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ุฃูุง ุฃูุชู
ุจูุง ูุซูุฑุง. | I care about it deeply. |
ุฃูุง ู
ุชุฎุตุต ูู ู
ุฌุงู ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุชูุฉ ูุงูุจูุงูุงุช ุงูุนูู
ูุฉุ ูุญุณุจ ุฑุฃููุ ุงูุฃู
ู ุงููุญูุฏ -- ุงูุฃู
ู ุงููุญูุฏ-- ูููู
ูุฐู ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ูู ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุงูุนุฏูุฏ ู
ู ู
ุตุงุฏุฑ ุงูุจูุงูุงุช ุงูู
ุฎุชููุฉ ุจูุฏู ููู
ู
ุชู ูู
ูู ุงุณุชุนู
ุงู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ู
ุนุง ุจุฏูู ู
ุฎุงุทุฑ ูู
ุชู ููุดููู ุงุณุชุนู
ุงููุง ู
ุนุง ุฎุทุฑุง. | I'm an informatics and data science guy and really, in my opinion, the only hope -- only hope -- to understand these interactions is to leverage lots of different sources of data in order to figure out when drugs can be used together safely and when it's not so safe. |
ูุฐุง ุฏุนููู ุฃุฎุจุฑูู
ุนู ูุตุฉ ู
ุชุนููุฉ ุจุงูุจูุงูุงุช ุงูุนูู
ูุฉ. | So let me tell you a data science story. |
ุจุฏุฃ ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ู
ุน ุชูู
ูุฐู ููู. | And it begins with my student Nick. |
ูููุฏุนู "ููู"ุ ููุฐุง ูู ุงุณู
ู. | Let's call him "Nick," because that's his name. |
ูุงู ููู ุทุงูุจุง ุดุงุจูุง. | Nick was a young student. |
ููุช ูู: "ูู
ุง ุชุนุฑู ูุง ูููุ ููุจุบู ุฃู ูููู
ููููุฉ ุชูุงุนู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ุนูุฏ ุงุณุชุนู
ุงููุง ู
ุนุง ุฃู ุจุทุฑููุฉ ู
ููุฑุฏุฉุ ููุณุช ูุฏููุง ู
ุนุฑูุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุดุฃู. | I said, "You know, Nick, we have to understand how drugs work and how they work together and how they work separately, and we don't have a great understanding. |
ูููู ุชูููุฑ ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงูุฃุบุฐูุฉ ูุงูุฏูุงุก ูุงุนุฏุฉ ุจูุงูุงุช ุซุฑููุฉ. | But the FDA has made available an amazing database. |
ุฅููุง ูุงุนุฏุฉ ุจูุงูุงุช ููุฃุญุฏุงุซ ุงูุณูุจูุฉ. | It's a database of adverse events. |
ููู
ูููู
ูู ุจุงููุดุฑ ุนูู ุงูุงูุชุฑูุช-- ููู ู
ุชูููุฑุฉ ููุฌู
ูุน ููู
ูููู
ุชูุฒูููุง ููุฑุง-- ููู
ุฆุงุช ูุงูุขูุงู ู
ู ุชูุงุฑูุฑ ุงูุฃุญุฏุงุซ ุงูุณูุจูุฉ ู
ู ูุจู ุงูู
ุฑุถู ูุงูุฃุทุจุงุก ูุงูู
ุคุณุณุงุช ูุงูุตูุงุฏูุฉ. | They literally put on the web -- publicly available, you could all download it right now -- hundreds of thousands of adverse event reports from patients, doctors, companies, pharmacists. |
ููุฐู ุงูุชูุงุฑูุฑ ุจุณูุทุฉ ููุบุงูุฉ: ุญูู ูู ุงูุฃู
ุฑุงุถ ุงูุชู ููุนุงูู ู
