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ู
ุง ูุนููู ุฐูู ุงูุขู ูู ุฃูู ุจุฏูุงู ู
ู ุฃุฎุฐ ุนููุฉ ู
ู ุงูู
ุฑูุถ ูุฅุฑุณุงููุง ุฅูู ุงูู
ุฌูุฑุ ุชุณุชุทูุน ุฅุญุถุงุฑ ุงูู
ุฌูุฑ ุฅูู ุงูู
ุฑูุถ. | Now what that means is instead of taking a sample from a patient and sending it to the microscope, you can bring the microscope to the patient. |
ูุซู
ุจุฏูุงู ู
ู ู
ุทุงูุจุฉ ู
ุฎุชุต ูููุธุฑ ูู ุงูุตูุฑุ ุชุณุชุทูุน ุชุฏุฑูุจ ุงููู
ุจููุชุฑ ููู
ููุฒ ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงูุทุจูุนูุฉ ู
ู ุงูุณุฑุทุงููุฉ. | And then, instead of requiring a specialist to look at the images, you can train the computer to score normal versus cancerous cells. |
ูุฐุง ูู ุงูู
ูู
ุงูุขูุ ูุฃู ู
ุง ูุฌุฏูู ูุนู
ู ูู ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุนุงุช ุงูุฑูููุฉุ ูู ุฃูู ุญุชู ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุชููุฑ ูุฏููู
ุญุงููุฉ ูุญุต ู
ุชูููุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุณุชุทูุน ุงูุฐูุงุจ ุฅูู ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน ูุนู
ู ุงููุญูุตุงุช ูุฌู
ุน ุงูุนููุงุช ูุฅุฑุณุงููุง ุฅูู ุงูู
ุณุชุดูู ุงูุฑุฆูุณู ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุงูุชุญููู ููุงุญูุงู ุจุนุฏ ุฃูุงู
ุ ุชุชูููู ุงููุณุงุก ู
ูุงูู
ุฉ ูุงุชููุฉ ุจูุชูุฌุฉ ูุญุต ุบูุฑ ุนุงุฏูุฉ ูููุทูุจ ู
ููู ุงูุญุถูุฑุ | Now this is important, because what they found working in rural communities, is that even when they have a mobile screening van that can go out into the community and perform exams and collect samples and send them to the central hospital for analysis, that days later, women get a call with an abnormal test result and they're asked to come in. |
ูุง ูุญุถุฑ ูุตู ุงูุนุฏุฏ ุงููุงู
ู ุจุณุจุจ ุนุฏู
ูุฏุฑุชูู ุนูู ุชุญู
ู ุชูุงููู ุงูุฑุญูุฉ. | Fully half of them don't turn up because they can't afford the trip. |
ูู
ุน ุฏู
ุฌ ุงูู
ุฌูุฑ ูุงูุชุญููู ุงูุญุงุณูุจูุ ุงุณุชุทุงุนุช ุฑุจููุง ูุฒู
ูุงุคูุง ู
ู ุชุทููุฑ ุญุงููุฉ ุชุญุชูู ุนูู ุงูู
ุนุฏุงุช ุงูุชุดุฎูุตูุฉ ูุงูุนูุงุฌูุฉ ู
ุนุงู. | With the integrated microscope and computer analysis, Rebecca and her colleagues have been able to create a van that has both a diagnostic setup and a treatment setup. |
ูู
ุง ูุนููู ุฐูู ูู ุฃููู
ูุณุชุทูุนูู ุนู
ู ุงูุชุดุฎูุต ููููู
ูู ุจุงูุนูุงุฌ ููุฑุงู ูู ููุณ ุงูู
ูุงูุ ูุฐูู ูุง ูุชุบูุจ ุฃุญุฏ ุนู ุงูู
ุชุงุจุนุฉ ูุงููุญุต ู
ู ุฌุฏูุฏ. | And what that means is that they can do a diagnosis and perform therapy on the spot, so no one is lost to follow up. |
ูุงู ุฐูู ู
ุฌุฑุฏ ู
ุซุงู ูุงุญุฏ ุนูู ููู ูู
ูู ููุชุตุบูุฑ ุฃู ููููุฐ ุงูุฃุฑูุงุญ. | That's just one example of how miniaturization can save lives. |
ุงูุขู ูู
ููุฏุณููุ ูููุฑ ูู ูุฐุง ูุชุตุบูุฑ ุญูููู ู
ุจุงุดุฑ. | Now as engineers, we think of this as straight-up miniaturization. |
ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุดูุฆุงู ูุจูุฑุงู ูุชุฌุนูู ุตุบูุฑุงู. | You took a big thing and you made it little. |
