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4,600 | AR6_WGII | 953 | 27 | Evidence from both richer countries and the Global South reveals that conventional zoning is more effective when governance systems facilitate the implementation of land use policies for climate adaptation that preclude negative human-nature interactions and that curb spatial inequity, both of which can trigger climate gentrification and increase the vulnerability of economically disadvantaged groups to climate-related risk | high | 2 | train |
4,601 | AR6_WGII | 953 | 31 | Adaptation actions through zoning and land use are more effective when combined with other planning measures | high | 2 | train |
4,602 | AR6_WGII | 975 | 13 | Local government reform at different levels can improve local adaptation, whether this is by strengthening specific teams or building cross-departmental linkages | high | 2 | train |
4,603 | AR6_WGII | 975 | 21 | Multi-level governance measures that support local governments can foster robust adaptation approaches and address risks and vulnerabilities across scales | high | 2 | train |
4,604 | AR6_WGII | 975 | 22 | Effective action by local government requires national government’s support | medium | 1 | train |
4,605 | AR6_WGII | 975 | 27 | National urban adaptation directives can influence municipal governments’ action and planning, but evidence suggests that national policy alone is not sufficient to deliver action on the ground without understanding local conditions | high | 2 | train |
4,606 | AR6_WGII | 975 | 31 | Adaptation actions, even where financed effectively, do not always deliver positive outcomes | high | 2 | train |
4,607 | AR6_WGII | 976 | 8 | Individual coping strategies are generally ineffective in reducing extreme risks and they rarely address the underlying structural causes of vulnerability | high | 2 | train |
4,608 | AR6_WGII | 976 | 10 | However, individual coping strategies can provide foundations for the implementation of collaborative action in communities, building on people’s experiences, in ways which may have a longer-term, durable impact on developing resilience | high | 2 | train |
4,609 | AR6_WGII | 976 | 25 | Corporate, private sector interventions in urban risk reduction more broadly remain limited, with a mix of public and private responsibility for planning, implementing and maintaining adaptations in the built environment, and yet limited engagement of private sector actors in providing healthcare measures for heat prevention | medium | 1 | train |
4,610 | AR6_WGII | 977 | 32 | Local authorities are an important enabling actor that can guide the private sector and communities to take responsibility for creating policy and regulatory environments that encourage private sector participation aligned with the SDGs’ equity and ecological sustainability principles | high | 2 | train |
4,611 | AR6_WGII | 982 | 17 | The integration of climate adaptation in local policies in cities and settlements has often been seen as maintaining business-as-usual and not always aligned with transformative efforts to address structural drivers of vulnerability | high | 2 | test |
4,612 | AR6_WGII | 989 | 17 | Access to private finance can support infrastructure development through private provisioning, public–private partnerships (PPP) and public debt arrangements | high | 2 | train |
4,613 | AR6_WGII | 999 | 15 | Urbanisation: A Megatrend Driving Global Climate Risk and Potential for Low-Carbon and Resilient Futures Severe weather events, exacerbated by anthropogenic emissions, are already having devastating impacts on people who live in urban areas, and on the infrastructure that supports these communities and those of many other distant places | high | 2 | train |
4,614 | AR6_WGII | 1,000 | 1 | Urban settlements are drivers of climate change, generating about 70% of global CO 2-eq emissions | high | 2 | train |
4,615 | AR6_WGII | 1,000 | 6 | As urbanisation unfolds, its legacy continues to be the locking in of emissions and vulnerabilities | high | 2 | train |
4,616 | AR6_WGII | 1,001 | 9 | Enabling Action Innovative governance and finance solutions are required to manage complex and interconnected risks across essential key infrastructures, networks and services and meet basic human needs in urban areas | medium | 1 | train |
4,617 | AR6_WGII | 1,001 | 14 | Increasing investment at pace will put pressure on governance capability and transparency and accountability of decision making | medium | 1 | train |
4,618 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 1 | Climate hazards are a growing driver of involuntary migration and displacement (high confidence) and are a contributing factor to violent conflict | high | 2 | train |
4,619 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 2 | These impacts are often inter-connected, are unevenly distributed across and within societies, and will continue to be experienced inequitably due to differences in exposure and vulnerability | very high | 3 | train |
4,620 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 3 | Cascading and compounding risks affecting health due to extreme weather events have been observed in all inhabited regions, and risks are expected to increase with further warming | very high | 3 | train |
4,621 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 4 | Since AR5, new evidence and awareness of current impacts and projected risks of climate change on health, well-being, migration and conflict have emerged, including greater evidence of the detrimental impacts of climate change on mental health | very high | 3 | train |
