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2,600 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 3 | Droughts induced by the 2015–2016 El Niño, partially attributable to human influences (medium confidence), caused acute food insecurity in various regions, including eastern and southern Africa and the Dry Corridor of Central America | high | 2 | train |
2,601 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 4 | In the northeast Pacific, a 5-year warm period (2013 to 2017) impacted the migration, distribution and abundance of key fish resources | high | 2 | train |
2,602 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 5 | Increasing variability in grazing systems has negatively affected animal fertility, mortality and herd recovery rates, reducing livestock keepers’ resilience | medium | 1 | train |
2,603 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 7 | Higher temperatures and humidity caused by climate change increases toxigenic fungi on many food crops | very high | 3 | train |
2,604 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 8 | Harmful algal blooms and water-borne diseases threaten food security and the economy and livelihoods of many coastal communities | high | 2 | train |
2,605 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 9 | Increasing ocean warming and acidification are enhancing movement and bioaccumulation of toxins and contaminants into marine food webs (medium confidence) and with bio-magnification of persistent organic pollutants and methyl mercury already affecting fisheries | medium | 1 | test |
2,606 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 10 | Indigenous Peoples and local communities, especially where food safety monitoring is underdeveloped, are among the most vulnerable to these risks, in particular in the Arctic | high | 2 | train |
2,607 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 12 | Women, the elderly and children in low-income households, Indigenous Peoples, minority groups, small-scale producers and fishing communities and people in high-risk regions more often experience malnutrition, livelihood loss and rising costs | high | 2 | train |
2,608 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 13 | Increasing competition for critical resources, such as land, energy and water, can exacerbate the impacts of climate change on food security | high | 2 | train |
2,609 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 16 | Water insecurity is manifested through climate-induced water scar -city and hazards and is further exacerbated by inadequate water governance | high | 2 | train |
2,610 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 18 | Economic and societal impacts of water insecurity are more pronounced in low-income countries than in middle- and high-income ones | high | 2 | train |
2,611 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 21 | Human-induced climate change has affected physical aspects of water security through increasing water scarcity and exposing more people to water-related extreme events like floods and droughts, thereby exacerbating existing water-related vulnerabilities caused by other socioeconomic factors | high | 2 | train |
2,612 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 22 | Many of these changes in water availability and water-related hazards can be directly attributed to anthropogenic climate change | high | 2 | train |
2,613 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 23 | Water insecurity disproportionately impacts the poor, women, children, Indigenous Peoples and the elderly in low-income countries | high | 2 | train |
2,614 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 24 | Water insecurity can contribute to social unrest in regions where inequality is high and water governance and institutions are weak | medium | 1 | train |
2,615 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 26 | Nearly half a billion people now live in areas where the long-term average precipitation is now as high as was previously seen in only about 1 in 6 years | medium | 1 | train |
2,616 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 27 | Approximately 163 million people now live in unfamiliarly dry areas | medium | 1 | test |
2,617 | AR6_WGII | 60 | 29 | Substantially more people (around 709 million) live in regions where annual maximum 1-d precipitation has increased than in re- gions where it has decreased (around 86 million) | medium | 1 | train |
2,618 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 2 | Over the last two decades, the global glacier mass loss rate has been the highest since the glacier mass balance measurements began a century ago | high | 2 | train |
2,619 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 4 | Cryosphere changes have impacted cultural uses of water among vulnerable mountain and Arctic communities and Indigenous Peoples | high | 2 | train |
2,620 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 5 | Cryosphere change has affected ecosystems, water resources, livelihoods and cultural uses of water in all cryosphere- dependent regions across the world | very high | 3 | train |
2,621 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 7 | Anthropogenic climate change has led to increased likelihood, severity and societal impacts of droughts (primarily agricultural and hydrological droughts) in many regions | high | 2 | train |
2,622 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 8 | Between 1970 and 2019, drought-related disaster events worldwide caused billions of dollars in economic damages | medium | 1 | train |
2,623 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 9 | Drylands are particularly exposed to climate change related droughts | high | 2 | train |
2,624 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 10 | Recent heavy rainfall events that have led to catastrophic flooding were made more likely by anthropogenic climate change | high | 2 | train |
2,625 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 11 | Observed mortality and losses due to floods and droughts are much greater in regions with high vulnerability and vulnerable populations such as the poor, women, children, Indigenous Peoples and the elderly due to historical, political and socioeconomic inequities | high | 2 | train |
2,626 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 13 | Climate change and changes in land use and water pollution are key drivers of ecosystem loss and degradation (high confidence), with negative impacts observed on culturally significant terrestrial and freshwater species and ecosystems in the Arctic, mountain regions and other biodiversity hotspots | high | 2 | train |