ููู ู
ุง ุฃุฎุจุฑุชูู
ุจู ุณุงุจูุงู ุนู ุงูุญูุงุณูุจ ูุงู ุฃููู
ุบููุฑูุง ุญูุงุชูุง ุนูุฏู
ุง ุฃุตุจุญูุง ุตุบุงุฑ ุงูุญุฌู
ุจู
ุง ูููู ูุญู
ููุง ู
ุนูุง ูู ูู ู
ูุงู. | But what I told you before about computers was that they transformed our lives when they became small enough for us to take them everywhere. |
ุฅุฐุงู ู
ุงูู ุงูุชุบููุฑ ุงูุชุญููู ุงูู
ุดุงุจูู ูุฐูู ูู ุงูุทุจุ | So what is the transformational equivalent like that in medicine? |
ุญุณูุงูุ ู
ุงุฐุง ูู ูุงู ูุฏูู ูุงุดู ุตุบูุฑ ุฌุฏุงู ูุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃูู ูุณุชุทูุน ุงูุณุฑูุงู ูุงูุฏูุฑุงู ูู ุฌุณู
ูุ ููุฌุฏ ุงููุฑู
ู
ู ุชููุงุก ุฐุงุชู ููุฑุณู ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุฅูู ุงูุนุงูู
ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุ | Well, what if you had a detector that was so small that it could circulate in your body, find the tumor all by itself and send a signal to the outside world? |
ูุจุฏู ูุฐุง ุชูุฑูุจุงู ู
ุซู ุงูุฎูุงู ุงูุนูู
ู. | It sounds a little bit like science fiction. |
ููู ูู ุงููุงูุนุ ุชุณู
ุญู ููุง ุชูููุฉ ุงููุงูู- ุงูููุงู
ุจุฐูู ูุนูุง. | But actually, nanotechnology allows us to do just that. |
ุชุณู
ุญู ููุง ุชูููุฉ ุงููุงูู ุจุชูููุต ุงูุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงูู
ููููุฉ ูููุงุดู ู
ู ุนุฑุถ ุดุนุฑุฉ ุงูุฅูุณุงูุ ุงูุชู ุชุนุงุฏู 100 ู
ููุฑููุ ุฅูู ุฃูู ู
ุฑุฉ ุฃุตุบุฑ ู
ู ุฐูู. ุฃู 100 ูุงููู
ุชุฑุ. | Nanotechnology allows us to shrink the parts that make up the detector from the width of a human hair, which is 100 microns, to a thousand times smaller, which is 100 nanometers. |
ููุฏู ุฐูู ุงูุนูุงุณุงุช ุนู
ููุฉ. | And that has profound implications. |
ุงุชุถุญ ูู ุงููุงูุน ุฃู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุชุบูุฑ ุฎุตุงุฆุตูุง ุนูุฏ ู
ุณุชูู ุงูู
ููุงุณ ุงููุงููู
ุชุฑ. | It turns out that materials actually change their properties at the nanoscale. |
ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชุฃุฎุฐู ู
ุงุฏุฉ ู
ุนุฑููุฉ ูุงูุฐูุจุ ูุชุทุญููุง ุฅูู ุบุจุงุฑุ ุฅูู ุฌุฒูุฆูุงุช ูุงูู ุฐูุจูุฉุ ูุฅููุง ุชุชุบูุฑ ู
ู ุงูููู ุงูุฐูุจู ุฅูู ุงูููู ุงูุฃุญู
ุฑ. | You take a common material like gold, and you grind it into dust, into gold nanoparticles, and it changes from looking gold to looking red. |
ุฃู
ุง ูู ุฃุฎุฐุช ู
ุงุฏุฉ ุบุฑูุจุฉ ู
ุซู ุณูููููุฏ ุงููุงุฏู
ููู
-- ุงูุชู ุชุดูู ุจููุฑุงุช ุณูุฏุงุก ูุจูุฑุฉ -- ุฅุฐุง ูู
ุช ุจุนู
ู ุจููุฑุงุช ูุงูููุฉ ู
ู ูุฐู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ููุถุนุชูุง ูู ุณุงุฆูุ ูุณููุทุช ุงูููุฑ ุนูููุงุ ูุฅููุง ุชุดุนู ูุชุชููุฌุ | If you take a more exotic material like cadmium selenide -- forms a big, black crystal -- if you make nanocrystals out of this material and you put it in a liquid, and you shine light on it, they glow. |
ุชุดุน ุจุงูููู ุงูุฃุฒุฑู ูุงูุฃุฎุถุฑู ุงูุฃุตูุฑ ูุงูุจุฑุชูุงูู ูุงูุฃุญู
