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ูุฐุง ูุงู ููุงูู ุตูุฑุฉ ููุฑุงูุณูุณ ู
ุนู ูุจู ุฃู ุฃูุชูู ุจุงููุชุงุฉุ ูุฐุง ู
ุงุฒูุช ุฃุจุฏู ุณุนูุฏุงู. | So there's a picture of Francis and I before I met the girl, so I'm still looking happy. |
ููุฐุง ู
ุง ูู
ูุง ุจู ุนูุฏู
ุง ูู
ูุนุฑู ุฅูู ุฃูู ูุชูุฏู
: ูู
ูุง ุจุฅูุดุงุก ูุงุฏู ูุฃุณู
ููุงู ูุงุฏู ุฑุจุทุฉ ุนูู ุงู DNA. | But there is what we did when we didn't know where to go forward: we formed a club and called it the RNA Tie Club. |
ุฌูุฑุฌ ุบุงู
ูุ ููุฒูุงุฆู ุฑุงุฆุน ุฃูุถุงูุ ูุงู
ุจุชุตู
ูู
ุงูุฑุจุทุฉ. | George Gamow, also a great physicist, he designed the tie. |
ูุงู ูุงุญุฏุงู ู
ู ุงูุฃุนุถุงุก. ููุงู ุงูุณุคุงู: ููู ุชูุชูู ู
ู ุงูุดููุฑุฉ ุจุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุญุฑู ุฅูู ุดููุฑุฉ ุงูุจุฑูุชููุงุช ุฐุงุช ุงู 20 ุญุฑูุ | He was one of the members. The question was: How do you go from a four-letter code to the 20-letter code of proteins? |
ูุงู ูููู
ุงู ุนุถูุงูุ ูุชููุฑุ ูุฃุตุฏูุงุก ูุบุงู
ู. | Feynman was a member, and Teller, and friends of Gamow. |
ููู ูุฐู ูุงูุช ุงููุญูุฏุฉ ... ูุงุ ููุง ูุฏ ุชุตูุฑูุง ู
ุฑุชูู ููุท. | But that's the only -- no, we were only photographed twice. |
ููู ููุง ุงูู
ูุงุณุจุชููุ ูู
ุง ุชุนูู
ููุ ูุงู ุฃุญุฏูุง ูุฏ ูุณู ุฑุจุทุฉ ุงูุนูู. | And on both occasions, you know, one of us was missing the tie. |
ููุฌุฏ ูุฑุงูุณุณ ูู ุฃุนูู ุงููู
ููุ ู ุฃูููุณ ุฑูุชุด... ุงูุทุจูุจ ุงูุฐู ุชุญูู ุฅูู ู
ุฎุชุต ูู ุงูุตูุฑ ุงูุจููุฑูุฉ.. ุฅูู ุฌุงูุจู. | There's Francis up on the upper right, and Alex Rich -- the M.D.-turned-crystallographer -- is next to me. |
ุชู
ุงูุชูุงุท ูุฐู ูู ููู
ุจุฑุฏุฌ ูู ุดูุฑ ุฃูููู ุนุงู
1955. | This was taken in Cambridge in September of 1955. |
ูุฃูุง ุฃุจุชุณู
ุ ู
ุฌุจุฑุงู ููุนุงู ู
ุงุ ุนูู ู
ุง ุฃุธูุ ูุฃู ุงููุชุงุฉ ุงูุชู ุญุตูุช ุนูููุงุ ูุง ูููููุ ูุงูุช ูุฏ ุฑุญูุช. | And I'm smiling, sort of forced, I think, because the girl I had, boy, she was gone. |
ููุฐูู ูู
ุฃูุฑุญ ูุนูุงู ู
ุฑุฉ ุซุงููุฉ ุญุชู ุณูุฉ 1960ุ ูุฃูู ุจุนุฏูุง ุงูุชุดููุงุ ูู
ุง ุชุนูู
ููุ ุจุฃูู ุชูุฌุฏ ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุดูุงู ูู RNA. | And so I didn't really get happy until 1960, because then we found out, basically, you know, that there are three forms of RNA. |
ูููุง ูุฏ ุนูู
ูุงุ ุฃุณุงุณุงูุ ุจุฃู ุงู DNA ูููุฑ ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุช ูู RNA | And we knew, basically, DNA provides the information for RNA. |
ูุงู RNA ูููุฑ ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุช ููุจุฑูุชูู. | RNA provides the information for protein. |
ูุฐูู ุฌุนู ู
ุงุฑุดุงู ูุงูุฑูุจุฑุบุ ูู
ุง ุชุนูู
ููุ ุจุฃู ูุฃุฎุฐ ุงู RNAุ RNA ุงูู
ุตููุนุ ููุถุนู ูู ูุธุงู
ููุตูุน ุจุฑูุชูู. ุตูุน ูููู ุงูุงููู ู
ุชุนุฏุฏุ ูููู ุงูุงููู ู
ุชุนุฏุฏ. ุฅุฐุง ุฐูู ูุงู ุงูุงูุชุญุงู
ุงูุฃูู ููุดููุฑุฉ ุงููุฑุงุซูุฉุ ููุงู ูุฏ ุชู
ุงูุชุดุงูู ููู ุณูุฉ 1966. | And that let Marshall Nirenberg, you know, take RNA -- synthetic RNA -- put it in a system making protein. He made polyphenylalanine, polyphenylalanine. So that's the first cracking of the genetic code, and it was all over by 1966. |
ุฅุฐุงู ููุงูุ ุฐูู ูู ู
ุง ุฃุฑุงุฏูู ูุฑูุณ ุฃู ุฃูุนูุ ูุงู... ุฅุฐุงู ู
