant on Lake Ezu, Kumamoto and enjoyed a boat cruise. Several reporters attended the party. The essays contain the entirety of an otemoyan that was sung by a girl.
Footnotes | 6e0cf25c-9b62-4dc8-80f0-e6a5e811321e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Kouif"} | Commune and town in Tébessa Province, Algeria
El Kouif is a town and commune in Tébessa Province in north-eastern Algeria. | 7339c8ba-8256-4a00-83d2-1587d780a6fa |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_for_France"} | Political party in France
The Rally for France (French: Rassemblement pour la France (RPF); also briefly known in 2003 as Rally for France and European Independence or Rassemblement pour la France et l'Indépendance de l'Europe) was a political party in France of the right. It was founded in 1999 by the Gaullist and former Interior Minister Charles Pasqua, then allied with Philippe de Villiers (ex-UDF). The RPF aimed to fight against globalisation and European federalism. The party was opposed to further European integration.
The new party enjoyed early electoral success when it placed second in the 1999 European Parliament election in France, scoring 13 percent of the vote and winning 13 seats. This placed it behind the Socialist Party but ahead of the established centre-right parties, the Gaullist Rally for the Republic-DL list and the UDF. However Philippe de Villiers' departure in late 2000, in order to refound his Movement for France, severely damaged the party and Pasqua failed to run in the 2002 Presidential elections. The RPF has since suffered several setbacks in various elections and has failed to regain its 1999-2000 momentum, and has been eclipsed by the MPF as a party of the Eurosceptic right in France.[citation needed] The party won two seats in the 2002 National Assembly election, through an alliance with the UMP but lost all its MEPs in the 2004 European election. Charles Pasqua was elected Senator for the Hauts-de-Seine in the 2004 French Senate election. He sat in the UMP group.
The RPF remained an associate party of the main centre-right party, the UMP. | c1271619-4c2e-4e86-b1a9-e6d8c0521ee1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_for_Your_Life_(Yellowjackets_album)"} | 1994 studio album by Yellowjackets
Run for Your Life is an album by the American jazz group Yellowjackets, released in 1994. The album reached a peak position of number eight on Billboard's Top Contemporary Jazz Albums chart. It was nominated for a Grammy Award, in the "Best Contemporary Jazz Performance" category.
Critical reception
The Globe and Mail opined that "only tenor saxophonist Bon Mintzer's 'The Red Sea' is particularly memorable." The Charlotte Observer called Run for Your Life "the best jazz album of the year," writing that it "is a collection of nine simply superior jazz cuts, each showing off the band's precision and ability."
Track listing
Personnel
Yellowjackets
Additional musicians
Production
Studios
Charts | a6fc2e6e-02d7-4c15-a14c-8c5e6bd5e188 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Velodrome"} | Helsinki Velodrome (Finnish: Helsingin Velodromi) is an outdoor velodrome, American football and field hockey stadium in Helsinki, Finland. The protected functionalist concrete building was designed by Hilding Ekelund.
History
It was built in 1938–1940 for the 1940 Summer Olympics which were cancelled due to World War II. After the war, it was a venue of the 1952 Summer Olympics for the track cycling and field hockey events. The Velodrome hosted the four-track cycling events and the whole field hockey event for the Olympics. The original building was deemed inadequate during the games and additional space was quickly erected to accommodate the athletes and press. Some temporary seating was also constructed for additional capacity.
Before the renovation of 1997–2000, the center area had a natural grass pitch and was used for soccer, hosting local teams like Ponnistus, Käpylän Pallo and Atlantis FC.
Docomomo has listed it as a significant example of modern architecture in Finland.
Usage
Cycling
The cycling track is 400 meters in length and is used for most national events. The banking in the bends is 37.5˚ and 16˚ on the straights. The length of the track and the lack of built safety measures make the track unsuitable for international cycling competitions.
Helsinki Velodrome also acts as a starting and ending point for the annual cyclosportive Tour de Helsinki.
American football
The Helsinki Velodrome is the home field of most American football teams in Helsinki, including East City Giants and the Vaahteraliiga teams Helsinki Roosters and Helsinki Wolverines. The ground also caters to lacrosse and field hockey players.
In 2010 a training pitch designated primarily for American football was opened in the near vicinity of the Helsinki Velodrome, making the area an unofficial American football center of Helsinki.
Field hockey
During the summer season the field is used for playing field hockey. | 87e28ca1-3a05-4f1e-b876-6ff6e755f8a7 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_France_at_the_Olympics"} | Sporting event delegation
This is a list of flag bearers who have represented France at the Olympics.
Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. | e8b26143-5f62-4cf4-9e95-c136748f3ffa |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vognmagergade"} | Street in Copenhagen, Denmark
Vognmagergade (lit. "Wainwright Street") is a street located one block south of Rosenborg Castle Gardens in the Old Town of Copenhagen, Denmark. The street runs from Møntergade in the southeast to Landemærket in the northwest, linking Gammel Mønt with Åbenrå. All the buildings in the street date from the years after an urban renewal project in the 1910s. A dominating feature is a glazed skyway with a clockl and the name Egmont. Københavns VUC, an adult education centre, is based at No. 8.
History
The street is first referred to as "the Alley Leading to St. Clare's Priory! ("det stræde som løber til Clara Kloster"), but in the 16th century it became known as Wogenmands Gade (Haulier Street) after the many hauliers that lived in the street. The Hauliers Guild House was located on nearby Kultorvet. The name Vognmandsgade was gradually changed to Vognmagergade (Wainwright Street) in the 18th century. The name is thus a result of language change and not any particular concentration of Wainwrights at the site.
The street was historically part of a poor neighbourhood with old, narrow houses. The no longer existing street Store Brøndstræde (Great Well Street) connected the street to Gothersgade to the north. One of the largest buildings in the street was Landmandshotellet (The Farmers Hotel) at the corner with Landemærket.
The so-called Brøndstræde Quarter was demolished in 1910 in the first public urban regeneration programme of its kind in the city.
Buildings and residents
The office building Møntergården (No. 2) was built in 1916 for the businessman Anton Carl Illum. It was designed by the architect H.P. Jacobsen (1877–1943).
Københavns VUC (No. 8) is an adult education centre. The National Romantic building is the former headquarters of Københavns Belysningsvæsen. It was built in 1912–13 from a design by Gustav Bartholin Hagen and Rolf Schroeder. The building is constructed in red brick and features two corner risalits with gable motifs with exposed timber framing on the upper parts as well as a central granite portal designed with inspiration from the Coat of Arms of Copenhagen.
The Gutenberghus complez (No. 10 and No. 5-11) is located on both sides of the street. The oldest part of the complex (No. 10) was built in 1911 to design by Bernhard Ingemann (1869–1923) and was later expanded by Alf Cock Clausen. Cock Clausen was also responsible for designing a building on the other side of the street as well as the glazed skyway bridges the street. It features a large clock and the name Egmont in gilded lettering. The Gothersgade Block is now home to the Danish Film Institute. It houses the art cinema Cinemateket as well as a number of other film-related organizations.
