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ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุณูˆู ูŠู†ุธุฑูˆู† ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุนุฏ ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† ุงู†ู‡ุง ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุง ูˆูŠุตุนุจ ุงุจุชู„ุงุนู‡ุง, ุงุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ูŠ ุฃุดุนุฑ ุจุชุญุณู† ู…ู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ุชู… ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุญุตู„
People would look at these and say, "Man, this thing is so big and so hard to swallow. If this doesn't make me feel better, you know, what possibly could?"
ูˆุงุชุถุญ ุฃู† ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู„ู† ูŠุนูˆุฏูˆุง ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„. ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุฑุฉ ูƒู„ ุจุนุฏ ูุชุฑุฉ ู„ุงูŠุฒุงู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู…ุฑุถู‰ ูˆูŠุนูˆุฏูˆู† ุงู„ู‰ ุฃุจูŠ ูˆูŠุนุทูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ุฃู‚ุฑุงุต ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
And it turned out that most people wouldn't come back, because it worked. But every once in a while, there was still a patient convinced that he was sick, and he'd come back. And my dad had a third jar of pills.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุฑุงุต ูƒุงู†ุช ุฃุตุบุฑ ุฃู‚ุฑุงุต ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงูŠุฌุงุฏู‡ุง ุจุญุฌู… ุตุบูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง ุจุงู„ูƒุงุฏ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฑุคูŠุชู‡
And the jar of pills he had, he said, were the tiniest little pills he could find, so small you could barely see them.
ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ูˆู„ , ุงุณู…ุน ุฃุนุฑู ุฃู†ูŠ ุฃุนุทูŠุชูƒ ุฃู‚ุฑุงุต ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุตุนุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงุจุชู„ุงุนู‡ุง ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุขู† ุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฃู‚ุฑุงุต ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุง ูˆุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุจุงู„ูƒุงุฏ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุง ุŒ
And he would say, listen, I know I gave you that huge pill, that complicated, hard-to-swallow pill before, but now I've got one that's so potent, that is really tiny and small and almost invisible.
ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ู‡ู†ุง ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุงูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃุตู„ุง ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ ".
It's almost like this thing here, which you can't even see."
ูˆุงุชุถุญ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠุญุตู„ ุฃุจุฏุง ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุนุทู‰ ููŠู‡ุง ุฃุจูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุจูˆุจ , ุงู„ุญุจูˆุจ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฃู† ุฌุงุก ุดุฎุต ุงู„ู‰ ุงุจูŠ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูˆู‚ุงู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุฑูŠุถ
And it turned out that never, in all the times my dad gave out this pill, the really tiny pill, did anyone ever come back still complaining of sickness.
ูุงุณุชุฎุฏู… ุฃุจูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ูƒุฏู„ูŠู„ ู‚ุงุทุน ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุจุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ ุŒ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ูƒุงู† ู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ูˆู‡ู…ูŠ ุงู„ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ูˆุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงุฎุฑ ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ุณูˆู ุชุฑูˆู† ู…ู‚ุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฏู…ุฌุฉ ุชู†ุชุดุฑ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุญุชู‰ ุชุตุจุญ ู„ุฏู‰ ูƒู„ ุดุฎุต, ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฎูŠุงุฑ ุงุฎุฑ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุญุตู„ ุจุนุฏ ุฒูŠุงุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ุซู„ุงุซ ู…ุฑุงุช ุงุฑุณุงู„ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุฑุงุต ุงู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุฒู„ู‡ , ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู…ุงุฒุงู„ ูŠุดุนุฑ ุจุงู„ุชุนุจ ุฐู‡ุจ ูˆูˆุฌุฏ ุทุจูŠุจ ุขุฎุฑ.
So, my dad always took that as evidence that this little, teeny, powerful pill had the ultimate placebo effect. And in some sense, if that's the right story, I think integrated car seats you will see, very quickly, becoming something that everyone has. The other possible conclusion is, well, maybe after coming to my father three times, getting sent home with placebos, he still felt sick, he went and found another doctor.
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชู…ุงู…ุง. ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ุŒ ุซู… ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ู†ุญู† ุนุงู„ู‚ูˆู† ู…ุน ู…ู‚ุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ.
And that's completely possible. And if that's the case, then I think we're stuck with conventional car seats for a long time to come.
ุดูƒุฑุง ุฌุฒูŠู„ุง ู„ูƒู…
Thank you very much.
ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ : ุฃุฑุฏุช ูู‚ุท ุฃู† ุฃุทู„ุจ ู…ู†ูƒู… ุŒ ุนู†ุฏ ุงุฑุชุฏุงุก ุญุฒุงู… ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู† ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุฑุชุฏูŠู‡ุง ูู‚ุท ู„ู…ู†ุน ุงู„ุฎุณุงุฆุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑูˆุงุญ ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ู…ู†ุน ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุตุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุฎุทูŠุฑุฉ.
(Audience: I just wanted to ask you, when we wear seatbelts we don't necessarily wear them just to prevent loss of life, it's also to prevent lots of serious injury.
ุจูŠุงู†ุงุชูƒ ุชุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆููŠุงุช ูˆู„ุงุชุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุตุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุฎุทูŠุฑุฉ
Your data looks at fatalities. It doesn't look at serious injury.