ุงูุฐู ุญุฏุซ ู
ูุฐ ุฐูู ุงูุญููุ | So there, that's what Chris wanted me to do, it was -- so what happened since then? |
ุญุณูุงูุ ูู ุฐูู ุงูููุช.. ูุฌุจ ุฃู ุฃุนูุฏ ุฅูู ุงููุฑุงุก. | Well, at that time -- I should go back. |
ุนูุฏู
ุง ุงูุชุดููุง ุจููุฉ ุงู DNAุ ุฃูููุช ุญุฏูุซู ุงูุฃูู ูู ูููุฏ ุณุจุฑูุบ ูุงุฑุจุฑ. ุงูููุฒูุงุฆูุ ููู ุณูุฒูุฑุฏุ ูุธุฑ ุฅูู ููุงู: "ูู ุณุชุณุฌู ุจุฑุงุกุฉ ุงุฎุชุฑุงุน ููุฐุงุ" | When we found the structure of DNA, I gave my first talk at Cold Spring Harbor. The physicist, Leo Szilard, he looked at me and said, "Are you going to patent this?" |
ู.. ูููู ูุงู ูุนูู
ุจูุงููู ุจุฑุงุกุฉ ุงูุงุฎุชุฑุงุนุ ูุจุฃููุง ูู
ูุณุชุทุน ุชุณุฌูู ุฐููุ ูุฃูู ูู
ุชุณุชุทุน ุฐูู. ูุฅูู ุบูุฑ ู
ููุฏ. | And -- but he knew patent law, and that we couldn't patent it, because you couldn't. No use for it. |
ููุฐูู ูุง ูุตุจุญ ุงู DNA ุฌุฒูุฆุงู ู
ูู
ุงู. ููู
ูุฏุฎู ุงูู
ุญุงู
ูู ูู ุงูู
ุนุงุฏูุฉ ูุบุงูุฉ 1973ุ ุจุนุฏ 20 ุณูุฉุ ุนูุฏู
ุง ุฌุงุก ุจููุฑ ููููู ูู ุณุงู ูุฑุงูุณูุณูู ูุณุชุงูููุฑุฏ ุจุทุฑููุชูู
ูู ุชูุฌูู ุงู DNAุ ูุณุฌูุช ุณุชุงูููุฑุฏ ุจุฑุงุกุฉ ุงูุงุฎุชุฑุงุน ูุฌูุช ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูุฃู
ูุงู. | And so DNA didn't become a useful molecule, and the lawyers didn't enter into the equation until 1973, 20 years later, when Boyer and Cohen in San Francisco and Stanford came up with their method of recombinant DNA, and Stanford patented it and made a lot of money. |
ุนูู ุงูุฃูู ูุงู
ูุง ุจุชุณุฌูู ุจุฑุงุกุฉ ุงุฎุชุฑุงุน ูุดูุก ูุงูุฐูุ ูู
ุง ุชุนูู
ููุ ูุฏ ูููู
ุจุฃุดูุงุก ู
ููุฏุฉ. | At least they patented something which, you know, could do useful things. |
ูุจุนุฏูุงุ ุชุนูู
ูุง ููููุฉ ูุฑุงุกุฉ ุงูุฃุญุฑู ูู ุงูุดููุฑุฉ. | And then, they learned how to read the letters for the code. |
ูุจุนุฏูุงุ ุฌุงุก ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑุ ููุฏ ุญุตููุง ุูู
ุง ุชุนูู
ููุ ุนูู ุตูุงุนุฉ ูู ุงูุชูููููุฌูุง ุงูุญูููุฉ. ู.. ูููุง ููุง ู
ุง ูุฒุงู ุจุนูุฏูู ู
ุณุงูุฉ ุทูููุฉ ุนูุ ูู
ุง ุชุนูู
ููุ ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุณุคุงู ูุงู ูุฏ ุณูุทุฑุนูู ุทูููุชู ููุนุงู ู
ุงุ ููู: ู
ุง ูู ุชุฃุซูุฑ ูู ู
ู ุงูุจูุฆุฉ ูุงููุฑุงุซุฉุ | And, boom, we've, you know, had a biotech industry. And, but we were still a long ways from, you know, answering a question which sort of dominated my childhood, which is: How do you nature-nurture? |
ููุฐุง ุณุฃูู
ู ุญุฏูุซู. ููุฏ ุจุฏุฃ ุงูููุช ุจุงูููุงุฏุ ููู ูุฐุง ูู ู
ููู ูุบูุฑุ ุนุงูู
ุฑูุงุถูุงุช ุฐูู ุฌุฏุงู ุฌุฏุงู ูุงูุฐู ุชุญูู ุฅูู ุงูููุฒูุงุก. ููุงู
ุจุชุทููุฑ ุทุฑููุฉ ูุงูุชู ุณุชุฌุนููุง ูุดุงูุฏ ุนููุฉ DNA ููู ุงูููุงูุฉุ ู
ูููู ุจูุนุฉ ูู ู
ูุงุฒุงุชูุง. | And so I'll go on. I'm already out of time, but this is Michael Wigler, a very, very clever mathematician turned physicist. And he developed a technique which essentially will let us look at sample DNA and, eventually, a million spots along it. |
ุชูุฌุฏ ุดุฑูุญุฉ ููุงูุ ุดุฑูุญุฉ ุชูููุฏูุฉ. ุซู
ุชูุฌุฏ ูุงุญุฏุฉ ุชุตูุน ุจูุงุณุทุฉ ุงูููุซูุบุฑุงููุง ุงูุถูุฆูุฉ ู
ู ูุจู ุดุฑูุฉ ูู ู
ุงุฏูุณู ุชุฏุนู ูู
ุจูุฌููุ ูุงูุชู ุชุณุจู ุฃููู
ุชุฑูุณ ุจูุซูุฑ. | There's a chip there, a conventional one. Then there's one made by a photolithography by a company in Madison called NimbleGen, which is way ahead of Affymetrix. |
