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9101
[ "Increased", "oxidative", "stress", "and", "subsequent", "activation", "of", "the", "transcription", "factor", "NF-kappaB", "has", "been", "linked", "to", "the", "development", "of", "late", "diabetic", "complications", "." ]
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9102
[ "To", "determine", "whether", "oxidative", "stress", "dependent", "NF-kappaB", "activation", "is", "evident", "in", "patients", "with", "diabetic", "nephropathy", "we", "used", "an", "Electrophoretic", "Mobility", "Shift", "Assay", "based", "semiquantitative", "detection", "system", "which", "enabled", "us", "to", "determine", "NF-kappaB", "activation", "in", "ex", "vivo", "isolated", "peripheral", "blood", "mononuclear", "cells", "." ]
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9103
[ "We", "examined", "33", "patients", "with", "diabetes", "mellitus", "(", "Type", "I", "and", "Type", "II", ")", "." ]
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9104
[ "Patients", "with", "diabetic", "nephropathy", "showed", "higher", "NF-kappaB", "binding", "activity", "in", "Electrophoretic", "Mobility", "Shift", "Assays", "and", "stronger", "immunohistological", "staining", "for", "activated", "NF-kappaBp65", "than", "patients", "without", "renal", "complications", "." ]
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9105
[ "NF-kappaB", "binding", "activity", "correlated", "with", "the", "degree", "of", "albuminuria", "(", "r", "=", "0.316", ")", "and", "with", "thrombomodulin", "plasma", "concentrations", "(", "r", "=", "0.33", ")", ",", "indicative", "for", "albuminuria", "associated", "endothelial", "dysfunction", "." ]
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9106
[ "In", "a", "3", "day", "intervention", "study", "in", "which", "600", "mg", "of", "the", "antioxidant", "thioctic", "acid", "(", "alpha-lipoic", "acid", ")", "per", "day", "were", "given", "to", "nine", "patients", "with", "diabetic", "nephropathy", "oxidative", "stress", "in", "plasma", "samples", "was", "decreased", "by", "48", "%", "and", "NF-kappaB", "binding", "activity", "in", "ex", "vivo", "isolated", "peripheral", "blood", "mononuclear", "cells", "by", "38", "%", "." ]
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9107
[ "In", "conclusion", ",", "activation", "of", "the", "transcription", "factor", "NF-kappaB", "in", "ex", "vivo", "isolated", "peripheral", "blood", "mononuclear", "cells", "of", "patients", "with", "diabetes", "mellitus", "correlates", "with", "the", "degree", "of", "diabetic", "nephropathy", "." ]
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9108
[ "NF-kappaB", "activation", "is", "at", "least", "in", "part", "dependent", "on", "oxidative", "stress", "since", "thioctic", "acid", "(", "alpha-lipoic", "acid", ")", "reduced", "NF-kappaB", "binding", "activity", "." ]
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9109
[ "Osteoclast", "markers", "accumulate", "on", "cells", "developing", "from", "human", "peripheral", "blood", "mononuclear", "precursors", "." ]
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9110
[ "Recent", "studies", "show", "that", "human", "osteoclasts", "develop", "in", "vitro", "from", "hematopoietic", "cells", ";", "however", ",", "special", "cultures", "conditions", "and/or", "cytokine", "mobilized", "peripheral", "blood", "are", "apparently", "required", "." ]
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9111
[ "Here", ",", "we", "report", "that", "cells", "expressing", "osteoclast", "markers", "differentiate", "from", "precursors", "present", "in", "nonmobilized", "peripheral", "blood", "mononuclear", "cells", "(", "PBMC", ")", ",", "without", "the", "addition", "of", "stromal", "cells", ",", "growth", "factors", ",", "cytokines", "or", "steroids", ";", "and", "characterize", "their", "phenotype", "." ]
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9112
[ "Three", "days", "after", "establishing", "high-density", "PBMC", "cultures", "(", "1.5", "x", "10", "(", "6", ")", "cells/cm2", ")", ",", "in", "serum-containing", "medium", ",", "small", "adherent", "colonies", "of", "tartrate", "resistant", "acid", "phosphatase", "positive", "(", "TRAP+", ")", "cells", "emerge", ",", "amidst", "massive", "monocyte", "cell", "death", "." ]
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9113
[ "These", "adherent", "cells", "have", "an", "eccentrically", "placed", ",", "round", "nucleus", ",", "and", "express", "low", "levels", "of", "TRAP", "and", "sodium", "fluoride-resistant-", "alpha-naphthyl-acetate-esterase", "(", "NaF-R-NSE", ")", "." ]
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9114
[ "Over", "the", "next", "week", ",", "this", "cell", "population", "accumulates", "phenotypic", "markers", "of", "osteoclasts", "(", "vitronectin", "receptor", "[", "VR", "]", ",", "calcitonin", "receptor", ",", "TRAP", ",", "cathepsin", "K", "protein", ",", "and", "mRNA", ")", "with", "increased", "nuclearity", ",", "covering", "the", "entire", "surface", "by", "15", "days", "." ]
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9115
[ "When", "cultured", "on", "bone", ",", "VR+", ",", "TRAP+", "cells", "of", "low", "multinuclearity", "appear", "and", "cover", "up", "to", "50", "%", "of", "the", "surface", "." ]
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9116
[ "Resorption", "lacunae", "can", "be", "observed", "by", "day", "22", "." ]
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9117
[ "Although", "these", "pits", "are", "not", "nearly", "as", "numerous", "as", "the", "cells", "of", "preosteoclast", "phenotype", ",", "they", "do", "represent", "the", "activity", "of", "a", "subset", "of", "osteoclast-like", "cells", "that", "has", "achieved", "osteoclastic", "maturity", "under", "these", "culture", "conditions", "." ]