4,622 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 5 | New international agreements were reached on climate change (Paris Agreement), disaster risk reduction (DRR) (Sendai Agreement), sustainable development (the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)), urbanisation (The New Urban Agenda), migration (Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration) and refugees (Global Compact on Refugees) that, if achieved, would reduce the impacts of climate change on health, well-being, migration and conflict | very high | 3 | train |
4,623 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 6 | However, the challenges with implementing these agreements are highlighted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which exposed systemic weaknesses at community, national and international levels in the ability of societies to anticipate and respond to global risks | high | 2 | train |
4,624 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 7 | Incremental changes in policies and strategies have proven insufficient to reduce climate-related risks to health, well-being, migration and conflict, highlighting the value of more integrated approaches and frameworks for solutions across systems and sectors that are embodied in these new international agreements | high | 2 | train |
4,625 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 8 | With proactive, timely and effective adaptation, many risks for human health and well-being could be reduced and some potentially avoided | very high | 3 | train |
4,626 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 9 | A significant adaptation gap exists for human health and well-being and for responses to disaster risks | very high | 3 | train |
4,627 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 11 | National planning on health and climate change is advancing, but the comprehensiveness of strategies and plans need to be strengthened, and implementing action on key health and climate change priorities remains challenging | high | 2 | train |
4,628 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 14 | For a given evidence and agreement statement, different confidence levels can be assigned, but increasing levels of evidence and degrees of agreement are correlated with increasing confidence.adaptation is only 0.5% of dispersed multi-lateral climate finance projects | high | 2 | train |
4,629 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 15 | This level of investment is insufficient to protect population health and health systems from most climate- sensitive health risks | very high | 3 | train |
4,630 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 16 | Climate resilient development has a strong potential to generate substantial co-benefits for health and well-being and to reduce risks of involuntary displacement and conflict | very high | 3 | train |
4,631 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 17 | Sustainable and climate resilient development that decreases exposure, vulnerability and societal inequity and that increases timely and effective adaptation and mitigation more broadly, has the potential to reduce but not necessarily eliminate climate change impacts on health, well-being, involuntary migration and conflict | high | 2 | train |
4,632 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 18 | This development includes greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions through clean energy and transport; climate-resilient urban planning; sustainable food systems that lead to healthier diets; universal access to healthcare and social protection systems; wide-scale, proactive adaptive capacity building for climate change; and achievement of the SDGs | very high | 3 | train |
4,633 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 20 | The net global financial gains from these co-benefits to health and well- being, including avoided hospitalisations, morbidity and premature deaths, exceed the financial costs of mitigation | high | 2 | train |
4,634 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 21 | As an example of co-benefits, the financial value of health benefits from improved air quality alone is projected to be greater than the costs of meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement | high | 2 | train |
4,635 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 22 | All pathways to climate resilient development, including those for the health and healthcare systems, involve balancing complex synergies and trade-offs between development pathways and the options that underpin climate mitigation and adaptation pathways | very high | 3 | train |
4,636 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 23 | Key transformations are needed to facilitate climate resilient development pathways (CRDPs) for health, well- being, migration and conflict avoidance | high | 2 | test |
4,637 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 24 | The transformational changes will be more effective if they are responsive to regional, local and Indigenous knowledge and consider the many dimensions of vulnerability, including those that are gender- and age-specific | high | 2 | train |
4,638 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 25 | A key pathway towards climate resilience in the health sector is universal access to primary healthcare, including mental healthcare | high | 2 | train |
