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4,800 | AR6_WGII | 1,103 | 4 | Whether adaptation is considered or not, the consensus is Central and South America, southern Europe, southern and Southeast Asia and Africa will be the most affected by climate change in terms of heat-related mortality | high | 2 | train |
4,801 | AR6_WGII | 1,103 | 5 | Similarly, projections of the impacts of future heat on occupational health, worker productivity and workability point to these regions as problematic under climate change | high | 2 | train |
4,802 | AR6_WGII | 1,103 | 6 | This accords with the findings from independent projections of population heat exposure as outlined above | high | 2 | train |
4,803 | AR6_WGII | 1,103 | 7 | The effect of climate change on productivity is projected to reduce GDP at a range of geographical scales | high | 2 | train |
4,804 | AR6_WGII | 1,103 | 12 | Future increases in heat-related deaths are expected to outweigh those related to cold | high | 2 | train |
4,805 | AR6_WGII | 1,103 | 16 | Heat risks are expected to be greater in urban areas due to changes in regional heat exacerbated by ‘heat island’ effects | high | 2 | train |
4,806 | AR6_WGII | 1,103 | 25 | There is a high likelihood that climate change will contribute to increased distributional range and vectorial capacity of malaria vectors in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and South America | high | 2 | train |
4,807 | AR6_WGII | 1,104 | 3 | Malaria infections have significant potential to increase in parts of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, with risk varying according to the warming scenario | medium | 1 | train |
4,808 | AR6_WGII | 1,105 | 4 | Rising temperatures are likely to cause poleward shifts and overall expansion in the distribution of mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, the principal vectors of dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika | high | 2 | train |
4,809 | AR6_WGII | 1,105 | 10 | Climate change is expected to increase dengue risk and facilitate its global spread, with the risk being greatest under high emissions scenarios | high | 2 | train |
4,810 | AR6_WGII | 1,105 | 19 | Zika virus transmits under different temperature optimums than does dengue, suggesting environmental suitability for Zika transmission could expand with future warming | low | 0 | train |
4,811 | AR6_WGII | 1,105 | 20 | Climate change can be expected to continue to contribute to the geographical spread of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis (high confidence) and the spread of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease vector Ixodes ricinus in Europe | medium | 1 | train |
4,812 | AR6_WGII | 1,105 | 24 | Climate change is projected to increase the incidence of Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis in the Northern Hemisphere | high | 2 | train |
4,813 | AR6_WGII | 1,105 | 27 | Climate change is projected to change the distribution of schistosomiasis in Africa and Asia (high confidence), with a possible increase in global land area suitable for transmission | medium | 1 | train |
4,814 | AR6_WGII | 1,106 | 7 | Climate change is expected to increase future health risks associated with a range of other WBDs and parasites, with effects varying by region | medium | 1 | train |
4,815 | AR6_WGII | 1,106 | 12 | The risk of Campylobacteriosis and other enteric pathogens could rise in regions where heavy precipitation events or flooding are projected to increase | medium | 1 | train |
4,816 | AR6_WGII | 1,106 | 21 | Demographic trends in aging and more vulnerable population are likely to be important determinants of future air quality—a human health climate penalty | high | 2 | train |
4,817 | AR6_WGII | 1,107 | 1 | Projections indicate that emission reduction scenarios consistent with stabilisation of global temperature change at 2°C or below would yield substantial co-benefits for air quality-related health outcomes (Chowdhury et al., 2018b; von Schneidemesser et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2016c; Markandya et al., 2018; Orru et al., 2019; Shindell et al., 2018) | high | 2 | train |
4,818 | AR6_WGII | 1,107 | 21 | The burden of disease associated with aeroallergens is anticipated to grow due to climate change | high | 2 | train |
4,819 | AR6_WGII | 1,109 | 4 | The nutritional density, including protein content, micronutrients and B-vitamins, of wheat, rice, barley and other important food crops is negatively affected by higher CO 2 concentrations | very high | 3 | train |
4,820 | AR6_WGII | 1,109 | 15 | Climate change impacts on oceans could generate increased risks of ciguatera poisoning in some regions | medium | 1 | train |
4,821 | AR6_WGII | 1,109 | 26 | However, changes (Hayes and Poland, 2018) in extreme events due to climate change, including floods (Baryshnikova, 2019), droughts (Carleton, 2017) and hurricanes (Kessler et al., 2008; Boscarino et al., 2013, Boscarino et al., 2017; Obradovich et al., 2018), which are projected to increase due to climate change, directly worsen mental health and well-being and increase anxiety | high | 2 | train |