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9118
[ "Transcripts", "for", "osteoprotegerin", "ligand", "(", "OPGL", ")", ",", "an", "osteoclast", "differentiation", "factor", "(", "also", "known", "as", "RANKL", "and", "TRANCE", ")", "are", "expressed", ",", "likely", "by", "adherent", "cells", "." ]
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9119
[ "Thus", ",", "an", "adherent", "population", "of", "cells", ",", "with", "preosteoclast/", "osteoclast", "phenotypic", "properties", ",", "arises", "selectively", "under", "simple", "culture", "conditions", "from", "normal", "PBMC", "." ]
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9120
[ "Further", "characterization", "of", "these", "cells", "should", "identify", "factors", "involved", "in", "the", "growth", ",", "terminal", "differentiation", "and", "activation", "of", "osteoclasts", "." ]
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9121
[ "Oleic", "acid", "inhibits", "endothelial", "activation", ":", "A", "direct", "vascular", "antiatherogenic", "mechanism", "of", "a", "nutritional", "component", "in", "the", "mediterranean", "diet", "." ]
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9122
[ "Because", "oleic", "acid", "is", "implicated", "in", "the", "antiatherogenic", "effects", "attributed", "to", "the", "Mediterranean", "diet", ",", "we", "investigated", "whether", "this", "fatty", "acid", "can", "modulate", "endothelial", "activation", ",", "ie", ",", "the", "concerted", "expression", "of", "gene", "products", "involved", "in", "leukocyte", "recruitment", "and", "early", "atherogenesis", "." ]
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9123
[ "We", "incubated", "sodium", "oleate", "with", "human", "umbilical", "vein", "endothelial", "cells", "for", "0", "to", "72", "hours", ",", "followed", "by", "coincubation", "of", "oleate", "with", "human", "recombinant", "tumor", "necrosis", "factor", ",", "interleukin", "(", "IL", ")", "-1alpha", ",", "IL-1beta", ",", "IL-4", ",", "Escherichia", "coli", "lipopolysaccharide", "(", "LPS", ")", ",", "or", "phorbol", "12-myristate", "13-acetate", "for", "a", "further", "6", "to", "24", "hours", "." ]
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9124
[ "The", "endothelial", "expression", "of", "vascular", "cell", "adhesion", "molecule-1", "(", "VCAM-1", ")", ",", "E-selectin", ",", "and", "intercellular", "adhesion", "molecule-1", "was", "monitored", "by", "cell", "surface", "enzyme", "immunoassays", "or", "flow", "cytometry", ",", "and", "steady-state", "levels", "of", "VCAM-1", "mRNA", "were", "assessed", "by", "Northern", "blot", "analysis", "." ]
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9125
[ "At", "10", "to", "100", "micromol/L", "for", ">", "24", "hours", ",", "oleate", "inhibited", "the", "expression", "of", "all", "adhesion", "molecules", "tested", "." ]
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9126
[ "After", "a", "72-hour", "incubation", "with", "oleate", "and", "a", "further", "16-hour", "incubation", "with", "oleate", "plus", "1", "microg/mL", "LPS", ",", "VCAM-1", "expression", "was", "reduced", "by", ">", "40", "%", "compared", "with", "control", "." ]
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9127
[ "Adhesion", "of", "monocytoid", "U937", "cells", "to", "LPS-treated", "endothelial", "cells", "was", "reduced", "concomitantly", "." ]
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9128
[ "Oleate", "also", "produced", "a", "quantitatively", "similar", "reduction", "of", "VCAM-1", "mRNA", "levels", "on", "Northern", "blot", "analysis", "and", "inhibited", "nuclear", "factor-kappaB", "activation", "on", "electrophoretic", "mobility", "shift", "assays", "." ]
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9129
[ "Incubation", "of", "endothelial", "cells", "with", "oleate", "for", "72", "hours", "decreased", "the", "relative", "proportions", "of", "saturated", "(", "palmitic", "and", "stearic", ")", "acids", "in", "total", "cell", "lipids", "and", "increased", "the", "proportions", "of", "oleate", "in", "total", "cell", "lipids", "without", "significantly", "changing", "the", "relative", "proportions", "of", "polyunsaturated", "fatty", "acids", "." ]
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9130
[ "Although", "less", "potent", "than", "polyunsaturated", "fatty", "acids", "in", "inhibiting", "endothelial", "activation", ",", "oleic", "acid", "may", "contribute", "to", "the", "prevention", "of", "atherogenesis", "through", "selective", "displacement", "of", "saturated", "fatty", "acids", "in", "cell", "membrane", "phospholipids", "and", "a", "consequent", "modulation", "of", "gene", "expression", "for", "molecules", "involved", "in", "monocyte", "recruitment", "." ]
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9131
[ "Both", "Stat3", "-activation", "and", "Stat3", "-independent", "BCL2", "downregulation", "are", "important", "for", "interleukin-6", "-induced", "apoptosis", "of", "1A9-M", "cells", "." ]
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9132
[ "A", "unique", "subclone", "of", "a", "bone", "marrow-derived", "stromal", "cell", "line", ",", "BMS2.4", ",", "produces", "soluble", "factors", "that", "inhibit", "proliferation", "of", "several", "types", "of", "hematopoietic", "cell", "lines", "." ]
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9133
[ "An", "understanding", "of", "these", "molecules", "may", "be", "informative", "about", "negative", "regulatory", "circuits", "that", "can", "potentially", "limit", "blood", "cell", "formation", "." ]
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9134
[ "We", "used", "expression", "cloning", "to", "identify", "interleukin-6", "(", "IL-6", ")", "as", "one", "factor", "that", "suppressed", "growth", "of", "a", "pre-B-cell", "variant", "line", ",", "1A9-M", "." ]