4,639 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 26 | Investments in other sectors and systems that improve upon the social determinants of health have the potential to reduce vulnerability to climate-related health risks | high | 2 | train |
4,640 | AR6_WGII | 1,055 | 27 | Links between climate risks, adaptation, migration and labour markets highlight the value of providing better mobility options as part of transformative change | medium | 1 | train |
4,641 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 1 | Observed Impacts Climate hazards are increasingly contributing to a growing number of adverse health outcomes (including communicable and non-communicable diseases (NCDs)) in multiple geographical areas | very high | 3 | train |
4,642 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 2 | The net impacts are largely negative at all scales (very high confidence), and there are very few examples of beneficial outcomes from climate change at any scale | high | 2 | train |
4,643 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 3 | While malaria incidence has declined globally due to non- climatic socioeconomic factors and health system responses, a shift to higher altitudes has been observed as the climate warms | very high | 3 | train |
4,644 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 4 | Climate variability and change (including temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) and population mobility are significantly and positively associated with observed increases in dengue globally; chikungunya virus in Asia, Latin America, North America and Europe (high confidence); Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis in North America (high confidence); and Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis vector Ixodes ricinus in Europe | medium | 1 | train |
4,645 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 5 | Higher temperatures (very high confidence), heavy rainfall events (high confidence) and flooding (medium confidence) are associated with an increase of diarrhoeal diseases in affected regions, including cholera (very high confidence), other gastrointestinal infections (high confidence) and food-borne diseases due to Salmonella and Campylobacter | medium | 1 | train |
4,646 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 6 | Floods have led to increases in vector- and waterborne diseases and to disturbances of public health services | high | 2 | train |
4,647 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 7 | Climate extremes increase the risks of several types of respiratory tract infections | high | 2 | train |
4,648 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 8 | Climate-related extreme events such as wildfires, storms and floods are followed by increased rates of mental illness in exposed populations | very high | 3 | train |
4,649 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 9 | Several chronic, non-communicable respiratory diseases are climate-sensitive based on their exposure pathways (e.g., heat, cold, dust, small particulates, ozone, fire smoke and allergens) | high | 2 | train |
4,650 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 10 | Worldwide, rates of adverse health impacts associated with small particulate matter (PM) exposure have decreased steadily due to decreasing primary emissions (very high confidence), while rates of adverse health impacts from ozone air pollution exposure have increased | very high | 3 | train |
4,651 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 11 | Exposure to wildland fires and associated smoke has increased in several regions | very high | 3 | train |
4,652 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 12 | Spring pollen season start dates in northern mid-latitudes are occurring earlier due to climate change, increasing the risks of allergic respiratory diseases | high | 2 | train |
4,653 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 13 | Heat is a growing health risk due to burgeoning urbanisation, an increase in high temperature extremes and demographic changes in countries with aging populations | very high | 3 | train |
4,654 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 14 | Potential hours of work lost due to heat has increased significantly over the past two decades | high | 2 | train |
4,655 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 15 | Some regions are already experiencing heat stress conditions at or approaching the upper limits of labour productivity | high | 2 | train |
4,656 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 16 | A significant proportion of warm-season heat-related mortality in temperate regions is linked to observed anthropogenic climate change | medium | 1 | train |
4,657 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 17 | For some heatwave events over the last two decades, associated health impacts can be at least partially attributed to observed climate change | high | 2 | train |
4,658 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 18 | Extreme heat has negative impacts on mental health, well-being, life satisfaction, happiness, cognitive performance and aggression | medium | 1 | train |
4,659 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 19 | Climate variability and change contribute to food insecurity, which can lead to malnutrition, including undernutrition, overweight and obesity, and to disease susceptibility in low- and middle-income countries | high | 2 | train |
4,660 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 20 | Populations exposed to extreme weather and climate events may consume inadequate or insufficient food, leading to malnutrition and increasing the risk of disease | high | 2 | train |