ููุญู ูุณุชุฎุฏู
ุชูููุชูู
. | And we use their technique. |
ูุงูุฐู ุชุณุชุทูุน ุงูููุงู
ุจู ูู ู
ูุงุฑูุฉ ุงู DNA ู
ู ุฎูุงูุง ุทุจูุนูุฉ ู
ูุงุจู ุฃุฎุฑู ุณุฑุทุงููุฉ. | And what you can do is sort of compare DNA of normal segs versus cancer. |
ูุชุณุชุทูุน ุฑุคูุฉ ูู ุงูุฃุนูู ุฃู ุงูุณุฑุทุงูุงุช ุงูุณูุฆุฉ ุชุธูุฑ ุฅุฏุฎุงูุงุช ุฃู ุญุฐููุงุช. | And you can see on the top that cancers which are bad show insertions or deletions. |
ุฅุฐุงูุ ุงู DNA ุญูุงู ู
ุชุบููุฑ ุจุทุฑููุฉ ุณูุฆุฉุ ุจููู
ุง ูู ูุฏูู ุงููุฑุตุฉ ูููุฌุงุฉุ ูู ูููู ุงู DNA ู
ุชุบูุฑุงู ูุซูุฑุงู. | So the DNA is really badly mucked up, whereas if you have a chance of surviving, the DNA isn't so mucked up. |
ูุฐุง ูุนุชูุฏ ุจุฃู ูุฐุง ุณูููุฏูุง ูู ููุงูุฉ ุงูู
ุทุงู ุฅูู ู
ุง ูุณู
ูู ุจ "ุฎุฒุนุงุช ุงู DNA." ูุจู ุฃู ูุชู
ุนูุงุฌู ู
ู ุงูุณุฑุทุงูุ ูุฌุจ ุนููู ุญูุงู ุงููุธุฑ ุฅูู ูุฐู ุงูุชูููุฉุ ูุฃู ุชูุธุฑ ุฅูู ูุฌู ุงูุนุฏู. | So we think that this will eventually lead to what we call "DNA biopsies." Before you get treated for cancer, you should really look at this technique, and get a feeling of the face of the enemy. |
ูู ููุณุช... ุฅููุง ูุธุฑุฉ ุฌุฒุฆูุฉ ููุทุ ููููุง... ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุจุงููุง ุณุชููู ู
ููุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุงู ุฌุฏุงู. | It's not a -- it's only a partial look, but it's a -- I think it's going to be very, very useful. |
ูุจุงูุชุงููุ ุจุฏุฃูุง ุจุณุฑุทุงู ุงูุซุฏู ูุฃูู ุชูุฌุฏ ุฃู
ูุงู ูุซูุฑุฉ ูุฏุนู
ูุ ูุง ุชูุฌุฏ ุฃู
ูุงู ู
ู ุงูุญููู
ุฉ. | So, we started with breast cancer because there's lots of money for it, no government money. |
ูุงูุขู ูุฏู ู
ุตุงูุญ ุดุฎุตูุฉ ููุนุงู ู
ุง: ุฃุฑูุฏ ุฃู ุฃูุนู ุฐูู ูุณุฑุทุงู ุงูุจุฑูุณุชุงุช. ุฅุฐุงุ ูู
ุง ุชุนูู
ููุ ูุง ุชุชูููู ุงูุนูุงุฌ ุฅุฐุง ูู
ููู ุฎุทุฑุงู. | And now I have a sort of vested interest: I want to do it for prostate cancer. So, you know, you aren't treated if it's not dangerous. |
ููู ูุบูุฑุ ุจุงูุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅูู ุงููุธุฑ ูู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงูุณุฑุทุงููุฉุ ูุธุฑ ุฅูู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงูุทุจูุนูุฉุ ููุงู
ุจุทุฑุญ ู
ูุงุญุธุฉ ู
ูุงุฌุฆุฉ ููุนุงู ู
ุง. | But Wigler, besides looking at cancer cells, looked at normal cells, and made a really sort of surprising observation. |
ูุงูุชู ูู: ูู ู
ูุง ูู
ูู ู
ุง ููุงุฑุจ ุงูุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃู
ุงูู ูู ู
ุงุฏุชู ุงููุฑุงุซูุฉ ูุณุจูุง ูููุง ู
ูุฑุซุงู ุฃู ููุฏูุง ุขุฎุฑ. | Which is, all of us have about 10 places in our genome where we've lost a gene or gained another one. |
ุฅุฐุงู ูุญู ุฌู
ูุนุงู ุบูุฑ ู
ุซุงูููู ููุนุงู ู
ุง. ูุงูุณุคุงู ููุ ุญุณูุงูุ ูุจู
ุง ุฃููุง ุฌู
ูุนุงู ููุงุ ูู
ุง ุชุนูู
ููุ ูุฏ ูุง ูููู ูุฐุง ุงูููุฏ ูุงููุณุจ ุณูุก ุฌุฏุงู. | So we're sort of all imperfect. And the question is well, if we're around here, you know, these little losses or gains might not be too bad. |
ููู ุฅุฐุง ุญุฏุซุช ูุฐู ุงูุญุฐููุงุช ุฃู ุงูุชุถุฎู
ุงุช ูู ุงูู
ูุฑุซ ุงูุฎุงุทุฆุ ูุฏ ูุดุนุฑ ุจุงูู
ุฑุถ. | But if these deletions or amplifications occurred in the wrong gene, maybe we'll feel sick. |
