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ููุฃุชููุง ุงูู
ูุชุฌ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏ ููู "ุงููุฑุงู ูููุงููู" | Then along comes crack cocaine. |
ูุนูู ุญุฏ ุชุนุจูุฑ "ู
ุงููููู
ุฌูุงุฏููู"ุ "ุงููุฑุงู ุงููููุงููู" ูู ุงูููุน ุงูุบูู ูุตูุตุฉ ุงูุทู
ุงุทู
ูุฏู ุงูุนุตุงุจุงุช. | And in the words of Malcolm Gladwell, crack cocaine was the extra-chunky version of tomato sauce for the inner city. |
ูุฃู "ุงููุฑุงู ูููุงููู" ูุงู ุงุฎุชุฑุงุน ุนุธูู
. | Because crack cocaine was an unbelievable innovation. |
ูุง ูุณุนูู ุงูุชุญุฏุซ ููู ุงูููู
. ูููู ุฅุฐุง ููุฑุชู
ูููุงุ ู
ู
ูู ุฃู ุฃููู ูู ุขุฎุฑ ูขูฅ ุณูุฉุ ู
ู ุถู
ู ูู ุงูุงุฎุชุฑุงุนุงุช ุงูู
ุฎุชุฑุนุฉ ูู ูุฐุฉ ุงูุฏููุฉุ ุฃุนุธู
ุงุฎุชุฑุงุนุ ู
ู ูุงุญูุฉ ุงูุชุฃุซูุฑ ุนูู ุตุญุฉ ุงููุงุณ ุงูุฐูู ูุนูุดูู ูู ุงูุฃุญูุงุก ุฐูู ุงูุฏุฎู ุงูู
ุญุฏูุฏุ ููู "ุงููุฑุงู ูููุงููู". | I don't have time to talk about it today, but if you think about it, I would say that in the last 25 years, of every invention or innovation that's occurred in this country, the biggest one in terms of impact on the well-being of people who live in the inner city, was crack cocaine. |
ุงูุชุฃุซูุฑ ููุฃุณูุฃ. ููุณ ููุฃูุถูุ ุจู ููุฃุณูุฃ. | And for the worse -- not for the better, but for the worse. |
ูุงู ููุง ุชุฃุซูุฑ ูุจูุฑ ุนูู ุญูุงุฉ ุงููุงุณ. | It had a huge impact on life. |
ูููู ู
ุง ูู ุณุฑ "ุงููุฑุงู ูููุงููู"ุ | So what was it about crack cocaine? |
ููู ูู ุชุฃุซูุฑ ูุจูุฑ ูุฌุนู ุงูู
ุฎ ูุดุนุฑ ุจุงููุดูุฉ. | It was a brilliant way of getting the brain high. |
ูุฃูู ุจูุณุนู ุชุฏุฎูู "ุงููุฑุงู ูููุงููู"ุ ููุง ูู
ููู ุชุฏุฎูู ุจูุฏุฑุฉ ุงููููุงููู. ูุงูุชุฏุฎูู ูู ุขููุฉ ุฃูุซุฑ ูุงุนููุฉ ูู ุชูุฏูู
ุฃุนูู ู
ุณุชูู ู
ู ุงููุดูุฉ ู
ู ุงูุดู
. | Because you could smoke crack cocaine -- you can't smoke powdered cocaine -- and smoking is a much more efficient mechanism of delivering a high than snorting it. |
ูุงุชุถุญ ุฃูู ูุงู ููุงู ุฌู
ููุฑ ูู
ููู ูุนูู
ุฃูู ูุฑูุฏ "ุงููุฑุงู ุงููููุงููู"ุ ูููู ุนูุฏู
ุง ุฃุชู ุฃุตุจุญ ุงูุฌู
ููุฑ ูุฑูุฏู ูุนูุงู. | And it turned out there was this audience that didn't know it wanted crack cocaine, but when it came, it really did. |
ููุงู ุงูู
ุฎุฏุฑ ุงูู
ุซุงูู. ูู
ููู ุจูุน.. ุดุฑุงุก ุงููููุงููู ุงูู
ุณุชุฎุฏู
ููู ุจุฏููุงุฑุ ูุจูุนู ุจุฎู
ุณุฉ ุฏููุงุฑุงุช. ูู ุบุงูุฉ ุงูุงุฏู
ุงู. ููุดูุชู ูุตูุฑุฉ. | And it was a perfect drug; you could buy the cocaine that went into it for a dollar, sell it for five dollars. |
ูู
ุฏุฉ ูกูฅ ุฏูููุฉุ ุชุญุตู ุนูู ูุดูุฉ ุฌู
ููุฉ. ูุนูุฏู
ุง ุชูุชูู ูุฐู ุงููุดูุฉุ ูู ู
ุง ุชุฑูุฏ ูู ุฃู ุชูุชุดู ู
ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู. | Highly addictive -- the high was very short. So for fifteen minutes, you get this great high, and then when you come down, all you want to do is get high again. |
ูุตูุน ุณูู ู
ุซุงูู. | It created a wonderful market. |
ูููุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุฏูุฑูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉุ ูุงูุช ูุณููุฉ ู
ู
ุชุงุฒุฉ ููุญุตูู ุนูู ุงูู
ุงู. | And for the people who were there running the gang, it was a great way, seemingly, to make a lot of money. |