ููุง ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุตุ ูููู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ุงูุชู ูุชูุงูููููุงุ ูููู ุงูุฃุญุฏุงุซ ุงูุณูุจูุฉ ุฃู ุงูุขุซุงุฑ ุงูุฌุงูุจูุฉ ุงูุชู ูุชุนุฑุถูู ููุง. | And these reports are pretty simple: it has all the diseases that the patient has, all the drugs that they're on, and all the adverse events, or side effects, that they experience. |
ูุง ุชุดู
ู ุฌู
ูุน ุงูุฃุญุฏุงุซ ุงูุณูุจูุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุญุฏุซ ุจุฃู
ุฑููุง ุงูููู
ุ ูููู ุงูู
ุฆุงุช ูุงูู
ุฆุงุช ู
ู ุถู
ู ุงูุขูุงู ู
ู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ. | It is not all of the adverse events that are occurring in America today, but it's hundreds and hundreds of thousands of drugs. |
ูุฐุง ููุช ููููุ "ูููุฑููุฒ ุชูููุฑูุง ุนูู ุงูุบููููุฒ. | So I said to Nick, "Let's think about glucose. |
ุงูุบููููุฒ ู
ูู
ุฌุฏูุงุ ููุนุฑู ุฃูู ุฐู ุนูุงูุฉ ุจู
ุฑุถู ุงูุณูุฑู. | Glucose is very important, and we know it's involved with diabetes. |
ููููุชุดู ู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุจุฅู
ูุงููุง ููู
ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ุงูุบููููุฒ. | Let's see if we can understand glucose response. |
ุฃุฑุณูุช ููู ูู ู
ูู
ุฉ. ูุนูุฏู
ุง ุฑุฌุน | I sent Nick off. Nick came back. |
ูุงู: "ุฑูุณ" "ููุฏ ุตู
ูู
ุช ู
ุตูููุง ุจุฅู
ูุงูู ุงูุงุทูุงุน ุนูู ุงูุขุซุงุฑ ุงูุฌุงูุจููุฉ ููุฏูุงุก ุจุงูุฑุฌูุน ุฅูู ูุงุนุฏุฉ ุงูุจูุงูุงุชุ ูู
ู ุซู
ููุทูุนูุง ู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ูุฐูู ุงูุฏูุงุก ุชุฃุซูุฑ ุนูู ุงูุบููููุฒ ุฃู ูุง." | "Russ," he said, "I've created a classifier that can look at the side effects of a drug based on looking at this database, and can tell you whether that drug is likely to change glucose or not." |
ููุฏ ูุงู
ุจุฐูู ููุงู ุฐูู ุจุณูุท ุฌุฏูุง. | He did it. It was very simple, in a way. |
ุญุฏูุฏ ููู ุงูุงุฏููุฉ ุงูุชู ููุง ุชุฃุซูุฑ ุนูู ุงูุบููููุฒ ูู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ู
ู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ุงูุชู ููุณ ููุง ุฃู ุชุฃุซูุฑ ุนูู ุงูุบููููุฒุ ููุงูุ "ู
ุงูู ุงููุฑู ุจูู ุชุฃุซูุฑุงุชูุง ุงูุฌุงูุจูุฉุ | He took all the drugs that were known to change glucose and a bunch of drugs that don't change glucose, and said, "What's the difference in their side effects? |
ุงููุฑู ุนูู ู
ุณุชูู ุงูุชุนุจุ ุงูุดููุฉุ ุนุงุฏุงุช ุงูุชุจููุ | Differences in fatigue? In appetite? In urination habits?" |
ููู ุชูู ุงูุฃุดูุงุก ู
ุนุง ูุงูุช ู
ุคุดูุฑุง ุฌูุฏุง ุญููุง. | All those things conspired to give him a really good predictor. |
ูุงูุ "ุฑูุณุ ุฃุณุชุทูุน ุฃู ุฃุชูููุน ุจู
ุง ููุงุฑุจ 93% ู
ู ุงูุฏูุฉ ู
ุชู ูู
ูู ูุฃู ุฏูุงุก ุชุบููุฑ ูุณุจุฉ ุงูุฌููููุฒ." | He said, "Russ, I can predict with 93 percent accuracy when a drug will change glucose." |
ููุช: "ูุฐุง ุฑุงุฆุน ูุง ููู." | I said, "Nick, that's great." |