4,661 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 21 | Children and pregnant women experience disproportionately greater adverse nutrition and health impacts | high | 2 | train |
4,662 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 22 | Climatic influences on nutrition are strongly mediated by socioeconomic factors | very high | 3 | train |
4,663 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 23 | Extreme climate events act as both direct drivers (e.g., destruction of homes by tropical cyclones) and as indirect drivers (e.g., rural income losses during prolonged droughts) of involuntary migration and displacement | very high | 3 | train |
4,664 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 24 | Most documented examples of climate-related displacement occur within national boundaries, with international movements occurring primarily within regions, particularly between countries with contiguous borders | high | 2 | train |
4,665 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 25 | Global statistics collected since 2008 by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) show an annual average of over 20 million people internally displaced by weather-related extreme events, with storms and floods the most common drivers | high | 2 | train |
4,666 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 26 | The largest absolute number of people displaced by extreme weather each year occurs in Asia (South, Southeast and East), followed by sub-Saharan Africa, but small island states in the Caribbean and South Pacific are disproportionately affected relative to their small population size | high | 2 | train |
4,667 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 27 | Immobility in the context of climate risks can reflect vulnerability and lack of agency but can also be a deliberate choice of people to maintain livelihoods, economic considerations and social and cultural attachments to place | high | 2 | train |
4,668 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 28 | Climate hazards have affected armed conflict within countries (medium confidence), but the influence of climate is small compared to socioeconomic, political and cultural factors | high | 2 | train |
4,669 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 29 | Climate increases conflict risk by undermining food and water security, income and livelihoods in situations where there are large populations, weather-sensitive economic activities, weak institutions and high levels of poverty and inequality | high | 2 | train |
4,670 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 30 | In urban areas, food and water insecurity and inequitable access to services has been associated with civil unrest where there are weak institutions | medium | 1 | train |
4,671 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 31 | Climate hazards are associated with increased violence against women, girls and vulnerable groups, and the experience of armed conflict is gendered | medium | 1 | train |
4,672 | AR6_WGII | 1,056 | 32 | Adaptation and mitigation projects implemented without consideration of local social dynamics have exacerbated non-violent conflict | medium | 1 | train |
4,673 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 1 | An excess of 250,000 deaths yr–1 by 2050 attributable to climate change is projected due to heat, undernutrition, malaria and diarrhoeal disease, with more than half of this excess mortality projected for Africa (compared to a 1961–1991 baseline period for a mid-range emissions scenario) | high | 2 | train |
4,674 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 5 | Climate change is projected to significantly increase population exposure to heatwaves (very high confidence) and heat-related morbidity and mortality | high | 2 | train |
4,675 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 7 | Globally, the impact of projected climate change on temperature-related mortality is expected to be a net increase under RCP4.5 to RCP8.5, even with adaptation | high | 2 | train |
4,676 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 8 | Heat related cardiovascular disease mortality is projected to increase by the end of this century | high | 2 | train |
4,677 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 9 | Strong geographical differences in heat-related mortality are projected to emerge later this century, mainly driven by population growth and aging in regions with tropical and subtropical climates | very high | 3 | train |
4,678 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 10 | The burdens of several climate-sensitive food-borne, waterborne, and vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are projected to increase under climate change, assuming no additional adaptation | very high | 3 | train |
4,679 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 11 | The distribution and intensity of transmission of malaria is expected to decrease in some areas and increase in others, with increases projected mainly along the current edges of its geographic distribution in endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and South America | high | 2 | train |
4,680 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 12 | Dengue risk will increase, with a larger spatio-temporal distribution in Asia, Europe and sub-Saharan Africa under RCP6.0 and RCP8.5, potentially putting another 2.25 billion people at risk | high | 2 | train |