ุนูู ุงูุฃูู ููุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูู ุงูุฃุนูู. | At least for the people on the top. |
ููุญู ููุง ูุฏุฎู ุงูุตูุฑุฉ. | So this is where we enter the picture. |
ููุณ ุฃูุง ุจุงูุชุญุฏูุฏุ ูุฏูุฑู ุตุบูุฑ ูู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุฉ. | Not really me -- I'm really a bit player in all this. |
ูููู ุดุฑููู ูู ุงูุชุฃูููุ "ุณูุฏูุฑ ูููุงุชุด" ูู ุจุทู ุงููุตุฉ. | My co-author, Sudhir Venkatesh, is the main character. |
ุชุฎุตุตู ูุงู ูู ุงูุฑูุงุถูุงุช ูููุจู ุตุงููุ ููุฑุฑ ุฃูู ูุฑูุฏ ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุฏูุชูุฑุงู ุนูู
ุงูุงุฌุชู
ุงุน. ุฃุชู ูุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ุดููุงุบู. | He was a math major in college who had a good heart, and decided he wanted to get a sociology PhD, came to the University of Chicago. |
ูู ุงูุฃุดูุฑ ุงูุซูุงุซ ูุจู ุฏุฎููู ููุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ูุฑุฑ ู
ุชุงุจุนุฉ "ุงูู
ูุชูู ุงูู
ู
ุชููู". | Now, the three months before he came to Chicago, he had spent following the Grateful Dead. |
ุจููู
ุงุชูุ ูุตู ููุณู ุจุฃูู "ุจุฏุง ููุฃูู ุบุฑูุจ." | And in his own words, he "looked like a freak." |
ููู ู
ู ุฌููุจ ุขุณูุงุ ููุงูุช ูู ุจุดุฑุฉ ุณู
ุฑุงุก | He's a South Asian -- very dark-skinned South Asian. |
ุฑุฌู ูุจูุฑ ุงูุญุฌู
ุ ููุฏูู ุดุนุฑุ ุจู
ุนูู ุขุฎุฑ ุฅูู ู
ุคุฎุฑุชู. | Big man, and he had hair, in his words, "down to his ass." |
ุชุญุฏู ุฌู
ูุน ุงูุตุนุงุจ: ูู ูุงู ุฃุจูุถ ุฃู
ุฃุณูุฏุ ุฑุฌู ุฃู
ุงู
ุฑุฃุฉุ | Defied all kinds of boundaries: Was he black or white? Was he man or woman? |
ูุงู ู
ูุธุฑู ูุซูุฑ ุงูุฑูุจุฉ. | He was really a curious sight to be seen. |
ูุฐูุจ ุฅูู ุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ุดููุงุบู. ูุนุงูู
ุงูุงุฌุชู
ุงุน ุงูุดููุฑุ "ูููุงู
ุฌููููุณ ูููุณูู"ุ ูุงู ููุชุจ ูุชุงุจ ูุชุทูุจ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงููุงุณ ูู ุฌู
ูุน ุฃูุญุงุก ุดููุงุบู. | So he showed up at the University of Chicago, and the famous sociologist William Julius Wilson was doing a book that involved surveying people all across Chicago. |
ูุฃุฎุฐ ูุธุฑุฉ ูุงุญุฏุฉ ูู "ุณูุฏูุฑ"ุ ุงูุฐู ูุงู ุณููุฏู
ุจุจุนุถ ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุงูุงุณุชูุตุงุฆูุฉ ููุ ููุฑุฑ ุฃูู ูุนุฑู ุจุงูุถุจุท ุงูู
ูุงู ูุฅุฑุณุงูู ุฅูู ูุงุญุฏุฉ ู
ู ุฃุนูู ุงูู
ุดุงุฑูุน ุงูุณูููุฉ ูุงูุฃูุซุฑ ุดูุฑุฉ. ูููุณ ููุท ูู ุดููุงุบูุ ูููู ูู ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉ ุจุฃูู
ููุง. | He took one look at Sudhir, who was going to go do some surveys for him, and decided he knew exactly the place to send him, which was to one of the toughest, most notorious housing projects not just in Chicago, but in the entire United States. |
"ุณูุฏูุฑ" ุงูุฐู ูู
ูุณุจู ูู ุงูุฐูุงุจ ุฅูู ุชูู ุงูู
ูุงุทู ู
ู ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ. ูุจูู ุงุฎูุงุต ุฃุฎุฐ ุฏูุชุฑ ุงูู
ูุงุญุธุงุชุ ูุฐูุจ ุฅูู ุงูู
ุดุฑูุน ุงูุณููู. ูุตู ุฅูู ุฃูู ู
ุจูู. | So Sudhir, the suburban boy who had never really been in the inner city, dutifully took his clipboard and walked down to this housing project, gets to the first building. |
ุฃูู ู
ุจููุ ููุณ ุจู ุฃุญุฏ. | The first building? Well, there's nobody there. |
ููููู ุณู
ุน ุจุนุถ ุงูุฃุตูุงุช ู
ู ููู ุงูุณูุงูู