ู‡ู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุฉ ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ู„ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ุฃู† ู…ู‚ุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃู‚ู„ ูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุŒ ุฃูˆ ู‡ูŠ ูุนุงู„ุฉ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุญุฒุงู… ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู† ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุงุตุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุฎุทูŠุฑุฉุŸ ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนุฒุฒ ู…ู† ู†ุธุฑูŠุชูƒ ู†ุนู… , ู‡ุฐุง ุณุคุงู„ ุฑุงุฆุน , ููŠ ุจูŠุงู†ุงุชูŠ ูˆููŠ ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุบูŠุฑู‡ุง ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃู„ู‚ูŠุช ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุญูˆุงุฏุซ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ู†ูŠูˆุฌูŠุฑุณูŠ ุฃุฌุฏ ุงุฎุชู„ุงูุงุช ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุง ููŠ ุงู„ุงุตุงุจุฉ.
Is there any data to show that child seats are actually less effective, or just as effective as seatbelts for serious injury? Because that would prove your case.) Steven Levitt: Yeah, that's a great question. In my data, and in another data set I've looked at for New Jersey crashes, I find very small differences in injury.
ุญุชู‰ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุŒ ู‡ูˆ ูุฑู‚ ุงุญุตุงุฆูŠ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุฌุฏุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจูŠู† ู…ู‚ุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ ูˆุฃุญุฒู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒุชู
So in this data, it's statistically insignificant differences in injury between car seats and lap-and-shoulder belts.
ููŠ ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ู†ูŠูˆ ุฌูŠุฑุณูŠ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุญูˆุงุฏุซ ู…ู…ูŠุชุฉ ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุญูˆุงุฏุซ ููŠ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ู†ูŠูˆ ุฌูŠุฑุณูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู… ุงู„ุฅุจู„ุงุบ ุนู†ู‡ุง. ุชุจูŠู† ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูุฑู‚ 10 ูช ููŠ ุงุตุงุจุงุช ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุตูุฉ ุนุงู…ุฉ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุฌุฑูˆุญ ุทููŠูุฉ.
In the New Jersey data, which is different, because it's not just fatal crashes, but all crashes in New Jersey that are reported, it turns out that there is a 10 percent difference in injuries, but generally they're the minor injuries.
ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุŒ ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุจู…ุซุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ูˆูŠู‡ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชู‚ุงุฑูŠุฑ ุทุจูŠุฉ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุฃู† ุชู‚ุฑ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุชู‚ุชุฑุญ ุฃู† ู…ู‚ุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุงุช ู„ู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุฃูุถู„ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ
Now, what's interesting, I should say this as a disclaimer, there is medical literature that is very difficult to resolve with this other data, which suggests that car seats are dramatically better.
ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆ ู…ู†ู‡ุฌูŠุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ุนู…ุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ุชู‡ุง ุจุนุฏ ุญุฏูˆุซ ุงู„ุญุงุฏุซ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ูˆุงุณุชุณู‚ูˆุง ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชู‡ู… ู…ู† ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุชุฃู…ูŠู† ุฃุณู…ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงุฏุซ ุŒ ูˆูŠุชุตู„ูˆู† ู…ุนู‡ู… ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู ูˆูŠุทู„ุจูˆู† ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุดุฑุญ ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ
And they use a completely different methodology that involves -- after the crash occurs, they get from the insurance companies the names of the people who were in the crash, and they call them on the phone, and they asked them what happened.
ูˆุฃู†ุง ุญู‚ุง ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุญู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขู† ูˆุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ุน ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุจุงุญุซูŠู† ููŠ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ู„ูู‡ู… ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงูุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ู†ุณุจูŠุง ู…ุน ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ
And I really can't resolve, yet, and I'd like to work with these medical researchers to try to understand how there can be these differences, which are completely at odds with one another.
ู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญ ุฃู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุญุงุณู….
But it's obviously a critical question.
ูˆุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆ ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† -- ู‡ู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุตุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุฎุทูŠุฑุฉ ู„ุฌุนู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูุนุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉุŸ ุงู†ู‡ ุณุคุงู„ ู…ุญูŠุฑ
The question is even if -- are there enough serious injuries to make these cost-effective? It's kind of tricky.
ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ุงู†ู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ ุŒ ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ุฌุฏุง ุงู†ู‡ุง ูุนุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉ.
Even if they're right, it's not so clear that they're so cost-effective.
ู„ุง ุฃุนุฑู ุงุณู…ูƒ.
I don't know your name. Audience Member: Howard. Howard.
ู‡ูˆุฑุฏ ุŸ ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุช ุฌุงู„ุณุง ุจุฌูˆุงุฑ ู‡ูˆุฑุฏ. ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญ ุฃู†ูŠ ู„ุง ุฃุนุฑู ู‡ูˆุงุฑุฏ. ุซู… ู‚ุงู„ ุŒ ุงุฑุฌูˆ ุงู† ู„ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ .
Thom Mayne: Howard? I'm sitting next to Howard. I don't know Howard, obviously, and he's going, I hope you're not next.
