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2,700 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 24 | Small Island Developing States have reported economic losses and a wide range of damage from tropical cyclones and increases in sea level rise | high | 2 | train |
2,701 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 2 | Climate-sensitive livelihoods are more concentrated in regions that have higher socioeconomic vulnerabilities and lower adaptive capacities, exacerbating existing inequalities | medium | 1 | train |
2,702 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 3 | Extreme events have also had more pronounced adverse effects in poorer regions and on more vulnerable populations | medium | 1 | train |
2,703 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 4 | These greater economic effects have further reduced the ability of these populations to adapt to existing impacts | medium | 1 | train |
2,704 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 5 | Within populations, the poor, women, children, elderly and Indigenous populations have been especially vulnerable due to a combination of factors, including gendered divisions of paid and/ or unpaid labour | high | 2 | train |
2,705 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 7 | Existing adaptation has prevented greater economic losses (medium confidence), yet adaptation gaps remain due to limited financial resources, including gaps in international adaptation finance and competing priorities in budget allocations | medium | 1 | train |
2,706 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 8 | Insufficient consideration of these impacts, however, has placed more assets in areas that are highly exposed to climate hazards | medium | 1 | train |
2,707 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 15 | Threats to species and ecosystems in oceans, coastal regions and on land, particularly in biodiversity hotspots, present a global risk that will increase with every additional tenth of a degree of warming | high | 2 | train |
2,708 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 16 | The transformation of terrestrial and ocean/ coastal ecosystems and loss of biodiversity, exacerbated by pollution, habitat fragmentation and land use changes, will threaten livelihoods and food security | high | 2 | train |
2,709 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 18 | Risks escalate with additional near-term warming in all regions and domains | high | 2 | train |
2,710 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 20 | Unique and threatened ecosystems are expected to be at high risk in the very near term at 1.2°C global warming levels | very high | 3 | train |
2,711 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 21 | Even for less vulnerable species and systems, projected climate change risks surpass hard limits to natural adaptation, increasing species at high risk of population declines (medium confidence) and loss of critical habitats (medium to high confidence) and compromising ecosystem structure, functioning and resilience | medium | 1 | train |
2,712 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 22 | At a global warming of 2°C with associated changes in precipitation global land area burned by wildfire is projected to increase by 35% | medium | 1 | train |
2,713 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 24 | Beginning at 1.5°C warming, natural adaptation faces hard limits, driving high risks of biodiversity decline, mortality, species extinction and loss of related livelihoods | high | 2 | train |
2,714 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 25 | At 1.6°C (median estimate), >10% of species are projected to become endangered, increasing to >20% at 2.1°C, representing severe biodiversity risk | medium | 1 | train |
2,715 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 26 | These risks escalate with warming, most rapidly and severely in areas at both extremes of temperature and precipitation | high | 2 | train |
2,716 | AR6_WGII | 66 | 27 | With warming of 3°C, >80% of marine species across large parts of the tropical Indian and Pacific Ocean will experience potentially dangerous climate conditions | medium | 1 | train |
2,717 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 2 | Space for nature is shrinking as large areas of forest are lost to deforestation (high confidence), peat draining and agricultural expansion, land reclamation and protection structures in urban and coastal settlements | high | 2 | train |
2,718 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 3 | Currently less than 15% of the land and 8% of the ocean are under some form of protection, and enforcement of protection is often weak | high | 2 | train |
2,719 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 4 | Future ecosystem vulnerability will strongly depend on developments in society, including demographic and economic change | high | 2 | train |