4,822 | AR6_WGII | 1,110 | 2 | Human behaviours and systems will be disrupted by climate change in a myriad of ways, and the potential consequences for mental health and well-being are correspondingly large in number and complex in mechanism | high | 2 | train |
4,823 | AR6_WGII | 1,110 | 7 | Broad societal outcomes such as economic unrest, political conflict or governmental dysfunction assessed in Section 7.3.5 may undermine the mental health of populations in the future | medium | 1 | train |
4,824 | AR6_WGII | 1,110 | 13 | The most common drivers of observed climate- related migration and displacement are extreme storms (particularly tropical cyclones), floods and droughts | high | 2 | test |
4,825 | AR6_WGII | 1,110 | 16 | In low-lying coastal areas of most regions, future increases in mean sea levels will amplify the impacts of coastal hazards on settlements, including erosion, inland penetration of storm surges and groundwater contamination by salt water, and eventually lead to inundation of very low-lying coastal settlements | high | 2 | train |
4,826 | AR6_WGII | 1,112 | 10 | Recent evidence adds further support for such conclusions | high | 2 | train |
4,827 | AR6_WGII | 1,113 | 5 | Future violent conflict risk is highly mediated by socioeconomic development trajectories | high | 2 | train |
4,828 | AR6_WGII | 1,114 | 6 | As documented across this chapter, there is a large adaptation deficit for health and well-being, with climate change causing avoidable injuries, illnesses, disabilities, diseases and deaths | high | 2 | train |
4,829 | AR6_WGII | 1,114 | 8 | Current global investments in health adaptation are insufficient to protect the health of populations and communities | high | 2 | train |
4,830 | AR6_WGII | 1,114 | 15 | There is increased understanding of exposure and vulnerabilities to climate variability and change, the capacities to manage the health risks, the effectiveness of adaptation (including a growing number of lessons learned and best practices), and the co- benefits of mitigation policies and technologies | high | 2 | train |
4,831 | AR6_WGII | 1,114 | 16 | Effectively preparing for and managing the health risks of climate change requires considering the multiple interacting sectors that affect population health and the effective functioning of health systems | high | 2 | train |
4,832 | AR6_WGII | 1,114 | 25 | Effective health risk management incorporates the magnitude and pattern of future climate risks as well as potential changes in factors that determine vulnerability and exposure to climate hazards, such as determinants of healthcare access, demographic shifts, urbanisation patterns and changes in ecosystems | very high | 3 | train |
4,833 | AR6_WGII | 1,116 | 13 | Increased investment in strengthening general health systems, along with targeted investments to enhance protection against specific climate-sensitive exposures (e.g., hazard early warning and response systems and integrated vector control programmes for VBDs) will increase resilience if implemented to at least keep pace with climate change | high | 2 | train |
4,834 | AR6_WGII | 1,116 | 14 | Investments to address the social determinants of health can reduce inequities and increase resilience | high | 2 | train |
4,835 | AR6_WGII | 1,118 | 2 | Vulnerability, adaptation and capacity assessments include consideration of the feasibility and effectiveness of priority health adaptation options and can help decision makers identify strategies for enhancing adaptation feasibility in specific contexts.7.4.2.3 Adaptation Options for Vector-borne, Water-borne and Food-Borne Diseases Integrated vector control approaches are crucial to effectively manage the geographic spread, distribution and transmission of VBDs associated with climate change | high | 2 | train |
4,836 | AR6_WGII | 1,119 | 6 | Adaptation options for climate-related risks for WBDs and FBDs are strongly associated with wider, multi-sectoral initiatives to improve sustainable development in low-income communities | high | 2 | train |
4,837 | AR6_WGII | 1,119 | 17 | While well-designed and operationalisable HAPs possess the potential to reduce the likelihood of mortality from extreme heat events | medium | 1 | train |
4,838 | AR6_WGII | 1,119 | 18 | Evaluations of heatwave early warning systems as a component within HAPs show inconsistent results in terms of their impact on predicting mortality rates (Nitschke et al., 2016; Benmarhnia et al., 2016; Heo et al., 2019a; Heo et al., 2019b; Ragettli and Roosli, 2019; Martinez et al., 2019; De’Donato et al., 2018; Weinberger et al., 2018b), indicating climate-based heat warning systems, which use a range of heat stress metrics (Schwingshackl et al., 2021), are not sufficient as a stand-alone approach to heat risk management | high | 2 | train |