ุ ูุตุนุฏ ููุชููุฏ ุงูุฃู
ุฑ. ูุฃุชู ุญูู ุฑูู ุงูุณูู
ุ ููุฌุฏ ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ู
ู ุงูุดุจุงุจ ู
ู ุงูุจุดุฑุฉ ุงูุณูุฏุงุก ููุนุจูู ุงูุฒูุฑ. | But he hears some voices up in the stairwell, so he climbs up the stairwell, comes around the corner, and finds a group of young African-American men playing dice. |
ูุงู ูุฐุง ูู ูกูฉูฉู ุ ููุช ุฐุฑูุฉ ูุจุงุก "ุงููุฑุงู ูููุงููู". | This is about 1990, peak of the crack epidemic. |
ููู ุนู
ู ุตุนุจุ ูููู ูู ุนุตุงุจุฉุ ูุง ุชุฑูุฏ ุฃู ุชูุงุฌุฃ. | This is a very dangerous job, being in a gang. You don't like to be surprised. |
ูุง ุชุฑูุฏ ุฃู ุชูุงุฌุฃ ู
ู ุฃุญุฏ ูุฃุชู ู
ู ุฎูู ุฒูุงูุง ุงูุฃุณูุงุจ. | You don't like to be surprised by people who come around the corner. |
ูุงููุงููู ุนูุฏ ุงูุนุตุงุจุงุช: ุฃุทูู ุงูุฑุตุงุต ุฃููุงูุ ุงุณุฃู ุซุงููุงู. | And the mantra was: shoot first; ask questions later. |
ูููู "ุณูุฏูุฑ" ูุงู ู
ุญุธูุธุงู. ููุงู ุดููู ุบุฑูุจุงู ุฌุฏุงู. ููุงู ุงูุฏูุชุฑ ูุฏ ุฃููุฐ ุญูุงุชูุ ูุฃู ู
ู ู
ูุธูุฑูู
ูู ูุฃุชู ุดุฎุต ู
ู ุนุตุงุจุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู ููุทูู ุนูููู
ุจุฏูุชุฑ. | Now, Sudhir was lucky -- he was such a freak, and that clipboard probably saved his life, because they figured no other rival gang member would be coming up to shoot at them with a clipboard. |
ูุชุญูุชู ููู
ููุณุช ู
ู ุฃูุถู ุงูุทุฑู ูุชุญูุฉ ุนุตุงุจุงุชุ ูููู ูุงููุงุ ุญุณูุงูุ ูููุณู
ุน ุงุณุฆูุชู. | So his greeting was not particularly warm, but they did say, well, OK -- let's hear your questions on your survey. |
ูุฃูู ุณุคุงู ูุงูุ ู
ู ุบูุฑ ู
ุฒุงุญุ "ู
ุง ูู ุดุนูุฑูู
ุฃู ุชููููุง ุณูุฏ ูููุฑุงุก ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุงุ" | the first question on the survey that he was sent to ask was: "How do you feel about being poor and Black in America?" |
ูุฌุนููู
ุชุดููู ูู ุงูู
ุฌุงู ุงูุฃูุงุฏูู
ู. | Makes you wonder about academics. |
ููุงูุช ุงูุฎูุงุฑุงุช ูู: ุฌูุฏ ุฌุฏุงูุ ุฌูุฏุ ุณูุกุ ุณูุก ุฌุฏุงู. ู
ุง ูุงุญุธ "ุณูุฏูุฑ" ุฃู ุงูุฌูุงุจ ุงูุญูููู ูู ุงูุขุชูุ ุทุจุนุงู ูู
ุชูู ุงูุงุณุชุจูุงู ูู ู
ุง ุงููุฐ "ุณูุฏูุฑ". | So the choice of answers were: [A) Very Good B) Good C) Bad D) Very Bad] What Sudhir found out is, in fact, that the real answer was the following: The survey was not, in the end, going to be what got Sudhir off the hook. |
ุงุญุชุฌุฒ ุฑูููุฉ ููููุฉ ุนูุฏ ุงูุณูุงูู
. | He was held hostage overnight in the stairwell. |
ูุงู ููุงู ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุทูู ุงููุงุฑ. ููุงู ุฃูุถุงู ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูู
ูุงูุดุงุช ุงูููุณููุฉ ู
ุน ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ. | There was a lot of gunfire, there were a lot of philosophical discussions he had with the gang members. |
ูุงูุตุจุงุญ ูุตู ุฑุฆูุณ ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ. ูุธุฑ ุฅูู "ุณูุฏูุฑ" ูุฑุฑ ุฃูู ููุณ ุจุฎุทุฑ ุนูููู
ุ ูุงุทูู ุณุฑุงุญู. ูุฐูุจ "ุณูุฏูุฑ" ุฅูู ู
ูุฒููุ ุฏุฎู ููุณุชุญู
ุซู
ูุงู
. | By morning, the gang leader arrived, checked out Sudhir, decided he was no threat, So Sudhir went home, took a shower, took a nap. |
ุฃูุง ูุฃูุชู
ุนูุฏู
ุง ููุงุฌู ู