ุฑุงุฆุน. ุฃุฏุงุก ุฑุงุฆุน
Amazing. Amazing performance.
ู„ู‚ุฏ ู…ุญูˆุช ูƒู„ ู…ุง ููŠ ุนู‚ู„ูŠ ุนู„ูŠ ู†ุญูˆ ู…ุง ุŒ ูƒูŠ ุฃุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃุฌุฑูŠ ุฐู„ูƒ.
I kind of erased everything in my brain to follow that.
ูˆุŒู„ูƒู† ... ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุงุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ... ุฃู†ุง ู…ู‡ุชู… .. ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู†ูŠ ุฃูุนู„ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุกุŒ ู„ูƒู†ูŠ ู„ุง ุฃุญุฑูƒ ุฌุณุฏูŠ. ูˆ ุจุฏู„ุง ุนู† ุงุณุชูŠุญุงุก ุฃููƒุงุฑู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุฒู…ู† ูˆุงู„ุญูŠุฒ ุฃุนุถุงุก ุฌุณุฏ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุงุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠุŒ ุงุนู…ู„ ู…ุน ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุฃู‚ู„ ุฃูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฎู…ูˆู„ุง.
Let me start some place. I'm interested -- I kind of do the same thing, but I don't move my body. And instead of using human figures to develop ideas of time and space, I work in the mineral world. I work with more or less inert matter.
ูˆุงู†ุธู…ู‡ุงุŒ ุญุณู†ุง...ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง ู„ุงู† ุงู„ู…ุนู…ุงุฑูŠ ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุจุฑููŠู‚ ุงู„ุฑู‚ุต ุฅู† ุฌุงุฒ ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุชูุงูˆุถ ุจูŠู† ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุฑุก ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุนุงู„ู…ู‡ ุงู„ุงูุชุฑุงุถูŠุŒ ุนุงู„ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุงููƒุงุฑ, ุนุงู„ู… ู…ู„ุฆู‡ ุงู„ุทู…ูˆุญุงุช. ูˆ ุงู„ุงุฎุชุฑุงุนุงุชุŒ ู…ุน ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑุก ุจุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ. ุจูƒู„ ุงู„ุนู‚ุจุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ุฎุฐู„ูŠู† .
And I organize it. And, well, it's also a bit different because an architect versus, let's say, a dance company finally is a negotiation between one's private world, one's conceptual world, the world of ideas, the world of aspirations, of inventions, with the relationship of the exterior world and all the limitations, the naysayers.
ู„ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠ ุงู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠ ุทูˆู„ ู…ุฌุฑูŠ ุญูŠุงุชูŠ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ูŠุฉ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ุธู„ ุนู„ูŠ ุญุงู„ู‡ุŒ ู„ุทุงู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุนุณุฑ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ูุนู„ู‡.
Because I have to say, for my whole career, if there's anything that's been consistent, it's been that you can't do it.
ุฃูŠุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ูุนู„ุช ู„ุฅู†ุฌุงุฒู‡ุŒ ุฃูŠุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุงุชูƒ. ูƒู„ ุฃุญุฏ ู„ุง ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุฅู†ุฌุงุฒ ุนู…ู„ู‡.
No matter what I've done, what I've tried to do, everybody says it can't be done.
ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุจู‚ูŠ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ ููŠ ุทูŠู ูˆุงุณุน ู…ู† ูƒุงูุฉ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุณู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฌุงุจู‡ ุฃููƒุงุฑูƒ
And it's continuous across the complete spectrum of the various kind of realities that you confront with your ideas.
ูˆ ุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุนู…ุงุฑูŠุงุŒ ูŠุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู† ุชุฏุงูˆู„ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ ูƒู…ุง ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู† ุชุฏุงูˆู„ ุจูŠู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุฃู„ู…ูˆุบู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุตูˆุตูŠุฉ ุญูŠุซ ุชูˆู„ุฏ ุงู„ุงููƒุงุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ ุŒ ุซู… ุชุฌุนู„ู‡ ู‚ุงุจู„ุง ู„ู„ูู‡ู…
And to be an architect, somehow you have to negotiate between left and right, and you have to negotiate between this very private place where ideas take place and the outside world, and then make it understood.
ุฃุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู†ูŠ ุงุจุฏุฃ ุฃูŠ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูƒู†ู‡ุŒ ู„ุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠู‡ ุฃูŠุถุง .. ุฃุธู† .... ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฎุชู„ูู‡ ุฌุฏุง ุนู† ุงู„ุฌู„ุณุงุช ุงู„ุตุจุงุญูŠุฉ ... ุญูŠุซ ุชุชู…ู„ูƒูƒ ุฃููƒุงุฑ ู…ุชุณู‚ุฉ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง ... ูƒุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงุฎูŠุฑู‡ุŒ ู„ู†ู‚ู„ ู…ุน ู‡ูˆุงุฑุฏ. ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุฃุญุณุจู‡ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฌ ุงู„ุงุจุฏุงุนูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ุงุฑุฉ. ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู…ูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ูˆ ู…ุชุงู‡ูŠุฉ ุฅู„ูŠ ุญุฏ ู„ุง ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูŠ
I can start any number of places, because this process is also -- I think -- very different from some of the morning sessions, which you had such a kind of very clear, such a lineal idea, like the last one, say, with Howard, that I think the creative process in architecture, the design process, is extremely circuitous. It's labyrinthine.
