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ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื 1066/97 - ื’' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื—' ืžืืง-ืงืœืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื : 1. ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ 2. ืžื™ืœืจ ื—ื ื”(ื”ืœื ื”) ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ : ื‘ื ืง ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืข"ืž-ืกื ื™ืฃ ืกื‘ื™ื ื™ื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžื—ื™ืงืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื™ื‘ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื "ื˜ (6.5.99). ื—ื’ื™ืช ืžืืง-ืงืœืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97010660. V05
[ "ืข\"ื 1066/97" ]
3,588
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ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื 1066/97 - ื‘' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ืž' ืื’ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื : 1. ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ 2. ืžื™ืœืจ ื—ื ื” (ื”ืœื ื”) 3. ืจืฆื‘ืกืงื™ ื ื—ืžื” 4. ืื•ืจื˜ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” 5. ืคืจื™ื“ื”ื ื“ืœืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ 6. ืžื™ืœืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ 7. ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ืืจื™ื” 8. ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ืœื•ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ : ื‘ื ืง ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืข"ืž-ืกื ื™ืฃ ืกื‘ื™ื ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืฆ ื• ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืชืงื ื” 448 ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื“1984-, ืื ื™ ืžื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื›ืžื• ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ืžืฆื™ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ืขืชืงื™ื ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืขืชืง ืœืฆื“ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 4 A . ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื, ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 3 ืœื”ืœืŸ, ืœื ืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืคืŸ 11 ื•ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช: 1. ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื•. ืœื›ืชื‘ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจืฃ ืขื•ืชืง ืžืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงืžื. 2. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื™ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืžืฆืื• ืœื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื. 3. ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืชื•ืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ืœื”ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืื• ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืืžื•ืจ. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืืžื•ืจื” ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืืžื•ืจ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›"ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื "ื˜ (10.1.99). ืžื™ื›ืœ ืื’ืžื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97010660. P04
[ "ืข\"ื 1066/97" ]
3,589
60,552
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืข"ื 1066/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื' ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื : 1. ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ 2. ืžื™ืœืจ ื—ื ื”(ื”ืœื ื”) 3. ืจืฆื‘ืกืงื™ ื ื—ืžื” 4. ืื•ืจื˜ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” 5. ืคืจื™ื“ื”ื ื“ืœืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ 6. ืžื™ืœืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ 7. ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ืืจื™ื” 8. ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ืœื•ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ : ื‘ื ืง ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืข"ืž-ืกื ื™ืฃ ืกื‘ื™ื ื™ื” ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ืžื™ื•ื 2.9.97 ื‘ืช"ื 1785/98 ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืข. ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ืœ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉ"ืก (9.11.99) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื : ืขื•"ื“ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื™ื•ืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ : ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื™ื‘ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ 1. ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืฆืจ ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื“ื”. ื›ืฉื”ืกื›ื•ื ื ืฉื•ื ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืคืงื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื. ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•. 2. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ืฉืžืข ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืคืจืฉ ืœื’ื™ืžืœืื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืชื™ืง ื–ื” ืœืจืฉื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ืฉื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ื•. ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ื”ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื–ื”, ื•ืืœืžืœื ืคืจืฉ ืœื’ื™ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื”; ืื›ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื ืžืœืžื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ืชื‘ืขื™ื ืขื™ืœืช ื”ื’ื ื”. ืœื ื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืขืงื‘ื ื• ื’ื ืื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™, ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ืขื™ืœืช ื”ื’ื ื”. ื’ื ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ืชื ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช. ืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื ืžืกืจื•, ื•ืืฉืจ ืœืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืชืจ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืชื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ. ืชื™ืง ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชืžืฉืš ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืงืฆืฃ. ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืขื” ืœืกื™ื™ืžื•. ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื ื“ื—ื”. ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ื™ืฉืœืžื• ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื›"ื˜ ืขื•"ื“ 50,000.- ืฉ"ื—. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉ"ืก (9.11.99). ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97010660. B07
[ "ืข\"ื 1066/97" ]
3,590
1,012
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื "ื 97 / 889 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื: 1. ืืคืจื™ื ืขื™ื•ืŸ 2. ืงืจื ื™ืช - ืงืจืŸ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื ืคื’ืขื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื–"ืœ 2. ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืžืจื’ืจื™ื˜ื” 3. ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืจ ื’ื™ืœื” 4. ื ืชื™ื‘ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืคืขืœื™ ืžืฉืง ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข"ื 2246/91 ืžื™ื•ื 22.1.97, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื: ื˜. ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฆ.ื. ื˜ืœ, ื™. ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื: ืขื•"ื“ ืืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื’ื” ื‘ืฉื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื 1, 2 ื•3-: ืขื•"ื“ ืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 4: ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ื˜ืจืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข"ื 2246/91 ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื—' ื ' ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื–"ืœ ื•ืื—' . ืขื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื”. ื ื—ื” ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื™ ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื”ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžืชืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ืื™ื ื• ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช. ื”ืคืขืœืชื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื” ืงื™ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื ื“ื—ื™ืช. ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื 1-3 ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ 15,000 ืฉ"ื—, ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 4 ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ 3,000 ืฉ"ื—. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืชืฉื "ื– (17.4.97). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97008890. A04 /ื“ื–/
[ "ื“ื \"ื 97", "ื‘ืข\"ื 2246/91" ]
3,591
7,755
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื "ื 97 / 889 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ื™ื : 1. ืืคืจื™ื ืขื™ื•ืŸ 2. ืงืจื ื™ืช - ืงืจืŸ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื ืคื’ืขื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื–"ืœ 2. ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืžืจื’ืจื™ื˜ื” 3. ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืจ ื’ื™ืœื” 4. ื ืชื™ื‘ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืคืขืœื™ ืžืฉืง ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื“ื™ื• ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช- ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข"ื 2246/91 ืžื™ื•ื 22.1.97, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื: ื˜. ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฆ.ื. ื˜ืœ, ื™. ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื: ืขื•"ื“ ืืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื’ื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื‘ืข"ื 2246/91 ืืคืจื™ื ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื—' ื ' ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื–"ืœ ื•ืื—' . ืื‘ืงืฉ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื ืžืขืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื’' ืื“ืจ ื‘' ื”ืชืฉื "ื– (12.3.97). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97008890. A03 ื“ื–/
[ "ื“ื \"ื 97", "ื‘ืข\"ื 2246/91" ]
3,592
9,582
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื "ื 97 / 889 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื : 1. ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ื 2. ืงืจื ื™ืช-ืงืจืŸ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื ืคื’ืขื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื–"ืœ 2. ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืžืจื’ืจื™ื˜ื” 3. ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืจ ื’ื™ืœื” 4. ื ืชื™ื‘ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืคืขืœื™ ืžืฉืง ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื: ืขื•"ื“ ืืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื’ื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืชื ืชืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช. ื–ื• ืชื•ื’ืฉ ืชื•ืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื’ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื' ืชืฉื "ื– (20.2.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97008890. Q01
[ "ื“ื \"ื 97" ]
3,593
1,015
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื "ื 2568/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช: ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื›ื ืขืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : United States of America ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข"ื 5664/93 ืžื™ื•ื 13.4.97, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื: ื˜. ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฆ.ื. ื˜ืœ, ื™. ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช: ืขื•"ื“ ืค.ื’. ื ืฉื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”: ืขื•"ื“ ืจื ืื˜ื• ื™ืืจืืง; ืขื•"ื“ ื—ื’ื™ ื›ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 1. ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. 2. ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ืชื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื. 3. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘. ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ืชื’ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื; ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช. ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘, ืื ืชืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ืš, ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืชื•ืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื”-ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื“' ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื”ืชืฉื "ื– (9.7.97). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97025680. A08 /ื“ื–/
[ "ื“ื \"ื 2568/97", "ื‘ืข\"ื 5664/93" ]
3,597
1,184
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื "ื 97 / 2568 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ืช: ื›ื ืขืŸ ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช: ืขื•"ื“ ืค. ื’. ื ืฉื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื-ื›ื— ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืืช ืขืžื“ืช ื‘ื-ื›ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ืงืฉื”, ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ืขืจื•ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืคืงื“ืช ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื– (1.5.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97025680. Q02
[ "ื“ื \"ื 97" ]
3,598
1,300
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื "ื 97 / 2568 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช : ื›ื ืขืŸ ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” : ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืคืงื“ืช ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช: ืขื•"ื“ ืค.ื’. ื ืฉื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”: ืขื•"ื“ ืจื ืื˜ื• ื™ืืจืืง ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืคืงื“ืช ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชื•ื’ืฉ ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื‘ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื "ื– (29.5.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97025680. Q04
[ "ื“ื \"ื 97" ]
3,599
2,405
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื "ื 2568/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช: ื›ื ืขืŸ ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ (ืžื™ื•ื 9.7.97) ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื: ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ืื ื’ืœืจื“. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื’' ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ื”ืชืฉื "ื— (2.12.97). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97025680. A10 /ื“ื–/
[ "ื“ื \"ื 2568/97" ]
3,600
5,906
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื "ื 2568/97 - ื’' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ื›ื ืขืŸ ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ืœืžืชืŸ ืืจื›ื” ืœื” ื’ืฉืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ืขื•"ื“ ืค.ื’. ื ืฉื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืืจื›ืช ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™' ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ื”ืชืฉื "ื— (9.12.97). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97025680. A11 /ื“ื–/
[ "ื“ื \"ื 2568/97" ]
3,601
15,778
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื "ื 97 / 2568 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ื›ื ืขืŸ ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ืขื•"ื“ ืค. ื’. ื ืฉื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”: ืขื•"ื“ ืจื ืื˜ื• ื™ืืจืืง, ืขื•"ื“ ื—ื’ื™ ื›ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ื›ืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช ืœื˜ืขื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช, ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”. ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 10,000 ืฉ"ื— ื™ื•ืคืงื“ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื–' ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื "ื– (12.6.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97025680. Q06
[ "ื“ื \"ื 97" ]
3,602
16,587
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื "ื 97 / 2568 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื”ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช : ื›ื ืขืŸ ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื‘ืงืฉืช ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ืขื•"ื“ ืค' ื’' ื ืฉื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 1. ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื‘ืข"ื 5664/93 ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื›ื ืขืŸ ื . United states of America ื‘ื˜ืจื ืื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืงืฉ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš 21 ื™ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืžืฆืื”. 2. ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข. ืื‘ืงืฉ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืชื•ืš 21 ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื•. ืขื“ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืืจืขื™ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื—' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืชืฉื "ื– (25.04.97). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97025680. A01 /ื“ื–
[ "ื“ื \"ื 97", "ื‘ืข\"ื 5664/93" ]
3,603
17,359
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื "ื 2568/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื” ืขื•ืชืจืช : ื›ื ืขืŸ ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืจื›ืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืคืงื“ืช ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช: ืขื•"ื“ ืค.ื’. ื ืฉื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”: ืขื•"ื“ ืจื ืื˜ื• ื™ืืจืืง ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืืจืš ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืคืงื“ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืฉื ืœ"ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉืขื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฆื• ืœื”ืคืงื“ืช ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ". ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื—' ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉื "ื– (13.7.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97025680. Q09
[ "ื“ื \"ื 2568/97" ]
3,604
17,574
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื "ื 97 / 2568 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืช : ื›ื ืขืŸ ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืจื›ืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืคืงื“ืช ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจืช: ืขื•"ื“ ืค.ื’. ื ืฉื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืฉืจ ืชื•ื’ืฉ ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื“ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื "ื– (29.6.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97025680. Q07
[ "ื“ื \"ื 97" ]
3,605
154,654
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื "ื 2568/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ืื ื’ืœืจื“ ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช: ื›ื ืขืŸ ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื  ื’ ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”: ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”: ืขื•"ื“ ืขืžื™ ืืกื ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืชื•ืงืŸ, ื›ืš ืฉืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื•"ื“ ืจื ืื˜ื• ื™ืืจืืง ื™ื™ืจืฉื: "ืขื•"ื“ ื—ื’ื™ ื›ืจืžื•ืŸ". ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื˜ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื' ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’ (3.3.2003). ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ _________________________ ื”ืขื•ืชืง ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื—. 97025680_A16.doc /ื“ื–/ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข, ื˜ืœ' 02-6750444 ; ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, www.court.gov.il
[ "ื“ื \"ื 2568/97" ]
3,606
612,036
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mso-list-type:simple; mso-list-template-ids:-793495648;} @list l14:level1 {mso-level-start-at:3; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:right; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:0in; mso-level-legacy-space:0in; margin-left:-.25in; text-indent:0in;} @list l15 {mso-list-id:2078042193; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-1909287074 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l15:level1 {mso-level-start-at:0; mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:\F0B7; mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l15:level2 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:o; mso-level-tab-stop:1.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:"Courier New";} @list l15:level3 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:\F0A7; mso-level-tab-stop:1.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Wingdings;} @list l15:level4 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:\F0B7; mso-level-tab-stop:2.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} @list l15:level5 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:o; mso-level-tab-stop:2.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:"Courier New";} @list l15:level6 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:\F0A7; mso-level-tab-stop:3.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Wingdings;} @list l15:level7 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:\F0B7; mso-level-tab-stop:3.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} @list l15:level8 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:o; mso-level-tab-stop:4.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:"Courier New";} @list l15:level9 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:\F0A7; mso-level-tab-stop:4.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Wingdings;} @list l16 {mso-list-id:2093969526; mso-list-type:simple; mso-list-template-ids:1964693006;} @list l16:level1 {mso-level-start-at:2; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:right; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:0in; mso-level-legacy-space:0in; margin-left:-.25in; text-indent:0in;} @list l12:level1 lfo13 {mso-level-start-at:2; mso-level-numbering:continue; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:right; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:0in; mso-level-legacy-space:0in; margin-left:-.25in; text-indent:0in;} @list l12:level1 lfo14 {mso-level-start-at:3; mso-level-numbering:continue; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:right; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:0in; mso-level-legacy-space:0in; margin-left:-.25in; text-indent:0in;} @list l12:level1 lfo15 {mso-level-start-at:4; mso-level-numbering:continue; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:right; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:0in; mso-level-legacy-space:0in; margin-left:-.25in; text-indent:0in;} @list l12:level1 lfo16 {mso-level-start-at:5; mso-level-numbering:continue; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:right; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:0in; mso-level-legacy-space:0in; margin-left:-.25in; text-indent:0in;} @list l12:level1 lfo17 {mso-level-start-at:6; mso-level-numbering:continue; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:right; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:0in; mso-level-legacy-space:0in; margin-left:-.25in; text-indent:0in;} ol {margin-bottom:0in;} ul {margin-bottom:0in;} --> ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื "ื 2568/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ืื ื’ืœืจื“ ื” ืขื•ืชืจืช : ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื›ื ืขืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื 13.4.97 ื‘ืข"ื 5664/93 ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฆ"ื ื˜ืœ, ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืขื•ืชืจืช: ืขื•"ื“ ื’ื“ ื ืฉื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”: ืขื•"ื“ ืจื ืื˜ื• ื™ืืจืืง, ืขื•"ื“ ื—ื’ื™ ื›ืจืžื•ืŸ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ: 1. ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืข"ื 5664/93: ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื›ื ืขืŸ ื ' United States of America , ื‘ื• ื ื“ื—ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•. ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” - ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” - ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ืจื›ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืคื• ื•ืฉื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ืœื ืงื ืชื” ื‘ื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืชืฉื›"ื—-1968 (ืœื”ืœืŸ - ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ). ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืชื•ื‘ืขื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื›ืš. 2. ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”: ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืคื•. ื”ื™ื ืจื›ืฉื”, ืชืžื•ืจืช 250 ืฉ"ื—, ื‘ืชื™ื•ื•ื›ื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ื—ืจ, ืฉื’ื ืœื• ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ืง, ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืช ืจื•ื›ืœืช - ืกื•ื—ืจืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง - ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืžื” - ืฉื ื”ื’ื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ "ืงื™ื˜ืฉ". ืœื™ืžื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืกื’ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืžืฆืื” ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืงืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ. ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ืคื ืชื” ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ. ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืืœื• ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืฉื ื”ืฆื’ืชื ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžืฉื ื”ื ื ืขืœืžื•. ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืฆืžื™, ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื ื’'ืœ - ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืกืš 100,000 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื•ื“ 15,000 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืขืžื“ื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื›ืื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื•ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื’ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื: ืœืžื™ ื ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื”ืื ืœืขื•ืชืจืช ืื• ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื”? ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืืœืช ืชื—ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ (ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื’ื ื›"ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง") ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื•ื›ืจืขื”, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”. 3. ื˜ืจื ืฉืื›ื ืก ืœื’ื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืื ื™ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื ื“ื•ื ื• ืืจื‘ืข ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช: ื”ืื—ืช - ื”ืื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ; ื”ืฉื ื™ื” - ื”ืื ื ืงืฉืจ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืœืื•: ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ ืœื ื ืงืฉืจ ืขืงื‘ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ื ืฉื•ื ื”ืžื›ืจ; ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช - ื”ืื ื‘ืื” ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืœืื• ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ "ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ", ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื; ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ืจื’ื™ืœ ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื; ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช - ื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ื™ืขืชืจื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืžืฉื•ื ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื•ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื›ื™ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื ื ืงืฉืจ ื—ื•ื–ื”. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื (ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื˜ืœ ื•ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ) ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืขื” ืฉื‘ืฉืืœืช "ืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ", ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื—ื–ื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ - ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“. ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ - ื—ืœืงื” ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืขื ื–ืืช ื ื›ืฉืœื” ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื” ืžื—ืžืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ - ื›ื”ืขื“ืจ "ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช" ื•ื”ืขื“ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ืขืกืงื” ื’ื‘' ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžื›ืจื•, ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื• ืžื›ืจื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื—ืคืฆื™ ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืขืจืš ืžืžืฉื™. ื•ืื›ืŸ ืžืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื–ื• ืžื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื” ืชื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœืŸ ื’ื ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื. ืขื ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืœืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ - ืฉื’ื ืขืœื™ื” ืกืžืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ - ืœื ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืขืœืชื” ืžื™ื–ืžืชื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืงื•ื ื” ืชื ืœื‘, ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื‘ื˜ื—, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš, ืืš ืœื ืคืกืงื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืชืจืช ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืœืžื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืขืช ืžืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” - ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืขืจื›ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” - ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืชืจืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื”. 4. ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื” ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื ืฉื•ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืžื ืข ืžืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืœ ื“ืขื”. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื›ื–ื” ื ื–ืงืง ืืœื ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘"ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื", ื–ื•ืœืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•. ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืœืืžื•ืจ: "34. ื ืžื›ืจ ื ื›ืก ื ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื•, ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ื ืงื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“, ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืžื›ืจ ืืฃ ืื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ืงื ื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื–ืงืชื• ื‘ืชื•ื-ืœื‘ ". ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ื”ื "ืœ ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื”: ื) ื”ืื ืžื›ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ"? ื‘) ื”ืื ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” "ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื•"? ื’) ืฉืืœืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื”. ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงืœื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. (ื) ืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ . ื›ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ (ืฉื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜) ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ืจื‘ ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”"ืกื•ื’" ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”"ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื—ืจ". ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ืฉื–ื”ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืœืฅ ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ืกื•ื’" ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืœื” ืื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืื•ืœืฆืช ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืคืจืฉื ื™ืช ืžื•ืชืจืช ืื• ืจืฆื•ื™ื”. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื - ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ - ืื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื•ืงืŸ ืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•. ืื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืงื ื” ื ื›ืก ื’ื ื•ื‘. ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื•ื™ืฆื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ "ื“ื‘ืจ" ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ื•ื‘, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžื›ืจ ืž"ืกื•ื’" ืื—ื“, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ "ื“ื‘ืจ" ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื’ื ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื "ืžืžื›ืจ" ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ; ื•ื”ื•ื - ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื›ืก ื’ื ื•ื‘. ื•ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ, ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื• ื ืคืœื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ? ืื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœืช ื”"ืกื•ื’" ืฆืจื™ืš ื•ืชื™ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“; ืœื ื–ื• ืืฃ ื–ืืช: ื’ื ืœืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื• - ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ? ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืฉืžืŸ ืื• ืืงื•ื•ืจืœ? ืกืคืจ ื“ืง ืื• ืกืคืจ ืขื‘ื”? ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืื ื™ ืฉื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช. (ื‘) ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” "ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื•" . ืคืจื•ืค' ื. ื–ืžื™ืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืชืฉื›"ื—-1968 (ื‘ืขืž' 696-7) ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื’ื ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืขื™ืงืจื™. ืœื ื–ื• ืืฃ ื–ืืช: ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขืกืง ืงื‘ื•ืข ืื• ื ื™ื™ื“. ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• - ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื” - ื™ืฉ ืชื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื”: ืข"ื 11/78, 818/78 ืค"ื“ ืœื’(1) 309 ื•ื›ืŸ ืข"ื 120/87 ืชืง-ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ 90(3), 550. ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื” ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžืช ืืš ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. 5. ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืก ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืชืžื™ ืœื‘, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืก ื ื’ื ื‘. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก, ื•ื”ื•ื - ืื ืจื›ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘"ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”". ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 10 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ืชืฉื›"ื˜-1969 ื›ื™ "ืžื™ ืฉืจื›ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ื‘ืชื•ื-ืœื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื™ืคื” ืื ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ"; ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ื›ื™ ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ืชืžื•ืจื”" ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื”: ืข"ื 109/87 ืค"ื“ ืžื–(5) 1 ื‘ืขืž' 21; ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืจืฉืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืืœื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืชืžื•ืจื” "ืžืžืฉื™ืช" "ืฉืงื•ืœื”" ืื• "ืžืœืื”" (ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžื•ืฉื’ ื”"ืชืžื•ืจื”" ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ื ืขืœื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืžืจ ื‘"ื’ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืขืช"). ื–ื”ื• ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช (ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœื ืจืง ืชืžื•ืจื” ืืœื ื’ื "ืขืจืš") ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืกื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ: ืข"ื 230/70 ืค"ื“ ื›ื—(1) 113. ืขื“ ื›ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขื ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”; ืืฃ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง" ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘"ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช" ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” "ืกืžืœื™ืช". ื”ื ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืื•ื˜ื ืจ: M. Mautner: The Eternal Triangles of the Law Toward a Theory of Priorities in Conflicts Involving Remote parties - 90 Michigan Law Review, 1991-2, 95 . ืœื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื™ืฉืœืœ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื ื›ืก. ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ืžื™ื–ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ืง. "ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื" - ื›ืš ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ - "ืžืœืžื“ืช ืฉื”ืขื“ืคืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืชื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช, ื‘ืคืขืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื›ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืฉื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืชืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื ื›ืก ืฉืขืจื›ื• ืขื•ืœื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืขืœ ืฆืคื™ื•ืชื™ื”"; ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืคื™ ืืžื•ื ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขืจื™ื›ืชื• ืืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื”ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ. ืžื ื’ื“ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœืžืžื›ืจ ืœืคื™ ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืื–. "ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช..." - ื›ืš ืงื‘ืข ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ - "ืชื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ ื“ืœื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ (ืฆ"ืœ - ื“ื ื™ื™ื“ื™) ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ. ืื›ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ืืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ... ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืคื’ื™ืขืชื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืคื—ื•ืช. ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช". ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉื ืคืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜. ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ืฉืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืื•ื˜ื ืจ ืžืชืืจ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, ืžื•ื“ืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ืจืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกืงืกื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืคืจื˜. ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ื”ื "ืœ ื‘ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ "ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“" ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืกืคืง ืื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘"ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช". ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืงืชื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื“ื‘ืš ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื ื“ื‘ืš. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™, ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืื• ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื•; ืฉื ื™ืช, ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื”; ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื• ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ื”ื "ืœ, ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื–ืœ ืฉืœ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ [ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ]; ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ื”ื "ืœ, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื— ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืš; ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืคืจืฉืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ; ืฉืฉื™ืช, ืืคืจื˜ ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™. 6. ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืชื•ื•ื™ื ืœื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืกืชื•ื ืื• ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช; ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™. ืขื ื–ืืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืขื™ืงืจ; ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืื ื• ืืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืฉืœื ื•, ืืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ืžื’ืžืชื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืง ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื. ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ืœื ื• ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืžื™ ืฉืžื—ืคืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื ืื›ื–ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื”: ื) ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1921 ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื’': J. Walter Jones: Bona Fide Purchaser for Value of Goods Improperly Obtained , ืฉื”ื“ืคืกื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื• ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1987 (ืœื”ืœืŸ - Jones ). ื‘) ืžืืžืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1960 Daniel E. Murray : Sale in Market Overt (1960) International and Comparative Law Quaterly, Vol. 9, 24. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืกื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื” ื•ื”ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘. ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ (ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 2279 2280-1. ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืจื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื˜ืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืื ื ืงื ื” ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืื• ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ; ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืคืจื“ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ื›ืก ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืคืจื“ ืžืžื ื• ืฉืœื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื•, ืฉืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ (ืจืื” ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 932 ืขื“ 934 ืœ- BGB ); ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื™ืœื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืกืขื™ืฃ 5 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืŸ, ืชืฉื›"ื–-1967. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 1153 ื•-1155 ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™) ื•ื”ืžืกื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉ"ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช". ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื–ื›ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื˜ืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื”ืงื•ื ื”, ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ (ืจืื” ื. ืฉื˜ืจื•ื–ืžืŸ: ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืœ"ื“, ืชืฉืž"ื-ืชืฉืž"ื‘ ืขืž' 353, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืกื•ืคืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช), ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ ืžื”ื ื›ืก. 7. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื. ืืžื ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ืคืฅ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื• ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ืืงื˜ ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืกืชื™ืจืช ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืขืžื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ื—ืคืฅ ืฉืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจ, ืจืื”: ื’'ื•ื ืก ื‘ืขืž' 34. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืจื›ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืงืœื•ืช, ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ืื’ืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื•ืง (ืื’ืจืช ืžืกื—ืจ), ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื•. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœืคื™ื• ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืžืงื ื” ื’ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ืคืฅ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื•, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื•ืคื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžืฉ-ืขืฉืจื”. ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืžืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืื’ืจืช ืžืกื—ืจ. ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื•, ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ืขืช ื ื•ืกืคื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื’ื ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืชื—ื•ื ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•. ืชื—ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ (ืงืจื™, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง) ืืš ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœื” ืœืื•ืชื ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืขืกืง ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืชื. ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื ื›ืœืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 22(1) ืœ- Sale of Goods Act, 1893 (ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื–ื• ื•ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืจืื”: ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ: ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“', ื—ื•ื‘' 2 ืขืž' 245, 251 - ืœื”ืœืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ). ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 22(1) ืœ- Sale of Goods Act, 1979 ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื›ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995. ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช: ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืžื•ื›ืจ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื–ื•ื›ื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื•ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ (ืกืขื™ืฃ 23 ืœ- Sale of Goods Act, 1979 , ืฉืชืงืฃ ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื ื’ืœื™), ืื•ืœื ืื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื’ื ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื’ื ื‘ ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื— (ืกืขื™ืฃ 24(1) Sale of Goods Act. ืฉื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”- Theft Act 1968 ). ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืื ื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืจืžื” ืื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื”ื’ื ื‘ (ืกืขื™ืฃ 24(2)). 8. ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื (ื•ื”ื—ืกืจ) ืฉื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืื• ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34, ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืชื›ืœื™ืชื•. ืื›ืŸ, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ืฉื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืœืขื™ืœ, ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื˜ืขื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™. 9. ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ืชืžื•ืจื”" ืื™ื ื• ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื ื“ "ื ืžื›ืจ". ืœืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืื ื• ืจืง ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ. ื›ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืื ื• ืœื“ืขืช "ืžื›ืจ" ืžื”ื• ื ืžืฆื ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 1 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™: "ืžื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื ื›ืก ืชืžื•ืจืช ืžื—ื™ืจ" (ื”ืฉื•ื•ื”: ืข"ื 459/78 ืค"ื“ ืœื”(3) 169, 181), ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืชื ื”. ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืกืงืช ืžื›ืจ, ืฉืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ืขืกืงืช ืžื›ืจ ืื—ืจืช ื•ืื ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืงื ื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืœื—ื–ืงืชื• ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื•ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉืืจ ืชื ืื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ืงื ื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก. ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื ืชื ื• ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ื ืžื›ืจ" ื•"ืงื ื”" ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ืืœื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™ืช ืฉื‘ืื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืœืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” - ืœื’ื™ืฉืชื - ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”" ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื•ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื ื–ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืขืจืš ืœืขื•ืชืจืช ืชืžื•ืจืช ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ -.250 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื™-ืฆื“ืง ื•ืงื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ื ืขืœืžื•, ืขืœ ืœื ืขื•ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืคื, ื•ื›ืขืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืื•, ื™ืœืงื— ืžื”ื ืงื ื™ื™ื ื ืชืžื•ืจืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืœืคื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื. ื”ืื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ - ื›ืš ื™ืฉืืœ ื”ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื•ื›ืš ืฉืืœื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ - ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืขืฉื” ืžืืžืฅ ืคืจืฉื ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืคืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ? ืื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื“ื• ื›ื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื. ื”ืื ืฆื“ืงื• ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืกื•ื‘ืจื ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื” "ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช" ืœืžื›ืจ? ื”ืื ืฆื“ืงื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘, ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืžื›ืจ? ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื›ืœืœ ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื”ื”ื ืžืงื” ื”ืืžื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“, ื›ื™ ืกืคืง ืื ื ื“ืจืฉืช "ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช" ืœืžื›ืจ ื•ื›ื™ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื“ื“ ืœืคื™ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“. ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ื’ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืืฃ ืื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ืช (ื•ืœื›ืš ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื) ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื™ืฉ, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ืจื”. 10. ืงื“ื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืกืขื™ืฃ 53 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ [ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ], ืฉื›ื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื•: "53. ื‘ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืœ ื’ื–ืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื ืชื‘ืข, ืื ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื—ืคืฉื™, ืžืื“ื ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื ื’ื–ืœื• ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”, ืื• ืื ืงื ื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืื• ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื•. "ื’ื–ืœ" ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 52 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: "52. ื’ื–ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืชื‘ืข ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื ื”ื™ื ืœืชื•ื‘ืข, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ืชื‘ืข ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื, ืžืขื›ื‘ ืื•ืชื, ืžืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื, ืžื•ืกืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืื“ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื• ืฉื•ืœืœ ืื•ืชื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช". ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ืœ ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ืจื—ื‘ืช. ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื ื›ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืข"ื™ ื”ื ืชื‘ืข, ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก, ื”ืฉืžื“ืชื• ืื• ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื• ืœืื“ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ืœื’ื–ืœืŸ ื•ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ื ืœื‘ื• ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื• ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืœื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื. ืืฃ ืื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื ื›ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืœื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ืžืจืฉื•ืชื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืœืชื•ื‘ืข. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ืคืกืง ืฉื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ืš ื‘ืขืกืงืช ืžื›ืจ (ืื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™-ืžื˜ืจื™ืืœื™) ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ืชื—ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื–ืœืŸ: ืข"ื 448/74 ืค"ื“ ืœ(2) 207; ืข"ื 526/75 ืค"ื“ ืœื(2) 746; ื•ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ื’ื–ื•ืœ. ืกืขื™ืฃ 53 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื ืชื‘ืข ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื’ื–ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื•: ืข"ื 8/59 ืค"ื“ ื™ื’ 1085. ืืœืžืœื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ืื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืื™ื ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•. ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ืชื‘ืข ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืš ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ืชืžื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื’ื–ืœื ื™ื, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืœืจื›ืš ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื ื–ืง (ืจืื” ื’'ื•ื ืก ื‘ืขืž' 91). ื—ืงื™ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืžืกืžื ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืขื™ืœืช ื’ื–ืœ ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืชื•ืงืŸ ื’ื ืกืขื™ืฃ 53 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ [ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ] ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืœ ื’ื–ืœ "ืชื”ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื ืชื‘ืข ืื ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืชืฉื›"ื—-1968". ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื ื•ื›ื— ืชื™ืงื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 53 ื”ื "ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืš ื›ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื’ื ื”: ืข"ื 167/75 ืค"ื“ ืœื(1) 236. 11. ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืคืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืœื™ื ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”"ื”ื’ื ื”" ื”ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœ"ื’ื–ืœื ื™ื" ืชืžื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ืงืœืขื•, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘, ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื’ื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 52 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ. ืœื ื–ื• ืืฃ ื–ืืช: ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ื‘ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” (ื•ื”ืคืขื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืœื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื) ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ - ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื™ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืœืื“ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ืื ื™ืจืื• ืื•ืชื” (ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ืจื•ื‘) ื›ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื ืชื ื” ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืฆืืช ื•ื™ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ืจืืฉื” ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืœื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื. ื ืžืฆื ืฉืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”"ื”ื’ื ื”" ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ืชืžื•ืจื”" ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื™ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืœืช ื’ื–ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช. ืื›ืŸ ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ืช ื›ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืงืจื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ืขื ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขืกืงืช ืžื›ืจ, ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ ืื•ืžื“ ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืขืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“. 12 . "ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง" - ื›ืš ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข"ื 716/72 ืค"ื“ ื›ื–(2) 709 - ืžืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืจื ื–ื•ืŸ - "ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื—ืจ ื—ืคืฉื™ ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื‘ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืกืง ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื›ืš ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ, ืืœื ืื ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื” ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขื•ืฆื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื ืžื ืข ืžืœืจื“ืช ืœืขืžืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื“ ื•ืœื‘ืจืจื• ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ" (ื‘ืขืž' 712). ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ืืžืจื• ืžืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืข"ื 2267/95 ืค"ื“ ืžื˜(3) 854; ื•ื‘ื” ืืžืจ (ื‘ืขืž' 872): "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ... ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืขืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื’ืจืจื™ืช ืชืขื ื™ืง ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืชืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชื™ืงื‘ืข ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืœื•ื ื™, ื•ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืชื™ืงื‘ืข ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืœืžื•ื ื™. ื•ื’ื ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ืก ื™ืงื‘ืข...". ืœืžืงืจื ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื ืขืœื” ืžืกืคืง ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ืจื• ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื— ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืœืœื ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื”ื ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื• ืœืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช. ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื "ืฉื•ืงื™-ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื" ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ื ืงืœืขื™ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื˜ืœ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื›ื™: "ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื ื ืจื›ืฉื™ื ืœื ืื—ืช ืฉืœื ืžื“ืขืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืคื—ื•ืชื™ ืขืจืš, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืจื™ืžืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื”ื ื—ื–ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืชืช ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื, ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ...". ืืš ื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื˜ืœ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืขื“ืจ "ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช". ืžื” ื˜ืขื ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืฆื•ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ืžื•ื’ื ืช, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืžืื•ืชื• "ืกื•ื’" ื•ื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ "ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช"? 13. ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืฉืงืฉืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืœื—ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ื’ื ืœื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”. (ื) ื ื›ืก ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืืš ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ื•ื‘, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ืฆื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืžืจืžื” ืื• ืฉืื‘ื“ ืœื•; (ื‘) ื ื›ืก ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืจืš ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™; (ื’) ื ื›ืก ืจื‘ ืขืจืš ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื•ื. ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื—ืกื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ; ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•. ืžื” ื˜ืขื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžืงืจื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™? ื”ืื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื”? ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ืจืื™ื” ืœืกืชื•ืจ, ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื”ืžื›ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืชื ืื™ ืžื›ืœืœื ืฉื”ืขืกืงื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช; ื•ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. 14. ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืคืจืฉืŸ, ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืขืœ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื” ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™, ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืขื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘. ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืœืขื™ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื ืงื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื”ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื”ืืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ืœื ื–ื• ืืฃ ื–ืืช: ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืขืงื‘ื™, ื•ืงื‘ืข ืชืงื ืช ืฉื•ืง ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 5 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืŸ, ืชืฉื›"ื—-1968; ืจืื”: ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ. ื›ืฉืขืžื“ ื”ืคืจืฉืŸ ืขืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืืœ ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง. 15. ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ืงื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘. ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ื ืงื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืœื‘: ื›ืฉื ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื”, ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื ืงืจื• ืœื” ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื” ืฉื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ. ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ืงื ืชื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ, ืื™ืคื•ื, ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ืจื”, ืืš ืžื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืื ื™ ืœืชื•ืฆืื”, ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ, ื‘ืœื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืงืชื”. ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ : 1. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ: ืžื‘ื˜ื—, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืคื” ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื“ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืชืŸ, ื•ืงื•ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืจื›ืฉื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘"ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื" ื‘ื™ืคื•. ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ื ืœื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืง, ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื›-115,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 250 ืฉ"ื—. ื›ืš ืงืจื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ื˜ืขืชื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ืžืžืฉื™. ื”ืื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื™ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ, ืžื›ื•ื— ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื”? ื”ืื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื™ื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืžืื‘ื“ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื›ืœื™ืœ ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘"ืžืชืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื" ( windfall ) ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ืชืžื•ืจืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืืคืกื™? ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื, ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘. ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช - ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ - ืžื•ื›ืจืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžืœืื• ืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืชืฉื›"ื—-1968 ( ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ), ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ืขื• ื‘ืขืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืขืกืงืช ืžื›ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข. ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืงืจื” "ืจื’ื™ืœ" ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืกืงื” ืืœื™ื” ืžืชืœื•ื•ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”. ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžื›ืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜. ืœื™ื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื ื• ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื•. ื–ืืช ืืฃ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื. ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื 2. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ, ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1980 ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ( ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ), ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฉืืœื• ืœืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ (ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื ื’'ืœ). ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืฆืžื™, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉื. ืœืื—ืจ ื ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”, ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืขื“ืŸ, ืฉื™ืœืžื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืืช ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืกืš 100,000$ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืกื›ื•ื ื–ื” ื“ืžื™ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืกืš 15,000$ . 3. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช "ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ" ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืคื•. ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช, ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื›ื ืขืŸ ( ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื”ืงื•ื ื” ), ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืจื›ืฉื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืจืช ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ืกื•ื—ืจืช-ืจื•ื›ืœืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ( ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ). ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืชืžื•ืจืชืŸ ืกืš ืฉืœ 250 ืฉ"ื—. ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืจื›ื™ืฉืชืŸ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืกื’ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื "ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืคื ื• ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœื” ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ "ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ". ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ "ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ" ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืœื”ื ื–ื”ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืืจื• ืฉื ืœืžืฉืžืจืช . 4. ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืกืขื“ ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื™, ืœืคื™ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืคื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืคืืช ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉืžื ื™ื™ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืื” ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื™ืฆืชื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื“ื ืŸ, ื•ืืœื” ื•ื™ืชืจื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื›ืคืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ. ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื• ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืฉื ืงื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•, ื•ื–ืืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืคื’ื ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉื ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื•. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืงื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืจื›ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื— ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ( ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ), ืžื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื›ืžื” ืžืชื ืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื ื” ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืงื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืžื™ "ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ" ื›ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ื”ื "ืœ (ืชื ืื™ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืœืŸ, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ: ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ), ืฉื›ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ื™ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืชื ืื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ. ื–ืืช, ืขืงื‘ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉื ืคืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ื•ืžื”ื•ืชื•. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืงื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื’ื ืžื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 1(ื) ืœื—ื•ืง ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ืชืฉืœ"ื˜-1979 ( ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื—ื•ืง ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ) . ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืืœื”, ื ืขืชืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืชืžื•ืจืชืŸ (250 ืฉ"ื—) (ืช"ื 339/90 Unites States of America ื•ืื—' ื ' ื›ื ืขืŸ , ืค"ืž ืชืฉื "ื“(1), 397, ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ). 5. ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขืจืขืจื” ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”. ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื ื“ื—ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ืขื•ืช (ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืฆ' ื˜ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื“ืขืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืœืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ - ืข"ื 5664/93 ื›ื ืขืŸ ื ' United States of America , ืค"ื“ ื ื(1) 114, ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ). ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืชืžื™ืžื™ ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™. ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืœืคื™ื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื ื ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื”ื•ื‘ืขื• ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฆ' ื˜ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืขื” ืฉืชื ืื™ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืœื ื”ืชืžืœืื•. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื”, ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง; ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ืก, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืจื›ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืจื›ืฉื” ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฆ' ื˜ืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ, ืœืคื™ื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื•ื›ื–ื• ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื”, ืœื“ืขืชื•, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื ืื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืชื ืื™ ื–ื” ืœืคื™ ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ื”ื ืกืชืจ ืžื”ืขื™ืŸ, ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขืกืงื”, ืืœื ืœืคื™ ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื›ืก, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ. ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื›ืœ ืชื ืื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืœื“ืขืชื•, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืชื ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ื–ื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื’ื–ืจื” ืขืžื“ืชื•, ืœืคื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื ืชื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ื• ืœืคื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื” ืื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ืœืงื•ื ื”, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ ื›ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจื— ืชืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืงืœืข ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ืชื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคืชื•, ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื ืชื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืœื”. ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื›ื™ ื ืชืžืœืื• ืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื›ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘, ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื ืจื›ืฉื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื— ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื”ื•ืฉืชืชื” ืื ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ืขื•ืช, ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ื•ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื”, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชืฉื™ื‘ ืœืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•. 6. ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืจืืฉื™ืช , ืืžืงื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ ืžืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื–ื•. ืฉื ื™ืช , ืื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™, ื‘ืฉืืœืช ืชื•ืงืคื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ื—ื•ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื ื“ืจืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ืืช, ืื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื ืคืงื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืขืœ ืชื•ืงืคื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืืงื“ื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžืกืงื ืชื™ ื”ื™ื, ืฉืœืื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉื—ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžื›ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื›ืœืœื™), ืชืฉืœ"ื’-1973 ( ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ). ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช , ืื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืกืขื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉื ืคืœื” ื‘ื›ืจื™ืชืชื•. ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืื›ืŸ ืžื•ืงื ื™ืช ืœื” ืžื›ื•ื— ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืง ืœื”ื™ืขืชืจ ืœื” ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. ืชื•ืฆืืช ืžืกืงื ืชื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื, ืฉืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืคืกื•ืง ืœืงื•ื ื” ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื›ื–ื”. ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช , ืœืื•ืจ ืžืกืงื ืชื™ ื–ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ - ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ - ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื”. ืืกืชืคืง ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื™ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื’ื ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื— ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•, ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•, ื•ื ืฆื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘. ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” 7. ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ. ืืžืงื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ ืžืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื. ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง - ื›ืœืœื™ 8. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•, ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช. ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช, ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช (ื›ืš, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื’ื ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื. ืจืื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™: P. Y. Rehan "A Chaotic Palette: Conflict of Laws in Litigation Between Original Owners and Good-Faith Purchasers of Stolen Arts", 50 Duke L.J. (2001) 955 ). ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืงืฉืจ ื—ื•ื–ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื•, ื ื•ืฆืจืช, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ "ื–ื›ืื™ ืžืงื•ืจื™" ื‘ื ื›ืก ืื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื“ื•ืžื”: ืื“ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื• ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ื›ืก ืื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื›ืก, ืืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœืคื™ื•. ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื: ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื‘ื ื›ืก, ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืชื’ื‘ืจ - ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืื• ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ืื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ื›ืก ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™, ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™, ืื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ื”ื ื›ืก ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืืฉืจ ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคืคื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฆื ื”ื ื›ืก ืžืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ - ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื ืืžืŸ; ืื• ืฉืœื ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืื‘ื“ ืื• ื ื’ื–ืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื›ืฉ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• - ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืจื›ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘, ื”ืื ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื”, ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ื“ื™ื ื™ ืชื—ืจื•ืช". ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื (ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืจืื•: ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ "ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”", ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“ (ืชืฉืœ"ื”) 245). 9. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ, ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื โ€“ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ (ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช) ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” โ€“ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ . ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืืœื” ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ( nemo dat quod .non habet ) ืžื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื ื’ื–ืจ, ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ื›ืฉ ื ื›ืก ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ืœืคื™ ื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื (ืœืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ื—ืœื™ืคื™ื•), ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืจื›ืฉ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื›ืก ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืื‘ื“ ืื• ื ื’ื ื‘), ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืงื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื–ื• ืื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื•. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืชื™ื ื˜ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืœืœื ื”ืกื›ืžืชื•, ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื, ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื™ื ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื”. ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก, ืžืงื ื” ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื–ื›ืื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ . ื•ืื•ืœื, ืœื›ืœืœ ืœืคื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ "ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง". ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง, ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืชืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื›ืœืœื™ื ืืœื” ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืœื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ. 10. ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื›ืกื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ื ืขื•ืฅ ื”ื˜ืขื ืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืื–ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื–ื” ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืฉืงืœ ืื—ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืชืงื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื›ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ (ืจืื•: ื' ื–ืžื™ืจ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืชืฉื›"ื—-1968 (ื’' ื˜ื“ืกืงื™ ืขื•ืจืš, ืชืฉืž"ื“), 681). ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืจื ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข"ื 716/72 ืจื•ื–ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ืš ื ' ื—ื‘ืจื” ื"ื™ ืœืื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื , ืค"ื“ ื›"ื–(2) 709, 713-712: "ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขืกืง ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื›ืš, ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ, ืืœื ืื ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขื•ืฆื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื ืžื ืข ืžืœืจื“ืช ืœืขื•ืžืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื“ ื•ืœื‘ืจืจื• ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ ... ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“, ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื•ืœืœื ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืฉืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื”ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื ื•. ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ืงื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™, ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืงืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื–ืงืง ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ื ื’ื•ืขื” ื‘ืคื’ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•". ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ืืœื”, ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืœ ืืœื” ืžืืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ. ื”ืื—ื“ , ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืขื“ืฃ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ (ืชื•ื ืœื‘, ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื•ื›ื•'). ื”ืฉื ื™, ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื–ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ื ื›ืก; ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœืงื•ื ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืขืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ; ื”ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืงื•ื ื” (ืœืกืงื™ืจืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ืจืื• ืคืกืงื•ืช 7-6 ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ). 11. ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ืชืงื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื›ืš ืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ: "ื ืžื›ืจ ื ื›ืก ื ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื•, ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ื ืงื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“, ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืžื›ืจ ืืฃ ืื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ืงื ื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื–ืงืชื• ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘". ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”, ืชื•ืงื ื” ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื‘ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื” ืชื ืื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื“ืจืš ื•ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื ื›ืก ืœื™ื“ื™ื•: ื) ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ; ื‘) ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื›ืก ื ื“; ื’) ื”ื ื›ืก ื ืงื ื” ืžืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ; ื“) ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ; ื”) ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืœื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื ื”; ื•) ืชื•ื ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” . ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ืกืฃ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขืกืงื” - ื ื“ืจืฉ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื ื›ืก ืœื—ื–ืงืชื•. ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื. ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืืคืคื• ืืช ืขืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”. ื•ื“ื•ืง, ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืžืื‘ื—ืŸ, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชื—ื•ืœืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื ืงืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื ืจื›ืฉ, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืงื•ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื” ื”ื•ื, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืœื• ืื•ืชื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื” ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงื™. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืคื” ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืงืขืชื• ืžื‘ืขืœื•ืชื•. 12. ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืคื•ื ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืืœืžืœื ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ืœืงื•ื ื”, ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื, ืœื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืจืš ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœืง ืฉืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื—ืœื” ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก, ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื•. ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืืคื ื” ืขืชื”. ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื”: ืชื—ื•ืœืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช 13. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ (ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” - ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™), ื˜ืขื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื›ืก ื ืฉื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. ื‘ื›ืš ืžืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคื’ื ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื’ื ืคื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™. ื›ืžื•ื‘ื”ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ืชื ืื™ ืกืฃ ืœืชื—ื•ืœืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื•ื ืขืกืงืช ืžื›ืจ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื ื“. ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ ืื• ืื ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืžืช ืคื’ื ืฉื ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืจื™ืชืชื•, ืœื ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืกืงืช ืžื›ืจ, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืชื—ื•ืœื” ืœืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืžื›ืืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืคื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ ืœืฉืืœืช ืชื—ื•ืœืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื ืงื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคื’ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”ืฉืชื›ืœืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœืงื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื“ ืœืขืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืฉืื“ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ื•ืžืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื—ืœืง ื–ืขื•ื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื•, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘. ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืžื”ืงื•ื ื”, ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ืฉืจ, ื•ืื ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื ื›ืก ืื™ื ื• ื˜ื•ืจื— ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ืคืฉืจ ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืชื•ื ืœื™ื‘ื• ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื’ื•ืจืžืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ื• ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื ื™ื— ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืชืžื•ืจืชืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ืžืฆื“ื”. ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ืืœื”, ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ืคืจืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช. ืื›ืŸ, ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”. 14. ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื ืจืื™ืช ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื”, ืคืจืฉื” ืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื—ื•ืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ื”ื ืžื“ื“ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื ืจื›ืฉ. ื”ืขื“ืจ ืชืžื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ. ื›ืš, ืžืฆืื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืœื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืœื”ืขื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื•ื ืœื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืข ืžื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื”, ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ืœืขื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืœื“ืขืชื, ืืฃ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื”ื ืžื“ื“ืช ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช, ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชืžืฆื ืขืฆืžื” ืœืœื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืืคืกื™ ืฉืฉืœืžื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืชืžื•ืจืชืŸ. 15. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื, ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ืชื ืื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ืœืžืฆื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื™ืฉ ื ืคืงื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ื ืคืงื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœืงื•ื ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืขื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื“ืŸ ื‘ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื™ืชืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื”. ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืงื™ื•ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช (ืื• ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช) ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœืงื•ื ื”. ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื”ื“ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืžืœื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•, ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“, ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืžื›ืจ, "ืืฃ ืื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืืžื•ืจ". ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื. ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื’ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืžื›ืจ, ื•ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืžื›ืจ ืื ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื ื”. ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ, ืœื ืชืฉืžืข ื˜ืขื ื” ืžืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื›ืจ. ืืš ืคืจื˜ ืœื—ืจื™ื’ ื–ื”, ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34, ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืคื’ื ื‘ื›ืจื™ืชืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื ืื™ื ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžืขื ื” ืœืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื“ ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืืš ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื”ื”ื•ืœื ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•. ืืคื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื”ื™ ื”ื ืคืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื•ืฉื ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ืงืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. ืื ื˜ืขื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื’ื•ืจืจืช ืื—ืจื™ื” ืืช ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ืžืขื™ืงืจื• - ื ืฉืžื˜ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื—ื•ื–ื” ื›ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืขื™ืงืจื•, ืืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื”, ื‘ื” ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื—ื•ื–ื” (ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช). ื’. ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื˜ืขื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ 16. ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื•ืชื ื” ื›ืœ ืชื ืื™ ืžืชืœื” ืื• ืžืคืกื™ืง ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื - ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืื• ื”ืงื•ื ื” - ืœื ื”ืคืจื” ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. ื’ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืกื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืžื ืข ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ืžื•, ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืžื™ืœื ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืกื•ืคืงื• ืœืงื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืžื” ืืช ืชืžื•ืจืชืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช. ื ื•ืชืจื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ "ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช". ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืคื’ื ื›ื–ื” ืขืœ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื•ืื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื• ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœ "ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช" ืื™ื ื• ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข, ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืชืืžืจ ืฉืœื ื ืชืžืœืื• ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื' ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืชืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืคื’ืข ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื™ืงืจื•. ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ืกื‘ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืก ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืืœื™ื• ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืก ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืชืงืฉืจื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืžื•ื ืข ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืื• ืžืื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•. ืื›ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื›ืก ืžื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืžืื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื™ืงืจื•. ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืจื•ืžื™, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืฉืงืคื”, ืœืคื™ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ( error in substantia ) ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ( error in corpore ), ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื”ื”; ืžื” ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ. ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”: nullam esse venditionem - ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื˜ืœ (ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื” ืกืขื“ ื–ื”). ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™, ื˜ืขื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืžืื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืขื™ืงืจื•. ืื•ืœื, ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžืชื•ื—ืžืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“. Oliver Wendell Holmes , ื‘ืกืคืจื• The Common Law (Boston, little brown, 1881), 310-312 , ืžืฉืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื›ื”ืกื›ื ื ืขื“ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื›ืœื•ื, ื•ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื™ื, ืื ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื. ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ืชืงืฉืจื• ื‘ื•. ืœืื•ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื–ื•, Holmes ืžืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืœืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืจืง ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื“ืง ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื›ื” ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”: ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื ืื™ื ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืžื˜ืชื ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืžืžื” ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. 17. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื™ื ื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืงืฉื”, ื”ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื–ื• ื’ืจืžื” ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ืชืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื›ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ื ื›ืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื ื›ืก ืžืกื•ื™ื - ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืจืื• ืื•ืชืŸ - ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื ื›ืก ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉื ืขืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจืช, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืงืจื™, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื›ืจ. ืื•ืœื, ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื ื—ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. ื”ื ื—ื” ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืคื’ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขืช ืื• ืžืื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” (ืจืื•: ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ื ' ื›ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ืชืฉื "ื’, ื›ืจืš ื‘) 694 ( ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ื ' ื›ื”ืŸ, ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ); ื' ื–ืžื™ืจ "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืขื•ื“" ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื›"ื• (ืชืฉื "ื•) 359, 368). ื–ืืช, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื” ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช Peerless ืจืื•: Raffles v. Wichelhaus 2 H.&C. 906, 159 Eng. Rep. 375 (Ex. 1864) ) . ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืคื™ ืคืจืง ื' ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช, ืชื”ื ื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืื• ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืกืขื“ ืœื›ืš ื™ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืจื™ืชืชื•. 18. ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ืจืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 14 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื—ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ืกืขื™ืฃ 14 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ: "14. (ื) ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืงื‘ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืœื•ืœื ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื“ืข ืื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืจืฉืื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. (ื‘) ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืงื‘ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืœื•ืœื ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืจืฉืื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืœืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืฆื“ ืฉื˜ืขื”, ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืื ืจืื” ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืง ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช; ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ืจืฉืื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ืฉื˜ืขื” ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืงื‘ ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. (ื’) ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืขื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”, ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ. (ื“) 'ื˜ืขื•ืช', ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื•ืกืขื™ืฃ 15 - ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืืœื ื‘ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืกืงื”". ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14 ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืฉื ื” 14(ื) ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืจืฉืื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื–ืงืง ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ (ืจืื• ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื“' ืงืจืฆ'ืžืจ: "ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื”: ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ืขื™ื”" ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื (ืชืฉืœ"ื”) 107; ื•ื›ืŸ ืข"ื 440/75 ื–ื ื“ื‘ืง ื ' ื“ื ืฆื™ื’ืจ ื•ืื—' , ืค"ื“ ืœ(2) 260, 272. ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฆ 221/86 ื›ื ืคื™ ื ' ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืื—' , ืค"ื“ ืžื(1) 469, 480-479, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช - ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื) ื•-(ื‘) ืืš ืœื ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ). ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื–ื•, ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื) ืœื ื—ืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื˜ืขื” ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉื• ื›ืš ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื“ืข ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•. ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื) ืื™ื ื• ืื›ืกื ื™ื” ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืชื”. ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืจืขื”ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืจืขื”ื•. ื’ื ื”ืกืขื“ ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื) ืื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื ืจืื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืขื ืงืช ืกืขื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื• ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื ืคื’ืข, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื˜ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. 19. ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉ"ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช" ืื™ื ื” ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘), ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช (ืจ' ื’ื•ืจื™ "ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช" ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื›"ื˜ (ืชืฉืœ"ื“) 447, 464-462; ื’' ืฉืœื• ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ืชืฉ"ืŸ) 45-43; ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ื ' ื›ื”ืŸ, ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ื›ืจืš ื‘') 699-697). ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“ืŸ, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื˜ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื•ื’ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช, ื—ืœ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ื ืชืคืก ืœืื•ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ืื•ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื“ืจื• ื’ื ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื ืชืคืก ืœืื•ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”. ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืจืง ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื• ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื” ืื• ืœื ื˜ืขื”, ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื” ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื—ืœืช ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ. ืื ื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘), ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื•. ืืฃ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื•. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื•, ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืžื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื”. ื–ืืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื“ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื), ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชื”. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจืช, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื) ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื“ื‘ืง ืคื’ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื—ื•ื–ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื“ื‘ืง ืจื‘ื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื—ื•ื–ื”. ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืกืขื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 14(ื) ื•-14(ื‘) ืœืฆื“ ื”ื ืคื’ืข. ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื) ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื“ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ื›ืคื•ืฃ ื”ืกืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง, ืฉืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื•, ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื˜ืคืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘), ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ ืœื”ืกื›ื, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœื™ื”, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื˜ืขื”. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื˜ืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืืฃ ื”ืกืขื“ ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืขืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืงื ื” ื‘ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”. ืืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื“ืขืชื™, ื›ื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ื—ื•ืœืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” (ืข"ื 2495/95 ื‘ืŸ-ืืจื™ ืœื•ืœื• ื ' ืืœื™ืืก ื•ืื—' , ืค"ื“ ื ื(1) 577, ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” 10). ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ืจืื•ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ, ืฉื”ื—ืœืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”"ื ื•ื—" ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” (ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืงืฉืจ ืงืฉืจ ื—ื•ื–ื™), ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื”, ื‘ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืฉื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœืคืกื•ืง ืœื” ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘). ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” 20. ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ื˜ืขื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืขืกืงื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืจืš ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืŸ. ื”ืŸ ื˜ืขื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ืŸ ื˜ืขื• ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™. ื”ืื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื’ื“ืจ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื? ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื“) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื”ื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื” ื“ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14. ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช "ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”", ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืคืขืœืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ. ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืฆื ืžื”ื ื—ื”, ืฉื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื ืžื›ืจ, ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง ื ื—ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• (ืจืื• ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ื ' ื›ื”ืŸ, ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ื›ืจืš ื‘') 706). ืชืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช (ืจืื• ืกืขื™ืฃ 152(b ) ืœ- Restatement (2nd) of Contracts (1981) , ื”ืžืชื ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืงื‘ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ื›ืจื™ืชืชื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื). ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื—ื•ืžืจืชื”, ืœื“' ืืžื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. 21. ืชื ืื™ ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืœื ื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ื•ื ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ ื”ืžื’ืœื ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช. ืื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื™ืฉืœื•ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื–ื›ืื•ืชื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขืงื‘ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืงืฆืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืฆืžื•. ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช. ืœืขืชื™ื ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื•ืชืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ืช (ืจืื•: ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ื ' ื›ื”ืŸ, ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ื›ืจืš ื‘), 727-724, ื”ืžืฉื‘ืฆื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ "ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ" ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื”" ืืฉืจ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื“) ื“ืŸ ื‘ื”; ืกืขื™ืฃ 154 ืœ- Restatement , ืืœื™ื• ืžืคื ื” ืกืขื™ืฃ 152 ื”ื“ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช; ืข"ื 2495/95 ื”ื "ืœ ืคืกืงื•ืช 13-14; Associated Japanese Bank (International) Ltd. v. Credit du Nord , [1988] 3 All E.R. 902, 912 ). ื˜ืขื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช. ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื• ืฉื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืื• ื‘ืžืฉืชืžืข. ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื—, ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื“ื™ืงื• ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื”ื ืคื’ืข. ื ื™ืชืŸ, ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืื ืขืฆื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžื›ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื ืžืฆื“ื™ืง, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื”? ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ ืœื›ืš ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืืžื•ืจ. ืื›ืŸ, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืจื›ืฉ ืื• ื ืžื›ืจ ื ื›ืก ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื, ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขืช; ื‘ืขืช ืขืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื“ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื•. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื•ืฉื ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ (ืจืื• ืกืขื™ืฃ 154(b) ืœ- Restatement . ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ Wood v. Boynton , 64 Wis. 265 (25 N.W. 42 (1885)) . ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ื›ืžื•ื” ื›ืงื•ื ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืจื” ื›ืœืœ ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืจืš ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจืื• ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื ืจื›ืฉ, ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื–ืืช. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฆืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืฉืืœืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืงืฆืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืคืœื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื›ืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืžืฆื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืื• ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืœืžื•ื›ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื• ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื• ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ืจ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื ื”ื’ื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืจื” ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœืŸ ื’ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื• ื—ืœืง ืž"ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”" ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืจืš ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ. ืœืื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื” ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื–ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชืŸ ืžื”ื ื›ืก ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ. ืžืกืงื ื” ื–ื• ื ืชืžื›ืช ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ืืžื ื•ืชื™. ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืืคืคื• ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื” ื’ื ืžืžื ื™ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืจื›ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืžืฆืื• ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช (ืช"ื (ืช"ื) 339/90 ื”ื "ืœ, ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ 409). ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืขืกืงื” ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืจืš ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืœื ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ืืœื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”, ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืœื”. 22. ืžืกืงื ืชื™ ื”ื™ื, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช. ืืœืžืœื ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืงืฉืจืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืžื•ืจืช 250 ืฉ"ื—. ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ืืฉืจ ื˜ืขืชื” ืื•ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืชื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื–ื›ืื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ื”ืกืขื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื” ืฉืœื”, ืœื ืจืืชื” ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. ื”ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ (ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช), ืจืฉืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”? ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืืคื ื” ืขืชื”. ื“. ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ื— ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื—ื•ื–ื” 23. ื›ืžื•ื‘ื”ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื• ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื•ื›ืฉืช ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงื™. ื”ื™ื ืœื ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš. ืื™ืŸ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœื—ืกืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ืžื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืคื’ืžื™ื ื”ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื“ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื”. ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื” ื—ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ืขืกืงื™ื ืŸ, ืชื–ื“ืจื– ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื”. ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ: ืืฃ ืื“ื ื‘ืจ ื“ืขืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื ื›ืก ื™ืงืจ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื• ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ. ืื•ืœื, ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืกืงื™ื ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ืจื›ืฉื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื”. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืชื ืงื•ื˜ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื• ื‘ื” ื™ื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก. ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ืงืจื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื”, ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”, ืฉืขื” ืฉื’ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื• ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื–ืžืชื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื“ืข ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื™ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื, ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช ืฉืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืœื ื”ื™ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืืœื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืก ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœืกื™ื™ื’. ืงื™ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืื ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื—ื•ืกื” ื‘ืฆืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืขืœื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื (ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช) ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ืœ. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื›ืฉืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื” ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื—ื–ืจื”, ืฉืื ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืชืืœืฅ ืœืฉืœื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก. ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ืชืžื”ืจ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ืืœื ืชืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืื ื™ื™ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืชื™ืืœืฅ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ืชืืœืฅ ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื™. ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื ืžื ืขื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืžืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. 24. ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื–ื”, ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืื™ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก, ื•ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื”, ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืœื• ืจื›ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื• ืกืขื“ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™. ื•ืื•ืœื ืกืขื“ ื–ื” ืžื•ืชื ื” ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ ืชืงืฃ. ืคื’ืžื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ื›ืจื™ืชืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื•, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืœืื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื›ืก. ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื‘ื—ืจื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื• ืฉืœื•, ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืžืคืืช ืคื’ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ ืฉื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ืฆื“ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืขืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง. ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ. ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื”: "ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชื›ืœืœ (ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื” ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช). ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืื• ืœืจืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืขื™ืงืจื. ืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ื–ืืช ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื (ื•ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ - ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ืฉื‘ื ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื”ื), ืฉืžืขืžื“ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉืชื›ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœื•ืชื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ืื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื”ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื›ืœืœ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืขื™ืงืจื, ืืœื ืจืง ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื ืคื’ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืช ื˜ืขื•ืช" (ืคืกืงื” 9 ืœืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ). ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืืœื” ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ, ืœืคื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช. ืžื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™, ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ื›ืก ื ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื” ืืฃ ืื ื”ื ื›ืก ืื‘ื“ ืื• ื ื’ื–ืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืชื• ืžื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื (ืคืจื˜ ืœืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ื—ืœื” ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง). ืืš ืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”"ื’ื–ืœืŸ" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” (ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื• ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื• ื”ื’ื ืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง), ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื ืื™ื ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื“. 25. ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืžื•ื ื—. ืื•ืœื, ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื—ื•ื–ื” (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžื—ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืื• ื‘ืกื•ื‘ืจื•ื’ืฆื™ื”). ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื”, ืืœื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืคืขืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฆื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืื• ื—ืœืงืŸ . ืื›ืŸ, ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจืฉืื™ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื”ืžื•ืงื ื™ืช ืœื” ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžื•ืงื ื™ืช ืœื” ืžื›ื•ื— ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื•ืชื ืžื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ืื“ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•. ื‘ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœื›ืš, ืœืงื•ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื ื•ื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื”ื•ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืจืื• ืืช ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืข' ื’ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคืฃ "ื™ื—ืกื™ ืงื•ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™", ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“' (ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜) 202, ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืื• ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื” ืชืฉื "ื—, ื›ืจืš ื‘) 1146 ื”ืขืจื” 355 ( ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ )). ืœื”ืœืŸ ืืคืจื˜ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื™ ื–ื•. ืžื”ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ 26. ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ื ื–ื™ืงื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 49 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ [ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ] ( ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ); ื”ืกื’ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 31 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื–ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 52 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ). ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื• ื’ื ืžื›ื•ื— ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื• ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก (ืกืขื™ืฃ 15 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื›"ื˜-1969 ื”ื—ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 8 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉืœ"ื-1971). ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืื™ืžืชื™ ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืื“ื ื›ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืจื›ื•ืฉ "ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืŸ" ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื”ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ (ืคืกืงื•ืช 11-9), ืจืง ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคื’ื ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื ื›ืก ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื• ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืื™ื ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืŸ "ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืŸ", ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื ื›ืกื™ื•. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ, ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ืจื›ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืŸ. ืœื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ, ืžื›ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื—ืกื•ืžื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื•. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืขืงื‘ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื“ืžื™ ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืขื•ืžื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืขืจืš ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืจื›ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™. ืื•ืœื, ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช - ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” - ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื”, ืื ืชืชืžืžืฉ, ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื•. ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช? 27. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืก ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืงื‘ืœ, ื—ืœืฃ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจื”, ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”. ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืชื—ืœื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื ื›ืก ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืฉื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื ื›ืก ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”. ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช. ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืขืงื™ื‘ื”" ( tracing ) ืœ"ืื™ืชื•ืจ" ( following ) (ืœืื‘ื—ื ื” ื–ื• ืจืื•: L. D. Smith, The Law of Tracing ( Oxford , 1997), p. 8 ( ืœื”ืœืŸ: Smith, The Law of Tracing ). ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ "ืื™ืชื•ืจ" ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฅ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ื“ ืœื™ื“. ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ), ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ืขื ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืจ ื–ื”ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืคืฅ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืชืชืช ืขืœ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ืคืฅ ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ื“ ืœื™ื“ (ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื— ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ) ื›ืจืš ื‘') 1150, ื–ื•ื”ื™ "ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช"). ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš "ืขืงื™ื‘ื”" ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื—ืœืฃ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื•ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžื•ืฉืชืชืช ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ (ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ื "ืœ, ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ 1132, ื–ื•ื”ื™ "ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช"). ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืžื ื•. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืื• ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ื›ืœืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื”. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื' ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘', ืœื ื™ืงื ื” ืขื™ืœืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื‘' ื”ื’ื ืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœืื•ืจื ื ื‘ื—ื ืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืื—ื“ ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ืื—ืจ. ืื•ืœื, ื’ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื• โ€“ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืงื“ืžื™ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื. 28. ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™. ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืคื–ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืจืื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืกืขื™ืฃ 52 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื; ืกืขื™ืฃ 5(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื, ื”ืชืฉื›"ื–-1967; ืกืขื™ืฃ 9 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื›"ื–-1967, ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ืกืขื™ืฃ 5(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉืœ"ื-1971). ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืžืฆื•ืช ืืช ืงืฉืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื ื›ืก ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ื•ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื ืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ (ืจืื• ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ (ื›ืจืš ื') 37-35). ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื–ืงืง ืœื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื’ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ. 29. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช , ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื ืงืœื˜ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื ื‘ืื•ืชื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืกื“ืจื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ืกืขื™ืฃ 2(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืชืฉ"ื-1980; ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ (ื›ืจืš ื‘') 1064). ืื›ืŸ, ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื ืงืœื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืข"ื 218/57 ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื•ื”ืžืคืจืง ืฉืœ ืคืœืก ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ืžืื™ืจ , ืค"ื“ ื™ื‘ 1696, ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื: "ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืžืกืจื• ืื• ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื• ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืงื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืงื‘ืœื™ื”ื, ืจืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”. ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืคืฆื™ืช ื•ืœื ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจ. ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืขื•ืช ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืžืžื ื•, ื›ืœ ืื™ืžืช ืฉืžืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื‘ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืฉืœ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืื• ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ื•ืœืคื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื• ื•ืœืชื‘ืขื ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ (ืขืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืื• ื’ื–ื™ืœื”) ืื• ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืฉื•ืœื ื•ื ืชืงื‘ืœ. ืืš ืชื ืื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืœืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืื• ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉืื ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื’ื–ืœ ืื• ืฉื”ื•ืฆื ื‘ืจืžืื•ืช ืคืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืœื‘ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื” ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉื ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฆื•ืจื”" (ืขืžื•ื“ 1704, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื-ื’). ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš: "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ื ื›ืกื™ื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืช, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื•: ื›ืฉื ืฉืœืœื• ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืœื ื—ื•ืง, ื•ื”ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ืชื’ืœืžื• , ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืจื›ืฉื ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”; ืฉื ื™ืช, ื›ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืืžื•ืŸ, ืื• ื›ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื ืืžื ื•ืช..." (ืขืžื•ื“ 1705, ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื•ืช ื–' - ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉืœื™, ืช"ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืื• ืข"ื 307/64 ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื ' ืงื“ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื—ืจืก ื‘ืข"ืž (ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง) , ืค"ื“ ื™ื—(4) 483, ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื‘ื• ืงื•ื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืžืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื–ื•ืกืžืŸ, ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื ื›ืก ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื• ืœืจื‘ื•ืช "ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื" (ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ 494). ืฉื ื™ืช , ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืื“ื ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื ื›ืก ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื• ื•ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•. ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืข"ื 3948/97 ืžื’ื“ืœ, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ' ืžื ื•ืจื” , ืค"ื“ ื ื”(3) 769, ื•ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืฉืืœ ื—ืฉื™ืŸ: "ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ, ื ืžื ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืชืจ ืคื ื•ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื”. ืืš ื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืจืื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืžืคื•ืจืฉ. ื›ืš ื”ื•ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžื™ื’ื–ืจื™-ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ืขื•ืœื” ืชื“ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืชื›ื•ืฃ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜; ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ, ื•ืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ื”ื•ืจืืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื... ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ - ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืชื” ืœืกื•ื’ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช-ื—ื•ืง ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ืžืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ - ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื, ืœื ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืกื•ื’ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืขื˜ ื›ื”ื•ื-ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ืžืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ื•ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืขื™ืžื• ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™-ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื•ืœื; ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ืฉื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ื™ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื›ืฆืœืžื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืคื— ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื. ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ืจืืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœืœื. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ: ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ, ืžื›ื•ื—ื•-ื”ื•ื, ื™ื•ืœื™ื“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ โ€“ ื›ื™ื•ื, ืžื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 1 ืœื—ื•ืง ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ โ€“ ืื ืœื ืชื™ืžืฆื ืœื ื• ื”ื•ืจืืช-ื—ื•ืง ื”ื“ื•ื—ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืื• ืžื›ืœืœื..." (ืคืกืงื•ืช 8-6 ืœืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื•). ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ืช, ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื ืงืœื˜ื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉืคื˜ื ื• ื”ื ื•ื”ื’. ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื ื™ื™ืขืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 1 ืœื—ื•ืง ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื™ื™ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ื ื’ื ืžืชื™ ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื ื›ืก ืื—ื“ ื›"ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื•" ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ืื—ืจ, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข "ืœืขืงื•ื‘" ืื—ืจื™ื•. 30. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ, ืžื˜ืจืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืคืจื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืกืก ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”. ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ืชืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ืžืชื™ ื ื›ืก ืื—ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืชื—ืœื™ืคื• ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ืื—ืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉ' ื–' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ, ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ "ืคืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืœื‘ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื”". ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืขืงื™ื‘ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืขื•ืจื• ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื ื›ืก ืื—ืจ. ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ "ื—ืคืฆื™ื" ืื• "ื ื›ืกื™ื". ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืชื•ื‘ืข ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจื›ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชืืจ ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื›ืก ืขื‘ืจ "ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ" ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื ื›ืก ืื—ืจ: "ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืชืชืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื•, ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ (ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืงืฉืจ ืคื™ืกื™) ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™" (ืฉื, ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ 1132). ื•ื›ืŸ: "ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืคื™ืกื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื• 'ืžื˜ืคื™ืกื™' ืื• ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื—ืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืขื ื›ืกืคื• ืื• ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข" (ืฉื, ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ 1112). ืื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืœ "ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™" ื”ื ื›ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื. ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ Smith ื‘ืกืคืจื• The Law of Tracing ื”ื "ืœ: "It is value, not property or assets, which can be identified in different forms after each substitution. The grammatical object of 'to trace' is 'value'. When a person makes a substitution through which we trace, value is the only constant that is held by that person before, through and after the substitution. It exists in a different form after the substitution โ€“ namely, in the form of the new thing โ€“ and that is what can justify a claim to the new asset" (p. 15-16). ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื”, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ืขื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™. ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื ื›ืก", ื”ืคื•ืฉื˜ ื•ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”, ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžื•ืฉื ืœืขืงื™ื‘ื”. ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœ"ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ" - ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื ืื‘ื“, ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื. ืžื˜ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืื™ื–ื” ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืžืฆื ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื•. 31. ืื›ืŸ, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื ื›ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•, ื”ื ืชื‘ืขืช, ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ืœื ื”ืชืขืฉืจื” ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข, ืงืจื™, ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืจืง ืื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื™ื‘ืกืก ื–ืืช. ืจืง ืื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ืกืก, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืงื™ื‘ื”, ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ื”ืงื•ื ื”), ื•ื”ืคืขืœืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืื›ืŸ ืชื ื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืื–ื™ ืชื™ืฉืžื˜ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืชื—ื•ืœืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ (ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช) ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื ืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• 32. ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ "ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™" ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื•. ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื˜ืจื ืขื•ืฆื‘ื•. ืจืื•ื™, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื ื”ื’ื• ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื•ื™ื‘ื—ื ื•ื” ืžืžืงืจื” ืœืžืงืจื”. ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื' ื’ื–ืœ ื ื›ืก ืฉืœ ื‘' ื•ืžื›ืจื•, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžื' (ื”ื’ื–ืœืŸ) ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื“ืžื™ ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ (ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ืื ื ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœืชื•ื‘ืข). ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœื”ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื›ืœ ืงื•ืฉื™. ื' ื ื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื•ืžื›ืจื. ื”ื”ืชืขืฉืจื•ืช (ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื“ืžื™ ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ) ื‘ืื” ืœื' ืžืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘' "ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืŸ", ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 1 ืœื—ื•ืง ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ื”. ื”ืื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืžื™ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื”? ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืื ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ - ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช - ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช? 33. ื”ื‘ื”ืจื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื–ื•, ืžืœืžื“ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื›ืก ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื™ืœื‘ืฉ ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช. Smith ื‘ืกืคืจื• The Law of Tracing ื”ื "ืœ ืžื‘ื˜ื ื–ืืช ื›ืš: "Usually we think of tracing into propriety assets. Nonetheless, the value in question could just as well be exchanged for an asset which is a personal right. For example, it might be exchanged for a contractual right to have a concert sung. There is no difficulty here; the value is traced into the right acquired. The most important example is that of tracing into bank accounts and other repositories of value which are actually no more than personal rights. The value lent to the bank is used to buy the bank balance, which is a right to repayment; therefore, the right to repayment is the traceable proceeds of the value lent. If the debt is repaid by making a withdrawal, then the value withdrawn is the traceable proceeds of the balance, and therefore of the value earlier lent" (p. 143). ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”: "ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืชื™ืชื›ืŸ ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืจืง ืื—ืจ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืื—ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช (ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื), ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ื›ื•', ืฉื ืจื›ืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืคื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”...ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ืื ื’ื–ืœ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื ื›ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื•ืžื›ืจื•, ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื“ืžื™ ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืœื•ื ื™. ืืš ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืงื•ื ื” ื”ื ื›ืก ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ืœื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื• ืœืคืœื•ื ื™, ืžื›ื•ื— ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื•ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืžื™ ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ื ื™, ืžื”ืงื•ื ื”" (ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ (ื›ืจืš ื‘') 1107). ื‘ืจื•ื— ื–ื•, ื”ื ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืงืจื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืฆื ื“ืจื›ื•, ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื”, ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืื™ื ื™ ืžืชืขืœื ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืœืฆื“ ืœื—ื•ื–ื”, ื•ืœื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื— ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืจื, ืื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื ืชืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžื’ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืš (ื•ืœื• ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ) ื”ืžื’ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื ื›ืก. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช, ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื ืฉื•ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื ืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ืขืฉื•ื™ "ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ" ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืœื—ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžืงื•ืจื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืขืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ (ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช), ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืžืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืขืงื‘ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ืืš ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ. ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ื•, ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื™ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช "ื”ืขืจืš" ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ื›ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืขืฉื•ื™, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืืช ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ. 34. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื”ืื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืคืืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืขืงื‘ ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“? ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืง ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื–ืืช ืฉื˜ืขืชื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื - ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช - ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”? ืืฉืจ ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืคื™ "ื”ืื™ืฉื™" ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช. ื›ืš, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืงื•ื‘ืข ืกืขื™ืฃ 22 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื›ื™ "ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื•ื•ืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”, ืื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืžื—ืื”" (ืื’ื‘, ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื ืžืชื—ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื–ื•, ืจืื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉ' ืœืจื ืจ "ื”ืžื—ืืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื" ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื - ื—ืœืง ื›ืœืœื™ (ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ืขื•ืจืš, ืชืฉื "ื“) 21, 96-94). ื‘ืจื, ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืงื‘ ืžื”ื•ืชื”. ื–ืืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื” (ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืื• ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช). ืืฉืจ ืœืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื, ืฉืžื›ื•ื— ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืื›ืŸ, ื’ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื•, ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืคืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. 35. ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœื‘ืกืก ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ื”ืžื’ืœืžืช ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฆื ืžืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืกืก ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื•ื’ืฆื™ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื“ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื•ื’ืฆื™ื”, ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ื•ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœื• ืžืœื•ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ืขื ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืคื•ื ืœืกืขื“ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื‘ืจื•ื’ืฆื™ื”. ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื•: "ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืกืคื• ืื• ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื” ืกื•ื‘ืจื•ื’ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจื›ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืกืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืขืงื™ื‘ื”. ืกื•ื‘ืจื•ื’ืฆื™ื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช, ืœื ืื—ืช, ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืขื ืงืช ืกืขื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืกืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืœืคืจืขื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช... ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจืขื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ืืœื ื‘ืกื•ื‘ืจื•ื’ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข." (ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ (ื›ืจืš ื‘') 1107, ื”ืขืจื” 208; ืจืื• ื’ื ืขืžื•ื“ 1166, ื”ืขืจื” 434). ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ื”. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ื”ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื 36. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ (ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื ื—ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืจืื•: ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ื ' ื›ื”ืŸ, ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ื›ืจืš ื‘') 719-717). ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ืฉืืœืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื”. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ื ' ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื ื”ื "ืœ, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื”. ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•. ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™. ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืงืฉื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืœืžื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื–ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืชื”. ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืืžื•ืจ, ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืง ืœื”ื™ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” . ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”, ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ (250 ืฉ"ื—), ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืกื›ื•ื ื–ื” ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืชื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื—ื•ืง. ืื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืš ืœื ืกื’ื™. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ, ื ื˜ืœื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื–ื”ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืคื ืชื” ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช - ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ "ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ". ืœื•ืœื ืขืจื ื•ืชื” ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช ืœืจื“ืช ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื“, ื”ืŸ ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืชื•ืฆืื” ื–ื• ื ืžื ืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื–ื”ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” "ืื ืจืื” ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืง ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช". ืžื”ื•ืจืื” ื–ื• ื ื•ื‘ืข, ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืœืคื™ื• ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืขืงื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื™ืคื•ืฆื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืฉืœื ืœืงื•ื ื”, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื•ืžื“ืŸ, ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 10,000 ืฉ"ื—, ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื•. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืชื—ื•ืœืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• 37. ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคืชื™, ืชื ืื™ ื”ืกืฃ ืœืงื™ื•ื ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืงื™ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ, ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•. ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ ืชืงืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”, ื›ื™ ืกื‘ืจืชื™, ื•ืขื•ื“ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉืฉืืœืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ ืชืงืฃ ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืขืœื™ืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืื ืžืชื‘ืจืจ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ, ืฉืื– ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื˜ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืชืจ ืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง; ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื ืคืกื“, ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•. ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื™, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ ืชืงืฃ ื”ืžืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืื™ื ื™ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉื ืคืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืืกืชืคืง ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืืฉืจ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœืชื—ื•ืœืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ. ืืฃ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืืžื ืข ืžืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื•ืืฆืžืฆื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืช. 38. ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื”, ื›ื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื ืžื“ื“ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก, ื•ืœื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืขืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก, ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขืกืงื”. ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื•, ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ "ื”ืžื•ื ืข ื”ื–ื•ืœ" ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ "ืžื–ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ืง". ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื ืข ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืžื™ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”"ืชืื•ื ื”" ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช. ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ืข ื”ื–ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืžืจื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜. ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืžื–ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ืง ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื–ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื• ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื•ืชื•. ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉืงืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“. ื ื–ืงื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื•ื• ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื•ื”ื ื–ืง ื™ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ืงืชื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื ื’ื“ื•. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืคืจืฉืช ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืืœื” (ืคื™ืกืงื” 19 ืœืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ). ืœื“ืขืชื”, ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช "ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช" ืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื” - ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื™ืžื ืข ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœืงื•ื ื”; ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ ืžืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืคืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ ื ื–ืงื™ื. ืจืื•: M. Mautner "'The Eternal Triangles of the Law' Towards a Theory of Priorities in Conflicts Involving Remote Parties" 90 Michigan Law Review (1991) 95 . . 39. ื”ืขืจืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื›ืก, ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื ืข ื”ื–ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืฃ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื›ืก ืื•ืชื• ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืจื›ืฉ (ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื˜ืขื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ), ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืœืื•ืจ ื˜ืขื•ืชื•, ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืื™ื ื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื—ืฉื“ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื’ื ื•ื‘ ืื• ืื‘ื•ื“. ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ex-post ืฉืœ ืžื–ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ืง ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ex - ante ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ืข ื”ื–ื•ืœ . 40. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืชื ืื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื“ื“ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช (ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืชืžื•ืจื” ืกืžืœื™ืช), ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง (ืจืื•: ื' ื–ืžื™ืจ "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืขื•ื“" ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื›ื• (ืชืฉื "ื•) 359, 366-365; ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ (ื›ืจืš ื‘) ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 1146-1147). ื›ืš ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืืฃ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื‘ื“ืขืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ. ืื•ืœื, ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื›ื™ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื”ื ืžื“ื“ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื ืจื›ืฉ. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื’ื ืื ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื›ื–ื• ืขื•ืœื” ืžืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ืœื›ืš ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ืง. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ืช "ืžืื–ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืงื”" ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื•. ื”ืคืขืœืช ืืžืช ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื. ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืœืคื™ ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื”, ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ืื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ืŸ ืขื ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืกืขื“ื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืขืจืš "ืžืื–ืŸ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช" ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืžืช ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ, ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืฉื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื ืจื›ืฉ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื™ื” ื™ื™ืžืฆื ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื›ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืขืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืชื‘ื•ื˜ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื–ื›ื” ืืฃ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืกืคื• ืžื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื•ื–ืืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืชื ืœื‘ ื•ื ืขื“ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก. 41. ื’ื ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ืช, ืœืคื™ื” ืกืคืง ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชื—ื•ืœืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง (ื›ื“ืขืช ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื) ืื• ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืžืชื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื™ื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช "ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช", ืงืจื™, ืชืžื•ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืชื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื” ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขืกืงื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ (ื›ื“ืขืช ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ), ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื™ื. ื“ืขื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืขื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื. ื”ืื—ื“, ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื, ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืืฉืจ ืชื™ื’ืจื ื‘ืขื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื”, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืชื, ืขืœื•ืชื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื”ืฉื ื™, ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืฉืœื›ืช ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืชื—ื•ืœืช ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 52 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ. ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉ. ื”ืขื™ืœื” ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช, ืžื•ืงื ื™ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืชื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœืช ืงื™ื•ื ืืฉื ืžืฆื“ ืžื™ ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ (ืจืื•: ืข"ื 448/74 ืื•ื˜ื• ื‘ืœื” ื ' ืœืงื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ื‘ , ืค"ื“ ืœ(2) 207; ืข"ื 655/89 ืžื˜ืœื•ืŸ (ื›ืฅ) ื ' ื›ืฅ , ืค"ื“ ืžื”(3) 845, 850; ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ "ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืฉื" ืกืคืจ ื–ื•ืกืžืŸ (ื' ื‘ืจืง ื•ืื—' ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื, ืชืฉืž"ื“) 241). ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืงื ื” ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”"ื’ื–ืœืŸ" ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื’ ื–ืืช ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืจื•ื‘ืฅ ืœืคืชื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”"ื’ื–ืœืŸ" ืืฉื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ื ื›ืก ืฉื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื• ืคื’ื ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™, ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืคื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืชื‘ืข ืœื”ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก, ืืœื ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœ"ื’ื–ืœืŸ" ื•ื™ื™ืชื‘ืข ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืก, ื’ื ืื ื”ื ื›ืก ืื• ืชื—ืœื™ืคื• ืื™ื ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื“ื•ืงื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ืœ. ืกืขื™ืฃ 53 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ: "ื‘ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืœ ื’ื–ืœ ืชื”ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื ืชื‘ืข, ืื ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื”ืชืฉื›"ื—-1968". ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืงื ื” ืœืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืžื’ื ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืชื‘ืข ื›"ื’ื–ืœืŸ". ืืš ื”ื”ืคืš ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ืขื“ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง - ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืจื›ืฉ ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ - ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืœื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืœื”. ื‘ื›ืš ืœื ืจืง ื ื—ืกืžืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืช, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžื›ืš ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ื”ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื, ื›ื™ ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ืœ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ืžืื–ืŸ ื”"ืžืฆื•ืงื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื ื“ืžื”; ืœืื•ืจ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื‘ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื’ื–ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื ื–ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. 42. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืžืฉืงืœื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื "ืœ, ืื™ื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข. ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื”, ืืžื•ืจื” ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืœ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจืคื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจืช, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืฆื“ืง, ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืฉืœ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ืชืงื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืขืœื•ืœ - ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” - ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื— ื”ืื•ืจื‘ ืœืคืชื—ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื”, ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื•ืง, ืื•, ืœืžื™ืฆืขืจ, ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ืก, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืงืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืขืœื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื”, ืงืจื™, ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ืœื ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชื ื ื“ื™ืจื”. ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืคืœื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื›ืก. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืื• ืœืงื™ื•ื "ืžืชืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื" ืžืกื•ื’ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื•ื ื™ื, ืื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื™ื—. ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ืžืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื”. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”, ืื™ ืชื—ื•ืœืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจ ื•ื–ื ื™ื— ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื”ื ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืง ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžืžืฉื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืงื•ื ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืืœื™ื•, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขืงื‘ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืชื•, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ื™ืจืชื™ืข ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ืื• ื™ื ื™ืข ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื™ ืชื—ื•ืœืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืขืกืงื”. ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ืœืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”. 43. ืืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ืœ ืขืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•. ื–ืืช, ืขืงื‘ ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ. ื”ื’ื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ, ืจื—ื‘ื” ืืฃ ืžื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช, ื›ื›ืœืœ (ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื”ืชืฉืœ"ื”-1975), ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืืฉื ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื’ืข ืื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืžืฆื™ื“ื• (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืคื•ื’ืข). ืœื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืงื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชืื•ื ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฉืœื ื™ืช, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื‘ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื’ื–ืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืคื’ื™ืขื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ืชืงื ื” ืœื ืคื’ืข ืขื™ืœืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ื•. ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืž' ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ (ืชืฉื "ื–, ื›ืจืš ื) 349, ื‘ืคืกืงื” 6.1: "ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืื ื•ืžืœื™ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ. ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืงื ื™ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฉืžื” ืžืฆื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื’ืข, ืื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช. ื›ืš ื ืžืฆื ืฉืื“ื ืฉืจื›ืฉ ื ื›ืก ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ (ืฉืœื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง) ืžื•ืฆื ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืขื•ื•ืœืชื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืœืŸ. ืชื•ืฆืื” ืชืžื•ื”ื” ื–ื• ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื›ืš, ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ, "ื’ืจืคื”" ื™ื—ื“ ืขื™ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ื’ื ืืช ืกืขื“ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื. ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ื™ืชื•ืงืŸ ื›ืš, ืฉื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง ืื• ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื˜ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืืฉืžื”. ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืœื›ืš, ืฉืœื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืชืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ื ืชื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื ื’ื–ืœ, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืชื‘ืข, ื™ื•ื›ืคืฃ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™; ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžื›ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ื˜ืจื ื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ื”, ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืขื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ. ืื•ืœื ืื ื”ื ื›ืก ื ื’ื–ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ืื• ื”ื•ืฉืžื“, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืฆื“ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื›ืš, ืื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืžืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ". ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืœืช ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ืœ ืชื™ื’ืจื ืืคื•ื ื›ืœ ืื™ืžืช ืฉืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ืจื›ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ. ื”ื›ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื™, ืื ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ืœ ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืจืื•ื™ ื›ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ืœ, ื•ืœื ื™ื’ืจื ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืคืคืช ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ืœ. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ "ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™", ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืงืฉื”. ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืชืงื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ - ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื• - ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืฉืจื›ืฉื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื›ื” ื–ืขื•ื. "ื”ืขื‘ืจื”" ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ, ื•ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง ื—ืœื•ืงืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช. 44. ื”ื‘ื”ืจืชื™ ืœืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช โ€“ ื–ื• ื”ื“ื•ื’ืœืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื–ื• ื”ื“ื•ื’ืœืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœืชื—ื•ืœืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉืชื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™, ื”ื ืจืื™ืช ืœื™ ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื "ืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื–ื• ื”ื“ื•ื’ืœืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ. ืœื ื“ื ืชื™ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชื—ื•ืœืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ". ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืชื ืื™ ื–ื”, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืกื‘ื•ืš ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•. ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉืชื™ ืœื›ืš, ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืืœื™ื” ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจ 45. ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื›ืจืข ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืืฉืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืงืฉื™ื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ืœืคืจืฉ ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื”. ืงืฉื™ื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ื‘ืขื•, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืžื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉื”ื ื—ืชื” ืืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื•ืืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื, ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ืชืงืฃ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื ื—ื” ื–ื• ืื™ืœืฆื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืชื ืื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืžืงืจื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื• ื ื‘ื—ื ืช ืชื—ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืจืขื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ. ืืช ืžืกืขื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื ืžื•ื›ืจืขืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก. ื”ืคื’ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ ืฉื ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืงืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืขืจื›ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื ื™ืชื‘ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื• ืœืขื‘ืจื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคื’ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืžืกืงื ื”, ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ืฉื ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงื ื” ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ืžืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื›ืืŸ, ื ื“ืจืฉื ื• ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜. ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืืคืฉืจื• ืกื•ื‘ืจื•ื’ืฆื™ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ื‘ืื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื ืœื•ื•ืช ืœื›ืš. ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื‘ื” ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ื”ื ื•ืฉืงืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ื’ื ืœืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ), ื”ื‘ื™ืืชื ื•, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื’ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื”. 46. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื ื’ืœืจื“ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื—ืฉื™ืŸ. ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืงืฆืช ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืคื•ืจื˜ื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื™, ื•ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจืŸ. ืืกืชืคืง ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ืื—ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืœืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœืขืจื›ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ, ืืš ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืœื ื“ืจืฉื” ืชืžื•ืจืชื• ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืืžื™ืชื™. ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ืœื ืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืขื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืืš ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื—ืœื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื, ืืžื ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืก. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื”, ืงื™ื™ื ืคืขืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื”, ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืชื•ื ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ื›ืš, ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืขืกืงื” ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืกื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ ืขืจืš. ื›ืš, ื›ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ืืคืกื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื‘ ื™ืงืจ ืขืจืš. ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืœื” ืœืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื™. ืื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื›ืš ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื ื’ืœืจื“, ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ื™ื“ืขื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืขืจืš, ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ื• ืขื•ืกืง ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื™. ืืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ื“, ืฉื–ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ื ื“ื™ืจื”, ืœื ืจื™ืืœื™ืช. ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื‘ื—ื–ืงืชื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื” ืจื‘ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ืฉื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืืคืกื™? ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื—ืฉื™ืŸ, ืžื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ื” ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืœื ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื”ื•ื 5,000 ืฉ"ื—. ืกื›ื•ื ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืคืขืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจืชืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ืงื•ื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื• ื”ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช "ืงื™ื˜ืฉ" ื—ืกืจืช ืขืจืš ืžืžืฉื™, ืกืš ืฉืœ 5,000 ืฉ"ื—? ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื˜ืจื— ืœื‘ืจืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™? ืฉื ื™ืช, ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื”ืขื“ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืŸ, ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืชื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื•ื ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื™. 47. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืขืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘, ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื ืžื ืขืช ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ืชื•ื ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ื›ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื’ื ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘. ืื•ืœื, ืœืื•ืจ ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื™ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืœืขืช ืฉืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื”. 48. ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ, ืœื• ื“ืขืชื™ ื ืฉืžืขื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืคืกืงื” 36 ืœืขื™ืœ. ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง: 1. ืžืกื›ื™ื ืื ื™ ืœืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ. ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ืืฃ ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืคืชืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— (ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื”ืชืฉื›"ื—-1968) ืืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคืกื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ) ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” (ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื ืคืกื“). ืื›ืŸ, ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืขืœื™ ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ, ืœืคื™ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืงื•ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื•ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•. ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื”ืขืจืชื• ื”ืžืืœืคืช ืฉืœ ืข' ื’ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคืฃ (ืจืื• ื’ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคืฃ, "ื™ื—ืกื™ ืงื•ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™", ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“' 202 (ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜)). ืืžืช, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ื–ื•. ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื• ืืš ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฉืœื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืขืฉ ืื ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืœื”ืคื™ื— ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœืคืชื— ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ื–ืืช ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืžื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื–ื” ื ืฉืœืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•, ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื—ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœื• ื™ื™ืฉืง ื“ื‘ืจ: ื™ืจืฆื” โ€“ ื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื™ืžื ืข ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืชื—ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—; ื™ืจืฆื” โ€“ ื™ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื™ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—. ื‘ื›ืš ื’ื ื ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืขื•ืงืฅ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื ื›ืจืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืœ ื•ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ (ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ (ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช). ืื›ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืืœื” โ€“ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช โ€“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื“ ืจื—ื•ืง. ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ื›ืš ื’ื ืชื•ืจืช ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 39 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื›ืœืœื™), ื”ืชืฉืœ"ื’-1973 (ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืกืขื™ืฃ 61(ื‘) ืœืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืง). 2. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ืื•ื‘ื“ืช ืœื• ืขื ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื•, ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื: ืจืืฉื™ืช , ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ืื™ ื”ืคืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจื”; ืฉื ื™ืช , ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืจื—ื•ืง. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—. ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืขื™ืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฆื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืขืœืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—. 3. ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืื™ื ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื”. ื›ื•ื—ื ืขื™ืžื ืœืจืคื ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ. ื›ื•ื—ื ืื™ื ื• ืขื™ืžื ืœืจืคื ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืื“ื ืงื ื” ืกื•ืก ื’ื ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—. ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื™ื™ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—. ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ. ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืงื•ื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™-ื”ืชืืžื”. ืื›ืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื™ ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—. ืคื’ืžื™ื "ื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื" ื”ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืžืจืคื ืื•ืชื. ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื•ืœื ื”ืคื’ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ, ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืงืฃ. 4. ื”ืื ื ืคืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช? ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืชื•ืš "ื ื™ืงื•ื™" ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—. ื ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ื—ื ื•ืช ืœืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืงื ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ืžืกื’ืจืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• "ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืงื™ื˜ืฉ" ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืขืจื›ื” ื ืžื•ืš. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืกื‘ืจื• ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ืžื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื "ืชืžื•ื ืช ืงื™ื˜ืฉ". ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ืžืจ ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื–ื• ื ืงื ืชื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื—, ืฉื›ืŸ ื—ื ื•ืช ืœืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช. ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืจื‘, ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ืžื” ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื? ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื• ื ืคืœื” ื˜ืขื•ืช (ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช), ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืจืฉืื™, ืœืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื™ื, ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืื ืจืื” ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืง ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื›ืœืœื™), ื”ืชืฉืœ"ื’-1973 (ืจืื• ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ื ' ื›ื”ืŸ, ื—ื•ื–ื™ื 697 (ื›ืจืš ื‘', 1992); ื’' ืฉืœื•, ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื 511 (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื”, ืชืฉื "ื”)). ืืžืช, ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื "ืงื™ื˜ืฉ" ื‘ืœื ื›ืœ ืขืจืš ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืจื‘. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขื• ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•. ืชื”ื ืขืžื“ืชื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื, ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื” ืžื“ื™ ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืช. ื ืžืชื—ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืขืฆืžื” (ืจืื• G. Treitel, The Law of Contract 267 (10 th ed., 1999) ). ื ืขืฉื” ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืืงื•ื™ื˜ื™ (ืจืื• Solle v. Butcher [1949] 2 All E.R. 1107 ). ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื—ืœื” ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืกื™ื’ื” (ืจืื• Great Peace Shipping Ltd. v. Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd [2002] 4 All E.R. 689 ). ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื, ื™ื”ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื, ืืœ ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช (ืจืื• ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื , ืขืž' 706). ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื™ื ื• ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 152(1) ืœ- Restatement, Second, Contracts , ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข: โ€œWhere a mistake of both parties at the time a contract was made as to a basic assumption on which the contract was made has a material effect on the agreed exchange of performances, the contract is voidable by the adversely affected party unless he bears the risk of the mistake under the rule stated in ยง 154.โ€. ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืงืจื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” (ืจืื• J.D. Calamari and J. M. Perillo, Contracts 381 (3 rd ed., 1987) ). ื’ื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื ืงื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” (ืจืื•, E. Kramer, โ€œMistakeโ€ in 7 Int. Encyclopedia of Comp. L. 11 - 87 (2001) ). ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืœื” ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื ื™ื—, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ื ื˜ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช (ืจืื• O. Lando and H. Beale, Principle of European Contract Law 233-234 (2000) ). 5. ืขืชื” ื ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื•. ื”ืื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”? ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืกืคืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื”. ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื•ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื‘. ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืœืžื•ื ื™, ื•ืขืจื›ื” ืžื•ืขื˜. ื ืขืจื›ืช ืขื™ืกืงื” ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื ืคืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื–ื”. "ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘'ื˜ืขื•ืช' ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื“ ื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”" (ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื , ืขืž' 724). ืื›ืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœื ื ืœืงื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ (ืจืื• ืงืœืžืจื™ ื•ืคืจื™ืœื™ื•, ืฉื , ืขืž' 391). ืื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ื›ื˜ืขื•ืช "ื‘ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืกืงื”", ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืขื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” (ืจืื• ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื“) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื). ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 154 ืœ- Restatement, Second, Contracts , ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข: โ€œ(a) the risk is allocated to him by agreement of the parties,or (b) he is aware, at the time the contract is made, that he has only limited knowledge with respect to the facts to which the mistake relates but treats his limited knowledge as sufficient, or (c) the risk is allocated to him by the court on the ground that it is reasonable in the circumstances to do soโ€. (ืจืื• ื’ื ืงืœืžืจื™ ื•ืคืจื™ืœื™ื•, ืฉื , ืขืž' 391). 6. ืืš ื ื ื™ื— ืขืชื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื” "ืชืžื•ื ืช ืงื™ื˜ืฉ". ื’ื ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื’ืœืจื™ื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืš, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื’ืœืจื™ื” ืœืงื ื•ืช "ืชืžื•ื ืช ืงื™ื˜ืฉ". ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืช. ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืขืจื›ื” ืจื‘. ืžื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ? ื”ืื ื ื˜ืœื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื”? ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืคื’ื•ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืคืœื” ื‘ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื•ืžื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”, ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ืื™ืฉ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ ื ืชื•ืŸ, ื‘ืœื ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ื˜ืœื• ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื’ืœืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื–ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ืžื›ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืงื™ื˜ืฉ ืชื•ื›ืจ ื›ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืงืจืช ืขืจืš. ื•ื“ื•ืง: ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื ืขืจื›ื” ืขื™ืกืงื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื˜ืœื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ (ืคื™ืกืงื” 3 ืœืขื™ืœ) ืื™ื ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื›ืœ ืขื™ืกืงื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืกืงืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ. 7. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื–ื” ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขื• ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”. ืืš ื”ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื˜ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื? ื”ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฉื•ืง ื”"ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื" ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื? ื”ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืขืฆื ื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื’ื•ืจืจืช ืื—ืจื™ื” ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื–ื•ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืงืจ, ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืงืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื•ืœ? ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ืžืกืงื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ืœื›ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืขื™ืกืงื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืง "ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื" ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืกืงื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื•ืžืงืจื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื ื˜ืœื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืงื™ื˜ืฉ ืžืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš, ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื ื”ืœืช ืขืกืง ืชืœื•ื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ื ื˜ืœื• ื›ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” 4 ืœืขื™ืœ โ€“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขื™ืกืงื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ืงื™ื˜ืฉ. ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืขืจื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ืคืœื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืจืขื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจ. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื˜ืขื•, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืขื™ืกืงื”. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื, ืื™ื ื” ืžืขืœื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื”. 8. ื‘ื˜ืจื ืืกื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืื ื™ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช: ืจืืฉื™ืช , ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืงื•ื ื” โ€“ ืจืฉืื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ืขืœื™ื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืื ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ืช ืงื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื–ืœ. ืฉื ื™ืช , ืื™ืœื• ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืกืงืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืจื›ืฉ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืงืจืช ืขืจืš, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื”ืจื”ืจ ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื›ืฉ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘. ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ (ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™) ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื”ืื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื–ื• ืขื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•? ื•ื“ื•ืง: ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืืš ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉืœื™ืš ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ? ืื ืืžื ื ืงื™ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ืงืจื” โ€“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืงื•ื ื” โ€“ ื”ืื ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื”? ื”ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฆื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื”? ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช , ื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ (ืื• ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ืื” ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื•) ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช. ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ, ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืขืœื™. ืื™ืœื• ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืงืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื‘ืื”: ืื ืื›ืŸ ื ืคืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื›ื™ ืื– ืจืฉืื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. ืื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 39 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื›ืœืœื™), ื”ืชืฉืœ"ื’-1973 (ืœื”ืœืŸ โ€“ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื) ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืกืขื™ืฃ 61(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื). ื–ื”ื• ืื™-ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืฉืœื ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืœืžื•ื›ืจ. ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ืžืฉืชื ื”, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ (ืจืื• ื‘ื’"ืฅ 59/80 ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจ-ืฉื‘ืข ื ' ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืค"ื“ ืœื”(1) 828). ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืคืขืœื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื“ื™ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ. ืชื—ื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ. ื™ื—ืก ื–ื” ื ื’ื–ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ (ื’ื–ืœ) ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•, ื•ืืฃ ืœื’ื•ืคื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”. ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื™ ืœืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ, ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ. 9. ืขื“ ื›ื” ืขืกืงื• ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช. ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืื ื™ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—. ืจืืฉื™ืช , ืื™ืœื• ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ื™ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื•ื™' ืื ื’ืœืจื“ ืžื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื–ื”. ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆืจืฃ ื“ืขืชื™ ืœื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืžื•ื”ื ืืฃ ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื˜ืขืžื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ืช ืงื™ื˜ืฉ ื›ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืงืจื”. ืฉื ื™ืช , ืขืžื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื•ื™' ืื ื’ืœืจื“ ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื ื ื“ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ื–ื•: ื”ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ ืžืฉื ื•ื“ืขื• ืœืงื•ื ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” โ€“ ืžื›ื•ื— ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ (ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 39 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืกืขื™ืฃ 61(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื–ื”), ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื (ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื•)? ื”ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ื ื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœืงื•ื ื”? ื•ื“ื•ืง: ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืชื ื’ื•ื“ ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘. ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• โ€“ ื‘ื• ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืชืžื•ื ืช ืงื™ื˜ืฉ โ€“ ืชื”ื ื–ื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ื™ ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ืจื‘ืช ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ. ืื›ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื‘ืช ืขืจืš ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืืฉืจ ื ื’ื ื‘ื” ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ืจื›ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ืืฆืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”. ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ืงื™ื˜ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืงืจืช ืขืจืš ืฉื ื’ื ื‘ื” ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— โ€“ ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ืžืกืชืคืงื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช (ืœืชืžื•ื ืช ืงื™ื˜ืฉ) ื•ืื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืฉืงื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” - ืชื”ื ื–ื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืงืจื”. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ ืืœื” ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื–ื• ืœื–ื•. ื”ืชื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ. 10. ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื”ืื™ืžืจื” ื›ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืจืข. ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืื ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืจื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืข ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื• ื›ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš, ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื•, ืžืงืจื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœื™ โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ โ€“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืง. ืื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘' ื›ื ืขืŸ. ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืชื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืงืจื” ืงืœ. ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ืื ื’ืœืจื“: ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื›ื™ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืžืงืจื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืืœืฅ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืชืฉื›"ื—-1968. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”: "ื”ืื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื™ื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืžืื‘ื“ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื›ืœื™ืœ ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘'ืžืชืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื' ( windfall ) ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ืชืžื•ืจืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืืคืกื™?" ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืคืœื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืขืœ ืฉืืœืชื• ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช? ื•ืืžื ื, ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื”ืœื™ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื–ื ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื” ืžื ื•ืก. ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ืš. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜, ืืœื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื—ืงื™ืงืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื ื”ื ืžื’ืœืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช-ื”ืขืจื›ื™ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื. ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื”, ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืชืฉื›"ื—-1968: ื ืžื›ืจ ื ื›ืก ื ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื•, ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ื ืงื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“, ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืžื›ืจ ืืฃ ืื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ืงื ื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื–ืงืชื• ื‘ืชื•ื-ืœื‘. ืืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืขืœ "ื”ืฆืžืชื™ื" ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื™ื-ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืคื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ืจ, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืžืชื ื”. ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืืคื•ื ืชืžื•ืจื”. ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืืŸ ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœืขืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ? ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจืช "ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ" ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืžื ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื•. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžื›ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžืชื—ืช ืœืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฆื“ ืœื—ื•ื–ื”. ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™: ืื™-ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ-ืขืœ ื–ื”; ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื ื“ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘. ืžื” ืขืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืืœื”? ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืื ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”. ืืกืชืคืง ืืคื•ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•. ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ, ืื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืก ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืกืงืช ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื, ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืื”" ื•ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืœื ืชื™ืฉืžืข ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ืžืฆื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืงื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืื™ื ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืœื™. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื” ื ื›ืก ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื ืจื›ืฉ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืืœื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืงืžื” ืžื›ื•ื— ืคื’ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ื•, ืื ื ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื—ืœื•ืฃ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื”ืจื™ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืกื›ืœ ืืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ื›ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืžื›ืจ ื’ื ื•ื‘, ืœืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืชืžื™ ื”ืœื‘ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ. ืืžื ื, ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื”, ืฉื•ืœืœ ื›ืืŸ ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืืš ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ืฉืืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื”: ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื–ื”ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจืช; ื ื ื™ื— ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื™ืงืจื”, ืืš ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื” ืœื ื“ืจืฉื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืง ืืžื™ืชื™. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืคืกืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื ื“ืจืฉ, ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชื—ืœื•ืฃ. ื”ืื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื‘ื™ืข ืจืฆื•ืŸ? ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืขืœื™ื• ืžืกืชืžืš ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง, ืื™ืŸ, ืœื˜ืขืžื™, ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง, ืืฉืจ ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ืจืขืชื• ื”ืขืจื›ื™ืช. ืื™-ืœื›ืš, ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืื ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื“ืขืชื ื• ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”, ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืื ื™ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชืฉืœื ืœืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ (250 โ‚ช), ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืกื›ื•ื ื–ื” ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืชื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื—ื•ืง. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืชืฉืœื ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 10,000 โ‚ช ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”. ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื™ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ืฆืื” ื–ื• ืชืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืœื• ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืฉืžืขืช. ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ: ื“ื‘ืจื™ื™ ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื™ืงืจืื• ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™. ืื•ื›ืœ ืืคื•ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืžืขืฆืžื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืคืจื•ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื•ึนืช-ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื—ึทื•ึทื•ืช ื“ืขืชื™. ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ืกืš ืžืžื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืชืืจ ื•ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™-ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื ืชื’ืœืขื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™. ื’ื ืืœื” ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื•ื”ื ื›ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืขืจื•ืš. 2. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืง ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• (ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” 10): "ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœื™ - ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ - ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืง. ืื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘' ื›ื ืขืŸ. ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืชื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ." ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืช (ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืœืช) ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™. ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื›ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื•ื›ืขืžื•ื“ ืืฉ ืœื™ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืชื ื• ื”ื“ืจืš, ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื ืžืœื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ื— ืœืคื ื™ื ื• - ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื™ืกื’ืจื•ืช. ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืฆื“ืง ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ืง. ื“ื ืขืงื, ืื ืขืงื ื”ื™ื: ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื”ืžื™ืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื•ืื ื’ืœืจื“ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื”ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืฆื“ืง ืฉืœื”ื ืื™ื ื• ืฆื“ืง? ื”ื ืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง? ื•ืื ื–ื” ืฆื“ืง ื•ื–ื” ืฆื“ืง, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ืง ืœืฆื“ืง - ืžื”ื• ื”ืฆื“ืง? 3. ื›ืš ืืฃ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• (ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” 1) ืžืฆื™ื’ ื”ื•ื - ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืง ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ - ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื™ืžื”: "ื”ืื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื™ื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืžืื‘ื“ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื›ืœื™ืœ ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘"ืžืชืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื" (windfall) ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ืชืžื•ืจืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืืคืกื™?". ืฉืืœืชื• ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืืœื” ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”. ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืขื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื ื’ืœืจื“ (ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื•) ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ื›ืš: "ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืคืœื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืขืœ ืฉืืœืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช?" ื•ื”ื ื”, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื ื’ืœืจื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ. ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืš, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืืฃ ืกื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ (ื”ื’ื ืฉืžืกืงื ืชื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืกืงื ื” ื–ื”ื” ื”ื™ื). ื•ืื ื–ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืขืžื•ื“ ืื ื•ื›ื™ ื•ืืฉืืœ: ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ - ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื™ืŸ? ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื›ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืžืขื•ืคืŸ ืื ื” ื•ืื ื” ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื–ื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•, ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ, ืžืขืœื” ืžื˜ื”, ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืื™ืจื•ืช. ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ืœืื•ืจ - ืžื”ื• ื”ืื•ืจ? 4. ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืฆื•ืจืš, ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื•ื’ื™ืœืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, alias ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—. ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ืชื”, ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื” - ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื - ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžื™ืฉืงืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื ื›ืกื™ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžืจืฉื•ืชื ืฉืœื ืœืจืฆื•ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื—: ืฉืคืขื ื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืชื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ืคืขื ื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง - ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง - ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ืช ืœืจืขื•ืชื”, ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ืžืกื•ื’ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืžื™ืฉื ื”ื•. ืจืื• ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•: ืจืข"ื 2267/95 ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื ' ื”ืจื˜ืคืœื“ , ืค"ื“ ืžื˜ (3) 854, 871 ื•ืื™ืœืš; ืข"ื 4609/99 ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื ื›ืกื™ื (1997) ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ืกื•ื ื“ืจืก , ืค"ื“ ื ื• (6) 832, 847 ื•ืื™ืœืš (ืžืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ). ืจืื• ืขื•ื“: ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช 6 ื•ืื™ืœืš ืœื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื” ืฉื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ, ื‘ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช 13 ื•ืื™ืœืš ืœื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื”. ืื ื•, ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืขืชื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืชืฉื›"ื—-1968: ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง 34. ื ืžื›ืจ ื ื›ืก-ื ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื•, ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ื ืงื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“, ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืžื›ืจ ืืฃ ืื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ืงื ื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื–ืงืชื• ื‘ืชื•ื-ืœื‘. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ืฉืืœืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื•ื–ื›ืื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘' ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื›ื ืขืŸ ืœื’ื“ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื’ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืงื ืช ืฉื•ืง ื–ื•? ื”ืื ื ืคืกื•ืง - ื›ืขืชื™ืจืชื” - ื›ื™ ืงื ืชื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืื•, ื”ืื ื ืคืกื•ืง - ื›ื‘ืงืฉืช ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” - ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช? 5. ื‘ื”ืชืžืœื ืชื ืื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ - ื›ืš ืžื•ืจื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ - ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื•ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื™ืงื ื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื›ืจ. ื‘ืฉืืœืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืชื ืื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื ืชื’ืœืขื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื•ืžื™ืงืฆืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื”ื ืœื ืืขืžื•ื“ ืืœื ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชืžื•ืจื”. 6. ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื ืกื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœ ("ื ืžื›ืจ ื ื›ืก-ื ื“"), ื•ืžื›ืจ ื”ื•ื, ื›ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 1 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, "ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื ื›ืก ืชืžื•ืจืช ืžื—ื™ืจ". ื”ื›ืœ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ "ืžื›ืจ" - ืœื ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœ - ืืœื ืื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ("ืžื—ื™ืจ") ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืžื•ื“ ืชืžื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•? ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืš ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื™ื” ื›- 115,000 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื. ื’ื‘' ื›ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ืกื‘ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช - ื›ืžื•ื” ื›ืžื•ื›ืจืช - ื›ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืคืจื•ื˜ื”, ื•ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื’ื-ื™ื—ื“ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 250 โ‚ช ืกืš-ื”ื›ืœ. ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ื™ ืชืžื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ 250 โ‚ช ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ืจืื•ื™ื” - ืชืžื•ืจื” "ืžืžืฉื™ืช" - ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื (ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื”) ื›ืกื‘ืจืชืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ืžื›ืืŸ: ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” "ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืช" ืฉื™ืœืžื” ื”ื’ื‘' ื›ื ืขืŸ - ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” - ืชืžื•ืจื” ืจืื•ื™ื”, ืชืžื•ืจื” "ืžืžืฉื™ืช", ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืกื’ืจื• ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” "ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืช", ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ 250 โ‚ช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื›ืก ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื• 115,000 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืืฃ-ืœื ืชืžื•ืจื” "ืžืžืฉื™ืช". ืื• ืื—ืจืช: ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ื”ื’ื‘' ื›ื ืขืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืืžืช-ืžื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ex ante ; ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืืžืช-ืžื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ex post ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ื ืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื•, ืžืจืืฉ - ืœืขืช ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื™ืžื›ืจ - ืื• ื”ืื ื ืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื™ืžื›ืจ? ืขืœ ื›ืš ื ื—ืœืงื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™, ืžื™ ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืžื™ ืœื›ืืŸ, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขืช ืฉืื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืžื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืืกึทืคึผึตื— ืขืฆืžื™. 7. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืคืฆื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ื”. ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ืื ื•ืก ืฉืคื ื™ื• ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื›ืืŸ. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืชื™ืฉื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื”, ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช, ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ืช ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืžื”ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื• ื•ื”ืจืข ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื•. ืื•ืžืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื ื’ืœืจื“, ื›ื™ "ื‘ืขืกืงืช ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื, ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 'ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืื”' ื•ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืœื ืชื™ืฉืžืข ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืฆื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•." ืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ ืžื”ืฆื”ืจืช-ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ-ื’ื•ืจืคืช ื–ื•. ื’ื ืื ืืกื›ื™ื ืœืืžื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ "ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืื”" ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื - ื•ืžื™ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื ื™ืกื”, ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืื• ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ืœืงื ื•ืช "ืžืฆื™ืื”" ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื - ื™ื”ื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื ื ืชืืจ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื ื›ืก ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื• 115,000 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 250 โ‚ช ื›"ืžืฆื™ืื”". ืžืขืฉื”-ืžื™ืงื ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ-ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• "ืžืฆื™ืื”". ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืืจื• ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื - ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื - ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืชื—ื•ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื ื” ืžื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืžื” ืฉืฉื™ืœื ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื•. 8. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” - ืงืจื: ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” - ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื "ืžื—ื™ืจ" ื•ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืกืงืช ืžื™ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ืช ืฉื•ืง, ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืจื“ืช ืืœ ืžืขื‘ื” ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืคืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ื–ืืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ: ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• - ืžื”ื™? ื•ืžืฉื ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื• ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข - ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืื•ืชื” ืชื›ืœื™ืช - ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“: ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ืื—ืช ืชื•ืจื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื•ื›ื™ ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ ex ante . ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื "ืกืคืง ืื ื ื“ืจืฉืช 'ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช' ืœืžื›ืจ ... (ื•) ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื“ื“ ืœืคื™ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“". ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ืชื•ืจื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืขื™ืŸ-ื–ื• ืœื ืชืงื•ื ื•ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืงื ืช ืฉื•ืง ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื ื™ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืžื›ืจ. ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™, ืืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”. 9. ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื•ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉืงืœ-ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื• ืœื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืชื’ืœื’ืœื• ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื•. ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉื™ืื‘ื“ ืืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ - ืฉืœื ืœืจืฆื•ื ื• - ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืื ื• ืืคื•ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ืœื›ืืŸ ืื• ืœื›ืืŸ. ื›ืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื™ืจืงื•ืช, ื›ืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™-ืขืจืš. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืจื›ืฉ ื ื›ืก ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื— ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื• - ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื - ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื•ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื”. ืืฉืจ ืœืื™ืคื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืกืงืช ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื’ื•ืคื” - ืื•ืชื” ืขื™ืกืงื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื—ื” ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก: ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื—ื•ืง - ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืง - ืžืขื™ืงืจื• ื•ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ื•ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืกื’ืจื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืงืจื” ื”"ืžืžื•ืฆืข" ("ืžืžื•ืฆืข" ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘-ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”"ืกื‘ื™ืจ"); ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ; ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื›ื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื ื•ืกื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืขืฆืžื” - ื•ืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” - ืขืœ ืขื™ืกืงืช ืจื›ื™ืฉื” "ืจื’ื™ืœื”". "ืจื’ื™ืœื”", ืงืจื: ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื”, ื•ืœืžืขื˜ ืื•ืชื ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ (ื ื›ืก-ื ื“, ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ืก, ืžื”ืœืš ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื, ืชื•ื-ืœื‘ ื•ื›ื•'), ืฉื’ื ืื•ืชื ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”"ืžืžื•ืฆืข". ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ืขื™ืกืงื” ืชื”ื ืขื™ืกืงื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื’ื ืื ื”ืชื•ืืจ "ืžืฆื™ืื”" ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืจื ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื—ืก ืขืœื•ืช-ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืคืงื™ืข ืขืฆืžื• ืžื’ื™ื“ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืžืฆื™ืื”". ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื ื” ืฉืขืฉื” ืขื™ืกืงื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” - ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื— - ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ื•ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืงื•ืคืฅ ืขืœื™ื• ืจื•ื’ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื˜ืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื™ื“ื•. ืขืœ ืงื•ื ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ-ื–ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื”ื’ืŸ. ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจื›ืฉ ื ื›ืก ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-100,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ 250 โ‚ช. ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฆื“ืง ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื ื›ืก ื›ึผึฐื–ึถื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืชืœื” ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” "ืžืžืฉื™ืช"; ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ื-ืœื‘ ืœืขืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื”; ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœื” ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืื—ืจ; ืžืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื— ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื - ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžึทื›ึผึถื” ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ - ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื ื“ืข, ื›ืš ื“ื•ืžื” ืขืœื™ื™, ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืฉืชื”ื ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•-ืึทื™ึดืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื• ื•ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžึทื›ึผึถื”. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื›ืชื ืื™ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™-ืึทื™ึดืŸ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืžื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ; ื•ื›ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื” ื•ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ืฉื•ืง; ื›ืœ ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืืœื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื - ืžื ื™ืคืกื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช - ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื” ืžืชื•ื›ื”. ื›ืœ ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืืœ ืžืขื‘ื” ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื‘ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืจืง ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืชืงื•ื ื•ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืชืงื ืช ืฉื•ืง. ื•ืื•ืชื• ืขื™ืงืจ ื™ืœืžื“ื ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื›ื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžืงืจื™ื "ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื" ื•ืœื ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™-ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื›ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•. 10. ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืชืงื ืช ืฉื•ืง ืงืžื” ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช - ื•ื›ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืžื›ืš, ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื”ื ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื’ื‘' ื›ื ืขืŸ ืจื›ืฉื” ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืžื“ืžื™ื ืงื ื™ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ืช ืฉื•ืง, ื•ืœื• ืฉืœื-ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข, ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืžื ื•, ืžืขื™ืŸ fait accompli ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืชื•. ืืœื ืฉื”ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™, ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”. ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืคื™ืคื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ืขืฆื‘ ืขื•ืœื ื–ื” - ื›ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง -ืขืœ-ืืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง, ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื•. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืง 11. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืง, ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืœืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืœืคื™ืขื ื•ื— ืœื ืชื™ืคืชืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ืจื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืœื“ื™ื“ื, ื ืคืœื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ืืฃ ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ื ืœื›ืช ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืขื ื›ื™ "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” [ืฉื ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•]" (ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” 13 ืœื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื•); ื›ื™ "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื”, ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช" (ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” 14 ืœื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื•); ื›ื™ "[]ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืจื—ื•ืง. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื—" (ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” 2 ืœื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื•); ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ืžืฉืžืกื™ืงื™ื ื”ื ืฉื”ื™ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ื”ื ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช. 12. ืื•ืžืจ ื•ืืชื•ื•ื“ื”: ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื”ื™ืงืฉื• ืขืœื™ื™. ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื ืชืงืฉื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื˜ืขื ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืš ืงืฆืจื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืœืš ื‘ื” ื•ืชื—ืชื™ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืœื”ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื‘ืงืขื•ืช. ืœืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื: ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ืกื›ื ืžื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง "ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ื ืงื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“, ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ...". ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื•; ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืื“ื ื ื•ืกืฃ: ืœื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืืฃ ืœื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื; ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื ื• ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ืžื™ืงื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื. ืื›ืŸ, ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื ื›ืก ืžื ื›ืกื™ื•, ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื ื• ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื "ืืฃ ืื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• [ืœืงื•ื ื”]". ื•ืื•ืœื, ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ื–ื›ื•ืช ื ืขืœื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื•, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ (ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช). ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืืฃ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืงืœ-ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ: ืฉืื ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื— ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืช-ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ึทื›ึผื•ึนืช ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ - ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื‘ื ื›ืก - ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืฉืœืืžื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก, ืœื ืชึผึทื›ึผึถื”? ื™ืชืจ-ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ: ื’ื ืื ืืžืจื ื• ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืชืงื•ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ืœืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื—, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ื•ืจื ื™ ืฉืงื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื— ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื ืขืœื” ืœื ืืš ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืืœื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืืฃ-ื”ื•ื. 13. ืื›ืŸ, ืื ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืง ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• - ื•ื‘ืžืœื•ืื - ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—, ื›ื™-ืื– ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ืื ื• ืžืžื™ืœื ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืคืจื™ืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืื ืืœื” ื”ื ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื– ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื•ืื ื’ืœืจื“ ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื•ืขืœ-ื›ืš ืืงืฉื”: ื ื ื™ื— ืœืจื’ืข-ืงื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื˜ืขืชื” ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื; ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื™ื“ืขื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืŸ, ืืš ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื“ื—ื•ืงื” ื‘ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื—ืฉื“, ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ืขื™ืกืงืช ื”ืžื™ืžื›ืจ ืขื ื’ื‘' ื›ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ 250 โ‚ช, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืืฃ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื›ืš; ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ 5,000 โ‚ช (ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื). ืœื• ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ื•ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘' ื›ื ืขืŸ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžืขื™ืŸ-ื–ื”, ื”ืื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ืžื•ืชื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื‘' ื›ื ืขืŸ? ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืœืฉืืœื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืง (ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” 9 ืœื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื•) ืžื–ืขื™ืง ืœืขื–ืจื” ืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ื-ื”ืœื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžึทืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ ื‘ืžืื•ื“). ื•ืื ื™ ืืฉืืœ: ืžื” ืœื ื• ืฉื ื‘ื™ื ืžืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืœื—ืžื ื• ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืžื–ื•ืžื ืช ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืฃ-ื™ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืžื” ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ื-ื”ืœื‘, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ืงื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื— ื›ืชืžื•ืจื” "ืžืžืฉื™ืช"? 14. ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื ืชืงืฉื™ืชื™ ื•ืœื ืื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”-ื˜ืขื ื”ื™ืœื›ืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง - ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื›ืจื•ื—ื” - ืœื ืชืกื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื™ืชืจ-ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ: ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขืžืงืชื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืŸ ื ืฉืชื›ื ืขืชื™ ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ื›ื™ ื›ืœื™-ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ื›ืœื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื”ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืืฃ-ื”ื™ื. ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ - ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืง ืขื™ืžื• - ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขื™ืžื” ื ืคืœื• ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช; ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช; ื›ื™ "ืืœืžืœื ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืงืฉืจืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืžื•ืจื” 250 โ‚ช"; ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจืข ื›ืš, "ื–ื›ืื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ื”ืกืขื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื" (ืคื™ืกืงื” 22 ืœื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ). ืืฉืจ ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืš (ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” 36 ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื•): "ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™. ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”." ืืฉืจ-ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ: "ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืง ืœื”ื™ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”". ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื (ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” 8 ืœื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื•) ื›ื™ "ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ - ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืงื•ื ื” - ืจืฉืื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ืขืœื™ื". 15. ืืงื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ - ืืงื‘ืœื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื ื•ืœื• ื›ื”ื ื—ืช-ืžื•ืฆื - ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืš ืืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืืฉืืœ: ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื”? ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืชื ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื - ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื - ื›ื™ ื ืขื“ืจืช ืžืขื™ืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืืฉืจ-ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง? ืื›ืŸ, ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ ื’ื ืื ื•ื›ื™, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืื ื• ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื›ืจืขืชื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• "ืคืขืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™" ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ. ื–ื” ื”ืžืกื“ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื. ืืœื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกื“ ื–ื” ืžื™ื‘ื ื” ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื ื™ (ื›ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื˜ืœ) ื‘ื•ื ื” ืื ื™ - ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืกื“ ืขืฆืžื• - ืžื™ื‘ื ื” ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืจื›ืฉืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—. ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืชื™ ืžื™ื‘ื ื” ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ืœืžื™ืฉื ื”ื•, ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช - ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ื ืฉืืฃ ืœืคื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืœืคืฉื˜ื•ืช - ืืœื ืฉืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ืœืขืช ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื - ื ืกื›ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื• - ื‘ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ืžืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื ืขื“ืจื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ืจ; ื•ื›ืžืกืงื ื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืžื›ืืŸ, ื›ื™ ื’ื‘' ื›ื ืขืŸ ืœื ืจื›ืฉื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช; ืžืชื™ื™ืชืจื•ืช ืžืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ - ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช - ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืืœ ืฉืœื”ื. ื™ืชืจ-ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ: ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืงื•ื“ึตื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช; ืฉื’ื‘' ื›ื ืขืŸ ืœื ืจื›ืฉื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืœืขืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืกืงื” - ืืฃ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืขืœ-ื›ืš ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ - ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ืขืฉื” ืจืง ืœื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื™ื” ืืคื•ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืžืขื™ืงืจื• ืœื ื”ื™ืงื ื” ืœื’ื‘' ื›ื ืขืŸ ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ. 16. ืœื”ืกืจืช ืขื ื ื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืขื•ื“ ื–ืืช: ืื™ื ื ื™ ื‘ื ื‘ืจื™ื‘ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื‘ื ื” ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื ื”: ืœื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื–ื”, ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื›ืจ ืœื”ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ืงืฆืจื” ื•ืงืฆืจื”. ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ืœื›ืชื™. 17. ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ - ืชื•ืจื”. ืืฉืจ ืœืงืžื—, ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจืขืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืขืชื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื” ืœืคื™ืกืงื” 36 ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ, ืœืืžื•ืจ: ืฉื•ืžื” ืขืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘' ื›ื ืขืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช - ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ืงืชื” - ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื’ื‘' ื›ื ืขืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช (250 โ‚ช) ืฆืžื•ื“ ื•ื ื•ืฉื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืกืš ืฉืœ 10,000 ืฉ"ื—. ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ: ืจืงืข 1. ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืฉืžืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ (ืœื”ืœืŸ โ€“ "ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื"), ืฉืื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœื• ืœ"ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื" ื•ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง (ืœื”ืœืŸ โ€“ "ื”ืงื•ื ื”") ืžื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื—ืจืช ืจื•ื›ืœืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ืง (ืœื”ืœืŸ โ€“ "ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช"), ืชืžื•ืจืช 250 ืฉ"ื— ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืจื›ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” 115,000$. ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื? ื–ื• - ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช โ€“ ืื•ืžืจืช: ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™; ื•ื–ื• - ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” (ืœื”ืœืŸ โ€“ "ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”") ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืืช ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ โ€“ "ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื") โ€“ ืื•ืžืจืช: ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™. ืฉืืœื” ื–ืืช ื”ื•ืขืžื“ื” ืœื”ื›ืจืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” (ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฆ' ื' ื˜ืœ ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™) ื‘ืข"ื 5664/93 ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื›ื ืขืŸ ื ' United States of America , ืค"ื“ ื ื(1) 114 (ืœื”ืœืŸ โ€“ "ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืขืŸ "), ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื›ืจืขืชื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื”. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื ืขื•ืฅ ืคืชืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ("ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง") ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื”ืชืฉื›"ื— โ€“ 1968 (ืœื”ืœืŸ โ€“ "ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ") ื•ืจืง ื‘ื”. ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ - ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื ื’ื ื‘ ืžืžื ื•, ืื• ืฉืื‘ื“ ืœื• - ืœื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ื” ืฉืจื›ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื•, ืื• ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• (ืื’ื‘, ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช", ื•ืœื "ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช"; ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืขื ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืœืงื•ื ื” ืžื•ืคืงืขืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ืื™ื ื” "ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช"). 2. ื•ืืœื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื ื ื•: ื‘ืฉื ืช 1980 ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืคื“ืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื‘ื“ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ืืช ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืกืš 100,000$. ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 15,000$, ืœืคื™ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืคื“ืจืืœื™ืช. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืœ"ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื", ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืจื›ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ื‘ืชื™ื•ื•ื›ื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ื—ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ 250 ืฉ"ื—. ื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื. ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืงื ืžืžืกื’ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื›ื ืขืŸ โ€“ ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” โ€“ ืžื“ื‘ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” "ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ" ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžืงื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื ื• ืืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื” ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ืื– ืคื ื• ืืœ ืื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื™ื”ืชื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื ื’ืœ ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ 3. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ (ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืื™ืจ), ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ื 11.9.93, ืงื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื: ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ; ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืชื’ืœื•; ื•ืžื›ื•ื— ืฉื™ืคื•ื™, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ืขื•ื“ ืงื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื ืฉืชื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื›ืจ, ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉ"ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง" ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืงื•ื ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื. ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ 4. ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื–ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื•: "ื ืžื›ืจ ื ื›ืก-ื ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื•, ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ื ืงื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“, ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืžื›ืจ ืืฃ ืื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ืงื ื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื–ืงืชื• ื‘ืชื•ื-ืœื‘". ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื ื“ื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ: ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” (ื”ื ืœืžื“ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื ืžื›ืจ"); "ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง- - -"; "ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ"; "[ื”]ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื•"; "ืงื ื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ- - - ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘". ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืกื‘ืจื• ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขืจื›ื ืคืขื•ื˜ ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 250 ืฉ"ื— ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช. ืื•ืœื, ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื ืคืœื’ื• ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื - ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ - ืฉื‘ื”ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ืชืจ ื”ืชื ืื™ื. ืืฉืจ ืœืชืžื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ (ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืฆ' ื' ื˜ืœ) ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืœืžืช ืืช ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก. ืืฉืจ ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืขืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ "ื”ืกื•ื’" ื”ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื•ื ืœื™ื‘ื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”: "ืžื”ื• ื”"ืžืžื›ืจ" ืฉื‘ื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ, ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”"ืชืžื•ืจื”" ื•ื”"ืกื•ื’"? ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื• ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ "ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง", ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”. ื–ื”ื• ื” ืžืžื›ืจ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจื— ืชืžื™ื ืฉื ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื•ืืœื” ื”ืกื•ื’ ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืขืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”. ืœื ืชืžื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ืกื•ื’ ื”"ื’ืœื•ืžื™ื" ื‘ ืžืžื›ืจ , ืœื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•, ืœื ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืืœื ืกื•ื’ื• ื•ืชืžื•ืจืชื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืœื”" (ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืขืŸ , ื‘ืขืž' 139) . ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฆ' ื' ื˜ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’, ื•ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื”; ืœืืžื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ืชื ืื™ ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืงื•ื ื”. ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ 5. ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืžื™ืงื“ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื ื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ; ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื ืื™ ื” ืชืžื•ืจื” , ืชื ืื™ ื” ืกื•ื’ ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ . ืงื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื˜ื˜ื•, ื‘ืจื‘ ืื• ื‘ืžืขื˜, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืขืŸ . ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ 6. ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืจื”ืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื ื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืื ื•ื›ื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืขืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืขืŸ . ื›ืžื• ืฉืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื, ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืขืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจืขื” ื”ืŸ: ื) ื”ืื ื ื‘ื—ื ืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ืก ืœืคื™ ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ "ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง", ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ื ืช ืœืคื™ ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ , ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ; ื‘) ื”ืื "ืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ" ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ื• ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ "ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง", ืื• ืกื•ื’ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ , ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ืขืœ ื›ืš ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™: "ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ - ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” , ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ - ื”ื ื ืฉืžืช ืืคื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ - - -. ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืœืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ, ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ืงื ื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืœื—ื–ืงืชื• ื‘ืชื•ื-ืœื‘, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘, ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื•ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•. ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืงื™ืจืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ื›ืก ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื” ืœืงื•ื ื” ืงืœื” ื›ื”ื‘ืœ ืคื”, ืžื—ื“ ื’ื™ืกื, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื—ืŸ ื•ืžืžื›ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ ื›ืขื•ืคืจืช, ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื. ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื–ืืช ืžืฉืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช. ืžื”ื• ื”"ืžืžื›ืจ" ืฉื‘ื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ, ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”"ืชืžื•ืจื”" ื•ื”"ืกื•ื’"? ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื• ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ "ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง", ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”. ื–ื”ื• ื” ืžืžื›ืจ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจื— ืชืžื™ื ืฉื ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื•ืืœื” ื”ืกื•ื’ ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืขืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”. ืœื ืชืžื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ืกื•ื’ ื”"ื’ืœื•ืžื™ื" ื‘ ืžืžื›ืจ , ืœื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•, ืœื ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืืœื ืกื•ื’ื• ื•ืชืžื•ืจืชื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืœื”. - - - ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื-ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขืžื“ื ื• ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื’ึดื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—. ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” - ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืง ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช - ื‘ืื™ืกืคืงืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ืชื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ ื“ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ. ืื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืœ ืืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ. ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืคื’ื™ืขืชื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืคื—ื•ืช. ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช" (ื“ื‘ืจึทื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืขืŸ , ื‘ืขืž' 139). 7. ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช "ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช" ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื "ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื“ืง" ืขื ื”ืงื•ื ื” โ€“ ื•ืจืง ืื™ืชื• โ€“ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื ื™ื— ืขืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื ืืช ื”"ืฆื“ืง" ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”"ืฆื“ืง" ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื ื‘ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 53 ("ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช") ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ (ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ) ืชืฉื›"ื— โ€“ 1968, ืœืคื™ื• "ื‘ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืœ ื’ื–ืœ ืชื”ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื ืชื‘ืข, ืื ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื-ืœื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืชืฉื›"ื—-1968". ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฆื ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™; ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื“ืขืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื ื”ื ื›ืก ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื•. ื›ืš, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืกืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื’ื ื‘ ื”ื ื›ืก ืžืžื ื• ืื• ืื‘ื“ ืœื• (ืจืื• ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ "ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”" ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“ (ืชืฉืœ"ื”) 245, 252 - 253; ืจ' ื’ื•ืจื™ "ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื—" ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ (ืชืฉืœ"ื‘) 92, 97 - 103). ืืžืจื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืช ืืคื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘"ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง" ืฉื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื›ืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 10 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ืชืฉื›"ื˜ - 1969 (ืœื”ืœืŸ โ€“ "ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ") ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ "ืชืงื ืช ืฉื•ืง" ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ: "ืžื™ ืฉืจื›ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ื‘ืชื•ื-ืœื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื, ื™ื”ื ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื™ืคื” ืืฃ ืื ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ". ื›ืš ืืžืจืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืกืขื™ืฃ: "ืกืขื™ืฃ 10 ื™ื•ืฆืจ, ืืคื•ื, ืžืขื™ืŸ "ืชืงื ืช ืฉื•ืง" ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื• - ืฉืขื™ืงืจื (ืื•, ืฉื‘ืœื™ื‘ื) ืชื•ื ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉ - ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช" (ื”ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ โ€“ ื™"ื˜) (ืข"ื 4609/99 ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื ื›ืกื™ื (1997) ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ืกื•ื ื“ืจืก , ืค"ื“ ื ื•(6) 832, 847 (ืœื”ืœืŸ โ€“ "ืขื ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื ื“ืจืก ")). (ื™ื•ืขืจ ื›ืืŸ, ื›ื™ ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืจื•ืžื– ืกืขื™ืฃ 10 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื). ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ืก. ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 10 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ (ืจืื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืž"ืž ื”ื ืฉื™ื (ื›ืชื•ืืจื• ืื–) ืž' ืœื ื“ื•ื™ ื‘ืข"ื 599/77 ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืงื•ืจืฆืคืœื“ ื ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื“ืœืจ , ืค"ื“ ืœื“(2) 29, 33). ืœื ื›ืš ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ืืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—, ื•ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื˜ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” (ืขื ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื ื“ืจืก , ื‘ืขืž' 849). ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” 8. ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืฉื•ืœืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื‘ื›ืš ืกืžื›ื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืž' ืžืื•ื˜ื ืจ, ื‘ืžืืžืจื• M.Mautner, โ€œโ€The Eternal Triangles of the Lawโ€ Toward a Theory of Priorities in Conflicts Involving Remote Partiesโ€ 90 Michigan Law Review (1991-1992) 95. . ืœื“ืขืชื•, ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช: ื”ืื—ืช - ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืื“ื ื”ื—ื•ืฉื“ ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื ื›ืก ื™ืžื ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืงื ื™ื”; ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืชื•ื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ืฉื ื™ื” โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜, ื‘ืื” ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื ื›ืก ื•ืฉืœื™ืœืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืจื™ืืœื™, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืฉืœื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ืžืงื•ื ื” ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ื• ื”ืืžืชื™, ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ืคืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ืกื‘ื•ืจื ื™ ืฉื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื›ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” โ€“ ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฆื ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ - ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื• ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ื‘ืื™ื ืื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง, ืืคื•ื, ืจืง ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืคืกื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื™ ื’ืจื ืœื”ืคืกื“ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื›ื–ื›ื•ืจ, ื”ื‘ืขืชื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ืก ื ื‘ื—ื ืช ืœืคื™ ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ "ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง", ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืืžืชื™ , ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืกื‘ืจื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช. ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžื”, ืืคื•ื, ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” (ืจืื• ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื”, ืชืฉื "ื—, ื›ืจืš ื‘) 1146 ื”"ืฉ 355 ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ืืช. ื•ื”ืฉื•ื• ื—' ื“ื’ืŸ "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—" ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืกืžืŸ, ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืกืžืŸ (ืฉ' ืœืจื ืจ ื•ื“' ืœื•ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ-ื–ืžื™ืจ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื, ืชืฉืก"ื‘) 15, 40; ื™' ืฆื™ื ื’ืœืื•ื‘ "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง: ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืŸ" ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืœื (ืชืฉืก"ื) 837, 880 โ€“ 882 (ืœื”ืœืŸ โ€“ "ืฆื™ื ื’ืœืื•ื‘")). ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื™ืฉืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ืขืžื™ื: ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘; ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœื–ืจื™ืžืช ืžืกื—ืจ ืชืงื™ื ื”. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” โ€“ ืฉืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ โ€“ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื, ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืžื›ืจ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื”. ืงื•ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื™ืจืชืข ืžืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื›ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ืงืจื™ ืขืจืš ื•ืื– ื™ืื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื. ื•ืžื™ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืงื“ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื” ื‘ืชืงื•ื” ื›ืžื•ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืจื™ื˜ ื™ืงืจ ืขืจืš, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื ื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ืžื ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืžื’ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืืœื•ืช... ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืžืฆื™ืื”? ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ืจื‘ ื•ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืกื—ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™. 9. ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื™ืฉืชื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืžืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื ืœืžื“ ื”ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื ืžื›ืจ" ื”ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ, ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช "ืžื›ืจ" ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 1 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ: "ืžื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื ื›ืก ืชืžื•ืจืช ืžื—ื™ืจ" (ื”ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ โ€“ ื™"ื˜). ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื ื›ื ืก, ืืคื•ื, ืœืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉื˜, ืืœื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืžื–; ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืœื™, ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื“ื•ื—ืง. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžืฉืœื ื ืงื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉืช " ืชืžื•ืจื”" โ€“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ืงื ืžืžืฉื™ืช - ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืกืงื•ืช ื—ืกื“ ืœืขืกืงื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืกืงื•ืช ืžืชื ื” ืœืขืกืงื•ืช ืžื›ืจ (ื”ืฉื•ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ืžืœืฅ ื‘ืข"ื 109/87 ื—ื•ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ื—ืกืŸ ื•ืื—' ื•ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ , ืค"ื“ ืžื–(5) 1, 21 โ€“ 25; ืฉื‘ื• ื“ื•ื‘ืจ, ืืžื ื, ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 10 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 17 ืœื—ื•ืง ื ื›ืกื™ ื ืคืงื“ื™ื, ืชืฉ"ื™ - 1950. ื•ื”ืฉื•ื• ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 5 ("ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง") ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›"ื– โ€“ 1967; ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื ื›ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืกืงื•ืช ืžืชื ื” ืœืขืกืงื•ืช ืžื›ืจ ืจืื• ื™' ื•ื™ืกืžืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืŸ, ืชืฉื›"ื– โ€“ 1967 โ€“ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ื’' ื˜ื“ืกืงื™ ืขื•ืจืš, ืชืฉืœ"ื”) 157). ืชื ืื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ 10. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืืœื ืฉืฉื ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื›ื“ืขืชื™. ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ ืกื•ื’ื• ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ "ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง", ื•ืœื ื‘ ืกื•ื’ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ , ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” "ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ "ื”ืืžื™ืชื™" ื˜ื•ืžื ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืจืขื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื˜ื™ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื”ืขืจื›ืชื ืื™ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื›ืžื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช. ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ: "ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื, ืœื ืคืขื, ืขื ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ื™ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืœื™, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืคื ื” ื—ื•ืœืคืช ื•ืืฃ ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžื˜ืขืžื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉ. ืขื•ื“ ืจืื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™-ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ืฉืขืจื›ื ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืจืงื™ืข ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืคืš. ืœื›ืŸ ืงืฉื”, ื•ืืฃ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืžื•ืช-ืžื™ื“ื” ืœ"ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื•" ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื›"ื–ื•ืœ" ืœืขื•ืžืช "ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื•" ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื›"ื™ืงืจ"" (ื“ื‘ืจึทื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืขืŸ , ื‘ืขืž' 140). ืœืื•ืจ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื, ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ื ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื’ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœื• ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืกื•ืฃ. ืขืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ 11. ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ ืœืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืฉืœื•. ืžืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง" ืฉืื•ืžืฅ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืืฃ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืื™ื ื” ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืขื ืžืชืŸ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœืงื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ื ื›ืก. ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื: "- - - ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืงื— ืžืžื ื• ืฉื•ื” ืžืื” ื‘ืžืืชื™ื ืื• ืฉื•ื” ืžืืชื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช [ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ โ€“ ื™"ื˜] ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง - - -" (ืจืžื‘"ื, ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”, ื”, ื–. ื•ืจืื• ื’ื ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž, ืฉื ื•, ื—; ื' ืฉื˜ืจื•ื–ืžืŸ "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง" ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืœื“ (ืชืฉืž"ื‘) 353, 355 โ€“ 356). ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื”ืชืงื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ื™', ื’'): "ื”ืžื›ื™ืจ ื›ืœื™ื• ื•ืกืคืจื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื ืœื• ืฉื ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื™ืฉื‘ืข ืœื• ืœื•ืงื— ื›ืžื” ื ืชืŸ ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืœ. ื•ืื ืœืื• ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื ื•. ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืžื›ืจืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื•ืœืงื—ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื•". ื•ื ืชื‘ืืจื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืš: " ื”ืžื›ื™ืจ ื›ืœื™ื• ื•ืกืคืจื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ืจ - ืžืฆื ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœื™ื• ืื• ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื’ื ื‘ื• ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ ืžื”ื, ื•ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉืงื ื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ื•ื™ืฆื ืœื• ืฉื ื’ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ - ืื ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืžืฆืื ืืฆืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื ืงื•ืœ ืฉื ื’ื ื‘ื• ืžืžื ื• ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื™ืฉื‘ืข ืœื• ื”ืœื•ืงื— - ื™ื™ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, ื”ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœืงื— ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ื›ืžื” ื ืชืŸ - ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืœื ื‘ืขื“ื, ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืœ - ืžืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืœื, ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืกืคืจื™ื. ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ, ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืœื ื‘ืœื ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื“ืžื™ื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœืงื—ื ืžื”ื’ื ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ืื•ืฉ, ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืœื ืงื ืื, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื• "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง" , ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื™ืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืžื ืข ืื“ื ืžืœื™ืฉื ื•ืœื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื ื’ื ื‘, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”, ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ืืœื ื‘ื“ืžื™ื" (ื”ืจื‘ ืค' ืงื”ืชื™, ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืืจื•ืช ืงื”ืชื™ (ืชืฉื "ื‘) ืกื“ืจ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื›ืจืš ื'). ืชื•ื ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ืžืชื ืื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ืœืฉื ื‘ื“ื™ืงืชื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืžื’ื ื‘ "ืžืคื•ืจืกื" ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืžื’ื ื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• "ืžืคื•ืจืกื", ืฉื›ืŸ ื ื™ ืชืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉืจื•ื›ืฉ ืžื’ื ื‘ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœื• ื›ื™ ืื ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื’ื ื•ื‘ (ืจืžื‘"ื, ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”, ื”, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž, ืฉื ื•, ื‘. ื•ืจืื• ื’ื ื ' ืจืงื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ (ืชืฉืž"ื—) 51 โ€“ 67). ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื•ื ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ โ€“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืžื™ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ืžื™ื•. ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ: "- - - ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืœืงื— ืฉื•ื” ืžืืชื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ืœื ืืžืจื™' ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื–ื‘ื ื• ื›"ื› ื‘ื–ื•ืœ ืืœื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืฉืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืขื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ืื• ื›ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืคืฅ ื›ื–ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘ื ืขืœ ื“ืžื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ืž"ื” [ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื›ื™ โ€“ ื™"ื˜] ืขืฉื• ื‘ื• ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง" (ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื•ืœืง ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืžืื™ืจืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื" ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž ืฉื ื•, ื— ืก"ืง ื›ื. ื•ืจืื• ื’ื ืจืžื‘"ื, ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”, ื”, ื–; ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž, ืฉื ื•, ื—, ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ). ืื•ืœื "- - - ืื ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืžืงื— ื”ืฉื•ื” ืื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ื” ืœื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื–ื” ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื“ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืขืจืžื” ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ืœืคื™ ืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื”" (ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื—ื•"ืž, ืฉื ื•, ื™ื). ื”ืขืจื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง: ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ โ€“ ืžื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ? 12. ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืขืŸ ืืžืจืชื™, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง, ื›ื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื—ื‘ืจื™, ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื (ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืขืŸ , ื‘ืขืž' 140). ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืขื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืงื•ื ื” ื–ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืงืฉื” (ืจืื• ื“ื‘ืจึทื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื ื“ืจืก, ื‘ืขืž' 848 - 849), ืื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช; ื•ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข. ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืชื ืœื‘ ืขืกืงื™ื ืŸ ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื; ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื "ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื" (ืจืื•, ื' ื–ืžื™ืจ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืชืฉื›"ื— โ€“ 1968 โ€“ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ื’' ื˜ื“ืกืงื™ ืขื•ืจืš, ืชืฉืž"ื–) 679). ืขื™ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื›ื•ืฉื• ื ื’ื ื‘, ืœื›ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืง ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœื™ืชืŸ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืงื ื™ื™ืช ื ื›ืก ืžืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœืžื•ื›ืจื•. ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื›ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ืกืคื•, ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืชืžื™ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก; ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ืง ื•ื™ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื•. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื–ื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ื•ืืช ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืกื›ื•ืŸ (ืจืื• ื‘' ืžื“ื™ื ื” "ื”ืขื“ืคืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืœืฉื ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื™ื“ืข" ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื” (ืชืฉืก"ื) 117), ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขื ื”ืื—ื“ ื•ืœื ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™. ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฆื“ืง. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•, ืฉื‘ื”, ืืœื™ื‘ื ื“ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช, ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ โ€“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” (ื”ืฉื•ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจึทื™ ื‘ืข"ื 6222/97 ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืœ (1993) ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ื”ืจื›ืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืื—' , ืค"ื“ ื ื‘(3) 145, 166 - 168). (ื™ื•ืขืจ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื”ืคืงืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืงืจ" ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ (ืจืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื—' ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“"ื  22/73 ื™ื’ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื—ืจ ื ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื—ืœื‘ , ืค"ื“ ื›ื—(2) 89, 100; ื—' ื”' ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ (ืชืฉื "ื‘) 106, 276 โ€“ 277. ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืื• ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช (ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ' ื™' ื–ื•ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจืš, ืชืฉื›"ื‘) ื›ืจืš ื™' ืขืž' ืฆื”, ืขืจืš "ื”ืคืงืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ"; ืข' ืจื“ื–ื™ื ืจ "ื”ืคืงืจ ื‘ื™ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืงืจ โ€“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื™ื" ืกื™ื“ืจื ื˜ื– (ืชืฉ"ืก) 111; ืฆื™ื ื’ืœืื•ื‘ , ื‘ืขืž' 855 - 856)). ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจ 13. ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขื•ืžื“ ืื ื™ ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืขืŸ . ื ื™ืชื ื” "ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช" ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื; ืืžื ื, ืœืคื™ ืขืจื›ื ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ื ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื”: ื›ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื ืจื›ืฉื™ื ื‘"ืฉื•ืง ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื" ื•ืœื ื›ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ื”ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืขื™ืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืขืจืš. ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืžืžื™ ืฉืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื“ื™ืžื•, ื•ืœื ื›ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ ืขืจืš. ื‘ื›ืš ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื›ืœ ืชื ืื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ (ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืขืŸ , ื‘ืขืž' 139 โ€“ 140) . ืื™ืœื• ื ืฉืžืขื” ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืขืชื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื•ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ โ€“ ืžื ื™ืžื•ืงึทื™ ื•ืžื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ืื ื’ืœืจื“ - ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื. ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื”ืคืขื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืขืŸ , ื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™, ืžืกื›ื™ื ืื ื›ื™ ืœื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ โ€“ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœื™ืชืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• - ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืฉืœื ืœืขื•ืชืจืช ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 250 ืฉ"ื—, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืกื›ื•ื ื–ื” ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืชื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื—ื•ืง ื•ื›ืŸ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 10,000 ืฉ"ื—, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืชืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื—ืกืจื•ื ื”. ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ: 1. ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื” (ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช) ืœืกื•ื—ืจืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง (ื”ืงื•ื ื”) ืชืžื•ืจืช 250 โ‚ช ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืจืš - ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ - ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 115,000$, ืฉื ื’ื ื‘ื• ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. ืœืžื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื, ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื - ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืœืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื”ื - ืื• ืœืงื•ื ื”? ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืฉื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื—ืœื” ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืงื ืชื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื. ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืœืขืžื“ืชื™, ื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืœื ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ื•ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ืžืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™. 2. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืชื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืชืงืฃ, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ื›ื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืื™ื ื” ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ืฉืชื›ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืœ ืžื“ืขื™ืงืจื ืืœื ืืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื‘ื˜ืœื•. ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœืœ ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื”ืฉืชื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืจื›ืฉื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื’ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื. ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชืคืฆืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช. ืชื•ืฆืืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื–ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื›ื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš. ืืœื” ืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื ืœืžื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืชื ืื™ื” ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืชื ืื™ื” ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืจื›ืฉื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจื›ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืชื”. ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ื’ื ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ืขืฉื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืžืœื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ืชืคื™ืกืชื•. ืจืื•: ืข' ื’ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคืฃ "ื™ื—ืกื™ ืงื•ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™", ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“' (ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜) 202 (ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื’ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคืฃ "ื™ื—ืกื™ ืงื•ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ"); ื—' ื“ื’ืŸ "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—", ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืกืžืŸ (ืชืฉืก"ื‘) 15; ื™' ืฆื™ื’ื ืœืื•ื‘ "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง: ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืŸ", ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืœื(4) (ืชืฉืก"ื) 837 (ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืฆื™ื’ื ืœืื•ื‘ "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง"); ื‘' ืžื“ื™ื ื” "ื”ืขื“ืคืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ื-ืœื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืœืฉื ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื™ื“ืข", ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”' (ืชืฉืก"ื) 117. 3. ืงืจืืชื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™, ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื•ื›ืื– ื›ืŸ ืขืชื” ืขืžื“ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆืืช ืื ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืœืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ, ืืœื™ื• ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืืœื™ื” ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืื ื™, ื ื™ืชื ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื ื’ื ื‘ื• ืžืžื ื•, ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ื‘ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉื ืคืœื” ื‘ื›ืจื™ืชืชื• (ืจืื” ื’ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคืฃ, "ื™ื—ืกื™ ืงื•ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ" ). ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ื›ื ืคื™ื” ื”ืคืขืœืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ, ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื™, ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื“ืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ ื ืžื ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ื ื• ื•ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“. 4 . ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžื•ืฆื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืชืฉื›"ื—-1968 (ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ) ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืœืืžื•ืจ: 34. ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง "ื ืžื›ืจ ื ื›ืก-ื ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื•, ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ื ืงื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“, ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืžื›ืจ ืืฃ ืื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ืงื ื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื–ืงืชื• ื‘ืชื•ื-ืœื‘". ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ื ืชืคืก ื›ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืจื›ื•ืฉื• ื ื’ื ื‘, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืœืœื ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืงืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ื™ื–ืงืงื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืขืกืงื” ื ื’ื•ืขื” ื‘ืคื’ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• (ืข"ื 716/72 ื–ื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ื˜ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ืš ื ' ื—ื‘ืจืช ื"ื™ ืœืื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืข"ืž, ืค"ื“ ื›ื–(2) 709, 712-713). ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืžืขืช ืœืขืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื–ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืž ืจื•: "ืชืงื ืช-ื”ืฉื•ืง ื ื•ืขื“ื”, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ... ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืขืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื’ืจืจื™ืช ืชืขื ื™ืง ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืชืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืืœ-ืขื‘ืจ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื’ื–ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชื™ืงื‘ืข ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืœื•ื ื™, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื’ื–ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืชื™ืงื‘ืข ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืœืžื•ื ื™. ื•ื’ื ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ืก ื™ืงื‘ืข: ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืง ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื•ืชืงืคื™ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืชื•ืกื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืืœ-ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื. ื•ืื•ืœื ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื ื”, ืœืืžื•ืจ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื–ื•ืœืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืฆืžื•". (ืจืข"ื 2267/95 ื‘"ื› ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื ' ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ื”ืจื˜ืคืœื“ , ืค"ื“ ืžื˜(3) 854, 871) . 5. ื‘ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื–ื•ื›ื” ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืงื™ื” ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืจื›ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืžืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก. ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืชืคืจืกื•ืชื” ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืจื™ื’ ืœื›ืœืœ ืœืคื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• (Nemo dat quod non habet) . ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื ื›ืก ื’ื ื•ื‘, ืื“ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ื–ืืช ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืชืžื™ื. ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื ื›ืก ืฉื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื• ืคื’ื•ืžื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื’ื ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื• ืœืื—ืจ, ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื ืฉืœืœื”. ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื• ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ืœื”ื—ื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•, ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ื’ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•"ื”ืœื‘ื ืช" ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืชืคื•ืจืฉ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ื™ื›ืœืœื• ื’ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื›ืก ื’ื ื•ื‘. ืื•ืœื ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ื ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื•ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื›ืก ื’ื ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื— ืชืขื ื™ืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืœืงื•ื ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ื•ืœื ืชืขื ื™ืง ื›ื–ื•. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืืจ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืœื ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’, ืฉืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื™ ื’ื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื. ืงื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื” ื™ื™ื”ื ื” ืžืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืœื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ืžืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืขืจื›ื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืื• ืื—ืจืช ืœืฉืœื™ืœืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืงื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ืœืงื•ื ื”. ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ึธื”, ืฉืงื ืชื” ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื–ื ื™ื—, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ื›ืก ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ื›ืก ื™ืงืจ-ื”ืขืจืš ืฉื ื’ื ื‘. ื ืจืื” ืœื™, ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืกืขื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื›ืžืชืช-ืฉืžื™ื™ื windfall) ) ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืชืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ืงืชื™, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ื”ืคื’ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ื’ื ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ. ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื—ืœื•ืงืชื™ ื•ืžื–ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ืง ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื•ืฉืœื™ืœืชื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉืจืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ (ืจืื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, M. Mautner โ€œThe Eternal Triangles of the Law: Towards a Theory of Priorities in Conflicts Involving Remote Partiesโ€ 90 Mich. L.R. (1991-92) 95 (hereinafter: Mautner โ€œEternal Trianglesโ€) ). ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ื ื•ืชืŸ, ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื”, ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืžื•ืจ. ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืคื ื” ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื ื”ื ื›ืก ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื. ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื ืชื•. ืœืชื ืื™ื ืืœื” ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืชื”. 6. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืงื•ื ื” ื™ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื ืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ื™ืชื‘ืฆืข ืžื›ืจ, ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ื ื“, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ, ืœืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ื-ืœื‘, ืฉืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื—ื–ืงืชื•. ื. ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื•ื ื” - ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• - ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก, ืกื•ื’ื• ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•. ืขื ื–ืืช ื™ื™ืืžืจ, ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ืง, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืœืฉื•ืง ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื™ื‘ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ื’ื ืœื”ืขื“ืจ ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืกืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ื ื“ืจืฉ - ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื—ืœืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ โ€“ ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืื• ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื“ื™ ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœื ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืฉื”ื ืžืชืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช "ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ". ื‘. ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืชื•ื›ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื•. ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืžื–ื• ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื (ืข"ื 109/87 ื—ื•ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ื—ืกืŸ ื•ืื—' , ืค"ื“ ืžื–(5) 1, ื‘ืขืž' 21, ืžื•ืœ ื”ืื•ืช ื’'). ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš. ืœื ื›ืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœืขืฆื ื”ืขืžื“ืช ื—ื•ื–ื”. ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืชื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—. ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘. ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืื™ื ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ืกืžืœื™ืช. ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ (ืจืื• ื“' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืชืฉื "ื—-1998) 1145-1148; ืคืจื•ืค' ื' ื–ืžื™ืจ (ืจืื• ื' ื–ืžื™ืจ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืชืฉื›"ื—-1968 (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื’' ื˜ื“ืกืงื™) (ืชืฉืž"ื–; ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื–ืžื™ืจ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ ) 713). ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื’ื ืœืฉื ืžื–ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื”: ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ืชื’ืจื•ื ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื ื–ืง ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืชื’ืจื ืœื• ื ื–ืง ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก (ืจืื• Mautner โ€œEternal Trianglesโ€ ). ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื–ื ื™ื—ื”. ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืชืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื” ื ื›ืก ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ืชืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื ื–ืง ืคืจื˜ ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืชืช-ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ( windfall ) , ื ืจืื” ืื™ืคื•ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช. ื’. "ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ" ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื”ื•ื, ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ. ืืช ืฉืืœืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืคืฅ. ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืื™ื ื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืงื•ื ื” ืื“ื ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’. ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืคืœื— ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ื‘ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœื•ืžื™ื. ืื›ืŸ, ืžืกื—ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืœืžื• ืื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ืฉืจื™ ื“ืจืš. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืœื•ืœ ืฉื•ืง ื›ื–ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืชืจ ื ื•ื— ืœ"ื”ืœื‘ื ืช" ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื’ื ื•ื‘. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื• ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ "ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ" ื™ืฉ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืจืฉื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื–ื ืช, ืฉืœื ืชืคื’ืข, ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ "ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื”" ื•ืฉืชื›ื‘ื™ื“, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืขืœ ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื’ื ื•ื‘, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชืžื ืข ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืžื™ ืฉืงื ื” ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ื•ืชื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืชื™ืงึธื‘ืข ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื“ืคืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืžืžื›ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืจืš. ื”ืขืจื›ืื” ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืงื‘ืขื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืกื—ืจื” ื‘ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืœื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืชื’ืœื• ื›ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื”ื ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช. ืื™ื ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืชื” ืขืกืงื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช. ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืืœื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™: ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื›ืก ืžื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืืœื” ืฉื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืชื ืขืกืงื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช. ื“ืจื™ืฉืช "ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ" ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืคืจื•ืค' ื' ื–ืžื™ืจ: "ื ื™ืชืŸ, ืื™ืคื•ื, ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ ืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืข ืžืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ืืžื•ื ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืœื ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื›ืฉื ืฉืœื ืชืคื’ืข ื‘ื• ื˜ืขื•ืชื• ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ื›ืืœื”" (ื–ืžื™ืจ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ , ื‘ืขืž' 695). 7. ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื•ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื ืžื›ืจ, ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื• ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“. ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ืงื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื• ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื’ื ื•ื‘. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ืก ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืกืงื™ื”. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื™, ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ื”ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“. ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ื ืžื›ืจ, ืขืฆื•ื, ืจืง ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืื›ืŸ ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื ืžื›ืจ ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืืœื™ื•. ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ ื•ืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื•ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœืืžื™ืชื”, ื”ื™ื, ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื™, ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื”. 8. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืจืง ื–ื”, ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืชื•ืฆืื” ื–ื• ื•ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื” ืืœื™ื”, ืชื•ืืžื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืžืกืชืžื ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช. ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื• ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ื‘ื• ืžืฆึปื•ื•ื” ืื“ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื—ืคืฅ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืคืขื•ืœืช ื’ื–ื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืžื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ืœื” ื”ึดื ื” ืžืฉื•ืœืœืช ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืื“ื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ื ื” ืชื ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืจื›ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก. ืžืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืก ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื•, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืืช ืฉืฉื™ืœื ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• (ืจืื•: ื' ืฉื˜ืจื•ื–ืžืŸ "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™" ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืœ"ื“ (ืชืฉืž"ื-ืชืฉืž"ื‘) 353 ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื ; ืฆื™ื’ื ืœืื•ื‘ "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง"). ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ืจื•ืช - ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœืื• - ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื’ืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื’ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื’ื ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ืœื›ืจืกื•ื ื‘ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ื”ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘. ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืž-1994: Sale of Goods (Amendment) Act 1994, s 1 , ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืฉื, ืœืคื™ื” ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืจื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™-ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืชื•ืขืœืชื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืœืกื—ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื•ื‘ื™ื (Davenport & Ross, โ€œMarket Overtโ€, at 337) ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื’ื ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช (S. Halfin, โ€œThe Legal Protection of Cultural Property in Britain : Past, Present and Futureโ€, 6 Art and Entertainment Law (1995) 1, text to notes 138-9) . ื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื”ื•ื‘ืข ืกืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื—ื•ืœืชื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืกื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ( Davenport & Ross, at 351 ). ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ื‘ื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžื’ืžื” ืœื”ืขื ืงืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ื ื‘ื•. ืจืื•, ืœืžืฉืœ: Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation v. Mrs. Jules Lubell 77 N.Y.2d 311 (1991); Erisoty v. Rizik , 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2096, at p. 23-24; Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church v. Goldberg & Feldman Fine Arts 917 F.2d 278 (1990) . ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ืจืื•, ืœืžืฉืœ: A. Bibas โ€œThe Case Against Statutes of Limitations for Stolen Artโ€ 103 Yale L.J. (1994) 2437, 2444-2450; S. F. Grover โ€œThe Need for Civil-Law Nations to Adopt Discovery Rules in Art Replevin Actions: A Comparative Studyโ€, 70 Tex. L. Rev. (1992) 1431, at 1452 . ื”ื ื” ื›ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื™ืชืจ-ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉื•. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื›ืก ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื—. ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืืจืฅ ืœืืจืฅ. ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืฉืจื›ืฉ, ื’ื ืื ื’ื ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง. ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื’ื ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื”, ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ืœืื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื ืขืฉื• ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื”ืื—ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ืจืื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ: A. Kurjatko โ€œAre Finders Keepers? The Need for a Uniform Law Governing the Rights of Original Owners and Good Faith Purchasers of Stolen Artโ€ 5 U.C. Davis J. Intโ€™l L. & Polโ€™y (1999) 59, at 75-94 ; P. Youngblood Reyhan โ€œA Chaotic Palette: Conflict of Laws in Litigation between Original Owners and Good-Faith Purchasers of Stolen Artโ€ 50 Duke J.L. (2001) 955, at 1023-1043 . 9. ื‘ื˜ืจื ืืกื™ื™ื ืื™ื™ื—ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช: ื. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื "ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง", ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื•. ื›ื›ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ื— ืกื•ื‘ืจื•ื’ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ืชื™ ืžื™ื•ื–ืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืืจืชื™ื” ื‘ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืขืœืชื”. ืขืชื”, ืžืฉื”ื•ืขืœืชื”, ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื ืจื›ืฉื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ื— ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ื”, ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ื‘ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ื— ืกื•ื‘ืจื•ื’ืฆื™ื”. ื‘. ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืœืฆืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืขืจืš ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืชืจื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืคืกื•ืง ืœืงื•ื ื” ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 10,000 โ‚ช. ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืžืงืฉืจืช ืฉืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื’ื–ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืื”ื“ืชื™ ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื”. ืืœื ืฉื™ื’ืขืชื™ ื•ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขื™ืœื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืชื’ืžื•ืœ. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื•ื ื” ืขื™ืœื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ื— ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ืื• ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜. ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื•ืœื• ื›ืœืคื™ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื ืœื ืขืฉื• ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื” ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ื‘ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื›ื•ื— ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืชืŸ ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืขื•ืชืจืช, ืžืขื™ืŸ "ืคืจืก" ืขืœ ืขื–ืจืชื” ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืงื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ. ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ืงื‘ืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืจ. ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื›ืืžื•ืจ. ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง, ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืช' ืื•ืจ, ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ, ื›ื ื’ื“ ื“ืขืชื ื”ื—ื•ืœืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื•ื™' ืื ื’ืœืจื“, ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืืœื” ืชื™ืžืกืจื ื” ืœื”. ื›ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ืคื” ืื—ื“, ืืš ืžื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื›ืคื•ืคื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชืฉืœื ืœืงื•ื ื”, ื’ื‘' ื›ื ืขืŸ, ืกืš ืฉืœ 250 ืฉ"ื—, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืกื›ื•ื ื–ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช, ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื—ื•ืง, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืชืฉืœื ืœื” ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 10,000 ืฉ"ื—. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื— ืื“ืจ ื' ืชืฉืก"ื’ (20.2.2003). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ _________________________ ื”ืขื•ืชืง ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื—. 97025680_B14.doc ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข, ื˜ืœ' 02-6750444 ; ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, www.court.gov.il
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3,607
1,018
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 1211/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ ื”ืž ื‘ืงืฉ : ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืข"ืž ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืขื•"ื“ ืชืœืžื™ ื—ื’ื™ 2. ืขื•"ื“ ืกื™ืžื™ืก ืจื 3. ืขื•"ื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ 4. ื‘ื ืง ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื ื˜ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืข"ืž 5. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ 6. ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืœื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืข"ืž 7. ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืœื•ืœ 8. ืฉืžืจ ื”ื“ืกื” 9. ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ืฆ'ื™ืง ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ืžื™ื•ื 14.1.97 ื‘ืช"ื 754/94 ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ืขื•"ื“ ื' ืงื•ื–ืœื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 1. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืฆืจืฃ ื›ื ืชื‘ืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ( ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ) ื›ื ืชื‘ืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื•ื ืœื‘, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืงืŸ, ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืžื• ื‘ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘5.11.96-. ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ. 2. ืžืฉื ื˜ืขื ื” ื˜ืขื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื”, ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ืื›ืŸ ื—ืœื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•, ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื ื›ื ืชื‘ืขื™ื, ื›ืฉืžื™ื“ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ? ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ื‘ืข ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขื™ืœื” ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื• ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ( ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ' "ืขื•ืจื•ืช" ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืœืขื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž , ืค"ื“ ื™ื—' 306; ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื•ืกืžืŸ, ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ืคื™ืกืงื” 284 ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 351-350). ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ืื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื›ืฉื“ื—ื” ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ. 3. ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ื•, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœืง ืฉืขื“ ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ื—ืœืคื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช. ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ืืช ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช, ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžื“ืขืช", ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ 8 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉื›"ื—1958- ( ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืกืขื™ืฃ 8 ). ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”: "ื ืขืœืžื• ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื”, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื•ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื•ืชืŸ, ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ื“ืขื• ืœืชื•ื‘ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืœื”". ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืฉืฉ ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื•, ืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช, ื•ื‘ื• ื ืืžืจ: "ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1995 ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื”ืขืชืงื™ื ืžืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืชื‘ืขื™ื 9-7 (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ - ืช"ื) ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืขื™ืกืงืช ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื”". ืืœื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 8. 4. ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 8 ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—. ื•ื”ื ื”, ื›ืœ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ื ื’ื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช. ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืืžื™ืจื” ืื• ืชืื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘, ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืžื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื’ื ืœื• ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฆื“ืง, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ื›ืฉืงื‘ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 8 ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืœื™ืฉื›ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืœื ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขื•ื“, ืฉืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื’ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื›ืชื‘, ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉืืœื” ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืชื ืื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 8 ืื™ื ื ืžืชืžืœืื™ื, ืœื ืขืชืจื” ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ืจืง ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืœืžืช, ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช - ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื - ืืฉืจ ื–ื›ืจืŸ ืœื ื‘ื ื‘ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™. 5. ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื ื“ื—ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืชืฉืœื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ - ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื 3-1 - ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ื‘ืกืš 5,000 ืฉ"ื—. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ื‘' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”ืชืฉื "ื— (13.10.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ืขื›ื‘/ 97012110. E05
[ "ืจืข\"ื 1211/97" ]
3,610
2,031
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืจืข"ื 97 / 1211 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช : ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืข"ืž ืข"ื™ ื‘"ื› ืขื•"ื“ ื. ืงื•ื–ืœื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืขื•"ื“ ืชืœืžื™ ื—ื’ื™ ืข"ื™ ื‘"ื› ืขื•"ื“ ื. ืฉื•ืจ, ืขื•"ื“ ื. ืคื™ื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื 2. ืขื•"ื“ ืกื™ืžื™ืก ืจื ืข"ื™ ื‘"ื› ืขื•"ื“ ืจ. ื ื™ืจ ืขื ื‘ื™ 3. ืขื•"ื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื‘"ื› ืขื•"ื“ ืจื•ื ืŸ ื’ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื: 4. ื‘ื ืง ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื ื˜ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืข"ืž ืข"ื™ ื‘"ื› ืขื•"ื“ ื™. ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ 5. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื‘"ื› ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” 6. ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืœื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืข"ืž 7. ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืœื•ืœ ืข"ื™ ื‘"ื› ืขื•"ื“ ื™. ื‘ืœื•ืžื ืคืœื“-ืฉื›ื˜ืจ 8. ืฉืžืจ ื”ื“ืกื” 9. ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ืฆ'ื™ืง ืื‘ืจื”ื ืข"ื™ ื‘"ื› ืขื•"ื“ ื. ืฉื™ืœื”, ื . ืฉื™ืœื” ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ืžื™ื•ื 14.1.97 ื‘ืชื™ืง ืช.ื. 754/94 ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 1. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœืฆืจืฃ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืชื‘ืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืชื‘ื™ืขืชื”. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ "ืฆื“" ืœื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆืจื•ืฃ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืคื ื•ื–ืืช ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ื. ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื–ื• ื‘ื” ื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืฆื•ืจืคื• ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ื›"ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื". ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงืžื ืื™ื ื ืฆื“ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”. ื”"ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื" ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ. ืื ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจืคื• ื›"ืฆื“" ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืžื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื•ืคื›ื ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”. 4. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ืชื•ืš 15 ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื•. ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ื” 406(ื‘) ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื“1984-. 5. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ, ืœืžื‘ืงืฉืช. 6 ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชื™ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ ืชืงื ื” 410 ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื“1984-. ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ืื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘. ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื›ื”ืกื›ืžื” . ื”ืขื“ืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื›ืื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื›ืš. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื "ื– (8.5.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ืืž121197/ 97012110. J02
[ "ืจืข\"ื 97" ]
3,611
9,141
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 1211/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ ื”ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช : ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืข"ืž ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืขื•"ื“ ืชืœืžื™ ื—ื’ื™ 2. ืขื•"ื“ ืกื™ืžื™ืก ืจื 3. ืขื•"ื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ 4. ื‘ื ืง ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื ื˜ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืข"ืž 5. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ 6. ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืœื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืข"ืž 7. ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืœื•ืœ 8. ืฉืžืจ ื”ื“ืกื” 9. ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ืฆ'ื™ืง ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ืžื™ื•ื 14.1.97 ื‘ืช"ื 754/94 ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ืขื•"ื“ ื' ืงื•ื–ืœื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื - ืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื - ื”ืขืชืง ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™. ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื "ืœ, ืื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื; ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ื™ืžืฆื™ื ื ื ื”ืขืชืง ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ื”' ื‘ืื‘ ื”ืชืฉื "ื– (28.8.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ืขื›ื‘/ 97012110. E04
[ "ืจืข\"ื 1211/97" ]
3,612
1,019
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 6280/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ: ื‘ื ืง ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืข"ืž ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืงื ื™ื’ืกื‘ืจื’ ืฉืจื•ืŸ 2. ืงื ื™ื’ืกื‘ืจื’ ืจื•ื ื™ 3. ื ื˜ืข ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื‘ืข"ืž 4. ื ื•ืขื– ื’ื•ืœืŸ 5. ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืขื–ืจื 6. ืžืขื•ื– ืื™ื™ืœ 7. ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ื‘ ืื•ื”ื“ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ืข"ื 167/95, ืžื™ื•ื 23.9.97, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื . ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื: ื—. ืืจื™ืืœ, ืฉ. ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ: ืขื•"ื“ ืื™ื˜ืœ ื“ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 1. ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. 2. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืฉื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ืชื•ืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื”-ืขืฉืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื•. 3. ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ื” 406(ื‘) ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื“1984-. 4. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ, ืœืžื‘ืงืฉ. 5. ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชื™ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ ืชืงื ื” 410 ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื“1984-. ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ืื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื›ื”ืกื›ืžื” . ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื›ืื™-ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื›ืš . ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื‘ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื "ื— (12.11.97). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97062800. A01 /ื“ื–/
[ "ืจืข\"ื 6280/97", "ื‘ืข\"ื 167/95" ]
3,613
13,487
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 6280/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ: ื‘ื ืง ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืข"ืž ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืงื ื™ื’ืกื‘ืจื’ ืฉืจื•ืŸ 2. ืงื ื™ื’ืกื‘ืจื’ ืจื•ื ื™ 3. ื ื˜ืข ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื‘ืข"ืž 4. ื ื•ืขื– ื’ื•ืœืŸ 5. ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืขื–ืจื 6. ืžืขื•ื– ืื™ื™ืœ 7. ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ื‘ ืื•ื”ื“ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืค ืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, ื‘ืข"ื 167/95, ืžื™ื•ื 23.9.97, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ' ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื: ื—' ืืจื™ืืœ, ืฉ' ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ: ืขื•"ื“ ืื™ื˜ืœ ื“ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื 1 ื•2-: ืขื•"ื“ ืื™ื™ืžืŸ ืก' ื—'ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื– ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ื”ืชืฉื "ื— (16.12.97). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97062800. A02 /ื“ื–/
[ "ืจืข\"ื 6280/97", "ื‘ืข\"ื 167/95" ]
3,614
22,129
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 6280/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื' ืžืฆื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ืื ื’ืœืจื“ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ื‘ื ืง ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืข"ืž ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืงื ื™ื’ืกื‘ืจื’ ืฉืจื•ืŸ 2. ืงื ื™ื’ืกื‘ืจื’ ืจื•ื ื™ 3. ื ื˜ืข ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื‘ืข"ืž 4. ื ื•ืขื– ื’ื•ืœืŸ 5. ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืขื–ืจื 6. ืžืขื•ื– ืื™ื™ืœ 7. ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ื‘ ืื•ื”ื“ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ืžื™ื•ื 23.9.97 ื‘ืข"ื 167/95 ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืงืœืžื ื‘ืจื’ืจ, ืืจื™ืืœ, ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืจ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ื˜ื– ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื "ื— (14.1.98) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ืขื•"ื“ ื–ืจ, ืขื•"ื“ ื“ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : ืขื•"ื“ ืื‘ื•-ื•ืจื“ื” ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”, ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘"ื› ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืžืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื—' ืืจื™ืืœ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ื ื’ืขื• ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืคื™ืจืฉื” ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 55(ื’) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื›ืœืœื™), ื”ืชืฉืœ"ื’1973-. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืง ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” - "ื”ืคื˜ื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื” ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘, ื›ื•ืœื• ืื• ืžืงืฆืชื•... ื”ื•ืคื˜ืจ ื’ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื”, ื–ื•ืœืช ืื ืžืฉืชืžืขืช ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช". ื‘ืงื‘ืขื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ื›ื ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืข ืžื”ื”ืคื˜ืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ืžืกืงื ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืกื›ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช (ืกืขื™ืฃ 6 ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช), ื•ืœื ืžื”ื”ืคื˜ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืื™ื ื• ืžืžืœื ืื—ืจ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 55(ื’) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืœื ื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื” ืœืขืจื‘ ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉื”ืคื˜ืจ ืœืขืจื‘ ืื—ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื–ืงืง ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 55(ื’) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ืื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื ืชื™ืคื’ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ืื—ืจ. ืื™ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืฆื™ืขื ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœืช, ื•ืื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื• ืœืคื ื™ื•, ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช; ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉืžืข ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื˜ื– ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื "ื— (14.1.98). ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97062800. B03
[ "ืจืข\"ื 6280/97", "ื‘ืข\"ื 167/95" ]
3,615
2,660
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 97 / 3125 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื: 1. ืื‘ืชืกืื ื™ื•ืกืฃ 2. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื 2. ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื 3. ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ 4. ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขืชื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื ืžืœืคื ื™ื• ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื ืœืืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืชืจื™ื ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื• ืขื“ ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ืฉืชื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื "ื– (21.5.97). ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ .g02 97031250
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 97" ]
3,617
6,213
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 97 / 3125 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื: 1. ืื‘ืชืกืื ื™ื•ืกืฃ 2. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื 2. ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื 3. ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ 4. ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ื•ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืชื•ืš 15 ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื - ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื "ื– (21.5.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ COURT
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 97" ]
3,618
1,021
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 6617/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ ื”ืž ื‘ืงืฉ : ืื‘ื ืจ, ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืขื•ื“ื“ ื’ื•ื ืฅ 2. ืื’ื“ ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ืœืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืข"ืž 3. ื”ืคื ื™ืงืก ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืข"ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ืžื™ื•ื 30.9.97 ื‘ืช"ื 108/96 ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื—' ืืจื™ืืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœื‘ืื™ ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื 24.11.97 ื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืชื™ืง ื–ื”. ื‘ืขืช ืžืชืŸ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ืฉืžื˜ ืžืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืชื™ ืฉืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื 2 ื•3- ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“-ืกื•ืงื•ืœ, ื‘ื• ื‘ืชื™, ื“ืœื™ืช ืกื•ืงื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืชื™ ืจืง ืขืชื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื‘ืื™ ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืจื™, ืฉืœื• ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื–ืืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืง ื–ื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ื' ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ื”ืชืฉื "ื— (10.12.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ืขื›ื‘/ 97066170. E02
[ "ืจืข\"ื 6617/97" ]
3,619
7,502
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 6617/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ ื”ืž ื‘ืงืฉ : ืื‘ื ืจ, ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืขื•ื“ื“ ื’ื•ื ืฅ 2. ืื’ื“ ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ืœืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืข"ืž 3. ื”ืคื ื™ืงืก ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืข"ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ืžื™ื•ื 30.9.97 ื‘ืช"ื 108/96 ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื—' ืืจื™ืืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื”ืชืื•ื ื” ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื” ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื”ืชืฉืœ"ื”1975-, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืืœืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื–ืง ืืฉืจ ื ื’ืจื ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืื ื™ื•ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”. ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื”, ื ื“ื—ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื’ื•ืคืŸ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ื“' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื "ื— (24.11.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ืขื›ื‘/ 97066170. E01
[ "ืจืข\"ื 6617/97" ]
3,620
1,023
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื 2037/96 - ื' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืž ืขืจืขืจ : ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ื•ืœืจื™ื” ืคืจื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืœื ืคืขืœ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืžื™ื•ื 11.9.96 ื•ืจืง ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ื’ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื ื• ืื ื™ ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืขื•"ื“ ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื”ื• ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ืชื™ืง, ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืคืงื™ื“ ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ "ืœื”ืงืคื™ื" ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•"ื“ ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ืช ืชื•ื’ืฉ ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ืœื ืชื•ื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื“ืขื”, ื™ื™ืžื—ืง ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืžื—ืžืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืขืฉ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื– ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื "ื— (17.11.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 96020370. O03
[ "ืข\"ื 2037/96" ]
3,621
7,909
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื 2037/96 - ื' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ื•ืœืจื™ื” ืคืจื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืžืกืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื 1.3.98. ืœื ืชื•ื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื“ืขื”, ื™ื™ืžื—ืง ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืžื—ืžืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืขืฉ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื‘ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื "ื— (11.12.97) ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 96020370. O04
[ "ืข\"ื 2037/96" ]
3,622
26,622
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื 2037/96 - ื' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ : ื•ืœืจื™ื” ืคืจื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืขืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉื "ื— (12.8.98). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 96020370. O05
[ "ืข\"ื 2037/96" ]
3,623
97,074
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื 2037/96 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื—' ืžืืง-ืงืœืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ื•ืœืจื™ื” ืคืจื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื’ืฉ ื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ืื ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชื™ืง ืชื•ืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื. ื”ืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื 28.6.01. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื (18.4.2001). ื—ื’ื™ืช ืžืืง-ืงืœืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ________________ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ 96020370. V07 ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื˜ืจื ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข, ื˜ืœ' 02-6750444
[ "ืข\"ื 2037/96" ]
3,624
104,830
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื 2037/96 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื—' ืžืืง-ืงืœืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ื•ืœืจื™ื” ืคืจื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขืฉื• ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืง ื–ื”. ืื ื™ ืžื•ืจื”, ืื™ืคื•ื, ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืขืฉ, ืืœื ืื ืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžื™ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื– ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืก"ื (12.3.2001). ื—ื’ื™ืช ืžืืง-ืงืœืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื˜ืจื ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 96020370. V06
[ "ืข\"ื 2037/96" ]
3,625
105,492
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื 2037/96 - ื‘' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื—ื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ : ื•ืœืจื™ื” ืคืจื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื™ื•ื 3.10.01 ื•ื ืกืคื—ื™ื”, ืื ื™ ื ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ. ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข, ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื 1.1.02, ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ืง. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ื”ืชื™ืง ืœื ื™ื™ืžื—ืง. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื›' ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืก"ื‘, 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2001. ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื—ื ืจืฉื _________________ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ 96020370. K11 ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื˜ืจื ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข, ื˜ืœ' 02-6750444
[ "ืข\"ื 2037/96" ]
3,626
115,170
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื 2037/96 - ื' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื—ื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ื•ืœืจื™ื” ืคืจื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘: ืขื•"ื“ ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื 18.4.01 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ (ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื—' ืžืืง ืงืœืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ) ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืื ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชื™ืง, ื‘ืชื•ืš 60 ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ืชื™ืง ื™ืฉื ื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืกื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘"ื› ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ, ืžืชืืจื™ืš 24.4.01. ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืืžื•ืจื”, ื•ืขืชื”, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžื™ื•ื 9.7.01, ืฉื™ื’ืจ ื‘ื ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื™ื•ื 18.4.01 ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื™ื“ื™ื•. ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช, ื‘ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื™ืจื” ืœืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ, ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื™ื•ื 18.4.01 ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆืืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื•. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืก"ื; 26 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2001. ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื—ื ืจืฉื _________________ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ 96020370. K09 ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื˜ืจื ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข, ื˜ืœ' 02-6750444
[ "ืข\"ื 2037/96" ]
3,627
117,651
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื 2037/96 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื—ื ื”ืž ื‘ืงืฉ : ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ื•ืœืจื™ื” ืคืจื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ืื ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ ื”ืชื™ืง ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ืœื ื™ื™ืžื—ืง ื”ืชื™ืง. ื”ืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื 1.11.01. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื’' ืืœื•ืœ, ืชืฉืก"ื (22.8.01). ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื—ื ืจ ืฉ ื _________________ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ 96020370. K10 ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื˜ืจื ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข, ื˜ืœ' 02-6750444
[ "ืข\"ื 2037/96" ]
3,628
124,133
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื 2037/96 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื—' ืžืืง-ืงืœืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ื•ืœืจื™ื” ืคืจื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื’ืฉ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื™ื•ื 18.4.2001. ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืชื•ื’ืฉ ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื, ืื ืœื ืชื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื™ื™ืžื—ืง ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืขืฉ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื— ื‘ืชืžื•ื–, ืชืฉืก"ื (9.7.01). ื—ื’ื™ืช ืžืืง-ืงืœืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช _________________ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ 96020370. V08 ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื˜ืจื ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข, ื˜ืœ' 02-6750444
[ "ืข\"ื 2037/96" ]
3,629
131,083
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื 2037/96 - ื‘' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื—ื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ื•ืœืจื™ื” ืคืจื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืžื™ื•ื 16.1.02. ืื ื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืืžื•ืจื” ืชื•ืš 10 ื™ืžื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื•. ืœื ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื. ื”ืชื™ืง ื™ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื 20.3.02. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, โ€ื›"ื– ืฉื‘ื˜, ืชืฉืก"ื– ( โ€15/02/2007 ). ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื—ื ืจ ืฉ ื _________________ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ 96020370. K13 ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื—. ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข, ื˜ืœ' 02-6750444 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืชื•ื— ืœื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืขื•ืช: [email protected] ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืชืจ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜: www.court.gov.il
[ "ืข\"ื 2037/96" ]
3,630
137,344
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื 2037/96 - ื‘' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื—ื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”: ื•ืœืจื™ื” ืคืจื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืชื‘ืจืจ, ืžื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ื•ืžื•. ื‘ืจื, ื‘ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื ื™ืข, ืœื’ื™ืฉืชื•, ืืช ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช, ื ื•ื›ื— ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆื, ื›ื™ ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื’ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996, ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื•ืขื•ืžื“, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืžืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” (ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืš) ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื™ื™ืžื—ืง, ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื™ื•ืืจืš ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ื—ืœื•ืฃ 30 ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ. ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืชื•ื’ืฉ ืชื•ืš 10 ื™ืžื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื•. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื’' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืก"ื‘, 16 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2002. ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื—ื ืจ ืฉ ื _________________ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ 96020370. K12 ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื—. ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข, ื˜ืœ' 02-6750444 ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืชืจ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜: www.court.gov.il
[ "ืข\"ื 2037/96" ]
3,631
149,201
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื 2037/96 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื—ื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ : ื•ืœืจื™ื” ืคืจื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื—ื™ืงืช ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื ืฉืขื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขื“ "ืœื’ืžืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™", ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื”ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ืจืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ (ืจืื• ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ื•ื 16.8.01). ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ื•ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ื•ื 28.2.02, ืื ื™ ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช. ื ื™ืชื ืช ื‘ื–ื” ืืจื›ื” ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืฃ 30 ื™ืžื™ื ืžื’ืžืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื‘ ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืชืฉืก"ื‘ (โ€25/03/2002). ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื—ื ืจืฉื _________________ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ 96020370. K14 ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื—. ืจืฉื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข, ื˜ืœ' 02-6750444 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืชื•ื— ืœื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืขื•ืช: [email protected] ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืชืจ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜: www.court.gov.il
[ "ืข\"ื 2037/96" ]
3,632
153,282
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื 2037/96 - ื’' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื—ื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ื•ืœืจื™ื” ืคืจื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืื’ืจื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื 25.3.02 ื”ื•ืจื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื™ ืœืžื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช. ืืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืื’ืจื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืื’ืจื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื˜ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื‘ (9/6/02). ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื—ื ืจ ืฉ ื _________________ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ 96020370. K15 ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื—. ืจืฉื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข, ื˜ืœ' 02-6750444 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืชื•ื— ืœื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืขื•ืช: [email protected] ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืชืจ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜: www.court.gov.il
[ "ืข\"ื 2037/96" ]
3,633
1,024
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืข"ื 95 / 6193 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืช : ืฉืคื™ืจื ื•ืจื“ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ื‘ื™ืง ืฉืžื•ืืœ 2. ืžื•ืจื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” 3. ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืข"ืž ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžื—ื™ืงืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจืช: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžืœื” ื” ื— ืœ ื˜ ื” ืื ื™ ืžื•ื—ืงืช ืืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 95061930. Q01
[ "ืข\"ื 95" ]
3,634
1,025
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉ"ื 97 / 1626 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื•ืช : 1. ื”ืขืžื•ืชื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืจื ืข ื‘' 2. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื’ืœ-ืฉื˜ ื‘ืข"ืž 3. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื“ืฉื ื™ืจ ื‘ืข"ืž ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ 2. ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื” ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ 3. ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื’ืฉ ื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช: ืขื•"ื“ ื. ื—ื™ื™ืžืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: ืขื•"ื“ ืื™ืชืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื’' ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘' ืชืฉื "ื– (12.3.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97016260. Q01
[ "ื‘ืฉ\"ื 97" ]
3,635
9,300
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 4641/97 - 1 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื : 1. ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื” 2. 47 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืžื ื”ืœ ืงืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš "ื“ืจื•ืจ"-ื“"ืจ ืื”ื•ื“ ืžื ื•ืจ 2. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ 3. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ 4. ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ืžืขืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉ ื” ืœืžืฆืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”. ื‘ื-ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืงื‘ืข ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคื’ืจื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื”ืชืฉื "ื– (30.7.1997). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97046410. L01
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 4641/97" ]
3,637
13,581
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 4641/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื : 1. ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื” 2. 47 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืžื ื”ืœ ืงืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš "ื“ืจื•ืจ"-ื“"ืจ ืื”ื•ื“ ืžื ื•ืจ 2. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ 3. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ 4. ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื-ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื’ื™ืฉื• ื’ื ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ื•ื–ืžื ื• ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื— ื‘ืื‘ ื”ืชืฉื "ื– (11.8.97) ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97046410. L02
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 4641/97" ]
3,638
1,028
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 6236/95 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื–ืžื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื : 1. ืกื™ืขืช "ื™ืฉ" ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžืขืœื•ืช ืชืจืฉื™ื—ื 2. ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ - ืกื ื™ืฃ ืžืขืœื•ืช 3. ื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ื’ื™ ืื‘ื™ 4. ืืจืœื™ืš ื™ื•ืกื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ื”ืฉืจ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช - ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื 2. ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืžืขืœื•ืช ืชืจืฉื™ื—ื 3. ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช - ืžืขืœื•ืช ืชืจืฉื™ื—ื 4. ืื‘ืจื’'ื™ืœ ื“ื ื™ 5. ืคื ื—ืก ืื“ืจื™ 6. ืฉืœืžื” ืืžืกืœื 7. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ 8. ื’ืœื–ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื” 9. ื—ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœ 10. ืกื•ื•ื™ืกื” ืฉืœืžื” 11. ืขืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ 12. ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ืืžื™ืจ 13. ืคื—ื™ืžื” ืžืกืขื•ื“ 14. ืฉื•ืงืจื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื•ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ื˜"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื”ืชืฉื "ื– ( 21.07.97 ) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื : ืขื•"ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื™ื›ืืœื™; ืขื•"ื“ ืžืฉื” ืžื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 1: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืคืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 2: ืขื•"ื“ ื—ื–ืืŸ; ืขื•"ื“ ื–ื”ืจื” ืข. ืฉื™ื—' ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฆื•-ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื. ืขื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื˜"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื”ืชืฉื "ื– (21.07.97), ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 95062360. A07 /ื“ื–/
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 6236/95" ]
3,642
19,917
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 6236/95 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื–ืžื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื : 1. ืกื™ืขืช "ื™ืฉ" ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžืขืœื•ืช-ืชืจืฉื™ื—ื 2. ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ - ืกื ื™ืฃ ืžืขืœื•ืช 3. ื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ื’ื™ ืื‘ื™ 4. ืืจืœื™ืš ื™ื•ืกื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช - ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื 2. ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืžืขืœื•ืช-ืชืจืฉื™ื—ื 3. ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžืขืœื•ืช-ืชืจืฉื™ื—ื 4. ืื‘ืจื’'ื™ืœ ื“ื ื™ 5. ืื“ืจื™ ืคื ื—ืก 6. ืืžืกืœื ืฉืœืžื” 7. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ 8. ื’ืœื–ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื” 9. ื—ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœ 10. ืกื•ื•ื™ืกื” ืฉืœืžื” 11. ืขืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ 12. ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ืืžื™ืจ 13. ืคื—ื™ืžื” ืžืกืขื•ื“ 14. ืฉื•ืงืจื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ื' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืชืฉื "ื— ( 28.01.98 ) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื : ืขื•"ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื™ื›ืืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 1: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืคืจ ื‘ืฉื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 2: ืขื•"ื“ ืคืื•ื–ื™ ื—ื–ืืŸ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 1, ื‘ืื• ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืงื. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 1 ื™ืคืขืœ ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืขื•ืช "ื™ืฉ" ื•"ืชืคื ื™ืช" ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื. ืจืฉืžื ื• ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ืžืจ ืฉืคืจ, ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื™ืงื•ื“ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช-ืชืจืฉื™ื—ื. ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื ื“ื—ื™ืช. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 1 ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 2 ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื, ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 5,000 ืฉ"ื— ื›ืœ ืื—ื“. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืชืฉื "ื— (28.01.98), ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 95062360. A09 /ื“ื–/
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 6236/95" ]
3,645
1,029
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืข"ื 95 / 2053 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ: ืกื•ืืขื“ ืžืื–ืŸ ื  ื’ ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: ื ื‘ื™ืœ ืขื™ืืก ื•ืื—' ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ืžื™ื•ื 1.2.95 ื‘ืชื™ืง ืื–ืจื—ื™ 448/95 ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื“"ืจ ื“' ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ื›' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉื "ื– (28.1.97) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ: ืขื•"ื“ ื™' ืขื‘ื“ ืืœืจื–ืืง ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: ืขื•"ื“ ืž' ื•ืงืกืžืŸ ื” ื— ืœ ื˜ ื” ืขื•ืจืš-ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืงืกืžืŸ ื•ืขื•ืจืš-ื“ื™ืŸ ืืœืจื–ืืง ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื“ืจ. ืื ืœื ื™ื•ืฉื’ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืชื™ืง ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืœืžืชืŸ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืชื™ืง ื‘ืขื•ื“ 20 ื™ื•ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉื "ื– (28.1.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ืืž205395/
[ "ืข\"ื 95" ]
3,646
1,647
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืข"ื 2053/95 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ: ืกื•ืืขื“ ืžืื–ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: ื ื‘ื™ืœ ืขื™ืืก ื•ืื—' ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื‘"ื› ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ: ืขื•"ื“ ื™. ืขื‘ื“ ืืœืจื–ืืง ื‘"ื› ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: ืขื•"ื“ ืž. ื•ืงืกืžืŸ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื•ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืกื“ืจ. ืื ื• ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืœืœื ืฆื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื“' ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘' ืชืฉื "ื– (2.4.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื–305395/ 95020530. J03
[ "ืข\"ื 2053/95" ]
3,647
1,030
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 97 / 1100 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช : ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื‘ื™ื ืจื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื• ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืช"ื-ื™ืคื• ื‘ืข"ื 912/95 ืžื™ื•ื 21.1.97 ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื: ื™. ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, ื.ื. ืœื•ื™, ื™. ื“ื™ืืžื ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืฆืจ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• (ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืž' ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ). ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžื›ื•ื—ืŸ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื ื—ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืฉืงื‘ืข ืžื”ื ื”ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืคืกืง ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื”. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืขืจืขืจื” ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• (ื›ื‘' ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™' ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, ื' ื' ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™' ื“ื™ืืžื ื˜). ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืชืงื ื” 460 (ื‘) ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื“1984-. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•. ื”ื™ื ืžืœื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื”ื ืžืงื” ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื•ืžืขืœื” ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžืžืฆืื™ื• ื•ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ื ืกืคื—ื™ื” ื ื—ื” ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืคื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืขื™ืงืจืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืขืœื” ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืชื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช - ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืฆื“ื™ืง ืžืชืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” (ื•ืจืื”: ืจ"ืข 103/82 ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืคื” ื ' ืžืฆืช ืื•ืจ (ื”ื“ืจ ื—ื™ืคื”) ื‘ืข"ืž , ืค"ื“ ืœื•(3) 123). ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงืžื, ืฉื“ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžืข ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื•ืœื ืžืฆื ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืžืฆืื™ื” ื•ืžืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ื›ืš ืžื™ืฆืชื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื ื“ื—ื™ืช. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื– ืื“ืจ ื' ื”ืชืฉื "ื– (6.3.97). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97011000. A01 ื“ื–/
[ "ืจืข\"ื 97", "ื‘ืข\"ื 912/95", "ืจ\"ืข 103/82" ]
3,648
1,033
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 3587/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ืื ื’ืœืจื“ ื”ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช : ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ืขืคื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ืื—ื™ื ืืœืงื‘ืฅ ื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช (1994) ื‘ืข"ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื ืฆืจืช ื‘ืชื™ืง ืข"ื 323/96 ืžื™ื•ื 19.5.97 ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื: ื™' ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื’' ื’ื™ื ืช ื•ืž' ื”ืก ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ื™"ื ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื "ื— (10.12.97) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช: ืขื•"ื“ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ืจ ืขืžื™ืขื“ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”: ืขื•"ื“ ืื˜ืจืฉ ืฉืื”ืจ ืคืกืง - ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ืื ื’ืœืจื“ : ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืจืขืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื’ืฉ ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื”. 1. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืŸ: ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขืœ ืžื’ืจืฉื”. ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืฉืฉื˜ื—ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 1,234 ืž"ืจ. ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช 16 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื ื ื ื˜ื•. ื™ื•ืฆื ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช 19.744 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ (1,234 ื“ื•ื ื ร— 16 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ/ืœื“ื•ื ื = 19.744 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช). ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืชื™ืจื”, ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 29.9.94, ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ 19 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. 2. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืคื ืชื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืงืœื” ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 147 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”, ื”ืชืฉื›"ื”1965-. ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช 20 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื 19 ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจื•ืช. ื”ื”ืงืœื” ืœืฉื ืชื•ืกืคืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื” ื”ื™ื” 300 ืž"ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืชื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื ื•ืกืคื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 150 ืž"ืจ. ื‘ืงืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ืขื ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ื™ื•ื 12.3.95. 3. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืกื‘ืจื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ื”ื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื ื“ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื” ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฉืžืื™ ืžื›ืจื™ืข. ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื•ืžื ื•ืžืงืช ืงื‘ืข ื”ืฉืžืื™ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืœื“ืขืชื•, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ื•ื 19.744 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœืขื’ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ืœ20-. ื”ืฉืžืื™ ื”ืกืชืžืš ื‘ืžืกืงื ืชื• ื–ื• ืขืœ ืชืงื ื” 1(11) ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” (ืกื˜ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช), ื”ืชืฉื›"ื–1967-. ื‘ืชืงื ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช "ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื": "... ื•ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช - ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื 50% ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ". ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื’ืœ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ืืช 19.744 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืืจ, ืœ20- ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก 20 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ืงืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”20- ืœื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก. 4. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืขืจืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืฉืžืื™ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื”ืœื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืจืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืจืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืื™. ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช "ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื" ืฉื‘ืชืงื ื” 1(11) ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืชืงื ื” 1(11) ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืกืคืช "ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื" (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื). ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื ืชืคืกืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืงื ื” 10(ื) ืœืชืงื ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื—ืœืช ืชืงื ื” 1(11)(ื’), ื”ืจื™ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื—ืœืงื™-ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ื”ื•ื ืคืจื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืงืœื”. ื›ื™ ืœืœื ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืงืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ 19.744 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืจืง ืžืชืŸ ื”ื”ืงืœื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืคืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”. 5. ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™. ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื" ื‘ืชืงื ื” 1(11) ืื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชื” ื›ื—ืœื” ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื™ืกืงื” ื–ื•, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื—ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื". ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช 19 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›3/4- ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืฉืœืžืช ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืœื“ื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืฉืœืžื”; ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื‘ืข ื“ื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœืžื”. ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ 0.266 ื—ืœืงื™-ื“ื™ืจื”. 6. ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•. ื“ืขืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ืื ื›ื™ ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื•. ืื ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื ื” 1(11)(ื’) ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”. ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉื‘ืชืงื ื” ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืื ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ 151 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”. ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžืชื›ื ื™ืช ืชื•ื—ืžืช ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื”ืงืœื” ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืชืงื ื” 11(ื) ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื "ื‘ืฉืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 20% ืžื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ", ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช. ืื ื ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืขืช ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื™ื•ืฆื ื›ื™ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช 19.744 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 20% ืž20- ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ืž19- ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืงื‘ืœ-ื”ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”. 7. ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”" ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื•: "ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืชื›ื ื™ืช, ืžืชืŸ ื”ืงืœื” ืื• ื”ืชืจืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื’". ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืงืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ืชืงื ื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื”ืงืœื” ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”. ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ื™ื, ืื™ืคื•ื, ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื”ืงืœื”. 8. ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”: ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ื‘ 0.266- ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช. ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืœื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืงืœื”. ืœื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืฉืžืื™ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช, ืžืจ ื’' ื“ื’ื ื™, ืฉืงื‘ืข ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื›ื™ ืขืจืš ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื ื•ืกืคื” (ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื” 150 ืž"ืจ) ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื— ื‘ืฉืขื•ืจ 40% ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžื“ื™ืจื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช (ื‘ืฉื˜ื— 300 ืž"ืจ). 9. ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ, ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื• ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื "ื— (25.12.97). ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97035870. Q05 /ืฉื‘
[ "ืจืข\"ื 3587/97", "ืข\"ื 323/96" ]
3,650
1,697
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 97 / 3587 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช : ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ืขืคื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”: ืื—ื™ื ืืœืงื‘ืฅ ื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช (1994) ื‘ืข"ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื ืฆืจืช ืžื™ื•ื 19.5.97 ื‘ืชื™ืง ืข"ื 323/96 ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื: ื™' ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื’' ื’ื™ื ืช, ืž' ื”ืก ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ืขื•"ื“ ืขืžื™ืขื“ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ืจ ื” ื— ืœ ื˜ ื” ืชื•ืื™ืœ ื ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืฆืจืฃ ืชื•ืš 7 ื™ืžื™ื ืชื“ืคื™ืก ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืžืฉื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืชื™ืง ื–ื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื• ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื "ื– (1.7.97). ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97035870. B02 /ืฉื‘
[ "ืจืข\"ื 97", "ืข\"ื 323/96" ]
3,651
6,145
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 3587/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ืขืคื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ืื—ื™ื ืืœืงื‘ืฅ ื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื ืฆืจืช ืžื™ื•ื 19.5.97 ื‘ืชื™ืง ืข"ื 323/96, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื: ื™' ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื’' ื’ื™ื ืช, ืž' ื”ืก. ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ืขื•"ื“ ืขืžื™ืขื“ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ืš 21 ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคื’ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉื "ื– (22.7.97). ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ /ืื– 97035870. B03
[ "ืจืข\"ื 3587/97", "ืข\"ื 323/96" ]
3,652
7,152
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 3587/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ืขืคื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ืื—ื™ื ืืœืงื‘ืฅ ื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื• ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื ืฆืจืช ื‘ืข"ื 323/96 ืžื™ื•ื 19.5.97, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™. ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื: ื’. ื’ื™ื ืช, ืž. ื”ืก ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ืขื•"ื“ ืขืžื™ืขื“ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื“ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ื”ืชืฉื "ื– (16.9.97). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97035870. A04 /ื“ื–/
[ "ืจืข\"ื 3587/97", "ื‘ืข\"ื 323/96" ]
3,653
1,034