ุซู ูุฐู ุงูุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ููููุ ุญุณูุงู ุงูุขู ุณุฃุจุฏุฃ ุจูุชุงุจุฉ ุฑุณุงูุฉ ุงูุฏูุชูุฑุงู ุนู "ุงูู
ูุชูู ุงูู
ู
ุชููู". ููุช ุฃูุงุญููู
ูู ุงูุซูุงุซุฉ ุงูุฃุดูุฑ ุงูู
ุงุถูุฉ. | And you and I, probably, faced with the situation, would think, "I guess I'm going to write my dissertation on The Grateful Dead, I've been following them for the last three months." |
ูููู "ุณูุฏูุฑ" ุฑุฌุน ุฅูููู
ุฏุฎู ุงูู
ุดุฑูุน ุงูุณูููุ ุตุนุฏ ุงูุณูู
ุฅูู ุงูุฏูุฑ ุงูุซุงููุ ููุงู: "ูุง ุดุจุงุจ. ููุช ูุฏ ุงุณุชู
ุชุนุช ูู ุงููููุฉ ุงูู
ุงุถูุฉ ุจูู
ุ ูููุช ุฃุชุณุงุกู ูู ู
ู ุงูู
ู
ูู ููุนููุง ู
ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู." | Sudhir, on the other hand, got right back, walked down to the housing project, went up to the second floor, and said: "Hey, guys, I had so much fun hanging out with you last night, I wonder if I could do it again tonight." |
ููุงูุช ูุฐู ุงูุจุฏุงูุฉ ูู
ุง ุฃุตุจุญุช ุจุนุฏุฆุฐ ุนูุงูุฉ ุฌู
ููุฉ. ู
ู
ุง ุฌุนู "ุณูุฏูุฑ" ูุณูู ู
ุนูู
ุนูู ูุชุฑุงุช ู
ุชูุทุนุฉ ุนูู ู
ุฏู ูกู ุณููุงุช. ุชุณูุนู ูู ุจููุช "ุงููุฑุงู"ุ ุฐูุงุจู ุฅูู ุงูุณุฌู ู
ุน ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉุ ู
ู
ุง ุฌุนู ุฒุฌุงุฌ ุณูุงุฑุชู ูุชูุณุฑ ู
ู ูุชุฑุฉ ูุฃุฎุฑูุ ุฏุฎูู ุงูุดุฑุทุฉ ุฅูู ุจูุชู ูุณุฑูุฉ ุฃุฌูุฒุฉ ุงููู
ุจููุชุฑ ุงูุฎุงุตุฉ ุจู. ูู ุดูุก. | And that was the beginning of what turned out to be a beautiful relationship that involved Sudhir living in the housing project on and off for 10 years, hanging out in crack houses, going to jail with the gang members, having the windows shot out of his car, having the police break into his apartment and steal his computer disks -- you name it. |
ูููู ูู ููุงูุฉ ุงููุตุฉ ูุงูุช ุณุนูุฏุฉ ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ู"ุณูุฏูุฑ"ุ ู
ู
ุง ุฌุนูู ู
ู ุฃูู
ุนูู
ุงุก ุงูุงุฌุชู
ุงุน ูู ุงูุฏููุฉ ูุฃูุซุฑูู
ุงุญุชุฑุงู
ุงู. | But ultimately, the story has a happy ending for Sudhir, who became one of the most respected sociologists in the country. |
ูุจุงูุฐุงุช ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููุ ูุฃูุง ูู ู
ูุชุจู ูุจุฑูุงู
ุฌ "ุงูุงูุณู" ู
ูุชูุญ ุฃู
ุงู
ูุ ุจุงูุชุธุงุฑ "ุณูุฏูุฑ" ููุฃุชู ุจุขุฎุฑ ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุชุ ุงูุขุชูุฉ ู
ู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ. | And especially for me, as I sat in my office with my Excel spreadsheet open, waiting for Sudhir to come and deliver to me the latest load of data that he would get from the gang. |
ูุงูุช ู
ู ุฃูู ุงูุนูุงูุงุช ู
ุณุงูุงุฉ ููุชุงุจุฉ ูุฐุง ุงููุชุงุจ ุนูู ุงูุงุทูุงู. ููููู ุณุนูุฏ ููููู ุงูู
ุณุชููุฏ ู
ู ูุฐู ุงูุนูุงูุฉ. | It was one of the most unequal co-authoring relationships ever -- But I was glad to be the beneficiary of it. |
ูุจุงูุชุงูู ู
ุงุฐุง ูุฌุฏูุงุ ู
ุงุฐุง ูุฌุฏูุง ูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉุ ุญุณูุงูุ ุฏุนููู ุฃููู ุดูุก ูุงุญุฏ. ููุฏ ูุตููุง ููู ูุฑุฏ ู
ู ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ. | So what did we find? What did we find in the gang? Well, let me say one thing: We really got access to everybody in the gang. |
ูุงุณุชุทุนูุง ู
ุฑุงูุจุฉ ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ุนู ูุซุจุ ู
