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null | Javelin fish, javelinfish, or javelin, may refer to several fishes:
Primarily
Other fish | 85a4ddfb-bb13-49eb-987d-9f9c7fa0e206 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Cathcart_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)"} | Region or constituency of the Scottish Parliament
Glasgow Cathcart is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament (Holyrood), being one of eight constituencies within the Glasgow City council area. It elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the plurality (first past the post) method of election. It is also one of nine constituencies in the Glasgow electoral region, which elects seven additional members, in addition to nine constituency MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation for the region as a whole.
The seat has been held by James Dornan of the Scottish National Party since the 2011 Scottish Parliament election.
Electoral region
The other eight constituencies of the Glasgow region are Glasgow Anniesland, Glasgow Kelvin, Glasgow Maryhill and Springburn, Glasgow Pollok, Glasgow Provan, Glasgow Shettleston, Glasgow Southside, and Rutherglen.
The region covers the Glasgow City council area and a north-western portion of the South Lanarkshire council area.
Constituency boundaries
Map of boundaries from 2011
The current Glasgow Cathcart constituency was created at the same time as the Scottish Parliament, in 1999, with the name and boundaries of an existing Westminster constituency. In 2005, however, Scottish Westminster (House of Commons) constituencies were mostly replaced with new constituencies.
Boundary review
Following the First Periodic review into Scottish Parliament boundaries, a newly redrawn Cathcart was in place for the Scottish Parliament election, 2011. The electoral wards used in this creation are:
Member of the Scottish Parliament
Election results
2020s
2010s
2000s
1990s | eb7f5899-f763-4667-806e-d5c01deb2d5c |
null | Golden Horse Award
The Golden Horse Award for Best Original Screenplay (Chinese: 金馬獎最佳原著劇本) is given at the Golden Horse Film Awards.
Winners and nominees
1990s
2000s
2010s | 528f5e86-f68f-4a6c-8a77-be2bd201112a |
null | Brazilian footballer
Carlos Emiliano Pereira (born 29 November 1986), commonly known as Carlinhos, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a left back.
Honours
Botafogo
Icasa
Coritiba
Fortaleza | ea79d454-c17c-4f11-8cfe-2e00e5f34504 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choptank_River_Light"} | Lighthouse in Maryland, United States
Lighthouse
The Choptank River Light was a screw-pile lighthouse located near Oxford, Maryland. In its second incarnation it was the only such light moved from another location in the Chesapeake Bay.
History
The first light at this location was built in 1871 by Francis A. Gibbons, replacing a lightship which was stationed there the previous year. A ten pile arrangement similar to that of the York Spit Light in Virginia was used. Initially equipped with a sixth-order Fresnel lens, it was upgraded to a fifth order lens in 1881 after ice piled up around the foundation and disturbed some of the outer piles, tilting the house slightly. A second ice flow in 1918 piled up 30 feet (9.1 m), knocking the house from the piles and destroying it.
Although consideration was given to using a caisson structure, it was decided instead to reuse the house from the Cherrystone Bar Light, which had been deactivated in 1919. This was moved by barge and placed on a new six pile foundation in 1921, making the new light the only working lighthouse to be moved from one location to another in the bay. This light lasted until 1964, when the house was dismantled as part of the general program of eliminating such lights; a skeleton tower on the old piles replaced it.
A replica of the second Choptank River Lighthouse was built on the waterfront in Cambridge, Maryland and is open for tours. It was dedicated September 22, 2012. | dfc49818-c554-4cd5-a919-556fd505b0e0 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helluoherpia"} | Genus of molluscs
Helluoherpia is a genus of pholidoskepian solenogasters, shell-less, worm-like marine mollusks. It's 3–6 mm long and 200–300 µm wide. | 2ed25e65-8f97-40bd-a812-bda037f2811b |
null | American politician
George Milton Corlett (November 7, 1884 – February 16, 1955) was the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Colorado, serving from 1927 to 1931 under William Herbert Adams. | 0d837e10-bb38-4060-8099-973b79a1d773 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almedina"} | Almedina is a municipality in Ciudad Real, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 742. Coordinates: 38°37′N 2°57′W / 38.617°N 2.950°W / 38.617; -2.950
Almedina (also spelt medina, almadinah, madinah or madinat) is an Arabic word that was passed to many other languages during and after the great Arab expansion by the Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula. Almedina simply means the city or the town. it is also the name of a major city in the Arabian Peninsula (modern day Saudi Arabia). | 68c6c083-9a40-4e31-b3e2-46367cb6336f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmoca_italica"} | Species of moth
Symmoca italica is a moth of the family Autostichidae. It is found in Italy. | f930310d-b6f6-478b-950d-6f47e9192231 |
null | South Korean girl group
Puretty (Korean: 퓨리티) was a South Korean girl group formed by DSP Media. The group debuted in Japan in 2012 through the anime series Pretty Rhythm: Dear My Future, where fictionalized versions of the members appeared as the secondary cast, and their songs, "Check it Love" and "Shuwa Shuwa Baby", were used as the series' ending theme songs. Despite plans for them to make their Korean debut, the group disbanded in January 2014, with DSP Media announcing the possibility of its members becoming part of other groups in the future.
History
In January 2012, DSP Media announced that they would be debuting a sister group to Kara and Rainbow. Temporarily nicknamed the DSP Girls, the group revealed plans to debut simultaneously in both Korea and Japan through the 2012 video game and anime Pretty Rhythm: Dear My Future, with fictionalized versions of the members as the secondary cast. Puretty would sometimes feature alongside Prizmmy at the end of each episode of Pretty Rhythm: Dear My Future in a segment called "Pretty Rhythm Studios." In the Korean dub of the series, the members of Puretty had their own live-action segment titled "Charming School at Prism Stone."
Puretty held their first official performance at the Tokyo Toy Show 2012 on 15 June, promoting their debut Japanese single "Check it Love". In August 2012, they performed at A-Nation. In January 2013, the group released their second single, "Shuwa Shuwa Baby."
Disbandment
On 17 January 2014, DSP Media announced that the group had been disbanded with the possibility of its members debuting into other groups in the future.
Members
Discography
Japanese discography
Singles
Filmography
Television | 7d4f23f3-beba-49a5-bef9-256be2e02f16 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kay_Vyskocil"} | U.S. federal judge
Mary Kay Vyskocil (born March 22, 1958) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and a former United States Bankruptcy Judge for the same court. President Donald Trump nominated her to the district bench in 2018 and again in 2019, and she was confirmed in 2019.
Education
Vyskocil earned her undergraduate degree from the Dominican College in Rockland County, New York, where she was the class valedictorian and student government president, and her Juris Doctor from St. John's University School of Law, where she served on the Moot Court Executive Board.
Legal career
Prior to her appointment to the bench, she practiced general commercial litigation for almost thirty-three years at the New York City-based law firm of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett.
Federal judicial service
Bankruptcy court service
Vyskocil was selected to become a Judge of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York in 2016. She was sworn in as a United States bankruptcy judge on April 7, 2016, and served until her elevation as a district court judge.
District court service
In August 2017, Vyskocil was one of several candidates pitched to New York senators Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand by the White House as judicial candidates for vacancies on the federal courts in New York. On May 10, 2018, President Trump announced his intent to nominate Vyskocil to serve as a United States district judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. On May 15, 2018, her nomination was sent to the Senate. She was nominated to the seat that was vacated by Judge Loretta A. Preska, who assumed senior status on March 1, 2017. On August 1, 2018, a hearing on her nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee. On September 13, 2018, her nomination was reported out of committee by a 21–0 vote.
On January 3, 2019, her nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the United States Senate. On April 8, 2019, President Trump announced the renomination of Vyskocil to the district court. On May 21, 2019, her nomination was sent to the Senate. On June 20, 2019, her nomination was reported out of committee by a 21–1 vote. On December 18, 2019, the United States Senate invoked cloture on her nomination by a 89–4 vote. On December 19, 2019, her nomination was confirmed by a 91–3 vote. She received her judicial commission on December 20, 2019.
On December 5, 2019, Karen McDougal, an American model and one-time Playboy magazine Playmate who has an affair with Trump in 2006 to 2007, filed a defamation lawsuit against the television network Fox News. According to the suit, network anchor Tucker Carlson defamed McDougal by saying that she had personally extorted Trump for the hush money she received in 2016, a claim she denied. On September 24, 2020, Vyskocil dismissed the defamation lawsuit, writing that, "The statements are rhetorical hyperbole and opinion commentary intended to frame a political debate, and, as such, are not actionable as defamation". The judge added that the "'general tenor' of the show should then inform a viewer that [Carlson] is not 'stating actual facts' about the topics he discusses and is instead engaging in 'exaggeration' and 'non-literal commentary.'"
Memberships
She was a member of the Federalist Society from 1998 to 2005.
Awards and recognition
Vyskocil has been ranked as one of the "Top Ten Women Litigators in the United States" by Benchmark Litigation. In 2016, she received a "Top Women in Law Award" from the New York Law Journal. She has been recognized as a litigation leader by Chambers, Legal 500, Who's Who Legal and America's Leading Business Lawyers, and Law360. | acdec689-16eb-42b6-944d-a759581b33f8 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stanislaus_Kostka_College,_Salamanca"} | Private primary and secondary school in Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain
St. Stanislaus Kostka School (Spanish: Colegio San Estanislao de Kostka) is a private Catholic primary and secondary school, located in the Prosperity district of Salamanca, in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. The school was founded by the Society of Jesus in 1952. Nowadays it accommodates children from pre-school through secondary (ESO).
History
The school traces its history to the efforts of various Jesuits to build a church and school in the Prosperity area of Salamanca, beginning in 1952. The church was completed in 1957 and it became a parish church in 1968. In 1995 St. Stanislaus Kostka School was in place. | 9a8adb6c-d2f8-4e3f-97f8-bd5812a52520 |
null | Turkish actor (born 1991)
Berk Atan (born 26 September 1991) is a Turkish actor and model.
Life and career
Atan was born on 26 September 1991 in Izmir. His paternal family is of Bosnian descent. His father and his family are football players. Also, Berk Atan left his goalkeeper career since childhood. He graduated from Beykent University in the department of acting.
Atan was chosen as one of the "Best Promises" on the 2011 Best Model of Turkey. Then, he is the winner of 2012 Best Model of Turkey.
He made his acting debut in the series Her Şey Yolunda and portrayed the character of Selçuk Demircioğlu. He is mostly known for his role in youth series Güneşin Kızları as Savaş alongside Burcu Özberk, in family comedy drama series Gönül Dağı and as Selim in Cennet'in Gözyaşları alongside Almila Ada.
Filmography | 81651787-8464-4400-9ac4-1699230f6272 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-UTRA"} | 3GPP interface
E-UTRA is the air interface of 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) upgrade path for mobile networks. It is an acronym for Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access, also referred to as the 3GPP work item on the Long Term Evolution (LTE) also known as the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) in early drafts of the 3GPP LTE specification. E-UTRAN is the initialism of Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network and is the combination of E-UTRA, user equipment (UE), and E-UTRAN Node B or Evolved Node B (eNodeB).
It is a radio access network (RAN) which is referred to under the name EUTRAN standard meant to be a replacement of the UMTS and HSDPA/HSUPA technologies specified in 3GPP releases 5 and beyond. Unlike HSPA, LTE's E-UTRA is an entirely new air interface system, unrelated to and incompatible with W-CDMA. It provides higher data rates, lower latency and is optimized for packet data. It uses OFDMA radio-access for the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink. Trials started in 2008.
Features
EUTRAN has the following features:
Rationale for E-UTRA
Although UMTS, with HSDPA and HSUPA and their evolution, deliver high data transfer rates, wireless data usage is expected to continue increasing significantly over the next few years due to the increased offering and demand of services and content on-the-move and the continued reduction of costs for the final user. This increase is expected to require not only faster networks and radio interfaces but also higher cost-efficiency than what is possible by the evolution of the current standards. Thus the 3GPP consortium set the requirements for a new radio interface (EUTRAN) and core network evolution (System Architecture Evolution SAE) that would fulfill this need.
These improvements in performance allow wireless operators to offer quadruple play services – voice, high-speed interactive applications including large data transfer and feature-rich IPTV with full mobility.
Starting with the 3GPP Release 8, E-UTRA is designed to provide a single evolution path for the GSM/EDGE, UMTS/HSPA, CDMA2000/EV-DO and TD-SCDMA radio interfaces, providing increases in data speeds, and spectral efficiency, and allowing the provision of more functionality.
Architecture
EUTRAN consists only of eNodeBs on the network side. The eNodeB performs tasks similar to those performed by the nodeBs and RNC (radio network controller) together in UTRAN. The aim of this simplification is to reduce the latency of all radio interface operations. eNodeBs are connected to each other via the X2 interface, and they connect to the packet switched (PS) core network via the S1 interface.
EUTRAN protocol stack
The EUTRAN protocol stack consists of:
Interfacing layers to the EUTRAN protocol stack:
Physical layer (L1) design
E-UTRA uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology depending on the terminal category and can use as well beamforming for the downlink to support more users, higher data rates and lower processing power required on each handset.
In the uplink LTE uses both OFDMA and a precoded version of OFDM called Single-Carrier Frequency-Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) depending on the channel. This is to compensate for a drawback with normal OFDM, which has a very high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). High PAPR requires more expensive and inefficient power amplifiers with high requirements on linearity, which increases the cost of the terminal and drains the battery faster. For the uplink, in release 8 and 9 multi user MIMO / Spatial division multiple access (SDMA) is supported; release 10 introduces also SU-MIMO.
In both OFDM and SC-FDMA transmission modes a cyclic prefix is appended to the transmitted symbols. Two different lengths of the cyclic prefix are available to support different channel spreads due to the cell size and propagation environment. These are a normal cyclic prefix of 4.7 μs, and an extended cyclic prefix of 16.6 μs.
LTE supports both Frequency-division duplex (FDD) and Time-division duplex (TDD) modes. While FDD makes use of paired spectra for UL and DL transmission separated by a duplex frequency gap, TDD splits one frequency carrier into alternating time periods for transmission from the base station to the terminal and vice versa. Both modes have their own frame structure within LTE and these are aligned with each other meaning that similar hardware can be used in the base stations and terminals to allow for economy of scale. The TDD mode in LTE is aligned with TD-SCDMA as well allowing for coexistence. Single chipsets are available which support both TDD-LTE and FDD-LTE operating modes.
Frames and resource blocks
The LTE transmission is structured in the time domain in radio frames. Each of these radio frames is 10 ms long and consists of 10 sub frames of 1 ms each. For non-Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) subframes, the OFDMA sub-carrier spacing in the frequency domain is 15 kHz. Twelve of these sub-carriers together allocated during a 0.5 ms timeslot are called a resource block. A LTE terminal can be allocated, in the downlink or uplink, a minimum of 2 resources blocks during 1 subframe (1 ms).
Encoding
All L1 transport data is encoded using turbo coding and a contention-free quadratic permutation polynomial (QPP) turbo code internal interleaver. L1 HARQ with 8 (FDD) or up to 15 (TDD) processes is used for the downlink and up to 8 processes for the UL
EUTRAN physical channels and signals
Downlink (DL)
In the downlink there are several physical channels:
And the following signals:
Uplink (UL)
In the uplink there are three physical channels:
And the following signals:
User Equipment (UE) categories
3GPP Release 8 defines five LTE user equipment categories depending on maximum peak data rate and MIMO capabilities support. With 3GPP Release 10, which is referred to as LTE Advanced, three new categories have been introduced. Followed by four more with Release 11, two more with Release 14, and five more with Release 15.
Note: Maximum data rates shown are for 20 MHz of channel bandwidth. Categories 6 and above include data rates from combining multiple 20 MHz channels. Maximum data rates will be lower if less bandwidth is utilized.
Note: These are L1 transport data rates not including the different protocol layers overhead. Depending on cell bandwidth, cell load (number of simultaneous users), network configuration, the performance of the user equipment used, propagation conditions, etc. practical data rates will vary.
Note: The 3.0 Gbit/s / 1.5 Gbit/s data rate specified as Category 8 is near the peak aggregate data rate for a base station sector. A more realistic maximum data rate for a single user is 1.2 Gbit/s (downlink) and 600 Mbit/s (uplink). Nokia Siemens Networks has demonstrated downlink speeds of 1.4 Gbit/s using 100 MHz of aggregated spectrum.
EUTRAN releases
As the rest of the 3GPP standard parts E-UTRA is structured in releases.
All LTE releases have been designed so far keeping backward compatibility in mind. That is, a release 8 compliant terminal will work in a release 10 network, while release 10 terminals would be able to use its extra functionality.
Frequency bands and channel bandwidths
Deployments by region
Technology demos | be4042b8-013e-4252-ae01-3aed581bfd14 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_cricket_five-wicket_hauls_by_Stuart_Broad"} | In cricket, a five-wicket haul (also known as a "fifer") refers to a bowler taking five or more wickets in a single innings. This is regarded as a notable achievement, and as of July 2020[update] only 48 bowlers have taken 15 or more five-wicket hauls at the international level. Stuart Broad—a right-arm fast-medium bowler—is a Test, One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) cricketer who represents England. As of July 2020[update], Broad has taken 433 wickets in Test matches, 178 wickets in ODIs and 65 wickets in T20Is. As of January 2022[update], Broad has 20 five-wicket hauls across all formats in his international career and ranks twenty-eighth in the all-time list, and fourth in the equivalent list for England.
Broad made his Test debut against Sri Lanka during England's tour in 2007 with bowling figures of one wicket for 77 runs. His first five-wicket haul came against the West Indies during the first Test of the 2008–09 series at Sabina Park, taking five wickets for 85 runs in the first innings. His best bowling figures are eight wickets for 15 runs which he took in the first innings of the fourth and decisive Test of the 2015 Ashes series at Trent Bridge. Securing the five wickets in 19 deliveries, Broad equalled the fastest five-wicket haul in Test history, set in 1947 by Ernie Toshack for Australia against India, and recorded the best Test bowling figures ever at Trent Bridge, surpassing Muttiah Muralitharan's eight for 70 against England in June 2006. Broad has been most successful against Australia, taking eight Test five-wicket hauls.
Broad made his ODI debut against Pakistan during the latter's tour of England and Scotland in 2006. He took the only wicket of the second innings, that of Shoaib Malik, in a rain-curtailed match. His only five-wicket haul in the ODI format came against South Africa in 2008. Broad took five wickets for 23 runs in the match, which England won by 10 wickets. The performance earned him the man-of-the-match award. Broad made his first T20I appearance in 2008 and is yet to take a five-wicket haul in the format as of July 2020[update]. His figures of four wickets for 24 runs against New Zealand in Auckland in 2013 remain his best in this variant of the game.
Key
Tests
One Day Internationals | 97034a81-4c0b-43b0-82dd-9a350f206f88 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_Jinchaidai_Alley"} | 19 Jinchaidai Alley (simplified Chinese: 金钗袋巷19号; traditional Chinese: 金釵袋巷19號; pinyin: jīnchāidài xiàng 19-hào), in Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, is a former residence constructed during the Qing dynasty, which was used during the Xinhai Revolution that led to the dynasty's collapse. Despite concerns over its historical significance, the building began to be demolished in 2010 despite its addition to the fifth batch of protected historical buildings in Hangzhou earlier that year, although its demolition was stopped by the city government's intervention. The building has now been renovated, and serves as part of the campus of the Jianlan Middle School's Lanxin Academy of Classical Learning, a private school in the city.
Historical significance
19 Jinchaidai Alley served as the home of the Zhu family, one of whom was a government official, after its construction during the late-Qing dynasty. During the final years of the Qing dynasty, the building was involved in events relating to the Xinhai Revolution, being described as the last Xinhai Revolutionary site in the city by a local historian. Following the fall of the Qing and the creation of the Republic of China, the home was sold to various other families until its attempted demolition in 2010.
Attempted demolition
In November 2008, plans for the reconstruction and expansion of a private school in Hangzhou were announced, which involved the demolition of buildings considered "dilapidated" to make way for an expansion to the school's campus, as well as for the construction of a larger parking area. Successive legislation was passed between 2008 and 2010 by the Hangzhou municipal government which supporting these changes, despite concerns by historians over the historical significance of some of the buildings that were planned to be destroyed. Even though 19 Jinchaidai Alley was documented to have been used during the Qing dynasty, it was listed in city government-approved assessment reports for the school's expansion as being "built in 1985".
In April 2010, 19 Jinchaidai Alley and forty-two other buildings were added to the list of historically protected buildings in Hangzhou by means of an extension of its fifth batch, acknowledging the buildings' importance historically in the city. In a notice released by the Hangzhou municipal government, it was stated that the Municipal Office for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Districts and Historical Buildings would be responsible "for the protection and management of historical buildings".
Despite 19 Jinchaidai being a historically protected building, its demolition began on in early-September 2010, which attracted crowds of people, and caused anger among historians. A joint letter to the Hangzhou city government was sent by a professor of the Urban Planning Department of Zhejiang University, Zhou Fuduo, and a local historian, Chen Hun, which explained how the school's project would involve the destruction of historically protected buildings.
During the demolition, a report on the building's destruction while being historically protected was made by CCTV. This report caused the city government to immediately halt the building's demolition due to public outcry and press coverage of the situation.
On November 21, the Hangzhou municipal government announced that it would disallow any further demolitions of historically protected sites, and that it would increase government subsidies for the repair of historically protected buildings in the future. 19 Jinchaidai Alley was repaired, and now serves as part of the campus of the private school it was originally intended to be demolished for, although it is now protected in its original form. | 2ff06b0d-dee4-4bc6-9eec-f74d88255d78 |
null | Makenzie Weale (born 26 June 2002) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who currently plays for the Newcastle Knights in the NRL Women's Premiership. Her positions are second-row and centre.
Background
Born in Brisbane, Queensland, Weale played her junior rugby league for the West Arana Panthers, also spending time with Wests Mitchelton.
Playing career
Early years
In October 2018, Weale was named in the 2019 Queensland Academy of Sport under-18s squad. In 2019, she played for the University of Queensland rugby sevens side and travelled with Tribe 7's rugby team to Hong Kong to compete at the All Girls International Rugby Sevens tournament where the team were undefeated throughout the competition and won the tournament. In 2020, she joined the West Brisbane Panthers in the QRL Women's Premiership. In 2021, she played for the Queensland women's under-19s rugby league team.
2022
On 19 July, Weale signed a contract with QRL Women's Premiership side Norths Devils, to join them in 2023. On 21 July, she signed with the Newcastle Knights in the NRL Women's Premiership for the 2022 season. In round 2 of the 2022 NRLW season, she made her NRLW debut for the Knights against the Gold Coast Titans. | 340c0cf8-ae47-4947-9f3e-a32b76a00f2d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander_Range"} | Mountain range in Victoria Land, Antarctica
Salamander Range (72°6′S 164°8′E / 72.100°S 164.133°E / -72.100; 164.133Coordinates: 72°6′S 164°8′E / 72.100°S 164.133°E / -72.100; 164.133) is a distinctive linear range between the Canham and Black Glacier, in the Freyberg Mountains. Named by the Northern Party of New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE), 1963–64, from the nickname given to Lord Freyberg by Sir Winston Churchill, for the lizard that is untouched by fire.