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9135
[ "Moreover", ",", "IL-6", "induced", "macrophage-differentiation", "and", "apoptosis", "of", "1A9-M", "cells", "." ]
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9136
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9137
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9138
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9139
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9140
[ "IL-6", "-induced", "apoptosis", ",", "but", "not", "macrophage-differentiation", ",", "was", "blocked", "by", "continuously", "expressed", "BCL2", "." ]
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9141
[ "A", "dominant-negative", "form", "of", "Stat3", "inhibited", "both", "macrophage-differentiation", "and", "apoptosis", "induced", "by", "IL-6", "." ]
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9142
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9143
[ "Therefore", ",", "activation", "of", "Stat3", "is", "essential", "for", "IL-6", "-induced", "macrophage-differentiation", "and", "programmed", "cell", "death", "in", "this", "model", "." ]
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9144
[ "Whereas", "overexpression", "of", "BCL2", "abrogates", "the", "apoptotic", "response", ",", "Stat3", "-independent", "signals", "appear", "to", "downregulate", "expression", "of", "the", "BCL2", "gene", "." ]
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9145
[ "Involvement", "of", "mitogen-activated", "protein", "kinase", "pathways", "in", "interleukin-8", "production", "by", "human", "monocytes", "and", "polymorphonuclear", "cells", "stimulated", "with", "lipopolysaccharide", "or", "Mycoplasma", "fermentans", "membrane", "lipoproteins", "." ]
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9146
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9147
[ "IL-8", "is", "secreted", "in", "response", "to", "inflammatory", "stimuli", ",", "notably", "bacterial", "products", "such", "as", "lipopolysaccharide", "(", "LPS", ")", ",", "but", "little", "is", "known", "about", "the", "mechanisms", "by", "which", "these", "agents", "mediate", "IL-8", "induction", "." ]
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9148
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9149
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9150
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9151
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9152
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9153
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9156
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9157
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9158
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9159
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9160
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9161
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9162
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9163
[ "Phenylarsine", "oxide", "inhibits", "ex", "vivo", "HIV-1", "expression", "." ]
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9164
[ "Phenylarsine", "oxide", "(", "PAO", ")", ",", "which", "is", "described", "as", "an", "inhibitor", "of", "tyrosine", "phosphatase", "activity", ",", "inhibits", "H2O2", "release", "from", "human", "peripheral", "blood", "mononuclear", "cells", "(", "PBMCs", ")", "as", "measured", "by", "electrochemistry", "." ]
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9165
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9166
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9167
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9168
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9169
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9170
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9171
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9172
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9173
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9174
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9175
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9176
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9177
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9178
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9179
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9180
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9181
[ "Only", "FMS", "patients", "displayed", "lower", "CBG", "and", "basal", "serum", "cortisol", "concentrations", "when", "compared", "to", "controls", "." ]
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9182
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9183
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9184
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9185
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9186
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9187
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9188
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9189
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9190
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9191
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9192
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9193
[ "T", "lymphocytes", "recognize", "antigens", "in", "the", "form", "of", "peptides", "bound", "to", "HLA-molecules", "." ]
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9194
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9195
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9196
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9197
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9198
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9199
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9200
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