ุฑุ ุชุจุนุงู ุฅูู ุญุฌู
ูุง ููุท. | And they glow blue, green, yellow, orange, red, depending only on their size. |
ุฐูู ุฌุงู
ุญ! ูู ููู
ุฃู ุชุชุฎูููุง ุฌุณู
ุงู ููุฐุง ูู ุงูุนุงูู
ุงููุจูุฑุ | It's wild! Can you imagine an object like that in the macro world? |
ุณูุจุฏู ุฐูู ูุฃู ุฌู
ูุน ู
ูุงุจุณ ุงูุฌููุฒ ู
ู ูู
ุงุด ุงูุฏููู
ูู ุฎุฒุงูุชู ู
ุตููุนุฉ ูููุง ู
ู ุงููุทูุ ููููุง ูู ุฃููุงู ู
ุฎุชููุฉ ู
ุนุชู
ุฏุฉ ุนูู ุญุฌู
ูุง ููุท. | It would be like all the denim jeans in your closet are all made of cotton, but they are different colors depending only on their size. |
ูุทุจูุจุฉุ ู
ุง ูุซูุฑ ุงูุชู
ุงู
ู ููุท ูู ุฃูู ููุณ ููุท ููู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงูุชู ุชุชุบูุฑ ุนูุฏ ู
ููุงุณ ุงููุงููุ ุทุฑููุฉ ุณุฑูุงููุง ูู ุฌุณู
ู ุชุชุบูุฑ ุฃูุถุงู. | So as a physician, what's just as interesting to me is that it's not just the color of materials that changes at the nanoscale; the way they travel in your body also changes. |
ูุฐู ูู ููุน ุงูู
ูุงุญุธุฉ ุงูุชู ุณูุณุชุฎุฏู
ูุง ูุตูุน ูุงุดู ุฃูุถู ุนู ุงูุณุฑุทุงู. | And this is the kind of observation that we're going to use to make a better cancer detector. |
ุฏุนููู ุฃุฑููู
ู
ุงุฐุง ุฃุนูู ุจุฐูู. | So let me show you what I mean. |
ูุฐุง ูุนุงุก ุฏู
ูู ูู ุงูุฌุณู
. | This is a blood vessel in the body. |
ูุญูุท ุงููุฑู
ุจูุฐุง ุงููุนุงุก ุงูุฏู
ูู. | Surrounding the blood vessel is a tumor. |
ุณูู ูููู
ุจุญูู ุฌุฒูุฆุงุช ุงููุงูู ูู ุงููุนุงุก ุงูุฏู
ูู ูู
ุฑุงูุจุฉ ููู ุชูุชูู ู
ู ู
ุฌุฑู ุงูุฏู
ุฅูู ุงููุฑู
. | We're going to inject nanoparticles into the blood vessel and watch how they travel from the bloodstream into the tumor. |
ููุฏ ุชุจูู ุงูุขู ุฃู ุงูุฃูุนูุฉ ุงูุฏู
ููุฉ ููุนุฏูุฏ ู
ู ุงูุฃูุฑุงู
ูู ู
ูุณุฑุจุฉ/ุฑุงุดุญุฉุ ุจุงูุชุงูู ููู
ูู ูุฌุฒูุฆุงุช ุงููุงูู ุฃู ุชุชุณุฑุจ ู
ู ู
ุฌุฑู ุงูุฏู
ุฅูู ุงููุฑู
. | Now it turns out that the blood vessels of many tumors are leaky, and so nanoparticles can leak out from the bloodstream into the tumor. |
ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุชุณุฑุจูุง ูุนุชู
ุฏ ุนูู ุญุฌู
ูุง. | Whether they leak out depends on their size. |
ูู ูุฐู ุงูุตูุฑุฉุ ุชุชุณุฑุจ ุฅูู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌ ุฌุฒูุฆุงุช ุงููุงูู ุงูุฒุฑูุงุก ุงูู
ุชูุงููุฉ ุงูุตุบุฑ ุญุฌู
100 ูุงููู
ุชุฑุ ูุงูุฌุฒูุฆุงุช ุงูุญู
ุฑุงุก ุงูุฃูุจุฑ ุญุฌู
500 ูุงููู
ุชุฑุ ุนุงููุฉ ูู ู
ุฌุฑู ุงูุฏู
. | So in this image, the smaller, hundred-nanometer, blue nanoparticles are leaking out, and the larger, 500-nanometer, red nanoparticles are stuck in the bloodstream. |
ูุฐุง ูุนูู ูู ูู
ููุฏุณุฉุ ุจุงูุฅุนุชู
ุงุฏ ุนูู ูุจุฑ ุฃู ุตุบุฑ ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุงูุชู ุฃุตูุนูุงุ ุงุณุชุทูุน ุชุบููุฑ ุฃูู ุชุฐูุจู ูู ุฌุณู
ู. | So that means as an engineer, depending on how big or small I make a material, I can change where it goes in your body. |