Features
Geographical features of Salamander Range include:
This article incorporates public domain material from "Salamander Range". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. | 43d81cf9-4e50-4feb-93f5-25e23900387b |
null | Muhammad ibn Abd Allah al-Ashja'i (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الله الأشجعي, romanized: Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Ashdjaʿī) was the eleventh governor of al-Andalus under the Umayyad Caliphate in AD 730 (AH 111–112). He was one of a series of Arabs from Ifriqiya who served as governors in al-Andalus from 721 to 731.
After ten months in office, Muhammad's predecessor, al-Haytham, was confronted by an attempted coup d'état in early 730. He arrested the conspirators, but their relatives in turn complained about his heavy-handedness to his superior, the governor of Ifriqiya. According to the Chronicle of 754, the earliest source, al-Haytham was arrested and brought to Ifriqiya, but because his intended replacement, al-Qhafiqi, could not be found, Muhammad was appointed to replace him instead. His formal appointment took place, according to the Chronicle, one month after al-Haytham had been removed.
According to the Prophetic Chronicle, written in 883, he only governed for one month. Al-Maqqari, a very late source, puts his term of office in March–May 731, a year later than the earlier chronicles indicate, but right before the generally accepted date for when al-Ghafiqi finally took up office.
Sources | 075d0c62-e346-4486-ab65-79a58f564d93 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOIDES_Resolution"} | The riserless research vessel JOIDES Resolution (Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling), often referred to as the JR, is one of the scientific drilling ships used by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), an international, multi-drilling platform research program. The JR was previously the main research ship used during the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and was used along with the Japanese drilling vessel Chikyu and other mission-specific drilling platforms throughout the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. She is the successor of Glomar Challenger.
The ship was first launched in 1978 as Sedco/BP 471, an oil exploration vessel. It was converted for scientific use 6 years later in 1984 and began working as the main research ship for ODP in January 1985. The JR was modernized during 2007–2008 and returned to active service in February 2009 following an extensive renovation of her laboratory facilities and quarters.
Texas A&M University (TAMU) acts as manager and science operator of the JR as a research facility for IODP. The JOIDES Resolution Science Operator (JRSO) is funded through a cooperative agreement with the US National Science Foundation (NSF), with international contributions from 23 Program member countries.
Naming
The JOIDES Resolution is named after HMS Resolution, in which Captain James Cook made his second and third voyages of exploration in the Pacific in the 1770s.
JOIDES Resolution capabilities
The JOIDES Resolution employs wireline coring and logging techniques to recover sequences of core and geophysical data from beneath the seafloor. The JR operates in water depths between 76 metres (249 ft) and nominally 5,800 metres (19,000 ft), and has reached a maximum depth of just over 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) beneath the seafloor. The longest drill string deployment was 6,919 metres (22,700 ft) while drilling in 5,724 metres (18,780 ft) water depth. To date, the JR has recovered more than 322 kilometres (200 mi) of core.
Onboard facilities
The JOIDES Resolution is a state-of-the-art “floating Earth science laboratory” equipped with analytical equipment, software, and databases that allow shipboard scientists to conduct research at sea as soon as cores are recovered. Virtual 360° tours of laboratory areas and a flyover video of the ship are available online [see External links.]
Laboratories
The laboratory space includes facilities for visually describing core at the macro- and microscale; microscopes for petrological sediment analysis and biostratigraphic assessment; instrumentation for measuring physical properties, paleomagnetism, and the geochemistry of pore waters, sediment, and rocks; and equipment for cutting and sectioning samples from rock and sediment cores. The downhole measurements laboratory is used as a staging and data-acquisition area for obtaining in situ records of subseafloor formation properties ranging from borehole well logs to formation temperature and pressure.
Other facilities
In addition to laboratories and technical resources, the JOIDES Resolution contains a conference room, offices, cabins (berths) for members of the crew and science parties, and a hospital, galley, and mess hall. A gym, movie room, and lounge with a small library are also provided.
Technical advances
The capabilities of the JOIDES Resolution and the tools and techniques used to address science objectives have been continually improved during the life span of the scientific ocean drilling program. Key recent operational innovations include development of a half-length advanced piston corer (HLAPC) and the drill-in-casing and hydraulic release tool (HRT).
Half-length advanced piston corer
The HLAPC takes a 4.7 m (15 ft) core rather than a standard 9.5 m (31 ft) APC core. It was designed to potentially extend the depth of piston core penetration, allowing collection of cores suitable for high-resolution paleoceanography and paleoclimatology from greater depths. Since initial deployment in 2013, the HLAPC has increased the piston coring depth record to 490 m (1,610 ft) below seafloor. The HLAPC was also the only coring tool to successfully recover unconsolidated sands from the Bengal Fan (Expedition 354) and in other environments where the lithology has proven difficult to recover using either the APC or extended core barrel (XCB) tools.
Drill-in-casing and hydraulic release tool
Deep sediment holes, including those that penetrate basement rock below sediments, traditionally have required pre-drilling a deep hole and installing double and triple casing strings to stabilize the upper hole, requiring as long as 7–10 days. Starting in 2014 on Expedition 352, the approach of drilling-in a single casing string and reentry system with a mud motor and underreamer without pre-drilling a hole has resulted in casing the upper part of a hole in a shorter time (3–4 days). In 2015, a hydraulic release tool (HRT) was adapted to drill-in a reentry system with a short casing string to start a hole in bare rock seafloor at Southwest Indian Ridge (Expedition 360). The HRT and related hardware is now the standard drill-in casing system to establish a single casing string for deep sediment penetration.
JOIDES Resolution science operations
Scientific ocean drilling allows researchers to access the records of millions of years of Earth's climatic, biological, chemical, and geological history that are buried beneath the ocean floor. Advances in our understanding of Earth's past can help us to better understand and predict its future, and can inform decision-making about important environmental issues facing society today.
JOIDES Resolution Science Operator
The JR is managed and operated by the JRSO, which is based at TAMU. TAMU has been science operator to the JR since 1983, managing the ODP from 1983 to 2003, partnering with the Consortium for Ocean Leadership and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University to co-manage the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program from 2004 to 2013, and managing the IODP from 2013 to present. In October 2014, the JOIDES Resolution Science Operator was formalized as the implementing organization for IODP. JRSO responsibilities include overseeing the JR’s science operations; archiving data, samples, and logs collected by the current program; and producing and publicizing program publications, including expedition results, program plans, and fiscal reports.
The IODP Science Plan
With input from hundreds of international scientists, long-range science plans are developed to guide multidisciplinary international collaboration on scientific ocean drilling. These plans comprise a set of critical scientific questions that require drilling deep below the ocean floor. The IODP Science Plan for 2013–2023, Illuminating Earth's Past, Present, and Future, focuses on challenges in four areas.
• Climate and ocean change: reading the past, informing the future
• Biosphere frontiers: deep life, biodiversity, and environmental forcing of ecosystems
• Earth connections: deep processes and their impact on Earth's surface environment
• Earth in motion: processes and hazards on human time scales
The themes and challenges outlined in the IODP Science Plan are addressed by drilling expeditions that result from peer-reviewed proposals that are evaluated by the Science Evaluation Panel and an external review committee. The highest priority proposals are forwarded to the JOIDES Resolution Facility Board (JRFB), which then works with the JRSO to set an expedition schedule that most efficiently and effectively achieves the proposals’ objectives. The JRFB and NSF review and approve the JRSO Annual Program Plans, which comprise tasks and budget requests in support of the scheduled expeditions.
Optimized expedition scheduling
The JRSO and the JRFB have worked together to set a regional ship track, communicating to the science community the planned areas for JR operations in future years. As a result of this regional planning, the JR has been able to address several science plan themes on multiple, complementary expeditions. For example, Expeditions 350, 351, and 352, as well as Expedition 371 addressed the fundamental question of how the subduction process initiates. Likewise, two years of drilling in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans resulted in multiple expeditions that address the origin and initiation of the Monsoon climate system. Four planned drilling expeditions in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean will improve our understanding of how the Antarctic Ice Sheet responds to climatic forcing. These groups of expeditions form virtual missions that make it possible to address science questions that are beyond the scope of an individual expedition.
Legacy expeditions
The JOIDES Resolution has been conducting scientific ocean drilling expeditions since 1985. During the Ocean Drilling Program (1985–2003), the JR conducted 111 expeditions and drilled 669 sites. During the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (2003–2013), the JR conducted 35 expeditions and drilled 145 sites. Highlights of Ocean Drilling Program and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program expeditions can be found in the final technical reports for those programs (see References). Monitoring of boreholes began with the installation of a broadband seismometer in Hole 794D in 1989 during the Ocean Drilling Program. Subsequently, more than 30 long-term borehole observatories ranging from simple to complex have been installed.
Coring statistics
Detailed JOIDES Resolution coring statistics by program are available online (see External links). The following tables include overall statistics and highlights.
Note: *Data is updated through January 2018.
Note: *Data is updated through January 2018.
JOIDES Resolution outreach
The JOIDES Resolution is used as a platform for education and outreach. Onboard Education/Outreach Officers sail on each expedition, and JRSO personnel are available to assist with ship-to-shore video conferencing, port call tours, and outreach efforts. The inaugural School of Rock workshop (Hands-on Research Experiences for Earth and Ocean Science Educators) was held on board the JR in 2005, and the ship continues to be used for School of Rock workshops when it is available on transits or during maintenance periods. | 14c50a99-be08-4d8f-aafe-c1d382fcd228 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_North_Dakota_Fighting_Hawks_men%27s_basketball_team"} | American college basketball season
The 2017–18 North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's basketball team represented the University of North Dakota during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Fighting Hawks, led by 12th-year head coach Brian Jones, played their home games at the Betty Engelstad Sioux Center in Grand Forks, North Dakota as members of the Big Sky Conference. They finished the season 12–20, 6–12 in Big Sky play to finish in a tie for eighth place. They defeated Montana State in the first round of the Big Sky tournament before losing in the quarterfinals to Montana.
This season was the last for North Dakota as a full Big Sky member. On July 1, 2018, the school will join the Summit League in all sports except for football, in which it will remain a Big Sky member before joining the Missouri Valley Football Conference in 2020.
Previous season
The Fighting Hawks finished the 2016–17 season 22–10, 14–4 in Big Sky play to win the Big Sky regular season championship. In the Big Sky tournament, they defeated Portland State, Idaho, and Weber State to win the tournament championship. As a result, they received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament and the school's first ever bid to the NCAA Tournament. As a No. 15 seed in the West region, they lost to No. 2-seeded and No. 4-ranked Arizona in the first round.
Offseason
Departures
Incoming transfers
2017 incoming recruits
Roster
Schedule and results | 33704d68-b2ed-48da-83ca-ca904ccdd81e |
null | Herbert Brownlow Kennedy (26 May 1863 – 28 May 1939) was Dean of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin from 1921 to 1938.
Kennedy was the son of the Very Reverend T. Le Ban Kennedy, Dean of Clogher from 1874 to 1887. He was educated at The Royal School, Armagh and Trinity College, Dublin. After being a curate at St Ann’s Dublin he was an incumbent at Holywood[disambiguation needed], Naas, St Andrew’s Dublin and Kingstown before his appointment as dean. | 02e144fc-7212-4f4f-9ab6-ad0e820e4b1b |
null | Australian basketball player
Ken James (born 19 January 1945) is an Australian basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1972 Summer Olympics. | bdea363d-eabd-4557-9ff4-291e6e5a1982 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_pri%C4%8De_o_velikoj_ljubavi"} | 1989 studio album by Zabranjeno Pušenje
Male priče o velikoj ljubavi (transl. The Little Stories About a Great Love) is the fourth studio album by Yugoslav rock band Zabranjeno Pušenje released in 1989. It was released through Diskoton in SFR Yugoslavia. This was the last album before splitting up of the band in early 1990.
The album was re-released in 1999 through TLN-Europa.
Track listing
Source: Discogs
Personnel
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes. | 589ddd70-a0ed-45f4-b960-e21abea5b360 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie-Jayne_Grieve"} | Australian rules footballer (born 1997)
Australian rules footballer
Katie-Jayne Grieve (born 8 March 1997) is an Australian rules footballer who played for Carlton and Fremantle in the AFL Women's (AFLW).
AFLW career
After being passed up on in the national draft less than a week earlier, Grieve was ultimately drafted by Carlton with the club's second pick and the twelfth selection overall in the same year's rookie draft. She made her debut in a 22-point loss to Brisbane at Ikon Park in the third round of the 2018 season. She was delisted by Carlton at the end of the 2018 season.
In October 2018, after leaving Carlton, Grieve joined Fremantle as a free agent. In June 2021, Fremantle delisted Grieve who played 14 games for the club. | 32f1fb40-ea27-4892-8bfd-dc820144d3bd |
null | Brodin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: | 702ca555-2875-43b7-a6f7-9e0e8c7f989b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_St._Petersburg_Open_%E2%80%93_Singles_Qualifying"} | This article displays the qualifying draw of the 2011 St. Petersburg Open.
Players
Seeds
Qualifiers
Qualifying draw
First qualifier
Second qualifier
Third qualifier
Fourth qualifier | 07525533-538b-4665-b45e-b10a4c75cce5 |
null | Song
On the Death of His Grace, the Duke of Albemarle is an English broadside ballad published in 1670, and is currently housed in the National Library of Scotland as well as the British Library. Online facsimiles of the ballad are also available for public consumption. Though current research has failed to unearth the author of this ballad, the historical significance of the piece is nevertheless notable. The ballad's subject is George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, who died of edema on 3 January 1670. After the death of Cromwell in 1658, Monck was instrumental in the Restoration of Charles II to the English throne.[citation needed]
Synopsis
The ballad's technical form is simplistic in nature. It's broken up in five stanzas of rhyming couplets, and contains 100 lines. This ballad both celebrates Monck's life and military accomplishments and bemoans the loss England has suffered from his death. Though the ballad necessarily takes on elegiac undertones, its primary purpose is to commend and immortalize Monck: "And though Y’ are Dead, to future Ages fame / With such Advantage shall transmit Your Name, as no Oblivious shall thy Deeds obscure, / As long as Time, or History, indure." Indeed, the general consensus among both historians and the author of this ballad is that Monck was essential to the eventual unification of England, Scotland, and Ireland under the banner of Charles II: "Yet who like You, when Fate seem’d most to frown, / Sav’d an Usurp’d, Secur’d on Envied Crown, / And Three Great Kingdoms did from Ruine free, / Deserves those Honors which are pay’d to Thee." | e23df7d6-bddc-4530-9af7-c57a11f330a7 |
null | Romanian politician
Ilie Văduva (Romanian pronunciation: [iˈli.e ˈvəduva]; July 21, 1934 – November 13, 1998) was a Romanian communist politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania from 1985 until 1986, Minister of Foreign Trade and International Cooperation from August 26, 1986 until May 1988 and Presidential Counselor from December 1988 until December 1989. He was one of those arrested after the 1989 overthrow of the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime.
Life and political career
Văduva was born in 1934. He was an alternate member of the Central Committee of Romanian Communist Party since 1979 and became a full member in 1984. Văduva, who advised on economic issues and had no knowledge of international relations, was regarded as the protégé of the First Lady of Romania, Elena Ceaușescu. In 1985, Elena Ceaușescu selected him for the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs, replacing a more experienced and successful minister, Ștefan Andrei, previously appointed by Romanian leader and Elena's husband Nicolae Ceaușescu. Văduva served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from November 11, 1985 until August 26, 1986, mainly promoting Elena Ceaușescu's international profile. While a minister, he was also caught in the midst of heated Romania – United States relations with increasing pressure from the United States on the Ceaușescu regime for abuse of human rights. He was removed for his ineffectiveness in international affairs of Romania and appointed Minister of Foreign Trade and International Cooperation in 1986. He held this post until May 21, 1988, when he was sacked by the Romanian leadership for his role in storing the toxic waste in the Black Sea port of Sulina, causing an environmental scandal and outrage. However, a few months later, in December 1988, he was again given a high-ranking position serving as the Presidential Counselor. | 14fe6af4-6d76-4b67-afb9-81446af71869 |
null | 15th Army or Fifteenth Army may refer to: | 13cf0b4e-904c-4573-b3f6-fabe7cacfde9 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadorabad,_Fars"} | Village in Fars, Iran
Bahadorabad (Persian: بهادراباد, also Romanized as Bahādorābād; also known as Bādarābād) is a village in Kuhestan Rural District, Rostaq District, Darab County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 33, in 12 families. | 64fc3896-a062-401b-b05e-ebdab27f859e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_purchase_in_England_and_Wales"} | Overview of compulsory purchase in England and Wales
Compulsory purchase is the power to acquire rights over an estate in English land law, or to buy that estate outright, without the current owner's consent in return for compensation. In England and Wales, Parliament has granted several different kinds of compulsory purchase power, which are exercisable by various bodies in various situations. Such powers are "for the public benefit", but this expression is interpreted very broadly.
History
Although land may be acquired by consent, and conduct which raises another party's reasonable expectations, these private methods of acquiring land are often insufficient for adequate public regulation. Building national infrastructure, such as railways, housing, and sewerage, as well as democratically determined planning rules, either by national or local government, typically requires compulsory purchase, because private owners might not give up land required for public works except at an extortionate price. Historically, compulsory purchases were carried out under the Inclosure Acts and their predecessors, where enclosure was frequently a method of expropriating people from common land for the benefit of barons and landlords. In the industrial revolution, most railways were built by private companies procuring compulsory purchase rights from private Acts of Parliament, though by the late 19th century, powers of compulsory purchase slowly became more transparent and used for general social welfare, as with the Public Health Act 1875, or the Housing of the Working Classes Act 1885. Compulsory purchase legislation was significantly extended during the First World War for military use, and after the war for housing, as certain principles became standardised.
Local authority purchase
Today, the Land Compensation Act 1961 section 5 generally requires that the owner of an interest in land (e.g. a freehold, leasehold or easement as in Re Ellenborough Park) receives payment for the "value of the land ... if sold on an open market by a willing seller". Compensation is often also available for losses to a home, or if one's business has to move. The Compulsory Purchase Act 1965 sets conditions for a purchase to be made, and the Acquisition of Land Act 1981 regulates the conditions for granting a "Compulsory Purchase Order". Typically, either central government represented by a Secretary of State, or a local council will be interested in making a compulsory purchase. The authority of local councils for make purchases for specific reasons can be set out in specific legislation, such as the Highways Act 1980 to build roads when strictly necessary. However the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 section 226, which allows compulsory purchase to "facilitate the carrying out of development, re-development or improvement" for the area's economic, social, or environmental well being, must be confirmed by the Secretary of State, and similarly the Local Government Act 1972 section 121 requires the council seek approval from the government Minister.
Leasehold purchase
The most general power originally appeared in the Leasehold Reform Act 1967. Under that Act, the Leasehold Reform Act 1987, and the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1992, private individuals who are leaseholders have the power in certain circumstances to compel their landlord to extend a lease or to sell the freehold at a valuation.
Recompense, under compulsory purchase, is not necessarily a monetary payment of open market value (see James v United Kingdom [1986]), but in most cases a sum equivalent to a valuation made as if between a willing seller and a willing purchaser will fall due to the previous owner.
Utility companies
Utility companies have statutory powers to, for example, erect electrical substations or lay sewers or water pipes on or through someone else's land. These powers are counterbalanced by corresponding rights for landowners to compel utility companies to remove cables, pipes or sewers in other circumstances (see for example section 185 of the Water Industry Act 1991).
Compulsory purchase only applies to the extent that it is necessary for the purchaser's purposes. Thus, for example, a water authority does not need to buy the freehold in land in order to run a sewer through it. An easement will normally suffice, so in such cases the water authority may only acquire an easement through the use of compulsory purchase.
Procedure
In most cases a Compulsory Purchase Order (CPO) is made by the purchasing authority or the Secretary of State. The CPO must unambiguously identify the land affected and set out the owners, where these are known. The order is then served on all owners and tenants with a tenancy with more than a month to run, or affixed to the land if some owners or tenants cannot be traced. A period of at least 21 days is allowed for objections. If there is a valid objection that is not withdrawn, an inquiry chaired by an inspector will take place. The inspector reports to the Secretary of State. If the Secretary of State confirms the CPO, then it becomes very difficult to challenge.
Once the CPO is confirmed, the purchasing authority must serve a Notice to Treat within three years, and a Notice of Entry within a further three years. It may take possession of the land not less than 14 days after serving the Notice of Entry. The Notice to Treat requires the land's owner to respond, and is usually the trigger for the land's owner to submit a claim for its value. If no claim is submitted within 21 days of the Notice to Treat, the acquirer can refer the matter to the Lands Tribunal. If the land's owner cannot be traced and does not respond to a Notice to Treat affixed to the land, then the purchasing authority must pay the compensation figure to the Court.
Crichel Down rules
The Crichel Down principles oblige central and local government, when, having acquired an estate compulsorily, they find they no longer need it, to offer it in the first instance to the person from whom they acquired it at its market value. However, this only applies where the land has not materially changed in character, and does not withstand the principle that councils may not dispose of land "for a consideration less than the best that can be obtained" under the Local Government Act 1972, section 123. This means that where it is difficult to value land for some reason, the land may need to be sold by tender or auction.
Human rights
Because of property's social importance, either for personal consumption and use or for mass production, compulsory purchase laws have met with human rights challenges. One concern is that since the 1980s privatisations, many compulsory purchase powers can be used for the benefit of private corporations whose incentives may diverge from the public interest. For example, the Water Resources Act 1991 continues to allow government bodies to order compulsory purchases of people's property, although profits go to the private shareholders of UK water companies. In R (Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd) v Wolverhampton CC the Supreme Court held that Wolverhampton City Council acted for an improper purpose when it took into account a promise by Tesco to redevelop another site, in determining whether to make a compulsory purchase order over a site possessed by Sainsbury's. Lord Walker stressed that "powers of compulsory acquisition, especially in a 'private to private' acquisition, amounts to a serious invasion of the current owner's proprietary rights. Nevertheless compulsory purchase orders have frequently been used to acquire land that is passed back to a private owner, including in Alliance Spring Ltd v First Secretary where homes in Islington were purchased to build the Emirates stadium for Arsenal Football Club. By contrast, in James v United Kingdom, Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster, the inherited owner of most of Mayfair and Belgravia, contended that leaseholders' right to buy had violated their right to property in ECHR Protocol 1, article 1. The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the Leasehold Reform Act 1967, which allowed tenants to purchase properties from their private landlords, was within a member state's margin of appreciation. It was competent for a member state to regulate property rights in the public interest.
Cases and statutes | a95a387b-e1d3-4e3f-858d-5ee856c85234 |
null | Airline of the United States
MetJet was a charter operator (chartered from Sun Country) based in De Pere, Wisconsin. Its flights originated from Austin Straubel Airport in Green Bay. It served destinations such as Fort Myers and Orlando. On October 15, 2013, the company announced that it was ceasing operations effective October 26, 2013 due to a lack of demand.
Destinations and Departures | 13c46dd8-81be-4ae0-952e-e5ffb53d22e2 |
null | Adair Park is an urban park in Independence, Missouri. The 40-acre park is equipped with a softball field and walking trail. The park has the name of Joseph Adair, the first white child born within the county's borders. | 4e2014f4-4a6a-4c34-b16d-6c4be0d667dc |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Hanuman_Mandir_Dharamshala_School"} | School in Jaigaon, West Bengal, India
Shri Hanuman Mandir Dharamshala School, officially known as SHMD School, is an English medium, co-educational private higher secondary school in Jaigaon, a town in West Bengal sharing its border with the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan. SHMD School is established, owned and managed by the SHMD Trust of Jaigaon. It is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education in Delhi.