ุฅุฐุงู ูุงู ุฃูู ู
ุฑุถ ูุจุญุซ ููู ูู ุงูุชูุญุฏ. | So the first disease he looked at is autism. |
ูุงูุณุจุจ ูุฑุงุก ุจุญุซูุง ูู ุงูุชูุญุฏ ูู ุงู
ุชูุงููุง ููู
ุงู ููุนู ุฐูู. | And the reason we looked at autism is we had the money to do it. |
ุงูุจุญุซ ูู ุงูุดุฎุต ุงููุงุญุฏ ูููู 3000 ุฏููุงุฑ ุชูุฑูุจุงู. ููุงูุฏ ุงูุทูู ุงูู
ุตุงุจ ุจู
ุฑุถ ุฃุณุจุฑุฌุฑุฒุ ุงูุชูุญุฏ ุฐู ุงูุฐูุงุก ุงูุนุงููุ ูุงู
ุจุฅุฑุณุงู ุนููุงุช ูุดุฑูุฉ ุชูููุฏูุฉุ ูู
ูููู
ูุง ุจูุง. | Looking at an individual is about 3,000 dollars. And the parent of a child with Asperger's disease, the high-intelligence autism, had sent his thing to a conventional company; they didn't do it. |
ูู
ูููู
ูุง ุจูุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุงููุฑุงุซุฉ ุงูุชูููุฏูุฉ. ููู ุจุงูู
ุณุญ ููุท ุจุฏุฃูุง ุจุงูุนุซูุฑ ุนูู ู
ูุฑุซุงุช ููุชูุญุฏ. | Couldn't do it by conventional genetics, but just scanning it we began to find genes for autism. |
ูุชุณุชุทูุนูู ุฃู ุชุฑูุง ููุงุ ุจุฃูู ููุฌุฏ ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ููุง. | And you can see here, there are a lot of them. |
ุฅุฐุงู ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูุฃุทูุงู ุงูู
ุตุงุจูู ุจุงูุชูุญุฏ ูู
ู
ุชูุญุฏูู ููุท ูุฃููู
ููุฏูุง ูุทุนุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ู
ู ุงู DNA . | So a lot of autistic kids are autistic because they just lost a big piece of DNA. |
ุฃุนูู ูุทุนุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ุนูู ุงูู
ุณุชูู ุงูุฌุฒูุฆู. | I mean, big piece at the molecular level. |
ููุฏ ูุญุตูุง ุทููุงู ู
ุชูุญุฏุงูุ ูุฏูู ุญูุงูู ุฎู
ุณุฉ ู
ูุงููู ูุงุนุฏุฉ ู
ูููุฏุฉ ู
ู ุฅุญุฏู ูุฑูู
ูุณูู
ุงุชู. | We saw one autistic kid, about five million bases just missing from one of his chromosomes. |
ูู
ููุญุต ุงูุฃุจููู ุจุนุฏุ ููู ุงูุฃุจููู ุนูู ุงูุฃุฑุฌุญ ููุณ ูุฏููู
ูุฐุง ุงูููุฏุ ูุฅูุง ูู
ุง ูุงูุง ุฃุจููู. | We haven't yet looked at the parents, but the parents probably don't have that loss, or they wouldn't be parents. |
ุงูุขูุ ุฅุฐุงูุ ุฏุฑุงุณุชูุง ุนูู ุงูุชูุญุฏ ุจุฏุฃุช ููุชู. ููุฏ ุญุตููุง ุนูู ุซูุงุซุฉ ู
ูุงููู. | Now, so, our autism study is just beginning. We got three million dollars. |
ุฃุธู ุจุฃููุง ุณุชููู 10 ุฅูู 20 ู
ูููู ุนูู ุงูุฃูู ูุจู ุฃู ุชููู ูู ูุถุน ูุณู
ุญ ูู ุจู
ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุงูุขุจุงุก ุงูุฐูู ูุฏููู
ุทูู ู
ุชูุญุฏุ ุฃู ูุธููู ุจุฃููู
ูุฏ ูููู ูุฏููู
ุทูู ู
ุชูุญุฏุ ููู ูุณุชุทูุน ุฃู ูุญุฏุฏ ุงููุฑูุ | I think it will cost at least 10 to 20 before you'd be in a position to help parents who've had an autistic child, or think they may have an autistic child, and can we spot the difference? |
ูุฐุง ูุฌุจ ุฃู ุชูุญุต ูุฐู ุงูุชูููุฉ ุฐุงุชูุง ูู... | So this same technique should probably look at all. |
ุฅููุง ุทุฑููุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ูุฅูุฌุงุฏ ุงูู
ูุฑุซุงุช. | It's a wonderful way to find genes. |
ุฅุฐุงูุ ุณุฃุฎุชู
ุจููู: ุฃููุง ูุฏ ูุญุตูุง 20 ุดุฎุตุงู ู
ุตุงุจูู ุจุงููุตุงู
. | And so, I'll conclude by saying we've looked at 20 people with schizophrenia. |
ูุฃุนุชูุฏูุง ุจุฃููุง ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ููุญุต ุนุฏุฉ ู
ุฆุงุช ูุจู ุฃู ูุญุตู ุนูู ุตูุฑุฉ ุนู ุงููุถุน. ููู ูู