4,839 | AR6_WGII | 1,119 | 19 | To support HAP and heat risk-related policy development, identification and mapping of heat vulnerability ‘hot spots’ within urban areas have been proposed (Chen et al., 2019; Hatvani-Kovacs et al., 2018) A multi-sectoral approach, including the engagement of a range of stakeholders will likely benefit the response to longer-term heat risks through the implementation of measures such as climate- sensitive urban design and planning that mitigates UHI effects | high | 2 | train |
4,840 | AR6_WGII | 1,121 | 13 | Adaptation actions include access to healthy, affordable diverse diets from sustainable food systems (high confidence); a combination of access to health— including maternal, child and reproductive health— and nutrition services, water and sanitation (high confidence); access to nutrition- sensitive and shock-responsive social protection (high confidence); and early warning systems (high agreement), risk sharing, transfer, and risk reduction schemes such as index-based weather insurance | medium | 1 | train |
4,841 | AR6_WGII | 1,121 | 14 | Common enablers across adaptation actions that enhance the effectiveness and feasibility of the adaptation include: education, women’s and girls’ empowerment (high confidence), rights-based governance and peacebuilding social cohesion initiatives such as the framework of the Humanitarian Development and Peace Nexus | medium | 1 | train |
4,842 | AR6_WGII | 1,121 | 15 | Nutrition-sensitive and integrated agroecological farming systems offer opportunities to increase dietary diversity at household levels while building local resilience to climate-related food insecurity | high | 2 | train |
4,843 | AR6_WGII | 1,124 | 3 | Because mental health is fundamentally inter-twined with social and economic well-being, adaptation for climate-related mental health risks benefits from wider multi-sectoral initiatives to enhance well- being, with the potential for co-benefits to emerge | high | 2 | train |
4,844 | AR6_WGII | 1,124 | 7 | Adaptive urban design that provides access to healthy natural spaces—an option for reducing risks associated with heat stress—also promotes social cohesion and mitigates mental health challenges | high | 2 | train |
4,845 | AR6_WGII | 1,124 | 13 | An effective early warning system for malaria was implemented in the Amhara region of Ethiopia (Merkord et al., 2017).Early warning systems are effective at detecting and potentially reducing food security and nutrition risks | high | 2 | train |
4,846 | AR6_WGII | 1,124 | 16 | Financial investments to develop early warning systems are cost-effective and reduce human suffering (Choularton and Krishnamurthy, 2019) | high | 2 | train |
4,847 | AR6_WGII | 1,125 | 16 | No universal standardised approach exists for monitoring or evaluating adaptation activities in the health sector | high | 2 | train |
4,848 | AR6_WGII | 1,125 | 23 | Successful adaptation to the health impacts of climate change in Indigenous Peoples requires recognition of their rights to self-determination, focusing on indigenous conceptualisations of well-being, prioritising Indigenous knowledge and understanding the broader agenda of decolonisation, health and human rights | high | 2 | train |
4,849 | AR6_WGII | 1,126 | 8 | Climate resilient development pursued in these other sectors, and in cooperation with the health sector, simultaneously increases the potential for adaptation and climate resilience in terms of health and well-being | high | 2 | train |
4,850 | AR6_WGII | 1,127 | 6 | Efficacy beliefs, social norms and subjective resilience also affect adaptation behaviour | medium | 1 | train |
4,851 | AR6_WGII | 1,127 | 19 | Subsequent research indicates that the circumstances under which migration occurs and the degree of agency under which household migration decisions are made are important determinants of whether migration outcomes are successful in terms of advancing the well- being of the household and providing benefits to sending and receiving communities | high | 2 | train |
4,852 | AR6_WGII | 1,128 | 12 | Attitudes of residents in migrant-receiving areas with respect to climate-related migration warrant consideration when formulating adaptation policy | medium | 1 | train |
4,853 | AR6_WGII | 1,128 | 23 | Disruptive and expensive relocations of low-lying coastal settlements in many regions would become increasingly necessary in coming decades under high levels of warming | high | 2 | train |
4,854 | AR6_WGII | 1,129 | 16 | Formal institutional arrangements for natural resource management can contribute to transnational cooperation | high | 2 | train |
4,855 | AR6_WGII | 1,134 | 10 | Recognising that conflict results from underlying vulnerabilities, development that reduces vulnerability offers the best win-win option for building sustainable, climate- resilient peace rather than specific security-focused interventions | high | 2 | train |
4,856 | AR6_WGII | 1,135 | 1 | Given the overlap in sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and co-pollutants in energy systems, strategies that pursue GHG emission reductions and improvements in energy efficiency hold significant potential health co-benefits through air pollution emission reductions | high | 2 | train |