ูู ุทุงูุจ ุดุงุจุ ูููุจุบู ุฃู ุชุจูู ุซูุชู ุจููุณู. | He's a young student, you have to build his confidence. |
"ูููู ูููุ ุชูุฌุฏ ู
ุดููุฉ. | "But Nick, there's a problem. |
ููู ุงูุฃุทุจุงุก ุญูู ุงูุนุงูู
ูุนุฑููู ููู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ุงูุชู ุชูุคุซูุฑ ุนูู ูุณุจุฉ ุงูุบููููุฒุ ููุฐุง ุฃุณุงุณ ู
ู
ุงุฑุณุงุชูุง. | It's that every physician in the world knows all the drugs that change glucose, because it's core to our practice. |
ูุฐุง ุฑุงุฆุนุ ุฃุญุณูุชุ ูููู ููุณ ู
ุซูุฑุง ููุงูุชู
ุงู
ุ ุจุงูุชุฃููุฏ ูุง ูุณุชุญูู ุงููุดุฑ." | So it's great, good job, but not really that interesting, definitely not publishable." |
ูุงูุ "ุฃุนุฑู ูุง ุฑูุณุ ููุฏ ุนุฑูุช ุจุฃูู ุณุชููู ุฐูู." | He said, "I know, Russ. I thought you might say that." |
ููู ุฐููู. | Nick is smart. |
"ุนุฑูุช ุจุฃูู ุณุชููู ุฐููุ ูุฐุง ูู
ุช ุจุชุฌุฑุจุฉ. | "I thought you might say that, so I did one other experiment. |
ุจุญุซุช ุนู ุงูู
ูุฌูุฏูู ุจูุงุนุฏุฉ ุงูุจูุงูุงุช ููุณุชุนู
ููู ููุนูู ู
ู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉุ ูุจุญุซุช ุนู ุงูู
ุคุดุฑุงุช ุงูู
ู
ุงุซูุฉ ูู
ุคุดุฑุงุช ุชุบููุฑ ูุณุจุฉ ุงูุบููููุฒุ ูู
ุณุชุนู
ูู ููุนูู ู
ู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉุ ุญูุซ ุฃู ุชูุงูู ููู ููุน ู
ู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ุนูู ุญุฏุฉ ูุง ููุบููุฑ ูุณุจุฉ ุงููููุณุชุฑููุ ูููู ุชูุงูููู
ู
ุนุง ูู ุชุฃุซูุฑ ูููู." | I looked at people in this database who were on two drugs, and I looked for signals similar, glucose-changing signals, for people taking two drugs, where each drug alone did not change glucose, but together I saw a strong signal." |
ูููุชุ "ุฃููุ ุฃูุช ุฐููู. ููุฑุฉ ุฌูุฏุฉ. ุฃุนุทูู ุงููุงุฆู
ุฉ." | And I said, "Oh! You're clever. Good idea. Show me the list." |
ูุงูุช ููุงู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ู
ู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ูู
ุชูุซุฑ ุงูุชู
ุงู
ู. | And there's a bunch of drugs, not very exciting. |
ูููู ู
ุง ุฌูุจ ุงูุชุจุงูู ูู
ุง ููุนุงู ู
ู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ุนูู ุงููุงุฆู
ุฉ: ุงูุจุงุฑููุณุชูู ุฃู ุจุงูุณููุ ู
ุถุงุฏ ููุงูุชุฆุงุจุ ูุจุฑุงูุงุณุชุงุชูู ุฃู ุจุฑูุดูุ ุฏูุงุก ูุนูุงุฌ ุงููููุณุชุฑูู. | But what caught my eye was, on the list there were two drugs: paroxetine, or Paxil, an antidepressant; and pravastatin, or Pravachol, a cholesterol medication. |
ูููุชุ "ุขูุ ูุณุชุนู
ู ุงูู
ูุงููู ู
ู ุงูุฃู
ุฑููุงู ูุฐูู ุงูููุนูู ู
ู ุงูุฏูุงุก." | And I said, "Huh. There are millions of Americans on those two drugs." |
ูู ุงููุงูุนุ ุนุฑููุง ูุงุญูุง ุฃูุ 15 ู
ูููู ุฃู
ุฑููู ูุณุชุนู
ููู ุงูุจุงุฑููุณุชูู 15 ู
ูููู ุฃู
ุฑููู ูุณุชุนู