2,627 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 14 | Climate trends and extreme events have had major impacts on many natural systems | high | 2 | train |
2,628 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 15 | For example, periodic droughts in parts of the Amazon since the 1990s, partly attributed to climate change, resulted in high tree mortality rates and basin-wide reductions in forest productivity, momentarily turning Amazon forests from a carbon sink into a net carbon source | high | 2 | train |
2,629 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 16 | Fire risks have increased due to heat and drought conditions in many parts of the world | medium | 1 | train |
2,630 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 17 | Increased precipitation has resulted in range shifts of species in some regions | high | 2 | train |
2,631 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 19 | Climate-induced trends and extremes in the water cycle have impacted agricultural production positively and negatively, with negative impacts outweighing the positive ones | high | 2 | train |
2,632 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 20 | Droughts, floods and rainfall variability have contributed to reduced food availability and increased food prices, threatening food and nutrition security, and the livelihoods of millions globally (high confidence), with the poor in parts of Asia, Africa and South and Central America being disproportionately affected | high | 2 | train |
2,633 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 21 | Drought years have reduced thermoelectric and hydropower production by around 4–5% compared to long-term average production since the 1980s (medium confidence), reducing economic growth in Africa and with billions in US dollars of existing and planned hydropower infrastructure assets in mountain regions worldwide and in Africa exposed to increasing hazards | high | 2 | train |
2,634 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 22 | Changes in temperature, precipitation and water-related disasters are linked to increased incidences of water- borne diseases such as cholera, especially in regions with limited access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure | high | 2 | train |
2,635 | AR6_WGII | 61 | 25 | Women, children, the elderly, Indigenous People, low-income households and socially marginalised groups within cities, set- tlements, regions and countries are the most vulnerable | high | 2 | train |
2,636 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 3 | Distress sufficient to impair mental health has been caused by climate-related ecological grief associated with environmental change (e.g., solastalgia) or extreme weather and climate events (very high confidence), vicarious experience or anticipation of climate events (medium confidence) and climate-related loss of livelihoods and food insecurity | very high | 3 | train |
2,637 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 4 | Vulnerability to mental health effects of climate change varies by region and population, with evidence that Indigenous Peoples, agricultural communities, first responders, women and members of minority groups experience greater impacts | high | 2 | train |
2,638 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 6 | A significant proportion of warm-season heat-related mortality in temperate regions is attributed to observed anthropogenic climate change (medium confidence), with fewer data available for tropical regions in Africa | high | 2 | train |
2,639 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 7 | For some heatwave events over the last two decades, associated health impacts have been partially attributed to observed climate change | high | 2 | train |
2,640 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 9 | Potential hours of work lost due to heat have increased significantly over the past two decades | high | 2 | train |
2,641 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 10 | Some regions are already experiencing heat stress conditions at or approaching the upper limits of labour productivity | high | 2 | train |
2,642 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 12 | Extreme climate events have been key drivers in rising undernutrition of millions of people, primarily in Africa and Central America | high | 2 | train |
2,643 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 13 | For example, anthropogenic warming contributed to climate extremes induced by the 2015–2016 El Niño, which resulted in severe droughts, leading to an additional 5.9 million children in 51 countries becoming underweight | high | 2 | train |
2,644 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 14 | Undernutrition can in turn increase susceptibility to other health problems, including mental health problems, and impair cognitive and work performance, with resulting economic impacts | very high | 3 | train |
2,645 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 15 | Children and pregnant women experience disproportionate adverse health and nutrition impacts | high | 2 | train |
2,646 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 17 | These risks include Salmonella, Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium infections (medium confidence) mycotoxins associated with cancer and stunting in children (high confidence) and seafood contamination with marine toxins and pathogens | high | 2 | train |
2,647 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 18 | Climate-related food-borne disease risks vary temporally and are influenced, in part, by food availability, accessibility, preparation and preferences (medium confidence), as well as adequate food safety monitoring | high | 2 | train |
2,648 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 20 | More extreme weather events have contributed to vector-borne disease outbreaks in humans through direct effects on pathogens and vectors and indirect effects on human behaviour and emergency response destabilisation | medium | 1 | train |
2,649 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 21 | Climate change and variability are facilitating the spread of chikungunya virus in North, Central and South America, Europe and Asia (medium to high confidence); tick-borne encephalitis in Europe (medium confidence); Rift Valley fever in Africa; West Nile fever in southeastern Europe, western Asia, the Canadian prairies and parts of the USA (medium confidence); Lyme disease vectors in North America (high confidence) and Europe (medium confidence); malaria in eastern and southern Africa (high confidence); and dengue globally | high | 2 | train |