ุง ุชุฑููุ ููุฌุฏ 7 ู
ู ุฃุตู 20 ูุงู ูุฏููู
ุชุบูุฑุ ูุงูุฐู ูุงู ูุจูุฑุงู ุฌุฏุงู. | And we thought we'd probably have to look at several hundred before we got the picture. But as you can see, there's seven out of 20 had a change which was very high. |
ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ูู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ุงูู
ูุงุฑูุฉ ูุงู ููุฌุฏ ุซูุงุซุฉ. | And yet, in the controls there were three. |
ุฅุฐุงู ู
ุง ูู ู
ุนูู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ุงูู
ูุงุฑูุฉุ | So what's the meaning of the controls? |
ูู ูุงููุง ู
ุฌุงููู ุฃูุถุงูุ ูููู ูู
ูุนูู
ุจุฐููุ | Were they crazy also, and we didn't know it? |
ุฃูุ ูู
ุง ุชุนูู
ููุ ูุงููุง ุทุจูุนูููุ ุณุฃุฎู
ู ุจุฃููู
ุทุจูุนููู. | Or, you know, were they normal? I would guess they're normal. |
ูู
ุง ูุนุชูุฏู ุจุงููุตุงู
ูู ูุฌูุฏ ู
ูุฑุซุงุช ููุนุฑุถุฉุ ูููู ูุฐุง ุงูุฌูู ูุฒูุฏ ุงูุนุฑุถุฉ... ูุจุนุฏูุง ููุฌุฏ ููุท ูุทุนุฉ ุซุงูููุฉ ู
ู ุงูุณูุงู ูุงูุชู ูู ูุงุจูุฉ ูุฃู ุชุตุงุจ ุจุงููุตุงู
. | And what we think in schizophrenia is there are genes of predisposure, and whether this is one that predisposes -- and then there's only a sub-segment of the population that's capable of being schizophrenic. |
ุงูุขูุ ูุง ููุฌุฏ ูุฏููุง ูุนูุงู ุฃู ุฏููู ุนูููุ ููู ุฃุธูุ ูุฅุนุทุงุฆูู
ูุฑุถูุฉุ ุฃูุถู ุชุฎู
ูู ูู ุฃูู ุฅุฐุง ููุช ุชูุชุจ ุจุงููุณุงุฑุ ูุฃูุช ู
ุนุฑุถ ููุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจุงููุตุงู
. | Now, we don't have really any evidence of it, but I think, to give you a hypothesis, the best guess is that if you're left-handed, you're prone to schizophrenia. |
30 ุจุงูู
ุฆุฉ ู
ู ุงูู
ุตุงุจูู ุจุงููุตุงู
ููุชุจูู ุจูุณุฑุงูู
. ููุฏู ุงููุตุงู
ูู
ุท ูุฑุงุซู ู
ุถุญูุ ููู ุฃู 60 ุจุงูู
ุฆุฉ ู
ู ุงููุงุณ ููุชุจูู ุจูุณุฑุงูู
ุนูู ุงูู
ุณุชูู ุงูุฌูููุ ููู ูุตููุง ููุท ุธูุฑุช. ููุณ ูุฏู ุงูููุช ูุฃููู. | 30 percent of schizophrenic people are left-handed, and schizophrenia has a very funny genetics, which means 60 percent of the people are genetically left-handed, but only half of it showed. I don't have the time to say. |
ุงูุขูุ ุจุนุถ ุงููุงุณ ู
ู
ู ูุนุชูุฏูู ุจุฃููู
ููุชุจูู ุจูู
ูุงูู
ูู
ูุณุงุฑููู ูุฑุงุซูุงู. ุญุณูุงู. ุฃูุง ููุท ุฃููู ุฐููุ ุฅุฐุง ููุช ุชุนุชูุฏุ ุฃูุง ูุง ุฃุญู
ู ู
ูุฑุซ ุงููุชุงุจุฉ ุจุงููุฏ ุงููุณุฑู ูุฐุง ุฃููุงุฏูุ ูู
ุง ุชุนูู
ููุ ูู ูููููุง ุนุฑุถุฉ ูุฎุทุฑ ุงูุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจุงููุตุงู
. ูุฏ ุชููู ูุฐูู. ุญุณูุงูุ | Now, some people who think they're right-handed are genetically left-handed. OK. I'm just saying that, if you think, oh, I don't carry a left-handed gene so therefore my, you know, children won't be at risk of schizophrenia. You might. OK? |
ูุฐุง ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููุ ุฅูู ููุช ู
ุซูุฑ ุนูู ูุญู ุบูุฑ ุนุงุฏู. | So it's, to me, an extraordinarily exciting time. |
ุณูู ูููู ูุงุฏุฑูู ุนูู ุฅูุฌุงุฏ ุงูุฌูู ุงูู
ุณุคูู ุนู ุงูุฃู
ุฑุงุถ ุซูุงุฆูุฉ ุงููุทุจุ ููุฌุฏ ุฑุงุจุท. | We ought to be able to find the gene for bipolar; there's a relationship. |
ูุฅุฐุง ุชููุฑ ูุฏู ุงูู
ุงู ุงููุงููุ ุณูุฌุฏูุง ูููุง ูู ูุฐู ุงูุณูุฉ. | And if I had enough money, we'd find them all this year. |