ูู ู
ุฎุชุจุฑูุ ูู
ูุง ุจุตูุน ูุงุดู ูุงููู ููุณุฑุทุงู ู
ุชูุงูู ุงูุตุบุฑ ุงูุฐู ูู
ููู ุงูุชููู ูู ุงูุฌุณู
ูุงูุจุญุซ ุนู ุงูุฃูุฑุงู
. | In my lab, we recently made a cancer nanodetector that is so small that it could travel into the body and look for tumors. |
ุตู
ู
ูุงู ููุชุตูุช ุฅูู ุงุฌุชูุงุญ ุงููุฑู
: ู
ุนุฒููุฉ ุงูุฅุดุงุฑุงุช ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุงูุฃูุฑุงู
ูุนู
ููุง ููู ุชูุชุดุฑ. | We designed it to listen for tumor invasion: the orchestra of chemical signals that tumors need to make to spread. |
ููู ููุฏูุน ุงููุฑู
ู
ู ุงููุณูุฌ ุงูุฐู ููุฌุฏ ูููุ ูุชูุฌุจ ุนููู ุนู
ู ู
ูุงุฏ ููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ุชุณู
ู ุงูุฃูุฒูู
ุงุช ูุณุญููุง ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุณูุงูุงุช ููุฏุณุฉ ุงููุณูุฌ ุงูู
ุชุฑุงุจุทุฉ. | For a tumor to break out of the tissue that it's born in, it has to make chemicals called enzymes to chew through the scaffolding of tissues. |
ุตู
ู
ูุง ุฌุฒูุฆูุงุช ุงููุงูู ุชูู ุจุญูุซ ูุชู
ุชูุดูุทูุง ุจูุงุณุทุฉ ูุฐู ุงูุฃูุฒูู
ุงุช. | We designed these nanoparticles to be activated by these enzymes. |
ูุณุชุทูุน ุฃูุฒูู
ูุงุญุฏ ุชูุนูู ุงูุขูุงู ู
ู ูุฐู ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ูู ุณุงุนุฉ ูุงุญุฏุฉ. | One enzyme can activate a thousand of these chemical reactions in an hour. |
ุญุงููุงู ูู ุงูููุฏุณุฉุ ูุณู
ู ุฐูู ูุณุจุฉ ูุงุญุฏ-ุฅูู-ุฃูู ููุนุง ู
ู ุงูุชุถุฎูู
ุ ููููู
ุจุฌุนู ุดูุก ู
ุง ูุงุฆู ุงูุญุณุงุณูุฉ. | Now in engineering, we call that one-to-a-thousand ratio a form of amplification, and it makes something ultrasensitive. |
ูุฐูู ูู
ูุง ุจุตูุน ูุงุดู ุณุฑุทุงู ูุงุฆู ุงูุญุณุงุณูุฉ. | So we've made an ultrasensitive cancer detector. |
ุญุณูุงูุ ููู ููู ูู ุฃู ุฃููู ูุฐู ุงูุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุงููุดุทุฉ ุฅูู ุงูุนุงูู
ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุ ุฃูู ุฃุณุชุทูุน ุงูุนู
ู ุนูููุงุ | OK, but how do I get this activated signal to the outside world, where I can act on it? |
ุณูุณุชุฎุฏู
ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุฐูู ูุทุนุฉ ุขุฎุฑู ูุงูููุฉ ุญูููุฉุ ููุฐุง ูู ุนูุงูุฉ ุจุงููููุฉ. | For this, we're going to use one more piece of nanoscale biology, and that has to do with the kidney. |
ุงููููุฉ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ู
ุตูุงุฉ. | The kidney is a filter. |
ูุธููุชูุง ูู ุชุตููุฉ ุงูุฏู
ูุฅุฎุฑุงุฌ ุงููุถูุงุช ูู ุงูุจูู. | Its job is to filter out the blood and put waste into the urine. |
ููุฏ ุงุชุถุญ ุฃู ู
ุง ุชููู
ุงููููุฉ ุจุชุตููุชู ูุนุชู
ุฏ ุฃูุถุงู ุนูู ุงูุญุฌู
. | It turns out that what the kidney filters is also dependent on size. |
ูู ูุฐู ุงูุตูุฑุฉุ ุชุณุชุทูุนูู ุฑุคูุฉ ุฃู ูู ุดุฆ ุฃุตุบุฑ ู
ู ุฎู
ุณุฉ ูุงููู
ุชุฑ ููุชูู ู
ู ุงูุฏู
ุนุจุฑ ุงููููุฉ ุฅูู ุงูุจููุ ููู ุดูุก ุขุฎุฑ ุฃูุจุฑ ู