ู ุตุบูุฑูุง ููุจูุฑูุง. | We got an inside look at the gang, from the very bottom up to the very top. |
ููุฏ ูุซููุง ุจ"ุณูุฏูุฑ"ุ ุจุฏุฑุฌุฉ ูู
ูุณุชุทุน ุฃู ุฃูุงุฏูู
ู ู
ู ุงููุตูู ุฅูููุง. ุฃู ุฃู ุฃุญุฏ ู
ู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌุ ู
ู ุงููุตูู ููุฐู ุงูุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู
ู ุงูุซูุฉ. ูู
ุฑุญูุฉ ุฃููู
ูุชุญูุง ุฅููู ุงูุดูุก ุงูุฃูู
ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ูู ููู: ุฏูุงุชุฑ ุญุณุงุจุงุชูู
ุ ุญูุซ ูุณุฌู ุจูุง ุฌู
ูุน ุงูุฃู
ูุฑ ุงูู
ุงููุฉ. ูุฌุนูููุง ู
ุชูุงูุฑุฉ ููุง. | They trusted Sudhir, in ways that really no academic has ever -- or really anybody, any outsider -- has ever earned the trust of these gangs, to the point where they actually opened up what was most interesting for me -- their books, the financial records they kept. |
ูููุณ ูุฏุฑุงุณุชูุง ููุทุ ุจู ููุณุฃู ุนู ุงูุชูุงุตูู ุฃูุถุงู. ูุจุงูุชุงูู ุงุถุทุฑุฑุช ุฃู ุฃูุฌุฒ ูุถูู ุงูููุช. | They made them available to us, and we not only could study them, but we could ask them questions about what was in them. |
ุฃู ุขุชู ููู
ุนููู
ุฉ ุงูุฃูู
ุงูุชู ุงุณุชูุฏุชูุง ู
ู ุงูุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ูููุ ุฅุฐุง ุงุถุทุฑุฑุช ุฃู ุงุฑุณู
ุฎุทูุท ู
ูุงุฒูุฉ ูุฃู ู
ูุดุฃุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู ูุงุชุถุญ ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ูุงูุช ุฃุดุจู ุจู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒ. ู
ู ุฃูุฌู ูุซูุฑุฉ ุจุงูู
ุทุนู
ู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒ. ุฃูู ุชุดุงุจูุ ููู ุงูุฃูุซุฑ ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ููุงูุชู
ุงู
ุ ููู ุงูู
ูุงู ุงูุฃูุถู ููุจุฏุก ุจุงูุชุดุจููุ ููู ุงูุชูุณูู
. | So if I have to kind of summarize very quickly in the short time I have what the bottom line of what I take away from the gang is, it's that, if I had to draw a parallel between the gang and any other organization, it would be that the gang is just like McDonald's, in a lot of different respects -- the restaurant McDonald's. |
ุงูุชุณูุณู ุงููุฑู
ูุ ุงูุดูู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู ููุชูุณูู
. ููุฐุง ุงูุชุณูุณู ุงููุฑู
ู ููุนุตุงุจุฉ. | is in the way it's organized, the hierarchy of the gang, So here's what the org chart of the gang looks like. |
ูุง ุฃุฏุฑู ุฅู ููุชู
ุชุนุฑููู ุนู ุงูุชุณูุณูุงุช ุงููุฑู
ูุฉ ุงูุดูุก ุงููุซูุฑุ ูุนูุฏู
ุง ูุฃุฎุฐ ุดูู ุจุณูุท ููุชุณูุณู ุงููุฑู
ู ูู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒุ ูุฅูู ุณูุดุจู ูุฐุง. | I don't know if you know much about org charts, but if you were to assign a stripped-down and simplified McDonald's org chart, this is exactly what it would look like. |
ููู ุดูุก ุนุฌูุจุ ูุฃุนูู ู
ุณุชูู ููุนุตุงุจุฉุ ูุงููุง ุจุงููุนู ูุณู
ููู "ู
ุฌูุณ ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ." | It's amazing, but the top level of the gang, they actually call themselves the "Board of Directors." |
ููุฏ ูุงู "ุณูุฏูุฑ" ุฃููู
ูู
ูููููุง ุนูู ุงุทูุงุนุ ุจู
ุง ูุงู ูุญุฏุซ ูู ุงูุดุฑูุงุช ุงูุฃู
ุฑูููุฉ ุงูุญููููุฉ. ูููููู
ุดุงูุฏูุง ุฃููุงู
ู
ุซู "ูุงู ุณุชุฑูุช"ุ ูุชุนูู
ูุง ุงููููู ู
ู ุงูุนุงูู