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืจืข"ื 5030/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ื”ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช: GENERAL MILLS INC ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืžืฉื•ื‘ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข"ืž 2. ืงืจื•ื™ืก ืืคืจื™ื 3. ืงืจื•ื™ืก ืื‘ืจื”ื 4. ื.ืž. ื—ื˜ื™ืคื™ ื”ืขืžืง ื‘ืข"ืž 5. ืžืจืžื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ืขื•"ื“ ื“"ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื›ื”ืŸ, ืขื•"ื“ ืœื™ื“ ื•ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: ืขื•"ื“ ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืœื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 1. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ืชื™ืจืก ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืจื•ื˜ ื—ืœื•ืœ ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ืงืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืืจื•ื– ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืืกื ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข"ืž - ื”ืžื˜ื’ื ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ - ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ืงืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื "ืืคืจื•ืคื•" (ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™). ื–ืืช ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื˜ื™ืคื™ ืชื™ืจืก ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืจื•ื˜ ื—ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช, ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื "ืœื” ื ืฉ" ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืง ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 1996, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฉื "ืคืคื™ื˜ื•", ืฉืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื• ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995 (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื—ื“: ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™). 2. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997 ืชื‘ืขื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืœืชืช ืฆื•ื™- ืžื ื™ืขื” ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืขืชืจื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื•ื™-ืžื ื™ืขื” ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื•ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืื™-ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœื›ื•ื ืกื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืงืฉืชื” ื ื“ื—ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžืฆื ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื•, ื›ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืจื™ื–ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืจื™ื–ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืจื•ื˜ ื—ืœื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช. ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ. ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ืžืžืฉ. 3. ืขืœ ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœื ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืืœื”. ื‘ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื™ืคื’ืขื•. ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ืขื“ื™ืฃ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื ื•ืฉืืช ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™-ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ืฉืžื›ื•ื—ืŸ ื›ืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ - ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ - ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” (ืกืขื™ืฃ 11 ืœื—ื•ืง-ื™ืกื•ื“: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื•, ืกืขื™ืฃ 5 ืœื—ื•ืง-ื”ื™ืกื•ื“: ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง). ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืœื ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ืจืื•ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืื• ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืกืžื›ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ื• (ืกืขื™ืฃ 8 ืœื—ื•ืง-ื™ืกื•ื“: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื•, ืกืขื™ืฃ 4 ืœื—ื•ืง-ื™ืกื•ื“: ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง). ืื•ืžื ื ื”ืกืขื“ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ื•ื— ืชื—ื™ืงื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช - ืกืขื™ืฃ 75 ืœื—ื•ืง ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ [ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฉื•ืœื‘], ื”ืชืฉืž"ื“1984- ื•ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ืชืฉืž"ื“1954- ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื•ื ืก ื ื›ืกื™ื, ื•ืชื•ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื ืฉืžืจ (ืกืขื™ืฃ 10 ืœื—ื•ืง-ื™ืกื•ื“: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื•, ืกืขื™ืฃ 10 ืœื—ื•ืง-ื™ืกื•ื“: ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง). ื•ืื•ืœื, ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืงื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™-ื”ื™ืกื•ื“, ื•ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืงื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืœื ื™ืคื’ืขื• ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช. ืจืื• ื‘ืฉ"ืค 537/95 ื’ื ื™ืžืืช ื ' ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืค"ื“ ืžื˜(3) 355 ื‘ืข' 375. ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืงื ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืชื—ื™ืงืช-ืžืฉื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช. ืจืื• ื‘ืฉ"ื 4475,4459/94 ืกืœื•ืžื•ื ื•ื‘ ื ' ืฉืจื‘ื ื™ ืค"ื“ ืžื˜(3) 479 ื‘ืข' 483. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“: ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืืช ื”ืกืขื“ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืžืœืื” ื”ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื˜ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ ืœื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช. ืจืื• ืข"ื 18/86 ืžืคืขืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืคื ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' Les Verreries De Saint Gobain , ืค"ื“ ืžื”(3) 224, ื‘ืข' 231-230. 4. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืืจื™ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ืžื›ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืจื™ื–ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื›ื ื” ืœื”ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืฉื‘ืขื˜ื™ื• ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ืจื•ื˜ ื—ืœื•ืœ ืขื ืชื•ืฆืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช. ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™. ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื ื“ื—ื™ืช. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืชืฉืœื ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืš 15,000 ืฉ"ื—. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื˜ื– ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉื "ื– (18.9.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97050300. L02
[ "ืจืข\"ื 5030/97", "ื‘ืฉ\"ื 4475", "ืข\"ื 18/86" ]
3,654
2,629
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 5030/97 - 1 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช : GENERAL MILLS INC ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืžืฉื•ื‘ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข"ืž 2. ืงืจื•ื™ืก ืืคืจื™ื 3. ืงืจื•ื™ืก ืื‘ืจื”ื 4. ื.ืž. ื—ื˜ื™ืคื™ ื”ืขืžืง ื‘ืข"ืž 5. ืžืจืžื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ื“ื—ื•ืคื” ืœืกืขื“ื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืคื• (ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื. ืฉืœื•) ืžื™ื•ื 4.8.97 ื‘ื”ืž' 8485/97 ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืœืžื” ื›ื”ืŸ, ืขื•"ื“ ืœื™ืขื“ ื•ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื” ื— ืœ ื˜ ื” ืื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื›ืœ ืขื™ืœื” ืœื™ืชืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฆื“ ืื—ื“. ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืš 10 ื™ืžื™ื (ื•ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคื’ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ). ืชืฉืœื™ื ื ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ืืฃ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืฆืžื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื˜ื– ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉื "ื– (19.8.97). ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97050300. B01
[ "ืจืข\"ื 5030/97" ]
3,655
1,035
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 97 / 1883 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืฉืจื™ื˜ื— ืกืžื™ื— ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื 2. ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื 3. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื 4. ื“ื™ืื‘ ื’ืื ื ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื–ืžืจ 5. ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื–ืžืจ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžื—ื™ืงืช ืขืชื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจ: ืขื•"ื“ ืขืžืื“ ื“ืงื•ืืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื ื™ ืžื•ื—ืงืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื“ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื "ื– (29.6.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97018830. Q03
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 97" ]
3,656
1,036
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืข"ื 94 / 5633 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ืก ื’'ื•ืŸ 2. ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ืก ืžืจื™ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ: ืขื•"ื“ ื™. ืฉืœืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994, ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื 16.6.97. ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืงื ื” 473 (ื) ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื“1984-, ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื™ ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืœืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื "ืœ. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืœืžื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ื-ื›ื— ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืœืฉื—ืจืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื ื“ื—ื™ืช. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื "ื– (8.5.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 94056330. Q02
[ "ืข\"ื 94" ]
3,658
11,635
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืข"ื 94 / 5633 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื' ืžืฆื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ืžื™ื•ืคื” ื›ื•ื— ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ืœื•ื™ ืื™ืจื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ืก ื’'ื•ืŸ 2. ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ืก ืžืจื™ื“ืœ ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ื 13.7.94 ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”"ืค 150/94 ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื–ืง ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื "ื– (16.6.97). ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ : ืขื•"ื“ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : ืขื•"ื“ ืฆื•ื•ื‘ื ืจ ืจื•ื ื™ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ 1. ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื›ื•ืœื• ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉืจื” ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 79ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ (ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฉื•ืœื‘), ื”ืชืฉืž"ื“- 1984 ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื ื“ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ืคืฉืจื” ื”ื ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ: ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื™ื“ื—ื™ื ื”; (ื‘) ืœื ืชื•ื’ืฉื ื” ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื›ืš ืื ื• ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื•ืื ื• ืžื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ. 2. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืงืœื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 1 ืœืฉืœื ืœืžืขืจืขืจ ืกื›ื•ื ื‘ืฉืงืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ- 50,000.- ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืœ ืื”"ื‘ ืœืคื™ ืฉืขืจ ื™ืฆื™ื’; ืื•ืœื ืื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 1 ื™ืฉืœื ืœืžืขืจืขืจ ืกื›ื•ื ื‘ืฉืงืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ- 35,000- ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืœ ืื”"ื‘ ืœืคื™ ืฉืขืจ ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื 16.7.97 ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืชืฉืœื•ื ื™ืชืจืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื. ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืกืคืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื•. ืขื ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื• ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืืจืขื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืชื™ืง ื–ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื "ื– (16.6.97). ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉื• ืค ื˜ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 94056330. B03
[ "ืข\"ื 94", "ื”\"ืค 150/94" ]
3,659
1,037
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 5879/97 ืจืข"ื 5880/97 ืจืข"ื 5881/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื : 1. ืžื’ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 2. ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืคืจืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคืจืœ ื—ืŸ 2. ืคื ื™ื ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื™ื— ื•ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืคื• ืžื™ื•ื 9.9.97 ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ืž' 4579/97 ืช"ื 1342/96, ืขื–' 1772/95 ืช"ื 393/97 ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื˜ืœื’ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 1. ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ - ืจืข"ื 5879/97, ืจืข"ื 5880/97 ื•ืจืข"ื 5881/97. 2. ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. 3. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื™ื’ื™ืฉื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ืชื•ืš 15 ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื•. 4. ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ื” 406(ื‘) ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื“1984-. 5. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื•ื”ืŸ - ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ - ืœืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื. 6. ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชื™ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ ืชืงื ื” 410 ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื“1984-. ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื”, ืื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘. ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื›ื”ืกื›ืžื” . ื”ืขื“ืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื›ืื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื›ืš . ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื˜ื–' ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ื”ืชืฉื "ื— (15.12.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ืขื›ื‘/ 97058790. E04
[ "ืจืข\"ื 5879/97", "ืจืข\"ื 5880/97", "ืจืข\"ื 5881/97", "ืช\"ื 1342/96", "ืช\"ื 393/97" ]
3,660
6,333
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 5879/97 - ื' ืจืข"ื 5880/97 ืจืข"ื 5881/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื : 1. ืžื’ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 2. ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืคืจืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคืจืœ ื—ืŸ 2. ืคื ื™ื ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื: ืขื•"ื“ ื’. ืฉื™ืคืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืขื•"ื“ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”: ืขื•"ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื (ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉื•ื ื”) ื•ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืื—ื“, ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื” ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื›ื™ ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 7,500 ืฉ"ื— ื™ื•ืคืงื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืงื“ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืขื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜, ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื˜' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื "ื— (9.11.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97058790. O02
[ "ืจืข\"ื 5879/97", "ืจืข\"ื 5880/97", "ืจืข\"ื 5881/97" ]
3,661
10,448
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 5879/97 -ื ืจืข"ื 5880/97 ืจืข"ื 5881/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื : 1. ืžื’ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 2. ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืคืจืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคืจืœ ื—ืŸ 2. ืคื ื™ื ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื: ืขื•"ื“ ื’. ืฉื™ืคืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉื”, ื•ื–ืืช ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื—' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื "ื— (9.10.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97058790. O01
[ "ืจืข\"ื 5879/97", "ืจืข\"ื 5880/97", "ืจืข\"ื 5881/97" ]
3,662
27,726
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืจืข"ื 5879/97 ืจืข"ื 5880/97 ืจืข"ื 5881/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื: 1. ืžื’ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 2. ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืคืจืœ ื  ื’ ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: 1. ืžืจื“ื›ื™ (ืคืจืœ) ื—ืŸ 2. ืคื ื™ื ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 1. ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืœืฉืžื™ืขื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืขื“. 2. ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื. 3. ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื™ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืœืฉืžื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืงื“ื. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉื "ื— (11.2.98). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ COURT
[ "ืจืข\"ื 5879/97", "ืจืข\"ื 5880/97", "ืจืข\"ื 5881/97" ]
3,663
28,271
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 5879/97 - ื”' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื : 1. ืžื’ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 2. ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืคืจืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคืจืœ ื—ืŸ 2. ืคื ื™ื ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื: ืขื•"ื“ ื’. ืฉื™ืคืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื“ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืกืš 10,000 ืฉ"ื— ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื•ืžื™ื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื™ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื˜' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื "ื— (5.5.98). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97058790. O11
[ "ืจืข\"ื 5879/97" ]
3,664
31,153
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืจืข"ื 5879/97 ืจืข"ื 5880/97 ืจืข"ื 5881/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื: 1. ืžื’ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 2. ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืคืจืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคืจืœ ื—ืŸ 2. ืคื ื™ื ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืžื™ื•ื 9.9.97 ื‘ื”ืž' 4579/97, ืช.ื. 1342/96, ืชื™ืง ืขื–' 1772/95, ืช.ื. 393/97, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื™ื•ื 10.9.97 ื‘ืช.ื. 1342/96, ื”ืž' 2916/97, ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืž. ื˜ืœื’ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืฉื ื™ืช ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื ืจืื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืคื•ืจื•ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืื—ื“. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืชืื™ื ืœื›ืš, ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื• ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชื™ื ืชืŸ ืชื•ืš 15 ื™ื•ื. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื˜"ื– ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื "ื— (14.1.98). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97058790. J05
[ "ืจืข\"ื 5879/97", "ืจืข\"ื 5880/97", "ืจืข\"ื 5881/97" ]
3,665
34,930
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืจืข"ื 5879/97 ืจืข"ื 5880/97 ืจืข"ื 5881/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื: 1. ืžื’ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 2. ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืคืจืœ ื  ื’ ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: 1. ืžืจื“ื›ื™ (ืคืจืœ) ื—ืŸ 2. ืคื ื™ื ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืžื™ื•ื 9.9.97 ื‘ื”ืž' 4579/97, ืช.ื. 393/97, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื™ื•ื 10.9.97 ื‘ืช.ื. 1342/96, ื”ืž' 2916/97 ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืž. ื˜ืœื’ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 1. ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืœืฉืžื™ืขื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืขื“. 2. ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื™ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืœืฉืžื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืงื“ื. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉื "ื— (11.2.98). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97058790. J09
[ "ืจืข\"ื 5879/97", "ืจืข\"ื 5880/97", "ืจืข\"ื 5881/97" ]
3,666
40,861
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 5879/97 ืจืข"ื 5880/97 ืจืข"ื 5881/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื : 1. ืžื’ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 2. ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืคืจืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคืจืœ ื—ืŸ 2. ืคื ื™ื ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืคื• ืžื™ื•ื 9.9.97 ื‘ื”ืžืจ' 4579/97 ื‘ืช"ื 1342/96 ืชื™ืง ืขื–' 1772/95 ืชื™ืง ืื–ืจื—ื™ 393/97 ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื 10.9.97 ื•ืžื™ื•ื 9.9.97, ื‘ืช"ื 1342/97 ื”ืž' 2916/97 ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืž. ื˜ืœื’ื ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื— (31.3.98) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื : ืขื•"ื“ ืฉื™ืคืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 1 ื‘ืชื™ืง ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ 1772/95: ืขื•"ื“ ืฆื•ืจ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 1 ื‘ืชื™ืง 1342/96 ืขื•"ื“ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 2 ื‘ืชื™ืง 5880/97 ื•ื‘ืชื™ืง 5877/97: ืขื•"ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื” ื— ืœ ื˜ ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื•ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื ื• ืฉื”ืขืจื›ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื’ืชื” ื‘ืชืชื” ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ. ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื ื“ื—ื™ืช. ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื”, ืื•ืชืŸ ืื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 10,000.- ืฉ"ื—. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื— 31.3.98). ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืจืข"ื 5881/97 ื” ื— ืœ ื˜ ื” ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ืขื™ืงืจื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“. ื‘ื›ืคื™ืคื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืชืงืคื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืจืขื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืฉื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืžืฆื ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื— (31.3.98). ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืจืข"ื 5880/97 ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื” ืชืขืžื•ื“, ืืš ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ืชืชื‘ื˜ืœ, ื›ืฉื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืœื• ืœืขืชื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ืื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื. ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืกื›ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ื” ื— ืœ ื˜ ื” ืื ื• ืžืืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื•ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืœื• ืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื— (31.3.98). ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื” ื— ืœ ื˜ ื” ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืœืคืกื•ืง ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืจืขืจ ื ืžื—ืงืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื— (31.3.98). ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97058790. B10
[ "ืจืข\"ื 5879/97", "ืจืข\"ื 5880/97", "ืจืข\"ื 5881/97" ]
3,667
1,039
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 96 / 8984 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ : ืขืืžืจ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ : "ื“ืœืง" ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืข"ืž ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ: ืขื•"ื“ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกื’ืœ ื” ื— ืœ ื˜ ื” ื‘ื-ื›ื— ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 16.12.96. ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื-ื›ื— ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”. ืขืœ ื‘ื-ื›ื— ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืžื‘ืงืฉ ื›ื™ ืื™ ื”ืคืงื“ืช ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืชืงื ื” 431 ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื“1984-. ืื ื™ ืžืืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืคืงื“ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืคืงื“ืชื• ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉื "ื– (30.1.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 96089840. Q01
[ "ืจืข\"ื 96" ]
3,671
8,607
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’"ืฅ 1751/97 - ื' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื–ืžื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืฉืงื™ื‘ ืขืœื™, ืขื•"ื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•"ื“ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ืจื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืขื•ืชืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื”ืžืชื•ืงื ืช, ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื“ื—ื™ืช. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื "ื— (11.11.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97017510. I02
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 1751/97" ]
3,673
24,608
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 1751/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืงื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื - ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื ื• ืžื™ื•ื 14.10.98 ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 1 ื›ื™ ืชื•ื“ื™ืขื ื• - ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช - ืื ืชื™ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื›ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš-ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ืืฉ (ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 3 ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืฉื™ืฉื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื”). ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 1 ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื ื•, ืชื•ืš 15 ื™ื•ื, ืื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜ (15.11.98). ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97017510. G06
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 1751/97" ]
3,674
34,222
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 1751/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ. ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž. ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™. ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ: ืฉืงื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ ื  ื’ ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: 1. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจ: ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘1: ืขื•"ื“ ืขืœื™ืืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 2: ืขื•"ื“ ื‘ืจื™ืกืงืžืŸ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ: 1. ื‘ืขืชื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืชื•ืงื ืช, ืขืœื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™, ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ (ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืœืฉื›ื” ื‘ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื), ื”ืชืฉื "ื–1997- (ืœื”ืœืŸ - ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื) ื•ืขืชืจ ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื›ืœืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื•ื™ืคืจื˜ื• "ืืžื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื ื—ื™ื" ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืžื›ืœ ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืœื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงืื“ื™ ืžื“'ื”ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื™ื, ืชืฉื›"ื’1963-. ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืืœื”: ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉืฉื” ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ 3; ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื ืืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ืจ. 2. ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืขืœ ืชืงื ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 1 ืžื™ื•ื 3.12.98. ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ 3 ืžืฉืฉื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืืžื•ืจื” "ืชื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”" ืœืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืฉื ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช. ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืงืจืืช ื›ื™ื ื•ืกื” ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ืขืชื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 1 ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืชื ืื™ ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื ืื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• - ืชื ืื™ ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžื”ืงืื“ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื”ื. ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ืœื ื• ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฆื“ื™ืง ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ืื ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขื™ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื ืขืช ื ืฆื™ื’ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 1 ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืžืฆืื• ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ืื ื• ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ืจื”, ืืš ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื "ื˜ (14.12.98). ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97017510. B08
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 1751/97" ]
3,675
34,824
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 1751/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ' ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืงื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ื›"ื“ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื "ื˜ (14.10.98) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืขื•"ื“ ืขื“ืืœ ืขืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” 1: ืขื•"ื“ ืขืœื™ืืฉ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 2: ืขื•"ื“ ื“ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืกืงืžืŸ ื“"ืจ ืขืœื™ืืฉ : ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 3 ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ืž-ืฉื™ืฉื” ืœ-ืฉืœื•ืฉื”. ื” ื— ืœ ื˜ ื” ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื—ื” ื•ืื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื™ืชื•ืงื ื• ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•ืจืš-ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ืืฉ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืงื•. ื“"ืจ ืขืœื™ืืฉ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืชื•ืš 6 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืชื•ืงื ื• ืื ืœืื•. ืื ืœื ื™ืชื•ืงื ื• ื™ื ืชืŸ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืชื™ืง. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื“ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื "ื˜ (14.10.98). ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97017510. B05 /ืฉื‘
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 1751/97" ]
3,676
36,961
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 1751/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ืงื“ืžื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืฉืงื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ - ืขื•"ื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•"ื“ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื - ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื•ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ื›"ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื— (21.4.98) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืงื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : ืขื•"ื“ ืžืฉื” ืขืœื™ืืฉ ื”ื— ืœื˜ื” ืฆื• ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. 45 ื™ืžื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื— (22.4.98) ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97017510. G04 ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 1751/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ืงื“ืžื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ: ืฉืงื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ - ืขื•"ื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: 1. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•"ื“ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื - ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื•ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ื›"ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื— (21.4.98) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจ: ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืงื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: ืขื•"ื“ ืžืฉื” ืขืœื™ืืฉ ืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขืชื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื ืžืœืคื ื™ื• ืฆื• ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื•ืœื™ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื: ื. ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื™ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 1 - "ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ (ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืœืฉื›ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื) ื”ืชืฉืž"ื–1977- (ืœื”ืœืŸ - ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื), ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืื• ื‘ื—ืœืงืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืœืœ ืžืก' 3 ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืžืคืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘. ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืชืงื‘ืข ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 2 ื›ืœืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืื• ืชืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืืžื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื. ื’. ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 2 ืžื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื ื›ืืžื•ืจ. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืฉื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื, ืื ืจืฆื•ื ื ื‘ื›ืš, ืชื•ืš 45 ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื–ื”, ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืœื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื— (21.4.98) ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97017510. G04
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 1751/97" ]
3,677
1,041
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 4365/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 3. ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื) 4. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ 5. ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ (ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™) ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื”ืชืฉื "ื– (16.7.1997). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97043650. L01
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 4365/97" ]
3,678
6,617
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 4365/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื–ืžื™ืจ ื›ื‘' ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 3. ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื 4. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ 5. ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ื›"ื– ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื "ื— (28.10.97) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•"ื“ ืžื•ืจืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : ืขื•"ื“ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืงืื”ืŸ, ืขื•"ื“ ืœืกืœื™ ืงืื•ืคืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ื-ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ืื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉืžื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื–ื• ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ื•ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1998 ื™ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘-ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืžื™ื“ ืœื›ืฉืชืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื– ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื "ื— (28.10.97) ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97043650. G05
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 4365/97" ]
3,679
12,233
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’"ืฅ 4365/97 - 1 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 3. ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื 4. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ 5. ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจ: ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžื•ืจืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 28.10.97 ื‘ืฉืขื” 11:30. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื” ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉื "ื– (28.8.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97043650. Q04
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 4365/97" ]
3,680
13,452
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 4365/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 3. ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื 4. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ 5. ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”. ื‘ื-ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื–ื•ืžืŸ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ื˜ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉื "ื– (3.8.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97043650. L02
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 4365/97" ]
3,681
15,261
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 4365/97 - 1 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 3. ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื 4. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ 5. ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื•ืขื“ ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1997, ื•ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื˜ ื‘ืื‘ ื”ืชืฉื "ื– (12.8.97) ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97043650. L03
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 4365/97" ]
3,682
25,158
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 4365/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื–ืžื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจ-ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 3. ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” (ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื) 4. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ 5. ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ื›"ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉื "ื— (24.2.98) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื 1-4: ืขื•"ื“ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืงืื”ืŸ, ืขื•"ื“ ืœืกืœื™ ืงืื•ืคืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื‘ืืช-ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉืžื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื™ 1998 ื™ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘-ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืชื” ืขืช. ื ืงืจื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” (ืื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช) ื•ื ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉื "ื— (24.2.98). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97043650. G06 /ืฆืฉ
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 4365/97" ]
3,683
30,804
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 4365/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 3. ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื) 4. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ 5. ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ืชืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื˜"ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜ (4.11.98). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97043650. A08 /ื“ื–/
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 4365/97" ]
3,684
41,963
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’"ืฅ 4365/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 3. ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื) 4. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ 5. ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘, ืชื•ืš 21 ื™ื•ื, ืขืœ ืžืกืžืš ื”"ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื‘ืงืฉื”" ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื-ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ื 28.9.98. ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ื' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜ (1.10.98) ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97043650. G07
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 4365/97" ]
3,685
42,186
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 4365/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 3. ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื) 4. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ 5. ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ, ืชืฉื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื’ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜ (12.11.98). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97043650. A09 /ื“ื–/
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 4365/97" ]
3,686
42,773
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 4365/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื–ืžื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 3. ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื) 4. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ 5. ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื”, ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™-ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืชื•ืš 14 ื™ื•ื, ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื. ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื• ืœืชืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฆืจืคื ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืฆื•ืจืฃ ืืฃ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจ. ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื‘ืื™-ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ: ื‘ื™ื•ื 4.11.98 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืง ื›ื™ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ - ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• - ืชืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ. ืžืฉื ืกืชื‘ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืจื•ืื” ืขืฆืžื” ืคืกื•ืœื” ืžืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื™ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ. ืคืกืง-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื ื• ื‘ืœื ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ-ืคื”, ืืœื ืื ื‘ืื™-ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืื—ืจืช. ื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื•, ืื ืชืขืœื”, ืชื•ื’ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืชื•ืš 14 ื™ื•ื. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜ (15.11.98). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97043650. G10
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 4365/97" ]
3,687
45,489
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’"ืฅ 4365/97 - ื”' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 3. ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” - ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื 4. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ 5. ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ, ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื™ื•ื 9 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1999. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜ (10.2.99) ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97043650. G14
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 4365/97" ]
3,688
48,436
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 4365/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื–ืžื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 3. ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื) 4. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ 5. ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ื™"ื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜ (3.2.99) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : ืขื•"ื“ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืงืื”ืŸ, ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ: ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืืœื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืŸ-ื”ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืึดืžึผึธื”ึผ; ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื - ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื™ืœื“ื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกืคืจื“. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื” ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึตื™ืชึธื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืืฉื”, ืึดื™ืฉึธื”ึผ ื•ึผื‘ึดืชึผึธื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช. ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื˜ื•ืŸ; ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืฉื”; ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ืืฉื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืช ื•ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœืขื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืืชืจ ื”ืื‘ ืืช ื”ืืฉื” ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื”. ื”ืื‘ ืžื ืกื” - ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™-ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ - ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ึผึดืชึผื•ึน ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•, ืœืžื™ืฆืขืจ, ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื“ืจ-ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื‘ื™ืข-ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืืš ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ื ื ืฆื•ืœื—ื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•. ื”ืื‘ ืžืขืชื™ืง, ืื™ืคื•ื, ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื“ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•. ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืŸ-ื”ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคื”, ื›ืš ืคืชื—ื ื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•. ืืœื ืฉื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืื™ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงืฆืจ. ืคืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื ื•. ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ 2. ืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื• - ืขื•ื“ื“, ื”ืื‘ ืื• ื”ืขื•ืชืจ) ื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื” - ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”, ื”ืืฉื” ืื• ื”ืื) ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ืช-ืžืฉื”-ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื 31.12.1992, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื 1.11.1993 ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืชื, ืื•ึนืจ. ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชืขืจืขืจื•, ื•ืœื ืืจื›ื• ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ืืฉื” ื•ืื™ืฉื”ึผ ืฉืงืขื• ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜: ื”ืืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™. ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื” ืขืœื• ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืฉื”, ื ื›ืกื™ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ื–ื•ื’, ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ "ืžื•ืจื“ืช" ืฉื™ื–ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื’ื“ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”. ื ื’ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืขืชื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”"ืžื•ืจื“ืช" - ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื˜ืคืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™-ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ืฉื ื™ืช, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ - ืฆืžื—ื• ืœื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืœืขื™ืงืจ, ื•ื”ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ืงืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ื”, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื”, ื•ื‘ื”-ื‘ืขืช ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืœืื‘ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื. 3. ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™, ื•ื”ืื ื•ืขื™ืžื” ื”ื‘ืช ื ืขืœืžื•. ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ืขืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื 22.11.1994 ืขื–ื‘ื• ื”ืื ื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื™ืขื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข. ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืคื•ืœ ื•ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช - ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื™ 1995 - ืื•ืชืจื• ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื•ืื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ, ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื•ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื•ืชื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื - ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ - ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ืืช ื”ืื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืจ ืืจืฆื”. ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” (ื‘ื™ื•ื 27.6.95) ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ึนืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“. ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“; ื”ืื ืœื ื ื˜ืœื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ืœืง, ื•ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ื›ื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื• ื ื’ื“ื”. 4. ืขื ืื™ืชื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื•ืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืžืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’, ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืืจืฆื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื” ืกื™ื“ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืœื” ื ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• - ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื™ื”ื - ืคื ื” ืืœื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืช ืกืขื“. ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ - ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื: ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื ื• - ื ืกื‘ื• ืขืœ ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื—ื˜ืคื•. ืกื‘ืจื ื• ืื™ืคื•ื ืฉืจืื•ื™ ื›ื™ ื ื ื™ื— ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ื™ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช 5. ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืžืกื‘ ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•, ืขืœ ืืžื ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืฉืžื” ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื "ืืžื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื". ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ื›ื ื” ืืžื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ - ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’ ืื• ื”ืืžื ื”. ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’ ื ื—ืชืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื 25 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1980, ื•ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘"ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืืžื ื”" 1026, ื›ืจืš 31, 43. ื”ืืžื ื” ืื•ืžืฆื” ืืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’ (ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื), ื”ืชืฉื "ื1991-. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ื›ื ื” ื—ื•ืง ื–ื” - ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื—ื•ืง ื”ืืžื ื” ืื• ื—ื•ืง ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’. ื’ื ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื™ื ืฆื“ ืœืืžื ื”, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืกืคืจื“ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืขืฆืžืŸ, ืื”ื“ื“ื™, ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื”. 6. ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื - ื—ื˜ื™ืคืชื ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื ืœืืจืฅ ืื—ืจืช ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื” ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื ื™-ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื - ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื•. ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœื” ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ื—ื˜ื™ืคื” ืžืขื™ืŸ-ืืœื”: ืงืœื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ืงืœื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ "ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™-ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช", ืงืจื: ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืžื•ืฆืื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื™-ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืืฉื” ืื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™-ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ืืจืฆื•, ืืœ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื•, ื•ื™ืœื“ื• ืื• ื™ืœื“ืชื• ืขื™ืžื•. ืื•ืชื” ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™-ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช, ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื‘ืŸ-ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ (ืื• ื›ืžืขื˜-ื—ื•ืคืฉื™). ืืœ ื’ื•ืจื ื–ื” ื—ึธื‘ึทืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืฃ. ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’. ืจืื•, ืœืžืฉืœ: ืข"ื 4391/96 ืื“ื ืคื•ืœ ืจื• ื ' ื“ืคื ื” ืจื• (ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ), ืค"ื“ ื (5) 338, 343; ืข"ื 5532/93 ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื•ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื ' ืืœื ื” ื’ื™ื™ืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืœื“ , ืค"ื“ ืžื˜(3) 282, 292-291. 7. ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 1 ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื”: "ืกืขื™ืฃ 1 ื™ืขื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื - (ื) ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื ื”ืžื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืจื—ืงื• ืืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืื• ืœื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืžืžื ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ (ื‘) ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช." ื”ืืžื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข - ืืฃ ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื•ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข - ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืื• ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช-ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืžื™ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื• ื•ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ. ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ restitutio in integrum - ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืงื“ืžืชื•; ืงืจื: ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืžื ื” ื ื—ื˜ืคื• (ืืจืฅ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื˜ื™ืคื”), ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืืจืฅ ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• - ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• - ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช-ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“: ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•'. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื™ืชืŸ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœื—ื•ื˜ืฃ, ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืคื•ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืคื”, ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื•ื•-ืื ื˜ื”. ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” "ืขื–ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”" ืœืฉืœื™ืœืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืคื”. ืจืื• ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•: ื‘ืฉ"ื 1648/92 ืคื ื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ืจื ื” ื ' ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฆ'ืจืœืก ืžืฉื•ืœื , ืค"ื“ ืžื•(3) 38, 45; ืข"ื 473/93 ื˜ืœื™ ืœื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื ' ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ , ืค"ื“ ืžื–(3) 63, 70; ืข"ื 6056/93, ื‘ื’"ืฅ 6860/93 ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื” ืขื“ืŸ ื ' ื™ื•ืื‘ ืขื“ืŸ , ืค"ื“ ื ื(4) 197, 204; ื' ืจื•ื–ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™ "ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉื”" ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืฉื "ื (ืชืฉื "ื‘; ืขื•ืจืš ืืจื™ืืœ ืจื•ื–ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™) 184, 189. ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ื, ืžื›ืœืœื, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื˜ื™ืคืชื•, ืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื•. ื•ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื’ื•ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ (ืฉื, 292): "ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืžืžื ื” ื ื—ื˜ืฃ. ืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื‘ืจื— ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืžืžื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœืขืจื›ืื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”." ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘"ืขื–ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”" ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช-ื”ืืžื ื” ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืžื–ื•ืจื–ื™ื. ื•ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ 2 ืœืืžื ื”: "ืกืขื™ืฃ 2 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื ืงื˜ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžืŸ; ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ื™ืคืขื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื“ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชืŸ." ืจืื• ืขื•ื“: ืกืขื™ืฃ 11 ืœืืžื ื” ื•ืคืจืฉืช ื˜ื•ืจื ื” , ืฉื, 44. 8. ื”ืืžื ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื "ืืฉืจ ืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื—ืงื• ืืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืื• ืœื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืžืžื ื”", ื•ืกืขื™ืฃ 3 ืœืืžื ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืขื™ืœื” ื–ื•: "ืกืขื™ืฃ 3 ื”ืจื—ืงืชื• ืื• ืื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืชื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ - (ื) ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงื•ืช ืœืื“ื, ืœืžื•ืกื“ ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืจื“, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื—ืงืชื• ืื• ืื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื•, ื•ื›ืŸ (ื‘) ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ืจื—ืงื” ืื• ืื™ ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืจื“, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคืขืœื•ืช ื›ืš ืืœืžืœื ื”ื”ืจื—ืงื” ืื• ืื™ ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื”. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ (ื) ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื›ื•ื— ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ืช ืื• ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”." 9. ืžืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื™ืœื“ ื”ื•ืจื—ืง ืื• ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื” - ืื ื˜ืจื ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉื ื” ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืื• ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช - ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•. ื•ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ 12 ืœืืžื ื”: "ืกืขื™ืฃ 12 ื™ืœื“, ืืฉืจ ืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืจื—ืง ืื• ืœื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 3, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ืžืฆื ื”ื™ืœื“ ื—ืœืคื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืžืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื”ืจื—ืงื” ืื• ืื™ ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื”, ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ืชืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœืืœืชืจ." ื ื™ืชืŸ ื“ืขืชื ื• ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™: "ืชืฆื•ื•ื”" - โ€œshall orderโ€, โ€œordonne" - ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืžื“ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื”, ื ืฉืœืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื ื™ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•, ืื ืœืื•: ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืŸ. ืจืื•, ืœืžืฉืœ: ืคืจืฉืช ืจื• , 345; ืข"ื 7206/93 ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื ' ืืœืžื•ื ื™ืช (ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื), ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” 11 ืœืคืกืง-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื›ื›ืœ ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื’ื ืœื›ืœืœ ืงื˜ื™ื’ื•ืจื™ ื–ื” - ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื˜ื™ืคืชื• - ื’ื ืœื• ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืืžื ื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื. ื‘ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœื” ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืคืจืฉื•ืชื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• - ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื™-ื”ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• - ืืš ืœื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ื ืฆื˜ื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืชื” ืฉืชื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ. ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 13(ื‘) ื•20- ืœืืžื ื”, ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ื–ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื: "ืกืขื™ืฃ 13 ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื™ืœื“, ืื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ื›ื™ - ........................... (ื‘) ืงื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื–ืง ืคื™ื–ื™ ืื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืื• ืชืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ. .......................... ื‘ื‘ื•ืืŸ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”, ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืงืขื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“." "ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืจื‘ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 12 ืื ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืชืจืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“." 10. ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืืžื ื” ื ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื”: ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื”. ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” (ืกืขื™ืฃ 4(ื) ืœื—ื•ืง ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’). ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 7, 9, 10 ื•21- ืœืืžื ื”. ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื ื“ื’ื™ืฉ: ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื”. ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช - ืื• ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ื ืคื’ืข - ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืคืŸ. ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ - ืขื™ืงืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืœื”. ื”ืกืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” 11. ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช-ื”ืกืžืš ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช-ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“; ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืขื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉ - ื•ืืฃ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืงืฉ - ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืกืขื“ ื›ื ื’ื“-ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืคื•ื ืขืชื™ืจืชื• ืœืคื ื™ื ื•? ืจืืฉื™ืช ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ืจื” ื”ื ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ (ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 1), ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื (ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 2), ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 3), ื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” (ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 4). ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ, ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” - ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืœื”ืœืŸ - ืฆื•ืจืฃ ื›ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœืขืชื™ืจื”. ืืฉืจ ืœืขืชื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“, ืืœื• ืกื‘ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืืช ื˜ืขื ืชื• ื›ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื• ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืขืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”, ื•ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืขืชื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืืœื”: 1. ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืืช ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื™ื ืงื˜ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœื” ืœืคื™ ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’, ืื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”; 2. ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืืคื™ืงื™ื ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ื™ื ืื• ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื - ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื - ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ; 3. ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื• ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก, ืื• ื›ืœ ืฆื• ืื—ืจ, ืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ืื•ืจ ืืจืฆื”; 4. ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื 1 ืขื“ 3 ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœืื•ืจ: ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ, ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ, ืžื™ืžื•ื ื•, ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ, ืงืฉืจ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ; 5. ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื 1 ืขื“ 3 ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืช ืฉืืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“. ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื ื• ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื•, ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืช. ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื ื“ื’ื™ืฉ, ื›ื™ ื—ืจืฃ ื”ื–ืžื ืชื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื” ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื•ืืฃ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืชื™ืจื”. ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•, ืื™ืคื•ื, ืžืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ - ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ืžืชื•ืืจ ืจืงืข ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” - ื•ืžืคื™ ืžื™ืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ืขื•ื“ ื ืืžืจ, ื›ื™ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืœืขืชื™ืจืชื• ืžื™ืกืžื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื ืžื™ืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช. ืขื•ื“ื“ ื ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื ื•, ื•ืขื•ืจืš-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืจ ื—ืจืจื“ื• ื˜ื•ืœืฆ'ื™ื ืกืงื™ (Gerardo Tolchinsky) - ื”ื‘ืงื™ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - ืชื™ืจื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืจื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช. 12. ืขืชื”, ืžืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ื•ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืขืชื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“, ื”ื‘ื” ื ืคึทื ึถื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“; ื•ื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืชืŸ. ื‘ื”-ื‘ืขืช, ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืชื ืื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืœื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ื”ืคืจื• ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ, ื•ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื“ 13. ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื, ื”ื’ื ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ื”ืฉื™ืงื• ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืœื”-ืœืืœื”. ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืื—ื“ - ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ - ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืืžื ื”, ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื 2.8.1995, ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”, ื•ืžืื– ื ืžืฉืš ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ื•ื”ืœืš ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™. ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™-ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ืฉื™ื–ืžื” ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ. ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื”, ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉื ืฉืœืœื• ืžืขื•ื“ื“, ืœื˜ืขื ืชื•. ื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืขืชื”, ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื•ื›ืกื™ื“ืจื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืืœื”. ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืื—ื“: ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืคื™ ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’ 14. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื 2.8.1995 ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช - ื‘ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ึนืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื•ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื“ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืคื™ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื•ืื•ืœื ืื ื• ืœื ื ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืืœื ืœืื•ืชื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•. ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื•ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืืฆื•ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ - ืื• ืขืœ ืžื—ื“ืœืŸ - ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. 15. ื•ืื•ืœื, ืขื“ ืฉื ื‘ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื ืงื“ื™ื ื•ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ื“ ืฉืขืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”, ื ื•ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืžืื– ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ื›ืขื ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ, ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ื•ื“ื•ื“ื”ึผ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”. ื ืงื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ืช ืœืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ื ืืžืจ, ื›ื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ - ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื”ื•ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช - ื™ื’ืœื” ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ื ื•ื“ืขื” ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช. ื•ืืžื ื, ื‘ื”ื ื™ื—ื ื• ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืืžืช, ืฆื“ืงื• ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื‘ืกื•ื‘ืจื - ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช - ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื’ื ืื ื™, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ืžื•ืชื ืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื ื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ื›ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ, ื•ืœื• ื”ืืžื ืชื™ ืœืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื ื• - ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœืœื-ื”ื™ืกื•ืก - ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืืžืช , ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื ื“ืข ื›ื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืงื”. ื•ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืืžืช, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ื›ื™ ื™ืขื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื‘. ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื•ื ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืœืŸ. ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ 16. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื ื• ืขืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื–ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื• ื ืชื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื›ืขืœ "ืžื•ืจื“ืช". ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืžื•ืจื“ืช" ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื“ืชื™, ื•ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ. ื ืืžืจ ืขืชื” ืืš ื–ืืช, ื›ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื›ืขืœ "ืžื•ืจื“ืช", ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ืœื ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื” ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืงืคืื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• (ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™-ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ). ื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• - ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื›ืžื•ืจื“ืช, ื”ื™ื-ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ืœื”, ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื ื•, ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“. 17. ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ, ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื“ื”ึผ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”. ื•ื”ื ื”, ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ, ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ื”ื ืกื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืžื•ืจื“ืช" ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืฉื” ื›"ืžื•ืจื“ืช" ืขืœ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื•, ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ, ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”. ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืœืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”, ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” - ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืžืชื ื•ืกืก ืกืžืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื•ื›ืš ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ืชื‘: "ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื‘' ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืžืœื•ืœ ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” 25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1996 ื’ื‘' ื ื›ื‘ื“ื”: ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืงืฉืชืš ืžื™ื•ื 20 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื ื ื™ ืžืชื›ื‘ื“ ืœืืฉืจ ืœืš ื›ื™ ื‘30- ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1995 ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืžืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืจื›ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืก' 17 ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื›ืžื•ืจื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื–ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืฆืืฆืื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื– ืžื•ืจื“. ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื‘ืฉืจ ืœืš ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื "ืœ ื ืขื ืชื” ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 1 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช, ื•ื”ืขืชืง ืžืžื ื•, ื ืืžืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืจ, ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ื‘ื–ื”. ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื‘. ( - ) ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ " ื”ืžื™ืกืžืš ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื‘ื• ืขื™ืงืจ, ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื”: ืกืžืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื• ื•ื—ื•ืชื ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืชื•. ื ืžืขื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ื–ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•: "ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืจื›ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืก' 17 ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช, ืชื™ืง 637/95 ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš ื‘ื™ื•ื 30/11/95, ื”ื ื ื™ ืขื•ืจืš ืืช ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืงืฉืจ: 'ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื ืชื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื›ืžื•ืจื“, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื–ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฆืืฆืื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื– ืžื•ืจื“'. ื”ื ื ื™ ืžืขืชื™ืง ืœื”ืœืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืฉื”ื•ืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”, ืžืจ ื“. ืฉืœืžื” ื›ื”ืŸ: 'ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืžื•ืจื“', ืืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช... 