The principal is Mr Prakash Kumar Samal, and was changed in August 2018 by former principal Mr. Peter George Thomas. The school's motto is "Lighted to Shine".This simple message is pregnant with meaning. The SHMD-ians are trained (Lighted) to move ahead and illuminate (Shine) the dark corners of our great nation.
SHMD School is a strong institution staffed by highly qualified teachers. The school has a modern campus designed to provide a learning and the living environment that would meet the academic, development and social needs of students. The school is equipped with science laboratories, computer laboratory, auditorium, library and play ground. SHMD was created to meet the local necessity for primary education and has since upgraded to offer higher secondary education. The students have won accolades in several national level competitions, from Olympiads to national level quiz contests.
Houses :
When it was established in 1992, students used to sit on the floor. It gradually upgraded with the time because of the chairman of the school, Sri Lal Chand Prasad. | 3063e805-3260-45a0-8ee0-e180295fcdbb |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsubame-Sanj%C5%8D_Station"} | Railway station in Sanjō, Niigata Prefecture, Japan
Tsubame-Sanjō Station (燕三条駅, Tsubame-Sanjō-eki) is a railway station in the city of Sanjō, Niigata, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East). The station sits directly on the border of the cities of Sanjō and Tsubame. As the station headquarters are located on the Sanjō side of the station, Tsubame-Sanjō Station is considered to be in Sanjō. The station is located 293.8 kilometers from Tokyo.
Lines
Tsubame-Sanjō Station is served by the high-speed Jōetsu Shinkansen line between Tokyo and Niigata, and also by the Yahiko Line.
Station layout
The station has one elevated island platform and one side platform for the Jōetsu Shinkansen, and one ground-level side platform for the Yahiko Line, which is at a right angle to the Shinkansen platforms. The station building is located above the Yahiko Line platform and underneath the Shinkansen platforms.
The station has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office. Suica farecards can be used at this station.
Platforms
History
The station opened on 15 November 1982.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 2285 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).
Surrounding area
Tsubame-Sanjō Station offers access to the Yahiko Shrine via the Yahiko Line. The shrine, located in the town of Yahiko, was the ichinomiya, or highest shrine, of the ancient Echigo Province, and has numerous Important Cultural Properties of Japan. | 81281de1-a116-4080-931a-dfcbe2bed1b4 |
null | American politician and businessman
Jerry Wayne Taylor (October 9, 1937 – March 19, 2016) was an American politician and businessman.
Born in Rison, Arkansas, Taylor graduated from Rison High School in 1955. He then served in the United States Army. Taylor worked in heavy construction. He was the owned of Taylor Reality and Taylor Surveying Company in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Taylor served on the Pine Bluff City Council and as Mayor of Pine Bluff. From 2001 to 2005, Taylor served in the Arkansas House of Representatives and was a Democrat. Taylor then served in the Arkansas State Senate from 2005 to 2013 and was the assistant president pro tempore. Taylor died in Benton, Arkansas. | 5bd245f3-b2bd-49c7-b464-ef1b3bdb7d6d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Anheier"} | German-American academic
Helmut K. Anheier (born January 4, 1954) is a German-American academic. He is professor of sociology and past president of the Hertie School in Berlin. Until September 2019 he held a chair at the Max Weber Institute of Sociology, Heidelberg University, where he was also the Academic Director of the Center for Social Investment and Innovation. His research interests include civil society, social innovation, organizational theory, governance and policy research, social science methodology, including indicator models
Anheier studied sociology and economics at the University of Trier in Germany (1976–80) and obtained a MA, MPhil and PhD at Yale (1981, 1982, 1986). At Yale University, he studied under Juan Linz, Paul DiMaggio, Walter Powell, Scott Boorman and Charles Perrow focusing on comparative sociology, social network analysis and organizational sociology. While being a research assistant at Yale's Program on Nonprofit Organizations, he wrote his dissertation on comparative institutional development in West Africa, which involved fieldwork in Nigeria, Senegal and Togo (1983-4), and constitutes one of the first applications of comparative blockmodel analysis. While in Africa, he also conducted research on informal sector economies, business innovation, land entrepreneurship in urban areas in Nigeria and Ghana as part of a project at the University of Cologne (1985).
In 1986, Anheier became assistant professor for comparative sociology and methodology at Rutgers University, and in 1988 joined the United Nations International Narcotics Control Board as a social affairs officer on a diplomatic track, where he worked on statistical estimates of the world supply and demand of controlled substances. In 1990, returning to Rutgers University, he also became co-director of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, one of the largest social science projects of the 1990s, operating in over forty countries to measure the economic and social relevance of nonprofit organizations. In 1998, he moved to the London School of Economics, where Anheier held a Centennial Professorship (2001-2006) and, with Lord Dahrendorf and Anthony Giddens as mentors, founded and directed the Centre for Civil Society to focus on civil society in the context of European integration. He then moved back to the US as Professor of Public Policy and Social Welfare (2001–11) at the University of California (UCLA), where he established another Center for Civil Society, this time with a focus on Southern California, philanthropy and globalization. While on leave from UCLA, he founded the Center for Social Investment and Innovation at Heidelberg in 2006, later joining the Max Weber Institute of Sociology, before taking on the helm of the Hertie School of Governance in 2009.
Initially, Anheier published mainly on comparative sociology, economic sociology, and social network analysis, and in the 1990s, increasingly on nonprofit organizations in an international perspective. In the 2000s, he published mostly on civil society and its comparative measurement as well as on nonprofit management and policy more generally. In the 2010s, he has so far largely focused on three areas: the role of philanthropic foundations in the U.S. and Europe; social innovations; and governance research, especially governance indicator systems.
Overall, he has published over 450 academic publications, with articles in the top journals of sociological and policy research. His book Nonprofit Organizations has been described as the first fully comprehensive textbook in its field, and won a Best Book Award by the American Academy of Management. His work on civil society, too, did receive several awards. Not only these books but also "When Things Go Wrong" (Sage) and the Global Studies Encyclopedia (with Mark Juergensmayer, Sage) as well as the Global Civil Society Yearbook (with Mary Kaldor; Oxford University Press, Sage) became reference books in graduate programs in North America and Europe. His recent publications include several special journal issues on hybrid organizations and social innovation, US philanthropy (Brookings Press), and the Hertie School Governance Reports (Oxford University Press).
Anheier contributed to the conceptual and methodological foundations of nonprofit and civil society research in several ways, including the social origins theory (with Lester M Salamon), the Law on Nonprofit Complexity, and the term Creative Philanthropy (with Diana Leat). He was one of the founders of ISTR, the International Society for Third-Sector Research, initiated the United Nations Handbook on Nonprofit Institutions as part of the system of national accounts, founded two journals, Voluntas (journal) and the Journal of Civil Society, initiated several book series (amongst others: The Culture and Globalization Series Vol. 1-5 (Sage); the Global Studies Encyclopedia (Sage); the Global Civil Society Yearbook (Oxford)), pulled together a dictionary, the International Dictionary of Nonprofit and Nongovernmental Organizations with Regina List (Taylor & Francis); and co-edited the first international encyclopedia on civil society and nonprofits.
He holds both US and German citizenship, and is married to artist-designer Emilie Birlo-Anheier.
Selected bibliography | 024dc93b-67fe-44ea-ae0f-29484a7b33ff |
null | Golgi may refer to:
Topics referred to by the same term | 42bbf9f0-99d1-4b54-aea6-5d70b095cd80 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huber_Godoy"} | Cuban artistic gymnast
Huber Godoy (born 29 July 1998) is a Cuban artistic gymnast.
In 2019, he represented Cuba at the 2019 Pan American Games held in Lima, Peru and he won the bronze medal in the men's horizontal bar event. | c29bcd4a-76cd-4d11-8f3e-34e43bf0f047 |
null | British Indian archaeologist
Harold Hargreaves (born 29 May 1876) was a British Indian archaeologist who served as Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) from 1928 to 1931.
Early life
Born on 29 May 1876, Hargreaves specialized in Buddhist iconography and served as headmaster of the Government High School in Amritsar before joining the Archaeological Survey of India.
Career in the ASI
Between 1910 and 1912, Hargreaves officiated as Superintendent of the Frontier Circle when the then Superintendent, Buddhist scholar Aurel Stein had been to England on deputation. When the serving Superintendent of the Northern Circle, J. Ph. Vogel resigned from the survey, Hargreaves was transferred to the Northern Circle to fill in his post. During his tenure in the Northern Circle, Hargreaves visited the mounds at Harappa, Rajanpur and Sarnath and participated in the excavations at Harappa under John Marshall.
Hargreaves returned to the Frontier Circle a few years later and carried out excavations at Nal, Baluchistan in May 1924. He was made Deputy Director General of the ASI and in 1928, succeeded John Marshall as Director General. | bd40f828-206d-4044-b7ef-21c79fe32792 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azaddeh,_Qazvin"} | Village in Qazvin, Iran
Azaddeh (Persian: ازادده, also Romanized as Āzāddeh) is a village in Dodangeh-ye Sofla Rural District, Ziaabad District, Takestan County, Qazvin Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 687, in 176 families. | 97634064-dc28-458e-bd6d-f2382949a141 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_%C3%81ngel_Soriano_San_Martin"} | Francisco Ángel Soriano San Martin (born 28 March 1949 in Las Tejeras-Langreo, Asturias) is a SH1 shooter from Spain. In 2012, he was retired and a pensioner. Soriano competed at the 1988 Summer Paralympics, 1992 Summer Paralympics, 1996 Summer Paralympics, 2000 Summer Paralympics, 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. In 1996, he won a gold medal in the Free Pistol .50 P4, Mixed SH1 competition. In 2000, he won a bronze in the Free Pistol .50 P4, Mixed SH1 competition.
Personal
Soriano was born on March 28, 1949, in Las Tejeras-Langreo, Asturias. As a 16-year-old, he emigrated to Belgium. When living and working in Belgium for an elevator company as a 26 years old, he was injured in an accident at work that left him a paraplegic. The accident damaged his 9th and 10 vertebrae. He rehabilitated for a year in Brussels, with the first few months spent in bed. By 1982, he was married. Together, they decided to move to Spain in 1982. In 2012, he was based in Elche, and a retired pensioner. Prior to taking up shooting, he tried a number of disability sports including wheelchair basketball, wheelchair fencing, swimming and archery. He spent three years participating in archery.
Shooting
Soriano is a SH1 shooter. After initially trying several sports following his accident, he tried shooting following the suggestion of a teacher. He tried the sport several times before making the decision to purchase a gun.
Competing at the 1981 Belgian Championship, Soriano finished in first place. He won a silver medal at the 1986 Stoke Mandeville Games in the P1 event. He made his Paralympic debut at the 1988 Summer Paralympics. Ghent hosted 1989 European Championships, where he won a silver medal in the P4 50 meter Mixed pistol SH1 event. At the Stoke Mandeville Games in 1990, he came away with a gold medal in the 10 meter air pistol event.
Soriano represented Spain at the 1992 Summer Paralympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics. He was one of only seven Spanish Paralympians to do so. At the Barcelona Games in 1992, he finished fifth. Competing at the Linz, Austria hosted world championsions in 1994, he won a gold medal in the P4 event. The 1995 European Championships were held in Järvenpää, Finland. He failed to medal at the event, finishing fourth in the P3 25 meter Sport Pistol SH1 mixed event, seventh in the P4 50 meter Mixed pistol SH1 event and eighth in the 10 meter Men's air pistol SH1 event.
Soriano competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. In 1996, he won a gold medal in the Pistol 50 meter P4, Mixed SH1 competition. European Championship 1997 saw Chatenoy Le Royal, France host the European Championships, with Soriano winning a pair of bronze medals in the P1 10 meter Men's air pistol SH1 and P4 50 meter Mixed pistol SH1 events. At the 1998 World Championships in Santander, he won a bronze medal in the team event.
Soriano competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. In 2000, he won a bronze in the P4 Pistol 50 meter Mixed SH1 competition. The 2001 European Championship were held in Vingsted, Denmark, with Soriano picking up a gold medal in the P4 50 meter Pistol SH1 event, while having a fifth-place finish in the P1 10 m. Men's air pistol SH1 and a twenty-fourth-place finish in the P3 25 meter mixed sporting pistol SH1 event. The World Championships were held in Seoul, South Korea in 2002, with Soriano picking up a gold in the P4 event. The 2003 European Championship took place in Brno, Czech Republic, with Soriano finishing first in the P4 50 meter Mixed pistol SH1 event and ninth in the P3 SH1 event.
Soriano competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. Suhl, Germany hosted the 2007 European Championships, where he won a silver medal in the P1 10 meter men's air pistol SH1 event.
Soriano competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.
The May 2012 Copa del Rey held at the Catalan Shooting Federation's range in Mollet del Vallés was an opportunity for him to set qualifying marks for the 2012 Paralympic Games, which he did in the 50 meter SH1 men's pistol event. The scores won him the event. He also earned a first-place finish in the 25 meter sport pistol, while having a third-place finish in the P1 10 meter men's air pistol event. As a sixty-three-year-old, he competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. He was the most experienced Paralympian on the Spanish team and was the oldest member of the Spanish team. Going into the 2012 Games, he was Spain's most decorated Paralympic shooter, and one of the country's best Paralympic shooters period. During the 2012 Games, he was already thinking about trying to qualify for the 2016 Summer Paralympics as his next dream. In his own words, "I view life as a challenge every single day. If I don't have a dream, the torch's fire will burn out. I know people who leave the job and have no more dreams, and head to an early grave". The Lucentum de Alicante Shooting Club hosted 2013 European Championships in October. He participated in the event. | 9ac0e150-8625-409a-8a56-f72bbf725c9c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bradney"} | Colonel Sir Joseph Alfred Bradney, CB DL JP FSA (11 January 1859 – 21 July 1933) was a British soldier, historian and archaeologist, best known for his multivolume A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time.
Life
Joseph Bradney was born at Greet, Tenbury Wells, Shropshire, and educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. He acquired, partly by inheritance and partly purchase, Tal-y-coed Court, an estate at Talycoed, Llanvihangel-Ystern-Llewern, near Monmouth, where he settled at an early age. He entered the army, serving as captain of the Royal Monmouth Royal Engineers Militia from 1882 to 1892, and lieutenant-colonel commanding the 2nd Battalion, Monmouthshire Regiment from 1892 to 1912. In the Territorial Force Reserve from 1912 to 1919, he served in France in 1917–18.
Bradney was High Sheriff of Monmouthshire in 1889, Deputy lieutenant of the county, and a county councillor from 1898 to 1924. He was also a governor and on the Council of the National Library of Wales and the National Museum of Wales. He was a member of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. He was appointed a Companion of the Bath in 1911, and knighted in 1924.
He wrote extensively on the history of Monmouthshire, his major work being A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time, published in twelve volumes between 1904 and 1933. A final volume, drawing on his notes, was published posthumously. The books have been described as a "monumental survey, extensively illustrated and containing dozens of pedigrees, [which remains] a basic reference work essential for the serious study of local history or genealogy in Monmouthshire." He shared an interest in vulgar limericks with the antiquarian Egerton Phillimore though Bradney's letters to Phillimore were often written in Latin.
He was married twice, first to Rosa Jenkins (d. 1927), and then to Florence Prothero. A Latin tablet in the Church of St Michael and All Angels, Llanvihangel-Ystern-Llewern records his achievements.
Works
A History of Monmouthshire
Bradney's History comprised twelve volumes, divided by the traditional administrative areas of Hundreds. The work covered six of the seven hundreds of Monmouthshire.
Between 1991 and 1993, the history was reprinted by Academy Books, and subsequently the Merton Priory Press, as an 80% sized facsimile. The work was arranged slightly differently to the original history, the indices were included in their respective Parts, and a fifth volume covering the last Hundred of Newport, was compiled from Bradney's manuscript notes by Dr Madeleine Gray. The re-ordered works were:
Footnotes
Sources | d69601fb-e14d-4754-b5a8-c68a1e3a5c54 |
null | American politician
Barbara Notestein (born April 14, 1949) is an American social worker from Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly and is now executive director of Safe and Sound, a crime prevention organization.
Background
Notestein was born on April 14, 1949 in Madison, Wisconsin, and grew up in Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin. She is a graduate of Whitefish Bay High School. She earned a B.A. from Beloit College in 1971, and an M.S.W. in 1975 from the University of Michigan. Notestein was a VISTA volunteer, became a social worker, and worked eight years for the Hunger Task Force of Milwaukee, eventually becoming its director.
Public office
From 1983-1984, Notestein (a member and former president of the National Women's Political Caucus of Milwaukee and member of the N.O.W. was a member of the Wisconsin Women's Council. She was first elected to the Assembly in 1984 as a Democrat from the newly renumbered 12th [formerly 4th] Assembly district (basically the East Side of Milwaukee) to succeed fellow Democrat Barbara Ulichny, who was successfully pursuing election to the Wisconsin State Senate. Notestein narrowly defeated gay rights activist Leon Rouse in the Democratic primary (1740-1657 in a three-way race), but carried the general election easily, with 15,606 votes to 8137 for Republican C. William Jordahl.
In later years, she faced no serious challenge in the primary or general elections, even after redistricting changed the boundaries of her own district (now the 19th District) to the south; in some general elections, her only challenge came from candidates of the Taxpayer's Party. From 1991-1994 she was Assistant Majority Leader. She chose not to seek re-election in 1998, citing in part the frustration of minority status since 1994 for Assembly Democrats, and was succeeded by fellow Democrat Jon Richards.
Notestein was appointed by President Clinton to serve in his administration as Administrator of the U.S. Small Business Administration Midwest Regional Office.
Safe and Sound
Notestein was executive director of Safe and Sound for 10 years. Notestein was honored by the White House in 2011 as a White House Champion of Change. | 6c20a264-d60a-4887-aa81-50129c6eb888 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenithicola"} | Genus of beetles
Zenithicola is a genus of beetles in the subfamily Clerinae. | 00560272-6809-41bb-ade8-8e3b3b63aebf |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructing_an_official_proceeding"} | Felony under U.S. federal law
Corruptly obstructing, influencing, or impeding an official proceeding is a felony under U.S. federal law. It was enacted as part of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 as a reaction to the Enron scandal, and closed a legal loophole on who could be charged with evidence tampering by defining the new crime very broadly. It later became known for its use as a charge against defendants associated with the 2021 U.S. Capitol attack for attempting to obstruct that year's Electoral College vote count.
Legal basis
The crime is codified as 18 U.S.C. § 1512(c)(2). The relevant subsection reads:
(c) Whoever corruptly—
(1) alters, destroys, mutilates, or conceals a record, document, or other object, or attempts to do so, with the intent to impair the object’s integrity or availability for use in an official proceeding; or
(2) otherwise obstructs, influences, or impedes any official proceeding, or attempts to do so,
shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.
The term "official proceeding" is defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1515(a)(1) to include proceedings before federal judges, Congress, federal government agencies, and regulators of insurance businesses.
History
Enactment
The provision was enacted by Section 1102 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 as a reaction to the Enron scandal, where Enron's auditor Arthur Andersen had destroyed potentially incriminating documents. It added a new subsection to the Victim and Witness Protection Act of 1982, which had already defined the term "official proceeding" and used it in describing other crimes. In a signing statement, President George W. Bush stated that the term "corruptly" would be construed as requiring proof of a criminal state of mind, in order to avoid infringing on the constitutional right to petition.
Prior to the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, anyone who corruptly persuaded others to destroy, alter, or conceal evidence could be prosecuted, but the individuals actually performing the act, or individuals acting alone, could not be prosecuted. The new provision closed this loophole by defining the new crime very broadly. The case Arthur Andersen LLP v. United States, which was prosecuted under an older subsection of the law, resulted in Arthur Andersen's conviction being overturned by the Supreme Court in 2005 because flawed jury instructions did not account for that subsection's requirement that the action be taken not only "corruptly" but "knowingly".
Use prior to 2021
In the 2010s, some examples of convictions for obstructing an official proceeding included an associate of the Colombo crime family who obstructed a grand jury investigation, a teacher who tipped off drug dealers that they were under investigation using information from a relative who was a detective, and a former tour bus company executive who concealed and instructed subordinates to destroy documents sought in a federal antitrust investigation.
In 2019, Roger Stone was convicted of obstructing an official proceeding as part of the Mueller Special Counsel investigation, for lying to the U.S. House Committee on Intelligence and encouraging another witness to lie for him. Stone was later pardoned by President Donald Trump.
Obstructing an official proceeding is one of the charges in United States v. Joseph, a 2019 case where a Massachusetts state court judge and court officer helped a state court defendant evade a U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent by allowing the defendant to leave a court hearing through a rear door of the courthouse.
2021 U.S. Capitol attack
As of December 2022, about 290 out of over 910 defendants associated with the 2021 U.S. Capitol attack had been charged with obstructing an official proceeding, with over 70 convicted. It tended to be used with defendants who had entered the Senate chamber or the offices of Congress members, or members of groups such as the Oath Keepers, Proud Boys, and Three Percenters who were alleged to have prepared for violence in advance. Those who entered other areas of the Capitol were typically charged only with misdemeanors such as entering a restricted federal building, or parading, demonstrating, or picketing in the Capitol. For those charged with a felony, prosecutors preferred an obstructing an official proceeding charge in most cases, rather than insurrection or seditious conspiracy charges which are harder to prove and were considered to have more potential to be politically incendiary.
Those who have pleaded guilty to obstructing an official proceeding include "QAnon Shaman" Jacob Chansley, Olympic medalist Klete Keller, and musician Jon Schaffer. On March 8, 2022, in the first criminal trial of a Capitol attack defendant, Guy Reffitt became the first to be convicted of obstructing an official proceeding, along with other charges. In November 2022, Stewart Rhodes and four other members of the Oath Keepers were convicted of obstructing an official proceeding along with other crimes. Four additional Oath Keepers members were convicted in January 2023, as was Richard Barnett, who had been prominently photographed in Speaker Nancy Pelosi's office during the attack.
Applicability dispute
Some defendants argued that, given the circumstances of its passage, the law should apply only to proceedings involving the administration of justice where evidence is being presented, and not the Electoral College vote count as an administrative and ceremonial event. Although two federal judges of the District Court for the District of Columbia initially expressed concerns in court about the law's use, by March 2022, they and eight other federal judges had rejected challenges to the obstruction charge, finding that the law had been properly invoked and was not unconstitutionally vague.
However, on March 7, Carl J. Nichols became the first federal judge to rule that the law was not applicable to the Capitol attack, on the basis that the word "otherwise" in the statute required that the conduct must involve "some action with respect to a document, record, or other object". At least two other district court judges subsequently criticized Nichols' reading of the statute in their own rulings, and in August 2022, Nichols' rulings on three such defendants was appealed to the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The hearing occurred on December 12, 2022. | f6975c8f-2e83-4818-acbb-c7639151f6d8 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austromitra_planata"} | Species of gastropod
Austromitra planata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.