ููู ุงูุจุฑุงูุงุณุชุงุชููุ ูู
ูููู ุฃู
ุฑููู ูุณุชุนู
ููู ุงูููุนูู ูู ููุณ ุงูููุช. | In fact, we learned later, 15 million Americans on paroxetine at the time, 15 million on pravastatin, and a million, we estimated, on both. |
ุฅุฐุง ูู
ูู ุฃู ููุนุงูู ู
ุง ูููุงุฑุจ ู
ูููู ุดุฎุต ู
ู ู
ุดุงูู ุนูู ู
ุณุชูู ุงูุบููููุฒ ุฅุฐุง ุชุนุฑุถุช ุขูุฉ ุงูุชุนููู
"ุงูู
ุงู
ุจู ุฌุงู
ุจู" ุงูู
ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ูู ุจูุงูุงุช ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงูุบุฐุงุก ูุงูุฏูุงุก ููุนุทุจ ูู ุงููุงูุน. | So that's a million people who might be having some problems with their glucose if this machine-learning mumbo jumbo that he did in the FDA database actually holds up. |
ูููููู ููุชุ "ูุง ูู
ูู ูุดุฑ ูุฐุง ุจุนุฏุ ูุฃููู ุฃุญุจุจุช ู
ุง ูู
ุช ุจู ุจุงุณุชุนู
ุงู ุงูู
ุงู
ุจู ุฌุงู
ุจูุ ุจูุงุณุทุฉ ุงูุชุนูู
ุงูุขููุ ูููู ูุฐุง ููุณ ู
ุนูุงุฑุง ูู
ูู ุงุณุชุนู
ุงูู ูุฏููู ูุฅุซุจุงุช ู
ุง ุชูุตููุง ุฅููู." | But I said, "It's still not publishable, because I love what you did with the mumbo jumbo, with the machine learning, but it's not really standard-of-proof evidence that we have." |
ูุฐุง ุนูููุง ุฃู ูููู
ุจุดูุก ุขุฎุฑ. | So we have to do something else. |
ูููุจุญุซ ูู ุงูุณุฌูุงุช ุงูุทุจูุฉ ุงูุฅููุชุฑูููุฉ ูุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ุณุชุงูููุฑุฏ. | Let's go into the Stanford electronic medical record. |
ูุฏููุง ูุณุฎุฉ ู
ููุง ููุง ุจุฃุณ ุจุฐูู ููููุงู
ุจุงูุจุญูุซุ ุฃุฒููุง ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุงูุดุฎุตูุฉ. | We have a copy of it that's OK for research, we removed identifying information. |
ูููุชุ "ููููุชุดู ู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ู
ุณุชุนู
ูู ูุฐูู ุงูููุนูู ู
ู ุงูุฏูุงุกุ ูุนุงููู ู
ู ู
ุดุงูู ุงูุบููููุฒ." | And I said, "Let's see if people on these two drugs have problems with their glucose." |
ุญุงููุง ููุฌุฏ ุงูุขูุงู ูุงูุขูุงู ู
ู ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ูู ุงูุณุฌูุงุช ุงูุทุจูุฉ ูุณุชุงูููุฑุฏ ู
ู
ู ูุณุชุนู
ููู ุงูุจุงุฑููุณุชูู ูุงูุจุฑุงูุงุณุชุงุชูู. | Now there are thousands and thousands of people in the Stanford medical records that take paroxetine and pravastatin. |
ูููููุง ููุง ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅูู ู
ุฑุถู ู
ุนูููู. | But we needed special patients. |
ุงุญุชุฌูุง ุฅูู ู
ุฑุถู ูุณุชุนู
ููู ุฃุญุฏ ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ููุชู
ููุงุณ ูุณุจุฉ ุงูุบููููุฒุ ุซู
ูุณุชุนู
ู ุงูููุน ุงูุซุงูู ููุชู
ููุงุณ ูุณุจุฉ ุงูุบููููุฒุ ููู ุฐูู ุฎูุงู ู
ุฏุฉ ู