ุฃุดูุฑูู
. | I thank you. |
ุงุณู
ุญูุง ูู ุฃู ุฃูุฑูููู
ุจุนุถ ุงูุตููุฑ ูู
ุง ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุฃููุง ุณุชููู ู
ุฏู ุงูุบุฏ. | Let me show you some images of what I consider to be the cities of tomorrow. |
ููุฐู ููุจูุฑุงุ ุฃูุจุฑ ู
ุฌุชู
ุน ุนุดูุงุฆู ูู ููุฑูุจู. | So, that's Kibera, the largest squatter community in Nairobi. |
ูุฐุง ูู ู
ุฌุชู
ุน ุงูุนุดูุงุฆูุงุช ูู ุงูุญุฏููุฉ ุงููุทููุฉ ุณุงูุฌุงู ุบุงูุฏู ูู ุจูู
ุจุงู ุ ุจุงูููุฏุ ูุงูุชู ุชุณู
ู ู
ูู
ุจุงู ูุฐู ุงูุฃูุงู
. | This is the squatter community in Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Bombay, India, what's called Mumbai these days. |
ูุฐู ูู ููุณูููุงุ ุฃูุจุฑ ู ุฃูุซุฑ ุงูุฃุญูุงุก ุงููููุฑุฉ ุญุถุฑูุฉู ูู ุฑูู ุฏู ุฌุงููุฑู. | This is Hosinia, the largest and most urbanized favela in Rio de Janeiro. |
ู ูุฐู ุณูุทุงูุจูููุ ุฅุญุฏู ูุจุฑู ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุนุงุช ุงูุนุดูุงุฆูุฉ ูู ุงุณุชุงูุจูู. | And this is Sultanbelyi, which is one of the largest squatter communities in Istanbul. |
ูุชููู
ู
ุง ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุฃููุง ุณุชููู ู
ุฏู ุงูุบุฏุ ุงูุนุงูู
ุงูุญุถุฑู ุงูุฌุฏูุฏ. | They are what I consider to be the cities of tomorrow, the new urban world. |
ุงูุขู ุ ูู
ุงุฐุง ุฃููู ูุฐุงุ | Now, why do I say that? |
ูุฃุฎุจุฑูู
ุนู ุฐูู ุนูููู ุฃู ุฃุชุญุฏููุซ ุนู ูุฐุง ุงูุฒู
ูู ููุงุ ุงุณู
ู ูููููุณ. | To tell you about that I have to talk about this fellow here, his name is Julius. |
ู ูุฏ ูุงุจูุช ูููููุณ ูู ุขุฎุฑ ุฃุณุจูุน ูู ู
ูุซุชู ูู ููุจูุฑุง. | And I met Julius the last week that I was living in Kibera. |
ููุฏ ู
ูุซุช ููุงู ู
ุฏุฉ ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุดูุฑ ุชูุฑูุจุงุ ู ููุช ุฃุชุฌูู ูู ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ ู ุฃุฐูุจ ูู
ุฎุชูู ุงูู
ูุงุทู ุงูุนุดูุงุฆูุฉ ู ูุงู ูููููุณ ูุชุจุนูุง ุ ููุฏ ูุงู ุฌุงุญุธ ุงูุนูููู ูุนูุฏ ุฃู
ุงูู ู
ุนููุฉ ุญูุซ ููุง ูุชุฌููุ ูุงู ูู
ุณู ุจูุฏู ููู
ุณุงุนุฏุฉ. ููู ุฃู
ุฑ ูุง ูููู
ุจู ู
ุนุธู
ุงููููููู. | So, I had been there almost three months, and I was touring around the city going to different squatter areas and Julius was tagging along, and he was bug eyed and at certain points we were walking around, he grabbed my hand for support, which is something most Kenyans would never consider doing. |
ุฅููู
ู
ูุฐุจูู ููุบุงูุฉ ููุง ููุฏู
ูู ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุนูู ุทูุจ ุงูู
ุณุงุนุฏุฉ. | They're very polite and they don't get so forward so quickly. |
ููุฏ ุนูู
ุช ูุงุญูุงู ุฃู ุฐูู ูุงู ุฃูู ููู
ููููููุณ ุจููุฑูุจูุ ููู ูุงุญุฏ ู
ู ุงููุซูุฑ. | And I found out later that it was Julius' first day in Nairobi, and he's one of many. |
ู
ุง ููุงุฑุจ ุงู ูขู ู ,ู ู ู ุดุฎุต ูู ุงูููู
ููุงุฌุฑูู ู
ู ุงูุฑูู ุงูู ุงูู
ูุงุทู ุงูุญุถุฑูุฉ. | So, close to 200,000 people a day migrate from the rural to the urban areas. |
ูุณูู ุฃููู ุนุงุฏูุงู ู
ุน ุงูุฅุญุตุงุฆููู ุงูุฐูู ุชุญุฏุซูุง ูุฐุง ุงูุตุจุงุญุ ููุณ ู
ุง ููุฑุจ ู
ู ูก,ูฅ ู
ูููู ุดุฎุต ูู ุงูุฃุณุจูุน ูููู ู
ุง ููุฑุจ ู
ู ูก,ูค ู
ูููู ุดุฎุต ูู ุงูุฃุณุจูุน ููููููู ุตุญูู ุ ููุญู ูุจุงูุบ ุ ูุฐูู ููู ู
ุง ููุฑุจ ู
ู ูก,ูฅ ู
ูููู ุดุฎุต ูู ุงูุฃุณุจูุนุ ู
ุง ููุฑุจ ู
ู ูงู ู