4,857 | AR6_WGII | 1,135 | 10 | Transitioning to affordable clean energy sources for all presents opportunities for substantial well-being, health, and equity co-benefits | high | 2 | train |
4,858 | AR6_WGII | 1,135 | 17 | Transformative approaches that reduce climate-related risks and deliver enhanced social inclusion and development opportunities for the urban poor are most likely where local governments act in partnership with local communities and other civil society actors | high | 2 | train |
4,859 | AR6_WGII | 1,135 | 19 | Multi-level leadership, institutional capacity and financial resources to support inclusive adaptation in the context of multiple pressures and inter-connected risks can help ensure that the additional 2.5 billion people projected to live in urban areas by 2050 are less exposed to climate-related hazards and contribute less to global warming | high | 2 | train |
4,860 | AR6_WGII | 1,135 | 22 | Stimulating active mobility (walking and bicycling) can bring physical and mental health benefits | high | 2 | train |
4,861 | AR6_WGII | 1,136 | 2 | Urban green and blue spaces contribute to climate change adaptation and mitigation and improve physical and mental health and well-being | high | 2 | train |
4,862 | AR6_WGII | 1,136 | 7 | Climate adaptation and mitigation policies in the building sector offer multiple well-being and health co-benefits | high | 2 | train |
4,863 | AR6_WGII | 1,136 | 11 | Shifting to sustainable food systems that provide affordable, diverse and plant-rich diets with moderate quantities of GHG-intensive animal protein can bring health co-benefits and substantially reduce GHG emissions, especially in high income countries and where ill health related to overconsumption of animal-based products is prevalent | very high | 3 | train |
4,864 | AR6_WGII | 1,136 | 12 | Transforming the food system by limiting the demand for GHG-intensive animal foods, reducing food over-consumption and transitioning to nutritious, plant-rich diets can have significant co-benefits to health | high | 2 | train |
4,865 | AR6_WGII | 1,185 | 2 | These impacts disproportionately affect margin- alised groups, amplifying inequalities and undermining sustainable development across all regions | high | 2 | train |
4,866 | AR6_WGII | 1,185 | 6 | Climate change increases the threat of chronic and sudden onset development challenges, such as poverty traps and food insecurity | high | 2 | train |
4,867 | AR6_WGII | 1,185 | 7 | Adaptation interventions and transformative solutions that prioritise inclusive and wide-ranging climate resilient development and the reduction of poverty and inequality are increasingly seen as necessary to minimise loss and damage from climate change | high | 2 | train |
4,868 | AR6_WGII | 1,185 | 9 | Observed average mortality from floods, drought and storms is 15 times higher for regions and countries ranked as very high vulnerable, such as Mozambique, Somalia, Nigeria, Afghanistan and Haiti compared to very low vulnerable regions and countries, such as UK, Australia, Canada and Sweden in the last decade | high | 2 | train |
4,869 | AR6_WGII | 1,185 | 10 | Over 3.3 billion people are living in countries classified as very highly or highly vulnerable, while around 1.8 billion people live in countries with low or very low vulnerability | high | 2 | train |
4,870 | AR6_WGII | 1,185 | 11 | Approximately 3.6 billion people live in low and lower middle-income countries, which are most vulnerable and disproportionally bear the human costs of dis- asters due to extreme weather events and hazards | high | 2 | train |
4,871 | AR6_WGII | 1,185 | 13 | Vulnerability is a result of many interlinked issues concerning poverty, migration, in- equality, access to basic services, education, institutions and govern- ance capacities, often made more complex by past developments, such as histories of colonialism | high | 2 | train |
4,872 | AR6_WGII | 1,185 | 22 | If future climate change under high emissions scenarios continues and increases risks, without strong adaptation measures, losses and damages will likely2 be concentrated among the poorest vulnerable populations | high | 2 | train |
4,873 | AR6_WGII | 1,185 | 25 | Under an inequality scenario (Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 4) the projected number of people living in extreme poverty may increase by 122 million by 2030 | medium | 1 | train |
4,874 | AR6_WGII | 1,185 | 28 | Gender inequality and discrimination are among the barriers to adaptation | high | 2 | train |
4,875 | AR6_WGII | 1,185 | 31 | Even with moderate climate change3 people in vulner - able regions will experience a further erosion of livelihood security that can interact with humanitarian crises, such as displacement and forced migration (high confidence) and violent conflict, and lead to social tipping points | medium | 1 | train |
4,876 | AR6_WGII | 1,185 | 34 | The most vulnerable regions are particularly located in East, Central and West Africa, South Asia, Micronesia and Melanesia and in Central America | high | 2 | train |