ุนููุฉ-- ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ุซุงู ุดูุฑูู. | We needed patients who were on one of them and had a glucose measurement, then got the second one and had another glucose measurement, all within a reasonable period of time -- something like two months. |
ูุนูุฏู
ุง ูู
ูุง ุจุชูู ุงูุชุฌุฑุจุฉุ ูุฌุฏูุง 10 ู
ุฑุถู. | And when we did that, we found 10 patients. |
ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ุดูุฏ 8 ู
ู ู
ุฑุถุงูุง ุงุฑุชูุงุนุง ูู ูุณุจุฉ ุงูุบููููุฒ ุนูุฏู
ุง ุฃุฎุฐูุง ุงูุฏูุงุก ุงูุซุงูู "ุจ"-- ูุงูุฐู ููุณู
ููู "ุจ" ู"ุจ"-- ุนูุฏ ุฃุฎุฐ ุงูุฏูุงุก ุงูุซุงูู "ุจ". | However, eight out of the 10 had a bump in their glucose when they got the second P -- we call this P and P -- when they got the second P. |
ุชุฑุชูุจ ุฃุฎุฐ ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ููู
ูู ุฃู ูููู ุจุดูู ุงุนุชุจุงุทูุ ุชุฑุชูุน ูุณุจุฉ ุงูุบููููุฒ 20 ู
ููุบุฑุงู
ููู ุฏูุณููุชุฑ. | Either one could be first, the second one comes up, glucose went up 20 milligrams per deciliter. |
ููุท ูุชุฐููุฑุ ูุณุจุฉ ุงูุบููููุฒ ุงูุนุงุฏูุฉุ ูู ุตูุฑุฉ ุนุฏู
ุฅุตุงุจุชู ุจู
ุฑุถ ุงูุณูุฑู ุญูุงูู 90. | Just as a reminder, you walk around normally, if you're not diabetic, with a glucose of around 90. |
ูุนูุฏู
ุง ุชุดูุฏ ุงุฑุชูุงุนุง ูุชุตู ุญูุงูู 120ุ 125ุ ุณูุจุฏุฃ ุทุจูุจู ุจุงูุชูููุฑ ูู ุงูููุงู
ุจุชุดุฎูุต ูุงุญุชู
ุงู ุฅุตุงุจุชู ุจุงูุณูุฑู. | And if it gets up to 120, 125, your doctor begins to think about a potential diagnosis of diabetes. |
ูุฐุง ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุจูุณุจุฉ 20 -- ู
ุคุดูุฑ ุฌููุฏ. | So a 20 bump -- pretty significant. |
ููุชุ "ูููุ ูุฐุง ุฌูุฏ ุญูุง. | I said, "Nick, this is very cool. |
ูููู ุฃูุง ุขุณูุ ููุญู ูุง ูู
ูู ุฏูููุง ุนูู ูุฑูุ ููุคูุงุก ููุท 10 ุฃุดุฎุงุต - ูุฐุง ูุง ููุนูู - ูุฐุง ุงูุนุฏุฏ ู
ู ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ูุง ูููู." | But, I'm sorry, we still don't have a paper, because this is 10 patients and -- give me a break -- it's not enough patients." |
ุฅุฐุง ูููุงุ ู
ุง ุงูุฐู ูู
ูููุง ุฃู ูููู
ุจูุ | So we said, what can we do? |
ุซู
ูุฑุฑูุง ุจุฃู ูุชุตู ุจุฃุตุฏูุงุกูุง ุจุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ูุงุฑูุฑุฏ ููุงูุฏุฑุจููุชุ ุงูุฐูู -ุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ูุงุฑูุฑุฏ ูู ุจูุณุทูุ ููุงูุฏุฑุจููุช ูู ูุงุดูููุ ูุฏููู
ุฃูุถุง ุณุฌูุงุช ุทุจููุฉ ุงููุชุฑูููุฉ ู
ู
ุงุซูุฉ ูุชูู ุงูุชู ูุฏููุง. | And we said, let's call our friends at Harvard and Vanderbilt, who also -- Harvard in Boston, Vanderbilt in Nashville, who also have electronic medical records similar to ours. |
ูููุฑ ู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุจุฅู
ูุงููู
ุฅูุฌุงุฏ ู
ุฑุถู ูุดุจููู ู
ุฑุถุงูุงุ ูุชูุงูููู ุงูููุน ุงูุฃูู ูุงูููุน ุงูุซุงููุ ุจูุณุจุฉ ุบููููุฒ ูู ุงูู