Distribution
This species occurs in New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone. | 9f60852b-0c7a-43f7-8fcf-eeb6ee402a60 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Vermont_University"} | Public university in Vermont, United States
Northern Vermont University (NVU) is a public university in Johnson and Lyndon, Vermont. Established in 2018 by the unification of the former Johnson State College and Lyndon State College, the university offers over 50 Bachelor's degree programs and Master's degree programs. On July 1, 2023, it will become a campus of Vermont State University.
History
In September 2016, the Vermont State Colleges board of trustees voted to unify Lyndon State College with Johnson State College, located roughly 50 miles apart. The new combined institution was named Northern Vermont University, and JSC President Elaine Collins was named as NVU's first president to oversee the consolidation of both campus into the new university. The merger became effective on July 1, 2018 and ended over 100 years of the two colleges' existence as separate institutions, although the combined university remains public and under the Vermont State College system.
For many years, the Vermont public colleges have experienced financial stress and chronic underfunding. Exacerbated by COVID-19, in April 2020, Vermont State Colleges system Chancellor Jeb Spaulding recommended closing Northern Vermont University as well as Vermont Technical College. Under the proposal, some of the NVU academic programs would move to another public state college, Castleton University. Faculty, staff, and others have protested the proposal.
Due to ongoing financial challenges and low enrollment in the Vermont State Colleges, Northern Vermont University will be merging with Castleton University and Vermont Technical College. Vermont State University will begin on July 1, 2023.
Facilities
Johnson campus
The Dibden Center for the Arts
Named for Arthur J. Dibden, president of Johnson State College 1967-69, Dibden oversaw the expansion and development of the fine and performing arts programs. The center is located on the southwest side of the campus and houses the college's Dance, Music, and Theater programs as well as gallery exhibition space for the Fine Arts programs. The striking late modernist building, whose sculptural roofline echoes the contours of the Sterling Mountain Range–its backdrop to the south, is the work of architect Robert Burley. Burley apprenticed in the studio of Eero Saarinen. The large 500-seat Dibden Theater with a 44' proscenium stage is the centerpiece of the performing arts facilities at the center. Excellent acoustics are achieved by a system of hardwood baffles along the walls and ceilings. Practice and instruction rooms wrap around the theater and the Julian Scott Memorial Gallery on the front of the center showcases exhibitions of fine art and design by the college's fine art students as well as travelling exhibitions and the work of visiting artists. The Dibden Center for the Arts houses the faculties of the Department of Music and the Department of Theater, a recording studio, music studios, practice rooms, classrooms and a piano laboratory. Recitals and concerts, theater and contemporary dance performances, and open rehearsals bring performing arts into the daily life of the college. The Vermont Symphony Orchestra performs regularly at the center. Several performing arts series available to the college community, are also available to the public by subscription. The Dibden Center is an important fine and performing arts venue for all of Vermont. One of the best aspects of Dibden is the fact that it is fully student run, both working Front of House and backstage, so there is always learning and working opportunity for students that seek work opportunities and those who would like to learn more about the theater. The new Library and Learning Center in the main quadrangle's northwest corner. The LLC building, is home to the Department of Humanities and the Department of Writing and Literature.
Library and Learning Center
Johnson's Library and Learning Center (LLC) opened in 1996 and incorporates the collections of the older John Dewey Library with expanded collections and new technology. The print collection includes 130,000+ volumes and over 700 journals and periodicals. The LLC houses the largest collections of fine arts publications in Vermont and is a designated National Archives and Records Administration repository. The contemporary, green design building makes use of passive and active solar heating. Its south-southwest orientation for reading rooms utilizes natural light. The LLC is built of terra cotta brick, Vermont gray granite, Vermont blue-gray slate, steel, and green-tinted glass. The LLC was designed by the architectural firm of Gossens Bachman Architects and has won numerous awards for its architecture and environmental efficiency. Awards include the 1997 American Institute of Architects (AIA) Vermont "Excellence in Architecture Award." The LLC also houses the faculties of the Department of Humanities, and the Department of Writing and Literature. A skybridge links the LLC with Wilson Bentley Hall. The LLC has become a community centerpiece and serves as a gateway to the northwest side of the quadrangle. An informal outdoor amphitheater facing the quadrangle has become a popular outdoor social area in warmer weather.
John Dewey Hall
John Dewey Hall on the south side of the quadrangle was built in 1963 in the International Style to house the college's library. It is named for the philosopher and educator John Dewey. The building is lit by natural light from a panoramic glass clerestory around the perimeter of the building. Today the building houses the college bookstore, the office of the dean of students, the Student Association, the Registration and Advising Center, TRIO, academic advising, and career & internship offices.
Visual Arts Center
Johnson's Visual Arts Center (VAC) houses the college's Visual Arts Programs, which was renovated in 2012, with studios for design, drawing, painting, printmaking, photography, sculpture, ceramics and woodworking. The Digital Imaging Laboratory (DIL) is also located here with state-of-the-art oversized high-resolution laser CMYK and Inkjet printers. The VAC augments exhibition space at the Julian Scott Memorial Gallery in the Dibden Center with a gallery for exhibiting works in progress and student projects. Exhibitions play a major role in both academic and student life at Johnson. Students have opportunities to show their work beginning in their freshman year. Exhibition programs support and expand the studio curriculum, providing students with frequent opportunities to share their work and receive input; and, by exhibiting faculty and visiting artists' work, providing insights into teachers’ approaches to making art and critique. Exhibitions in many mediums both of work produced within the college, and by work exhibited by visiting artists exposes students to a wide range of contemporary thinking and art-making methods. Fine arts majors in the freshman and sophomore levels most commonly exhibit work in the VAC. Students in their junior and senior years, especially those presenting thesis level work exhibit in the Julian Scott Memorial Gallery at the Dibden Center for the Arts.
Wilson Bentley Science Hall
Named for the scientist-artist, Wilson Bentley (1865–1931) who first photographed snowflakes in the nineteenth century in nearby Jericho, Vermont. Bentley brought an objective scientific eye to the examination of snow and ice crystals via hugely magnified images called photomicrographs. Bentley published a monograph titled Snow Crystals which documented more than 2000 snowflakes and ice crystals. Wilson Bentley Hall, designed by noted architect Robert Burley, houses the faculties of the Department of Mathematics, and the Department of Environmental and Health Sciences. A 200-seat lecture hall with digital projection facilities, an interactive television studio, and laboratories for biology, chemistry, physical sciences, cartography, and geographic information systems. Bentley Hall also houses a state-of-the-art interactive multimedia computer laboratory and is a designated National Science Foundation research facility. The building also houses a meteorological station, and green house.
The Babcock Nature Preserve
The Babcock Nature Preserve, located ten miles from Johnson in Eden, Vermont is a 1,000 acre (4 km²) tract of forest land owned and maintained by the college for scientific and educational study. A large, environmentally significant bog, and three large ponds dominate the physical landscape. The Babcock Nature Preserve is a natural laboratory for field biology, ornithology and environmental sciences courses. The summer field program at the Babcock Nature Preserve features a number of intensive courses designed to provide field experience in the environmental and natural sciences.
Lyndon campus
Theodore N. Vail Center
The Vail Center has classrooms and teachers' offices, especially English, mathematics, and education. It also contains the Vail Museum, mail room and The Hornet's Nest, the campus snack bar. The science wing contains classrooms and laboratories. There is a television wing for the television studies and is home to News 7, Lyndon's daily live broadcast facility. It also contains the small Alexander Twilight Theater.
Samuel Read Hall Library & Academic Center
The Samuel Read Hall Library & Academic Center (LAC) contains classrooms, a 24-hour computer lab, and the three-floor Samuel Read Hall Library. There is a large pond adjacent to the library.
Harvey Academic Center
The Harvey Academic Center (HAC) is located at the center of campus, and houses offices and classrooms for arts and outdoors classes. The Center also hosts the Quimby Gallery, a small regional art gallery named after alumnus Susan Quimby.
Academic and Student Activity Center
The Academic and Student Activity Center (ASAC) is on the western side of campus, and houses science and business classrooms, along with the Moore Community Room and the university's weather station.
Veteran's Park
Veteran's Park is a small grassy common area in the center of campus dedicated to alumni and current students who served or are serving in the armed forces. Multiple walkways surround the park.
SHAPE Center
The SHAPE Center is Lyndon's fitness center, containing multiple fitness-related rooms. The George W. Stannard Gymnasium is the primary gymnasium for sporting events, with a seating capacity of 1,500. The smaller Rita L. Bole Gymnasium is primarily used for intramural athletics and exercise science classes, as it has no permanent seating. The SHAPE Center also contains a swimming pool, fitness center, racquetball court, and rock climbing wall.
Brown House
On the north side of the campus across from the baseball fields is the Brown House, the university's health and counseling center. The Brown House also houses Lyndon Rescue, Inc., a regional ambulance service that evolved from the Lyndon State Rescue Squad, a former club formed in 1972.
Gray House
The Gray House is a special residential opportunity, currently for those performing service to the community.
Residence halls
Half of the student population lives on campus in one of the nine residence halls. The Stonehenge residence hall complex is located on the southern end of campus, and consists of six residence halls: Whitelaw/Crevecoeur (first-year students), Arnold/Bayley, and Poland/Rogers. They are clustered around a central courtyard and shaped in a circle, hence the nickname "Stonehenge." Wheelock is a residence hall that is located in the center of campus. Rita Bole is the newest of the residence halls, which features apartment-style living for upperclassmen. The ninth hall, Gray House, is a living-learning community dedicated to performing community service on campus and in the local area.
Athletics
Johnson Badgers
Johnson State College teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III. The Badgers are a member of the North Atlantic Conference (NAC).
Men's sports include
Women's sports include
In 2018, women's triathlon was added to the varsity sports roster, representing the only NCAA institution in New England to carry women's triathlon as a varsity sport.
Lyndon Hornets
The Lyndon State Hornets are a member of the NCAA, and compete on the Division III level in the North Atlantic Conference.
LSC has 12 NCAA sponsored teams, which include:
Men's Sports
Women's Sports
LSC has five club teams:
Notable alumni
Lyndon State College
Johnson State College | d360cdad-3170-4228-9929-a5c13ba465a6 |
null | Genus of moths
Neothyone is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae.
Species | 144b7fad-52c5-4f93-b24f-8bfcc6e2555b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1la_(TV_series)"} | Turkish TV series or program
Sıla is a Turkish television series directed by Gül Oğuz for ATV and ATV Avrupa (Europe) in 2006. On September 15, 2006, ATV started broadcasting Sila. The last episode was broadcast on September 20, 2008.
Sila began airing in the Arab World in 2010 and gained great popularity and success throughout its run. In Greece the projection of Sila started the June 10, 2012 at Mega Channel. In Croatia, this series was aired from December 2012 to May 2013 on Nova TV. In Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina this series started on December 15, 2013 at 20:00 on RTV Pink, Pink M and Pink BH, and it became one of the highest watched Turkish TV series breaking all records.
In Slovakia started on August 5, 2013 on channel TV Doma and was breaking channel records. In Slovenia started on May 15, 2014 on channel POP TV, and in North Macedonia on October 1, 2014 on Sitel TV. In Romania started on January 5, 2015 on the channels PRO TV (the first 4 episodes) and Acasă (all of episodes). In Bulgaria started on February 9, 2015 on channel bTV. In Chile started on March 8, 2015 on channel Mega, in Colombia in 2016 it will be released soon by RCN Television. In Brazil started on 2016, as part of TV Bandeirantes programming.
Episodes
Plot
Sila is a girl given to a wealthy family in Istanbul. Her biological parents gave her away because she was sick. Later, her biological father, Celil, and her brother, Azad, which she believed have died, come to take her away claiming that her mother was very sick and needed to see her before she died. However, she was brought up with deception to marry Boran, the boss of Mardin tribe, to repay a debt of her brother Azad for escaping with Narin, the sister of the tribe leader Boran. (In the Mardin tribe the tradition says if someone tries to steal a girl or flees with a girl, they either have to kill them both or the boy’s family has to give a girl from their family in return) Sila and her Father go to Mardin in order to meet Sila’s family but just after a few days, her father has to return for an urgent work. Nevertheless, Sila decides to stay a little bit longer. As she is getting ready thinking that they are celebrating her brother Azad’s wedding and her return together. However, the reality was they were marrying her of to Boran, the boss of Mardin tribe. During her stay on Mardin, Sila suffered pressure for Boran parents, she helps her servant and friend Ayse, and tries to change injustices caused by the tribal customs. Sila escapes with Narin and Azad to Istanbul. Boran is willing to do anything to comply with tradition: to kill his "wife" and his sister and her husband Azad. Because as the tradition written says that Sila has to die if she runs away.
In the end, Sila and Boran are happy and even expecting their twin daughters Sude and Bade. In addition, Boran is again declared as the boss of the Mardin tribe, in the end everyone seems happy.
Cast | 637b8bd0-d59d-43f8-8318-016bdfc8e76b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_residents_of_10_Downing_Street"} | Number 10 Downing Street is the residence and office of the First Lord of the Treasury as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The headquarters of His Majesty's Government, it is situated on Downing Street in the City of Westminster in London, England.
Number 10 was originally three houses: a stately mansion overlooking St James's Park called "the house at the back" built around 1530, a modest townhouse behind it located at 10 Downing Street and a small cottage next to Number 10. The townhouse, from which the modern building gets its name, was one of several built by Sir George Downing between 1682 and 1684.
Below is a list of the residents of Number 10 and the House at the Back from 1650 to the present.
Residents of Number 10 Downing Street and The House at the Back, 1650–present
Prime Ministers are indicated in bold. | 2f39af40-e751-4ceb-a8be-08182034c560 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurkowice,_Stasz%C3%B3w_County"} | Village in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland
Jurkowice [jurkɔˈvit͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bogoria, within Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of Bogoria, 17 km (11 mi) north-east of Staszów, and 60 km (37 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.
The village has a population of
535.
Demography
According to the 2002 Poland census, there were 527 people residing in Jurkowice village, of whom 49.9% were male and 50.1% were female. In the village, the population was spread out, with 26% under the age of 18, 40% from 18 to 44, 19.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older.
Figure 1. Population pyramid of village in 2002 – by age group and sex | 255e7fb2-5a52-40f1-aa7f-f1ae05df4b41 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phacochoerini"} | Extinct tribe of mammals
Phacochoerini is a tribe of even-toed ungulates which encompasses the warthogs. | f08024d4-2315-418a-8ab7-694a3dccc06f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Building_(London)"} | The Canadian Pacific Building at 62–65 Trafalgar Square (formerly 62–65 Charing Cross) is an office building in Westminster in London, England. It was constructed as the London offices of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company and its affiliated steamship line (CP Ships), hotel chain (Canadian Pacific Hotels), and other subsidiary companies. It is faced with Portland stone, features prominent CANADIAN PACIFIC signage, and houses a small clock tower.
Until 2011, the building was occupied by commercial and law offices, but it is now under re-development by BMB for conversion into five luxury apartments. The project was completed in 2012, and the historic structure was renamed "Trafalgar One". | 78fedb1b-1d1b-40e7-b239-45982c62ac98 |
null | American Toy Company
Founded in 1992 (first incorporated as Bowen Designs, Inc. in 1991), Bowen Designs was a company dealing in the creation and sale of entertainment-based collectible statues. Most Bowen products released thus far are based on Marvel Comics characters, but products based on independent comics and movies have also been created.
The primary designer and sculptor for Bowen Designs is Randy Bowen. He started as a garage kit creator and throughout the years became a well-known sculptor in the industry. Currently, Bowen Designs consists of many more people and often employs freelance sculptors and prototype painters due to the large amount of product being released. Bowen Design's produces mostly statues and busts based on heroes and villains of the Marvel Universe.
The Marvel License
Bowen Designs' tie to Marvel Comics began as early as 1997. In May 1998, Bowen released the first Bowen Marvel Mini-Bust in the line (The Hulk). In December 1998, the first in a series of Bowen Marvel Statues hit the market (Daredevil). The license once covered mini-statues, done much smaller than Bowen's other Marvel statues, but few were released and the mini-statues were not revisited. The Marvel license periods were broken up into "phases," where a new phase was started upon confirmation of renewal of the license. Phase 5 was the last phase to be produced, leaving Bowen Designs future with the Marvel license in the dark. Attributing factors to the lack of renewal for a Phase 6 may include Marvel being acquired by Disney. It is unknown if Bowen Designs will pursue a renewal of the Marvel License, or even if Disney/Marvel would be open to it. Randy Bowen recently announced that the company will come back at some point with new statues, but the announcement failed to specify what kind of statues or what properties any future productions might encompass.
MYTHOS Editions
The MYTHOS line was conceived as a way for Bowen Designs to release statues related to licenses that are in the public domain. This includes mostly mythology based pieces so far. Being untied to any sort of license agreement, this gives the sculptor and designer free rein over all aspects of the character sculpt.
Sculptors
Sculptors employed by Bowen Designs for various projects include:
And many others...
Prototype Painters
Prototype Painters employed by Bowen Designs for various projects include:
And many others...
Products | b18332ef-5a2c-4e71-bab8-73ca6759cf02 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Meyer_(cyclist)"} | Danish cyclist
Charles Meyer (16 March 1868 – 31 January 1931) was a Danish racing cyclist. He won the 560 km long Bordeaux–Paris in 1895, and finished second in the 1896 Paris–Roubaix and fifth in the 1898 race. | 2fd49b61-be90-493a-be0a-0a8b06934b4f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaetic"} | Extinct ancient language of the Eastern Alps
Rhaetic or Raetic (/ˈriːtɪk/), also known as Rhaetian, was a language spoken in the ancient region of Rhaetia in the eastern Alps in pre-Roman and Roman times. It is documented by around 280 texts dated from the 5th up until the 1st century BC, which were found through northern Italy, southern Germany, eastern Switzerland, Slovenia and western Austria, in two variants of the Old Italic scripts. Rhaetic is largely accepted as being closely related to Etruscan.
The ancient Rhaetic language is not to be confused with the modern Romance languages of the same Alpine region, known as Rhaeto-Romance.
Classification
The German linguist Helmut Rix proposed in 1998 that Rhaetic, along with Etruscan, was a member of a language family he called Tyrrhenian, and which was possibly influenced by neighboring Indo-European languages. Robert S. P. Beekes likewise does not consider it Indo-European. Howard Hayes Scullard (1967), on the contrary, suggested it to be an Indo-European language, with links to Illyrian and Celtic. Nevertheless, most scholars now think that Rhaetic is closely related to Etruscan within the Tyrrhenian grouping.
Rix's Tyrsenian family is supported by a number of linguists such as Stefan Schumacher, Carlo De Simone, Norbert Oettinger, Simona Marchesini, or Rex E. Wallace. Common features between Etruscan, Rhaetic, and Lemnian have been observed in morphology, phonology, and syntax. On the other hand, few lexical correspondences are documented, at least partly due to the scanty number of Rhaetic and Lemnian texts and possibly to the early date at which the languages split. The Tyrsenian family (or Common Tyrrhenic) is often considered to be Paleo-European and to predate the arrival of Indo-European languages in southern Europe.
History
In 2004 L. Bouke van der Meer proposed that Rhaetic could have developed from Etruscan from around 900 BCE or even earlier, and no later than 700 BCE, since divergences are already present in the oldest Etruscan and Rhaetic inscriptions, such as in the grammatical voices of past tenses or in the endings of male gentilicia. Around 600 BCE, the Rhaeti became isolated from the Etruscan area, probably by the Celts, thus limiting contacts between the two languages. Such a late datation has not enjoyed consensus, because the split would still be too recent, and in contrast with the archaeological data, the Rhaeti in the second Iron Age being characterized by the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture, in continuity with late Bronze Age culture and early Iron Age Laugen-Melaun culture. The Raeti are not believed, archeologically, to descend from the Etruscans, as well as it is not believed plausible that the Etruscans are descended from the Rhaeti. Helmut Rix dated the end of the Proto-Tyrsenian period to the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BC. Carlo De Simone and Simona Marchesini have proposed a much earlier date, placing the Tyrsenian language split before the Bronze Age. This would provide one explanation for the low number of lexical correspondences.
The language is documented in Northern Italy between the 5th and the 1st centuries BCE by about 280 texts, in an area corresponding to the Fritzens-Sanzeno and Magrè cultures. It is clear that in the centuries leading up to Roman imperial times, the Rhaetians had at least come under Etruscan influence, as the Rhaetic inscriptions are written in what appears to be a northern variant of the Etruscan alphabet. The ancient Roman sources mention the Rhaetic people as being reputedly of Etruscan origin, so there may at least have been some ethnic Etruscans who had settled in the region by that time.[citation needed]
In his Natural History (1st century CE), Pliny wrote about Alpine peoples:
... adjoining these (the Noricans) are the Rhaeti and Vindelici. All are divided into several states. The Rhaeti are believed to be people of Etruscan race driven out by the Gauls; their leader was named Rhaetus.
Pliny's comment on a leader named Rhaetus is typical of mythologized origins of ancient peoples, and not necessarily reliable. The name of the Venetic goddess Reitia has commonly been discerned in the Rhaetic finds, but the two names do not seem to be linked. The spelling as Raet- is found in inscriptions, while Rhaet- was used in Roman manuscripts; it is unclear whether this Rh represents an accurate transcription of an aspirated R in Rhaetic, or is merely an error.[citation needed]
Sources | b06fc0d3-5ef2-4cab-97cf-27d0a237925f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck_Lafitte"} | French volleyball player
Franck Lafitte (born 8 March 1989) is a French male volleyball player. He was part of the France men's national volleyball team at the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship in Poland. He played for Montpellier UC.
Clubs | 94d3f5f7-8001-45d8-85ee-905badf9685c |
null | 1917 American film
Happiness of Three Women is a 1917 American drama silent film directed by William Desmond Taylor and written by Adele Harris and Albert Payson Terhune. The film stars House Peters, Sr., Myrtle Stedman, Larry Steers, Daisy Jefferson, William Hutchinson and Lucille Ward. The film was released on January 18, 1917, by Paramount Pictures.
Plot
Cast
Preservation status | f22dba38-da34-43f3-8b89-f9bebea306da |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_41_class_patrol_boat"} | The Type 41 Class was a type of patrol boats of the Military of Switzerland, commissioned during the Second World War to patrol the border lakes of Switzerland. The class comprised nine units, commissioned between 1941 and 1944 in three series: Thun and Brienz in December 1941, Sargans, Schwyz and Unterwalden in July 1943, and Spiez, Bönigen and Brunnen in April 1944; Furthermore, the prototype Uri was also commissioned. They remained in service until late 1983, when they were replaced by the more modern Type 80 (Aquarius class). In 1962, the units of the class were upgraded with an electric generator, radars and radios, and had their armament upgraded: the 24 mm Type 41 anti-tank rifle—not a personal weapon at 74 kg (163 lb)—at the bow was replaced by a 20mm autocannon, and the twin anti-air MG 38 machine guns at the stern were replaced by an MG 51 machine gun.
When not on active duty in the military, the units were operated by the border patrol of the Customs office.
Builder: Werner Risch AG, Zürich-Wolishofen
Begun:
Launched: 1941
Completed:
Fate:
Builder: Werner Risch AG, Zürich-Wolishofen
Begun:
Launched: 1941
Completed:
Fate:
Builder: Werner Risch AG, Zürich-Wolishofen
Begun:
Launched: 1943
Completed:
Fate:
Builder: Werner Risch AG, Zürich-Wolishofen
Begun:
Launched: 1943
Completed:
Fate:
Builder: Werner Risch AG, Zürich-Wolishofen
Begun:
Launched: 1943
Completed:
Fate:
Builder: Werner Risch AG, Zürich-Wolishofen
Begun:
Launched: 1944
Completed:
Fate: On display in the permanent exhibit of the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne.