4,681 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 13 | Higher incidence rates are projected for Lyme disease in the Northern Hemisphere (high confidence) and for transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in eastern Africa | high | 2 | train |
4,682 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 14 | Increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and climate change are projected to increase diet-related risk factors and related non-communicable diseasess globally and increase undernutrition, stunting and related childhood mortality particularly in Africa and Asia, with outcomes depending on the extent of mitigation and adaptation | high | 2 | train |
4,683 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 15 | These projected changes are expected to slow progress towards eradication of child undernutrition and malnutrition | high | 2 | train |
4,684 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 16 | Higher atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide reduce the nutritional quality of wheat, rice and other major crops, potentially affecting millions of people at a doubling of carbon dioxide (very high confidence) {7.3.1}.Climate change is expected to have adverse impacts on well-being and to further threaten mental health | very high | 3 | train |
4,685 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 18 | Mental health impacts are expected to arise from exposure to high temperatures, extreme weather events, displacement, malnutrition, conflict, climate-related economic and social losses, and anxiety and distress associated with worry about climate change | very high | 3 | train |
4,686 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 19 | Future climate-related migration is expected to vary by region and over time, according to future climatic drivers, patterns of population growth, adaptive capacity of exposed populations and international development and migration policies | high | 2 | train |
4,687 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 20 | The wide range of potential outcomes is reflected in model projections of population displacements by 2050 in Latin America, sub- Saharan Africa and south Asia due to climate change, which vary from 31 million to 143 million people, depending on assumptions about future GHG emissions and socioeconomic development trajectories | high | 2 | train |
4,688 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 21 | With every additional one degree Celsius of warming, the global risks of involuntary displacement due to flood events are projected to rise by approximately 50% | high | 2 | train |
4,689 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 22 | High emissions/low development scenarios raise the potential for higher levels of migration and involuntary displacement (high confidence) and increase the need for planned relocations and support for people exposed to climate extremes but lacking the means to move | high | 2 | train |
4,690 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 23 | Climate change may increase susceptibility to violent conflict, primarily intra-state conflicts, by strengthening climate-sensitive drivers of conflict | medium | 1 | train |
4,691 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 24 | Future violent conflict risk is highly mediated by socioeconomic development trajectories (high confidence) and so trajectories that prioritise economic growth, political rights and sustainability are associated with lower conflict risk | medium | 1 | train |
4,692 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 25 | Future climate change may exceed adaptation limits and generate new causal pathways not observed under current climate variability | medium | 1 | train |
4,693 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 26 | Economic shocks are not included in many models of conflict risks currently used, and some projections do not incorporate known socioeconomic predictors of conflict | medium | 1 | train |
4,694 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 27 | As such, future increases in conflict- related deaths with climate change have been estimated, but results are inconclusive | medium | 1 | train |
4,695 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 28 | Solutions Since AR5, the value of cross-sectoral collaboration to advance sustainable development has been more widely recognised, but despite acknowledgement of the importance of health adaptation as a key component, action has been slow | high | 2 | train |
4,696 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 29 | Building climate-resilient health systems will require multi-sectoral, multi-system and collaborative efforts at all governance scales | very high | 3 | test |
4,697 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 30 | Globally, health systems are poorly resourced in general, and their capacity to respond to climate change is weak, with mental health support being particularly inadequate | very high | 3 | train |
4,698 | AR6_WGII | 1,057 | 31 | The health sectors of some countries have focused on implementing incremental changes to policies and measures to fill the adaptation gap | very high | 3 | train |
4,699 | AR6_WGII | 1,058 | 1 | This highlights an urgent and immediate need to address the wider interactions between environmental change, socioeconomic development and human health and well-being | high | 2 | train |
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