ู ุฐูู ูุจูู. | So in this image, what you can see is that everything smaller than five nanometers is going from the blood, through the kidney, into the urine, and everything else that's bigger is retained. |
ุญุณูุงูุ ูู ูู
ุชู ุจุตูุน ูุงุดู ุณุฑุทุงูู ุญุฌู
100 ูุงููู
ุชุฑุ ููู
ุช ุจุญููู ูู ู
ุฌุฑู ุงูุฏู
ุ ูู
ููู ุงูุชุณุฑุจ ุฅูู ุงููุฑู
ุญูุซ ุชููู
ุฃูุฒูู
ุงุช ุงููุฑู
ุจุชูุดูุทู ูุงูุฑุงุฒ ุฅุดุงุฑุงุช ุตุบูุฑุฉ ุตุบูุฑุฉ ุจู
ุง ูููู ูุชุตููุชูุง ุนุจุฑ ุงููููุฉ ุซู
ุฅุฎุฑุงุฌูุง ูู ุงูุจููุ ูุฏู ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ูู ุงูุนุงูู
ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู ุฃุณุชุทูุน ุงููุดู ุนููุง. | OK, so if I make a 100-nanometer cancer detector, I inject it in the bloodstream, it can leak into the tumor where it's activated by tumor enzymes to release a small signal that is small enough to be filtered out of the kidney and put into the urine, I have a signal in the outside world that I can detect. |
ุญุณูุงูุ ููู ููุงู ุฃูุถุงู ู
ุดููุฉ ุฅุถุงููุฉ ูุงุญุฏุฉ. | OK, but there's one more problem. |
ูุฐู ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุตุบูุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงูุ ููู ูู
ูููู ุงููุดู ุนููุงุ | This is a tiny little signal, so how do I detect it? |
ุญุณูุงูุ ุงูุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุฌุฒูุก ููุท. | Well, the signal is just a molecule. |
ุฅููุง ุฌุฒูุฆุงุช ุตู
ู
ูุงูุง ูู
ููุฏุณูู. | They're molecules that we designed as engineers. |
ุฅููุง ุงุตุทูุงุนูุฉ ุจุงููุงู
ู ููุณุชุทูุน ุชุตู
ู
ููุง ูุชุชุทุงุจู ู
ุน ุงูุฃุฏุงุฉ ุงูุชู ูุฎุชุงุฑูุง. | They're completely synthetic, and we can design them so they are compatible with our tool of choice. |
ุงุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏูุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุฌูุงุฒ ุญุณุงุณ ููุงุฎุฑ ุงูุฐู ูุฏุนู ู
ุทูุงู ุงููุชูุฉ ุ ุนูุฏูุง ุณูุตู
ู
ุฌุฒูุก ุจูุชูุฉ ูุฑูุฏุฉ ู
ู ููุนูุง. | If we want to use a really sensitive, fancy instrument called a mass spectrometer, then we make a molecule with a unique mass. |
ุฃู ูุฏ ูุฑุบุจู ูู ุชุตู
ูู
ุดูุก ุบูุฑ ู
ููู ููุงุจู ููุญู
ู ูุงูุชููู. | Or maybe we want make something that's more inexpensive and portable. |
ุนูุฏูุง ูุฌุนูู ุงูุฌุฒูุฆุงุช ุงูุชู ูู
ูููุง ุนุฑุถูุง ุนูู ูุฑูุฉุ ู
ุซู ูุญุต ุงูุญู
ู ุงูู
ูุฒูู. | Then we make molecules that we can trap on paper, like a pregnancy test. |
ูู ุงููุงูุนุ ููุงู ุนุงูู
ู
ุชูุงู
ู ู
ู ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุงูุฃุดุฑุทุฉ ุงููุฑููุฉ ุงูุชู ุฃุตุจุญุช ู
ุชููุฑุฉ ูู ู
ุฌุงู ูุณู
ู ุงูุชุดุฎูุตุงุช ุงููุฑููุฉ. | In fact, there's a whole world of paper tests that are becoming available in a field called paper diagnostics. |
ุญุณูุงูุ ุฅูู ุฃูู ูุญูู ุฐุงูุจูู ุจูุฐุงุ | Alright, where are we going with this? |
ู
ุง ุณุฃุฎุจุฑูู
ุจู ูุงุญูุงูุ ูุจุงุญุซุฉ ู
ุฏู ุงูุญูุงุฉุ ูู
ุซู ุญูู