2,720 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 6 | Coordinated and well-monitored habitat restoration, protection and management, combined with consumer pressure and incentives, can reduce non- climatic impacts and increase resilience | high | 2 | train |
2,721 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 7 | Adaptation and mitigation options, such as afforestation, dam construction and coastal infrastructure placements, can increase vulnerability, compete for land and water and generate risks for the integrity and functioning of ecosystems | high | 2 | train |
2,722 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 9 | In terrestrial ecosystems, the fertilisation effects of high atmospheric CO 2 concentrations on carbon uptake will be increasingly saturated and limited by warming and drought | medium | 1 | train |
2,723 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 10 | Increases in wildfires, tree mortality, insect pest outbreaks, peatland drying and permafrost thaw (high confidence) all exacerbate self-reinforcing feedbacks between emissions from high-carbon ecosystems and warming with the potential to turn many ecosystems that are currently net carbon sinks into sources | medium | 1 | train |
2,724 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 11 | In coastal areas beyond 1.5°C warming, blue carbon storage by mangroves, marshes and seagrass habitats are increasingly threatened by rising sea levels and the intensity, duration and extent of marine heatwaves, as well as adaptation options (including coastal development) | high | 2 | train |
2,725 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 12 | Changes in ocean stratification are projected to reduce nutrient supply and alter the magnitude and efficiency of the biological carbon pump | medium | 1 | train |
2,726 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 14 | The median values for percentage of species at very high risk of extinction are 9% at 1.5°C, 10% at 2°C, 12% at 3°C, 13% at 4°C and 15% at 5°C | high | 2 | train |
2,727 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 15 | Extinction risks are higher for species in biodiversity hotspots (medium confidence), reaching 24% of species at very high extinction risk above 1.5°C, with yet higher proportions for endemic species of 84% in mountains (medium confidence) and 100% on islands | medium | 1 | train |
2,728 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 16 | Thousands of individual populations are projected to be locally lost, which will reduce species diversity in some areas where there are no species moving in to replace them, for example, in tropical systems | high | 2 | train |
2,729 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 17 | Novel species interactions at the cold edge of species’ distribution may also lead to extirpations and extinctions of newly encountered species | low | 0 | train |
2,730 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 18 | Palaeo records indicate that at extreme warming levels (>5°C), mass extinctions of species occur | medium | 1 | train |
2,731 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 21 | These processes will exacerbate both stress on systems already at risk from climate impacts and non-climate impacts like habitat fragmentation and pollution | high | 2 | train |
2,732 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 22 | The increasing frequency and severity of extreme events will decrease the recovery time available for ecosystems | high | 2 | train |
2,733 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 23 | Irreversible changes will occur from the interaction of stressors and the occurrence of extreme events | very high | 3 | train |
2,734 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 25 | Ecosystem integrity is threatened by the positive feedback between direct human impacts (land use change, pollution, overexploitation, fragmentation and destruction) and climate change | high | 2 | train |
2,735 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 26 | In the case of the Amazon forest, this could lead to large-scale ecological transformations and shifts from a closed, wet forest into a drier and lower-biomass vegetation | medium | 1 | train |
2,736 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 27 | If these pressures are not successfully addressed, the combined and interactive effects between climate change, deforestation and forest degradation, and forest fires are projected to lead to a reduction of over 60% of the area covered by forest in response to 2.5°C global warming level | medium | 1 | train |
2,737 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 28 | Some habitat-forming coastal ecosystems, including many coral reefs, kelp forests and seagrass meadows, will undergo irreversible phase shifts due to marine heatwaves with global warming levels >1.5°C and are at high risk this century even in <1.5°C scenarios that include periods of temperature overshoot beyond 1.5°C | high | 2 | train |