ุงูุญูููู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู. | And Sudhir says it's not like these guys had a very sophisticated view of what happened in American corporate life, but they had seen movies like "Wall Street," and they had learned a little bit about what it was like to be in the real world. |
ูุชุญุช ู
ุฌูุณ ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑุฉุ ููุฌุฏ ู
ุง ูุณู
ููู ููุงุจ ุฑุฆุณุงุก ุงูู
ูุงุทูุ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุชุญูู
ููุ ุจู
ุซูุงูุ ุฌููุจ ู
ุฏููุฉ ุดููุงุบู, ุฃู ุบุฑุจ ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ. | Now, below that board of directors, you've got essentially what are regional VPs -- people who control, say, the South Side of Chicago, or the West Side of Chicago. |
ู"ุณูุฏูุฑ" ุงุญุชุธู ุจุดุฑู ุงูุชุนุฑู ุนูู ุงูู
ุณููู ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุจุงุณุชูุงู
ุฑุฆุงุณุฉ ููุงูุฉ "ุขููุง". ู
ู
ุง ูุฌุฏูุง ุฃููุง ูุนุตุงุจุฉ ุณูุฏุงุกุ ููุณุช ู
ู ุฃูุถู ุงูุทุฑู ู
ู ุงููุงุญูุฉ ุงูู
ุงููุฉ ุงูุชู ู
ู ุงูู
ู
ูู ุฃู ูุชุฎุฐููุง. | Sudhir got to know very well the guy who had the unfortunate assignment of trying to take the Iowa franchise, which, it turned out, for this black gang, was not one of the more brilliant financial endeavors they undertook. |
ูููู ุฃูุซุฑ ุดูุก ูุฌุนู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ุฃุดุจู ุจู
ูุฏููุงูุฏุฒ ูู ูุธุงู
ุงูููุงูุงุช. | But the thing that really makes the gang seem like McDonald's is its franchisees. |
ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุฏูุฑูู ุงูุนู
ููุงุช ุงูููู
ูุฉุ ุงูุนุตุงุจุงุช ุงูู
ุญููุฉุ ุงูู
ุณุงุญุฉ ุงูู
ูููุฉ ู
ู ุงูุฃุฑุจุน ู
ุฑุจุนุงุช ุจุฃุฑุจุน ู
ุฑุจุนุงุช. ููู
ูุดุจููู ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุฏูุฑูู ูุฑูุน ู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒ. | The guys who are running the local gangs -- the four-square-block by four-square-block areas -- they're just like the guys, in some sense, who are running the McDonald's. |
ูู
ุฑูุงุฏ ุงูู
ุดุงุฑูุน. | They are the entrepreneurs. |
ูู
ุฃุตุญุงุจ ุงูุญููู ุงูุญุตุฑูุฉ ูู ู
ุจูุนุงุช ุงูู
ุฎุฏุฑุงุช. | They get the exclusive property rights to control the drug-selling. |
ูุฃุฎุฐูู ุงุณู
ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉุ ููุชุฌุงุฑุฉ ูุงูุชุณููู. | They get the name of the gang behind them, for merchandising and marketing. |
ููู
ุงูุฐูู ูุฌููู ุงูู
ุงู ุฃู ูุฎุณุฑููู. ุงุนุชู
ุงุฏุงู ูุฌูุฏุฉ ุฅุฏุงุฑุชูู
ูููุฑุน. | And they're the ones who basically make the profit or lose a profit, depending on how good they are at running the business. |
ูุงูู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ุงูุชู ุฃุฑูุฏ ุฃุฑูุฒ ุนูููุง ูู
ุงูุฐูู ูู ุงูุฃุณููุ ุงูุฌููุฏ. | Now, the group I really want you to think about, though, are the ones at the bottom -- the foot soldiers. |
ูู
ุงูู
ุฑุงูููู ุนุงุฏุฉูุ ููููู ูู ุชูุงุทุนุงุช ุงูุดูุงุฑุนุ ูุจูุนูู ุงูู
ุฎุฏุฑุงุช. | These are the teenagers, typically, who'd be standing out on the street corner, selling the drugs. |
ุนู
ู ุฎุทูุฑ ูุฃุจุนุฏ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ. | Extremely dangerous work. |
ูุชูุฑูุจุงู ุฃูุจุฑ ุนุฏุฏ ู
ู ุงูุนุงู
ููู ูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ูู
ุงูุฐูู ูู ุงูุฃุณูู. ุชู
ุงู