Builder: Werner Risch AG, Zürich-Wolishofen
Begun:
Launched: 1944
Completed:
Fate:
Builder: Werner Risch AG, Zürich-Wolishofen
Begun:
Launched: 1944
Completed:
Fate:
Sources and references
Sources | 9ef87a01-29ef-4f43-9e88-aad5e993520a |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonder_Years:_Trilogy"} | 2008 EP by Wonder Girls
The Wonder Years: Trilogy is the first extended play by South Korean girl group Wonder Girls. The mini-album was released on September 22, 2008 in South Korea through JYP Entertainment. It would be the last release to feature Sunmi before her temporary departure from Wonder Girls.
Background
This album contains total five songs including "Nobody", the promotional single. The official website of Wonder Girls was updated in mid-September 2008, after pictures of the group were leaked, showing a 1960s Motown concept. A teaser video for "Nobody" was then released on September 18, 2008, showcasing a ballad version of the song and scenes from the music video. The full video was then released on September 22, 2008 on the official website, and then to YouTube.
The song continued the retro theme of Wonder Girls songs, including the 1980s feel of "Tell Me" and "So Hot". However, "Nobody" is inspired by older music from the 1960s and 1970s, specifically Motown girl groups.
Release and promotion
After the release of the video, "Nobody" was released to various digital outlets. Within hours, the song quickly became the #1 streamed and sold song online, to the surprise of even their management. On the day of its release, the music video was also featured on blogger Perez Hilton's website.
On September 22, 2008, the EP was released, with the title The Wonder Years: Trilogy. In addition to "Nobody", the single also had two new songs — "I Tried" and "Saying 'I Love You'" — in addition to a remix of "Nobody" and instrumental versions of all four songs. The intro track was featured in the teaser music video.
A remix of the song, titled "Anybody", featured hip-hop group Dynamic Duo, San E, and Park Jin-young. The song was given a digital release on November 18, 2008.
"Nobody" music video
The music video begins with Park Jin-young performing a Motown-style concert with the Wonder Girls as his backup singers. After the show, a couple of record executives give Park sheet lyrics to the song "Nobody", which he prepares to debut on his next show.
Minutes before his show begins, Park is in the men's restroom using a toilet stall when he realizes that there is no toilet paper available. As he frantically calls for help, everyone on stage begins to wonder where he is as the show starts. The executives then motion the Wonder Girls to bring their microphone stands forward and take center stage. At the end of their performance, Park finally appears on stage to congratulate the group for their performance. While the song plays, the video becomes a montage of the group's career progressing to superstardom.
At the end of the video, Park enters another toilet stall and sees that there is toilet paper available. Unfortunately for him, he pulls the last sheet off the dispenser and once again has to call for help.
Commercial performance
In the month of September 2008, the mini-album sold 28,160 copies. "Nobody" went #1 on KBS' Music Bank program in early October, then remained there for four consecutive weeks. The song also won Cyworld's "Song of the Month" award in September and October 2008, giving them a total of 5 "Song of the Month" awards, tying Big Bang. At the 2008 MKMF Awards, "Nobody" won awards for "Song of the Year" and "Best Music Video".
Track listing
Charts
Release history | 9e543de8-b692-4cce-ae51-cbcb63115147 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumen_Dimitrov"} | Bulgarian sambist and mixed martial arts fighter
Rumen Dimitrov (Bulgarian: Румен Димитров; born May 10, 1982) is a Bulgarian Sambo practitioner and mixed martial artist who has won gold and two bronze medals at the Combat Sambo World Championships.
Sambo career
Part of the Dimitrov family which has produced significant success in Combat Sambo for Bulgaria, Rumen has medaled two consecutive years in the middleweight category for Combat Sambo. When he was a child he weighed around 100 kilograms, but his coach Gele , who taught him sambo and judo , made him the professional he is today.[citation needed]
Mixed martial arts career
Competing primarily in Bulgaria, Dimitrov has proven himself to be a rising prospect much like his brother Rosen Dimitrov. He is the current MAX FIGHT middleweight champion, which is a Bulgarian promotion.[citation needed]
Mixed martial arts record | 6172d650-1ba4-4b77-ad68-350bd8906fd1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rybky"} | Municipality in Slovakia
Rybky (Hungarian: Halasd) is a village and municipality in Senica District in the Trnava Region of western Slovakia.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1394.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 223 metres and covers an area of 5.779 km2. It has a population of about 441 people. | e161665f-a0f3-43de-a27d-2482f1aae23e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAT_1400"} | Motor vehicle
The SEAT 1400 was a rear-wheel-drive four-door mid-size sedan built by the Spanish car maker SEAT between 1953 and 1963. It was the first model produced by SEAT, and the first car to be assembled at the firm's then-new plant located in Barcelona's Zona Franca zone.
The car was a rebranded Fiat 1400, itself Fiat's first integrated chassis model.
Production started on November 13, 1953, carried out by an early workforce of 925 employees with a potential of 5 units produced per day; the first example rolled off the assembly line with the licence plate 'B-87.223'. Initially, components were shipped as CKD kits from Italy and assembled by SEAT at their plant in Zona Franca, but in 1954 the Spanish-made parts content rose to a 93% proportion of the total in order to limit imports and to help the development of the almost non-existent Spanish supplier industry, thus fulfilling SEAT's assigned key role in the development of the Spanish economy as the national car maker of the post World War II Spain. In the next few years the model's production output would gradually increase, and by 1956 10,000 cars would be produced annually, with an average of 42 cars per day.
In 1963, when the car was replaced by the SEAT 1500, 82,894 examples covering four distinctively different versions of the 1400 had been produced.
The first SEAT 1400, offered between 1953 and 1955, incorporated a 1395 cc four-cylinder water-cooled Fiat engine with a claimed output of 44 bhp and top speed of 120 km/h (75 mph).
SEAT 1400 A
The SEAT 1400 A, the first revision, launched for 1955 was a modernised version of the original 1400, based on the Fiat 1400 A which had appeared from Turin the previous year. Published power output was now raised to 50 bhp and the top speed to 125 km/h (78 mph).
SEAT 1400 B
Announced at the end of 1956, the SEAT 1400 B appearing for 1957 retained its predecessor's bodywork but featured a revised front grill and offered a two tone paint scheme. In addition to the sedan, a five-door station wagon and commercial delivery truck version were available. Claimed engine output and maximum speed for the sedan were, from 1958, 58 bhp and 135 km/h (84 mph). This version of the 1400 would continue in production until 1964.
SEAT 1400 C
The SEAT 1400 C was introduced in 1960. The modern Pininfarina styled body, came from the recently introduced Fiat 1800. The previous SEAT 1400 B remained in production: the two cars were offered in parallel, sharing the same engine, though the newer car was longer and, it appears, slightly heavier than the old. The decision to fit the old four-cylinder unit in the new bodied SEAT rather than to tool up for assembly in Catalonia of the new six-cylinder engines being fitted by Fiat in the new-bodied cars appears to have been taken on cost grounds: disposable incomes in Spain at this time were far lower than those in Italy. In 1963 a five-door estate version of the 1400 C appeared, featuring a two piece tailgate. The introduction of a diesel-engined version would have to await the successor model, however. | 5c94803c-1568-413d-b7df-a584a871bbaf |
null | 1987–1990 concert tour by Pink Floyd
A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour was two consecutive concert tours by the British rock band Pink Floyd. The A Momentary Lapse of Reason tour ran from September 1987 to August 1988; the Another Lapse tour ran from May–July 1989. Both tours were in support of their album A Momentary Lapse of Reason (1987). The tour was the band's first since The Wall tour in 1981, and also the first without the band's original bassist Roger Waters. The band later reprised the setlist and stage show of this tour for their performance at Knebworth Park in 1990.
History
Initially, there was a great deal of uncertainty around the tour. Pink Floyd had not played live since 1981, and had not embarked on a full-fledged tour since 1977. Roger Waters left the band in 1985, believing the band would not continue. However, Gilmour and Mason decided to continue as Pink Floyd. Waters threatened legal action against Gilmour and Mason, as well as any promoters who promoted shows as "Pink Floyd". However, by the end of 1987, with the success of the album and first stages of the tour, the new lineup had established itself commercially, and the band reached a settlement with Waters in December.
Having the success of The Wall shows to live up to, the concerts' special effects were more impressive than ever. The initial "promotional tour" was extended, and finally lasted almost two years, ending in 1989 after playing around 197 concerts to about 5.5 million people in total, [citation needed] including 3 dates at Madison Square Garden (5–7 October 1987) and 2 nights at Wembley Stadium (5–6 August 1988). The tour took Pink Floyd to various exotic locations they had never played before such as shows in the forecourt of the Palace of Versailles, Moscow's Olympic Stadium, and Venice, despite fears and protests that the sound would damage the latter city's foundations. The tour marked the first time that the band played in Soviet Union, Norway, Spain and New Zealand, and was the first time they had played in Australia since 1971 and Japan since 1972.
Worldwide, the band grossed around US$135 million, making A Momentary Lapse of Reason the highest-grossing tour of the 1980s.[citation needed]
A further concert was held at the Knebworth Festival in 1990, a charity event that also featured other Silver Clef Award winners. Pink Floyd was the last act to play, to an audience of 120,000. During this gig Clare Torry joined Vicki and Sam Brown in providing backing vocals, Candy Dulfer contributing saxophone solos. The £60,000 firework display that ended the concert was entirely financed by the band. These shows are documented by the Delicate Sound of Thunder album, video and Live at Knebworth '90 video. Video of both the Venice and Knebworth concerts were released on Blu-Ray and DVD in The Later Years boxset.
Personnel
Additional musicians:
Knebworth Park additional musicians:
Set list
Tour
The first set mainly consisted of songs from A Momentary Lapse of Reason and the second of hits and older songs. See notes on individual tour dates to see changes made to the usual set list.
First Set:
Second set:
Encore:
Second Encore:
Grand Canal, Venice, 15 July 1989 – Live TV concert
This was a special performance on a floating platform, for live Italian TV and was also broadcast worldwide. Due to time restrictions of live TV some songs were left out and others shortened in places. Before the concert, city authorities were so worried about the effects of loud amplified music on the ancient structures of the city that Pink Floyd agreed to play more quietly than usual. The influx of 200,000 fans into the city, and the outcry arising from the mountains of litter left behind and the inevitable consequences of the lack of toilet facilities, led to the entire city council resigning after the concert.
'The Venice show was great fun, but it was very tense and nerve-wracking. We had a specific length of show to do; the satellite broadcasting meant we had to get it absolutely precise. We had the list of songs, and we'd shortened them, which we'd never done before. I had a big clock with a red digital read-out on the floor in front of me, and had the start time of each number on a piece of paper. If we were coming near the start time of the next number, I just had to wrap up the one we were on. We had a really good time, but the city authorities who had agreed to provide the services of security, toilets, food, completely reneged on everything they were supposed to do, and then tried to blame all the subsequent problems on us.'
— David Gilmour,
Knebworth House, Knebworth, 30 June 1990 – Silver Clef Award Winners Concert
Tour dates | 4a9156b2-df5f-44e8-b295-f82b3bd5e771 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echeveria_atropurpurea"} | Species of plant
Echeveria atropurpurea is a species of succulent plant in the Crassulaceae family. It is a perennial commonly known as chapetona or siempreviva, and is a endemic to Central Veracruz, Mexico in tropical deciduous forests. It is noted for its fast growing, easy cultivation, and red to yellow flowers. It is currently threatened by habitat loss.
Description
It stands roughly 77 cm tall with 7-21 cm rosette-shaped leaves that may range in coloration from green to purple. Its flowers (appearing Nov-Feb) have a dark green base with corolla pink-orange (salmon) to deep red/orange petals. It has numerous brown seeds.
Taxonomy
Echeveria is named for Atanasio Echeverría y Godoy, a botanical illustrator who contributed to Flora Mexicana.
Atropurpurea means "dark-purple coloured". This name is ostensibly due to its purple leaves and bracts. | 1e9a2c39-054f-46ba-a6ea-a5084da71908 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Foley_Roberts"} | Australian politician
Daniel Foley Roberts M.L.C. (19 February 1824 – 26 July 1889), was a member of the Queensland Legislative Council.
Roberts was born in Sydney, New South Wales where he was educated. He was admitted as a solicitor of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in 1849. He arrived in Brisbane in 1851 and began a practice there.
Roberts narrowly lost the Queensland Legislative Assembly election for Fortitude Valley to Charles Lilley in 1860. Roberts was one of the first members nominated to the Legislative Council of Queensland, and was Chairman of Committees of that body from its inception in May 1860 till his death on 26 July 1889.
Roberts was buried in Toowong Cemetery. | 2264c966-1bc2-4ec6-91ea-3e5a32661b9e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC_league_record_by_opponent"} | Melbourne Victory is an Australian professional association football club based at the Melbourne Rectangular Stadium. The club was formed in 2004. They became the first Victorian member admitted into the A-League Men in 2005.
Melbourne Victory's first team have competed in the A-League Men. Their record against each club faced are listed below. Melbourne Victory's first A-League Men match was against Sydney FC. The teams that Melbourne Victory have played most in the league competition is Sydney FC, and they met their 14th and most recent different league opponent, Macarthur FC, for the first time in the 2020–21 A-League season; the 22 defeats from 60 meetings against Sydney FC is more than they have lost against any other club. Sydney FC have also drawn 20 league encounters with Melbourne Victory, more than any other club. Melbourne Victory have recorded more league victories against Adelaide United than against any other club, having beaten them 28 times out of 58 attempts.
Key
All-time league record
Statistics correct as of matches played on 26 January 2023. | de2ac6cf-a1b7-4840-baa4-bc78877bffb0 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawagiri_Jain_temple"} | Jain temple in the state of Madhya Pradesh
Pawagiri Jain Temple or Gvaleshwar temple is a Jain temple located in Oon village, Khargone district in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
History
The temple was constructed by Jain merchants who migrated from Malwa following the annexation of King Kumarapala of Chaulukya dynasty in 1150 CE. The triratha pedestal of the Tirthankara idol inside the temple bears an inscription dated 1263 CE (V.S. 1321).
Description
The temple plan is similar to Chaubara Dera 2, another nearby Jain temple. The temple features a square maṇḍapa with four doors, three lead to outside and one leads to garbhagriha of the temple.
The temple is a siddha kshetras, site of moksha (liberation) for Jain monks. The temple is called Gvaleshwar as gvālas (cow herders) used to take shelter here during storms. The main vedi enshrines three polished black coloured idols and the central idol is the mulnayak of the temple. The mulnayak is a 12.5 feet (3.8 m) idol tall of Shantinatha that bears an inscription dated 1206 CE.
This temple is protected by Archaeological Survey of India. | 0b6e6d49-60db-43fb-b819-66763c82c454 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Birkenhead"} | Birkenhead is a town in Wirral, Merseyside, England. Its central area contains 150 buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated listed buildings. Of these, six are listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, six at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. This list contains the listed buildings in the central area of the town, and the other listed buildings are to be found in separate lists.
Birkenhead did not develop as a town until the 19th century. Prior to that time, a Benedictine priory was established in the 1170s, and the monks ran a ferry across the River Mersey. By 1811, the priory was in ruins, but a ferry was still in existence, carrying passengers to the growing port of Liverpool. The lord of the manor, with the intention of creating a bathing resort, built a few streets and commissioned the building of St Mary's Church adjacent to the site of the priory. However, Birkenhead developed as an industrial town rather than a resort starting from 1823 when William Laird built a boiler factory. This grew into a shipbuilding yard, and Laird commissioned James Gillespie Graham to design residential accommodation. It was planned that it would have a rectangular street plan, with Hamilton Square, which was built from about 1825, being the centrepiece. As the town grew, some of the streets were almost 2 miles (3,220 m) long.
In 1843 it was decided to build a park in the town; this is Birkenhead Park, which was the first park in the world to be financed from public funds. The park plan was designed by Joseph Paxton and the building was supervised by Edward Kemp. Entrances, gateways, lodges, and other structures were designed for the park by Lewis Hornblower and John Robertson. Meanwhile, high-class residential accommodation was being built both around the park and in other areas, such as Clifton Park, the layout and buildings designed by Walter Scott and Charles Reed. At the same time, the shipbuilding industry was developing, and more docks were being built, initially by J .M. Rendell, and later by J.B. Hartley. During the 20th century, two road tunnels were built under the River Mersey, the first being the Queensway Tunnel, built in 1925–34 between Birkenhead and Liverpool, and designed by Basil Mott and John Brodie, with Herbert J. Rowse as engineer. This has impressive entrances and ventilation stations.
The listed buildings reflect the history of the town, the oldest being the ruins of the priory and its renovated chapter house. The next listed buildings date from the 19th century, and include houses, shops, churches, public houses, buildings associated with the park, buildings associated with Flaybrick Hill Cemetery, docks and associated structures, and street furniture. Later in the century and in the early 20th century, public buildings were built, together with a railway station, statues and memorials, a Quaker meeting house and, later in the 20th century, structures associated with the Queensway Tunnel.
Key
Buildings | f8fcd010-aa27-4802-bbdf-d290735568cf |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brol%C3%A6ggerstr%C3%A6de_12"} | Brolæggerstræde 12 is a Neoclassical property situated in the Old Town of Copenhagen, Denmark. It was like most of the other buildings in the street constructed as part of the rebuilding of the city following the Copenhagen Fire of 1795. It was listed on the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1950.
History
18th century
The property was by 1689 as No. 122 in Frimand's Quarter owned by one Peder Lerche's widow. It was by 1756 as No. 105 (new number) owned by chimney sweeper Andreas Nitsche.
At the time of the 1787 census, No. 105 was owned by court chimney sweeper Johan Samuel Starensky. He lived there with his wife Johanne Eleonora Nitsche as well as four chimney sweepers and for chimney sweeper's apprentices.
The building was together with most of the other buildings in the neighborhood completely destroyed in the Copenhagen Fire of 1795.
The current building was constructed for first dancer at the Royal Danish Ballet Carl Dahlén (1770-1851) in 1796. In 1792, he had married the Danish singer and actress Johanna Elisabeth Dahlén. In 1799 the couple left the building for a new apartment at Nytorv 11.
19th century
At the time of the 1801 census, No. 105 was home to 17 people distributed on two households. Hans Peter Nyland, a businessman and the owner of the property, resided in the building with his wife Ane Cathrine Windfeldt, his 16-year-old grandson Thomas Nyland, a maid, two visitors from Jutland and seven lodgers. Inger Charlotte Graae, a 53-year-old widow, resided in the building with her 12-year-old niece Elisabeth Charlotte Graae, a servant and two maids.
The property was listed in the new cadastre of 1806 as No. 82. It was by then still owned by merchant H. P. Nyeland.
At the time of the 1840 census, Counter Admiral Jens Peter Stibolt resided on the first floor with his servant Hans Andersen Skoven. Albrecht Carl Adolph From von Møller (1803-1884), Captain in His Majesty's Regiment and a Regiment Quarter Master, resided with his wife and a maid on the ground floor. Therkel and Christiane Sivertsen, a retired couple, lived with two lodgers and a maid on the second floor.
20th and 21st centuries
At the time of the 1906 census, Brolæggerstræde 12 was home to just eight people. Mathias Peter Bøgh (1850-1916), a businessman and secretary of the Nordisk Independent Order of the Good Templars, resided on the second floor with his wife Marie Bøgh. Mathias Knauer, a butcher, resided on the third floor of the rear wing with his wife Else Margrethe Mathine Knauer. Kirsten Marie Andersen, a divorced 37-year-old woman, resided on the fourth floor of the side wing with her three children (aged six to 11).
The building and the adjacent building at Knabrostræde 12 was prior to 2008 acquired by discount card operator Forbrugsforeningen af 1886.
Architecture
Brolæggerstræde 12 consists of three storeys over a raised cellar and is six bays wide. The ground floor is plastered in a grey colour while the two upper storeys stand in undressed, red brick. Under the windows on the first floor is a through-going sill in the full width of the building. Under the windows on the second floor is a meander frieze. The facade is finished by a dentillated corbel under the roof. The two-bay gate in the left-hand side of the building features a decorated transom and an arched transom window. It opens to a small courtyard. A perpendicular side wing extends from the rear side of the building.
Today
Restaurant Kronborg, a traditional Danish smørrebrød restaurant, is based in the basement. | 84c6d903-a062-4a7f-9b64-d5b6bcab5cc8 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrobipalpula_albolineata"} | Species of moth
Scrobipalpula albolineata is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1987. It is found in Argentina. | 313a74cb-448b-4adc-af38-2f372bb2b66d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension"} | Medical condition
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), previously known as pseudotumor cerebri and benign intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by increased intracranial pressure (pressure around the brain) without a detectable cause. The main symptoms are headache, vision problems, ringing in the ears, and shoulder pain. Complications may include vision loss.
This condition is idiopathic, meaning there is no known cause. Risk factors include being overweight or a recent increase in weight. Tetracycline may also trigger the condition. The diagnosis is based on symptoms and a high opening pressure found during a lumbar puncture with no specific cause found on a brain scan.
Treatment includes a healthy diet, salt restriction, and exercise. The medication acetazolamide may also be used along with the above measures. A small percentage of people may require surgery to relieve the pressure.
About 2 per 100,000 people are newly affected per year. The condition most commonly affects women aged 20–50. Women are affected about 20 times more often than men. The condition was first described in 1897.
Signs and symptoms
The most common symptom of IIH is severe headache, which occurs in almost all (92–94%) cases. It is characteristically worse in the morning, generalized in character and throbbing in nature. It may be associated with nausea and vomiting. The headache can be made worse by any activity that further increases the intracranial pressure, such as coughing and sneezing. The pain may also be experienced in the neck and shoulders. Many have pulsatile tinnitus, a whooshing sensation in one or both ears (64–87%); this sound is synchronous with the pulse. Various other symptoms, such as numbness of the extremities, generalized weakness, pain and/or numbness in one or both sides of the face, loss of smell, and loss of coordination, are reported more rarely; none are specific for IIH. In children, numerous nonspecific signs and symptoms may be present.
The increased pressure leads to compression and traction of the cranial nerves, a group of nerves that arise from the brain stem and supply the face and neck. Most commonly, the abducens nerve (sixth nerve) is involved. This nerve supplies the muscle that pulls the eye outward. Those with sixth nerve palsy therefore experience horizontal double vision which is worse when looking towards the affected side. More rarely, the oculomotor nerve and trochlear nerve (third and fourth nerve palsy, respectively) are affected; both play a role in eye movements. The facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve) is affected occasionally – the result is total or partial weakness of the muscles of facial expression on one or both sides of the face.
The increased pressure leads to papilledema, which is swelling of the optic disc, the spot where the optic nerve enters the eyeball. This occurs in practically all cases of IIH, but not everyone experiences symptoms from this. Those who do experience symptoms typically report "transient visual obscurations", episodes of difficulty seeing that occur in both eyes but not necessarily at the same time. Long-term untreated papilledema leads to visual loss, initially in the periphery but progressively towards the center of vision.