Cultural references
Københavns Belysningsvæsen's former building was used as a filming location in the 1977 film Hærværk. | 45d196eb-c3f2-4b82-a712-96b83ce1f063 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozodrza"} | Village in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland
Kozodrza [kɔˈzɔdʐa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów, within Ropczyce-Sędziszów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) north of Ostrów, 3 km (2 mi) north-west of Ropczyce, and 30 km (19 mi) west of the regional capital Rzeszów. | 21a87d16-77b3-4533-a5a9-bd818845cfa9 |
null | Airport
Gabbs Airport (IATA: GAB, ICAO: KGAB, FAA LID: GAB) is a county-owned public-use airport located four nautical miles (7 km) northwest of the central business district of Gabbs, a city in Nye County, Nevada, United States.
Facilities and aircraft
Gabbs Airport covers an area of 880 acres (360 ha) at an elevation of 4,700 feet (1,433 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways with dirt surfaces: 8/26 measuring 5,900 by 65 feet (1,798 x 20 m) and 16/34 measuring 2,800 by 65 feet (853 x 20 m). For the 12-month period ending April 30, 2007, the airport had 200 aircraft operations, all of which were general aviation. | 52893e79-1b42-41a0-bc02-748a12c14dd0 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highwood,_Hamden"} | Neighborhood in New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Highwood is a neighborhood in the south-central portion of the town of Hamden, Connecticut. It is primarily residential, with a mixture of small apartment buildings and single-family, two- and three-family homes. Commercial development is concentrated on its principal street, Dixwell Avenue. Immigrants from Germany were the first to settle the area extensively in the 1860s, followed by others from Ireland, Italy, and Eastern Europe later in the nineteenth century. Today it is predominantly African American.
There are no officially established boundaries for the neighborhood. One map has it bounded on the north by Helen Street and Putnam Avenue, on the east by Newhall Street, on the south by the New Haven city line, and on the west by Fitch Street and Fairview Avenue. The census tract with GEOID 09009165500, corresponding closely to these boundaries, had a population of 4,959, as of the 2010 census.
Several other names have been given to the neighborhood. The German immigrants named it Hamburg after the city in their homeland. It was given the Highwood name in 1888 by its first postmaster, looking at tall trees through the window. It is also known as South Hamden, and its eastern portion has also been called Newhall; however, it should not be confused with the adjoining Newhallville neighborhood in New Haven.
History
Enough German immigrants had settled in Hamburg by 1870 for a horsecar line to connect it to downtown New Haven and the town of Hamden to establish a public school there. By the 1880 census it had the largest population of five villages listed in town, 477. A post office with the Highwood name was established in 1888, and a volunteer fire department in 1896. Immigration from Ireland and Italy led to the first Catholic church in 1890, and a second in 1910. A railroad along the former route of the Farmington Canal led to establishment of a manufacturing area. An airport briefly operated north of Morse Street for a few years around 1930, then that area was used as a circus grounds. The area is now an industrial park.
On July 10, 1989, a tornado rated F4 on the Fujita scale caused extensive damage to Highwood. It was one of the most serious in a tornado outbreak across the northeastern United States.
Throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the Winchester Repeating Arms Company buried toxic waste in a portion of the neighborhood where homes were later built. In the largest residential cleanup program ever in Connecticut, thousands of tons of contaminated soil were removed from the area in 2010. The project was paid for by Olin Corporation, which had acquired the Winchester brand, and state bonding.
Historic site
The Farmington Canal-New Haven and Northampton Canal, running through the neighborhood, is on the National Register of Historic Places. Its route has been converted to the Farmington Canal Heritage Trail, which is a portion of the East Coast Greenway.
Government
The Town of Hamden provides all municipal services for the neighborhood. It is located in Connecticut's 3rd congressional district. The neighborhood is in the 17th state senate district and the 94th state house district. The portion of Highwood west of the Farmington Canal Heritage Trail is in the 3rd district of the town legislative council with the remainder in the 5th. The western portion is served by the Hamden post office with ZIP code 06514 and the eastern by the Whitneyville post office, 06517.
Transportation
Most of Dixwell Avenue in Highwood is part of Connecticut Route 10. The state highway, southbound, turns west off Dixwell onto Arch Street, then southwest onto Fitch Street into New Haven.
The principal bus route in the neighborhood is CT Transit route 238 along Dixwell Avenue. Routes 234 and 237 operate on several other neighborhood streets.
The Farmington Canal Heritage Trail has many access points in the neighborhood.
Education
There are no public schools in the neighborhood. Students attend public elementary schools elsewhere in Hamden, followed by Hamden Middle School and Hamden High School. The former Newhall Street School is now the Borough496 business incubator. There is also the Eli Whitney Technical High School, part of a state system.
Recreation
John L. Carusone Field, formerly known as St. Ann's Park, has a playground and fields for various sports. Keefe Community Center provides a variety of services. | ee5b37aa-5aec-471e-964c-e54e66ab1395 |
null | American religious leader (born 1925)
Margaret Ellen Towner (born March 19, 1925) is an American religious leader who was the first woman to be ordained a minister of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (PCUSA).
Early life and education
Margaret Ellen Towner was born March 19, 1925, in Columbia, Missouri, to Milton Carsley Towner and Dorothy Marie (Schloeman) Towner. She majored in pre-medical studies at Carleton College, receiving her B.A. in 1948. Afterwards, she worked as a medical photographer for the Mayo Clinic. She left the clinic and enrolled at Syracuse University in New York to study Christian audiovisual education; around the same time, she began volunteering at local churches in Syracuse (First Presbyterian Church) and East Genesee.
Even though the PCUSA was not yet ordaining women as ministers, change was in the air, and the pastor at First Presbyterian Church suggested that Towner should explore the ministry. The church offered her its Scattergood Fellowship to attend Union Theological Seminary in New York, where Towner undertook the three-year program leading to a Bachelor of Divinity degree, which she received in 1954. A decade later, in 1967, she received an M.A. in guidance and counseling from Western Michigan University.[citation needed]
After obtaining her B.D., Towner was commissioned a church worker. She became director of Christian education at Takoma Park Presbyterian Church in Maryland (1954-1955) and then at First Presbyterian Church in Allentown, Pennsylvania (1955–58).[citation needed]
Ordination and ministry
In 1955, the PCUSA voted to begin ordaining women as ministers. The following year, on Oct. 24, 1956, Towner became the first woman ordained to the ministry by PCUSA, with her ordination taking place at Syracuse-Cayuga Presbytery in New York. (Nine years later, the church's southern branch, the Presbyterian Church in the U.S. (PCUS) would ordain its first woman minister, Rachel Henderlite.) Since there were a number of Presbyterian women preparing for ordination in the wake of the PCUSA vote, Towner was initially not sure whether she was actually the first to be ordained. Her ordination was covered by Life photographer Alfred Eisenstaedt, and photographs of Towner's ordination ceremony appeared in a five-page spread in the November 12, 1956, issue of the magazine.