ุงู ูู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒ. | And important to note is that almost all of the weight, all of the people in this organization are at the bottom -- just like McDonald's. |
ูุงูุฌููุฏ ูู
ูุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุฃุฎุฐูู ุงูุทูุจุงุช ูู ู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒ. ููู
ููุณูุง ููุท ููุณ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ูุถุฑุจ ูุฐุง ุงูู
ุซุงู. | So in some sense, the foot soldiers are a lot like the people who are taking your order at McDonald's, and it's not just by chance that they're like them. |
ูููู ูุนูุงูุ ูู ูุฐู ุงูุฃุญูุงุก ุนุงุฏุฉู ู
ุง ูููููุง ููุณ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต. | In fact, in these neighborhoods, they'd be the same people. |
ูููุณ ุงูุดุจุงู ุงูุฐูู ูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ูุฏ ูุนู
ููู ุนู
ู ุฌุฒุฆู ูู ู
ูุงู ูู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒ. | So the same kids who are working in the gang were actually, at the very same time, typically working part-time at a place like McDonald's. |
ููุฐุง ูุบุทู ุงูููุฑุฉ ุงูุฃุณุงุณูุฉ ุงูุชู ูุชููู
ุนููุงุ ุนู ููู ุงูุนู
ู ูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุงุช ุนู
ู ุณูุก. | Which already foreshadows the main result that I've talked about, about what a crappy job it was, being in the gang. |
ูุฃู ูู ูุงู ุงูุนู
ู ูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุงุช ุนู
ู ู
ุบุฑู ู
ุงุฏูุงูุ ููู
ุชุดุงูุฏ ููุณ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ูุนู
ููู ูู ู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒุ | Because obviously, if being in the gang were such a wonderful, lucrative job, why in the world would these guys moonlight at McDonald's? |
ูู
ุง ูู ุฑูุงุชุจูู
ุ ุณูู ุชุชุนุฌุจูู. | So what do the wages look like? You might be surprised. |
ูููู ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑุ ุงู
ูุงููุฉ ุงูุชุญุฏุซ ู
ุนูู
ุ ูู
ุดุงูุฏุฉ ุงูุฃูุฑุงู ุงูู
ุงููุฉุ | But based on being able to talk to them and to see their records, this is what it looks like in terms of the wages. |
ูุฐู ูู ุฑูุงุชุจูู
. | The hourly wage the foot soldiers were earning was $3.50 an hour. |
ุงูู
ุนุฏู ููุณุงุนุฉ ููุฌูุฏู ูู ูฃ.ูฅ ุฏููุงุฑ ูู ุงูุณุงุนุฉ. | It was below the minimum wage. And this is well-documented. |
ููุฐุง ุฃูู ู
ู ู
ุนุฏู ุงูุฃุฏูู ููุฏุฎู. ููู ู
ูุซู ุจุดูู ุฌูุฏ. ู
ู ุงูุณูู ู
ุดุงูุฏุฉ ูู
ุท ุงูุงุณุชููุงู ุงูุฐู ูุฏููู
. | It's easy to see by the patterns of consumption they have. |
ููู ููุณุช ุฎูุงู ููู ูุงูุน. | It really is not fiction -- it's fact. |
ูููุงูู ู
ุงู ูููู ูู ุฃุณูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ. | There was very little money in the gang, especially at the bottom. |
ูููู ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชุชุฑูู ูุชุตุจุญ ุงูู
ูุฒุน ุงูู
ุญููุ ููู ูุณุงูู ุตุงุญุจ ูุฑุน ู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒุ | the guy who's the equivalent of the McDonald's franchisee, you'd be making 100,000 dollars a year. |
ูุณูู ุชุฌูู ูกู ู ูซู ู ู ุฏููุงุฑ ูู ุงูุณูุฉ. | if you were growing up in one of these neighborhoods as a young black male. |
ููุฐุง ุชูุฑูุจุงู ูู ุฃูุถู ู
ูุตุจ ูุทู