ุฃู†ู‡ุง ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู† ุงู‚ุฑุจ ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุจูŠู† ู†ู‚ุทุชูŠู† ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ู…ุชุนุฑุฌ ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ูŠู…
It's Calvino's idea of the quickest way between two points is the circuitous line, not the straight line.
ุจุงู„ุชุงูƒูŠุฏ ุฅู† ุญูŠุงุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุณู‚
And definitely my life has been part of that.
ุณุงุจุฏุง ุญุฏูŠุซูŠ ุจููƒุฑู‡ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุนู† ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชู†ุธูŠู…ู†ุง ู„ู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
I'm going to start with some simple kind of notions of how we organize things.
ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ู†ูุนู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณุŒ ุฃู† ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุงู† ู†ุนุทูŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุชุฑุงุจุทุง ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠุง
But basically, what we do is, we try to give coherence to the world.
ู†ุตู†ุน ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุงุฏูŠุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุจุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุตุจุญุช ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชู„ุงุญู…ูŠู‡ุŒ ุตู†ุนุช ู…ุฏู†ู†ุง
We make physical things, buildings that become a part in an accretional process; they make cities.
ูˆ ู…ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุฅู„ุง ุงู†ุนูƒุณ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุตู†ุนุช ููŠู‡
And those things are the reflection of the processes, and the time that they are made.
ูˆ ู…ุง ุฃูุนู„ู‡ ุฃู†ูŠ ุฃุญุงูˆู„ ุงู† ุฃุฎู„ู‚ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูŠุชู…ูƒู† ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุก ู…ู† ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูˆ ุงู„ู…ู…ุชู„ูƒุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ุชุดูƒู„ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุฎู„ุงู‚ู‡
And what I'm doing is attempting to synthesize the way one sees the world and the territories which are useful as generative material.
ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุŒ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠู‡ู…ู†ูŠ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุงุญูˆุงู„ ูƒู…ุนู…ุงุฑูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ู„ุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุทุจูŠุนู‡ ุนู…ู„ูŠ ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุŸ
Because, really, all I'm interested in, always, as an architect, is the way things are produced because that's what I do. Right?
ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ูŠ ููƒุฑู‡ ู…ุณุจู‚ุฉ
And it's not based on an a priori notion.
ู„ุณุช ู…ู‡ุชู…ุง ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ุจุชุตูˆุฑ ุดู‰ุก ููŠ ุฐู‡ู†ูŠ ุซู… ุฃู‚ูˆู„ " ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุชุจุฏูˆ". ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑ ุฅูŠูˆุงู†ุŒ ู„ุฑุจู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ู…ู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ูƒู„ุงู…ูƒ. ุนู† ู…ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู…ุงุฑูŠ ู‡ู„ ู‚ุงู„ ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุง ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ุชูˆุตู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุฃุตุญุงุจ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุฃูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ุชูˆุตู„ ุงู„ูŠู‡ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ ุญูŠู†ู…ุง ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุงู† ูŠุฌุนู„ูˆู‡ุง ุชุจุฏูˆ ููŠ ุฃูˆุฌ ุงู„ุญุฏุงุซุฉ ุŸ ูˆุงุงูˆ
I have no interest at all in conceiving something in my brain and saying, "This is what it looks like." In fact, somebody mentioned -- Ewan, maybe it was you in your introduction -- about this is what architects -- did somebody say it's what business people come to, it's what the corporate world comes to when they want to make it look like something at the end of the line? Huh. Wow.
ู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ ุชู…ุงู…ุง
It doesn't work that way for me at all.
ู„ุณุช ู…ู‡ุชู…ุง ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงูŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช
I have no interest in that whatsoever.
ุงู„ุนู…ุงุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู„ุดูŠุก ู…ุงุŒ ู„ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ูˆ ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู…ุนู†ูŠุง ุจุงู„ู…ุจุงุฏูŠุก ุงู„ุงูˆู„ู‰ ู„ูˆ ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู…ุนู†ูŠุง ุจุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚ ุฃู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุฎู„ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ุŒ ุชุดุจู‡ ุชุฒูŠูŠู† ุฃู„ูƒุนูƒุฉ
Architecture is the beginning of something, because it's -- if you're not involved in first principles, if you're not involved in the absolute, the beginning of that generative process, it's cake decoration.
ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ุง ูŠุนูŠุจ ุชุฒูŠูŠู† ุงู„ูƒุนูƒ ูˆู„ุง ู…ุฒูŠู†ูŠู† ุงู„ูƒุนูƒ ุฅุฐุง ุดุงุฑูƒ ุฃูŠ ุฃุญุฏ ููŠ ุชุฒูŠูŠู† ูƒุนูƒุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุญู„ ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ูŠ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุงู† ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุŒ ุฅุนุทุงุฆู‡ุง ุดูƒู„ุงุŒ ุงุนุทุงุฆู‡ุง ููŠ ุชุฌุณูŠุฏ ุชู„ูƒู… ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุจุฏุฃ ุจููƒุฑู‡ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑุก ู„ู„ุงุดูŠุงุก
And I've nothing wrong with cake decoration and cake decorators, if anybody's involved in cake decorations -- it's not what I'm interested in doing. And so, in the formation of things, in giving it form, in concretizing these things, it starts with some notion of how one organizes.