2,738 | AR6_WGII | 67 | 29 | Under SSP1–2.6, coral reefs are at risk of widespread decline, loss of structural integrity and transitioning to net erosion by mid-century due to the increasing intensity and frequency of marine heatwaves | very high | 3 | train |
2,739 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 1 | In response to heatwaves, bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef is projected to occur annually if warming increases above 2.0°C, resulting in widespread decline and loss of structural integrity | very high | 3 | train |
2,740 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 2 | Global warming of 3.0°C–3.5°C increases the likelihood of extreme and lethal heat events in western and northern Africa | medium | 1 | train |
2,741 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 3 | Drought risks are projected to increase in many regions over the 21st century | very high | 3 | train |
2,742 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 5 | Invasive plant species are predicted to expand both in latitude and altitude | high | 2 | train |
2,743 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 8 | Depending on location and human–wildlife interactions, climate-driven shifts in distributions of wild animals increase the risk of emergence of novel human infectious diseases, as has occurred with SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2 | medium | 1 | train |
2,744 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 11 | These control measures will become costlier under climate change | medium | 1 | train |
2,745 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 13 | Limiting the global temperature increase to 1.5°C, compared to 2°C, could reduce projected permafrost CO 2 losses by 2100 by 24.2 GtC | low | 0 | train |
2,746 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 18 | For example, by 2100, 18.8% ± 19.0% to 38.9% ± 9.4% of the ocean will very likely undergo a change of more than 20 days (advances and delays) in the start of the phytoplankton growth period under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 respectively | low | 0 | train |
2,747 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 19 | This altered timing increases the risk of temporal mismatches between plankton blooms and fish spawning seasons (medium to high confidence) and increases the risk of fish recruitment failure for species with restricted spawning locations, especially in mid- to high latitudes of the northern hemisphere (low confidence) but provide short-term opportunities to countries benefiting from shifting fish stocks | medium | 1 | train |
2,748 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 21 | Major risks include loss of coastal ecosystems such as wetlands and marshlands from committed sea level rise associated with overshoot warming (medium confidence), coral reefs and kelps from heat-related mortality and associated ecosystem transitions | high | 2 | train |
2,749 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 23 | With every increment of warming, exposure to climate hazards will grow substantially (high confidence), and adverse impacts on all food sectors will become prevalent, further stressing food security | high | 2 | train |
2,750 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 24 | Regional disparity in risks to food security will grow with warming levels, increasing poverty traps, particularly in regions characterised by a high level of human vulnerability | high | 2 | train |
2,751 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 27 | Compared to 1.5°C global warming level, 2°C global warming level will even further negatively impact food production where current temperatures are already high as in lower latitudes | high | 2 | train |
2,752 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 28 | Increased and potentially concurrent climate extremes will increase simultaneous losses in major food-producing regions | medium | 1 | train |
2,753 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 29 | The adverse effects of climate change on food production will become more severe when global temperatures rise by more than 2°C | high | 2 | train |
2,754 | AR6_WGII | 68 | 30 | At 3°C or higher global warming levels, exposure to climate hazards will grow substantially (high confidence), further stressing food production, notably in sub-Saharan Africa and South and South East Asia | high | 2 | train |
2,755 | AR6_WGII | 71 | 1 | Catch composition will change regionally, and the vulnerability of fishers will partially depend on their ability to move, diversify and leverage technology | medium | 1 | train |
2,756 | AR6_WGII | 71 | 2 | Global marine aquaculture will decline under increasing temperature and acidification conditions by 2100, with potential short-term gains for finfish aquaculture in some temperate regions and overall negative impacts on bivalve aquaculture due to habitat reduction | medium | 1 | train |
2,757 | AR6_WGII | 71 | 3 | Changes in precipitation, sea level rise, temperature and extreme events will negatively affect food provisioning from inland aquatic systems | medium | 1 | train |
