ar
stringlengths
1
490
en
stringlengths
1
514
ุจุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุชุดูƒู„ ูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุจูŠู† ุณุงูˆุซู„ุงู†ุฏ ูˆุญูŠ ู„ุงู†ู‚ุงุชุง ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุชุงุฎู….
Outside a mound of garbage formed the border between Southland and the adjacent legal neighborhood of Langata.
ูƒุงู†ุช ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุจุงุฑุชูุงุน ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃู‚ุฏุงู… ุŒ ุจุทูˆู„ ูคู  ู‚ุฏู… ุŒ ูˆุจุนุฑุถ ูกู  ุฃู‚ุฏุงู….
It was perhaps eight feet tall, 40 feet long, and 10 feet wide.
ูˆู‚ุฏ ูˆูุถูุนุช ููŠ ู…ุณุชู†ู‚ุน ุทูŠู†ูŠ ุนุฑูŠุถ.
And it was set in a wider watery ooze.
ุนู†ุฏ ู…ุฑูˆุฑู†ุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุตุจูŠุงู† ูŠุชุณู„ู‚ุงู† "ุฌุจู„ ูƒูŠู†ูŠุง" ู„ู„ู‚ู…ุงู…ุฉ.
As we passed, two boys were climbing the mount Kenya of trash.
ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุฃุนู…ุงุฑู‡ู…ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฎู…ุณ ุฃูˆ ุณุช ุณู†ูˆุงุช.
They couldn't have been more than five or six years old.
ูˆูƒุงู†ุง ุญุงููŠูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆู…ุน ูƒู„ ุฎุทูˆุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฃุตุงุจุน ุฃู‚ุฏุงู…ู‡ู…ุง ุชุบูˆุต ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุงู…ุฉ ุจุงุนุซุฉู‹ ู…ุฆุงุช ุงู„ุฐุจุงุจ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชู†ุงุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุชู†ุฉ.
They were barefoot, and with each step their toes sank into the muck sending hundreds of flies scattering from the rancid pile.
ุงุนุชู‚ุฏุช ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠู„ุนุจูˆู† ู„ุนุจุฉ ู…ู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุจู„ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ูŠ ูƒู†ุช ู…ุฎุทุฆุงู‹.
I thought they might be playing King of the Hill, but I was wrong.
ูˆุนู†ุฏ ู‚ู…ุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุŒ ุฎูุถ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ูˆู„ุฏูŠู† ุณุฑูˆุงู„ู‡ ุŒ ุฌู„ุณ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูุตุงุก ุŒ ุซู… ุชุบูˆุท.
Once atop the pile, one of the boys lowered his shorts, squatted, and defecated.
ุญู„ู‘ูŽู‚ ุงู„ุฐุจุงุจ ุฌุงุฆุนุงู‹ ุญูˆู„ ุณุงู‚ูŠู‡.
The flies buzzed hungrily around his legs.
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุดุชุฑูƒ ูขู  ุฃุณุฑุฉ - ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ ูกู ู  ุดุฎุต- ู…ุฑุญุงุถุงู‹ ูˆุงุญุฏุงู‹ุŒ ูุฅู† ุชุบูˆู‘ูุทูŽ ุตุจูŠู‘ู ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆู…ุฉ ู‚ู…ุงู…ุฉ ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ูƒุจูŠุฑุงู‹.
When 20 families -- 100 people or so -- share a single latrine, a boy pooping on a garbage pile is perhaps no big thing.
ูˆู„ูƒู†ู’ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ูŠุถ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ู…ู† ู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑู‡ ุงุฑู…ุณุชุฑูˆู†ุบ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุชู†ุงูˆู„ู†ุง ู„ู„ุทุนุงู…- ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู‚ุฏู‘ูุฑ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฌุงูˆุฑุชู‡.
But it stood in jarring contrast to something Armstrong had said as we were eating -- that he treasured the quality of life in his neighborhood.
ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ุงุฑู…ุณุชุฑูˆู†ุบุŒ ูุงู† ุณุงูˆุซู„ุงู†ุฏ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู‚ูŠุฏุฉ ุจุญุงู„ุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠู‘ุฉ.
"For Armstrong, Southland wasn't constrained by its material conditions.
ุจุฏู„ุงู‹ ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูุฅู†ู‘ูŽ ุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุชุดุนู‘ู ู…ู†ุจุนุซุฉู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูˆุงุฆุท ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู†ูŠุฉ ูˆ ุฃูƒูˆุงู… ุงู„ู‚ู…ุงู…ุฉ ู„ุชู‚ุฏู… ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ู„ุง ุชู‚ุฏู…ู‡ ุฃูŠ ู…ุฌุงูˆุฑุฉ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ - ุงู„ุญุฑูŠุฉ.
Instead, the human spirit radiated out from the metal walls and garbage heaps to offer something no legal neighborhood could: freedom.
ุซู… ู‚ุงู„" ู‚ุฏ ุชุฏู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุจุฏุฑุฌุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ".
'This place is very addictive,' he had said.
"ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุญูŠุงุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ุฃุญุฏ ูŠูุฑุถ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ู‚ูŠูˆุฏ
'It's a simple life, but nobody is restricting you.
ูˆู„ุง ุฃุญุฏ ูŠุญูƒู… ู…ุง ุชูุนู„
Nobody is controlling what you do.
ุญุงู„ู…ุง ู…ูƒุซุช ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุนูˆุฏุฉ." ูˆู‚ุตุฏ ุจุงู„ุนูˆุฏุฉุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูˆุฑุงุก ุฌุจุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุงู…ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุนูˆุฏุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฏู† ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ู…ุจุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุจุนู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ.
Once you have stayed here, you cannot go back.' He meant back beyond that mountain of trash, back in the legal city, of legal buildings, with legal leases and legal rights.
ูˆู‚ุงู„ "ุญุงู„ู…ุง ู…ูƒุซุช ู‡ู†ุงุŒ" ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุจู‚ุงุก ู…ุง ุชุจู‚ู‰ ู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ." ู„ุฐุง ูู‡ูˆ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุฃู…ู„ุŒ ูˆู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ุชุจุฏุฃ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช.
'Once you have stayed here,' he said, 'you can stay for the rest of your life.'" So, he has hope, and this is where these communities start.
ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆุฎ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจุฏุงุฆูŠุฉ ููŠ ูƒูŠุจูŠุฑุงุŒ ุฃุตุบุฑ ุจู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ูƒูˆุฎ ุงู„ู‚ุด ูˆุงู„ุทูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ู…ู† ูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุงู…ุฉ.
This is perhaps the most primitive shanty that you can find in Kibera, little more than a stick-and-mud hut next to a garbage heap.
ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนุฏุงุฏ ู„ุฑูŠุงุญ ุงู„ู…ู†ุณูˆู† ููŠ ุจูˆู…ุจุงูŠ ุจุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ.
This is getting ready for the monsoon in Bombay, India.
ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุชุญุณูŠู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„. ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุฃู‚ู…ุดุฉ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุณุชูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุทุญ.
This is home improvement: putting plastic tarps on your roof.
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุฑูŠูˆ ุฏูŠ ุฌุงู†ูŠุฑูˆุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃูุถู„ ุญุงู„ุงู‹ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
This is in Rio de Janeiro, and it's getting a bit better, right?
ูู†ุฑู‰ ุจู„ุงุท ุชูŠุฑุงูƒูˆุชุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุธู‘ูŽู ูˆู‚ุทุน ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุงูุชุงุชุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฌุต ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทูˆุจุŒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู„ูˆุงู†ุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ู†ุฒู„ ุณูˆู„ูŠ ู…ูˆู†ุชุงูƒุงูŠุง ููŠ ุณู„ุทุงู†ุจูŠู„ูŠุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃูŠุถุง ุฃุญุณู† ุญุงู„ุงู‹.