ูููู ุดุฎุต ุณูููุงู. | That's, and I'm going to be fair to the statisticians who talked this morning, not almost 1.5 million people a week, but almost 1.4 million people a week but I'm a journalist, and we exaggerate, so almost 1.5 million people a week, close to 70 million people a year. |
ู ุญุณุงุจููุงูุ ูุนูู ูกูฃู ุดุฎุต ูู ุฏูููุฉ. | And if you do the math, that's 130 people every minute. |
ูููุฐุง ุ ูุณูู ูููู ุฐูู -- ูู ุงู ูกูจุฏูููุฉ ุงูุชู ุฃุนุทูุช ููุชุญุฏุซ ููุง ู
ุง ุจูู ุฃูููู ู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุขูุงู ุดุฎุต ูุฑุญููู ููู
ุฏู. | So, that'll be -- in the 18 minutes that I'm given to talk here, between two and three thousand people will have journeyed to the cities. |
ููุฐู ูู ุงูุฅุญุตุงุฆูุงุช. | And here are the statistics. |
ุงูููู
- ู
ููุงุฑ ู
ูุทูุฉ ุนุดูุงุฆูุฉุ ุดุฎุต ูุงุญุฏ ู
ู ุจูู ุณุชุฉ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุนูู ูููุจ ุงูุฃุฑุถ. | Today -- a billion squatters, one in six people on the planet. |
ุนุงู
ูขู ูฃู - ู
ููุงุฑุงู ู
ูุทูุฉ ุนุดูุงุฆูุฉุ ุดุฎุตู ูุงุญุฏู ู
ู ุจูู ุฃุฑุจุน ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุนูู ูููุจ ุงูุฃุฑุถ. | 2030 -- two billion squatters, one in four people on the planet. |
ูุงูุชูุฏูุฑุงุช ุชููู ุฃูู ูู ุนุงู
ูขู ูฅู ุ ุณูููู ููุงู ุซูุงุซ ู
ููุงุฑุงุช ู
ูุทูุฉ ุนุดูุงุฆูุฉ. ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู ุดุฎุต ูุงุญุฏ ุจูู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุนูู ุงูุฃุฑุถ. | And the estimate is that in 2050, there'll be three billion squatters, better than one in three people on earth. |
ูุฐู ูู ู
ุฏู ุงูู
ุณุชูุจู ุ | So, these are the cities of the future, and we have to engage them. |
ููุฏ ููุช ุฃููุฑ ูุฐุง ุงูุตุจุงุญ ูู ุงูุญูุงุฉ ุงููุฑูู
ุฉุ ููุจู ุฃู ุฃุนุฑุถ ุนูููู
ุจููุฉ ู
ูุถูุนู ูุฐุงุ ุณูู ุฃุฎุงูู ููุงุนุฏ ุชูุฏุ ูุณูู ุฃูุฑุฃ ููู
ุจุนุถุงู ู
ู ูุชุงุจู ูุฐุง ุจุฃุณุฑุน ู
ุง ูู
ูู. | And I was thinking this morning of the good life, and before I show you the rest of my presentation, I'm going to violate TED rules here, and I'm going to read you something from my book as quickly as I can. |
ูุฃููู ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุจุฃูู ูุชุญุฏุซ ุนู ุชุบููุฑ ุชุตูุฑูุง ูู
ุง ูุนุชูุฏ ุฃูู ุงูุญูุงุฉ ุงููุฑูู
ุฉ. | Because I think it says something about reversing our perception of what we think the good life is. |
ููุฏ ุจูู ุงูููุฎ ู
ู ุงูู
ุนุฏู ุงูู
ู
ูุฌ ุ ู
ุซุจุช ุนูู ูุงุนุฏุฉ ู
ุชููุฉ. | So -- "The hut was made of corrugated metal, set on a concrete pad. |
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุญุฌุฑุฉ ุฃุจุนุงุฏูุง ูกู ูู ูกู . | It was a 10 by 10 cell. |
ูุณููู ุฃุฑู
ุณุชุฑููุบ ุฃูุจุฑูุงู ุงูุงุจู ู
ุน ู
ุดุงุฑูุฉ ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฑุฌุงู ุขุฎุฑูู. | Armstrong O'Brian, Jr. shared it with three other men. |
ุฃุฑู
ุณุชุฑููุบ ู ุฃุตุฏูุงุคู ูู
ููู ูุฏููู
ุงูู
ุงุกุ ูุดุชุฑููู ู
ู ุตุงุญุจ ุตูุจูุฑ ู
ูุงู ุจุงููุฑุจ ู
ู ุณูููู
. ูุง ุชูุฌุฏ ู
ุฑุงุญูุถุ ุชุดุชุฑู ุงูุฃุณุฑ ูู ูุฐุง ุงูู
ุฌู
ุน ุงูุณููู ูู ู
ุฑุญุงุถ ุญูุฑุฉ ูุงุญุฏ. ูุง ุชูุฌุฏ ู
ุฌุงุฑู ุฃู ุตุฑู ุตุญู. | Armstrong and his friends had no water -- they bought it from a nearby tap owner -- no toilet -- the families in this compound shared a single pit-latrine -- and no sewers or sanitation. |