After being ordained, Towner returned to her congregation in Pennsylvania, though she was never asked to conduct services or preach in that church; and she was also made assistant pastor of First Presbyterian Church in Syracuse. Afterwards, she served at congregations in Kalamazoo, Michigan (First Church, 1958–69); Indianapolis, Indiana (Northminster Presbyterian Church, 1970–72); and Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Kettle Moraine parish, 1973-1990). At first she worked mainly in Christian education and as an assistant or associate pastor, only later becoming a full pastor. It was not until her very last posting that she was paid equally with male pastors. She spent 17 years in Milwaukee, where she was one of three co-pastors in a parish with six churches.
In 1981, the year that PCUSA celebrated the 25th anniversary of women's ordination in the church, Towner was elected vice-moderator of the church's General Assembly. Among her activities that year was a trip to Korea to talk to Presbyterian congregations, as the Korean churches were then considering whether to ordain women.
In 1990, at the end of her Milwaukee pastorate, she retired to Sarasota, Florida.
Honors and legacy
In 1983, Towner was given the Distinguished Alumnus Award by Carleton College. In 1989, she was awarded an honorary doctorate of divinity by Carroll College.[citation needed] In 2006, the Milwaukee Presbytery established the Doctor Margaret E. Towner scholarship in her honor.[citation needed]
A number of women who followed Towner in the Presbyterian ministry have credited her as their role model and mentor.
In 2015, Towner celebrated her 90th birthday. | 3969c392-b970-4348-8b44-2100ef9eb9e4 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD_1000"} | Calendar year
Year 1000 (M) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the proleptic Gregorian calendar, it was a non-leap century year starting on Wednesday (like 1800). It was also the last year of the 10th century as well as the last year of the 1st millennium of the Christian Era ending on December 31, but the first year of the 1000s decade.
The year falls well into the period of Old World history known as the Middle Ages; in Europe, it is sometimes and by convention considered the boundary date between the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. The Muslim world was in its Golden Age. China was in its Song dynasty, Korea was in its Goryeo dynasty, Japan was in its classical Heian period. India was divided into a number of lesser empires, such as the Chalukya Empire, Pala Empire (Kamboja Pala dynasty; Mahipala), Chola dynasty (Raja Raja Chola I), Yadava dynasty, etc. Sub-Saharan Africa was still in the prehistoric period, although trans Saharan slave trade was beginning to be an important factor in the formation of the Sahelian kingdoms. The pre-Columbian New World was in a time of general transition in many regions. Wari and Tiwanaku cultures receded in power and influence while Chachapoya and Chimú cultures rose toward florescence in South America. In Mesoamerica, the Maya Terminal Classic period saw the decline of many grand polities of the Petén like Palenque and Tikal yet a renewed vigor and greater construction phases of sites in the Yucatán region like Chichén Itzá and Uxmal. Mitla, with Mixtec influence, became the more important site of the Zapotec, overshadowing the waning Monte Albán. Cholula flourished in central Mexico, as did Tula, the center of Toltec culture.
World population is estimated to have been between c. 250 and 310 million.
Events
Japan
Americas
Christendom
Islamic world
The Islamic world was in its Golden Age; still organised in caliphates, it continued to be dominated by the Abbasid Caliphate, with the Caliphate of Córdoba to the west, and experienced ongoing campaigns in Africa and in India. At the time, Persia was in a period of instability, with various polities seceding from Abbasid rule, among whom the Ghaznavids would emerge as the most powerful.
The Islamic world was reaching the peak of its historical scientific achievements. Important scholars and scientists who flourished in AD 1000 include Abu al-Qasim (Abcasis), Ibn Yunus (publishes his astronomical treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir in Cairo in c. 1000), Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, Abu al-Wafa, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Al-Muqaddasi, Ali Ibn Isa, and al-Karaji (al-Karkhi). Ibn al-Haytham (Book of Optics), Avicenna, Averroes, and Abu Rayhan al-Biruni all flourished around the year 1000.
By this time, the Turkic migration from the Eurasian Steppe had reached Eastern Europe, and most of the Turkic tribes (Khazars, Bulghars, Pechenegs etc.) had been Islamized.
Babylon abandoned
Babylon was abandoned around this year.
Largest cities
Births
Deaths | 6c686e11-e360-4b6e-a8e7-df202ea49a22 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Poncelet"} | French politician (1928–2020)
Christian Poncelet (24 March 1928 – 11 September 2020) was a conservative French politician. A member of President Nicolas Sarkozy's Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), he was President of the Senate from 1998 to 2008. In addition to being a Senator, he was Mayor of Remiremont (Vosges) and has been the President of the General Council of Vosges.
Political career
He was elected to the National Assembly in the November 1962 parliamentary election from the Third Constituency of Vosges and was re-elected from the same constituency in the March 1967 parliamentary election and the June 1968 parliamentary election. He served as a deputy until August 1972, when he left his seat following his nomination as a member of the government. He was first elected to the Senate in September 1977, and he was re-elected in September 1986, September 1995, and September 2004, representing Vosges.
On 2 October 1998, Poncelet was elected by the Senate as its President in a third round of voting. The previous President of the Senate, René Monory, had withdrawn after the first round of voting. In the third round, Poncelet received 189 votes against 93 for Socialist candidate Claude Estier and one vote for the withdrawn Communist candidate Hélène Luc.
In 2000, Poncelet was awarded the Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit.
Following the September 2008 Senate election, it was announced on 24 September that Poncelet would not seek another term as President of the Senate, although he would continue to serve as a Senator. He was succeeded by Gérard Larcher, also from the UMP, on 1 October.
Personal life
Poncelet was born in Blaise (now part of Vouziers) in the Ardennes.
Poncelet died in Remiremont, on 11 September 2020, at the age of 92.
Political career
Governmental functions
Electoral mandates
European Parliament
National Assembly
Senate
Regional Council
General Council
Municipal Council | 3b0e1d03-a766-424f-9596-9a34a340f94b |
null | Hiwaga ng Kambat (lit. 'Mystery of the Twin Bat') is a 2019 Philippine drama television series starring Edward Barber and Grae Fernandez. The series premiered on ABS-CBN's Yes! Weekend from April 21 to August 25, 2019, succeeding the two-decade run of Wansapanataym.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2019) | 36f8620c-9a86-4660-a7a6-80d7d7e06371 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyam_Moor"} | Hill in the Derbyshire Peak District
Eyam Moor is a plateau-topped hill between the villages of Eyam and Hathersage in Derbyshire, in the Peak District of England. The summit of Sir William Hill is 429 metres (1,407 ft) above sea level.