We're seeing scavenged terra cotta tile and little pieces of signs, and plaster over the brick, some color, and this is Sulay Montakaya's house in Sultanbelyi, and it's getting even better.
ุจู‡ ุณูŠุงุฌุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุจู„ุงุท ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุทุญ.
He's got a fence; he scavenged a door; he's got new tile on the roof.
ุซู… ู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ู‡ู†ุง ุฑูˆุณูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุฃูุถู„ ุญุงู„ุงู‹.
And then you get Rocinha and you can see that it's getting even better.
ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุจุงู†ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ุงู„ุทูˆุงุจู‚.
The buildings here are multi-story.
ูˆู‚ุฏ ุจู†ูˆุง-- ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ููŠ ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุญูŠุซ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃุจู†ูŠุฉู‹ ู…ูƒูˆู…ุฉู‹ ููˆู‚ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถุŒ ุบุฑูุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุบุฑูุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุบุฑูุฉ.
They develop -- you can see on the far right one where it seems to just stack on top of each other, room, after room, after room.
ูˆู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุจู†ูˆู† ู…ู†ุงุฒู„ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุทุงุจู‚ ุฃูˆ ุทุงุจู‚ูŠู†ุŒ ุซู… ูŠุจูŠุนูˆู† ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุณุทุญุŒ ุซู… ูŠุจู†ูŠ ุดุฎุต ุขุฎุฑ ููˆู‚ ู…ุจู†ุงู‡ู…ุŒ ุซู… ูŠุจูŠุน ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณุทุญุŒ ุซู… ูŠุจู†ูŠ ุดุฎุต ุขุฎุฑ ููˆู‚ ู…ุจู†ุงู‡ู….
And what people do is they develop their home on one or two stories, and they sell their loggia or roof rights, and someone else builds on top of their building, and then that person sells the roof rights, and someone else builds on top of their building.
ูƒู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุงู†ูŠ ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุฑุณุงู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณู„ุญุฉ ูˆุงู„ุทูˆุจ.
All of these buildings are made out of reinforced concrete and brick.
ุซู… ู‡ู†ุง ู†ุฌุฏ ุณู„ุทุงู†ุจูŠู„ูŠ ุจุชุฑูƒูŠุง ุญูŠุซ ุจู†ูŠุช ุจู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุนุงู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… .
And then you get Sultanbelyi, in Turkey, where it's even built to a higher level of design.
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุชู†ุงุซุฑ ุจุงู„ุฃู…ุงู… ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุญุดูˆ ู…ุฑุชุจุฉุŒ ูˆู†ุฑู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฃุฑุฌุงุก ุชุฑูƒูŠุง.
The crud in the front is mattress stuffing, and you see that all over Turkey.
ูุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠุฌูููˆู† ุฃูˆ ูŠุนุฑุถูˆู† ู…ุฑุงุชุจู‡ู… ู„ู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทูˆุญ ู…ู†ุงุฒู„ู‡ู….
People dry out or air out their mattress stuffing on their roofs.
ุฃู…ู‘ุง ุงู„ู…ุจู†ู‰ "ุฐุง ุงู„ุนู…ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฏุงู…ุฉ" ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ูุŒ ูุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ุทุงุจู‚ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฃู‡ูˆู„ ุจุงู„ุณูƒุงู†ุŒ ูุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุจู†ุงุก ูŠุถุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุชูˆุณุน ููŠ ุญุณุจุงู†ู‡ู… .
But the green building, on behind, you can see that the top floor is not occupied, so people are building with the possibility of expansion.
ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจูู†ููŠูŽ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‹ ุนุงู„ู ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู….
And it's built to a pretty high standard of design.
ุซู… ุฃุฎูŠุฑุง ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ู†ุงุฒู„ ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ ูƒู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุทุฑุงุฒ ุงู„ุถูˆุงุญูŠ.
And then you finally get squatter homes like this, which is built on the suburban model.
ู…ู‡ู„ุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู†ุฒู„ ู„ุฃุณุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠ.
Hey, that's a single family home in the squatter community.
ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุง ููŠ ุงุณุชุงู†ุจูˆู„ ุจุชุฑูƒูŠุง.
That's also in Istanbul, Turkey.
ูู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุŒ .
They're quite vital places, these communities.
ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ููŠ ุฑูˆุณูŠู†ู‡ุง ุŒ ุงุณุชุฑุงุฏุง ุฏุง ู‚ุงููŠุงุŒ ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู„ู„ุญุงูู„ุฉ ูŠู…ุฑู‘ู ุนุจุฑู‡ุงุŒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุงู„ุดุงุฑุน.
This is the main drag of Rocinha, the Estrada da Gavea, and there's a bus route that runs through it, lots of people out on the street.
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ููŠ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉู‹ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ.
These communities in these cities are actually more vital than the illegal communities.
ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุญุฏุซ ู„ู‡ู….
They have more things going on in them.
ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฑ ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌูŠ ููŠ ุฑูˆุณูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆูŠุณู…ู‰ ุจูŠูƒูˆ-- ูˆุนุจุฑู‡ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุชุฌูˆุงู„ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ูุฌูŽู…ู‘ูŽุน.
This is a typical pathway in Rocinha called a "beco" -- these are how you get around the community.
ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุถ ู…ู†ุญุฏุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
It's on very steep ground.
ูู‡ูŠ ู…ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู„ุงู„ ุŒ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดูˆุงุทุฆ ููŠ ุฑูŠูˆุŒ ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฒู„ ู†ุงุชุฆุฉ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ู…ู† ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุนู‚ุจุงุช ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ.
They're built on the hills, inland from the beaches in Rio, and you can see that the houses are just cantilevered over the natural obstructions.
ูู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุตุฎุฑุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุชู„.
So, that's just a rock in the hillside.
ูˆุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู€ ุจูŠูƒูˆ ุชูƒูˆู† ุนุงุฏุฉ ู…ุฒุฏุญู…ุฉ ุฌุฏุงุŒ ูุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠุฌู…ุนูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุซุงุซุงุช ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุฌุงุช ุจุงู„ู‚ู…ุฉุŒ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
And these becos are normally very crowded, and people hump furniture up them, or refrigerators up them, all sorts of things.
ูˆุงู„ุจูŠุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุชุญู…ู„ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูƒุชุงููƒ.
Beer is all carried in on your shoulders.
ูุงู„ุจูŠุฑุฉ ุดุฆ ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏุง ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑุงุฒูŠู„.
Beer is a very important thing in Brazil.
ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ูƒูŠู†ูŠุง ุŒ ู…ู…ุชุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ู…ุณุงุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุทุงุฑุŒ ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉูŒ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ู…ุณุงุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุทุงุฑ ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃู†ู‘ูŽ ุงู„ุจุงุนุฉ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุฃู† ูŠุณุญุจูˆุง ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚.
This is commerce in Kenya, right along the train tracks, so close to the train tracks that the merchants sometimes have to pull the merchandise out of the way.
ู‡ุฐุง ุณูˆู‚ ุŒ ุฃูŠุถุง ููŠ ูƒูŠู†ูŠุงุŒ ุณูˆู‚ ุชูˆูŠุŒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑ ุŒ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุดุฑุงุคู‡.
This is a marketplace, also in Kenya, Toi Market, lots of dealers, in almost everything you want to buy.
ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฎุถุฑุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ู…ุงู†ุฌูˆ.
Those green things in the foreground are mangoes.
ู‡ุฐุง ุดุงุฑุน ุชุณูˆู‚ ููŠ ูƒูŠุจูŠุฑุงุŒ ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุงุฆุน ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุบุงุฒูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุนูŠุงุฏุฉ ุตุญูŠุฉุŒ ุตุงู„ูˆู†ูŠู† ู„ู„ุชุฌู…ูŠู„ ุŒ ุญุงู†ุฉุŒ ุจู‚ุงู„ุชูŠู†ุŒ ูˆูƒู†ูŠุณุฉ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ.