ุณุชูู ุงูุฐู ูุญุชุงุฌู. | Let's see if they can find similar patients with the one P, the other P, the glucose measurements in that range that we need. |
ุดูุฑุง ูู
ุฌููุฏุงุชูู
ุ ูู ุบุถูู ุฃุณุจูุน ุชู
ู ุฅูุฌุงุฏ40 ู
ุฑูุถุง ุจุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ูุงูุฏุฑุจูููุชุ ููุณ ุงูุญุงูุฉ. | God bless them, Vanderbilt in one week found 40 such patients, same trend. |
ู100 ู
ุฑูุถุง ุจุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ูุงุฑูุฑุฏุ ููุณ ุงูุญุงูุฉ. | Harvard found 100 patients, same trend. |
ูุฐุง ูู ุงูููุงูุฉุ ุญุตููุง ุนูู 150 ู
ุฑูุถุง ู
ู ุซูุงุซุฉ ู
ุฑุงูุฒ ุทุจูุฉ ู
ุชููุนุฉ ุฃุฎุจุฑููุง ุจุฃู ูุคูุงุก ุงูู
ุฑุถู ูุชูุงูููู ูุฐูู ุงูููุนูู ู
ู ุงูุฏูุงุก ููุดูุฏูู ุงุฑุชูุงุนุง ู
ูุญูุธุง ูู ูุณุจุฉ ุงูุบููููุฒ. | So at the end, we had 150 patients from three diverse medical centers that were telling us that patients getting these two drugs were having their glucose bump somewhat significantly. |
ูุงูู
ุซูุฑ ููุงูุชู
ุงู
ุ ูู
ููุชู
ุจู
ุฑุถู ุงูุณูุฑูุ ููู
ูุดูุฏูู ุชุบูุฑุง ูู ูุณุจุฉ ุงูุบููููุฒ. | More interestingly, we had left out diabetics, because diabetics already have messed up glucose. |
ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชู
ุนูุง ูู ูุณุจุฉ ุงูุบููููุฒ ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ูู
ุฑุถู ุงูุณูุฑูุ ูุงูุช ุงููุณุจุฉ ู
ุฑุชูุนุฉ ุจ60 ู
ูููุบุฑุงู
ููุฏูุณููุชุฑ ูููุณ ููุท 20. | When we looked at the glucose of diabetics, it was going up 60 milligrams per deciliter, not just 20. |
ููุฏ ูุงู ูุฐุง ุฃู
ุฑุง ู
ููู
ูุงุ "ููุจุบู ุฃู ูููู
ุจูุดุฑ ูุฐุง." | This was a big deal, and we said, "We've got to publish this." |
ูู
ูุง ุจุชูุฏูู
ุงูุฃูุฑุงู. | We submitted the paper. |
ูุงูุช ููููุง ุฃุฏูุฉ ููุจูุงูุงุชุ ุจูุงูุงุช ู
ู ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงูุฃุบุฐูุฉ ูุงูุฏูุงุกุ ู
ู ุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ุณุชุงูููุฑุฏุ ู
ู ุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ูุงูุฏุฑุจููุช ูุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ูุงุฑูุฑุฏ. | It was all data evidence, data from the FDA, data from Stanford, data from Vanderbilt, data from Harvard. |
ูู
ููู
ุจุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ูุงุญุฏุฉ ุญููููุฉ. | We had not done a single real experiment. |
ูููููุง ููุง ูุดุนุฑ ุจุงูุงุถุทุฑุงุจ. | But we were nervous. |
ุจููู
ุง ูุงู ูุชู
ู
ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ ูุซุงุฆู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุฐูุจ ููู ุฅูู ุงูู
ุฎุจุฑ. | So Nick, while the paper was in review, went to the lab. |
ูุฌุฏูุง ุดุฎุตุง ูุฏูู ู
ุนุฑูุฉ ุจุชุฌููุฒุงุช ุงูู
ุฎุจุฑ. | We found somebody who knew about lab stuff. |