ูุฏููู
ููุฑุจุงุกุ ูููููุง ูุงูุช ุฎุฏู
ุฉ ุบูุฑ ูุงููููุฉ ุชูุตู ู
ู ุฃุณูุงู ุดุฎุต ุขุฎุฑุ ููู
ูููุง ููุท ุฅุถุงุกุฉ ู
ุตุจุงุญ ูุงุญุฏ ุถุนูู. | They did have electricity, but it was illegal service tapped from someone else's wires, and could only power one feeble bulb. |
ูุงูุช ูุฐู ุณุงูุซูุงูุฏุ ู
ุฌู
ุน ุฃููุงุฎ ุตุบูุฑ ูู ุงูุฌุงูุจ ุงูุบุฑุจู ู
ู ููุฑูุจู ุจููููุง. | This was Southland, a small shanty community on the western side of Nairobi, Kenya. |
ูููู ู
ู ุงูู
ู
ูู ูุฌูุฏู ูู ุฃู ู
ูุงู ุจุงูู
ุฏููุฉุ ูุฃููู ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู ูุตู ุณูุงู ู
ุฏููุฉ ููุฑูุจู ูุนูุดูู ููุฐุง. | But it could've been anywhere in the city, because more than half the city of Nairobi lives like this. |
ู ูก,ูฅู
ูููู ุดุฎุต ูุชูุฏุณูู ุฏุงุฎู ุฃููุงุฎ ู
ู ุงูุทูู ูุงูุญุฏูุฏ ุจูุง ุฎุฏู
ุงุช ุ ุจูุง ู
ุฑุงุญูุถ ุ ุจูุง ุญููู. | 1.5 million people stuffed into mud or metal huts with no services, no toilets, no rights. |
ูุฃูุถุญ ุฃุฑู
ุณุชุฑููุบ ุงููุงูุน ุงููุญุดู ููุถุนูู
ุ ุฅููููู
ูุฏูุนูู ูกูฅู ู ุดูู ููุฅูุฌุงุฑ ุ ู
ุง ูุนุงุฏู ูขู ุฏููุงุฑุงู ูู ุงูุดูุฑุ ุณุนุฑู ู
ุฑุชูุนู ูุณุจูุงู ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ูู
ุฏู ุงูุตููุญ ูู ููููุง ุ ููุง ูู
ูููู
ุชุญู
ููู ุงูุชุฃุฎููุฑ ูู ุฏูุน ุงูู
ุงู. | "Armstrong explained the brutal reality of their situation: they paid 1,500 shillings in rent, about 20 bucks a month, a relatively high price for a Kenyan shantytown, and they could not afford to be late with the money. |
'ูู ุญุงู ููุช ู
ุฏููุงู ุดูุฑุฃู ูุงุญุฏุงู ุ ุณูู ูุฃุชู ุงูู
ุงูู ู
ุน ุฃุชุจุงุนู ููุฑู
ูู ุจู ุฎุงุฑุฌุงู. ูุณูู ูุตุงุฏุฑ ุฃุดูุงุกู ุงูุฎุงุตุฉ ุ ูู
ุง ูููู ุงุฑู
ุณุชุฑููุบ. | 'In case you owe one month, the landlord will come with his henchmen and bundle you out. He will confiscate your things,' Armstrong said. |
" ููุณ ุดูุฑุงู ูุงุญุฏุงูุ ุจู ููู
ุงู ูุงุญุฏุงู!" ูู
ุง ุชููู ูููุงุฑู ูุจูุงุบูุฏู ุฃููุณูู
ู ุดุฑููุชู ูู ุงูุณููุ ูุงูุชู ูุงูุช ุชููู
ุจุทุจุฎ ุงููููุงููุ ุฎูุทุฉ ุงุณููุฌูุฉ ู
ู ุฏููู ุงูุฐุฑุฉ ุงูุฃุจูุถ ููู ุงูุบุฐุงุก ุงูุฑุฆูุณู ููุจูุฏุ ู
ูุชุทุนุฉ ููุญูุงุฑ. | 'Not one month, one day,' his roommate Hilary Kibagendi Onsomu, who was cooking ugali, the spongy white cornmeal concoction that is the staple food in the country, cut into the conversation. |
ููุณู
ูู ุงูู
ูุงู ุจู ูุงุจููุฒูุ ูุนูู ุฃูู ุดุฎุต ุนูุฏู ู
ุง ูููู ู
ู ุงูู
ุงู ูููุงุฏุฉ ุณูุงุฑุฉ ู
ุฑุณูุฏูุณ ุจูุฒ. | They called their landlord a Wabenzi, meaning that he is a person who has enough money to drive a Mercedes-Benz. |
ูุฏู
ุช ูููุงุฑู ุงููููุงูู ู
ุน ุงููุญู
ูุงูุทู
ุงุทู
ุงูู
ูููููุ ูุงูุช ุงูุดู
ุณ ุชุถุฑุจ ุจุดุฏุฉ ุนูู ุงูุณูู ุงูุญุฏูุฏู ุงูุฑูููุ ูููุง ูุชุตุจุจ ุนุฑูุง ุฃุซูุงุก ุงูุฃูู. | Hilary served the ugali with a fry of meat and tomatoes; the sun slammed down on the thin steel roof; and we perspired as we ate. |
ุจุนุฏ ุฃู ูุฑุบูุง ุ ุงุณุชุนุฏู ุงุฑู
ุณุชุฑููุบ ุฑุจุทุฉ ุนูููุ ููุจุณ ู
ุนุทู ุฑูุงุถุฉ ุตูููุ ุซู
ุฎุฑุฌูุง ูู ุงูููุฌ. | "After we finished, Armstrong straightened his tie, put on a wool sports jacket, and we headed out into the glare. |
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