Physical examination of the nervous system is typically normal apart from the presence of papilledema, which is seen on examination of the eye with a small device called an ophthalmoscope or in more detail with a fundus camera. If there are cranial nerve abnormalities, these may be noticed on eye examination in the form of a squint (third, fourth, or sixth nerve palsy) or as facial nerve palsy. If the papilledema has been longstanding, visual fields may be constricted and visual acuity may be decreased. Visual field testing by automated (Humphrey) perimetry is recommended as other methods of testing may be less accurate. Longstanding papilledema leads to optic atrophy, in which the disc looks pale and visual loss tends to be advanced.
Causes
"Idiopathic" means of unknown cause. Therefore, IIH can only be diagnosed if there is no alternative explanation for the symptoms. Intracranial pressure may be increased due to medications such as high-dose vitamin A derivatives (e.g., isotretinoin for acne), long-term tetracycline antibiotics (for a variety of skin conditions) and hormonal contraceptives.
There are numerous other diseases, mostly rare conditions, that may lead to intracranial hypertension. If there is an underlying cause, the condition is termed "secondary intracranial hypertension". Common causes of secondary intracranial hypertension include obstructive sleep apnea (a sleep-related breathing disorder), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), chronic kidney disease, and Behçet's disease.
Mechanism
The cause of IIH is not known. The Monro–Kellie rule states that the intracranial pressure is determined by the amount of brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood inside the bony cranial vault. Three theories therefore exist as to why the pressure might be raised in IIH: an excess of CSF production, increased volume of blood or brain tissue, or obstruction of the veins that drain blood from the brain.
The first theory, that of increased production of cerebrospinal fluid, was proposed in early descriptions of the disease. However, there is no experimental data that supports a role for this process in IIH.
The second theory posits that either increased blood flow to the brain or increase in the brain tissue itself may result in the raised pressure. Little evidence has accumulated to support the suggestion that increased blood flow plays a role, but recently Bateman et al. in phase contrast MRA studies have quantified cerebral blood flow (CBF) in vivo and suggests that CBF is abnormally elevated in many people with IIH. Both biopsy samples and various types of brain scans have shown an increased water content of the brain tissue. It remains unclear why this might be the case.
The third theory suggests that restricted venous drainage from the brain may be impaired resulting in congestion. Many people with IIH have narrowing of the transverse sinuses. It is not clear whether this narrowing is the pathogenesis of the disease or a secondary phenomenon. It has been proposed that a positive biofeedback loop may exist, where raised ICP (intracranial pressure) causes venous narrowing in the transverse sinuses, resulting in venous hypertension (raised venous pressure), decreased CSF resorption via arachnoid granulation and further rise in ICP.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis may be suspected on the basis of the history and examination. To confirm the diagnosis, as well as excluding alternative causes, several investigations are required; more investigations may be performed if the history is not typical or the person is more likely to have an alternative problem: children, men, the elderly, or women who are not overweight.
Investigations
Neuroimaging, usually with computed tomography (CT/CAT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is used to exclude any mass lesions. In IIH these scans typically appear to be normal, although small or slit-like ventricles, dilatation and buckling of the optic nerve sheaths and "empty sella sign" (flattening of the pituitary gland due to increased pressure) and enlargement of Meckel's caves may be seen.
An MR venogram is also performed in most cases to exclude the possibility of venous sinus stenosis/obstruction or cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. A contrast-enhanced MRV (ATECO) scan has a high detection rate for abnormal transverse sinus stenoses. These stenoses can be more adequately identified and assessed with catheter cerebral venography and manometry. Buckling of the bilateral optic nerves with increased perineural fluid is also often noted on MRI imaging.
Lumbar puncture is performed to measure the opening pressure, as well as to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to exclude alternative diagnoses. If the opening pressure is increased, CSF may be removed for transient relief (see below). The CSF is examined for abnormal cells, infections, antibody levels, the glucose level, and protein levels. By definition, all of these are within their normal limits in IIH. Occasionally, the CSF pressure measurement may be normal despite very suggestive symptoms. This may be attributable to the fact that CSF pressure may fluctuate over the course of the normal day. If the suspicion of problems remains high, it may be necessary to perform more long-term monitoring of the ICP by a pressure catheter.
Classification
The original criteria for IIH were described by Dandy in 1937.
They were modified by Smith in 1985 to become the "modified Dandy criteria". Smith included the use of more advanced imaging: Dandy had required ventriculography, but Smith replaced this with computed tomography. In a 2001 paper, Digre and Corbett amended Dandy's criteria further. They added the requirement that the person is awake and alert, as coma precludes adequate neurological assessment, and require exclusion of venous sinus thrombosis as an underlying cause. Furthermore, they added the requirement that no other cause for the raised ICP is found.
In a 2002 review, Friedman and Jacobson propose an alternative set of criteria, derived from Smith's. These require the absence of symptoms that could not be explained by a diagnosis of IIH, but do not require the actual presence of any symptoms (such as headache) attributable to IIH. These criteria also require that the lumbar puncture is performed with the person lying sideways, as a lumbar puncture performed in the upright sitting position can lead to artificially high pressure measurements. Friedman and Jacobson also do not insist on MR venography for every person; rather, this is only required in atypical cases (see "diagnosis" above).
Treatment
The primary goal in treatment of IIH is the prevention of visual loss and blindness, as well as symptom control. IIH is treated mainly through the reduction of CSF pressure and IIH may resolve after initial treatment, may go into spontaneous remission (although it can still relapse at a later stage), or may continue chronically.
Lumbar puncture
The first step in symptom control is drainage of cerebrospinal fluid by lumbar puncture. If necessary, this may be performed at the same time as a diagnostic LP (such as done in search of a CSF infection). In some cases, this is sufficient to control the symptoms, and no further treatment is needed.
The procedure can be repeated if necessary, but this is generally taken as a clue that additional treatments may be required to control the symptoms and preserve vision. Repeated lumbar punctures are regarded as unpleasant by people, and they present a danger of introducing spinal infections if done too often. Repeated lumbar punctures are sometimes needed to control the ICP urgently if the person's vision deteriorates rapidly.
Medication
The best-studied medical treatment for intracranial hypertension is acetazolamide (Diamox), which acts by inhibiting the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, and it reduces CSF production by six to 57 percent. It can cause the symptoms of hypokalemia (low blood potassium levels), which include muscle weakness and tingling in the fingers. Acetazolamide cannot be used in pregnancy, since it has been shown to cause embryonic abnormalities in animal studies. Also, in human beings it has been shown to cause metabolic acidosis as well as disruptions in the blood electrolyte levels of newborn babies. The diuretic furosemide is sometimes used for a treatment if acetazolamide is not tolerated, but this drug sometimes has little effect on the ICP.
Various analgesics (painkillers) may be used in controlling the headaches of intracranial hypertension. In addition to conventional agents such as paracetamol, a low dose of the antidepressant amitriptyline or the anticonvulsant topiramate have shown some additional benefit for pain relief.
The use of steroids in the attempt to reduce the ICP is controversial. These may be used in severe papilledema, but otherwise their use is discouraged.
Venous sinus stenting
Venous sinus stenoses leading to venous hypertension appear to play a significant part in relation to raised ICP, and stenting of a transverse sinus may resolve venous hypertension, leading to improved CSF resorption, decreased ICP, cure of papilledema and other symptoms of IIH.
A self-expanding metal stent is permanently deployed within the dominant transverse sinus across the stenosis under general anaesthesia. In general, people are discharged the next day. People require double antiplatelet therapy for a period of up to 3 months after the procedure and aspirin therapy for up to 1 year.
In a systematic analysis of 19 studies with 207 cases, there was an 87% improvement in overall symptom rate and 90% cure rate for treatment of papilledema. Major complications only occurred in 3/207 people (1.4%). In the largest single series of transverse sinus stenting there was an 11% rate of recurrence after one stent, requiring further stenting.
Due to the permanence of the stent and small but definite risk of complications, most experts will recommend that person with IIH must have papilledema and have failed medical therapy or are intolerant to medication before stenting is undertaken.
Surgery
Two main surgical procedures exist in the treatment of IIH: optic nerve sheath decompression and fenestration and shunting. Surgery would normally only be offered if medical therapy is either unsuccessful or not tolerated. The choice between these two procedures depends on the predominant problem in IIH. Neither procedure is perfect: both may cause significant complications, and both may eventually fail in controlling the symptoms. There are no randomized controlled trials to guide the decision as to which procedure is best.
Optic nerve sheath fenestration is an operation that involves the making of an incision in the connective tissue lining of the optic nerve in its portion behind the eye. It is not entirely clear how it protects the eye from the raised pressure, but it may be the result of either diversion of the CSF into the orbit or the creation of an area of scar tissue that lowers the pressure. The effects on the intracranial pressure itself are more modest. Moreover, the procedure may lead to significant complications, including blindness in 1–2%. The procedure is therefore recommended mainly in those who have limited headache symptoms but significant papilledema or threatened vision, or in those who have undergone unsuccessful treatment with a shunt or have a contraindication for shunt surgery.
Shunt surgery, usually performed by neurosurgeons, involves the creation of a conduit by which CSF can be drained into another body cavity. The initial procedure is usually a lumboperitoneal (LP) shunt, which connects the subarachnoid space in the lumbar spine with the peritoneal cavity. Generally, a pressure valve is included in the circuit to avoid excessive drainage when the person is erect. LP shunting provides long-term relief in about half the cases; others require revision of the shunt, often on more than one occasion—usually due to shunt obstruction. If the lumboperitoneal shunt needs repeated revisions, a ventriculoatrial or ventriculoperitoneal shunt may be considered. These shunts are inserted in one of the lateral ventricles of the brain, usually by stereotactic surgery, and then connected either to the right atrium of the heart or the peritoneal cavity, respectively. Given the reduced need for revisions in ventricular shunts, it is possible that this procedure will become the first-line type of shunt treatment.
It has been shown that in obese people, bariatric surgery (and especially gastric bypass surgery) can lead to resolution of the condition in over 95%.
Prognosis
It is not known what percentage of people with IIH will remit spontaneously, and what percentage will develop chronic disease.
IIH does not normally affect life expectancy. The major complications from IIH arise from untreated or treatment-resistant papilledema. In various case series, the long-term risk of one's vision being significantly affected by IIH is reported to lie anywhere between 10 and 25%.
Epidemiology
On average, IIH occurs in about one per 100,000 people, and can occur in children and adults. The median age at diagnosis is 30. IIH occurs predominantly in women, especially in the ages 20 to 45, who are four to eight times more likely than men to be affected. Overweight and obesity strongly predispose a person to IIH: women who are more than ten percent over their ideal body weight are thirteen times more likely to develop IIH, and this figure goes up to nineteen times in women who are more than twenty percent over their ideal body weight. In men this relationship also exists, but the increase is only five-fold in those over 20 percent above their ideal body weight.
Despite several reports of IIH in families, there is no known genetic cause for IIH. People from all ethnicities may develop IIH. In children, there is no difference in incidence between males and females.
From national hospital admission databases it appears that the need for neurosurgical intervention for IIH has increased markedly over the period between 1988 and 2002. This has been attributed at least in part to the rising prevalence of obesity, although some of this increase may be explained by the increased popularity of shunting over optic nerve sheath fenestration.
History
The first report of IIH was by the German physician Heinrich Quincke, who described it in 1893 under the name serous meningitis The term "pseudotumor cerebri" was introduced in 1904 by his compatriot Max Nonne. Numerous other cases appeared in the literature subsequently; in many cases, the raised intracranial pressure may actually have resulted from underlying conditions. For instance, the otitic hydrocephalus reported by London neurologist Sir Charles Symonds may have resulted from venous sinus thrombosis caused by middle ear infection. Diagnostic criteria for IIH were developed in 1937 by the Baltimore neurosurgeon Walter Dandy; Dandy also introduced subtemporal decompressive surgery in the treatment of the condition.
The terms "benign" and "pseudotumor" derive from the fact that increased intracranial pressure may be associated with brain tumors. Those people in whom no tumour was found were therefore diagnosed with "pseudotumor cerebri" (a disease mimicking a brain tumor). The disease was renamed benign intracranial hypertension in 1955 to distinguish it from intracranial hypertension due to life-threatening diseases (such as cancer); however, this was also felt to be misleading because any disease that can blind someone should not be thought of as benign, and the name was therefore revised in 1989 to "idiopathic (of no identifiable cause) intracranial hypertension".
Shunt surgery was introduced in 1949; initially, ventriculoperitoneal shunts were used. In 1971, good results were reported with lumboperitoneal shunting. Negative reports on shunting in the 1980s led to a brief period (1988–1993) during which optic nerve fenestration (which had initially been described in an unrelated condition in 1871) was more popular. Since then, shunting is recommended predominantly, with occasional exceptions. | 53ef2c53-9e00-492f-80dd-56d9aa4e957f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernani"} | Opera by Giuseppe Verdi
Ernani is an operatic dramma lirico in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave, based on the 1830 play Hernani by Victor Hugo.
Verdi was commissioned by the Teatro La Fenice in Venice to write an opera, but finding the right subject took some time, and the composer worked with the inexperienced Piave in shaping first one and then another drama by Hugo into an acceptable libretto. As musicologist Roger Parker notes, the composer "intervened on several important points, insisting for example that the role of Ernani be sung by a tenor (rather than by a contralto as had originally been planned)".
Ernani was first performed on 9 March 1844, and it was "immensely popular, and was revived countless times during its early years".
It became Verdi's most popular opera until it was superseded by Il trovatore after 1853. In 1904, it became the first opera to be recorded completely.[citation needed]
Composition history
Following the success of both Nabucco and I Lombardi, Verdi was approached by many opera companies wanting to commission him to write an opera for their houses. Rather than prepare another for La Scala, he was interested in a commission for two operas for the 1843–44 season (one of which would be I Lombardi) which came from the President of the Teatro la Fenice in Venice, Marquis Nanni Mocenigo.
However, the composer was only willing to accept the terms which he proposed: 12,000 Austrian lire to be paid after the first performance, not the third as proposed by Venice (Verdi recalled what had happened to Un giorno di regno with its one and only performance). Amongst other stipulations, he demanded the right to choose his own subject, his own librettist, and also to pay him directly, as well as refusing to accept the requirement that a full orchestral score be available in advance. In addition, he had the right to choose the singers from the assembled company for that season. David Kimbell notes one additional demand:
He explains [to Mocenigo at La Fenice]—and this was rare at the time—that he began to compose only when the libretto was completed to his satisfaction because "when I have a general conception of the whole poem, the music comes of its own accord"
Once this agreement was settled upon, the next step was to choose a subject, something which took some time. Several subjects came to Verdi's attention: for example, Byron's The Corsair was considered, but the right baritone was not available. In thinking about an opera about the Venetian Foscari family, he found that it was forbidden by the censor in order to avoid upsetting any of the descendants of that family who were then living in Venice. However, both of these subjects were to become later Verdi operas, Il corsaro and I due Foscari, the latter opening in Rome later in 1844.
An unsolicited manuscript from the unknown Francesco Piave (who was La Fenice's resident poet and stage manager in addition to being a friend of Brenna, the company's Secretary) proposed an opera, Cromwell, based on Victor Hugo's play, and on which he had started work. Mocenigo assured the composer of Piave's sense of the theatre and of musical forms, and so they agreed to proceed, although by the time of its approval by the Fenice authorities, it had become Allan Cameron, a story set in the time just prior to the accession of Britain's Charles II. Immediately, Verdi took control and made it clear to Piave what he wanted in the way of a theatrical experience: "...Let's have as few words as possible [.....] Remember that brevity is never a fault [....] But I do insist on brevity because that's what the public wants...."
The idea for Hernani
The Cromwell libretto arrived from Piave in pieces, and Verdi put it away until he had the complete version to work from. However, when the composer and La Fenice's president met in Venice in late August, Verdi expressed some dissatisfaction at how the libretto had turned out. Then Mocenigo's casual reference to Hugo's successful 1830 drama Hernani as an idea for a libretto caught Verdi's imagination, as seen in a letter which the latter wrote to Mocenigo in early September which expressed concerns about Allan Cameron and the way it had turned out, though noting that this was "the fault of the subject and not the poet". He continues:
But oh, if only we could do Hernani instead that would be tremendous. I know that it would mean a great deal of trouble for the poet but my first task would be to try and compensate him....[...] all he would have to do would be to condense and tighten up; the action is already there ready made, and it's all immensely good theatre. Tomorrow I'll write at length to Piave setting out all the scenes from Hernani which seem to me suitable.
At this point he continues with suggestions for the poet. For Verdi, the appeal of Hugo's work – which the latter described as "Romanticism or the Liberalism in literature" – was "the struggle between love and honour", and Budden sums up this appeal as "Within Hugo's scheme each illogical action follows logically from the one that precedes it, giving Verdi the pace, the eventfulness and above all the dramatic unity that he has been looking for."
Setting the play as the opera, Ernani
However, Piave was not at all pleased by this turn of events and felt that an opera based on Hernani could not be staged for reasons of censorship. For instance, the King's first appearance in the play is from a cupboard where he has been hiding since some time after his arrival and before he meets Elvira. Thus he overhears much of the interaction between Elvira and Ernani before finally revealing himself. Verdi must have realized that no king "would ever be allowed to hide in a cupboard", something which Budden notes.
But the La Fenice directorate did approve the concept and the librettist was offered compensation, although he saved his Allan Cameron in reserve in case of mishap. As it evolved, the opera – originally titled Don Ruy Gomez de Silva in synopsis form – came more and more "to reflect the unique character of the parent drama" as Verdi wished to stick as closely as possible to the original play. For Budden, this "marks a new outlook in Italian opera", because this would never have occurred to either Rossini or Donizetti, for whom plots were interchangeable.
Although Verdi had agreed to try to accommodate the contralto Carolina Vietti when the opera was Allan Cameron, he was against making the leading character of Ernani a musico contralto. However, he compromised somewhat and, by the end of October, it appeared that the four voice types were to be soprano (Elvira), contralto (Ernani), tenor (Don Carlo), and baritone (de Silva), but after the acceptance of the libretto by the Venetian police, Verdi was able to hold firm and ultimately get what he wanted: a soprano, a tenor, a baritone, and – although Rosi was not an experienced enough singer – a bass in the role of de Silva. Thus it became a comprimario role, one to be sung by a second-rung singer in the company. But, as Budden notes, Verdi's "difficulties with singers were not yet over".
The season opened with I Lombardi in December 1843. It was a disaster, with terrible singing from the tenor Domenico Conti. Two other operas early in the 1843/44 season were equally poorly received. Having heard one other potential tenor, Vitali, as a possible replacement, the composer presented an ultimatum: either be released from his contract or the company would engage Carlo Guasco in the role of Ernani. With a premiere set for March, two final glitches were overcome: the bass Rosi had disappeared from consideration as de Silva but was replaced by Meini, who then withdrew because he found the part too low. Verdi then engaged a member of the chorus, the bass Antonio Selva who went on to a distinguished career. And, in spite of complaints from the soprano, Sophie Löwe, that she was not to be front and centre for the finale, she became part of the final trio.
Verdi and theatre
Budden notes the following in regard to the specific relationship between this opera and the work of Victor Hugo:
...from the first the spirit of Hugo is there. Verdi [ten years younger than the playwright] was part of that youthful audience to which the play Hernani is addressed. The bounding energy of Hugo's alexandrines is reflected in the spirit of Verdi's music, which is far more forceful than anything he had written so far. Victor Hugo, one might say, was good for Verdi; and it significant that both the operas that he based on Hugo's plays (the other was of course Rigoletto) were landmarks in his career.
But it is the composer himself who, in a letter to Brenna, the La Fenice secretary and a friend of Piave's, sums up his own sense of theatre, of what works and what doesn't. This was written at a time when Piave was unhappy about the shift from his original libretto to the one for what became Ernani. With this shift came many changes of direction as issues such as casting came into consideration, and Verdi asks Brenna to communicate his feelings to the librettist:
However little experience I may have had, I do go to the theatre [Verdi is referring to the opera house] all the year round and I pay the most careful attention to what I see and hear. I've been able to put my finger on so many works which wouldn't have failed if the pieces had been better laid out, the effects better calculated, the musical forms clearer, etc....in a word, if either the composer or the poet had been more experienced.
In effect, Verdi is taking control over all aspects of the piece, which includes the condensation of the sprawling play into his four acts. (The first two acts of Hugo's play become act 1 of the opera). Rather than allow the librettist a free hand in composing his verses, "this would have perpetuated in a diminished form the word-music division that Verdi precisely wanted to get away from. The composer's desire to take charge of every aspect of an opera implied that he had the power to decide what weight to give the text and the music, respectively, depending upon the "moment" of the action.
Performance history
19th century
Budden sums up the opening night success of Ernani: nothing "prevented [the opera] from being a tremendous success. With it, Verdi's fame took a new leap which carried it at once across the boundaries of Italy. For better or worse, he was now a world composer [.....and] wherever there was an Italian opera house, Ernani arrived sooner or later." However, it was not all smooth sailing: due to Hugo's opposition, the first performances in Paris at the Théâtre des Italiens two years later required a change of title - to Il Proscritto - and a change of characters' names: "The practice was followed in other cities where the names Victor Hugo and Hernani smacked of revolution." In Palermo in 1845 it became Elvira d'Aragona and in Messina in 1847 the title became Il proscritto ossia Il corsaro di Venezia. Overall, Ernani was staged in one form or another up to the mid-1850s, with "32 theatres [giving] the work in 1844, 60 in 1845, and at least 65 in 1846, not including revivals in houses that had already presented it."
The United Kingdom premiere, the first of Verdi's operas to be translated into English, took place at Her Majesty's Theatre in London on 8 March 1845 followed on 13 April 1847 by its US premiere in New York.
20th century and beyond
Ernani appeared on the roster of the Metropolitan Opera as early as 1903 and has been given many times since then. The opera was revived in a series of new productions at the San Francisco Opera (1982), the Met (1983), the Lyric Opera of Chicago (1984), and at La Scala (1984). It was given as part of the 1997 season of the Sarasota Opera's "Verdi Cycle". The Teatro Regio di Parma, another company with the aim of presenting every Verdi opera, gave it in October 2005.
Today Ernani receives numerous performances at opera houses around the world.
Roles
Synopsis
Time: 1519.
Place: Aragon, Aachen, and Zaragoza.
Act 1
Mountains of Aragon
The bandits demand the reason for Ernani's gloom (Chorus: Evviva! Beviam! Beviam! / "To you we drink"; Ernani pensoso! / "Ernani, so gloomy? Why, oh strong one, does care sit on your brow?"). Ernani replies that he loves Elvira (Recitative: "Thanks, dear friends"; Cavatina: Come rugiada al cespite / "As the flower turns to the sun"), who is about to be married against her will to old Gomez de Silva (O tu che l'alma adora). He asks the bandits to abduct her.
In Elvira's chamber
Elvira worries about her upcoming marriage (Scena: "Now sinks the sun and Silva does not return"; Cavatina: Ernani, Ernani involami / "Ernani, Ernani, save me") as servants deliver Silva's wedding presents to her. She reaffirms her love for Ernani (Tutto sprezzo che d'Ernani / "I scorn everything which does not speak to my heart of Ernani"). King Carlo, disguised as a peasant, enters, but Elvira recognizes him and rejects the love that he offers her. As he attempts to use force, she grasps a dagger, but Ernani suddenly arrives and stops Carlo (Trio: "A friend comes quickly to your aid"). Carlo recognizes Ernani as the leader of the bandits. Ernani replies that Carlo robbed him of his lands and forced him into a life of banditry. As he invites Carlo to fight, Silva appears and sees Ernani (Infelice!... e tu credevi... che mai vegg'io! / "Dreadful sight"; Silva's cavatina: "Unhappy man! You thought this lovely...was yours").