2,758 | AR6_WGII | 71 | 5 | Extreme weather events will increase risks of food insecurity via spikes in food prices, reduced food diversity and reduced income for agricultural and fishery livelihoods (high confidence), preventing achievement of the UN SDG 2 (‘Zero Hunger’) by 2030 in regions with limited adaptive capacities, including Africa, small island states and South Asia | high | 2 | train |
2,759 | AR6_WGII | 71 | 6 | With about 2°C warming, climate-related changes in food availability and diet quality are estimated to increase nutrition-related diseases and the number of undernourished people by 2050, affecting tens (under low vulnerability and low warming) to hundreds of millions of people (under high vulnerability and high warming, i.e., SSP-3-RCP6.0), particularly among low-income households in low- and middle-income countries in sub- Saharan Africa, South Asia and Central America | high | 2 | train |
2,760 | AR6_WGII | 71 | 7 | At 3°C or higher global warming levels, adverse impacts on all food sectors will become prevalent, further stressing food availability (high confidence), agricultural labour productivity and food access | medium | 1 | train |
2,761 | AR6_WGII | 71 | 8 | Regional disparity in risks to food security will grow at these higher warming levels, increasing poverty traps, particularly in regions characterised by a high level of human vulnerability | high | 2 | train |
2,762 | AR6_WGII | 71 | 10 | Increased CO 2 concentrations promote crop growth and yield but reduce the density of important nutrients in some crops (high confidence) with projected increases in undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency, particularly in countries that currently have high levels of nutrient deficiency (high confidence) and regions with low access to diverse foods | medium | 1 | train |
2,763 | AR6_WGII | 71 | 11 | Marine-dependent communities, including Indigenous Peoples and local peoples, will be at increased risk of malnutrition due to losses of seafood-sourced nutrients | medium | 1 | train |
2,764 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 1 | Climate change will reduce the effectiveness of pollination as species are lost from certain areas, or the coordination of pollinator activity and flower receptiveness will be disrupted in some regions | high | 2 | train |
2,765 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 2 | Greenhouse gas emissions will negatively impact air, soil and water quality, exacerbating direct climatic impacts on yields | high | 2 | train |
2,766 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 4 | Higher temperatures and humidity will expand the risk of aflatoxin contamination into higher- latitude regions | high | 2 | train |
2,767 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 5 | More frequent and intense flood events and increased melting of snow and ice will increase food contamination | high | 2 | train |
2,768 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 6 | Aquatic food safety will decrease through increased detrimental impacts from harmful algal blooms | high | 2 | train |
2,769 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 7 | These negative food safety impacts will be greater without adaptation and fall disproportionately on low-income countries and communities with high consumption of seafood, including coastal Indigenous communities | medium | 1 | train |
2,770 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 9 | Regions and populations with higher exposure and vulnerability are pro- jected to face greater risks than others | medium | 1 | train |
2,771 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 10 | Projected changes in the water cycle, water quality, cryosphere changes, drought and flood will negatively impact natural and human systems | high | 2 | train |
2,772 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 12 | About 800 million to 3 billion people at 2°C and about 4 billion at 4°C warming are projected to experience different levels of water scarcity | medium | 1 | train |
2,773 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 13 | At 4°C global warming by the end of the century, approximately 10% of the global land area is projected to face simultaneously increasing high extreme streamflow and decreasing low extreme streamflow, affecting over 2.1 billion people | medium | 1 | train |
2,774 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 14 | Globally, the greatest risks to attaining global sustainability goals come from risks to water security | high | 2 | train |
2,775 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 16 | Glacier mass loss, permafrost thaw and decline in snow cover are projected to continue beyond the 21st century | high | 2 | train |
2,776 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 17 | Many low- elevation and small glaciers around the world will lose most of their total mass at 1.5°C warming | high | 2 | train |
2,777 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 19 | Glacier lake outburst flood will threaten the security of local and downstream communities in High Mountain Asia | high | 2 | train |