This is a shopping street in Kibera, and you can see that there's a soda dealer, a health clinic, two beauty salons, a bar, two grocery stores, and a church, and more.
ุฅู†ู‡ ุดุงุฑุน ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌูŠ ููŠ ูˆุณุท ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุญุฏุซ ุฃู†ู’ ุชูƒูˆู‘ูŽู† ุจุงู„ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ.
It's a typical downtown street; it just happens to be self-built.
ูˆู‡ู‡ู†ุง ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู†ุŒ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ -- ุงุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุช ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุชุญุช ุงู„ู…ุธู„ุฉ-- ุงู†ู‡ ูู†ุฏู‚.
This here, on the right-hand side, is what's called a -- if you look at the fine print under the awning -- it's a hotel.
ูˆู…ุง ูŠู‚ุตุฏ ุจุงู„ูู†ุฏู‚ ุŒ ููŠ ูƒูŠู†ูŠุง ูˆุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุŒ ู‡ูˆ ู…ูƒุงู† ู„ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุทุนุงู….
And what hotel means, in Kenya and India, is an eating-place.
ูุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุทุนู….
So, that's a restaurant.
ูŠุณุฑู‚ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุฆูŠุฉ-- ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฑูŠูˆ.
People steal electrical power -- this is Rio.
ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠูˆุตู„ูˆู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ูˆู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู„ุตูˆุต ูŠุฏุนูˆู† ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุฏ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุตุฑุงุตูŠุฑุŒ ูˆูŠุณุฑู‚ูˆู† ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ ุซู… ูŠุบุฐูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุงูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณูƒู†ูŠุฉ.
People tap in and they have thieves who are called "grillos" or "crickets," and they steal the electrical power and wire the neighborhood.
ูŠุญุฑู‚ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุงู…ุฉ ูƒูŠ ูŠุชุฎู„ุตูˆุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูˆุณุงุฎ. ูˆูŠุญูุฑูˆู† ู‚ู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุตุฑู ุงู„ุตุญูŠ ุจุฃู†ูุณู‡ู….
People burn trash to get rid of the garbage, and they dig their own sewer channels.
ูˆุญุฏู‘ูุซู’ ุนู† ุฃูƒูŠุงุณ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุณุชูŠูƒ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู‚.
Talk about more plastic bags than plankton.
ูˆููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ู†ูุงูŠุงุช ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ.
And sometimes they have natural trash-disposal.
ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ูุงู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฑุตููˆู† ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฑุน. ูˆูŠุญูุฑูˆู† ู…ุฌุงุฑูŠ ุงู„ุตุฑู ุงู„ุตุญูŠ ูˆุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุดุฑุจ ูˆุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„.
And when they have more money they cement their streets, and they put in sewers and good water pipes, and stuff like that.
ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุงุก ุฐุงู‡ุจ ุงู„ู‰ ุฑูŠูˆุŒ ูˆุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠู…ุฑุฑูˆู† ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู† ุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒูˆุฎ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจู‡ ู…ุถุฎุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ. ูŠุณุฑู‚ูˆู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ุŒ ุซู… ูŠุฑูƒุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุถุฎุฉ ุซู… ูŠูˆุตู„ูˆู†ู‡ุง ู…ุน ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุŒ ูˆูŠุถุฎูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุงุฒู„ู‡ู….
This is water going to Rio. People run their water pipes all over the place, and that little hut right there has a pump in it, and that's what people do: they steal electricity; they install a pump and they tap into the water main, and pump water up to their houses.
ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฐู‡ุจ ู…ู† ู‚ุฑูŠุฉ ูƒูˆุฎ ุงู„ุทูŠู† ุŒ ู„ู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุทูˆุฑุงู‹ุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุณู„ุทุงู†ุจูŠู„ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‹ ุนุงู„ู ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑุŸ
So, the question is how do you go from the mud-hut village, to the more developed city, to the even highly developed Sultanbelyi?
ุฃู†ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุฆุงู† ุงุซู†ุงู†.
I say there are two things.
ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุฃู† ูŠุถู…ู†ูˆุง ุจุฃู†ู‡ู… ู„ู† ูŠุทุฑุฏูˆุง.
One is people need a guarantee they won't be evicted.
ู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุŒ ูุฃู†ุง ุฃุฎุชู„ู ู…ุน ู‡ูŠุฑู†ุงู†ุฏูˆ ุฏูŠ ุณูˆุชูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุชุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏุงุชุŒ
That does not necessarily mean property rights, and I would disagree with Hernando de Soto on that question, because property rights create a lot of complications.
ูู‡ูŠ ููŠ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ุชุจุงุน ู„ู„ู†ุงุณุŒ ุซู… ูŠู†ุชู‡ูˆู† ุจุงู„ุฏูŠูˆู† ูˆุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุชุณุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฏูŠูˆู† ูˆููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุจูŠุน ู…ู…ุชู„ูƒุงุชู‡ู… ูƒูŠ ูŠุณุชุทูŠุนูˆุง ุชุณุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฏูŠูˆู†.
They're most often sold to people, and people then wind up in debt and have to pay back the debt, and sometimes have to sell their property in order to pay back the debt.
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ุชู†ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุชูˆุถุญ ุฃู† ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ู„ุง ุชู†ุฌุญ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุชุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ูŠุญุชุงุฌูˆู† ุงู„ู‰ ุฃู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฒุฉ.
There's a whole variety of other reasons why property rights sometimes don't work in these cases, but they do need security of tenure.
ูˆู‡ู… ูŠุญุชุงุฌูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠูŠู† ุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุดูŠุฆูŠู†.
And they need access to politics, and that can mean two things.
ู‚ุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณูู„ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‚ุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃูŠุถุง ุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰.
That can mean community organizing from below, but it can also mean possibilities from above.
ูˆุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ููŠ ุชุฑูƒูŠุง ู…ุฑู…ูˆู‚.
And I say that because the system in Turkey is notable.
ุชุฑูƒูŠุง ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ุงู† ูŠุญู…ูŠุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ุงู„ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ.
Turkey has two great laws that protect squatters.
ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ูˆู‡ูˆ-- ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุฌูŠุณูŠูƒูˆู†ุฏูˆ ุจุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠู† ุนุดูŠุฉ ูˆุถุญุงู‡ุง ุŒ ูุฅุฐุง ุจู†ูŠุช ู…ู†ุฒู„ูƒ ููŠ ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ููŠ ุชุฑูƒูŠุงุŒ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุทุฑุฏ ุฏูˆู† ุงุชุจุงุน ุงู„ุฅุฌุฑุงุกุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ุงุฒู…ุฉ ุŒ ุงุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠู…ุณูƒ ุจูƒ ุฃุญุฏ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ู„ูŠู„.
One is that -- it's called "gecekondu" in Turkish, which means "built overnight," and if you build your house overnight in Turkey, you can't be evicted without due process of law, if they don't catch you during the night.
ูˆุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ูขู ู ู  ุดุฎุต ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ู…ุทุงู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุจุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุนุชุฑู ุจูƒ ูƒุจู„ุฏูŠุฉ ูุฑุนูŠุฉ ุดุฑุนูŠุฉ.
And the second aspect is that once you have 2,000 people in the community, you can petition the government to be recognized as a legal sub-municipality.
ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุจู„ุฏูŠุฉ ูุฑุนูŠุฉ ุดุฑุนูŠุฉ ุŒ ูุฌุฃุฉ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุณูŠุงุณูŠูŠู†.
And when you're a legal sub-municipality, you suddenly have politics.
ูˆูŠุณู…ุญ ู„ูƒ ุจุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ู…ู†ุชุฎุจุฉุŒ ุชุฌู…ุน ุงู„ุถุฑุงุฆุจุŒ ูˆุชูˆูุฑ ุฎุฏู…ุงุช ุงู„ุจู„ุฏูŠุฉ ุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ูˆู†ู‡.