It is unclear whom Sir William Hill is named after. Candidates include the four Dukes of Devonshire called Sir William Cavendish, Sir William Saville (Lord of the Manor of Eyam) and Sir William Bagshaw (High Sheriff for Derbyshire in 1805). The radio mast on top of Sir William Hill is a prominent local landmark. Sir William Hill Road is an ancient packhorse route across the moor and was part of the Sheffield to Buxton Turnpike of 1758. The Barrel Inn on Sir William Hill Road at Bretton is the highest pub in Derbyshire.
There are three stone circles on Eyam Moor. Wet Withens (known as Eyam Moor 1) is a Bronze Age stone circle at the centre of Eyam Moor with an earthen bank over 30m wide. The prehistoric henge of 10 upright stones (orthostats) is a protected Scheduled Monument. The other embanked stone circle (Eyam Moor 2) on the eastern edge of the moor is also Bronze Age and is about 13m across. Nearby is Eyam Moor 3, a third Bronze Age small circle of 13m diameter with six remaining free-standing stones, without an embankment. Both of these smaller henges are also Scheduled Monuments, as well as numerous prehistoric cairns spread across the moor.
Ladywash Mine on the southern edge of Eyam Moor was an old lead mine and was also used to produce fluorspar for the steel industry between 1936 and 1979.
Following the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, this gritstone moorland plateau became "Open Access" land for the public. There are footpaths across the moor, leading from roadside car parking on Sir William Hill Road between Eyam and Grindleford. | 0476a2ca-ccff-4187-9137-41fbf2bd9fc4 |
null | The pipasso is a type of bagpipe found in northern France and Belgium. It is commonly called the "Picardy bagpipe". In the Belgian province of Hainaut, it is also known as the muchosa.
History
The pipasso was traditionally played by shepherds in festival processions, and was often played alongside popular instruments such as the hurdy-gurdy and the fiddle. However, by the 1700s, it had largely been replaced by the fiddle and by bass instruments.
There are a few outliers in the tradition that continued on beyond the 1700s. Unfortunately, no recordings of the last living players (whom were mostly shepherds and beggars living in the 1900s) exist, and scarce information survives about the typical repertoire a pipasso player would have been able to perform. The historical models that have been preserved have a one-octave range.
Construction
According to the eighth volume of the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, illustrations dating back to the 1300s and 1400s suggest that the instrument consisted of a simplistic bag made from a bladder, as well as a single-piece, often conical, chanter. These illustrations did not include a drone. By the 1450s - 1550s, the most common model of the pipasso was made from a sewn bag, a one-piece conical chanter, and also included a two-jointed bass drone (see bagpipes for technical definition of drones as they pertain to musical instruments).
In the second half of the 16th century, another German model came into existence. In this particular model, a second drone (tenor) was added below the bass drone. The single surviving model is currently held in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, Austria.
By the 1700s - 1800s, despite the beginnings of its ultimate decline and near disappearance, yet another model with a slightly different configuration had been created. The bass drone rested upright on the shoulder, while the tenor drone would have been in a parallel formation in the same stock (the socket that attaches the pipe to the bag itself - see: bagpipes) as the chanter. There are currently three extant samples of this model in the Musical Instrument Museum in Brussels, Belgium.
Modern usage
Though documentation of the instrument dates back as far as the fourteenth century, today very little information about the pipasso circulates among the public and the academic realm of music studies. However, several groups are working to make the instrument visible and known to the general public, including Amuséon and ch'Pipasso Greench Binde. A revival movement for the instrument began in the 1970s and continues today.
There is an annual Pipasso festival (Le Festival du Pipasso) that is held in Flixecourt, Northern France. The 13th edition will take place from 27 September to 29 September 2019. | 91e6d537-344a-47ba-89b2-e6c4f9fa27c9 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Faber"} | Jules Faber is a cartoonist, caricature artist, illustrator and finished artist located in Coffs Harbour. In 2009, he became President of the Australian Cartoonists' Association and was again elected to the position in November 2012.
Life
Faber's first collection of short stories, poetry and autobiographical comics was published in 2004. He was also co-editor and a major contributor to the Australian anthology Sporadic, a comic featuring many Australian cartoonists with an animation background - Faber was background inker on nine episodes from Season Two of Disney's 'The Proud Family' - a show made for minority groups in the US television industry. Other work includes the science fiction color comic Golgotha: Book One (2005), the trilogy of 'The Clunkertons' children's books and various newspaper editorial cartooning positions.
Faber's second solo exhibition of works 'Ten Years and a Day' opened at the Verve Cafe in Brisbane's Metro Arts building on 6 February 2008 (?).
He was a DVD reviewer for the website and ill-fated publication What DVD. He is currently delving further into children's book illustration. His most prominent recent work is illustrating the Weirdo series of books written by Anh Do. | c390c9aa-fcf9-4c81-88c3-3e7d0ed4863b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_game_theory"} | Behavioral game theory seeks to examine how people's strategic decision-making behaviour is shaped by social preferences, social utility and other psychological factors. Behavioral game theory analyzes interactive strategic decisions and behavior using the methods of game theory, experimental economics, and experimental psychology. Experiments include testing deviations from typical simplifications of economic theory such as the independence axiom and neglect of altruism, fairness, and framing effects. As a research program, the subject is a development of the last three decades.
Traditional game theory is a critical principle of economic theory, and assumes that people's strategic decisions are shaped by rationality, selfishness and utility maximisation. It focuses on the mathematical structure of equilibria, and tends to use basic rational choice theory and utility maximization as the primary principles within economic models. In contrast to traditional game theory, behavioral game theory examines how actual human behavior tends to deviate from standard predictions and models. In order to more accurately understand these deviations and determine the factors and conditions involved in strategic decision making, behavioural game theory aims to create new models that incorporate psychological principles. Studies of behavioral game theory demonstrate that choices are not always rational and do not always represent the utility maximizing choice.
Behavioral game theory largely utilises empirical and theoretical research to understand human behaviour. It also uses laboratory and field experiments, as well as modeling – both theoretical and computational. Recently, methods from machine learning have been applied in work at the intersection of economics, psychology, and computer science to improve both prediction and understanding of behavior in games.
History
Behavioral game theory began with the work of Allais in 1953 and Ellsberg in 1961. They discovered the Allais paradox and the Ellsberg paradox, respectively. Both paradoxes show that choices made by participants in a game do not reflect the benefit they expect to receive from making those choices. In 1956, the work of Vernon Smith showed that economic markets could be examined experimentally rather than only theoretically, and reinforced the importance of rationality and self-interest within economic models. Later in the 1970's, economists Tversky and Kahneman, as well as several other co-workers, conducted experiments that discovered variations of traditional decision-making models such as regret theory, prospect theory, and hyperbolic discounting. These discoveries showed that decision makers consider many factors when making choices. For example, a person may seek to minimize the amount of regret they will feel after making a decision and weigh their options based on the amount of regret they anticipate from each. Due to the fact that these theories were not previously examined by traditional economic theory, factors such as regret along with many others fueled further research on the subject of social preferences and decision making.