ู„ุทุงู„ู…ุง ุงู‡ุชู…ู…ุช ุจุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฌู…ูŠุนุงุช ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซูŠู† ุนุงู…ุง ุงู„ูุงุฆุชุฉ ุญูŠุซ ุฌูŠุก ุจู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‰ ู„ุญู…ู„ู‡ุง ูˆู„ูƒูŠ ุฃูู‡ู… ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุชู…ุซู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุจู†ูŠ ุจุญุฏ ุฐุงุชู‡
And I've had for 30 years an interest in a series of complexities where a series of forces are brought to bear, and to understand the nature of the final result of that, representing the building itself.
ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุนู„ุงู‚ู‡ ู…ุณุชุฏุงู…ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุงุฎุชุฑุงุนุงุช ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ููŠ ูƒู†ู‡ู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุจู…ูƒุงู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ
There's been a continual relationship between inventions, which are private, and reality, which has been important to me.
ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุดุงุฑูŠุนูŠ ูƒุงู† ุฌุฒุก ุง ู…ู† ู…ุนุฑุถ ููŠ ูƒูˆุจู†ู‡ุงุฌู† ู‚ุจู„ ุนุดุฑ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑู‡ ุนู…ู„ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ู„ู„ู‡ูŠุจุจูˆูƒุงู…ุจูˆุณ -- ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญูุธ ุงู„ุฐุงูƒุฑุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠ-- ูˆ ุงู„ุชูˆุซูŠู‚ ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุงู„ุชูˆุซูŠู‚ ุงู„ุชุฎูŠู„ูŠ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุณูˆู…ุงุช . ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠ ุงู† ุชู†ุธู… ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ
A project which is part of an exhibition in Copenhagen 10 years ago, which was the modeling of a hippocampus -- the territory of the brain that records short-term memory -- and the documentation of that, the imaginative and documentation of that through a series of drawings which literally attempt to organize that experience.
ูƒู…ุง ุงู† ู„ู‡ุง ุจุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุดูŠ ู„ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑ ู…ู„ุงุญุธุฉ ูƒู„ ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑ ูŠุดูƒู„ ุฌุฒุก ู…ุนูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุบุงูŠุฉ. ูˆ ู…ู† ุซู… ูˆุถุน ุฐุงูƒ ุถู…ู†ู‡
And it had to do with the notion of walking a kilometer, observing every kilometer a particular object of desire, and then placing that within this.
ูˆ ุงู„ููƒุฑู‡ ู…ู† ูˆุฑุงุก ุฐุงูƒ ุฃู†ูŠ ุงุณุชุทุนุช ุงู† ุฃูƒูˆู† ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุŒ ุจู„ ู…ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุงุณ ุงู„ู„ุง ู…ู†ุทู‚ ุŒ ู…ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ
And the notion was that I could make an organization not built on normal coherencies, but built on non-sequiturs, built on randomness.
ู„ุทุงู„ู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ู…ุนู†ูŠุง ุจุดุฏู‡ ุจู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ. ูˆุงู†ุชุงุฌู‡ ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู…ุงุฑูŠ ูˆูˆุตู„ู‡ ุจู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุชู†ุงู…ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุฏูŠ ุฅู„ูŠ ุฃููƒุงุฑ ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณุฉ
And I'd been extremely interested in this notion of randomness as it produces architectural work and as it definitely connects to the notion of the city, an accretional notion of the city, and that led to various ideas of organization.
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจุฏูˆุฑู‡ ุฃุฏูŠ ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุฃูˆุณุน ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุจุงู†ูŠ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุชุฌู…ุนู‡ ู†ุธุงู… ุชุนุฏุฏูŠ
And then this led to broader ideas of buildings that come together through the multiplicity of systems.
ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู†ุธุงู… ูŠู†ุฌุฒ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุจู…ูุฑุฏู‡
And it's not any single system that makes the work.
ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุงู†ุธู…ู‡ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠู†ุงู…ูƒูŠุฉ ููŠู…ุง ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจุฏูˆุฑู‡ุง ู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ู„ุชุญูˆู„ ูˆุชุฎุชุฑุน ูˆุชู†ุชุฌ ุนู…ุงุฑู‡ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู„ู‡ุง ุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุจุฎู„ุงู ุฐู„ูƒ
It's the relationship -- it's the dynamics between the systems -- which have the power to transform and invent and produce an architecture that is -- that would otherwise not exist.
ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงู†ุธู…ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชุนุฑูŠูู‡ุง ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุชู‚ุณูŠู…ู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช
And those systems could be identified, and they could be grouped together.
ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ูˆุจูุถู„ ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุงุณูˆุจ ูˆุงู„ู†ู…ุฐุฌุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชู†ุงู…ูŠุฉ ูˆ ู…ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ . ู…ุง ูˆูุฑ ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุงู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุชุฌุงูˆุจ ูˆ ูู‡ู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงู†ุธู…ู‡ ูˆุฅุนุทุงุฆู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ ู„ุชุชุญูˆุฑ ุฅู„ูŠ ูˆุถุนูŠุงุช ูˆุธูŠูู‰ุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู„ุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ูุนู„ู‡
And of course, today, with the technology of the computer and with the rapid prototyping, etc., we have the mechanisms to understand and to respond to these systems, and to allow them to adjust to the various accommodations of functionalities because that's all we do.
ู†ุญู† ู†ู†ุชุฌ ุญูŠุฒ ุชูˆุงูู‚ ู…ุน ุงู„ุงู†ุดุทุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ
We're producing spaces that accommodate human activity.
ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠู‡ู…ู†ูŠ ู„ูŠุณุช ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุถุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ุดุงุท
And what I'm interested in is not the styling of that, but the relationship of that as it enhances that activity.
ูˆุตู„ุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ุจููƒุฑุฉ ุตู†ุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ
And that directly connects to ideas of city-making.
ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุฃูƒู…ู„ุชู‡ ู„ุชูˆูŠ ููŠ ุจูŠู†ุงู†ุฌ ู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ู…ุฏู†ูŠ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง ูƒุงู† ู†ุชุงุฌุง ู…ุจุงุดุฑุง ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู„ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃู†ุชุฌุชู‡
This is a project that we just finished in Penang for a very, very large city project that came directly out of this process, which is the result of the multiplicity of forces that produce it.
ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน---- ู…ุฑู‡ ุฃุฎุฑู‰--- ูƒุงู† ู…ู†ุงูุณู‡ ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ ููŠ ู†ู‡ุฑ ู‡ุฏุณู† ููŠ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ ุทู„ุจ ู…ู†ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุซู„ุงุซ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฌ
And the project -- again, enormous, enormous competition -- on the Hudson River and in New York that we were asked to do three years ago, which uses these processes.
ูˆ ู…ุง ุชู†ุธุฑูˆู† ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ุงุช ูŠุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ูุนู„ู‡ุง ู…ุน ุฌูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ูƒูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุทุจู‚ ู…ู†ู‡ุฌูŠุฉ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠ ุงู„ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจุฏูˆุฑู‡ุง ุชุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุดู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉุŒ ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุญูŠู†ู…ุง ู†ุตู…ู… ู…ุฏู† ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุทุงู‚ ุชุฌู…ุนุงุช ุฃูƒุจุฑ ูˆุงูƒุจุฑ
And what you're looking at are possibilities that have to do with the generation of the city as one applies a methodology that uses notions of these multiple forces, that deals with the enormity of the problem, the complexity of the problem, when we're designing cities at larger and larger aggregates.
ู„ุงู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู† ุงู„ุชุฌู…ุน ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุชุฌู…ุน ุงู„ุชู†ู…ูˆูŠ ูˆ ู…ุน ุชูˆุณุน ุงู„ุชุฌู…ุนุงุช ู†ุชุทู„ุจ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ู„ุญู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„
Because one of the issues today is that the economic aggregate is driving the development aggregate, and as the aggregates get larger we require more and more complex investigation processes to solve these problems.
ู‡ุฐุง ูŠู‚ูˆุฏู†ุง ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ู„ู„ู‚ุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงูˆู„ู…ุจูŠุฉ
And that led us directly to the Olympic Village.
ูƒู†ุช ููŠ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุฃู‚ุฏู… ุนุฑุถุง ู„ู„ุฌู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู…ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠุฉ
I was in New York on Monday presenting it to the IOC.
ูุฒู†ุง ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงู‚ุตุฉ ...ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุŒ ู‚ุจู„ ุชุณุนุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ
We won the competition -- what was it, nine months ago?
ู…ุฑู‡ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŒ ุงู†ุนูƒุงุณ ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฌ ู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ูƒูŠุงู† ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง ุŒ ุบุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏ
Again, a direct reflection from using these processes to develop extremely complicated, very large-scale organisms.
ูˆ ู…ู† ุซู… ุฃูŠุถุง ูŠุนู…ู„ ุจุงุณุชุฑุงุชูŠุฌูŠุงุช ุฐุงุช ุทูŠู ูˆุงุณุน
And then, also, was working with broad strategies.
ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุŒ ุงุณุชุนู…ู„ู†ุง ูู‚ุท 15 ู…ู† ุฃุตู„ 60 ู‡ูƒุชุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ . ูˆุงู„ 45 ู‡ูƒุชุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงุณุชุนู…ู„ุช ูƒู…ุชู†ุฒู‡ ุณูŠุตุจุญ ุงุฑุซุง ู„ู„ู‚ุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆู„ู…ุจูŠุฉ
In this case, we only used 15 of the 60 acres of land, and the 45 acres was a park and would become the legacy of the Olympic Village.
ูˆุณุชุตุจุญ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ุชู†ุฒู‡ ุนู„ูŠ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ...ูˆู…ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ
And it would become the second largest park in the boroughs, etc.
ู…ูˆู‚ุนู‡ ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุŒ ููŠ ูˆุณุท ู…ู†ู‡ุงุชู† . ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู…ูŠุฒ ุฌุฏุง
Its position, of course, in the middle of Manhattan -- it's on Hunter's Point.