4,877 | AR6_WGII | 1,185 | 36 | Areas of high human vulnerability are characterised by larger transboundary regional clusters | high | 2 | train |
4,878 | AR6_WGII | 1,186 | 1 | Greater investments are required under higher levels of global warming and of inequality (Relative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5; RCP8.5 and SSP4) | high | 2 | train |
4,879 | AR6_WGII | 1,186 | 3 | The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to increase the adverse consequences of climate change since the financial consequences have led to a shift in priorities and constrain vulnerability reduction | medium | 1 | train |
4,880 | AR6_WGII | 1,186 | 4 | Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic is also influencing the capacities of governmental institutions in developing nations to support planned adaptation and poverty reduction of most vulnerable people/groups, since the crisis also means significant reductions in tax revenues | high | 2 | train |
4,881 | AR6_WGII | 1,186 | 6 | Enabling environments that sup- port sustainable development are essential for adaptation and climate resilient development | high | 2 | train |
4,882 | AR6_WGII | 1,186 | 7 | Enabling and supportive environments for adaptation share common governance characteristics, including multiple actors and assets, multiple centres of power at different levels and an effective vertical and horizontal integration between levels | high | 2 | test |
4,883 | AR6_WGII | 1,186 | 8 | Enabling conditions can support livelihood strategies that do not undermine human well-being | medium | 1 | train |
4,884 | AR6_WGII | 1,186 | 10 | Improving coherence between adaptations of different social groups and sectors at different scales can reduce maladaptation, enable mitigation and advance progress towards climate resilience | medium | 1 | train |
4,885 | AR6_WGII | 1,186 | 13 | Climate justice and rights-based approaches are increasingly recognised as key principles within mitigation and adaptation strategies and projects | medium | 1 | train |
4,886 | AR6_WGII | 1,186 | 14 | Narrowing gender gaps can play a transformative role in pursuing climate justice | medium | 1 | train |
4,887 | AR6_WGII | 1,186 | 16 | Synergies between adaptation and mitigation exist, and these can have benefits for the poor | medium | 1 | train |
4,888 | AR6_WGII | 1,186 | 19 | Appropriate governance, in- cluding mainstreaming and policy coherence, supported by adaptation finance that targets the poor and marginalised, is essential for adaptation and climate compatible development | medium | 1 | train |
4,889 | AR6_WGII | 1,189 | 11 | Recent research shows that climate change impacts may exacerbate poverty indirectly through increasing cost of food, housing and healthcare, among other rising costs borne by the poor (Islam et al., 2014; Ebi et al., 2017; Hallegatte et al., 2018) | high | 2 | train |
4,890 | AR6_WGII | 1,189 | 16 | One of the key factors that drives disproportionate impacts among poor households globally is lost agricultural income | high | 2 | train |
4,891 | AR6_WGII | 1,189 | 22 | Figure 8.2 reflects the fundamental threat that climate hazards pose to the survival of plants, livestock and fish, as well as the people on which livelihoods depend | high | 2 | train |
4,892 | AR6_WGII | 1,189 | 25 | It is revealed that warming trends and droughts pose greatest risks to the widest array of livelihood resources, and are particularly detrimental to crops and human health, a long-term requirement for livelihoods and well-being | high | 2 | train |
4,893 | AR6_WGII | 1,190 | 1 | Salinity is a secondary hazard related to droughts, coastal flooding and sea level rise, and poses a fundamental risk to agriculture | high | 2 | train |
4,894 | AR6_WGII | 1,190 | 2 | There is also robust evidence for rainfall variability driving short-term impacts to agricultural productivity as well as permanent loss of agriculture | high | 2 | train |
4,895 | AR6_WGII | 1,191 | 3 | The hazards most prevalent in all regions include warming trends, droughts and sea level rise (Figure 8.2c), and undermine crop productivity, crop varieties, and cropland in most regions | high | 2 | train |
4,896 | AR6_WGII | 1,191 | 4 | Along coastlines, climate hazards threaten livelihoods particularly exposed to extreme weather, flooding and sea level rise, and where poor populations are heavily dependent on agriculture and fisheries | high | 2 | train |
4,897 | AR6_WGII | 1,191 | 28 | Increasingly, intersections of age, gender, socioeconomic class, ethnicity and race are recognised as important to the climate risks and differential impacts and losses experienced by vulnerable, marginal and poor in societies | high | 2 | train |
4,898 | AR6_WGII | 1,193 | 4 | Migration and displacement are directly induced by the impacts of climate change | high | 2 | train |
4,899 | AR6_WGII | 1,196 | 15 | First, climate change impacts may undermine progress toward various SDGs | medium | 1 | train |
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