[La Scala, Autumn 1844, Silva's cabaletta added: "Infin che un brando vindice" using music originally written for Verdi's first opera, Oberto]
Ernani offers to fight them both when Riccardo approaches and recognises the king. Silva is horrified and apologizes to the king, while Ernani whispers to Elvira to prepare to flee.
Act 2
A hall in Silva's palace
Ernani enters disguised as a pilgrim. He asks for shelter, which Silva grants him, and then learns from Silva that he is about to marry Elvira, who believes Ernani to be dead. Ernani reveals his true identity to Elvira and she tells him that she plans to kill herself at the altar (Duet: Ah, morir potessi adesso / "Ah, if I could die now"). Silva walks in at that moment, discovers the pair, but agrees to keep his word to Ernani and protect him from the king, for which Ernani will owe him a perpetual debt. (Trio: No, vendetta più tremenda / "No, I want to keep a greater revenge"). Carlo arrives and wishes to know why the castle is barred. Silva refuses to surrender Ernani (Carlo's aria: Lo vedremo, veglio audace / "We shall see, you bold old man") and Don Carlo's men cannot find Ernani's hiding place. Silva keeps his word, even when the king secures Elvira as a hostage. Silva releases Ernani, and then challenges him to a duel. Ernani refuses to fight, but unites with Silva in his plans to free Elvira from the king. Ernani swears to appear at the summons of Silva, wherever he may be at that time (Odi il voto o grande Iddio / "Oh God, hear the vow"),
[Added for Parma, 26 December 1844: "at Rossini's request, Verdi wrote a grand aria for the tenor Nicola Ivanoff [it]". Ernani gathers his men to him. His aria of vengeance: Sprezzo la vita né più m'alletta / "Life means nothing to me, only hope of vengeance" concludes the act].
Act 3
Act III: "O sommo Carlo"
"O sommo Carlo", sung by Mattia Battistini, Emilia Corsi, Luigi Colazza, Aristodemo Sillich, and the La Scala chorus in 1906.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
In the burial vault of Charles the Great at Aachen
Carlo visits the grave of the emperor Charlemagne (Carlo Magno), whose successor, the new Holy Roman Emperor, is being elected by delegates from the relevant countries. Carlo resolves to change his life if he is crowned (Cavatina: Oh, de' verd'anni miei/ "Oh, the dreams and deceits of my youth"). Hiding behind the vault, he overhears a gathering of conspirators including Silva and Ernani. Ernani swears to murder Carlo. The conspiracy is foiled when Carlo's attendants enter and surprise the conspirators. The king commands that all the traitorous noblemen be executed. Ernani steps forward, declaring that thus he must die too; he is not the bandit Ernani, but Don Juan of Aragon, whose lands were taken from him. Elvira, who had been brought to Carlo as his intended empress, begs mercy for her lover, and Carlo, whose mood has changed, forgives them both and places Elvira's hand in that of Ernani.
Act 4
Ernani's Castle
Elvira and Ernani have just been married, when, in consternation, Ernani hears a bugle call. Silva arrives and silently hands Ernani a dagger. Ernani asks for time to "sip from the cup of love" (Ascolta, ascolta un detto ancor/ "Listen, just one word...") but, cursed by Silva as a coward, Ernani keeps his oath and stabs himself in the heart (Trio with Silva: È vano, o donna, il piangere, è vano / "Your weeping is in vain, woman"). He dies in Elvira's arms, telling her to live.
Orchestration
Ernani is scored for one piccolo, one flute, two oboes, two clarinets, one bass clarinet, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, one cimbasso, one harp, timpani, bass drum and cymbals, snare drum, on-stage band with on-stage bass drum, one offstage horn, six offstage trumpets, and strings.
Music
Noting that the dramatic structure of this opera "brought about a fresh consideration of the fixed forms of Italian opera, in particular an expansion and enrichment of the solo aria and duet together with a more flexible approach to the musical sequences that bind together lyrical pieces", Roger Parker continues by stating that of greatest importance was "Verdi's gathering sense of musical drama's larger rhetoric, his increasing control over the dynamics of entire acts rather than merely of entire numbers. In this respect, the third act of Ernani sets up an imposing standard of coherence, one that is rarely equalled until the operas of the early 1850s."
However, it is writer Gabriele Baldini (whose specialization was in English literature) who in 1980 points to one of the most significant aspects of Ernani's dramatic and musical structure, the concept of male vocal archetypes, something which is echoed in Budden's 1984 chapter on this opera. Baldini writes of the musical conflicts inherent in the drama as a result of the use of certain voice types:
A youthful, passionate female voice is besieged by three male voices, each of whom establishes a specific relationship with her. The siege is fruitless. The male voices, or rather registers, meet with various fates, and each is granted a relationship with the woman, although on different levels. This relationship varies in intensity of passion according to the distance between the soprano register and the particular male voice.
Therefore, it is the lowest voice [the bass, de Silva], which is "farthest away, and thus his relationship is the coldest and most retrained". The baritone [the King, Don Carlo] "manages to draw somewhat closer, although indirectly and ambiguously", but Baldini continues by noting that it the highest male voice [the tenor, Ernani] who "gets near a relationship which if not complete [....] is at least reciprocated for long periods".
Finally, while Baldini agrees with Parker that it is act 3 of Ernani which is the strongest - "in my opinion it marks the first occasion on which Verdi enclosed within a fairly extended musical space (about twenty five minutes) a perfect structural unit" - he also echoes Budden and De Van in noting the importance of the opening horn motif and references to the horn which recur throughout the opera and which ends with the final horn call, the fatal summons to Ernani by de Silva.
Recordings
The first complete recording of an opera was the 1904 recording of Ernani, on 40 single-sided discs, by the Gramophone Company in England. Later recordings include: | 325afb45-7da7-47f6-ba95-7677b0aa54f7 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1973"} | International song competition
The Eurovision Song Contest 1973 was the 18th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, following the country's victory at the 1972 contest with the song "Après toi" by Vicky Leandros. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion (CLT), the contest was held at the Grand Théâtre on 7 April 1973 and was hosted by German television presenter Helga Guitton.
Seventeen countries took part in the contest this year, with Austria and Malta deciding not to participate, and Israel competing for the first time.
In a back-to-back victory, Luxembourg won the contest again with the song "Tu te reconnaîtras" by Anne-Marie David. The voting was a very close one, with Spain with "Eres tú" by Mocedades finishing only 4 points behind and the United Kingdom with "Power to All Our Friends" by Cliff Richard (who had come second in 1968 just behind Spain) another 2 points further back. The winning song scored the highest score ever achieved in Eurovision under any voting format until 1975, recording 129 points out of a possible 160, which represented almost 81% of the possible maximum. This was partly due to a scoring system which guaranteed all countries at least two points from each country.
Location
Luxembourg City is a commune with city status, and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. It is located at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse Rivers in southern Luxembourg. The city contains the historic Luxembourg Castle, established by the Franks in the Early Middle Ages, around which a settlement developed.
The Grand Théâtre de Luxembourg, inaugurated in 1964 as the Théâtre Municipal de la Ville de Luxembourg, became the venue for the 1973 contest. It is the city's major venue for drama, opera and ballet.
Format
The language rule forcing countries to enter songs sung in any of their national languages was dropped this year, so performers from some countries sang in English.
The orchestra was positioned on stage, behind and to the stage right of the singers, in a stacked gallery on three tiers. Giant clear tubes containing multi-coloured flowers were set on the stage left. No introductions were made for each individual entry, with the commentators providing the details of the songs and singers, speaking over a still photograph of the artists taken during the dress rehearsal shown on screen.
In light of the events that had happened during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, there were fears of a terrorist threat, particularly directed against Israel's first-ever entrant, leading to unusually tight security for the contest. This gave rise to one of the best-known Eurovision anecdotes, frequently recounted by the UK's long-serving commentator Terry Wogan. He recalled that the floor manager strongly advised the audience to remain seated while applauding the performances, otherwise they risked being shot by security forces.
This contest holds the record for the most watched Eurovision Song Contest in the United Kingdom, and is also the 18th most watched television show in the same country, with an estimated 21.54 million tuning in on the night. Cliff Richard represented the UK with the song "Power to All Our Friends". He came 3rd with 123 points. The winner though was Anne-Marie David with "Tu te reconnaîtras". In the UK it was released in English under the title "Wonderful Dream" and released on Epic. It made number 13.
Voting
Each country had two jury members, one aged between 16 and 25 and one aged between 26 and 55. They each awarded 1 to 5 points for each song (other than the song from their own country) immediately after it was performed and the votes were collected and counted as soon as they were cast. The juries watched the show on TV from the Ville du Louvigny TV Studios of CLT and appeared on screen to confirm their scores.
Participating countries
Seventeen nations took part in this year's contest with Malta being drawn to perform in 6th place between Norway and Monaco, but the Maltese broadcaster withdrew before the deadline to select an entry. Austria also decided not to participate either.
Conductors
Each performance had a conductor who directed the orchestra. The 1973 contest marked the first time that women conducted the orchestra. Monica Dominique conducted the Swedish entry and Nurit Hirsh conducted the Israeli entry.
Returning artists
Participants and results
Detailed voting results
10 points
Below is a summary of all perfect 10 scores that were given during the voting.
Jury members
Listed below is the order in which votes were cast during the 1973 contest along with the names of the two jury members who voted for their respective country. Each country announced their results in groups of three, with the final two countries voting in a group of two.
Broadcasts
Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers.
Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below. In addition to the participating countries, the contest was also reportedly broadcast in Austria, Greece, Iceland, Malta and Turkey, in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Soviet Union via Intervision, and in Japan.
Incidents
Spanish song plagiarism allegation
The event was marked by controversy when the Spanish song, "Eres tú" sung by Mocedades, was accused of plagiarism due to reasonable similarities in the melody with "Brez besed" sung by Berta Ambrož, the Yugoslav entry from the 1966 contest; however, "Eres tú" was not disqualified. After finishing second in the contest, it went on to become a huge international hit.
Concerns with lyrics
The somewhat elliptical lyrics to Portugal's entry "Tourada" provided sufficient cover for a song that was clearly understood as a blistering assault on the country's decaying dictatorship. Also, the word "breasts" was used during Sweden's song entry. However, no action was taken by the EBU.
Disagreements within the Irish delegation
An argument broke out between the singer Maxi and her Irish delegation over how the song should be performed. During rehearsals she repeatedly stopped performing in frustration. When it began to appear possible that Maxi might withdraw from the contest, RTÉ immediately sent over another singer, Tina Reynolds, to take her place just in case. In the end Miss Reynolds wasn't needed as Maxi did perform, with her entry earning 10th place on the scoreboard. Reynolds would perform the following year. | d169a73c-f490-4eb0-8811-6155a3d38745 |
null | American philologist
Philip Baldi (born 1946) is an American linguist and classical scholar specializing in Indo-European studies. He is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics and Classics at Pennsylvania State University.
Biography
Baldi was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania in 1946. He received his B.A. from the University of Scranton in Classics in 1968, his M.A. and Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Rochester in 1971 and 1973, respectively. He was appointed Professor of Linguistics and Classics at Pennsylvania State University in 1981. Baldi specializes in Indo-European studies, on which he is the author of numerous books and articles.
Works | 16be33e3-c9b4-468e-84cd-948cd2913d74 |
null | Cuban chess player
Jesús R Rodríguez Cordoba (born 15 June 1949) is a Cuban chess International master (IM) (1977).
Biography
In the begin of 1970s to the begin of 1980s Jesús Rodríguez Cordoba was one of Cuba's leading chess players. He has participated in the Cuban Chess Championships many times. In 1969 Jesús Rodríguez Cordoba participated in Capablanca Memorial.
Jesús Rodríguez Cordoba played for Cuba in the Chess Olympiads:
Jesús Rodríguez Cordoba played for Cuba in the World Student Team Chess Championships:
Jesús Rodríguez Cordoba played for Cuba in the CACAC Team Chess Championships and twice in row won team gold (1972, 1973).
In 1977, Jesús Rodríguez Cordoba was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title. | febdf83b-6308-43b4-b4e8-495b51b4178c |
null | English lawyer and theological writer
John Poynder (1779–1849) was an English lawyer and theological writer, best known for his Literary Extracts and as a proponent of Christian missions in India
Life
He was eldest son of a tradesman in the city of London; his mother belonged to the evangelical wing of the Church of England. He attended a school at Newington Butts, kept by Joseph Forsyth. He wanted in early life to undertake a career in the English church, but entered a solicitor's office.
For nearly forty years Poynder was clerk and solicitor to the royal hospitals of Bridewell and Bethlehem, and for three years he was under-sheriff of London and Middlesex.
Activism
The Rev. William Jay was his lifelong friend. Moved by sermons of Jay and Claudius Buchanan, Poynder set himself to rouse proprietors of East India Company against the Company's religious tolerance. For many years he contended almost singlehanded in the court of proprietors at the East India House, for the prohibition of the custom of sati; the practice was stopped by Lord William Bentinck. Poynder also investigated the profits made by the company from worshippers and pilgrims at the temples of Jagannath, Gya and Allahabad.
Death
Poynder died at Montpelier House, South Lambeth, on 10 March 1849. Poynder's library was sold by Sotheby & Co. on 10 Jan. 1850 and two following days. The collection included the Phænomena et Diosemeia of Aratus Solensis, with autograph and annotations of John Milton.
Works
Poynder is best known for his Literary Extracts from English and other Works, collected during Half a Century, 1844, 2 vols.; a second series in one volume appeared in 1847. They contain observations by Richard Clark (1739–1831), the city chamberlain, on incidents in the political and social life of London. Poynder's own thoughts come under "Miscellaneous".
Poynder's other works relate mostly to his religious convictions. They include:
Poynder contributed to the Christian Observer and the Church and State Gazette.
Family
Poynder married at Clapham church, on 15 September 1807, Elizabeth Brown, who died at South Lambeth on 22 September 1845, aged 60. They had several sons and daughters. One of the sons, Frederick, graduated B.A. of Wadham College, Oxford, in 1838, and was later chaplain of Bridewell Hospital, and second master of Charterhouse School. | 2e24fef9-e0e8-477f-bf9f-b785b7071331 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Got_All_the_Heartaches_I_Can_Handle"} | 1973 studio album by Ernest Tubb
I've Got All the Heartaches I Can Handle is an album by American country singer Ernest Tubb, released in 1973 (see 1973 in music).
Track listing | 42b19cb3-607a-4722-81aa-711ee765fdb9 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinning"} | Look up twinning in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Twinning (making a twin of) may refer to: | 0c914082-7c7e-48a5-b6fa-37e4726c84f2 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Royal_(Washington,_D.C.)"} | Former department store in Washington, D.C.
Palais Royal was a large department store in Washington, D.C. at 11th and G streets NW in the F Street shopping district. It also grew into a small chain before being purchased and merged into the Woodward & Lothrop chain.
The Palais Royal began in 1877 further south 1117 Pennsylvania Avenue at the northeast corner of 12th St., in the Centennial Building, originally home to the Bureau of Pensions, and which would later become the Raleigh Hotel. It was founded by Abram Lisner (1855-1938), an immigrant from Germany who had first worked with his brother in a dry goods store in New York City. The store continued to expand within and by the 1890s Lisner decided to build a new larger 5-story dedicated structure for the store, further north in the commercial district around the F street corridor, at 11th and G streets. The new store opened in 1893 and was designed by architect Harvey L. Page in the Chicago style, a rarity in Washington, D.C. It continued to expand in its new location, by 1914 employing 600 people. In 1924 Lisner sold it to S. S. Kresge for around $5 million, who sold it to Woodward & Lothrop in 1946. The downtown Palais Royal was across the street from the north side of the Woodward & Lothrop flagship and became an annex of it. Despite protest the building was torn down in 1987 and is now the site of the Washington Center office building. The Palais Royal opened branches in Bethesda (7201 Wisconsin Avenue) in 1942, and two in Arlington in 1943: Arlington Farms and at the Pentagon, which became Woodies branches. | ea629efb-ab9a-4427-a60f-1d988ccbe9bd |
null | Brazilian footballer
Eric dos Santos Rodrigues (born 10 August 2000), known as Eric Ramires or Ramires, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Red Bull Bragantino, on loan from Bahia.
Club career
Bahia
Born in Salvador, Bahia, Ramires joined Bahia's youth setup in 2011. He played regularly for the under-15 and under-17 sides, going on to win the Copa Red Ball, Copa Dois de Julho and Copa Metropolitana.
On 6 September 2018, Eric Ramires made his first team – and Série A – debut, starting in a 2–0 victory over Sport; by doing so, he became the first player born in 2000 to play for the club. On 15 September, his contract was extended until 2022.
On 21 September 2018, Ramires made his Copa Sudamericana debut, starting and scoring the opener in a 2–1 home defeat of Botafogo.
Basel
On 2 September 2019, Ramires da Silva signed with Swiss club Basel. The club announced the loan for their 2019–20 season under manager Marcel Koller on their home page on that day. He played his domestic league debut for the club in the home game at the St. Jakob-Park on 25 September as Basel won 4–0 against Zürich. He was substituted in for the last seven minutes of the match.
The club announced that the contract with Ramires would not be prolonged on 5 September 2020. During his one season with the club Ramires played a total of 12 games for Basel without scoring a goal. Nine of these games were in the Swiss Super League, two in the UEFA Europa League and one was a friendly game.
International career
On 13 December 2018, Ramires was included in Brazil under-20s for the 2019 South American U-20 Championship.
Career statistics
As of 25 October 2021 | dbc582b0-99dd-4230-8d8f-0e7f3a76dae1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Tweedie"} | Scottish physician and writer
Dr Alexander Tweedie FRS (29 August 1794 – 30 May 1884) was a Scottish physician and writer.
Life
He was born in Edinburgh on 29 August 1794, and received his early education at the Royal High School there. In 1809 he began medical studies at the University of Edinburgh, and at about the same time became a pupil of a surgeon to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, John Henry Wishart. On 1 August 1815 Tweedie took the degree of M.D., and in 1817 became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. He was then living at 16 Nicolson Street in Edinburgh's South Side.
Tweedie was elected one of the two house-surgeons to the Royal Infirmary, Robert Liston being the other. In 1818 Tweedie went into practice in Edinburgh, with the intention of becoming a specialist in ophthalmic surgery; but in 1820 he moved to London, took a residence in Ely Place, and on 25 June 1822 was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians. He became a fellow of the college on 4 July 1838, was conciliarius in 1853, 1854, and 1855, and Lumleian Lecturer in 1858 and 1859. In 1866 he was elected an honorary fellow of the King's and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland.
In 1822 Tweedie was appointed assistant physician to the London Fever Hospital, and in 1824, on the retirement of John Armstrong, filled the post of physician to the hospital, which he held for 38 years. He resigned it in 1861, when he was appointed consulting physician and one of the vice-presidents. In 1836 he was elected physician to the Foundling Hospital; he was also physician to the Standard Assurance Company, examiner in medicine at the University of London, and was an honorary member of the Medical Psychological Association.
Tweedie was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 8 February 1838. He died at his residence, Bute Lodge, Twickenham, on 30 May 1884, continuing to practise at the age of 89 years.
Works
Tweedie was a voluminous writer. He was joint-author with Charles Gaselee of A Practical Treatise on Cholera (1832), and was the original planner of the Cyclopædia of Practical Medicine (London, 1831–5, 4 vols.), of which he was one of the editors. He planned and edited the Library of Medicine, in eight volumes, which appeared in 1840–42; and was the author of Clinical Illustrations of Fever (London, 1828), and of Lectures on the Distinctive Characters, Pathology, and Treatment of Continued Fevers (1862). | d3b8bf75-596e-4836-97e9-fb52d1890a66 |
null | Ramon d'Abella (fl. 1389–1401) was a Catalan military leader and royal councillor under John I and Martin of the Crown of Aragon.
During the guerra dels armanyaguesos in 1389, Ramon led a regiment of cavalry in the area around Torroella de Montgrí and Palafrugell. The young poet Guillem de Masdovelles fought under Ramon in these campaigns against Bernard VII of Armagnac and composed a sirventesch dedicated to him. It was probably sometime before this war that Ramon had a falling out with Guerau de Queralt i de Rocabertí.
In 1392 Ramon purchased the castle of Solivella and its jurisdiction, both high and low, for 16,500 Aragonese sous from John I. From 1395 to 1397 and again from 1398 to 1401 he served as governor of the Kingdom of Majorca. His lieutenant was Berenguer de Montagut. | 9881b442-503d-437c-a416-b47de62e4b4f |
null | American journalist, teacher, author and former Catholic priest</ref>((cite facebook))(born 1936)
Richard L. Rashke (born 1936) is an American journalist, teacher and author, who has written non-fiction books, as well as plays and screenplays. He is especially known for his history, Escape from Sobibor, first published in 1982, an account of the mass escape in October 1943 of hundreds of Jewish prisoners from the extermination camp at Sobibor in German-occupied Poland. The book was adapted as a 1987 TV movie by the same name.
Early life and education
Richard Rashke was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to Guy and Angeline (Luksich) Rashke. He had an older brother Donald. Richard attended local schools and has a master's degree in journalism from American University.
Literary career
After working as a journalist, Rashke started pursuing his own topics. His first book, The deacon in search of identity, was about a deacon in the Roman Catholic Church, published by Paulist Press in 1975.
He followed the widespread publicity about Karen Silkwood, her death, and the suit which her family brought against her former employer, Kerr-McGee. Her life and activism, and suspicious death, became the subject of his book, The Killing of Karen Silkwood: The Story Behind the Kerr-McGee Plutonium Case, published by Houghton-Mifflin in 1981.
Becoming interested in the story of resistance showed by hundreds of Jews who escaped from Sobibor, a German Nazi extermination camp in Poland, Rashke did research and interviewed survivors for his 1982 book, Escape from Sobibor. It was adapted as a 1987 TV movie by the same name, starring actors Alan Arkin and Rutger Hauer.
One of the survivors of Sobibor whom Rashke interviewed was Esther Terner Raab. As a result of her talks about her experience, she received many letters, which she shared with Rashke, as she said they helped her heal. His play about her and the influence of the letters, Dear Esther, premiered in 1998 in Washington, DC, at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Drawn to compelling personal stories, Rashke has studied subjects including Bill Lear, an aviation engineer and inventor who did not get beyond seventh grade.
Marriage and family
Rashke is married to Paula Kaufmann. They live in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin.
Bibliography
Books
Plays | 67b31fdc-a432-41d3-b1d3-06a6b5d895b8 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta_superfamily"} | Protein family
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily is a large group of structurally related cell regulatory proteins that was named after its first member, TGF-β1, originally described in 1983. They interact with TGF-beta receptors.