2,778 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 20 | By 2100, annual runoff in one-third of the 56 large-scale glacierised catchments are projected to decline by over 10%, with the most significant reductions in Central Asia and the Andes | medium | 1 | train |
2,779 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 21 | Cryosphere related changes in floods, landslides and water availability have the potential to lead to severe consequences for people, infrastructure and the economy in most mountain regions | high | 2 | train |
2,780 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 23 | By 2050, environmentally critical streamflow is projected to be affected in 42% to 79% of the world’s watersheds, causing negative impacts on freshwater ecosystems | medium | 1 | train |
2,781 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 24 | Increased wildfire, combined with soil erosion due to deforestation, could degrade water supplies | medium | 1 | train |
2,782 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 25 | Projected climate-driven water cycle changes, including increases in evapotranspiration, altered spatial patterns and amount of precipitation, and associated changes in groundwater recharge, runoff and streamflow, will impact terrestrial, freshwater, estuarine and coastal ecosystems and the transport of materials through the biogeochemical cycles, impacting humans and societal well-being | medium | 1 | train |
2,783 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 27 | In Central and South America, disruption in water flows will significantly degrade ecosystems such as high-elevation wetlands | high | 2 | train |
2,784 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 29 | Under RCP6.0 and SSP2, the population that is projected to be exposed to extreme to exceptional low total water storage will reach up to 7% over the 21st century | medium | 1 | train |
2,785 | AR6_WGII | 72 | 31 | In southern Europe, more than a third of the population will be exposed to water scarcity at 2°C, and the risk doubles at 3°C, with significant economic losses | medium | 1 | train |
2,786 | AR6_WGII | 73 | 1 | Above 2°C, the frequency and duration of meteorological drought are projected to double over North Africa, the western Sahel and southern Africa | medium | 1 | train |
2,787 | AR6_WGII | 73 | 2 | More droughts and extreme fire weather are projected in southern and eastern Australia (high confidence) and over most of New Zealand | medium | 1 | train |
2,788 | AR6_WGII | 73 | 4 | The projected increase in precipitation intensity (high confidence) will increase rain-generated local flooding | medium | 1 | train |
2,789 | AR6_WGII | 73 | 5 | Direct flood damage is projected to increase by four to five times at 4°C compared to 1.5°C | medium | 1 | train |
2,790 | AR6_WGII | 73 | 6 | A higher sea level with storm surge further inland may create more severe coastal flooding | high | 2 | train |
2,791 | AR6_WGII | 73 | 7 | Projected intensifications of the hydrological cycle pose increasing risks, including potential doubling of flood risk and 1.2- to 1.8-fold increase in GDP loss due to flooding between 1.5°C and 3°C | medium | 1 | train |
2,792 | AR6_WGII | 73 | 8 | Projected increase in heavy rainfall events at all levels of warming in many regions in Africa will cause increasing exposure to pluvial and riverine flooding | high | 2 | train |
2,793 | AR6_WGII | 73 | 9 | A 1.5°C increase would result in an increase of 100–200% in the population affected by floods in Colombia, Brazil and Argentina, 300% in Ecuador and 400% in Peru | medium | 1 | train |
2,794 | AR6_WGII | 73 | 12 | Agricultural water use will increase globally as a consequence of population increase and dietary changes, as well as increased water requirements due to climate change | high | 2 | train |
2,795 | AR6_WGII | 73 | 14 | Increased floods and droughts, together with heat stress, will have an adverse impact on food availability and prices, resulting in increased undernourishment in South and Southeast Asia | high | 2 | train |
2,796 | AR6_WGII | 73 | 19 | Historically rare extreme sea level events will occur annu- ally by 2100, compounding these risks | high | 2 | train |
2,797 | AR6_WGII | 73 | 21 | These risks will be compounded where coastal development prevents upshore migration of habitats or where terrestrial sediment inputs are limited and tidal ranges are small | high | 2 | train |
2,798 | AR6_WGII | 73 | 22 | Loss of these habitats disrupts associated ecosystem services, including wave-energy attenuation, habitat provision for biodiversity, climate mitigation and food and fuel resources | high | 2 | train |
2,799 | AR6_WGII | 73 | 23 | Near- to mid-term sea level rise will also exacerbate coastal erosion and submersion and the salinisation of coastal groundwater, expanding the loss of many different coastal habitats, ecosystems and ecosystem services | medium | 1 | train |
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