ุง ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ูู. | What I'm going to tell you next, as a lifelong researcher, represents a dream of mine. |
ูุง ุฃุณุชุทูุน ุงูููู ุจุฃูู ูุนุฏ ู
ููุ ุฅูู ุญูู
. | I can't say that's it's a promise; it's a dream. |
ููู ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุฃูู ูุฌุจ ุนูููุง ุฌู
ูุนุงู ุฃู ุชููู ูุฏููุง ุฃุญูุงู
ุชุฏูุนูุง ููุฃู
ุงู
ุ ุญุชู -- ููุฏ ูููู ุจุดูู ุฎุงุต -- ุงูุจุงุญุซูู ูู ู
ุฌุงู ุงูุณุฑุทุงูุงุช. | But I think we all have to have dreams to keep us pushing forward, even -- and maybe especially -- cancer researchers. |
ุณุฃุฎุจุฑูู
ุนู ู
ุง ุขู
ู ุญุฏูุซู ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุชูููุชู ูุฐูุ ูุงูุฐู ุณูููู
ูุฑููู ูุฃูุง ุจูุถุน ุจูููุจูุง ูุฃุฑูุงุญูุง ูุฌุนูู ุญูููุฉ. | I'm going to tell you what I hope will happen with my technology, that my team and I will put our hearts and souls into making a reality. |
ุญุณูุงูุ ุฅูููู
ุฅูุงู. | OK, here goes. |
ุฃุญูู
ุฃูู ููู
ุงู ู
ุงุ ุจุฏูุงู ู
ู ุงูุฐูุงุจ ุฅูู ู
ูุดุฃุฉ ูุญุต ู
ูููุฉ ููุฎุถูุน ูู
ูุธุงุฑ ุงููููููุ ุฃู ูุญุต ุฃูุฑุงู
ุงูุซุฏูุ ุฃู ู
ุณุญุฉ ุนูู ุงูุฑุญู
ุ ุชุณุชุทูุน ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุญููุฉ ุฃู ุฌุฑุนุฉุ ูุงูุงูุชุธุงุฑ ูู
ุฏุฉ ุณุงุนุฉุ ุซู
ุนู
ู ูุญุต ุงูุจูู ุนูู ุดุฑูุท ูุญุต ูุฑูู. | I dream that one day, instead of going into an expensive screening facility to get a colonoscopy, or a mammogram, or a pap smear, that you could get a shot, wait an hour, and do a urine test on a paper strip. |
ุฃุชุฎูู ุฅู
ูุงููุฉ ุญุฏูุซ ุฐูู ุฏูู ุงูุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅูู ู
ุตุฏุฑ ููุฑุจุงุฆู ุฏุงุฆู
ุ ุฃู ูุฌูุฏ ู
ุชุฎุตุต ุทุจู ูู ุงูุบุฑูุฉ. | I imagine that this could even happen without the need for steady electricity, or a medical professional in the room. |
ูุฏ ูููููู ูู ู
ูุงู ุจุนูุฏ ููุชู
ุงูุชูุงุตู ู
ุนูู
ุนุจุฑ ุตูุฑุฉ ุนูู ุงููุงุชู ุงูุฐูู ุงูู
ุญู
ูู. | Maybe they could be far away and connected only by the image on a smartphone. |
ุฃุนูู
ู ุฃู ูุฐุง ูุจุฏู ูุญูู
ุงูุขูุ ููู ูู ุงูู
ุฎุชุจุฑ ุฃุตุจุญ ุฐูู ู
ู
ููุงู ุนูู ุงููุฆุฑุงูุ ุญูุซ ุฃูู ูุนู
ู ุจุดูู ุฃูุถู ู
ู ุงูุทุฑู ุงูู
ุชููุฑุฉ ูุงูุชุดุงู ุณุฑุทุงู ุงูุฑุฆุฉุ ุงูููููู ูุงูู
ุจุงูุถ. | Now I know this sounds like a dream, but in the lab we already have this working in mice, where it works better than existing methods for the detection of lung, colon and ovarian cancer. |
ูุขู
ูู ุฃู ู
ุง ูุนููู ูุฐุง ูู ุฃููุง ูู ููู
ู
ุงู ุณูููู ูู ูุณุนูุง ุงููุดู ุนู ุงูุฃูุฑุงู
ูู ุงูู
ุฑุถู ุฎูุงู ุฃูู ู
ู 10 ุณููุงุช ู
ูุฐ ุจุฏุงูุฉ ูู
ููุงุ ูู ูู ู
ุฌุงูุงุช ุงูุญูุงุฉุ ูุญูู ุงูุนุงูู
ุ ูุณูุคุฏู ุฐูู ุฅูู ุนูุงุฌุงุช ู
ุจูุฑุฉุ ูุณูุณุชุทูุน ุฅููุงุฐ ุงูู
ุฒูุฏ ู
ู ุงูุฃุฑูุงุญ ุงูุซุฑ ู
ู
ุง ูููู
ุจู ุงูููู
ุ ุจุงููุดู ุงูู
ุจูุฑ. | And I hope that what this means is that one day we can detect tumors in patients sooner than 10 years after they've started growing, in all walks of life, all around the globe, and that this would lead to earlier treatments, and that we could save more lives than we can today, with early detection. |