ู…ู† ุซู… ุนู„ูŠ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุŒ ุฅู† ููƒุฑุฉ ุตู†ุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุจุฏุฃุช ุชุคุซุฑ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุง ู…ุจุงุดุฑุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู…ุงุฑุฉ ูƒูƒู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุจุงู†ูŠ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุŒ ูˆุจุฏุฃุช ุชู‚ูˆุฏ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ู†ุง
And then the broader ideas of city-making start having direct influences on architecture, on the elements that make up the broader scheme, the buildings themselves, and start guiding us.
ุงู„ุนู…ุงุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุชุญุฑูŠ ู„ู„ู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู„ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจุงุณุชุทุงุนุชู‡ุง ุงู† ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ู…ูƒุงู†
Architecture for me has been an investigation of a multiplicity of forces that could come from literally any place.
ู„ุฐุง ูุฃู†ูŠ ุฃุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู† ุงุจุฏุฃ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญูˆุงุฑ ููŠ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ูˆ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงุฎุชุฑุช ุซู„ุงุซ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุจุน ู„ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ุง
And so I can start this discussion in any number of places, and I've chosen three or four to talk about.
ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุฃูŠุถุง ู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุจุงู„ู†ุทุงู‚ ุงู„ุดุงุณุน ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ุณู‡ุง ุงู„ุนู…ุงุฑุฉ
And it has also to do with an interest in the vast kind of territory that architecture touches.
ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุจุฏูˆุฑู‡ุง ุชูˆุตู„ ุจุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ุงุณุชู†ุงุฏุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุณุงุณ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑููŠ
It literally is connected to anything in terms of knowledge base.
ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุง ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ูƒุงู† ู„ุง ูŠู…ู„ูƒ ู†ุณูŠูŠุฌ ุชูˆุตูŠู„ูŠ ู„ูƒูŠ
There's just no place that it doesn't somehow have a connective tissue to.
ู‡ุฐุง ุฌูŠู… ุฏูŠู†ุŒ ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุบูŠุงุจ ุงู„ุญุถูˆุฑ ...ูˆ ู…ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ
This is Jim Dine, and it's the absence of presence, etc.
ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู„ุจุณุŒ ุงู„ุฌู„ุฏ ุŒ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ
It's the clothing, the skin, without the presence of the character.
ุชุตุจุญ ู†ูˆุนู‡ ู…ุง ููƒุฑู‡ ู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุณุทุญ ู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ุง ูˆ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ุช ููŠ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุญูŠุซ ุงุณุชุทุนู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุดู ุนู† ุงู„ุณุทุญ ูˆ ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ุช ููƒุฑู‡ ุฑู…ุฒูŠุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุชุทูˆูŠ ูˆุชูุดูƒู„ ุฅู„ูŠ ุญูŠุฒ ู…ุฑูƒุจ ู„ุทูŠู
It became kind of an idea for the notion of the surface of a work, and it was used in a project where we could unravel that surface, and it was a figurative idea that was going to be folded and made into a very, kind of complex space.
ูˆุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุฒ ุงู„ู…ุตู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุทูŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูˆ ุฌุฏู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุฑุงุน ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฑู…ูˆุฒ ูˆุฅู„ูŠ ุญุฏ ู…ุง ูˆุถูˆุญ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูˆ ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠุฒ ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุญูˆุงุฑ
And the idea was the relationship of the space, which was made up of the fold of the image, and the dialectic or the conflict between the figuration, and the clarity of the image and the complexity of the space, which were in dialog.
ูŠุฌู„ุนู†ุง ู†ุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุนู…ู„ู†ุง ูƒูƒู„ ูˆูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ู†ุง ู„ู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆุฏู†ุง ู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ู…ู† ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุงุฒูŠุงุก ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ู†ุณูˆูŠ ุงู„ุณุทูˆุญ ู…ู† ุซู… ุฃุนุฏุช ุงู„ุณุทูˆุญ ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุชูˆุงู„ูŠู ุญูŠุฒูŠุฉ
And it made us rethink the whole notion of how we work and how we make things, and it led us to ideas that were closer to fashion design as we flattened out surfaces, and then brought them back together as they could make spatial combinations.
ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ููŠ ูƒูˆุฑูŠุง ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ู…ุธุฑูˆู ุฏูŠู†ุงู…ูŠูƒูŠ ู…ู† ุซู… ู†ูุณ ุตูุงุช ุงู„ู†ุณูŠุฌ
And this was the first prototype in Korea, as we're dealing with a dynamic envelope, and then the same characteristic of the fabric.
ู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆูŠุฉ ู…ุงุฏูŠุฉุŒ ุดูุงูุฉ ูˆู…ุณุงู…ูŠุฉ ู…ุง ุณู…ุญ ู„ู†ุง ุจุทุฑู‚ ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ... ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุฌู„ุฏ ู„ู„ู…ุจู†ูŠ
It has a material identity and it's translucent and it's porous, and it allows us for a very different notion of what a skin of a building is.
ู…ู…ุง ุฃุฎุฐู†ุง ุงู„ูŠ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงุฎุฑ
And that turned right away into another project.