Beginning in the 1980s experimenters started examining the conditions that cause divergence from rational choice. Ultimatum and bargaining games examined the effect of emotions on predictions of opponent behavior. One of the most well known examples of an ultimatum game is the television show Deal or No Deal in which participants must make decisions to sell or continue playing based on monetary ultimatums given to them by "the banker." These games also explored the effect of trust on decision-making outcomes and utility maximizing behavior. Common resource games were used to experimentally test how cooperation and social desirability affect subject's choices. A real-life example of a common resource game might be a party guest's decision to take from a food platter. The guest's decisions be affected by how hungry they are, how much of the shared resource (the food) is left and if the guest believes others would judge them for taking more. Experimenters believed that any behavior that did not maximize utility as the result of participant's flawed reasoning. By the turn of the century economists and psychologists expanded this research. Models based on the rational choice theory were adapted to reflect decision maker preferences and attempt to rationalize choices that did not maximize utility.
Comparison to traditional game theory
There are various distinctions between traditional game theory and behavioural game theory. Traditional game theory uses theoretical and mathematical models to determine the most beneficial choice of all players in a game. Game theory uses rational choice theory to predict people's decisions in conditions of uncertainty. It understands strategic behaviour to be influenced by utility-maximising preferences, as well as player's assumed knowledge of their opponents and material constraints. It also allows for players to predict their opponents' strategies. Traditional game theory is a primarily normative theory as it seeks to pinpoint the decision that rational players should choose, but does not attempt to explain why that decision was made. Rationality is a primary assumption of game theory, so there are not explanations for different forms of rational decisions or irrational decisions.
In contrast to traditional game theory, behavioral game theory uses empirical models to explain how social preferences, such as ideals of fairness, efficiency or equity, influence human decisions and strategic reasoning. Behavioral game theory attempts to explain factors that influence real-world decisions. These factors are not explored in the area of traditional game theory, but can be postulated and observed using empirical data. Findings from behavioral game theory will tend to have higher external validity and can be better applied to real world decision-making behavior. Behavioral game theory is a primarily positive theory rather than a normative theory. A positive theory seeks to describe phenomena rather than prescribe a correct action. Positive theories must be testable and can be proven true or false. A normative theory is subjective and based on opinions. Because of this, normative theories cannot be proven true or false. Behavioral game theory attempts to explain decision making using experimental data. The theory allows for rational and irrational decisions because both are examined using real-life experiments in the form of simple games. Simple games are often used in behavioural game theory research as a way of analyzing unexplored phenomena, such as social preferences and social utility, that are not explored in traditional game theory.
Examining social utility and preferences through games
Simple games are regularly utilised in behavioral game theory experiments in order to examine player's social utility. The simplicity of these games means that players do not face intellectual challenges, and player's choices are not impacted or altered by the game itself. This makes the games extremely useful in understanding social preferences. Games often include monetary rewards to easily calculate how player's will act if they choices are driven by monetary incentives and payoffs. Player's actions are often shaped by the social utility function, whereby their choices are shaped by the benefits that both they and their opponent would receive. Traditional game theory would expect rational players to attempt to maximise their monetary rewards. If these calculations were wrong, however, and if players choose not to maximise their utility, then player's would be exhibiting a social preference for a particular action. Behavioural game theory explains how player's often deviate from traditional norms, and quite regularly consider factors such as social welfare when making their strategic decisions. For example, players are known to sacrifice high monetary rewards in order to maintain fairness within the game.
Different games demonstrate different social preferences. For example, the ultimatum game is known to demonstrate negative reciprocity. The premise of the ultimatum game is that Player 1 is given a certain amount of money, and is then forced to offer a certain amount to Player 2. Player 2 can then choose to either accept or reject Player 1's offer. If Player 2 accepts the offer, then both players are able to enjoy the amount offered. If Player 2 rejects the offer, then neither player is able to receive the money. Results from ultimatum game experiments demonstrate that players value being treated fairly and do not react well when one player is attempting to receive better payoffs than the other. Studies show that people are more likely sacrifice all monetary rewards if they are offered less than 20 percent of the original amount. This represents negative reciprocity preferences, as players would rather sacrifice their payoff in order to punish their opponent for their unkind behaviour. However, being scared of having their offers rejected, people often give Player 2 around 40-50 percent of the original amount.
Another example of a social preference is positive reciprocity, which is displayed in the gift exchange game. The gift exchange game involves Player 1 either keeping set amount of money, or offering an even larger amount to Player 2. Player 2 is then able to decide how they wish to divide the money between the two of them. In this game, Player 1 trusts that Player 2 will return a certain amount of money to them. Findings from this game often show that if Player 2 is offered a generous amount of money from Player 1, then they are more likely to return the favour and give Player 1 back an equally generous amount. This demonstrates how players appreciate being treated kindly, and are more likely to treat their opponent kindly in return. The concept of positive reciprocity can be seen in real-life examples, such as the workplace. If an employer offers a large wage to their employees, then the employees often pay back the favour by working harder.
Altruism is another social preference seen in the dictator game. This game is similar to the ultimatum and gift exchange games. In this game, however, Player 1 is given an amount of money, and can then offer however much they would like to Player 2. Unlike the ultimatum game, Player 2 cannot reject the amount they have been offered. As a result, people are more likely to reduce the amount of money they offer to Player 2. Despite this, results show that people still offer Player 2 a sum of around 20-30 percent of the original amount. The dictator game shows how people are willing to share their rewards with people, despite not being forced too.
The prisoner's dilemma game is effective in examining the social preference of cooperation. The logic behind the prisoner's dilemma is that every players rational choice is to defect, rather than cooperate. As it is in each player's best interest to defect, both players would rationally choose to defect. This results in a worse payoff for both players. However, in an attempt to reach a fair equilibrium for both players, results from the prisoner's dilemma game show that people cooperate much more than traditionally thought. When one player decides to cooperate, then the other players are more likely to cooperate too. This goes against the traditional beliefs that people only make decisions that maximise their utility.