You're allowed to have an elected government, collect taxes, provide municipal services, and that's exactly what they do.
ูู‡ุคู„ุงุก ู‡ู… ู‚ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠูˆู†.
So, these are the civic leaders of the future.
ุงู„ุณูŠุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุณุท ู‡ูŠ ุฌูŠุชุง ุฌูŠูˆุง.
The woman in the center is Geeta Jiwa.
ุชุณูƒู† ููŠ ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฎูŠุงู… ููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุน ููŠ ู…ูˆู…ุจุงูŠ.
She lives in one of those tents on the highway median in Mumbai.
ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุณูˆุฑูŠูƒุง ู‚ูˆู†ุฏูŠุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃูŠุถุง ุชุณูƒู† ู…ุน ุฃุณุฑุชู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฎูŠู…ุฉ ุจู…ุญุงุฐุงุฉ ู†ูุณ ูˆุณุท ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุน.
That's Sureka Gundi; she also lives with her family on the tent along the same highway median.
ุฅู†ู‡ู… ุตุฑูŠุญูˆู† ุฌุฏุงู‹. ูˆ ู†ุดุทูˆู† ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
They're very outspoken. They're very active.
ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู‚ุงุฏุฉ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน.
They can be community leaders.
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณูŠุฏุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู†ูŠู†ูŠุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู†ูŠ ุฌุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฉ.
This woman is Nine, which means "grandma" in Turkish.
ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุซู„ุงุซ ุณูŠุฏุงุช ู…ุชู‚ุฏู…ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุณู† ูŠุณูƒู†ู‘ูŽ ููŠ -- ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู†ุฒู„ู‡ุง ุฐุงุชูŠ ุงู„ุจู†ุงุก ู…ู† ุฎู„ูู‡ุง-- ูˆู‚ุฏ ุณูƒู†ู‘ูŽ ููŠู‡ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ูฃู  ุฃูˆ ูคู  ุนุงู…ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆู‡ู†ู‘ูŽ ุงู„ุนู…ูˆุฏ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
And there were three old ladies who lived in -- that's her self-built house behind her -- and they've lived there for 30 or 40 years, and they are the backbone of the community there.
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฑูŠุชุดุงุฑุฏ ู…ูˆุซุงู…ุง ุจูŠุชุฑุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุตูˆู‘ูุฑ ููˆุชูˆุบุฑุงููŠ ู…ุชุฌูˆู‘ูู„ ููŠ ูƒูŠุจูŠุฑุง.
This is Richard Muthama Peter, and he is an itinerant street photographer in Kibera.
ุงู†ู‡ ูŠูƒุณุจ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุจุงู„ุชู‚ุงุท ุตูˆุฑ ู„ู„ู…ุฌุงูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณูƒู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ ูˆุณูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุงูˆุฑุฉ ูˆูŠุนุฏ ู…ุตุฏุฑุงู‹ ุนุธูŠู…ุงู‹ ู„ู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน.
He makes money taking pictures of the neighborhood, and the people in the neighborhood, and is a great resource in the community.
ูˆุฃุฎูŠุฑุงู‹ ุฎูŠุงุฑูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฑุดุญ ูƒุนู…ุฏุฉ ุฑูŠูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุณูŠุฒูŠู†ูŠูˆุŒ ุจุงุฆุน ุงู„ููˆุงูƒู‡ู‡ ู…ุน ุทูู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุฃุนุฑู ุฑุฌู„ุงู‹ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู…ุงู†ุฉ ูˆุนุทุงุก ูˆุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ู‡.
And finally my choice to run for mayor of Rio is Cezinio, the fruit merchant with his two kids here, and a more honest and giving and caring man I don't know.
ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูˆููŠ ู…ู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ุน ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ.
The future of these communities is in the people and in our ability to work with those people.
ู„ุฐุงุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุณุชุฎู„ุตู‡ุงุŒ ู…ู…ุง ู‚ุฑุฃุชู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุŒ ู…ู…ุง ู‚ุงู„ู‡ ุขุฑู…ุณุชุฑูˆู†ุฌุŒ ูˆู…ู† ูƒู„ ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุฌุงูˆุฑุงุช ุณูƒู†ูŠุฉ.
