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6101
[ "Studies", "with", "motheaten", "mice", ",", "which", "lack", "the", "SHP1", "protein", "tyrosine", "phosphatase", ",", "indicate", "that", "this", "enzyme", "plays", "an", "important", "negative", "role", "in", "T", "cell", "antigen", "receptor", "(", "TCR", ")", "signaling", "." ]
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6102
[ "The", "physiological", "substrates", "for", "SHP1", "in", "T", "lymphocytes", ",", "however", ",", "have", "remained", "unclear", "or", "controversial", "." ]
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6103
[ "To", "define", "these", "targets", "for", "SHP1", "we", "have", "compared", "the", "effects", "of", "constitutively", "active", "and", "inactive", "mutants", "of", "SHP1", "on", "TCR", "signaling", "." ]
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6104
[ "Expression", "of", "wild-type", "SHP1", "had", "a", "very", "small", "effect", "on", "the", "TCR-induced", "tyrosine", "phosphorylation", "of", "ZAP-70", "and", "Syk", ",", "even", "when", "SHP1", "was", "overexpressed", "20", "-", "100-fold", "over", "endogenous", "SHP1", "." ]
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6105
[ "Inactive", "SHP1-D421A", "and", "wild-type", "SHP2", "were", "without", "effects", "." ]
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6106
[ "Constitutively", "active", "SHP1-DeltaSH2", "had", "a", "more", "pronounced", "effect", "on", "ZAP-70", "and", "Syk", ",", "even", "when", "expressed", "at", "near", "physiological", "levels", "." ]
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6107
[ "SHP1-DeltaSH2", "also", "inhibited", "events", "downstream", "of", "ZAP-70", "and", "Syk", ",", "such", "as", "activation", "of", "the", "mitogen-activated", "protein", "kinase", "Erk2", "and", "the", "transcriptional", "activation", "of", "the", "interleukin-2", "gene", "." ]
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6108
[ "In", "contrast", ",", "a", "constitutively", "active", "SHP2-DeltaSH2", "had", "no", "statistically", "significant", "effect", "(", "although", "it", "caused", "a", "slight", "augmentation", "in", "some", "individual", "experiments", ")", "." ]
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6109
[ "None", "of", "the", "constructs", "influenced", "the", "anti-CD3-induced", "tyrosine", "phosphorylation", "of", "the", "TCR", "zeta-chain", "or", "phospholipase", "Cgamma1", ",", "indicating", "that", "Src", "family", "kinase", "function", "was", "intact", "." ]
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6110
[ "Taken", "together", ",", "our", "findings", "support", "the", "notion", "that", "ZAP-70", "and", "Syk", "can", "be", "direct", "substrates", "for", "SHP1", "in", "intact", "cells", "." ]
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6111
[ "However", ",", "the", "two", "SH2", "domains", "of", "SHP1", "did", "not", "facilitate", "its", "recognition", "of", "ZAP-70", "and", "Syk", "as", "substrates", "in", "intact", "cells", "." ]
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6112
[ "Therefore", ",", "we", "suggest", "that", "SHP1", "is", "not", "actively", "recruited", "to", "inhibit", "TCR", "signaling", "induced", "by", "ligation", "of", "this", "receptor", "alone", "." ]
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6113
[ "Instead", ",", "we", "propose", "that", "ligation", "of", "a", "distinct", "inhibitory", "receptor", "leads", "to", "the", "recruitment", "of", "SHP1", "via", "its", "SH2", "domains", ",", "activation", "of", "SHP1", "and", "subsequently", "inhibition", "of", "TCR", "signals", "if", "the", "inhibitory", "receptor", "is", "juxtaposed", "to", "the", "TCR", "." ]
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6114
[ "Immune", "responses", "to", "adenoviruses", ":", "viral", "evasion", "mechanisms", "and", "their", "implications", "for", "the", "clinic", "." ]
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6115
[ "Adenoviruses", "encode", "proteins", "that", "block", "responses", "to", "interferons", ",", "intrinsic", "cellular", "apoptosis", ",", "killing", "by", "CD8", "(", "+", ")", "cytotoxic", "T", "lymphocytes", "and", "killing", "by", "the", "death", "ligands", "TNF", ",", "Fas", "ligand", "and", "TRAIL", "." ]
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6116
[ "The", "viral", "proteins", "are", "believed", "to", "prolong", "acute", "and", "persistent", "adenovirus", "infections", "." ]
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6117
[ "The", "proteins", "may", "prove", "useful", "in", "protecting", "adenovirus", "gene", "therapy", "vectors", "and", "transplanted", "cells", "from", "the", "immune", "system", "." ]
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6118