ุดูุฑุงู ููู
| Thank you. |
ูู ุฃุจุฏู ุญููููุฉ ูู ูุธุฑูู
ุ | Do I look real to you? |
ุฃุฑุฌู ุฐูู. | Hope so. |
ููุณ ูุฏู ุฃู ููุฑุฉ ุงุฐ ููุชู
ุชุดุงูุฏูู ูุฐุงุ ูููููู ุณุฃูุงุตู ูุฃุซู ุฃููู
ู
ูุฌูุฏูู. | I have no idea if you're seeing this, but I'm just going to look ahead and trust that you're there. |
ูู
ุช ุจุฑุณู
ูุตู ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุฃู
ุงู
ู ูู ุงูุฑู
ุงู ูู ุฃููู
ุจุชุฌุงูุฒูุง ูุฃุจุฏู ููุฃููู ุนุงุฆู
ุฉ ูู ุงูุฌู. | I've drawn a semicircle in the sand in front of me so I don't walk past it and look like I'm floating in midair. |
ุฃูู ุงูุงู ูู ุงูููุงุก ุงูุทููุ ุนูู ุงูุดุงุทุฆ ุชุญุช ุดุฌุฑุฉ ุงููุฎููุ ูู ููุณ ุงูู
ููุน ุงูุฐู ุงุนุชุงุฏ ุงูู
ุณุฑุญ ุฃู ูููู ููู. | Right now I'm standing in the open air, on a beach under a palm tree, in the exact spot where your stage used to be. |
ุณุฃูุถู ู
ุนูู
12 ุฏูููุฉ. | I have 12 minutes with you. |
ูุถุนุช ุญุฏูุง ุฃูุตู. | I set a limit. |
ูุงูุช ุฒูุฌุชู ูุงููุฏ ู
ุฑูุฉ ุฃู ุงูุงุญุชู
ุงูุงุช ุงููุงู
ุชูุงููุฉ ูู ุตุงูุนุฉ ุฃุณูุก ุงูุฃุนุฏุงุก. | My wife Navid once said that infinite possibility is a creator's worst enemy. |
ู
ุซูุงุ ูุฐุง ุงููุณุชุงู: ุทูุจุช ู
ููุง ุชุตู
ูู
ุดูุก ูููู ุฃุฌู
ู ู
ุง ุงุฑุชุฏุงู ูุงูู ูู ุงููุฑู 23 ูู ู
ุตุฑ. | For example, this dress: I'd asked her to design something that a priest might have worn in 23rd-century Cairo. |
ูููู ูุงู ูุฏููุง ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃูุงู
ููุท ูุตูุนูุ ูุงููุณูุฌ ุงููุญูุฏ ุงูุฐู ูู
ููู ูุงู ุบุทุงุก ูุญุงู ูุฏูู
ุชุฑูุชู ุฃุญุฏ ุงูู
ููู
ูู ูุฑุงุกูุง. | But we only had three days to make it, and the only fabric we had was an old duvet cover that another resident left behind. |
ูููููุง ูุฌุญุช ูู ุชูููุฐ ุฐููุ ููุงู ู
ุซุงููุง. | But she did it, and it's perfect. |
ูููููุง ูุธุฑุช ุฅููู ููุงูุชุ "ุฏููู ุนูู ุงูููุฑุฉ-- ุงูุงุจุชูุงุฑ ูุญุชุงุฌ ูููุฏุง." | And she looked at it and said, "Proof of concept -- creation needs constraint." |
ูุฐูู ูู 12 ุฏูููุฉ ุงููุงุฏู
ุฉุ ุณุฃุฎุจุฑูู
ุจุฃุนุธู
ุงูุชุดูุงุชู. | So with these 12 minutes, I'm going to tell you about my greatest discovery. |
ุทูุงู ุญูุงุชูุ ูุงู ูุงุฌุณู ุงูุญูุงุฉ ุงูุฃุจุฏููุฉุ ูู
ุง ุฃุนูู
ุฃูู ูุงุฌุณ ุงููุซููุฑ ู
ููู
. | For my whole life, my obsession has been eternal life, as I know it is so many of yours. |
ูุฏ ุชุณุนุฏูู ูู
ุนุฑูุฉ ุฃู ุจุญูุซูู
ุณุชุคุชู ุซู
ุงุฑูุง. | You may be happy to know that your research will pay off. |
ุนู
ุฑู 318 ุณูุฉ. | I am 318 years old. |
ูุจูุบ ุงูุขู ู
ุชูุณุท ุนู
ุฑ ุงูุฅูุณุงู 432 ุณูุฉุ ูุชู
ุญูุฑุนู
ูู ุญูู ุชู
ุฏูุฏ ุนู
ุฑ ุงูุฅูุณุงู ุฅูู ุฃุฌู ุบูุฑ ู
ุณู
ู. | The average human lifespan is now 432 years, and my work has been to extend the human lifespan indefinitely. |
ูู