Examples of games used in behavioral game theory research
Factors that affect rationality in games
Learning
Learning models are a way of explaining and predicting strategic decisions in behavioral game theory. More specifically, they aim to explain how player's choices may change when given the chance to learn about their opponents or the game. There are three different types of learning models. The first is reinforcement learning. Reinforcement learning suggests that if a player received a high reward from choosing a certain behavior or strategy, then that player would be more inclined to use the same strategy again. If a particular strategy has not been used before however, then the strategy would not appear to be more or less appealing to the player. Another learning model is belief learning. Belief learning assumes that players often remember their opponents previous strategies in games, and will henceforth change their own strategies based on their opponents past behaviour. Lastly, experience weighted attraction learning uses a mixture of belief learning and reinforcement learning in its model. This model accounts for the strategies and payoffs that have been played and unplayed. The experience weighted attraction learning framework posits that people learn from past experiences as well as by questioning what they could've done differently. Furthermore, it also believes that players player's evaluate their past rewards half as much as their as their actual rewards.
Beliefs
Beliefs about other people in a decision-making game are expected to influence ones ability to make rational choices. However, beliefs of others can also cause experimental results to deviate from equilibrium, utility-maximizing decisions. In an experiment by Costa-Gomez (2008) participants were questioned about their first order beliefs about their opponent's actions prior to completing a series of normal-form games with other participants. Participants complied with Nash Equilibrium only 35% of the time. Further, participants only stated beliefs that their opponents would comply with traditional game theory equilibrium 15% of the time. This means participants believed their opponents would be less rational than they really were. The results of this study show that participants do not choose the utility-maximizing action and they expect their opponents to do the same. Also, the results show that participants did not choose the utility-maximizing action that corresponded to their beliefs about their opponent's action. While participants may have believed their opponent was more likely to make a certain decision, they still made decisions as if their opponent was choosing randomly. Another study that examined participants from the TV show Deal or No Deal found divergence from rational choice. Participants were more likely to base their decisions on previous outcomes when progressing through the game. Risk aversion decreased when participants' expectations were not met within the game. For example, a subject that experienced a string of positive outcomes was less likely to accept the deal and end the game. The same was true for a subject that experienced primarily negative outcomes early in the game.
Social cooperation
Social behavior and cooperation with other participants are two factors that are not modeled in traditional game theory, but are often seen in an experimental setting. The evolution of social norms has been neglected in decision-making models, but these norms influence the ways in which real people interact with one another and make choices. One tendency is for a person to be a strong reciprocator. This type of person enters a game with the predisposition to cooperate with other players. They will increase their cooperation levels in response to cooperation from other players and decrease their cooperation levels, even at their own expense, to punish players who do not cooperate. This is not payoff-maximizing behavior, as a strong reciprocator is willing to reduce their payoff in order to encourage cooperation from others.
Dufwenberg and Kirchsteiger (2004) developed a model based on reciprocity called the sequential reciprocity equilibrium. This model adapts traditional game theory logic to the idea that players reciprocate actions in order to cooperate. The model had been used to more accurately predict experimental outcomes of classic games such as the prisoner's dilemma and the centipede game. Rabin (1993) also created a fairness equilibrium that measures altruism's effect on choices. He found that when a player is altruistic to another player the second player is more likely to reciprocate that altruism. This is due to the idea of fairness. Fairness equilibriums take the form of mutual maximum, where both players choose an outcome that benefits both of them the most, or mutual minimum, where both players choose an outcome that hurts both of them the most. These equilibriums are also Nash equilibriums, but they incorporate the willingness of participants to cooperate and play fair.
Incentives, consequences, and deception
The role of incentives and consequences in decision-making is interesting to behavioral game theorists because it affects rational behavior. Post (2008) analyzed Deal or no Deal contestant behavior in order to reach conclusions about decision-making when stakes are high. Studying the contestant's choices formed the conclusion that in a sequential game with high stakes decisions were based on previous outcomes rather than rationality. Players who face a succession of good outcomes, in this case they eliminate the low-value cases from play, or players who face a succession of poor outcomes become less risk averse. This means that players who are having exceptionally good or exceptionally bad outcomes are more likely to gamble and continue playing than average players. The lucky or unlucky players were willing to reject offers of over one hundred percent of the expected value of their case in order to continue playing. This shows a shift from risk avoiding behavior to risk seeking behavior. This study highlights behavioral biases that are not accounted for by traditional game theory. Riskier behavior in unlucky contestants can be attributed to the break-even effect, which states that gamblers will continue to make risky decisions in order to win back money. On the other hand, riskier behavior in lucky contestants can be explained by the house-money effect, which states that winning gamblers are more likely to make risky decisions because they perceive that they are not gambling with their own money. This analysis shows that incentives influence rational choice, especially when players make a series of decisions.
Incentives and consequences also play a large role in deception in games. Gneezy (2005) studied deception using a cheap talk sender-receiver game. In this type of game player one receives information about the payouts of option A and option B. Then, player one gives a recommendation to player two about which option to take. Player one can choose to deceive player two, and player two can choose to reject player one's advice. Gneezy found that participants were more sensitive to their gain from lying than to their opponent's loss. He also found that participants were not wholly selfish and cared about how much their opponents lost from their deception, but this effect diminished as their own payout increased. These findings show that decision makers examine both incentives to lie and consequences of lying in order to decide whether or not to lie. In general people are averse to lying, but given the right incentives they tend to ignore consequences. Wang (2009) also used a cheap talk game to study deception in participants with an incentive to deceive. Using eye tracking he found that participants who received information about payoffs focused on their own payoff twice as often as their opponents. This suggests minimal strategic thinking. Further, participants' pupils dilated when they sent a deceiving, and they dilated more when telling a bigger lie. Through these physical cues Wang concluded that deception is cognitively difficult. These findings show that factors such as incentives, consequences, and deception can create irrational decisions and affect the way games unfold.
A consequence of the game theory is its lack of use of empirical data to predict outcomes. "game theory will be no substitute for an empirically grounded behavioral theory when we want to predict what people will actually do in a competitive situation" Predicting rational behavior is possible with game theory but it can be improved if the theory is open to adjustment. The predicted result of the game can be improved and long-lasting if the discipline expands its knowledge of behavioral theory. How people act, think, and feel affect their decisions to play a role in this theory.,. Ken Binmore makes an excellent point that when empirically sound data is present, game theory should not hold the final decision outcome. That this is good for trying to understand if the rational decision being made is due to game theory or is just a consistent behavioral decision being made. The field of economics should try to take every step in improving empirical information in that there is little reliance on just a theory. Businesses value game theory, and the economic discipline must improve the strength of game theory by trying to establish an empirical database. Society will be able to advance its knowledge of behavioral game theory just by expanding the economic discipline of data. Alvin E Roth states, "if we do not take steps in the direction of adding a solid empirical base to game theory, but instead continue to rely on game theory primarily for conceptual insights, then it is likely that long before a hundred-year game theory will have experienced sharply diminishing return"
Group decisions
Behavioral game theory considers the effects of groups on rationality. In the real world many decisions are made by teams, yet traditional game theory uses an individual as a decision maker. This created a need to model group decision-making behavior. Bornstein and Yaniv (1998) examined the difference in rationality between groups and individuals in an ultimatum game. In this game player one (or group one) decides what percentage of a payout to give to player two (or group two) and then player two decides whether to accept or reject this offer. Participants in the group condition were put in groups of three and allowed to deliberate on their decisions. Perfect rationality in this game would be player one offering player two none of the payout, but that is almost never the case in observed offers. Bornstein and Yaniv found that groups were less generous, willing to give up a smaller portion of the payoff, in the player one condition and more accepting of low offers in the player two condition than individuals. These results suggest that groups are more rational than individuals.