Many proteins have since been described as members of the TGF-β superfamily in a variety of species, including invertebrates as well as vertebrates and categorized into 23 distinct gene types that fall into four major subfamilies:
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types. TGF-beta-1 is a peptide of 112 amino acid residues derived by proteolytic cleavage from the C-terminal of a precursor protein. These proteins interact with a conserved family of cell surface serine/threonine-specific protein kinase receptors, and generate intracellular signals using a conserved family of proteins called SMADs. They play fundamental roles in the regulation of basic biological processes such as growth, development, tissue homeostasis and regulation of the immune system.
Structure
Proteins from the TGF-beta superfamily are only active as homo- or heterodimer; the two chains being linked by a single disulfide bond. From X-ray studies of TGF-beta-2, it is known that all the other cysteines are involved in intrachain disulfide bonds. As shown in the following schematic representation, there are four disulfide bonds in the TGF-beta's and in inhibin beta chains, while the other members of this superfamily lack the first bond.
where 'C' denotes a conserved cysteine involved in a disulfide bond.
Examples
Human genes encoding proteins that contain this domain include:
AMH; ARTN; BMP2; BMP3; BMP4; BMP5; BMP6; BMP7; BMP8A; BMP8B; BMP10; BMP15; GDF1; GDF2; GDF3; GDF5; GDF6; GDF7; GDF9; GDF10; GDF11; GDF15; GDNF; INHA; INHBA; INHBB; INHBC; INHBE; LEFTY1; LEFTY2; MSTN; NODAL; NRTN; PSPN; TGFB1; TGFB2; TGFB3; | 58bf6caf-a421-4fe4-bbca-80fd3e195512 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyar_Rabi%27a"} | Diyar Rabi'a (Arabic: دِيَارُ رَبِيعَةَ, romanized: Diyār Rabīʿa, lit. 'abode of Rabi'a') is the medieval Arabic name of the easternmost and largest of the three provinces of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), the other two being Diyar Bakr and Diyar Mudar. According to the medieval geographer al-Baladhuri, all three provinces were named after the main Arab tribes that were settled there by Mu'awiyah in the course of the Muslim conquests of the 7th century. The Diyar Rabi'a was settled by the Rabi'a tribe.
Diyar Rabi'a encompasses the upper reaches of the river Khabur and its tributaries, i.e. the regions of Tur Abdin and Beth Arabaye, as well as both shores of the river Tigris from the vicinity of Jazirat ibn Umar in the north to the boundary with Iraq in the area of Tikrit in the south, including the lower reaches of the Upper Zab and Lower Zab. The main city of the province was Mosul (Arabic al-Mawsil), with other important urban centres at Balad, Jazirat ibn Umar, al-Sinn, Barqa'id, Sinjar, Nasibin, Mardin and Ra's al-'Ayn. The region was plagued by the raids of the Qarmatians in the Umayyad and Abbasid periods. In the mid-10th century, it came under the control of the native Hamdanid dynasty, centred at Mosul. The Hamdanid emirate was terminated by the Buyids in 980, and the province passed under the control of the Uqaylids, who held it until the Seljuq conquest in the late 11th century.
Sources | 651890e2-08d5-4e68-b9e1-c5b06f2c492b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Bratstvo_07_%C5%BDito%C5%A1e"} | Football club
FK Bratstvo 07 (Macedonian: ФК Братство 07) is a football club based in the village of Zhitoshe near Prilep, North Macedonia. They are currently competing in the Macedonian Third League (South Division).
History
The club was founded in 2007. | ce94223d-659b-4059-aa32-ba13f35a21f2 |
null | 2004 concert tour by Westlife
The Turnaround Tour was the fourth concert tour by Irish pop band Westlife. The tour covered the UK and Europe in 2004 seen by 490,000 fans making £12,000,000, the tour was also supposed to appear in China, Korea, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Singapore; however, it was cancelled. Member Brian McFadden left the group on 9 March 2004, just three weeks before the first date of this tour in Belfast.
Support acts
Setlist
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Encore
Notes
Tour dates
Festivals and other miscellaneous performances
A These concerts were a part of the "Liverpool Summer Pops"
Cancellations and rescheduled shows
Box office score data
Live Concert Music DVD
Chart performance
Certifications and sales
Personnel
MANAGEMENT: Louis Walsh Management Company DIRECTOR: Julia Knowles EXECUTIVE PRODUCER: Solomon Nwabueze PHOTOGRAPHY: Jason Faser/PA Photos Limited | 358cf605-3371-47f1-ae7c-6ea23e38e01f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Dark_Secret"} | 1929 film
Her Dark Secret (German: Ihr dunkler Punkt) is a 1929 German silent comedy film directed by Johannes Guter and starring Lilian Harvey, Willy Fritsch, and Harry Halm. The film reunited Harvey and Fritsch who had previously appeared together in Chaste Susanne (1926), although this time their characters become a couple at the end of the film. This provided a template for a number of popular films over the following decade such as The Three from the Filling Station.
The film's art direction was by Jacek Rotmil.
Cast
Bibliography | ca28acc2-4990-4bc9-ac93-10a76c294347 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithraustes_pyrifera"} | Species of moth
"Tithraustes" pyrifera is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is found in Colombia.
Taxonomy
The species does not belong in Tithraustes, but has not been placed in another genus yet. | da07a4a8-85d5-49db-b798-387746c5b80e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_(canoe)"} | Canadian is the byname used in some countries for the descendants of the birch bark canoe that was used by the indigenous peoples of Northern America as a convenient means of transportation in the densely forested and impassable areas of Northern America.
In the United Kingdom and several other European countries the kayak is considered to be a kind of canoe. (Technically this is understandable, as one can easily see when a whitewater kayak is converted into a decked whitewater canoe just by taking the seat out and paddle it kneeling with a single blade paddle.) To distinguish canoes from kayaks, a touring, whitewater and racing canoe are then often called 'Canadian canoe' or 'Canadian' for short — e.g. Canadier in German, Kanadensare in Swedish, Canadees in Dutch, et cetera.
This naming practice has led to confusion, with sea kayaks called sea canoes, kayakers called canoeists, and canoes sometimes even called 'Canadian kayaks'... It was one of the reasons why women were not allowed to canoe at the Olympic Games until 2020, as one of the arguments was that women were already allowed because a kayak is a canoe.
History
The use of the byname 'Canadian' is the result of misinterpretations during the development of the sport of canoeing in the 19th century when an open touring canoe was called 'Canadian canoe' from the so called Canadian style canoe from Canada, the then more or less 'approved' open touring canoe by the American Canoe Association (ACA), as opposed to the wood-and-canvas touring canoe from Maine in the United States that was not officially recognized by the ACA until 1934.
For the canoeing clubs and associations of the late 19th century a canoe was a decked, double-ended boat, propelled with a double-blade paddle or sailed. At that time those organizations for large part consisted of somewhat elitist [wealthy] people with the opinion that one should be able to sail well with a touring canoe. Therefore, from the open canoes only the cedar-rib 'Canadian style' canoe was approved by them. The birchbark canoe was considered inferior and its direct descendant the wood-and-canvas canoe "a rag canoe, only suitable for workmen and primitive natives" [sic]. The wood-and-canvas canoe was however easier to manufacture and maintain than a cedar-rib canoe and therefore less expensive, which made it much more popular.
In America the canoe lost its qualifying prefix 'Canadian' not long afterwards. In several European countries though, people were not aware of these discrepancies and continued calling all kind of canoes 'Canadians' — even the decked whitewater canoes and, ironically, the wood-and-canvas canoe...
Birchbark canoe
Wood-and-canvas canoe
Cedar-rib canoe
General References
Manley, Atwood (1988). Rushton and His Times in American Canoeing. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-0141-7.
Moores, Ted; Mohr, Merilyn (2001). Canoecraft, An Illustrated Guide to Fine Woodstrip Construction. Firefly Books Ltd. pp. 8–19. ISBN 0-920656-24-2.
Roberts; Shackleton (1983). The Canoe: A History of the Craft from Panama to the Arctic. Macmillan of Canada. pp. 235–261. ISBN 0-7715-9582-4.
Stelmok, Jerry; Thurlow, Rollin (1987). The Wood and Canvas Canoe. Old Bridge Press. pp. 17–33. ISBN 0-88448-046-1. | f1a78de1-c0fa-4e76-90da-cea4e3f46799 |
null | Motorcycle speedway team
Halifax Speedway were a British motorcycle speedway team who operated between 1928 and 1930 and were based at Thrum Hall Cricket Ground, Spring Hall Lane, Halifax, West Yorkshire. England.
History
The Thrum Hall cricket ground had a speedway dirt track constructed around the cricket pitch in 1928 and hosted the speedway fixtures until 1930. The team competed in the inaugural 1929 Speedway English Dirt Track League, finishing in third place.
Halifax decided not to enter a team for the 1930 season and the following year the track was demolished to make way for a greyhound track that became the Halifax Greyhound Stadium.
Notable riders
Season summary | acf9d7c3-82e0-46ae-aad2-abbf18630d96 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Generali_Ladies_Linz"} | Tennis tournament
The 2009 Generali Ladies Linz was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 23rd edition of the Generali Ladies Linz, and was part of the WTA International tournaments of the 2009 WTA Tour. It was held at the TipsArena Linz in Linz, Austria, from October 10 through October 18, 2009.
WTA players
Seeds
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Champions
Singles
Yanina Wickmayer def.
Petra Kvitová, 6-3, 6-4
Doubles
Anna-Lena Grönefeld /
Katarina Srebotnik def.
Klaudia Jans /
Alicja Rosolska, 6-1, 6-4 | 3325b906-fae3-4934-b992-1316d13bd50e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Feel"} | 2001 studio album by Rubber
Ultra Feel is an album by the Canadian hard rock band Rubber (formerly known as Harem Scarem).
Track listing (Canadian edition)
Personnel | 64f9d3d2-3647-4565-bdea-24291f422308 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon_Hotel,_Tooley_Street"} | Grade II listed hotel in Southwark, London, United Kingdom
The Dixon Hotel, in Tooley Street in the London borough of Southwark, is a former magistrates' court and police station designed by John Dixon Butler. Opened in 1906, it operated as a court until closure in 2013. Subsequently sold, it re-opened as The Dixon, in honour of the building's architect, and became a hotel operating as part of the Marriott International group. It is a Grade II listed building.
History and description
The architect John Dixon Butler (1860-1920) succeeded his father as Architect and Surveyor to the Metropolitan Police in 1895. Apprenticed to R. Norman Shaw, Dixon Butler worked under Shaw on the designs for New Scotland Yard (south building); the position being reversed at Canon Row Police Station where Butler was the lead architect and Shaw the assisting consultant. Dixon Butler went on to design over 200 public buildings, predominantly courts and police stations, across London. Historic England describes him as "one of the most accomplished Metropolitan Police architects". His architectural style was predominantly Baroque Revival and he was much influenced by Shaw.
The Dixon Hotel was designed as the Tower Bridge Police Court, latterly Tower Bridge Magistrates' Court and Police Station, in 1904 and opened in 1906. Built in stone and red brick laid in Flemish bond, the style is "Edwardian Baroque". The London: South Pevsner describes it as "quite spectacular of its date". It features doorcases with elaborate hoods, which became something of a Dixon Butler trademark. From the 1970s the Police Station at Tower Bridge was one of four bases for the Metropolitan Police’s Flying Squad, which specialised in responses to high-value armed robbery. The court closed in 2013 and was subsequently sold, re-opening as a hotel in 2019. The hotel's Courtroom Bar is located in the original magistrates' courtroom and a chandelier in the lobby is constructed from old handcuffs. The original wood panelling remains, and the judge’s bench has also been transformed into a bar, which sits beneath the judge's original oak canopy
Sources | 6739a1e6-dcbb-4422-bec6-f0abcda7e16f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramenki_(Moscow_Metro)"} | Moscow Metro station
Ramenki (Russian: Раменки) is a station on the Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya Line of the Moscow Metro. It opened on March 16, 2017. as part of the line's current southwestward extension from Park Pobedy. It served as the western terminus of the line, until 2018 with the opening of the extension to Rasskazovka. Tunnelling between the station and that preceding it and following it, Lomonosovsky Prospekt and Michurinsky Prospekt, started in 2013.
History
Ramenki station was mentioned for the first time in 1965, when the Solntsevsky radius project was introduced, which at that time was supposed to be a continuation of the Arbat-Pokrovskaya line from the Kievskaya station. However, even the general scheme from 1938 for the development of the Moscow metro includes a promise for a Frunzensky radius station, designated approximately at the same location.[citation needed]
The station was provided for by the project of prolongation in Solntsevo of the Arbat-Pokrovskaya line from the station "Park Pobedy", developed by the institute "Metrogiprotrans" in the early 1990s. In the variant of the line trace along Minskaya street and Michurinsky avenue it was offered at the intersection with Vinnytsia street, and according to the variant of the tracing through the Matveyevsky station it was to be shifted 200 meters to the south-west. In both cases, Ramenki station was offered a shallow location. For the option of building a high-speed line Mytischi-Solntsevo of the chord line passing through the projected third station "Victory Park" (perpendicular to the two constructed) and facing the axis of Michurinsky Prospekt, the station in Ramenki was excluded in order to increase the speed characteristics.[citation needed]
The Solntsevskogo radius project of the mid-2000 is based on the first of these options, to name the station at the same time offered "Vinnitsa Street". According to the Kalinin-Solntsevskaya 2011 project, currently being implemented, the station under the name "Ramenki" is located under the lawn between the passing parts of Michurinsky Prospekt near Vinnitsa Street.[citation needed]
In the fourth quarter of 2011, they fenced the construction site and construction began in April 2012.[citation needed]
On 31 May 2013 (9 years ago) (2013-05-31), the tunneling of the left distillation tunnel started from the Ramenki station in the direction of Lomonosov Avenue with the help of the Svetlana TPMK. On 15 December 2013, it was left in the dismantling cell of Lomonosov Avenue, after which the right tunnel was drilled in the opposite direction on 17 December 2013, which also ended successfully on 2 July 2014. The length of the distance between the stations is 1189 meters.[citation needed]
Commissioning
On 30 December 2016, Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin conducted the technical launch of the metro station "Business Center" - "Ramenki" Kalininsk-Solntsevskaya line. From the beginning of 2017, a run-in of a new site without passengers was completed, with the completion of separate parts of the stations.[citation needed]
The initial plan was to open a new site for passengers shortly after the technical launch in February 2017, but the terms of running-in of the line and commissioning work were delayed by 2.5 months.[citation needed]
The opening of the passenger section, including the Ramenki station, which was on the temporary terminal line, took place on 16 March 2017.[citation needed] | e0b7c5ae-064d-42d1-a4d6-5e4dae016df5 |
null | 1975 Iranian film
The Falconet (in Persian: زنبورک; pronounced: Zænbũræk) is a 1975 Iranian film directed by Farrokh Ghaffari. It stars Parviz Sayyad, Nozar Azadi, Pouri Banayi, Jahangir Forouhar, Enayat Bakhshi, and Shahnaz Tehrani.
Cast | ab53f910-e821-46e6-9153-853b03be6f9b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_American_Bicyclists"} | Non-profit organization in the US
The League of American Bicyclists (LAB), officially the League of American Wheelmen, is a membership organization that promotes cycling for fun, fitness and transportation through advocacy and education. A Section 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, the League is one of the largest membership organizations of cyclists in the United States.
History
Founded in Newport, Rhode Island, on May 30, 1880, as the League of American Wheelmen by Kirk Munroe and Charles E. Pratt, it soon became the leading national membership organization for cyclists in the United States. The organization's first officers were Charles E. Pratt as president, T.K. Longstreet as vice president, O.S. Parsons as corresponding secretary, J.F. Furrell as recording secretary, and H.L. Willoughby as treasurer. The board of directors consisted of two from each state having regularly organization clubs.
Pratt served two terms as the organization's first president, from 1880 to 1882. He was the athor in 1879 of the first cycling guidebook in the United States, The American Bicycler: a manual for the observer, the learner and the expert.
The League was also the governing body for amateur bicycle racing in the U.S. during the late 19th century. Membership peaked at 103,000 in 1898.
The 1880–1902 period
The League was a prominent advocacy group for the improvement of roads and highways in the United States long before the advent of the automobile. The Good Roads Movement in the late 19th century was founded and led by the League, which began publishing Good Roads magazine in 1892.
In the mid-1890s, bicycling became accessible to the population at large with the advent of the mass-produced, chain-driven safety bicycle. A huge boom in bicycle sales occurred, then collapsed as the market became saturated. Bicycle manufacturers were no longer able to support the League financially, and the interest of its members, largely well-to-do hobbyists, turned elsewhere.
In 1894, the League voted to prohibit membership by non-white people, pushed by southern members. Since the League was the governing body for bicycle racing at that time, the League's action effectively banned non-white people from most races in the United States. Local clubs had some discretion, as well as a separate racing league being set up, yet racism was still prevalent. Efforts were made the following years to repeal the "white exclusive" clause, an 1895 amendment to reverse the decision was dropped, as a "continued and energetic resistance" ensued before the original League dissolved in 1902. In 1999, a reformed League disavowed the 1894 action.
At its height in 1898, the League had over 103,000 members. Early members included three of the wealthiest men of the Gilded Age: Newport socialites John Jacob Astor, Diamond Jim Brady, and John D. Rockefeller.
Amateur bicycle racing declined with the rise of professional racing. League membership declined to 76,944 in 1900 and only 8,692 in 1902. The League dissolved that year, when there were still only a very few motorized vehicles on the roads. The American Automobile Association was founded the same year, 1902, and was, to an extent, a successor organization. It provided—and still provides—route information to members, as the League had provided. The League's Secretary, Abbott Bassett, produced a monthly publication under the League's name until 1924, but there was no League organization. Bassett's Scrap Book covered topics such as Frank W. Weston's role in developing cycling in Boston.
The 1939–1955 revival
Bicycle club activity revived and was particularly strong in the Chicago area during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Attempts to revive the League were initiated by representatives of the bicycle industry in 1933 and continued through the 1930s, and consisted primarily of a number of exhibitions and races under the League's name. Chicago-area bicycle clubs formed the core of a revived League governed by recreational cyclists in 1939 and which adopted a constitution in April 1942. This incarnation of the League was primarily a social organization, holding group rides and annual conventions. World War II contributed to the success of the League through rationing of motor vehicle fuel and tires. Membership was 614 in 1945, with 200 honorary members in the armed services. However, in the late 1940s, the League went into decline. Factors included the increasing availability of motor vehicles; the "baby boom", which made for difficulties in pursuing recreational cycling; narrow highways; and conformist social attitudes, with a perception of bicycling as a children's activity. Membership was only 507 in 1950 and 238 in 1953. The League dissolved again in 1955.
1965–present
The League reorganized once again in 1965. By this time, highways had improved, the Eisenhower Interstate Highway System had drained traffic from many of them, and new interest in recreational cycling was spurred by the promotion of sports bicycles with derailleur gearing by the Schwinn Bicycle Company and others. Increasing awareness of the importance of physical fitness also contributed to the popularity of bicycling.
Through the end of the 20th century, the League existed as a national clearinghouse for cycling advocacy, but more so as a social organization, holding three or more regional rallies each year, usually in June, centered on public college campuses in various parts of the US. Each of these rallies featured mapped rides of various lengths, dormitory housing and meals, a variety of cycling-related lectures, and vendors selling products. At their peak, rallies would each attract as many as 2,000 cyclists.
With increasing popularity of bicycling, however, various other organizations adopted functions which the League dropped or did not pursue—most prominently, Bikecentennial (later renamed as the Adventure Cycling Association), which maps touring routes and provides services for touring bicyclists; the Rails-to-Trails Conservancy, which promotes conversion of abandoned rail lines to trails; and the Alliance for Biking and Walking (formerly Thunderhead Alliance), a loosely organized consortium of state and local advocacy organizations which maintains communication over the Internet.
In the late 20th century, the League was criticized for its name: League of American Wheelmen. Also, the term Wheelmen was becoming increasingly obscure. In response, the League began doing business as the League of American Bicyclists in 1994.
The League reached a peak of 24,000 paid memberships in 1997, then declined to around 20,000, where it has remained since (as of 2009), though it is able to cite larger numbers by using a multiplier for family memberships and counting the approximately 300,000 members of affiliated bicycle clubs and advocacy organizations.
The League's rallies became less successful as bicyclists became able to find similar events closer to home. Beginning in 2003, the League would no longer organize its own rallies, but rather, would designate an existing event in one part of the country or another as its National Rally.
A major change in the direction of the League occurred in 1997 when it moved its offices from Baltimore, Maryland, to Washington, D.C., and focused increasingly on advocacy at the federal level. The League has shed most of the services it once provided to individual members, other than its magazine, and now is primarily an advocacy organization. Its major annual event is now the National Bicycle Summit (which see, under Advocacy, below).
The League has continued to play a leading role in cycling issues into the 21st century. One example is the certification of cycling instructors, since the 1970s. The League's education program concentrates on practical bicycle handling and traffic skills, and has more than 1,000 active instructors as of 2009. The League's Bicycle Friendly America program distributes awards to communities which have adopted measures to accommodate and encourage bicycle use. The League manages liability insurance programs for its instructors and for bicycle clubs, an invaluable service to them.
Advocacy
LAB is the voice for cyclists at the national level, and organizes an annual National Bike Summit to bring professionals and advocates in Washington, D.C., together with government representatives. A major supporter of the event is the PeopleForBikes Coalition (renamed from Bikes Belong Coalition in 2013), a §501(c)(6) trade association for the bicycle industry which lobbies Congress for funds to build bicycle usage in the U.S. The Summit has attracted around 500 attendees in recent years (as of 2009).
In addition to PeopleForBikes, LAB works in partnership with other organizations such as America Bikes ("leveraging federal transportation dollars for bicycling", primarily with PeopleForBikes money), the Alliance for Bicycling and Walking (lobbies for government money to encourage bicycle usage while receiving substantial industry funding), Federal Highway Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), NCUTCD and NCUTLO in order to "create a more bicycle-friendly America".
Education
The League offers cycling education for adults and children in many locations across the U.S. Originally the education consisted of a single Effective Cycling (EC) course developed by John Forester and given to the League in 1976. Later, citing poor attendance and blaming the 30-hour length of the EC course, the League developed a curriculum consisting of multiple shorter courses. Forester did not agree with some of the changes to the program and withdrew permission for the League to use the EC name. The name of the League's program was then changed to "Bike Ed". In 2008, the program was renamed "Smart Cycling".
In addition to sponsoring the biennial "Bicycle Education Leaders Conference", the League is active in "Safe Routes to School" programs at a national level.
Bicycle Friendly Communities
As of May 2018[update], the League has formally recognized 450 communities across all 50 states as bicycle-friendly communities for "providing safe accommodation and facilities for bicyclists and encouraging residents to bike for transportation and recreation." These are the communities:
Diamond-level
Platinum-level - 5 Communities
Gold-level - 33 Communities
Silver-level - 90 Communities
Bronze-level - 324 Communities
Bronze-level, continued
Bicycle Friendly Universities
As of October 2019[update], the League has formally recognized 208 universities across 47 states and Washington, DC as bicycle-friendly institutions of higher education for "promoting and providing a more bikeable campus for students, staff and visitors." These are the universities:
Platinum-level - 8 Schools
Gold-level - 24 Schools
Silver-level - 62 Schools
Bronze-level - 114 Schools
Bronze-level, continued
Formerly designated | 44f4f7f6-148e-4580-9db0-2c125033da88 |
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