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุชุฑุงู†ุณ ููŠ ู„ูˆุณ ุฃู†ุฌู„ุณ
This is the Caltrans building in Los Angeles.
ูˆุงู„ุฃู† ู†ุฑูŠ ู…ุง ูŠุดุจู‡ ุงู„ุฌู„ุฏ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู…ุชู…ุงูŠุฒูŠู†
And now we're seeing as the skin and the body is differentiated.
ู…ุฑู‡ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ู…ุจุณุท ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ
Again, it's a very, very simple notion.
ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุช ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ุจุงู†ูŠ ู…ุง ุชู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุจู†ู‰ ุŒ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุจู†ู‰
If you look at most buildings, what you look at is the building, the facade, and it is the building.
ูˆูุฌุงุกุฉ ูˆ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุง ู†ุจุชุนุฏ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ูˆู†ูุตู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู…ู…ุง ุณูŠู‚ูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุนุงูŠูŠุฑ ุฃูˆุณุน ู„ู„ุงุฏุงุก ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุจุนุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„
And all of a sudden we're kind of moving away, and we're separating the skin from the body, and that's going to lead to broader performance criteria, which I'm going to talk about in a minute.
ุฃู†ุชู… ุชู†ุธุฑูˆู† ุฅู„ูŠ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุซู†ูŠ ูˆู…ู…ุงูŠุฒุฉ ุงู„ุฌู„ุฏ ุนู† ุงู„ุฌุณู…
And you're looking at how it drapes over and differentiates from the body.
ุซู… ู…ุฑู‡ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ู…ุจู†ูŠ ู†ูุณู‡ ูˆุณุท ู„ูˆุณ ุฃู†ุฌู„ุณ . ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู…ุจู†ูŠ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏูŠุฉ
And then, again, the building itself, middle of Los Angeles, right across from City Hall.
ูˆุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุฏ ู…ุนู‡ุง .. ูˆ ุชู†ุญู†ูŠ
And as it moves, it takes pieces of the earth with it. It bends up.
ุงู†ู‡ุง ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ู†ุธุงู… ุงุดุงุฑู‡ ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุชุฑุงุซ ู„ูˆุณ ุฃู†ุฌู„ุณ ุซู†ุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏุŒ ุชุฃุดูŠุฑ ุซู„ุงุซูŠ ุงู„ุงุจุนุงุฏ ูˆ ู‡ู„ู…ุฌุฑุง
It's part of a sign system, which was part of the kind of legacy of Los Angeles -- the two-dimension, three-dimension signing, etc.
ูˆ ู…ู† ุซู… ุชุณู…ุญ ู„ู„ู…ุฑุก ุจุงุฎุชุฑุงู‚ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู†ูุณู‡
And then it allows one to penetrate the work itself.
ูู‡ูŠ ุดูุงูุฉ ูˆุชุณู…ุญ ู„ูƒ ุจุงู† ุชูู‡ู… . ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุฃุธู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุดูŠุก ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุงู†ุชุจุงู‡ ููŠ ุฃูŠ ู…ุจู†ูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุดูŠูŠุฏ ู‡ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ุฉ ุนู† ุฅุจุฑุงุฒู‡
It's transparent, and it allows you to understand, I think, what is always the most interesting thing in any building, which is the actual constructional processes that make it.
ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุฅู„ูŠ ุญุฏ ู…ุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุณุชูˆุนุจุฉ ู„ุงู† ุงู„ุนู…ุงุฑุฉ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงู„ูŠุงุช ุญูŠู†ู…ุง ุชูุตู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ูˆ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุณุงุญู‡ ู‚ุฏ ุชุณู…ุญ ุจุฐู„ูƒ
And it's probably the most intense kind of territory of the work, which is not occupied, because architecture is always the most interesting in some mechanism when it's separated from function, and this is an area that allows for that.
ูˆ ู…ู† ุซู… ุงู„ุฌู„ุฏ ูŠุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
And then the skin starts transforming into other materials.
ูˆ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ุชู… ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุถูˆุก ูƒู…ุงุฏุฉ ุจู†ุงุก
We're using light as a building material in this case.
ู†ุญู† ู†ุนู…ู„ ู…ุน ูƒูŠุซ ุณู†ุฑ ููŠ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุชุดูŠูŠุฏ ุบุฑูุฉ ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู…ุฑ ู…ู…ูƒู† ููŠ ู„ูˆุณ ุงู†ุฌู„ูŠุณุŒ ูˆ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ุจุนูŠุฏ ุชุนูƒุณ ุงู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุจูŠุฆู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฌุฏู‡ุง ููŠ ุดูŠุจูˆูŠุฉ ูƒู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู† ุชุฌุฏู‡ุง ููŠ ู…ูƒุณูƒูˆ ุณูŠุชูŠ ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุณุงูˆ ุจุงูˆู„ูˆ ูˆ ู‡ู„ู…ุฌุฑุง ูˆ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจุชูุนูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุทูˆูŠู„
We're working with Keith Sonnier in New York, and we're making this large outside room, which is possible in Los Angeles, and which is very much reflective of the urban, the contemporary urban environments that you would find in Shibuya or you'd find in Mexico City or Sao Paulo, etc., that have to do with activating the city over a longer span of time.