Kocher and Sutter (2005) used a beauty contest game to study and compare individual and group behavior. A beauty contest game is one where all participants choose a number between zero and one hundred. The winner is the participant who chooses a number closest to two thirds of the average number. In the first round the rational choice would be thirty-three, as it is two thirds of the average number, fifty. Given an infinite number of rounds all participants should choose zero according to game theory. Kocher and Sutter found that groups did not perform more rationally than individuals in the first round of the game. However, groups performed more rationally than individuals in subsequent rounds. This shows that groups are able to learn the game and adapt their strategy faster than individuals. | 8f4b56db-a239-4ef1-ae3c-0ad4d402dbe2 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurothyrium_roberto-andinoi"} | Species of flowering plant
Pleurothyrium roberto-andinoi is a species of plant in the family Lauraceae. It is endemic to Honduras. | c2b79877-9559-4818-a021-d301cb1b68c6 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liane_Balaban"} | Canadian actress
Liane Balaban (born June 24, 1980) is a Canadian actress. Her film debut was in New Waterford Girl (1999) as Agnes-Marie "Mooney" Pottie. She has since appeared in the films Definitely, Maybe (2008), Last Chance Harvey (2008), and the independent drama One Week (2008). She has guest-starred on the television series NCIS: Los Angeles, Covert Affairs and Alphas, and joined the cast of Supernatural for its eighth season.
Early life
Balaban was born in North York, Ontario, the daughter of a Catholic mother who worked as a medical secretary, and a Jewish father from the Uzbek SSR in the Soviet Union, who worked in real estate. She grew up in the Willowdale neighbourhood of North York, now part of Toronto, and went to high school at Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute, where she was classmates with singer Henry Lau. She majored in journalism at Ryerson University but left to concentrate on acting. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Concordia University.
Career
Balaban made her feature film debut in New Waterford Girl (1999), as a 15-year-old misfit longing to escape the Cape Breton coal-mining town of New Waterford. Set in the 1970s, the film was directed by Allan Moyle. Producer Julia Sereny, who knew Balaban through her aunt and uncle, asked her to audition for the film. Balaban had studied drama in high school, but did not intend to be an actor. After seven auditions, she landed the part that won a Special Jury Citation at the 1999 Toronto International Film Festival and a nomination for a Canadian Comedy Award.
She made a successful follow-up with Saint Jude (2000), directed by John L'Ecuyer. She starred in the TV movie After the Harvest (2001), opposite Sam Shepard, and appeared in Happy Here and Now (2002), opposite David Arquette and Ally Sheedy. She also starred in the horror film Spliced (2002), co-starring Ron Silver. She was a member of the garage/electro/pop band We are Molecules, where she sang and played keyboards and drums. She has also written for arts newspapers.
While previously unsure of acting as a career, Balaban committed to seriously pursuing acting around 2007. She appeared in her first mainstream Hollywood feature film, Definitely, Maybe in 2008, a romantic comedy starring Ryan Reynolds. She next appeared in Last Chance Harvey, a romance starring Dustin Hoffman and Emma Thompson, which had a wide release in January 2009, in the supporting role of Susan, the estranged and soon-to-be-married daughter of Hoffman's character. She told The Globe and Mail that her time in London making the film was like "going to the best acting school in the world".
Balaban starred in the independent drama One Week (2008) as Samantha Pierce, a woman whose fiancé (Joshua Jackson) is diagnosed with terminal cancer and takes a motorcycle trip across Canada. Directed by Michael McGowan, Balaban was nominated for the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in 2010 for her performance. She starred in the black comedy You Might as Well Live (2009) as a psychotic girl who is obsessed with explosives.
Balaban's other films in 2009 included Not Since You, a drama about a group of college friends; and The Trotsky by Jacob Tierney. She also shot the CBC TV movie Abroad, based on the love life of Leah McLaren, a Toronto columnist for The Globe and Mail. Balaban was nominated for the Gemini Award for best lead actress in a dramatic program or miniseries for the role. She then starred in The New Tenants with Vincent D’Onofrio, a short film entered in the CFC Worldwide Short Film Festival, which also won the 2010 Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film.
Balaban starred in the 2010 comedy/drama Coach, directed by Will Frears, as an emergency room doctor who falls for an inner city soccer coach (Hugh Dancy). She appeared in the "Communication Breakdown" episode of the TV series Covert Affairs as Natasha Petrova, a Russian computer hacker, the character Auggie (Chris Gorham)'s ex-girlfriend. She also voiced Lucrezia Borgia in the video game Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood. She played a journalist opposite Paul Ahmarani in The Future is Now!, a docudrama by Gary Burns.
Balaban made her stage debut in February 2011 starring as Claire in Divisadero: A Performance at the Theatre Passe Muraille in Toronto. Directed by Daniel Brooks, it was an adaptation of a Governor General’s Award-winning novel by Michael Ondaatje, with music by Justin Rutledge. It was restaged in February 2012.
Balaban filmed the independent comedy, Finding Joy, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in mid-2011. She signed on to a recurring role in the CW drama Supernatural in 2012, as Amelia, a young doctor with tragedy in her past. In August she was in Newfoundland filming The Grand Seduction, an English-language version of the 2003 Québécois comedy Seducing Doctor Lewis (French: La grande séduction), in which she plays the love interest, opposite Taylor Kitsch, directed by Don McKellar. She will also appear in the independent film The People Garden, starring Pamela Anderson and written and directed by Nadia Litz.
Personal life
In 2007, Balaban lived in Mile End, Montreal. She described Montreal as "not a city that revolves around acting, so you stay very grounded here" to Hour magazine. She enjoys reading, writing, going to art galleries, and hearing music. She told Toronto's Now magazine in January 2009 that she was often mistaken for actress Natalie Portman. She moved to Los Angeles in 2010. As of 2013[update], she resides in both Los Angeles and Toronto. She married in November 2013 and gave birth to a son on March 1, 2016.
Filmography | c9a0074d-7452-4d47-b456-777ab410e351 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junjo"} | 2006 studio album by Esperanza Spalding
Junjo is the debut studio album by American bassist and singer Esperanza Spalding. It was released on 18 April 2006 by Spanish label, Ayva Music.
Background
The piano trio features pianist Aruán Ortiz, Francisco Mela on drums and then 22-year-old Spalding on upright bass, and providing vocals –often wordless– on all but two tracks. Besides compositions by Jimmy Rowles, Egberto Gismonti and Chick Corea the trio plays originals. The album draws on jazz as well as on a number of Brazilian and other Latin music styles.