ุฃูุง ูุง ุฃููู
ุจุฐูู. | I don't do that. |
ุฃูุชู
ุจุงูู
ุฑุถูุ ูููููู ูุง ุฃุณุชุนู
ู ุงูู
ุงุตุฉ ุงูู
ุฎุจุฑูุฉ. | I take care of patients, but I don't do pipettes. |
ุนูู
ููุง ููููุฉ ุฅุทุนุงู
ุงููุฆุฑุงู ุงูุฏูุงุก. | They taught us how to feed mice drugs. |
ุฃุฎุฐูุง ุงููุฆุฑุงู ููุฏู
ูุง ููุง ููุนุง ูุงุญุฏุง ู
ู ุงูุฏูุงุก "ุงูุจุงุฑููุณุชูู". | We took mice and we gave them one P, paroxetine. |
ูุจููู
ุง ูุฏู
ูุง ูููุฆุฑุงู ุงูุฃุฎุฑู ุงูุจุฑุงูุงุณุชุงุชูู. | We gave some other mice pravastatin. |
ุจููู
ุง ูุฏู
ูุง ูู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ุซุงูุซุฉ ู
ู ุงููุฆุฑุงู ููุง ุงูููุนูู. | And we gave a third group of mice both of them. |
ููุฏ ูุงุญุธูุง ุงุฑุชูุงุนุง ูู ูุณุจุฉ ุงูุบููููุฒ ุจู
ุนุฏู 20 ุฅูู 60 ู
ููุบุฑุงู
ููุฏุณููุชุฑ ุนูู ู
ุณุชูู ุงููุฆุฑุงู. | And lo and behold, glucose went up 20 to 60 milligrams per deciliter in the mice. |
ุชู
ูุจูู ูุซุงุฆู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงุณุชูุงุฏุง ุนูู ุงูุฃุฏูุฉ ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุชูุฉ ููุทุ ูููููุง ุฃุถููุง ู
ูุงุญุธุฉ ุตุบูุฑุฉ ูู ุงูุฃุณููุ ูุงุฆูููุ ุจุงูู
ูุงุณุจุฉุ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุนุทููุง ูุฐู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ุฅูู ุงููุฆุฑุงูุ ุณุชุฑุชูุน ูุณุจุฉ ุงูุบููููุฒ. | So the paper was accepted based on the informatics evidence alone, but we added a little note at the end, saying, oh by the way, if you give these to mice, it goes up. |
ูุงู ูุฐุง ุฑุงุฆุนุงุ ููุงู ู
ู ุงูู
ู
ูู ุฃู ุชูุชูู ุงููุตุฉ. | That was great, and the story could have ended there. |
ูููู ู
ุงุฒุงูุช 6 ุฏูุงุฆู ููุตู. | But I still have six and a half minutes. |
ุฅุฐุง ููุง ุฌุงูุณูู ููููุฑ ุญูู ูู ูุฐุงุ ููุง ุฃุชุฐูุฑ ู
ู ุฎู
ูู ูู ุฐููุ ูููู ุดุฎุต ู
ุง ูุงูุ "ุฃุชุณุงุกู ุนู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุงูู
ุฑุถู ุงูู
ุชูุงูููู ููุฐู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ููุนุงููู ู
ู ุฃุนุฑุงุถ ุฌุงูุจูุฉ ุฃู ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููุณุจุฉ ุงูุณูุฑ ูู ุงูุฏู
. | So we were sitting around thinking about all of this, and I don't remember who thought of it, but somebody said, "I wonder if patients who are taking these two drugs are noticing side effects of hyperglycemia. |
ุฑุจู
ุง. | They could and they should. |
ููู ูู
ูููุง ู
ุนุฑูุฉ ุฐููุ" | How would we ever determine that?" |
ูููุงุ ุญุณูุงุ ู
ุง ุงูุฐู ุณุชููู
ุจูุ | We said, well, what do you do? |
ุฃูุช ุชุชูุงูู ุฏูุงุกุ ุฏูุงุก ุฌุฏูุฏุง ุฃู ุงุซูููุ ูุชุดุนุฑ ุจุดุนูุฑ ุบุฑูุจ. | You're taking a medication, one new medication or two, and you get a funny feeling. |
ู
ุง ุงูุฐู ุณุชููู
ุจูุ | What do you do? |