[ "C/EBPbeta", "and", "GATA-1", "synergistically", "regulate", "activity", "of", "the", "eosinophil", "granule", "major", "basic", "protein", "promoter", ":", "implication", "for", "C/EBPbeta", "activity", "in", "eosinophil", "gene", "expression", "." ]
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6119
[ "Eosinophil", "granule", "major", "basic", "protein", "(", "MBP", ")", "is", "expressed", "exclusively", "in", "eosinophils", "and", "basophils", "in", "hematopoietic", "cells", "." ]
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6120
[ "In", "our", "previous", "study", ",", "we", "demonstrated", "a", "major", "positive", "regulatory", "role", "for", "GATA-1", "and", "a", "negative", "regulatory", "role", "for", "GATA-2", "in", "MBP", "gene", "transcription", "." ]
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6121
[ "Further", "analysis", "of", "the", "MBP", "promoter", "region", "identified", "a", "C/EBP", "(", "CCAAT/enhancer-binding", "protein", ")", "consensus", "binding", "site", "6", "bp", "upstream", "of", "the", "functional", "GATA-binding", "site", "in", "the", "MBP", "gene", "." ]
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6122
[ "In", "the", "cell", "line", "HT93A", ",", "which", "is", "capable", "of", "differentiating", "towards", "both", "the", "eosinophil", "and", "neutrophil", "lineages", "in", "response", "to", "retinoic", "acid", "(", "RA", ")", ",", "C/EBPalpha", "mRNA", "expression", "decreased", "significantly", "concomitant", "with", "eosinophilic", "and", "neutrophilic", "differentiation", ",", "whereas", "C/EBPbeta", "expression", "was", "markedly", "increased", "." ]
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6123
[ "Electrophoretic", "mobility", "shift", "assays", "(", "EMSAs", ")", "showed", "that", "recombinant", "C/EBPbeta", "protein", "could", "bind", "to", "the", "potential", "C/EBP-binding", "site", "(", "bp", "-90", "to", "-82", ")", "in", "the", "MBP", "promoter", "." ]
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6124
[ "Furthermore", ",", "we", "have", "demonstrated", "that", "both", "C/EBPbeta", "and", "GATA-1", "can", "bind", "simultaneously", "to", "the", "C/EBP-", "and", "GATA-binding", "sites", "in", "the", "MBP", "promoter", "." ]
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6125
[ "To", "determine", "the", "functionality", "of", "both", "the", "C/EBP-", "and", "GATA-", "binding", "sites", ",", "we", "analyzed", "whether", "C/EBPbeta", "and", "GATA-1", "can", "stimulate", "the", "MBP", "promoter", "in", "the", "C/EBPbeta", "and", "GATA-1", "negative", "Jurkat", "T-cell", "line", "." ]
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6126
[ "Cotransfection", "with", "C/EBPbeta", "and", "GATA-1", "expression", "vectors", "produced", "a", "5-fold", "increase", "compared", "with", "cotransfection", "with", "the", "C/EBPbeta", "or", "GATA-1", "expression", "vectors", "individually", "." ]
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6127
[ "In", "addition", ",", "GST", "pull-down", "experiments", "demonstrated", "a", "physical", "interaction", "between", "human", "GATA-1", "and", "C/EBPbeta", "." ]
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6128
[ "Expression", "of", "FOG", "(", "riend", "ATA", ")", ",", "which", "binds", "to", "GATA-1", "and", "acts", "as", "a", "cofactor", "for", "GATA-binding", "proteins", ",", "decreased", "transactivation", "activity", "of", "GATA-1", "for", "the", "MBP", "promoter", "in", "a", "dose-dependent", "manner", "." ]
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6129
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6130
[ "Tissue-specific", "regulation", "of", "the", "ecto-5'-nucleotidase", "promoter", "." ]
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6131
[ "Role", "of", "the", "camp", "response", "element", "site", "in", "mediating", "repression", "by", "the", "upstream", "regulatory", "region", "." ]
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6132
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6133
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6134
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6135
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6136
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6137
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6139
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6140
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6141
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6142
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6143
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6145
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6147
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6149
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