Critical reception
Michael G. Nastos from AllMusic calls Junjo "an exercise in joy and freedom", noting "the certainty of her concept and clarity of her vision ... an auspicious beginning." Jim Santella of All About Jazz commented, "Esperanza Spalding's debut drives jazz's modern mainstream with a hip-sounding classic piano trio. Her emotional, wordless vocals and conversational bass playing offer a delightful celebration of music as folk art. Spalding's bass playing gets noticed while she interprets traditional jazz favorites as well as fresh new originals." Jamie Katz of Vibe wrote, "...it's Spalding singular creations that make Junjo truly beguiling, signaling a new and important voice in jazz."
Track listing
Personnel | 77460632-38f0-4183-a560-d4cb217118c7 |
null | George Saville Carey (1743-1807), was an entertainer and miscellaneous writer.
Life
Carey was the posthumous son of Henry Carey, and was brought up in the trade of a printer. About 1763 he resolved to go upon the stage. Garrick, Mrs. Cibber, and others encouraged him in this course. He played at Covent Garden, where he failed to make his way and retired.
He then wrote The Inoculator, a comedy in three acts, and The Cottagers, an opera; neither these plays were staged, but they were published with some poems in 1766 by subscription. In 1768 Carey, under the pseudonym of "Paul Tell-Truth, esq.", published Liberty chastized; or Patriotism in Chains, a Tragi-comi-political Farce; and wrote The Nut-Brown Maid (published in his Analects 1770). In 1769 he published Shakespeare's Jubilee, a Masque; in 1770 The Old Women Weatherwise, an Interlude, presented at Drury Lane; The Magic Girdle, a Burletta, acted at the Marylebone Gardens; The Noble Pedlar, another burletta; and a collection of trifles called Analects in Verse and Prose, chiefly Dramatical, Satirical, and Pastoral.
Carey arranged, apparently about this time, a series of public entertainments at Covent Garden, the Haymarket, the Great Room in Panton Street, and other places, giving imitations of Foote, Weston, Ann Catley, and other popular actors and vocalists; and in 1776 he published a Lecture on Mimicry with a portrait, followed in 1777 by A Rural Ramble, to which is annexed a Poetical Tagg, or Brighthelmstone Guide. In 1787 he published Poetical Efforts; and in 1792, `The Dupes of Fancy, or Every Man his Hobby, a Farce, in Two Acts, performed at Pilgrim's benefit.
Meanwhile he continued his entertainments at Bath, Buxton, and elsewhere. By 1797 it was rumoured that his father was the actual author of God save the King, and that he himself had received a pension of 200 pounds a year on that ground. Corey announced that he had not received a pension, though his father had written the song; and he applied fruitlessly for an interview with the king to urge his claims.
In 1799 came out his Balnea, or History of all the Popular Watering-places of England, with another portrait, which reached a third edition in 1801. In 1800 he published One Thousand Eight Hundred, or I wish you a Happy New Year, a collection of about sixty of his songs, some sung by Incledon. In 1801 he published The Myrtle and Vine, or Complete Vocal Library, containing several Thousands of Songs with an Essay on Singing and Song-writing
In the summer of 1807 he was in London giving a series of entertainments, but he died suddenly of paralysis, aged 64, and was buried at the cost of friends.
An edition of his Old Women Weatherwise, in the form of a penny or halfpenny chap-book, was printed at Hull, without a date, but believed to be as late as 1825. | 92be20dc-3c42-44b1-8863-cd7328dbe7c1 |
null | Diocese of the Macedonian Orthodox Church
The Macedonian Orthodox Diocese of Australia and New Zealand (Macedonian: Австралиско-Новозеландска Епархија) is one of 10 dioceses of the Macedonian Orthodox Church (MOC). There are some 27 MOC churches in Australia. Almost half are under the Macedonian Orthodox diocese headed by Metropolitan Petar.
History
The Macedonian Orthodox Church created its first diocese in 1967 for Macedonian diaspora communities that covered Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. By 1981, the MOC split the diocese into two parts creating a diocese for Canada and the United States and another diocese for Australia and New Zealand. The diocese for Australia and New Zealand is headquartered in Melbourne. Metropolitan Tomotej of Debar-Kičevo served as its first administrator, succeeded in 1995 by Metropolitan Petar of Prespa-Pelagonija who has served in the role till present. The structure of the diocese is split into a number of regencies that are split as municipalities and church parishes. Regencies belonging to the archpriest are within Sydney (17 churches) and Melbourne (9 churches). Close to Melbourne and in the vicinity of King Lake, St. Kliment Ohridski - Chudotvorec is the first monastery founded in Australia by the Macedonian community.
Over some two decades the diocese experienced internal divisions regarding the matter of property ownership. In the context of Australian law, a sizable number of parishioners view themselves and not the MOC as owners of properties and churches in the country. During early 2012, people representing the parishes and municipalities who refuse Metropolitan Petar's legitimacy entered into negotiations with the MOC. Both sides agreed to a short-term solution which acknowledged each other. One group would be part of the jurisdiction of Metropolitan Petar and the other under the MOC and its Synod. The MOC synod convened a meeting whose outcome resulted in Metropolitan Timothy becoming the overseer of Macedonian parishes who do not support Metropolitan Petar in Australia. The number of parishes under Metropolitan Petar are 13. Both sides agreed to put on hold any legal processes in order to allow for time to reach a solution over a period of 3 years. In the late 2010s the situation had become formalised and the churches under Metropolitan Timothy are organised as the Macedonian Orthodox Diocese of Australia - Sydney. | baa4abe4-6871-4087-88a3-0607c0512857 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_Too_(album)"} | 2004 studio album by Farrah
Me Too is the second album released by UK band Farrah.
Track listing | e0e48832-9e8f-4099-88e1-c4b8def20add |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchgalbraith"} | Inchgalbraith is an islet in Loch Lomond, Scotland, and is the ancestral home of Clan Galbraith.
History
Inchgalbraith, is as its name implies, connected with Clan Galbraith, and was one of their strongholds. The remains of their ancient castle can still be seen on it. It is possibly a crannog. Probably, in the late 19th century the castle restored by gravelly concrete.
Geography
It is on the west side of Loch Lomond, two miles (three kilometres) southeast of Luss. Its greatest elevation is 25 feet (8 metres). The most area on the island is covered by the castle and now with the collapsed stones from the castle itself.
Wildlife
Inchgalbraith was a breeding place for ospreys until 1869. | 0929b028-3900-4777-a6df-7ae125db7237 |
null | Unincorporated community in Mississippi, United States
Wallis (also Walls) is an unincorporated community in Forrest County, Mississippi, United States. | 71a4ca4c-4019-4eec-9768-e46163958ae7 |
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