ุญ ููู ุฅุฐุง ููุช ุชุนูุด ูู ูุฐู ุงูุฃุญูุงุก ูุดุงุจ ู
ู ุงูุนุฑู ุงูุฃุณูุฏ. | If you managed to rise to the very top, 200,000 or 400,000 dollars a year is what you'd hope to make. |
ุฅุฐุง ุงุณุชุทุนุช ุฃู ุชุนููุง ุฅูู ุฃุนูู ู
ูุตุจุ | Truly, you would be a great success story. |
ูุนูุงูุ ุณุชููู ูุตุฉ ูุฌุงุญ. ูู
ู ุงูุฃู
ูุฑ ุงูู
ุญุฒูุฉุ ูู
ุน ุนูุงูุจ "ุงููุฑุงู ูููุงููู" ูู ุฃู ุงูุดุจุงู ุงูุฃุจุฑุน ุฐูู ุงูู
ูุงูุจ ูู ุงูู
ูุงุทู ุชูู ูุทู
ุญูู ูููุตูู ููุฐุง. | And one of the sad parts of this is that, indeed, among the many other ramifications of crack cocaine is that the most talented individuals in these communities -- this is what they were striving for. |
ูู
ูุญุงูููุง ุงููุฌุงุญ ุจุงูุทุฑู ุงูู
ุดุฑูุนุฉุ ูุฃู ูุง ููุฌุฏ ูุฏููู
ุทุฑู ู
ุดุฑูุนุฉ. | They weren't trying to make it in legitimate ways, because there were no legitimate channels out. |
ููุฐุง ุฃูุถู ุทุฑูู. | This was the best way out. |
ูุฑุจู
ุง ูููู ูู ุงููุฑุงุฑ ุงูุตุญูุญ ููุฐูุงุจ ู
ู ุฐุงู ุงูุทุฑูู. | And it actually was the right choice, probably, to try to make it out this way. |
ุชุดุงูุฏูู ูุฐุง. ุงูุนูุงูุฉ ุจูููู
ูุจูู ู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒ. | You look at this, the relationship to McDonald's breaks down here. |
ุงูุฃู
ูุงู ูู ููุณูุง. | The money looks about the same. |
ูููู ูู
ุงุฐุง ูู ุนู
ู ุณูุกุ | Why is it such a bad job? |
ุงูุณุจุจ ููููู ุนู
ู ุณูุก ูู ููุฌูุฏ ุดุฎุต ูุทูู ุนููู ุงููุงุฑ ุทููุฉ ุงูููุช. | Well, the reason it's such a bad job is that there's somebody shooting at you a lot of the time. |
ูู
ุน ุทูู ุงููุงุฑุ ู
ุง ูู ูุณุจุฉ ุงููููุงุชุ | So, with shooting at you, what are the death rates? |
ูุฌุฏูุง ูู ุนุตุงุจุชูุงุ ููุนุชุฑู ูู ููุณุช ู
ููุงุณ. ููุงู ููุช ู
ููุก ุจุงูุนููุ ูุซูุฑ ู
ู ุญุฑูุจ ุงูุนุตุงุจุงุชุ ููุฐุง ู
ุง ุฌุนู ูุฐู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ูุงุฌุญุฉุ ูููู ูุซู
ู. | We found, in our gang -- and admittedly, this was not really a standard situation; this was a time of intense violence, of a lot of gang wars, as this gang actually became quite successful. But there were costs. |
ูู
ุนุฏู ุงููููุงุชุ ุจุฏูู ุฐูุฑ ู
ุนุฏู ุงูุงุนุชูุงูุงุชุ ุงูุฐูุงุจ ุฅูู ุงูุณุฌูุ ุฃู ู
ุนุฏู ุงูุฌุฑูุญุ ูู
ุนุฏู ุงูููุงุฉ ูู ุนููุชูุง ูู ูง ุจุงูู
ุฆุฉ ููู ุณูุฉ. | And so the death rate -- not to mention the rate of being arrested, sent to prison, being wounded -- the death rate in our sample was seven percent per person per year. |
ุฅุฐุง ููุช ูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ูู
ุฏุฉ ูค ุณููุงุช ูู
ุนุฏู ููุงุชู ูู ูขูฅ ุจุงูู
ุฆุฉ. | You're in the gang for four years, you expect to die with about a 25 percent likelihood. |
ููุฐุง ูู ุฃุนูู ู
ุนุฏู ู
ู
ูู ุงููุตูู ุฅููู. | That is about as high as you can get. |
ูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ูุงุฑูุฉ ูููุฃุฎุฐูุง ู
ู ู
ูุทูู ุขุฎุฑ ูููู ููู ุงููุณุจุฉ ุนุงููุฉ. | So for comparison's purposes, let's think about some other walk of life you may expect might be extremely risky. |
ูููููู ุฃูู ูุงุชู ูุญูู
ุนููู ุจุงูุฅุนุฏุงู
ูุฃุฑุณูุช ู
ุน ุงูู
ุญููู
ูู. | Let's say that you were a murderer and you were convicted of murder, and you're sent to death row. |
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