'ืžื•ืจื“ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ', ืฉืคืจื•ืฉื• ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื• 'ืžื•ืจื“ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื', ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉ'ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืชืช ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™'. 'ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืื“ื 'ืžื•ืจื“ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ' ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื›ื–ื”, ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•'. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ื—"ืž, ืขื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืื•ื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืฉืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ื "ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื–ืช 'ืžื•ืจื“ืช', ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื ื–ืง ืจื‘ ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื, ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžื›ืœ ืžื’ืข, ืขื ื”ืื, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืžื ื” ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืขืžื“ื ื›ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื›ื•'. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ืœืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื—"ืž ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื’ื‘' ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ืฉืืช ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื ืชื™ื ืช ืกืคืจื“, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ืŸ ื”ื—"ืž ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ. ื•ืœืจืื™ื”, ื”ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”, ื‘1- ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1995. ( - ) ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ, ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“. " (ื”ื”ื“ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ - ืž' ื—'). [ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื—ืชื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืชืžืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื”] ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงืฆืจื•ืช: ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื›"ืžื•ืจื“ืช", ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื - ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” - ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื” - ืึตื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื•ื“ื•ืื’ืช - ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื”, ืื•ืจ, "ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื". ืืžื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”, ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืžื™ืจื” ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื”, ืืžื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ืŸ-ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืคื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื™ืžื”. ื”ืืžื ื ืจื™ื‘ ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™-ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ "ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื”, ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื‘ืฉืจื”? ื”ื“ืขืช ืœื ืชื›ื™ืœ ื–ืืช ื•ืœื ืชืกื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš. ื ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ื›ื™ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ (ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 1) ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ - ื›ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืกืžืš ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœื™ืชืŸ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ืชืจ-ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ: ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืืš ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ื—ืจื’ ืžืกืžื›ื•ืชื•; ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืžืขืœ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื”. ืืœื ืฉืขืœ-ื›ืš ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ืœืŸ. 18. ื ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ: ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ืžืขื™ืŸ-ื–ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืฉืชื™ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืœื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื ืืช ื“ืขืชื•, ื•ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” - ืืš ื‘ืืฉืจ ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื”ื•ื - ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’. ื™ื—ื“-ืขื-ื–ืืช, ืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ืฉืช ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื’ ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœื• ืœืคื™ ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’. ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• - ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - "ืœื”ืกื’ื™ืจ" ื™ืœื“ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ืชืง ืื•ืชื• ืžืื™ืžื• ืืš ื‘ืืฉืจ ื ืชื’ืœืข ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ื”ืื‘. ื›ืœ-ื›ืš, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื—ื•ื•ืช-ื”ื“ืขืช ืžืฉืงืคืช ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืชื”ื: ื”ืื ืืžื ื ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ืขืœ-ื›ืš ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ. ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” 19. ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ื“ื—ื”, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ื•ืฆืืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื-ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ - ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ - ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”. ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื˜ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจื“ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื” ื”ืคืจืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช. ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืขื™ืจ - ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ - ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืชืขืœื ืžื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื–ื›ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื›ืœืœื” ื–ื›ื•ืช-ืžื™ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ. ืื›ืŸ, ืœื• ื ืขืจืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™-ืื– ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืื‘ - ื•ื‘ืขืฆื: ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื• - ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืจื—ืงืชื” ืฉืœื-ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ืจื™ ื”ืืžื ื”. ืจืื•: ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 3 ื•5- ืœืืžื ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืจืฉืช ื˜ื•ืจื ื” , 47-46; ืคืจืฉืช ืขื“ืŸ , 201; ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™, ืฉื, 194-193. ื•ืื•ืœื ืื ื•, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”. ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื ืชืžืœืื•, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืชื ืื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ, ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ. 20. ืžืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜, ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ื•ืงื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ืจื—ืงื” ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื-ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื-ืื– ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ื•20- ืœืืžื ื”, ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื. ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื• ืขืชื”. ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” 21. ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ืžืขืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจืขืชื•. ื”ื ื”-ื›ื™-ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ืœืืžื ื” - ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ืžื•ื ืข ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื - ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืืœื”: "ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืื ื•ื”ื‘ืช, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืจืื™ื” ื”ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื•ื 27/6/95 ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ืœืื‘ ื•ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืื " REVOLUCIONARIA ืื• REVOLTOSA ", ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœื‘ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื™ืžื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™ ืฉื ืชื ื” ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื." ื”ื ื™ืžื” ื”ืืžื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื™ื - ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื™ื - ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืœื-ืคืขื, ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘: ืœื• ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื’ื ืื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคืกืง ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”. ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืื ืžื‘ืชื” ืืš ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ืื ืจื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืื‘? ืžืกืงื ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ. ืื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืฉื™ืœื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื‘ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ืจื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืฉื” ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ื–ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืขืชื•. ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ 22. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจื›ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ึนืชึธื” ื“ืขืชื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืขื™ืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ื•ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื”ื. ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ืคืกืง-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ื”ื•ื, ืืžื ื, ืืœื ืฉื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืงืขืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืขืจืขื•ืจ. 23. ืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•, ืืžื ื, ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”. ื•ืื•ืœื ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืฆืœื—ื” ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื ื“ื—ื”. 24. ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ืคืš ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจื›ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ - ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ืจืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ืื” ืงืžื - ื›ื™ ื”ืจื—ืงืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื-ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“, ื•ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ - ืื•, ืœืžื™ืฆืขืจ, ื™ื™ื“ื•ืขื• - ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื›ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื—ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ืœืืžื ื”, ืื™ื ื• ืชื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื ืฉืชื ื” ืžืื– ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ืœืื‘, ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ. ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ: ื‘ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืœื ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื”, ืงืจื: ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืงื“ืžืชื•. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื, ื›ืš ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ, ื ืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ "ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ" ืืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื” ื ื–ืง ื—ืžื•ืจ. ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืคืกืง-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื”, ื‘ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 13(ื‘) ื•20- ื‘ื”, ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืื™-ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืœ ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœื” ื ืฉื•ื—ื— ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื“ืจื›ื ื•, ื•ืœืขืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื. ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ 25. ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” - ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” - ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื•ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืืฉื” ื›"ืžื•ืจื“ืช": ื—ืฉืฉ ื ื™ืชื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” - ืขืงื‘ ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื–ื• - ืžืื•ืจ, ื•ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืื•ืจ. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžืคืกืง-ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื•: "... ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืœืคื™ื” ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’ ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจืช ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื™ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช, ืื•ืœื ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™. ืืžื ื, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื ืชืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘- 27/6/95 ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืœืื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืข, ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืœื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืขืžื“ืช ื”ืื. ... ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื”, ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ื•ื’ื ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื•ื ืข ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœืื™ ื”ื—ืœืช ื”ืืžื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืืžื ืช ื”ืื’. ืืžื ื, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืœืื‘ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืžื”ืื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืจื™ื“ืช ื”ืื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืข"ื™ ื”ืื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจื ื ื–ืง ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืงืœืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืขื ืงืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ื "ืœ ื”ื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืœื ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืจืง ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ื”ืื‘, ื”ืื ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื” ื•ืชืจืื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืžื“ืชื”, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื™ืชื”, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืžืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื, ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืžื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื”, ื›ืขื ื™ืฉื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืช, ืฉื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืœื™ืœืช ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช (PATRIA POTESTAD) ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ืื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืฉื”ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื›ืžื•ืจื“ืช ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื”, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืชื™ื ืชืŸ, ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจืข ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื”, ืข"ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื™ืชื”, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื ื•. ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืžื•ืจื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืกื•ืชืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™-ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืœืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ืข ืžืžื ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืืช ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื›ืžื•ืจื“ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช." ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™-ื›ืš, ืขื“ ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืชื”, ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื”ื›ืจืขืชื• ืขืœื™ื”. ื ืžืฆื ืœื ื•, ืื™ืคื•ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ื›ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืŸ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืื›ืŸ ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืช ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ืคืกืง-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. 26. ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืœื ื ืชื’ืœื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืคืกืง-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื›ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืžืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ืœื• ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื”ื“ืขืช, ื”ื–ืขื™ืง ืขื•ื“ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื—ืœ ื ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช. ืขื•ื“ื“ ืคื ื” ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘-ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช, ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืงืฉื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื›ื™ ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ื ืขืจืš ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืงืฉื™-ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฃ ื ืชืŸ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“. ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ืืช ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืงืฉื™-ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ืืš ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื•, ื•ืžื™ืกืžื›ื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืืฃ ื”ืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืš ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื, ื›ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืขื• ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืœืืžื ื”. ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืœืืžื ืช ื”ืื’ 27. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” 9 ืœืขื™ืœ, ืžืฉื ืžืฆื ืœื• ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ื™ืœื“ ื”ื•ืจื—ืง ืื• ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจ, ืฉืœื-ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื” - ืื ื˜ืจื ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉื ื” ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืื• ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื - ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื. ืืœื ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื›ืคื•ืคื” ืœื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื”. ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื”ืฉืชื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ื›ืจืขืชื ื’ื, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืขืœ ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœื” - ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ืฉ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื›ืจืขืชื•, ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™, ืžื™ื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื - ืฉื•ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”. 28. ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืขืชื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื: ื–ื” ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ืœืืžื ื” ื•ื–ื” ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืืžื ื”. ื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืืœื•, ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืช, ื›ืกื™ื“ืจืŸ. 29. ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ืœืืžื ื”, ื•ื–ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื”: "ืกืขื™ืฃ 13 ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื™ืœื“, ืื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ื›ื™ - ........................... (ื‘) ืงื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื–ืง ืคื™ื–ื™ ืื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืื• ืชืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ. .......................... ื‘ื‘ื•ืืŸ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”, ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืงืขื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“." ื—ืจื™ื’ ื–ื” ืœื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•, ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœื ื–ืง ืคื™ืกื™ ืื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื’ืจื ืœื™ืœื“ ืื ื™ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืื• ืฉื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืชืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ. ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื–ื” ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื•ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืฉื•? 30. ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืงื‘ืขื”, ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ืงื‘ืขื”, ืคืขื ื•ืขื•ื“ - ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืืžื ื” - ื›ื™ ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืžืฆื•ื ื•ื‘ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื•ืช. ืจืื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืคืจืฉืช ื˜ื•ืจื ื” , 45-44; ืคืจืฉืช ื’ื•ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ , 298-294; ืคืจืฉืช ืจื• , 347; ืจื•ื–ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™, ืฉื, 191; Friedrich v. Friedrich , 78 F.3d 1060, 1067-68 (6 th . Cir. 1996) . ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื›ืžื•-ืžืืœื™ื” ืžืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื”, ื•ืžื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช-ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื™ืŸ. ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืืžื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” - ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื™ื - ืชื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช-ื”ืžื”ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื•ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืœืœ. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื–ื” ื ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช-ืœื‘ ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช - ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœ"ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“" - ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืกื›ืœ ืืช ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืืžื ื”; ืฉืชื—ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื” - ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื - ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช-ื”ืžื”ื•ืช, ืงืจื: ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืจืื•ื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื•ื, ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ. ื•ื›ืš, ืชื—ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืขื“ ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืงื“ืžืชื•, ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“. ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื˜ื•ืจื ื” , ื‘ืื•ืžืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” (ืฉื, 46-45): " ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื›ืืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“, ืืฃ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœื”. ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื›ื–ื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืื•ืชื•. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื’"ืฆ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืจืง "ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื“ืœืงื”" ืื• "ืขื–ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”" ืœืฉื ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื• - ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืœืงื— ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืžื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจ ืื• ืžื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื•ืกืžืš ืื• ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื... ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ื’"ืฆ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ืœื™ืœื“, ื ื–ืง ื”ืžืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง, ืฉืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ื’"ืฆ..." ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“" ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืืžื ื”, ืžืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ - ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื - ืžืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืขืช ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืคืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืœืžื™ ืชื™ื ืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช. "ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“" ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืืžื ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื, ื›ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืชื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื•ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืคืœื•ื ื™ (ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” 13 ืœืคืกืง-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ): "ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“" ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืœืœ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื ื” ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ... ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื—ื˜ื™ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื•. ื ื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื•ื: ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื•. ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื ื• ื—ืคืฅ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœื• ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื•. ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืชืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ืœื ืชื”ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคื”." "ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“" ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ื” "ื˜ื•ื‘ื”" ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช, "ื˜ื•ื‘ื”" ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืชื” ื‘ืคืจื™ืกืžื” ืฉืœ "ืขื–ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”" ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืžืฆื‘ ืœืงื“ืžืชื•; ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ืœืืžื ื”. ื‘ื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื™ืœื“ - ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื - ืืœื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ื™ื™ื’ืจื ืœื™ืœื“ ื ื–ืง ืงืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื. ื”ืื ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืชืขืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ื”? (ืคืจืฉืช ืจื• , 346; ืคืจืฉืช ื’ื•ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ , 296). ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื”ื—ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆื™ืžืฆื•ื ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ื—ืœ. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™-ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉืœ ืจืขื‘ ืื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœืกื›ื ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื›ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื• ืื• ื”ื–ื ื—ืชื•. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช Friedrich ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘): โ€œ...we believe that a grave risk of harm for the purposes of the Convention can exist in only two situations. First, there is a grave risk of harm when return of the child puts the child in imminent danger prior to the resolution of the custody dispute - e.g ., returning the child to a zone of war, famine, or disease. Second, there is a grave risk of harm in cases of serious abuse or neglect, or extraordinary emotional dependence, when the court in the country of habitual residence, for whatever reason, may be incapable or unwilling to give the child adequate protection.โ€ (at 1069 ; emphasis in the original) ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืื™ืคื•ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ-ื›ืœ-ื”ืกื•ืคื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš , ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืึตืžื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืืžื ื”, ืึตืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื. ื•ื”ืึตืžื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื ืืžื ื ื™ื™ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืœื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ, ื—ื–ืงื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ืš. ื•ืืžื ื, ืื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืึตืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœื ื–ืง ืฉื™ื™ื’ืจื ืœืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืชืชืื™ื™ื“ื ื” ื•ืชื™ืขืœืžื ื” (ืฉื, 1068). ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืจื• , ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื•ืืžืจื ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื›ื™ "ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช, ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ื—ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืฉืจ" (ืฉื, 351). 31. ื”ื ื˜ืœ ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ืžื•ื˜ืœ, ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื•, ืงืจื: ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืžื• ืฉืœื-ื›ื“ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• - ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”). ืจืื•: ืข"ื 1372/95 ืœื•ื™ื“ ืกื˜ื’ืžืŸ ื ' ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ืจืง , ืค"ื“ ืžื˜(2) 431, 438; ืคืจืฉืช ืจื• , 346. 32. ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื‘ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืืžื ื”, ื•ื›ืš ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื ื•: "ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืจื‘ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 12 ืื ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืชืจืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“." ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ืžืจื›ื– ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื—ืจื™ื’ ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืืžื ื” ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช): ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืจื‘ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืื ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืชืกืชื•ืจ "ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“" ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช "ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“". ืื›ืŸ, ื’ื ื—ืจื™ื’ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืœื ืฉื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืื™ื ืืœ ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ืจืš ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื“ืขืชื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ: ืžื ืกื—ื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ื—ืฉืฉื• ื›ื™ ืื ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ื‘"ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ" ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืกืชื, ื™ืงื•ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืืžื ื” ืชืชืจื•ืงืŸ ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ-ืžืžืฉ. ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืฆื™ืžืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ืœื ืœืชืงื ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ืœืื•ืชื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“. ืจืื•: Lynda R. Herring, Comment, โ€œTaking Away the Pawns: International Parental Abduction & the Hague Conventionโ€, 20 North Carolina Journal of International Law & Commercial Regulation 137, 170-171 (1994). 33. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืืžื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืฆืžืฆื ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™, ื•ืžืื•ืชื ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืฆืžืฆื ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™; ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืงืœ-ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ. ืื›ืŸ, ืชื—ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื–ื” ื ืชืคืฉืช ื›ืฆืจื” ืขื“-ืœืžืื•ื“. ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ Lara Cardin, Comment, "The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction as Applied to Nonsignatory Nations: Getting to Square One", 20 Houston Journal of International Law 141, 153 (1997): โ€œWhile its language appears broad and exploitable, Article 20 is somewhat of a paper tiger. As with the preceding exceptions, courts are to exercise restraint in interpreting Article 20 so as not to undermine the Convention`s objectives. It does not provide an excuse to examine the merits of a custody case, nor to judge the political system from which the child was removed. Rather, the provision applies only where return would 'utterly shock the conscience of the Court or offend all notions of due process.โ€™ Thus far, courts have denied most pleas invoking Article 20.โ€ ื›ืš ื ืงื‘ืข, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ืœืืžื ื” - ื•ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืืžื ื” - ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™; ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ โ€œby clear and convincing evidence ", ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช. ืจืื•, ืœืžืฉืœ: ืคืจืฉืช ื’ื•ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ , 296; ืคืจืฉืช ืจื• , 347; Freier v. Freier , .969 F. Supp. 436 (E.D. Mich. 1996) ื‘ืคืจืฉืช Janakakis-Kostun v. Janakakis , LEXIS 24 (Ky. App. 1999) ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื‘ึผึดืชึผื•ึน ืœื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื”ืืฉื” ื”ืขืœืชื” ืœื”ื’ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืืžื ื”, ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืชื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื” ื•ืืช ื™ืœื“ืชื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืžืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก, ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื, ืœืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืžื™ื, ื”ืชืขืœืœื” ื‘ื” ืคื™ืกื™ืช ื•ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ืžื ืขื” ืžืžื ื” ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื. ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’, ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืขื• ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช Roszkowski v. Roszkowska , 644 A.2d 1150, 1159 (N.J. Sup. Ch. 1993) ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ืกื•ืžืืœื™ื” ื•ืขื™ืจืง ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ืืฉืจ-ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืืžื ื”. ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ - ืœื ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” - ื•ืœื• ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื—ืœ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืืžื ื”. ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ Prof. Peter Nygh, โ€œ The International Abduction of Childrenโ€ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ Children on the Move - How to Implement Their Right to Family Life (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1996, eds. Jaap Doek, Hans van Loon & Paul Vlaardingerbroek) 29, 40 ืžืขื™ืจ ืคืจื•ืค' ื ื™ื’', ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื• ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื•ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื—ืœ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืืžื ื”. ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ื›ื™ ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ื”, ื’ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• 34. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื•, ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• - ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื›ืื•ืช - ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ื•ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืืžื ื”. ืืฉืจ ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘), ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ื ื–ืง, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื•ืจ ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื‘ืจื•ื ื›ื™ื˜ ืืกื˜ืžืชื™ืช, ื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” - ืื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื” - ื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”. ื›ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜, ื›ื™ ืื•ืจ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ืงื” ืžืื™ืžื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื” "ื ื–ืง ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™" ืื• "ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ", ื›ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ืœืืžื ื”. ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ืœืืžื ื”, ื•ืื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจื›ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืจืื” ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื, ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ - ืื ืืš ืชื•ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื” ื ื–ืง ื—ืžื•ืจ. ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉืœืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื›ื™ ืžื—ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืžืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ืœืืžื ื”. ืืฉืจ ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืืžื ื”, ื’ื ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื• ื”ื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ - ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื›ืื•ืช - ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•. ืืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจื›ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืืžื ื” ื›ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•, ื›ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืžื‘ืชื” - ื›ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ - ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืกืคืจื“ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“. ืืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ืงื‘ืข ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื ืœืื‘ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืกืคืจื“, ื•ื›ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื–ื• ืชื—ืจื™ืฃ ืื ืชื•ื›ืจื– ื”ืื ืžื•ืจื“ืช ื•ืชื™ืฉืœืœื ื” ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”. ืจืื• ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” 25 ืœืขื™ืœ. 35. ืื ื ืชืขืœื ืœืจื’ืข ืžื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ - ืžื—ื•ื•ืช-ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจืขืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ - ื“ื•ืžื ื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื ืื—ืจืช ืžืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืขื• ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื”ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 13(ื‘) ืœืืžื ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ื‘ื”. ื™ื—ื“-ืขื-ื–ืืช, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืขืชื ื• ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจืขืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื”ื, ืœื ื‘ืขืจื›ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืจื›ืืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ. ื•ืื•ืœื, ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžื•ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืชื”ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื“ื“. ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• - ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืื‘ - ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื ืื•ืจ ื‘ืœื ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ืœื ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื ื˜ืœื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืขืจืš ืžื•ื’ื–ื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื•. ืœื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื›ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”; ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช - ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ืžื—ืฆื” ืชื•ืฆื ืžื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืืžื”-ื™ื•ืœื“ืชื” ื•ืชื™ืžืกืจ ืœืื‘ื™ื” ืืš ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืžื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืื•ืชื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื-ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืื™-ื”ื•ืฆืืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช - ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืคืจืฉืช Freier - ื‘ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืื ืœื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืืžื ื” ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืื‘ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื ื’ื“ื” ืฆื• ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื”, ืื ืชื™ืืœืฅ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื™ืœื“ืชื”, ื™ืคื’ืข ืื•ืชื• ืฆื• ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”, ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื•ืชื” ืžืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ - ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ - ื›ื™ ืœืื ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืื” ืืจืฆื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืืฃ ืœื‘ื˜ืœื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื‘ืข ืื™ืคื•ื, ื›ื™ ื›ืš ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืืžืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช-ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช-ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขื™ืžื• ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืฆื. ื›ืš ืืฃ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•-ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” - ื•ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื” ืืฃ ื›ื™ื•ื - ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ex parte) , ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืœืื‘. 36. ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืื•ืžืจื ื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจื ื•, ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืื ื• ืœืขื™ืงืจ-ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื. ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ. ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ 37. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืขืจื ื• ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืจืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื›ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื›ืืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ. ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื›ืจื•ื—ื”, ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื ืžื”ืœ ื•ื ืžืกืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื•ืขื•ื“ื“. ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ื™ืฆืจื” ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช, ื•ืžืขืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืจื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื”ื“ืขืช ืขืœื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืช ืฉื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื—ื ื• ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื ืชื•ื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉื—ื•ื•ืช-ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื’ื•ืจื ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืจ ืืจืฆื”, ื™ืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืงืฉื” - ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉ - ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ืชืจ-ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ: ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจื›ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืืœื’ืจื™ื” ื‘ื•ืจืืก. ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจืืก ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ื” ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืื•ืžืฆื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื•ื”ื ื”, ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจืืก ืžืขืœื” ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื” ื ืกืžื›ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื•ืžืจืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจืืก ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื” (ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ III , 3): "3. ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืกื™ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื”, ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืืžื ืช ื”ืื’ ืžืฉื ืช 80 ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื” 'ื›ืฉืœื ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื/ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช'. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื–ื• ,ืื ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืžื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื™ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžื”ื›ืจื–ืชื” ื›- โ€˜REVOLUCIONARIAโ€™ ืื• โ€™REVOLTOSAโ€™ . ืืžื ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืฉืœ โ€˜REVOLUCIONARIAโ€™ (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - ืžื•ืจื“ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ) ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื– โ€˜REVOLUCIONARIAโ€™ ื•ืžื” ืฉืคื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื ื–ืง ืœื‘ืช ืฉืชื™ืžืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ืžื›ืœ ืžื’ืข ืขื ืื™ืžื”, ืฉืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืžื ื” ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื”, ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชื”. ืขื ื–ื”, ืžืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืืžื ืช ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“." ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื”, ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ IV 2 A ื•ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 3: "2. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื”, ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœืชื•ืš ืกืขื™ืฃ 13, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื”. A ) ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ื ืงื˜ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื "ืœ ืืฉืจ ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจื”, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ืฉืœื™ืœื“ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืื™ืžื”. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™. ..." "3. ื‘ืื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืฉืœ ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’, ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ื’ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืื ื›- REVOLUCIONARIAโ€™ ืื• โ€™REVOLTOSA , ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ืžื’ืข ืขื ืื™ืžื” ืฉืœื” ื•/ืื• ื™ืฉืœืœื• ืžื”ืื ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื”, ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชื”. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืืžื ืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“." ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ื–ื• ืื•ืžืฆื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจื›ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื›ืš ืกืœืœื” ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ืืœ-ืชึผื•ึนื›ึธืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืœื ืืš ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจืืก. 38. ื•ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ? ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืœื ื ื”ืกืก ื•ืœื ื ืคืงืคืง: ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืืžืช. ืื™ืŸ ืืžืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืจื–ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืฉื” "ืžื•ืจื“ืช" ืคื•ื’ืขืช - ื•ืœื•ึผ ื›ื”ื•ื-ื–ื” - ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”; ื›ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื—ืงื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื’ืข ืขื™ืžื”; ื›ื™ ืžืงืคื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื. ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœ ืืžืช ืฉื”ื™ื. ื”ื›ืจื–ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืฉื” ื›"ืžื•ืจื“ืช" ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืืžื ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื”, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื–ื• ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”. ืึตื ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืึตื ื’ื ืื ื ืชื’ืœืขื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™-ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื”, ืื‘ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”, ื•ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช - ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื›ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™-ื“ืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ื”ื. ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืจื”ื™ื‘ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืขื•ื– ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื—ืจ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ืกื•ื“, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืืžืช. ื’ื ืื ืจืฆื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืช-ืื—ื•ืชื•, ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื• ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืฉื™ื™ืœืš ื‘ื•. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจืฆื” - ื˜ืขื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืชื” - ื•ืื•ืœื ืœืขื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืžืช, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ืš ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ืš ื•ืœื ืื—ืจืช. ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืœื ืืžืจ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืืžืช. 39. ืžื™ ืœื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืงืฉื™-ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื•ืจื“ืช. ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ, ืกื™ืจื‘ - ืœืฆืขืจื ื• - ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ื–ื• ื›ืจืื™ื”, ื•ืื•ืœื ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกืจ ืื• ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”. ื•ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื”ื“ืขืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื•ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช: ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืืžืช ื‘ืืžื™ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืจื–ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืฉื” ื›"ืžื•ืจื“ืช" ืคื•ื’ืขืช, ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื˜, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”. ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื ื ืฆื˜ื˜ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ื–ื• ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ-ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืกืžืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชื ื•ืกืก ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ื›ื” ืžืฉืžื™ืขื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืงืฉื™-ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™: "ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ืกืคืจื“ ื.ื’.ื , ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ: ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ "ืื ื™ ื”ืจื”"ื’ [ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ; ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ - ืž' ื—'] ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจื‘ ืจืืฉื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืืœื• ืขืค"ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื›ื ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ: 1. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจื›ืื” ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืค"ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืื‘ ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ืื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ื ื™ ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœืืฉืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืœืŸ. 2. ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื’ื‘' ืืœื’ืจื™ื” ื‘ื•ืจืืก, ืžื™ื•ื 26/2/96 ืฉื”ืขืชืงื” ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืžืกื•ืžื ืช ื‘ืื•ืช ื . 3. ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื "ืœ, ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืกื”"ื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”, ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืœืคื™ื” ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืื™ืฉื” ื›"ืžื•ืจื“ืช", ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”, ื”ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืžืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื›ื›ื–ื• ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื”, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื”, ื•ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืคืจื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืข"ืค ืืžื ืช ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“, ื•ืืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. 4. ืืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืื“ื’ื™ืฉ: ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื“ืœืขื™ืœ, ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ื”ื "ืœ, ืื™ื ื” ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื—ืกืจืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก, ื•ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“. 5. ื”ื–ื“ืขื–ืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื”ื™ืœื›ืชื™ "ืžื•ืจื“ืช", ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ "ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’, ืืœื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžื’ืžืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื›ื, ื•ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืœืชื• ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืช ืงืœื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. 6. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืžื•ืจื“ืช" ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื“ืชื™, ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืืฉื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื›ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื— ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืคื’ืขื•ืช, ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื›ืจื–ืช "ืžื•ืจื“ืช" ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ื“. 7. ืขืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ: ืข"ืค ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื ื—ืชื›ื•ืช ืืš ื•ืจืง, ื•ืœืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ืข"ืค ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืขืงืจื•ืŸ-ืขืœ ืข"ืค ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืจื›ืื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื—ื“. 8. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ "ืžื•ืจื“ืช" ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืœื™ืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ื”ื™ื ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื™ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื›ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•"ื“ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœืขืจื›ืื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื”." (ื”ื”ื“ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ - ืž' ื—'). ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื‘, ( - ) ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ " ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”"ืžื•ืจื“ืช" ืžืฆืžืฆื ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ืคื•ื ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืืฉื” ื•ืื™ืฉื”ึผ, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ. ื”ืืฉื” ื›ืžื• "ืžื•ืจื“ืช" ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื”, ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” "ืžืจื™ื“ื”" ืžืฆืžืฆืžื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ - ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืžื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• - ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืขื ื‘ืขืœื”. ื‘ื”-ื‘ืขืช, ืื™ืŸ ื•ืœื-ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื–ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืฉื” ื›ืžื•ืจื“ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื ืคื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื. ืื›ืŸ, ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื. ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื•ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช, ื•ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ืคื ื” ืœืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก ื‘ืข"ืž, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉื "ื’1993-) 213-195; Encyclopaedia Judaica (Jerusalem, 1971) vol. 8, 1122-1123, sub. tit. โ€œHusband and Wife - Moredet (โ€œrebelliousโ€ wife)โ€; vol. 13, 98-99, sub. tit. โ€œParent and Child - Custody of Childrenโ€; Menachem Elon, Jewish Law - History, Sources, Principles vol. 2 (The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia Jerusalem, 1994), 659-660, 789 n.37. . ืื ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืš ื ื’ืจืข. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ. 40. ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื: ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ื›ื–ื• ืฉืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ื”ื ื™ื— ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™-ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื” ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืฉืœื™ืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”, ืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื’ื ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื“ืขืช ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ื•ืื•ืœื, ืžืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืืžืช, ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื ื“ืข ืืฃ ื–ืืช, ืฉืจืื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”, ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช. ื›ืœ ืคืกืง-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื›ื—ืช, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื•ื™ื•ื ื— ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช-ืฉืœ-ืืžืช. 41. ืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืขื• ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืคืกืง-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืคื’ืžื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื”ื. ื›ืš ื ืกื’ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื’ื ืฉืขืจ ื–ื”, ื•ืขืชื™ืจืชื• ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’ ื ืกืชื ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืœืœ. ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื 42. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ (ืจืื• ืคื™ืกืงื” 13, ืœืขื™ืœ), ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื. ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’, ื•ื‘ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื”. ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื˜ืคืœ ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื ื•ืฉืื• ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืฆืœ ืื•ืจ. ืืžืจื ื• ื›ื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืคืœ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื™ืงื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•. ืื›ืŸ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช - ืœื• ื–ื›ื” ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ - ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืื•ืœื ื’ื ืœืขืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•, ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”"ื—ื™", ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ-ืงืฉืจ ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ-ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ. ื•ืื•ืœื, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื ื—ืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืžืคื—-ื ืคืฉ ื•ืขืžื“ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืขืช-ืœืขืช. 43. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’, ื™ื–ืžื” ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื” ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืœ ืื•ืจ. ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืขื•ื“ื“ - ื•ื›ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 16 ืœืืžื ื” - ื”ื•ืฉื”ื• ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื•ืช ืžืฉื“ืจืฉ ืขื•ื“ื“. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1996 ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช 17:00 ื•- 20:00, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืขื•ื“ื“, ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืขื•ื“ื“, ืื•ืจ ื•ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืขื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ืื‘ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืจืง ื›ืฉืขื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืชืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืชื”ื ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื ื•ื›ื—ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื. ืื•ืจ ื’ื“ึตืœื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื•ืฉืคืชื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืืœื ืžืขื˜ (ืจืื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื™ื•ื 5.2.1996). ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ. ืื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื‘ืชื• ืืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ! ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืจื—ืงื” ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืช ืžืื‘ื™ื” - ื•ื”ืื‘ ืžื‘ืชื• - ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื ื• ืฉื”ืื‘ ื•ื‘ืชื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื ื ืคืฉื™ืช. ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืขื• ื–ื”-ืกื‘ื™ื‘-ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืื™ืฉ ืžืจืขื”ื•, ื•ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš. ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื”ื, ื•ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืฆืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ. ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืช ืžืื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ืขื•ื“ื“. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื•ืืžื” - ืกื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ - ืžืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ืžืกืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื™ืžื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืข ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ืš, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืืœื™ื• ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืœื ืœืจืื•ืชื”. ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ืื•ืจ ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ืขื“ ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ืื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ืืžืชืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืจื•ืคื), ื•ืื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขื“ ืœืชื•ื ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืขื ืื•ืจ, ื‘ืื• ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืœืžื™ืคื’ืฉ, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืจื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื ื›ื— ื’ื ืฉื•ืžืจ-ืจืืฉ ืฉืฉื›ืจื” ื”ืื, ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื” ื•ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ื‘ืœืื•-ื”ื›ื™. ืœืžื™ืฆืขืจ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื—ื“, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื ืกืขื” ืขื ืื•ืจ ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ-ืœืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืชื•ื ืกื™ื“ืจืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื™ 1996, ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ืืช ืจืฉืžื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘, ื•ื›ืš ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•): โ€œIn conclusion, and despite the fact that on the two short occasions when the daughter was in the same room with her father she was able and quite willing to be with him, I must say that the presence of the bodyguard, the open hostility of the mother and the grandmother towards the father, the repeated attempts of the mother to break the relationship between the father and his daughter, the calling of the police and their arrival at the house have so completely poisoned the atmosphere at the house that I don`t see how the father and the daughter can ever re-establish their relationship in this apartment under the current conditions.โ€ ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ, ื•ื›ื™ ืื•ืจ ื—ืฉื” ื‘ื ื•ื— ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื”. ื‘ื”-ื‘ืขืช, ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ - ื•ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืืœื ื™ืœื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืื“ - ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื™ื—ืกื”-ืฉืœื” ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื•ืฉืœ ืืžื” ืืœ ืขื•ื“ื“. ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1996, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ืจืฉืžื™ื•: โ€œ...the fact that both Or`s mother and the grandmother deny the existence of the father`s existence has to confuse a child of less than three years. The disgust of the mother can be seen without any problem and this has to seem strange to the child when she is playing with her father. The father is continuing to use both Hebrew and Spanish, and I have seen very good things between them. Although the presence of the police created a much more agreeable atmosphere, I still do not believe that a situation where no one who lives there treats the father as a human being is the best in order to reestablish the relationship between Or and her father. It would be best to change the location of the visits.โ€ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื™ืกื”, ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื™ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ืื•ืจ, ืืš ื‘ืงืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืืœื• ื ื™ื“ื—ื•. ื›ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืœืฆืจืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืื—ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ (ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื). 44. ืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“, ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืžื ื™. ืขืจืขื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื“ื—ื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขืจืขื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืจืขื•. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ: " []ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืื•ืจ, ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ืจื”, ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืื“ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ) ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ื "ืœ, ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ, ื‘ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื‘, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืฆื•ื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื›ื—ืช: ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื•, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช, ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื” ื•ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืฉืขื•ืช, ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข." ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื ื ื™ืžืง ืืช ืกื™ืœื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืืš ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืื ืฉืื•ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืืช ืฉืคืช ื”ืื‘. ื•ืื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื•ืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืœื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ, ื•ืขื ืกื™ืœื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื ืชืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ. ืขื•ื“ ื ืงื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ืชื”ื ื ื•ื›ื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื”, ื•ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืืจืก 1998, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืืช ืื•ืจ ื›ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื•ื ื• ืชื ืื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ. ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืžืชื•ื›ื” ืงื˜ืข ืงื˜ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“: "ืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืื ืœื ื”ืจืฉืชื” ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืœื” ืื•ืชื ื•ืขืฉืชื” ืกืงื ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“ื” ืกื•ื•ื“ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ืœื“ื” ืขืฆื‘ ื•ืคื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืฃ ื’ืจื ืœืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ื”"ืฆ ื–ื”. .." ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื ื“ื—ืชื”. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1998 ืคืกืง ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ื–ื•ื’. ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžื•ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืชื”ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืชื”ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื. ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืœืžื”ืœืš ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืืš ืžืขืชื” ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. 45. ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ื•ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ, ืืš ืกื‘ืจื ื• ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืชืืจื• ื•ืœื• ืœืฉื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช. ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืœืคื™ ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’ 46. ืื—ืช ืžืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื™ื, ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื” ืชื›ื•ื‘ื“ื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื” (ืจืื• ืกืขื™ืฃ 1(ื‘) ืœืืžื ื”), ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 21 ืœืืžื ื”. ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ืขืœ ืื•ืจ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ, ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1997 - ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืื‘ ืืฆืœ ื‘ืชื•. ื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื›ื™ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ื•ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช - ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ - ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื’ื ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืชืŸ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื“, ื—ื™ื“ืฉื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื” ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ื’ื ื–ื•-ื”ืคืขื ืœื™ื–ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืš. ื ื™ืžื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืคืกืง-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ืข ื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืœ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ืกื™ื›ื•ื 47. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื™ืฆืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื“, ื•ืœืกื•ืฃ ืžืฆื ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืš ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื“ื•. ื’ื ืื ืืžืจื ื• ื›ื™ ืื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืืžื” - ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื“ - ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื‘ืชื• ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืื‘ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืฉื™ืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื‘ืชื•, ื’ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืงื•ืฆืฆื”. 48. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื ื• ืžืคื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ, ืืœื ืฉืžืขืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ื•ืœืคื™ื• ืชื”ื ื”ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืš-ื•ืจืง ืขื ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ (ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ืก), ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืš - ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื - ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืš. ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ืžื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื. ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ืžื”ืกื›ืžืชื•, ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœื• - ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื ื•. ื›ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืคื•ื ืืœื ืื•ืชื• ืกื“ืง ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื. ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื–ื”, ืžื” ื”ื - ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื•. 49. ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืžืคืขื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืคืขื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื; ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืจืช ื‘ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืขื•ื“ื“; ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ; ืžื ื™ืขืช ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทื—ึถื™ื”ึธ ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื; ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื’ืจืžื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืื•ืจ. ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ื ืชืง ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1998 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื ื• ืขื•ื“ื“ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืชืจืื” ืขื ืื•ืจ ืžื–ื” ื›ืฉื ื”. ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื ื• ืขื•ื“ื“, ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืขืจืžื” ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื•, ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฉืœื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1999 ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื ื•, ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™-ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ื•, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ืชื™ืฉืœืœ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”. ืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื“ื—ืง ืืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืื•ื‘ื“ ืขืฆื•ืช. 50. ื•ืฉื•ื‘: ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื•ื›ืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื ื• ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืืœื ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืžืกื›ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉืžืขื ื•ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”, ื›ื–ื›ื•ืจ, ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื• - ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื–ืžื ื” - ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื ื•ื’ื“ืช). ื”ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ืœืกืขื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ? 51. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื” ืฉื•ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœืกืขื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•? ืžื ื™ื ื• ืกืขื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” 11 ืœืขื™ืœ, ื•ืขืชื” ื ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ื“. 52. ืืฉืจ ืœืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ - ื›ื™ ื™ืขืฉื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ - ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืฆื• ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืขื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื™ืชืŸ. ื•ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื›ืš: ืœืื—ืจ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ื›ื ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืฉื• ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ืŸ - ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช - ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืื›ื™ืคืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’; ื•ื”ื’ื ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ื›ื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืคืจื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื ื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื•ื: ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ืขืฉื• ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืขืฉื•. ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืืฃ ื™ืฆืื• ืžื’ื™ื“ืจืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืชืจ. ื•ืื ืœืกื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืขืœื” ื—ืคืฆืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ืŸ, ืœื ืืฉืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ. 53. ืืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ, ืื•ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืขืžื•ื“-ืฉื™ื“ืจื” ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื•, ืžืขืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื•. ื‘ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ืžืกืžื›ื•ืชื•, ื•ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ื‘ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื›ืชื‘ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ - ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืชืžืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” - ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœื›ื•ืชื‘ื” ื•ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื›ื•ืชื‘ื”. ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ื–ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืืžืช, ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื‘ื•ื˜ื”. ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืงืœื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ื›ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื›ื” ื—ืจื™ื’, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ืš ืœืจืขื” ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื•. ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ื“ื•ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื• ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ - ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื•ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืขืฉื•. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื”ื ืžืจืฆืช ื•ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’ - ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื - ืขืฉื• ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืš ืžืขื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื”ื• ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ. ืื›ืŸ, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ืขืžื“ื” ื ื—ืจืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ-ื›ืœ-ื”ืกื•ืคื•ืช, ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ (ื›ื‘ื•ื“) ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ืจื, ืฉืœื-ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ื ื–ืง - ืืคืฉืจ ื ื–ืง ื‘ืœืชื™-ื”ืคื™ืš - ืœืื–ืจื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืจืขื” ื›ืžื• ื™ืฆืื” ืื™ืคื•ื ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ืžืขืฉื”ื• ื—ืกืจ-ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ, ืืš ืžืฉื ืขืฉื” ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจืข, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืจื›ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช. ืœื• ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช, ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื ืข ื ื–ืง ืื™ืฉื™ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ื ื–ืง ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื•ืคืจืš ืžืขื™ืงืจื• - ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื—ืฉืœืช ื”ืฉื•ืœืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžึตืึตื. ื•ืื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื, ืœื ื ืžืฆื ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ืœืขื•ืชืจ. ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• (ืื•ืชื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช) ื•ื›ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืฉื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ื“. ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก 54. ืื—ื“ ื”ืกืขื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื”ื•ื, ื›ื™ ื ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื• ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ืœื”ื‘ืืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื ื™ื™ืžืฆื ืžื™ ืฉื™ื—ืœื•ืง ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื”ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก. ื–ื• ื”ืœื›ื” ืžืื–-ื•ืžืงื“ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื—ืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก. ืจืื•, ืœืžืฉืœ: ื‘ื’"ืฆ 5891/91 ื™ื’ืืœ ืงื•ืืจื˜ ื ' ื“ื™ืืŸ ืงื•ืืจื˜-ืฉืจืฉื• (ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื); ื‘ื’"ืฆ 532/79 ื–ืื‘ ืคื•ืงืก ื ' ืžืจื’ื•ื˜ ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ , ืค"ื“ ืœื“(1) 209, 211. ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืชื’ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ื ื• - ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช-ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ืงืคื” - ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื ื• ื•ื ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืœื”. ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืฉืงื•ืœ - ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช - ืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก (ืขืœ-ืืฃ ืฉื’ื-ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆื• ื–ื”, ื•ืœื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื“). ื•ืื•ืœื, ืžืฉื‘ื—ืจ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžื ื”, ืœื ื™ื”ื ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื - ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื’ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื“ - ื™ืขืฉื” ืขื•ื“ื“ ืชืคื ื™ืช ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช. ืื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ืง ื”ืืžื ื” ืœื ื ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืฉื ื—ื˜ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืฅ-ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ืื•ืœื ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืื™ื ื” ื“ืจืš ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื•ืื™ื ื” ื“ืจืš ืจืื•ื™ื”. ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ื™ืชืคื•ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืืžื ื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœื”; ืจืื•: ืคืจืฉืช ื’ื•ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ , 297. ื•ืื•ืœื ื’ื ืื ืืžืจื ื• ื›ื™ ืขืฆื ื—ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ืœื ืชืžื ืข ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก - ื•ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืŸ - ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื ืคื’ืข ื”ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ - ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• - ื›ื™ ืกืขื“ ื”ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ื ื˜ืžืข ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืืžื ื”. ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ืš, ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืœื•ืฃ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื– ื—ื˜ื™ืคืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ. ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืขืชื”. ืฆื• ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ื›ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” - ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• - ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื”, ื•ืกืคืง ืื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•. ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜. ืœื ืืžืจื ื• - ืืฃ ืœื ื ืืžืจ - ื›ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื”. ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ื›ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืœืขื• ื•ื ื˜ืžืขื• ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื”. ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืš, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ - ืฆื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื“ ืœื”ื ื•ืืฃ ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื-ื›ื•ื— - ื•ืœืคื™ื• ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื”. ืฆื• ื–ื”, ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื, ืฉืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื ืกื‘ื” - ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” - ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืื•ึนืจ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”, ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืกืขื“ ื”ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก. ืจืื• ื•ื”ืฉื•ื• ืœืžืฉืœ: ื‘ื’"ืฆ 76/71 ืื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืœื ื“ืจืจ ื ' ื”ื•ื’ื• ืœื ื“ืจืจ , ืค"ื“ ื›ื”(2) 258. ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ 55. ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื›ื™ ื ื•ืจื” ืืช ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ. ื’ื ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืชืจ. ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื–ืจ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ - ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื - ืืœื ืฉืขืœ-ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ืงื ืชื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกืžื›ื•ืชื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื”. ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ืžื™ืฆืชื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืขื“-ื›ืœื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืžืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ 56. ืขื•ื“ื“ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ืชื™ืจื•ืช. ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ื›ื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ-ื–ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืขื•ื“ื“ - ื’ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืš - ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื›ื™ ื ืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ืงืฉืช ืขื•ื“ื“. ื›ืœืœื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื 57. ื›ืœืœื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื›ื™ ื ืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ืœื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ. ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืžืฉื›ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื–ืจ ืœืขื•ื“ื“, ื•ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืฉื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•, ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื•ื™ืขืฉื•. ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืžืฆื•ืงื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืœื ืœืงื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืืœื• ืชืขืฉื™ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื‘ ืฉื›ืš ืœืคืชืข ืžืฆื ืขืฆืžื• ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื‘ืชื•, ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื‘ืฉืจื•. ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื 58. ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืงืฉืจ ื ืคืฉื™ ื—ื–ืง ืžื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื. ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื•ืœื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื’ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ืง ืžื›ืœ. ื›ืš ื”ื ืงืฉืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื•. ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืง ื•ื ืขืœื” ืžื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜: "ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื, ืฉื™ืœื“ ื™ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžื•: ื”ื ืฉื™ืื”ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื ืฉื™ืื›ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื™ืฉืงื• ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื ืฉื™ื—ื ื›ื• ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืขื“ ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœืื™ืฉ. ื–ื• ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื–ื• ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื." (ืข"ื 6106/92 ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช ื ' ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” , ืค"ื“ ืžื—(2) 833, 836). "[]ื›ืœ ืื - ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืื - ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื‘ื ื” ื”ืงื˜ื•ืŸ, ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื•, ืœืœื˜ืฃ ืื•ืชื•, ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœื•, ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืชื•, ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืœืš ืขืžื• ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื“." (ืข"ื 6106/92 ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช ื ' ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” , ืค"ื“ ืžื— (4) 221, 236-235. ื–ื• ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื. ื–ื• ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘. ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื•, ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืื•ืžืฆื” ืืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืืžืจื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืข"ื 3798/94 ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื ' ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช , ืค"ื“ ื (3) 133, 155, 165, ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื: "ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืฉืœ ืื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื•ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื•ื—ื•ืงื”. ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื, ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื ื• ืคื ื™ืžื”. ื•ื’ื ืื ื™ื™ืืžืจื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืงื”, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืืœื ื”ื“ ืŸื‘ืช-ืงื•ืœ ืœืื•ืชื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื™ ืชื”ื•ื ืจื‘ื” ื™ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื™ืขืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื™ืœืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข... ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื: ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื›ืš ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืืžืฅ ืืœ ื—ื™ืงื” ืชื•ืคืขืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื. ื›ืš ื”ืื“ื: "ื›ืจื—ื ืื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื—ื ื”' ืขืœ-ื™ืจืื™ื•" (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, ืงื’, ื™ื’), ืื•: "ื”ืชืฉื›ื— ืืฉื” ืขื•ืœื” ืžืจื—ื ื‘ืŸ-ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื” ื’ื-ืืœื” ืชืฉื›ื—ื ื” ื•ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ืืฉื›ื—ืš" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•, ืžื˜, ื˜ื•) (ื•ื“ื•ืง: ื”ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืกื™ื™ื’ ื‘ืฆื“ื•) ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื—ื™ื” ื•ื”ืขื•ืฃ: "ื›ื ืฉืจ ื™ืขื™ืจ ืงื ื• ืขืœ-ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื• ื™ืจื—ืฃ, ื™ืคืจืฉ ื›ื ืคื™ื• ื™ืงื—ื”ื• ื™ืฉืื”ื• ืขืœ-ืื‘ืจืชื•" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืœื‘, ื™ื); ืื•: "...ื’ื ืชื ื™ืŸ (ืชื ื™ื) ื—ืœืฆื• ืฉื“ ื”ื ื™ืงื• ื’ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ..." (ืื™ื›ื”, ื“,ื’). ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™, ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ืžื• ื›ืคื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืืžืฆื• ืœื•...". ื›ืš ืืฃ ืœื™ืžื“ื ื• ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืข"ื 488/77 ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช ื ' ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” , ืค"ื“ ืœื‘(3) 421, 430-429: " []ื”ื™ืœื“ "ืฉื™ื™ืš" ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื•-ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื•, ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื "ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื" ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื—ืœืฆื™ื”ื. ื”ื›ื ืกืชื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืฉื™ื™ืš" ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ืื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก, ืืœื ื‘ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืžื”, ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื—ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื“ืœื™ื, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ...ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืืฆืื• ื”ื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื•-ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ืงื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื." ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืจืช: " ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื ื›ืก ื”ื™ืงืจ ืœืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืคืจื™ ืื”ื‘ืชื, ืขืฆืžื ื•ื‘ืฉืจื, ื•ืืช ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืืช ืžื˜ืขื ื ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™. ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ืœืงื™ื“ื•ืžื•." (ืฉื, 441). ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ืืš ื’ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื; ื•ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืขืฆืžื ื™ืžืœืื• ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ื”ื ื•ืœื ืื—ืจื™ื ื–ื•ืœืชื. ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืข"ื 577/83 ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื ' ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช , ืค"ื“ ืœื—(1) 461, 467: "ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื–ื”ื• 'ื”ืชื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื”ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช' (ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืข"ื 488/77, ื‘ืขืž' 434). ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืชื• (ื”ืคื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช) ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ... ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ... ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืžืœื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื - ื”ื ื•ืœื ื–ื•ืœืชื. ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื, ื•ืœื ืื—ืจ, ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื• ... ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ - 'ืงื•ืœ-ื”ื“ื' ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืž"ืž ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื—ืฉื™ืŸ, ื‘ืข"ื 50/55, ื‘ืขืž. 799 - ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ... ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ... ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื• ืžืฆืื” ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช, ืชืฉื›"ื‘1962-, ืืฉืจ ืงื•ื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืืช 'ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช' ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ (ืกืขื™ืฃ 15...)." (ื”ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ -ืž' ื—') ืจืื• ืขื•ื“, ืœืžืฉืœ: ืข"ื 232/85 ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื ' ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” , ืค"ื“ ืž(1) 1, 7; ื“ื "ื 2401/95 ืจื•ืชื™ ื ื—ืžื ื™ ื ' ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืจื—ืžื ื™ , ืค"ื“ ื (4) 661, 737-736,719,680. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื™ื ืชืง ืœืขื•ืœื. ืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ื™ื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืื•ืจ; ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื•ืจ, ื’ื ืื ืœื ืชืจืื” ืืช ืื‘ื™ื”, ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื•ืชื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•. ืขื•ื“ื“ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื•ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืงืœื” ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืกืคืจื“ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื•, ืืš ืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื” ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช. ื”ืœื ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ื›ื™ ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืขื–ืจ, ื›ื™ ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืœื• ื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื• ืืช ื‘ืชื•? 59. ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืฉื ืคืœื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืืš ื‘ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื˜ืขื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ-ืืžืช ื”ื™ื. ืื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ื–ื• ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”-ื‘ืขืช ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื“ ื’ื ื‘ืฉืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืžืจืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ื‘ื“ืช ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืจืื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื”ื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ืชื•ืฉืžื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ื•ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื›ืจืข ื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืขืœื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืœื•ืœ. ื ืงื•ื•ื” ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื”. ืืฉืจ ืœืขืชื™ืจื”, ื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื—ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืชื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ. ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื–ืžื™ืจ : ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื. ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื˜' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’-ื›ื”ืŸ : ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื”. ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜ (1.7.99). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97043650. G15
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 4365/97", "ืข\"ื 4391/96", "ืข\"ื 5532/93", "ื‘ืฉ\"ื 1648/92", "ืข\"ื 473/93", "ืข\"ื 6056/93", "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 6860/93", "ืข\"ื 7206/93", "ืข\"ื 1372/95", "ืข\"ื 6106/92", "ื‘ืข\"ื 3798/94", "ื‘ืข\"ื 488/77", "ื‘ืข\"ื 577/83", "ื‘ืข\"ื 50/55", "ืข\"ื 232/85", "ื“ื \"ื 2401/95" ]
3,689
62,040
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’"ืฅ 4365/97 - ื“' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ 2. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 3. ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” - ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื 4. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืœื” ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™: 5. ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืœ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืš 7 ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜ (3.2.99) ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97043650. G13
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 4365/97" ]
3,690
1,043
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 7098/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื”ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช : ื’ืœื™ื ื” ืจื•ืฉืงื ืกืงื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ื‘ื ืง ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžืฉื›ืชื ืื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž 2. ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืงืจืช, ืขื•"ื“ 3. ื™ืื ืง ืจื•ืฉืงื ืกืงื™ 4. ืื™ื ื” ื’ื•ื ืฆ'ืืจื ืงื• ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™: 5. ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืคื• ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ืžืจืฆื” 28407/97 (ืช.ื. 11055/97) ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื 30.11.97 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื“"ืจ ื“' ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ืขื•"ื“ ืจื•ื ืŸ ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 1: ืขื•"ื“ ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืงืจืช ื‘ืฉื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืก'3, 4: ืขื•"ื“ ืคื ื—ืก ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 1. ืขื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืก' 1 - 4. ื‘ื˜ืจื ืื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื‘ืื™ ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืš 7 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉืœื‘ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื•ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ. 2. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื• ื”ืฆื• ื”ืืจืขื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืžื™ื•ื 3.12.97. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื˜ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื "ื— (18.12.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ COURT /ืžืค
[ "ืจืข\"ื 7098/97" ]
3,692
6,810
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 7098/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช : ื’ืœื™ื ื” ืจื•ืฉืงื ืกืงื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ื‘ื ืง ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž 2. ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืงืจืช, ืขื•"ื“ 3. ื™ืื ืง ืจื•ืฉืงื ืกืงื™ 4. ืื™ื ื” ื’ื•ื ืฆ'ืืจืงื• 5. ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืคื• ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ืช.ื. 11055/97 ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื 30.11.97 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื“"ืจ ื“' ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ื•ืฆืœ"ืค (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘) ืžืก' 01-44230-96-1. ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช : ืขื•"ื“ ืจื•ื ืŸ ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 1. ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื•ืœืกืขื“ ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. 2. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืฉื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื ืœื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืชื•ืš 7 ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื•. 3. ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ื” 406(ื‘) ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื“1984-. 4. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ, ืœืžื‘ืงืฉืช. 5. ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชื™ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ ืชืงื ื” 410 ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื“1984-. ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ืื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘. ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื›ื”ืกื›ืžื” . ื”ืขื“ืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื›ืื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื›ืš . 6. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฆื• ืืจืขื™ ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ 48 ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืืชื (ื—ืœืงื” 80/5 ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ 11009) ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ื•ืฆืœ"ืค (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘) ืžืก' 01-44230-96-1 ืขื“ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื“' ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื "ื— (3.12.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97070980. M02
[ "ืจืข\"ื 7098/97" ]
3,693
11,445
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 7098/97 - ื' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช : ื’ืœื™ื ื” ืจื•ืฉืงื ืกืงื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ื‘ื ืง ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžืฉื›ืชื ืื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž 2. ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืงืจืช,ืขื•"ื“ 3. ื™ืื ืง ืจื•ืฉืงื ืกืงื™ 4. ืื™ื ื” ื’ื•ื ืฆ'ืืจืงื• 5. ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืคื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืื’ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ืขื•"ื“ ืจื•ื ืŸ ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืชืฉืœื•ื ืื’ืจื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื“' ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื "ื— (3.12.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97070980. O01
[ "ืจืข\"ื 7098/97" ]
3,694
23,267
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 7098/97 - ื‘' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช : ื’ืœื™ื ื” ืจื•ืฉืงื ืกืงื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ื‘ื ืง ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžืฉื›ืชื ืื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž 2. ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืงืจืช, ืขื•"ื“ 3. ื™ืื ืง ืจื•ืฉืงื ืกืงื™ 4. ืื™ื ื” ื’ื•ื ืฆ'ืืจืงื• 5. ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืคื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ืขื•"ื“ ืจ. ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืชื•ื’ืฉ ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืžืกื™ืจื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื“' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื "ื— (2.1.98) ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97070980. O04
[ "ืจืข\"ื 7098/97" ]
3,695
26,733
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื 7098/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื”ืž ื‘ืงืฉืช : ื’ืœื™ื ื” ืจื•ืฉืงื ืกืงื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ื‘ื ืง ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžืฉื›ืชื ืื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž 2. ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืงืจืช, ืขื•"ื“ 3. ื™ืื ืง ืจื•ืฉืงื ืกืงื™ 4. ืื™ื ื” ื’ื•ื ืฆ'ืืจื ืงื• 5. ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืคื• ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ืžืจืฆื” 28407/97 (ืช.ื. 11055/97) ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื 30.11.97 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื“"ืจ ื“. ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช : ืขื•"ื“ ืจื•ื ืŸ ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื 2-1 : ืขื•"ื“ ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืงืจืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื 4-3 : ืขื•"ื“ ืคื ื—ืก ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ 1. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืงื˜ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 1 ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื›ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 2, ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ื›ื•ื ืก ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 1, ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื”, ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 3, ื‘ื“ื™ืจื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 3 (ืœื”ืœืŸ - "ื”ื“ื™ืจื”"). ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื ืžื›ืจื” ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 4, ืฉื”ื™ื, ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช, ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ื• ื“ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 3. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” "ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœืช" ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืก' 1 ื•2- ืื™ื ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื ืงื˜ื• ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื ื’ื“ื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 5 ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 4 "ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœืช". ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืฆื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืชื” ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ืขืชืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื” ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื• ืฉื ืชืŸ. ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื” ืœืขืจืขืจ. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืก' 1 - 4 ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”. ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื’ืฉ ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื”. 2. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ืช, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 3 ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื ืžื›ืจื” ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 4 ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ ืงื ื•ื ื™ื” ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืก' 3 ื•4-, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืื™, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืก' 3 ื•4- ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื” ื‘ืืคืก ืžื—ื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืžื ื”. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืก' 3 ื•4- ื›ืคืจื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืก' 1 ื•2- ืกืžื›ื•, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืขืจื›ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืชื™ื” ื ื“ื—ื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื›ืš ืงืฅ. 3. ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื•ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืก' 1 - 4 ืžืจืื” ืฉื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืื™ ืžื™ื•ื 19.8.97, ืฉืฆื•ืจืคื” ืœืชืฆื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช, ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืกืš ืฉืœ 160,000 $. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื–ืืช ื ืžื›ืจื” ื”ื“ื™ืจื” (ืืžื ื, ื‘ื™ื•ื 13.2.97) ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 4 ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ 120,000 $ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจืชื ื”ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืชืืจืช ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืชื” ื•ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืก' 3 ื•4- ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืขื“ ืœื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”. 4. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ 48 ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืืชื (ื—ืœืงื” 80/5 ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ 11009) ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™. 5. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื™ืคืกืงื• ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื˜"ื– ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื "ื— (14.1.98). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97070980. M05
[ "ืจืข\"ื 7098/97" ]
3,696
1,045
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’"ืฅ 5992/97 - ื’' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื” ืขื•ืชืจื™ื : 1. ืฉื•ืฉ ืขืจืขืจ 2. ืืจื™ื” ืžื•ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ 3. ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 4. ืกื™ืขืช ืžืจ"ืฆ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”, ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื•ืœื’ 2. ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 3. ื•ืจื“ ืกื•ื•ื™ื“ 4. ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืž"ืž ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”, ืืคืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืœืžืฉ 5. ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื 12.10.97 ื ืขืชืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืชื™ืจื” ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื‘ื”. ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 3 ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœืืช ืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงืฆื‘ 45 ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ื™ื•ื 26.10.97, ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 3 ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฆื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ื’ื•ืคื”. ืขื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 3, ื•ื ืžืฆื ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืชืจืช ืฆื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื ื• ืชืงืฉื” ื‘ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 3 ื•ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฆื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ืืžื ื, ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 3, ืืš ื™ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 4. ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืื•ื™ ืœื™ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ืื•ื™ ืœื™ ืžื™ืฆืจื™. ืœืจืงืข ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืกื‘ืจืชื™, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืงืฆื‘ ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™, ืื™ืคื•ื, ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืขืชื” ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืคื ื™, ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช: ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ-ื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜; ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื 1 ื•2- ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื•ืฆืข; ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 4 ืžืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืชืงื™ืฃ ืœืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื“; ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 5 ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื“. ืฉืงืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื•ึฐื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืงืฆื‘ ืœืžืชืŸ ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืืจื‘ืขื”-ืขืฉืจ ื™ืžื™ื. ืื ื™ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜, ืื™ืคื•ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืชื™ืจื” ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขื”-ืขืฉืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืชื—ืช 45 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ืงืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ื–ื• ืชื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืื™-ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื’ืจ-ืคืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื 30.10.97, ื•ืžื•ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื”-ืขืฉืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื™ืžื ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื”. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื, ืฉื™ื•ื ื”13- ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1997 ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืฉื’ืจ-ื”ืคืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ื” ื™ื™ืฉืœื— ืœืขื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ื” ื”ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืก' 1 ื•2-, ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืจืฉื•ื ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื”. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 4 ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืจืš-ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืงืจืค, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื 03-5755149. ืืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 5, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ: ื‘ืืช-ื›ื•ื— ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืคื” ืœื ื™ื™ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื 18.11.97 ื•7.12.97-, ื•ืื•ืœื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ืื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืš ื–ืืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื "ื— (29.10.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97059920. G05
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 5992/97" ]
3,697
1,460
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 5992/97 - ื' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื' ืžืฆื ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื : 1. ืฉื•ืฉ ืขืจืขืจ 2. ืืจื™ื” ืžื•ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ 3. ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 4. ืกื™ืขืช ืžืจืฆ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”, ืžืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื•ืœื’ 2. ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 3. ื•ืจื“ ืกื•ื•ื™ื“ 4. ืืคืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืœืžืฉ ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืž"ืž ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 5. ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ืžืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืกื•ื™ืกื” ืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ื•ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขืชื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื ืžืœืคื ื™ื• ืฆื• ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื•ืœื™ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื: ื. ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื™ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 3, ื’ื‘' ื•ืจื“ ืกื•ื•ื™ื“ ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืœืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช (ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืกื’ื ื™ื• ื•ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื) ื”ืชืฉืœ"ื”1975- ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 3 ื›ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื 14.9.97, ื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื‘. ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื™ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 3, ื’ื‘' ื•ืจื“ ืกื•ื•ื™ื“, ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืœืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”, ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžืก' 4, ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื™ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื ืžืœืคื ื™ื• ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื: ื. ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื 14.9.97 ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 3 ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”; ื‘. ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 3 ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”; ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื ืžืœืคื ื™ื• ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 2 ื•ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื 14.9.97, ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืก' 3 ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื, ืื ืจืฆื•ื ื ื‘ื›ืš, ืชื•ืš 45 ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื–ื”, ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืœื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื "ื— (12.10.97). ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ 97059920. F01
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 5992/97" ]
3,698
2,557
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 5992/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื' ืžืฆื ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื : 1. ืฉื•ืฉ ืขืจืขืจ 2. ืืจื™ื” ืžื•ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ 3. ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 4. ืกื™ืขืช ืžืจ"ืฆ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”, ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื•ืœื’ 2. ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 3. ื•ืจื“ ืกื•ื•ื™ื“ 4. ืืคืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืœืžืฉ ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืž"ืž ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 5. ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ื•ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 1. ืฆื• ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. 45 ื™ืžื™ื ืœืชืฆื”ื™ืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. 2. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื - (ื) ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื 14.9.97 ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 3 ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”; (ื‘) ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 3 ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”; 3. ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 2 ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื 14.9.97, ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 3 ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื "ื— (12.10.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97059920. F02
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 5992/97" ]
3,699
7,629
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’"ืฅ 5992/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ื•ืจื“ ืกื•ื•ื™ื“ ื  ื’ ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: 1. ืฉื•ืฉ ืขืจืขืจ 2. ืืจื™ื” ืžื•ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ 3. ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 4. ืกื™ืขืช ืžืจ"ืฆ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 5. ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 6. ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 7. ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืž"ืž ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 8. ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช, ื”ื’ื‘' ื•ืจื“ ืกื•ื•ื™ื“, ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืฆื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื”. ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืงืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื. ืชื—ืช 45 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ืงืฆื‘ื•, ืื ื™ ืกื•ื‘ืจ, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืชื ื• ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื 14 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื›ื™ ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ืื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ 29 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1997 (ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ), ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื™. ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืืœืชืจ (ื‘ืคืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช) ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ืจื”. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื "ื— (27.10.97) ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97059920. G03
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 5992/97" ]
3,700
17,216
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 5992/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื : 1. ืฉื•ืฉ ืขืจืขืจ 2. ืืจื™ื” ืžื•ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ 3. ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 4. ืกื™ืขืช ืžืจ"ืฆ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” ,ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื•ืœื’ 2. ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 3. ื•ืจื“ ืกื•ื•ื™ื“ 4. ืืคืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืœืžืฉ ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืž"ืž ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 5. ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื : ืขื•"ื“ ืงื™ื“ืจ ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื 1 ื•2-: ืขื•"ื“ ื ื™ืœื™ ืืจื– (ืกื•ืจื•ืงืจ) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 5: ืขื•"ื“ ืืกื ืช ืžื ื“ืœ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ: 1. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื ื” ื”ืื ืœืื•ืจ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื "ื• ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 14 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช (ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืกื’ื ื™ื• ื•ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื), ืชืฉืœ"ื”1975- [ืœื”ืœืŸ-" ื”ื—ื•ืง "], ืจืฉืื™ ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืช ืœื• ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ืžื• ืœื ื ืชืคื ื”. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช 2. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 1, ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”, ื ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืืฆื™ืœ ืœืกื’ื ื• ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ืžื•, ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 4, ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 3 ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืœื”ืืฆื™ืœ ืœื” ื—ืœืง ืžืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 4 ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืขื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 1 ืœืคื™ื•, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื”ื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฉื›ืจื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ื•ื™ืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื” ืœืœื ืฉื›ืจ, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 1 ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 4 ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 3 ืœืกื’ื ื™ืชื• ื•ืžืžืœืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื 14.9.97 ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14 ืœื—ื•ืง, ื˜ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” "ื‘ืจื•ื‘" ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 27 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื™ 13 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆื”, ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ื•ืื—ื“ ื ืžื ืข. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืกื’ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื—ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 26 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืื• ืกื’ื ื•, ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืจื•ื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื. ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ 13 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆื”, ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ื•ืื—ื“ ื ืžื ืข. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ืจืฉื ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ 14 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืกืฃ ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 4 ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืืฃ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 1 ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืฉื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช, ื•ื–ืืช "ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืกืจ ืกืคืง ื‘ืœื‘ื“". ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื™ื•ื 12.10.97 ื•ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”. ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 3 ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ื 12.10.97, ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื”. ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ื ื˜ืขื ื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื‘ื• ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืกื’ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14 ืœื—ื•ืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”, ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืจืง ืฉืืœืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 4 ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืœืคื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืื– ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื’ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ื•, ื ื•ื’ืขืช, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืฉืืœืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง. ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช 3. ืกืขื™ืฃ 14 ืœื—ื•ืง, ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• "ืกื’ื ื™ื ืžืžืœืื™ ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช", ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ: "(ื)(1) ืœืจืืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื’ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื•ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 150,000... ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื•, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ ืกื’ื ื™ื; ื›ืœ ืกื’ืŸ ื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”. (2) ... (ื‘) ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื’ืŸ ืื• ื”ืกื’ื ื™ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืื• ืžื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื ืชืคื ืชื” ืžืฉืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื’ืŸ ืื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื’ื ื™ื. (ื’) ื ืขื“ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื• ื ื‘ืฆืจ ืžืžื ื• ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืื• ื—ื“ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื˜ืจื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉ, ื™ืžืœื ืกื’ื ื• ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืคื™ ืก"ืง (ื) ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•; ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืกื’ื ื™ื - ื™ืžืœื ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืงื‘ืขื•, ืืš ืื ื ื‘ืฆืจ ืžืžื ื• ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• - ื”ืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™; ืœื ื ืงื‘ืข ืžืžืœื ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื™ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืกื™ืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื’ื ื™ื; ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื’ื ื™ื ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืกื™ืขื” ืื• ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืกื™ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื•ื”, ื™ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื’ื ื™ื ื›ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช" [ื”ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ื”ื•ืกืคื” - ื“.ื‘.). ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื–ื›ื” ืกืขื™ืฃ 14 ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื ื•ืกื—ื• ื–ื”. ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื’ืŸ ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืื• ืžื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืฉืจืช ื”ืกื’ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืชืคื ืชื”. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ 9 ืœื—ื•ืง ืžืฉื ืช ืชืฉื "ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 250,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ ืกื’ื ื™ื ืžืžืœืื™ ืžืงื•ื. ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืชื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ "ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืกื’ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื›ื ื•ืกื—ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื–ื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื–ื”". ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ 12 ืœื—ื•ืง ืžืฉื ืช ืชืฉื "ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ 14 ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืฉื ืช ืชืฉื "ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื’ื ื™ื. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื 21.3.96, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž150,000- ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื’ื ื™ื ืžืžืœืื™ ืžืงื•ื ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž150,000- ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื 4. ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 3 ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื•ื›ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘), ืœืคื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืกื’ืŸ: ื”ืื—ื“, ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ; ื•ื”ืฉื ื™, ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืฉืจืช ืกื’ืŸ ื”ืชืคื ืชื”. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•. ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื’ื ืื ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง, ืฉื›ืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ "ืžืฉืจื” ืคื ื•ื™ื”" ืฉืœ ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืืฃ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื—ืœืคื”. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื, ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืขื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืงื‘ืข ืžื‘ื—ืŸ "ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืช" ืœืžืฉืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืกื’ืŸ ื•ืœืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช. ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืื ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื•ืœื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืกื’ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืื™ื•ืฉ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืžืชื™ืจ ืœืื™ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื” ื•ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื˜ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช. ืžื ื’ื“, ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื 1 ื•2- ื›ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ื•ืœื™ื™ืขืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ืžื›ืืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื 1 ื•2-, ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื’ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืžืœืื™ ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14 ืœื—ื•ืง, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 15 ืœื—ื•ืง. ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืฉืฉืชืง ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื•ืœื ืงื‘ืข ื”ื•ืจืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื "ื•, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื "ื“, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ืช, ืœืคื™ื” ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื’ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืกื’ืŸ ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื–ืืช ืขื“ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 3 ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืื™ื ื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืช ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 3, ื–ื• ืืฃ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง: ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™. ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื, ืœืคื™ื” ืžืฉื—ืœืคื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ืจื ืžื•ื ื” ืกื’ืŸ ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืื“ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“, ื”ื ื” ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื›ื™ ื™ืžื•ื ื• ืกื’ื ื™ื ืžืžืœืื™ ืžืงื•ื ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื•ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื™ืขืœ ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช. ืขืžื“ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื (ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 5) ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื "ื• ืœื ืงื‘ืข ื›ืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื "ื“, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืกื’ืŸ ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”. ืื•ืœื, ืืฃ ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืžื•ืขื“, ื•ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื—ืœืฃ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื ื—ื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืกื’ืŸ ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”. ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง 5. ื›ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืขืœื™ ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 14 ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืกื’ื ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืžืœืื™ ืžืงื•ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืขืฉื” ืจืง ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช. ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื’ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“. ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืงื‘ืข ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื’ืŸ ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” (ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“), ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™. ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืžื›ื”ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืœื ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง. ืžืฉืชื•ืงืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื’ืŸ ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืืœื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืื ืœื ืžืฆื ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื’ื ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื, ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื ื‘ื”ืงื“ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ืจืื™ืช ืœื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ "ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžื ื—ื•ืช", ืืฉืจ ืื™ ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ [ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช" ืœ"ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื ื—ื”" ืจืื• ื™' ื–ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ืช (ื›ืจืš ื‘, ื”ื•ืฆ' ื ื‘ื•, ืชืฉื "ื•1996-), ื‘ืขืž' 680-681, 711, 712]. ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื’ื ื™ื ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืื• ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืชืคื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื” ื›"ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื ื—ื”", ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืžื™ืข ืžืจืืฉ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื”, ืื• ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื•ืฆื‘ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื” ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” ื›ืืœ "ืขืฆื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”" ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื›ื™ ืชืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืกื“ืจื™ ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืชืงื™ื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื ื—ื”" ืื™ื ื” ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ืœื›ืœืช ืืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœืชื”. ืชื•ืฆืืช ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื›"ืžื ื—ื”" ืชื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืข ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืงืคื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ (ืจืื•: De Smith, Woolf & Jowell Judicial Review of Administrative Action (London, 5 th ed., 1995) p 267 ) . 6. ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืคืกืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืื ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื™ืงื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ "ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื ื—ื”" ืื• "ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช" ืชืขืฉื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืงืฆื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืœ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžืžื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืจื“ืช ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช (ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืขืฆืจ). ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื ื•ืกื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืชื›ืœื™ืชื•, ืชื”ื ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ืชื‘ืฆืขื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื•ืจืื” "ืžื ื—ื”" ื‘ืœื‘ื“. [ืจืื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื’"ืฆ 188/63 ื‘ืฆื•ืœ ื ' ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื , ืค"ื“ ื™ื˜ (1) 337; ื‘ื’"ืฆ 1636/92 ื”ืขืžื•ืชื” ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืื—' ื ' ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื– ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ , ืค"ื“ ืžื– (5) 573]. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืžืœืื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืคื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžืœืžืœื ื—ื•ื‘ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื—ืœืฃ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื™ืงื•ืง ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช. ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืขืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”, ืื• ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื›ืš ืฉืื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ืช ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜, ืื• ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœืฉืžื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช, ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื ื”ืœื™, ื”ื’ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืง. [ืจืื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื’"ืฆ 1755/90 ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ' ืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืื—' , ืค"ื“ ืžื“ (2) 589; ืข"ื 863/86 ื‘ื•ื”ื ื ' ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืก ืฉื‘ื— , ืค"ื“ ืžื’ (1) 647; ืข"ื 78/83 ื”ื™ื ื“ืก ื•ืื—' ื ' ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืก ืฉื‘ื— , ืค"ื“ ืœื˜ (2) 57; ืข"ื 390/82 ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืก ืฉื‘ื— ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื ' ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื•ืื—' , ืค"ื“ ืž (1) 265]. 7. ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื’ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื›ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื ื“ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™. ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœืžืœื ืื—ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆื•ื‘. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืื ื—ืœ ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืœื ื™ืชืžื ื” ื›ืœืœ ืกื’ืŸ ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช. ืžืฉืœื ืจืื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื’ื ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื ืจืื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื’ื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกื’ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™, ืœื ื™ืคืกืœ ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ืจื•ืก ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื’ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืžืฉื•ื ืงื• ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื• ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”; ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•. 8. ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 3 ื ืฉืงืœื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืก' 14 ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื "ื•. ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืช ืกื’ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืž150,000- ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืจืง ืžื›ื•ื— ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”. ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืœื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืกื’ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื›ื•ื— ืื•ืชื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืชื•ืงืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ื• ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืกื’ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14 [ืจืื•: ืกืขื™ืฃ 4 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช (ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืกื’ื ื™ื• ื•ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื) (ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืก' 9), ื”ืชืฉื "ื“1994-, ืก"ื— ื”ืชืฉื "ื“, ืขืž' 122]; ืžื›ืืŸ ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืžื ืข ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืžืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืชื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื˜ืจื ื—ืœืคื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœื™. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืžืฉืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืžืชื ื” ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื”ืชืคื ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจืช ืกื’ืŸ ืžื›ื”ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืžืฉืœื ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœื ื™ืฉืžืฉ ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืœื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืขื™ื ื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช, ืฉืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืชื ืื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื‘) ืœื—ื•ืง ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื. ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง : ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื. ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ : ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื. ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื "ื— (30.12.97). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97059920. N07 ื—ื›/
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 5992/97", "ืข\"ื 863/86", "ืข\"ื 78/83", "ืข\"ื 390/82" ]
3,701
21,531
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 5992/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื : 1. ืฉื•ืฉ ืขืจืขืจ 2. ืืจื™ื” ืžื•ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ 3. ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 4. ืกื™ืขืช ืžืจ"ืฆ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื : 1. ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”, ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื•ืœื’ 2. ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 3. ื•ืจื“ ืกื•ื•ื™ื“ 4. ืืคืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืœืžืฉ ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืž"ืž ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 5. ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 3 ื‘ืฉื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 3: ืขื•"ื“ ืืœื™ ื•ื™ืœืฆ'ื™ืง ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืงื‘ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจ ื ืฉืžื˜ื• ืžื›ื•ืชืจืช ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื ื• ืฉืžื•ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 3 ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 4. ืื ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืื™ืคื•ื, ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื ื• ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 3 ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขื•"ื“ ื' ื•ื™ืœืฆ'ื™ืง ื•ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 4 ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขื•"ื“ ื“' ืงืจืค. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™"ื– ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื”ืชืฉื "ื— (15.1.98). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97059920. A08 /ื“ื–/
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 5992/97" ]
3,702
22,072
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ 5992/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“' ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื: 1. ืฉื•ืฉ ืขืจืขืจ 2. ืืจื™ื” ืžื•ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ 3. ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 4. ืกื™ืขืช ืžืจ"ืฆ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” ื  ื’ ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: 1. ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”, ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื•ืœื’ 2. ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 3. ื•ืจื“ ืกื•ื•ื™ื“ 4. ืืคืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืœืžืฉ, ืกื’ืŸ ืจืž"ืž ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื” 5. ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืœืคืกืง-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉื™ื‘ 4 ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ 4: ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื” ื— ืœ ื˜ ื” ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉื "ื— (11.2.98). ื” ื  ืฉ ื™ ื ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ COURT ื—ื›/
[ "ื‘ื’\"ืฅ 5992/97" ]
3,703
1,046
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื‘ 6156/97 - ื' ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžืช ื' ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ื’ืจืื‘ืœื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืจื—ืžืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ : ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืชืฉืœื•ื ืื’ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืชืจ: ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืื’ืจื”. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื "ื— (21.10.97). ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืขืœ-ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจ ืฉ ืž ืช ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ 97061560. O01
[ "ืจืข\"ื‘ 6156/97" ]
3,704
10,804
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื‘ 6156/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืจืจ : ื’ืจืื‘ืœื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืจื—ืžืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื™ื ืขืจืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืžื™ื•ื 17.9.97 ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” 2762/97 ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืœืจื•ืŸ, ืคืœืคืœ ื•ื”ื ื“ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘, ืชื•ืš 15 ื™ืžื™ื. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ื•' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”ืชืฉื "ื— (27.10.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ืขื›ื‘/ 97061560. E02
[ "ืจืข\"ื‘ 6156/97" ]
3,705
12,033
ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข"ื‘ 6156/97 ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืช' ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ : ื’ืจืื‘ืœื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืจื—ืžืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื” : ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืจืช ืืกื™ืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืงืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืชื‘ืขืจื” ืœืขื‘ืจื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœ12- ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืืกืจ. ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื™ื ( ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ) ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ืœืฉื—ืจืจื• ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื. ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ื 17.9.97. ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ. ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื™ื ืกื‘ืจ ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืกื›ืŸ ืืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื ื™ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืฉืข. ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื’ื, ืฉื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื”, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื˜ื”, ืชืงื™ื ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืืกืจื• ืชืงืฃ ืกื•ื”ืจ ืขื ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื— ื•ืคืฆืขื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื•. ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื–ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืืกืจ. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื. ืžื” ื’ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืขืœื” ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืชืฆื“ื™ืง ืžืชืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ื‘' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื "ื— (12.11.97). ืฉ ื• ืค ื˜ ื”ืขืชืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ืขื›ื‘/ 97061560. E04
[ "ืจืข\"ื‘ 6156/97" ]
3,706