ูุณุจู ูู ุฃู ุดูููุช ูู ุฐูู ููู
ุง ู
ุงุ ุณูุตู ุฅูู ู
ุฑุญูุฉ ุณูููู ููู ุฑุงุถูู. | And I've never questioned that someday, we'll reach a point where we'll be content. |
ูููู ูุญุฏุซ ุงูุนูุณ: ููู
ุง ุนุดูุง ุฃุทููุงุ ูููู
ุง ุฃุฑุฏูุง ุฃู ูุนูุด ุฃูุซุฑ. ููุตุจุญ ุฃูู ุฑุบุจุฉ ูู ู
ูุงุฌูุฉ ุงูู
ูุช. | But the opposite keeps happening: the longer we live, the longer we want to live, the less we want to die. |
ู
ู ูู
ููู ุฅููุงุก ุงูููู
ุนูููุงุ | Who can blame us? |
ูุชูุณู
ุงูููู ุจูููู ุบุงูุฉ ูู ุงูุถุฎุงู
ุฉ. | The universe is so big. |
ูู ูููู ููุงู ุฃุจุฏุง ุงูู
ุฒูุฏ ูุฑุคูุชู. | There won't ever not be more to see. |
ุจุงูุฃู
ุณ ููุทุ ููุช ุฃูุฑุฃ ุนู ุงูููููุฉ ุงูู ูู
ูู ุจูุง ุฑููุจ ูุงุฑุจ ุนูู ุฃูุฑูุจุง ูุงูุฅุจุญุงุฑ ู
ู ุฌุฒูุฑุฉ ุฅูู ุฃุฎุฑู ูู ุฌู
ูุน ุฃูุญุงุก ุงููููุจุ ูุชูุฌุฏ ูู ุจุนุถ ุงูุฌุฒุฑ ุงููุฑู ูู
ููู ุงูุจูุงุก ูููุง ูุฒูุงุฑุชูุง ูุงูููู
ูููุง ุชุญุช ุธู ูููุจ ุงูู
ุดุชุฑู. | Just yesterday, I was reading about how you can take out a boat on Europa and sail from island to island all over the planet, and some of the islands have villages that you can stay and visit and sleep under the shadow of Jupiter. |
ุซู
ููุฌุฏ ูุฐู ุงูุฌุฒูุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู ุญูุซ ููุฌุฏ ููุท ูุงุชุจ ุฃุบุงูู ุงูุฐู ูุฌูุณ ูููุนุจ ุงูู
ูุฏูููู ููู
ุญูุท. | And then there's this other island where there's just one songwriter who sits and plays mandolin for the ocean. |
ุซู
ููุงู ุขุฎุฑูู ุญูุซ ูุง ููุฌุฏ ุฃุญุฏ ููู
ููุฌุฏ ูููุง ุฃุญุฏ ุฃุจุฏุงุ ูุชุฐูุจ ููุท ููุชู
ุชุน ุจุฅุญุณุงู ูู
ุณ ุฑุฌููู ูุฑู
ุงู ูู
ุชุทุฃูุง ูุฏู
ู
ู ูุจู ุฃุจุฏุง. | And then there are others where there's no one and there never has been, and so you go just for the pleasure of touching your foot to sand that no foot has ever touched before. |
ูู
ููู ูุถุงุก 400 ุณูุฉ ุชููู
ุจุฐูู. | You could spend 400 years doing just that. |
ูุธูุฑ ุงููู
ุฑ ุงูุขู ูู ุงูุดู
ุงู ุงูุดุฑูู ููุจูุงุฏ. | Right now the Moon is rising in the Northeast. |
ูู
ูููู ุฑุคูุฉ ุงูู
ุฏู ุจุงูุนูู ุงูู
ุฌุฑุฏุฉ. | I can see the cities on it with my naked eye. |
ู
ุฑุชุจุทูู ู
ุซู ุชุฌู
ูุน: ู
ุงุฑูุงุจูููุณ ูู ุงููุทุจ ุงูุฌููุจูุ ูุฑุงู
ุงุดุงูุฏุฑุงู ุนูู ุฎุท ุงูุงุณุชูุงุก. | They're connected like nerve clusters: Mariapolis on the South Pole, and Ramachandran on the Equator. |
ูุทูุฑุงู ุงูุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ูู ุจุญุฑ ุงููุฏูุก. | And New Tehran in the Sea of Tranquility. |
ุฅูู ุงูู
ูุงู ุงูุฐู ุงูุชููุช ููู ุจูุงููุฏ. | That's where Navid and I met. |
ููุง ููุงูุชูู ู
ู ูุณุท ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ. | We were both artists downtown. |
ููู
ุงูุชูููุงุ ู
ุฑุฑูุง ุจุฌุงูุจ ุจุนุถูุง ุงูุจุนุถ ูู ุณุงุญุฉ ุขุฒุงุฏูุ ูุงุตุทุฏู
ูุชูุงู. | The day we met, we were passing each other in Azadi Square, and we bumped shoulders. |
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