ุณุชูุชุญ ู
ุญุฑู ุงูุจุญุซ "ุบูุบู" ูุชูุชุจ ุงุณู
ูุฐูู ุงูููุนูู ู
ู ุงูุฏูุงุก ุฃู ููุนุง ูุงุญุฏุง ููุทุ ูุชูุถูู "ุงูุฃุนุฑุงุถ ุงูุฌุงูุจูุฉ." | You go to Google and type in the two drugs you're taking or the one drug you're taking, and you type in "side effects." |
ู
ุง ุงูุฐู ุชูุนุงูู ู
ููุ | What are you experiencing? |
ูููุง ุจุฃููุง ู
ูุงููููุ ูููุณุฃู ู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุบูุบู ุณููุงูู ุนูู ู
ุฏูุง ุจุณุฌูุงุช ุงูุจุญุซุ ููู ูุณุชุทูุน ุงูุงุทูุงุน ุนูู ุงูุณุฌูุงุช ูููุชุดู ู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุงูู
ุฑุถู ูููู
ูู ุจูุฐุง ุงูููุน ู
ู ุงูุฃุจุญุงุซ. | So we said OK, let's ask Google if they will share their search logs with us, so that we can look at the search logs and see if patients are doing these kinds of searches. |
ูููู ููุฃุณู ุชู
ุฑูุถ ู
ุทูุจูุง. | Google, I am sorry to say, denied our request. |
ููุฏ ููุช ู
ูุชุฆุจุง. | So I was bummed. |
ููุช ุฃุชูุงูู ุงูุนุดุงุก ู
ุน ุฒู
ููู ุงูุฐู ูุนู
ู ุจู
ุฑูุฒ ุฃุจุญุงุซ ู
ุงููุฑูุณููุช ูููุชุ "ููุฏ ุฃุฑุฏูุง ุงูููุงู
ุจูุฐู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุฉุ ูููู ุบูุบู ุฑูุถ ุฐููุ ูุฐู ู
ุดููุฉ ููุนุง ู
ุง." | I was at a dinner with a colleague who works at Microsoft Research and I said, "We wanted to do this study, Google said no, it's kind of a bummer." |
ูุงูุ "ุญุณูุงุ ูุฏููุง ุณุฌูุงุช ุงูุจุญุซ "ูุจูุฌ". | He said, "Well, we have the Bing searches." |
ูุนู
. | Yeah. |
ูุฐุง ุฑุงุฆุน. | That's great. |
ุงูุขู ุดุนุฑุช ูู
ุง ูู ุฃููู -- ุงูุขู ุดุนุฑุช ูู
ุง ูู ุฃููู ุฃุชุญุฏุซ ุฅูู ููู ู
ุฌุฏุฏุง. | Now I felt like I was -- I felt like I was talking to Nick again. |
ูู ูุนู
ู ูู ุฅุญุฏ ุฃูุจุฑ ุงูุดุฑูุงุช ูู ุงูุนุงูู
. ูุฃูุง ุงูุขู ุฃุญุงูู ุฃู ุฃุฌุนูู ูุดุนุฑ ุจุดุนูุฑ ุฃูุถู. | He works for one of the largest companies in the world, and I'm already trying to make him feel better. |
ููููู ูุงู ููุ "ูุงุ ุฑูุณ-- ุฑุจู
ุง ูู
ุชููู
. | But he said, "No, Russ -- you might not understand. |
ููุณ ูุฏููุง ุณุฌูุงุช ุงูุจุญุซ ูุจูุฌ ููุทุ ูููู ุฅู ุงุณุชุนู
ูุช ู
ุชุตูุญ ุฃูุณุจููุฑุฑ ููููุงู
ุจุจุญูุซ ุนูู ุบูุบูุ ูุงูู ุฃู ุจูุฌ ุฃู ุฃู ู
ุญุฑู ุขุฎุฑ... | We not only have Bing searches, but if you use Internet Explorer to do searches at Google, Yahoo, Bing, any ... |
ููุญูุ ูุญุชูุธ ุจุชูู ุงูุจูุงูุงุช ูู
ุฏุฉ 18 ุดูุฑุง ูุฃุบุฑุงุถ ุจุญุซูุฉ ููุท." | Then, for 18 months, we keep that data for research purposes only." |
ูููุช ููุ "ูุงูุขู ุชูุฎุจุฑูู ุจุฐููุ" | I said, "Now you're talking!" |
ูุงู ุฐูู ุตุฏููู ุฃุฑูู ูุฑููุชุฒุ ุตุฏููู ุจู
ุงููุฑุณููุช. | This was Eric Horvitz, my friend at Microsoft. |
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