So, I think the message I take, from what I read from the book, from what Armstrong said, and from all these people, is that these are neighborhoods.
ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ูู‚ุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุญุถุฑูŠุฉ.
The issue is not urban poverty.
ูˆุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุดุฆ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ู‡ูŠู…ู†.
The issue is not the larger, over-arching thing.
ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุนุชุฑู ุจุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุฌุงูˆุฑุงุช ุณูƒู†ูŠุฉ. ู‡ุฐุง ุดูƒู„ ุดุฑุนูŠ ู„ู„ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุถุฑูŠุฉ ุŒ ูˆูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุฅุดุฑุงูƒ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุณูƒุงู† ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุจู†ุงุก ู…ุฏู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„.
The issue is for us to recognize that these are neighborhoods -- this is a legitimate form of urban development -- and that cities have to engage these residents, because they are building the cities of the future.
ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฒูŠู„ุงู‹.
Thank you very much.
ุนุงู… 1962ุŒ ุชุดุงุฑู„ุฒ ูุงู† ุฏูˆุฑู†ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹ ู…ุญุฑุฑ ู…ูˆุณูˆุนุฉ ุจูŠุฑุชุงู†ูŠูƒุงุŒ ู‚ุงู„ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ูŠุฉ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฌุฐุฑูŠุฉ-- ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู„ุง ุชุฌู…ุฏ.
Charles Van Doren, who was later a senior editor of Britannica, said the ideal encyclopedia should be radical -- it should stop being safe.
ู„ูƒู† ุงุฐุง ุนุฑูุชู… ุฃูŠ ุดุฆ ุญูˆู„ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ู…ูˆุณูˆุนุฉ ุจุฑูŠุชุงู†ูŠูƒุง ู…ู†ุฐ 1962ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฃูŠ ุดุฆ ุณูˆู‰ ุฌุฐุฑูŠุฉ: ู…ุงุฒุงู„ุช ู…ุชุฌู…ุฏุฉุŒ ู†ูˆุน ุซู‚ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูˆุนุงุช.
But if you know anything about the history of Britannica since 1962, it was anything but radical: still a very completely safe, stodgy type of encyclopedia.
ูˆูŠูƒูŠุจูŠุฏูŠุงุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ูŠุถุŒ ุชุจุฏุฃ ุจููƒุฑุฉ ุฌุฐุฑูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹ ู„ู†ุชุฎูŠู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูุนุทู‰ ููŠู‡ ูƒู„ ูุฑุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุญู‚ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุน ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ.
Wikipedia, on the other hand, begins with a very radical idea, and that's for all of us to imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge.
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ูุนู„ู‡. ู„ุฐุง ู ูˆูŠูƒูŠุจูŠุฏูŠุง-- ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฑุฃูŠุชู… ุงู„ุชู…ู‡ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุจุณูŠุท ู„ู‡ุง --
And that's what we're doing. So Wikipedia -- you just saw the little demonstration of it -- it's a freely licensed encyclopedia.
ู‡ูŠ ู…ูˆุณูˆุนุฉ ู…ุฑุฎุตุฉ ุจุญูุฑูŠุฉ. ูƒุชุจู‡ุง ุขู„ุงู„ุงู ุงู„ู…ุชุทูˆุนูŠู† ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ููŠ ู„ุบุงุช ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ.
It's written by thousands of volunteers all over the world in many, many languages.
ู„ู‚ุฏ ุจูุฑู…ุฌุช ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ูˆูŠูƒูŠ-- ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏู…ู†ุงู‡ุง ู‚ุจู„ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ -- ู„ุฐุง ูุจู…ุณุชุทุงุน ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ุญูุธุŒ ูˆูŠุชู… ุงู„ู†ุดุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„.
It's written using wiki software -- which is the type of software he just demonstrated -- so anyone can quickly edit and save, and it goes live on the Internet immediately.