2,650 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 22 | For example, in Central and South America, the reproduction potential for the transmission of dengue increased between 17% and 80% for the period 1950–1954 to 2016–2021, depending on the sub-region, as a result of changes in temperature and precipitation | high | 2 | train |
2,651 | AR6_WGII | 62 | 24 | Water insecurity and inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene increase disease risk | high | 2 | train |
2,652 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 2 | Exposure to wildfires and associated smoke has increased in several regions | very high | 3 | train |
2,653 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 4 | Spring pollen season start dates in northern mid-latitudes are occurring earlier due to climate change, increasing the risks of allergic respiratory diseases | high | 2 | train |
2,654 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 6 | Most climate-related displacement and migration occur within national boundaries, with interna- tional movements occurring primarily between countries with contiguous borders | high | 2 | train |
2,655 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 7 | Since 2008, an annual average of over 20 million people have been internally dis- placed annually by weather-related extreme events, with storms and floods being the most common | high | 2 | train |
2,656 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 9 | Extreme climate events act as both direct drivers (e.g., destruction of homes by tropical cyclones) and indirect drivers (e.g., rural income losses during prolonged droughts) of involuntary migration and displacement | very high | 3 | train |
2,657 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 10 | The largest absolute number of people displaced by extreme weather each year occurs in Asia (South, Southeast and East), followed by sub-Saharan Africa, but small island states in the Caribbean and South Pacific are disproportionately affected relative to their small population size | high | 2 | train |
2,658 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 12 | Specific climate events and conditions cause migration to increase, decrease or flow in new directions | high | 2 | train |
2,659 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 13 | One of the main pathways for climate- induced migration is through deteriorating economic conditions and livelihoods | high | 2 | train |
2,660 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 14 | Climate change has influenced changes in temporary, seasonal or permanent migration, often rural to urban or rural to rural, that is associated with labour diversification as a risk- reduction strategy in Central America, Africa, South Asia and Mexico | high | 2 | train |
2,661 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 15 | This movement is often followed by remittances | medium | 1 | train |
2,662 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 16 | However, the same economic losses can also undermine household resources and savings, limiting mobility and compounding people’s exposure and vulnerability | high | 2 | train |
2,663 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 20 | Involuntary migration occurs when adaptation alternatives are exhausted or not viable and reflects non-climatic factors that constrain adaptive capacity and create high levels of exposure and vulnerability | high | 2 | train |
2,664 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 21 | These outcomes are also shaped by policy and planning decisions at regional, national and local scales that relate to housing, infrastructure, water provisioning, schools and healthcare to support the integration of migrants into receiving communities | high | 2 | train |
2,665 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 25 | Existing examples of relocations of Indigenous Peoples in coastal Alaska and villages in the Solomon Islands and Fiji suggest that relocated people can experience significant financial and emotional distress as cultural and spiritual bonds to place and livelihoods are disrupted | high | 2 | train |
2,666 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 27 | Vulnerability to climate change is a multi-dimension- al, dynamic phenomenon shaped by intersecting historical and contemporary political, economic and cultural processes of marginalisation | high | 2 | train |
2,667 | AR6_WGII | 63 | 28 | Societies with high levels of inequity are less resilient to climate change | high | 2 | train |
2,668 | AR6_WGII | 64 | 2 | Complex human vulnerability patterns are shaped by past developments, such as colonialism and its ongoing legacy (high confidence), are worsened by compounding and cascading risks | high | 2 | train |
2,669 | AR6_WGII | 64 | 3 | For example, low-income, young, poor and female- headed households face greater livelihood risks from climate hazards | high | 2 | train |
2,670 | AR6_WGII | 64 | 6 | Supporting Indigenous self-determination, recognising Indigenous Peoples’ rights and supporting Indigenous knowledge-based adaptation are critical to reducing climate change risks and effective adaptation | very high | 3 | train |
2,671 | AR6_WGII | 64 | 8 | There is evidence that present adaptation strategies do not sufficiently include poverty reduction and the underlying social determinants of human vulnerability such as gender, ethnicity and governance | high | 2 | train |
2,672 | AR6_WGII | 64 | 10 | Compared to other socioeconomic factors, the influence of climate on conflict is exacerbated by insecure land tenure, weather-sensitive economic activities, weak institutions and fragile governance, poverty and inequality | medium | 1 | test |
2,673 | AR6_WGII | 64 | 11 | The literature also suggests a larger climate-related influence on the dynamics of conflict than on the likelihood of initial conflict outbreak | low | 0 | train |
2,674 | AR6_WGII | 64 | 14 | More people and key assets are exposed to climate-induced impacts, and loss and damage in cities, set - tlements and key infrastructure since AR5 | high | 2 | train |
2,675 | AR6_WGII | 64 | 15 | Sea level rise, heatwaves, droughts, changes in runoff, floods, wildfires and permafrost thaw cause disruptions of key infra - structure and services such as energy supply and transmission, communications, food and water supply and transport systems in and between urban and peri-urban areas | high | 2 | train |
2,676 | AR6_WGII | 64 | 16 | The most rapid growth in urban vulnerability and exposure has been in cities and settlements where adaptive capacity is limited, including informal settlements in low- and middle-in - come communities and in smaller and medium-sized urban communities | high | 2 | train |
2,677 | AR6_WGII | 64 | 18 | The most rapid growth in urban vulnerability has been in unplanned and informal settlements and in smaller to medium urban centres in low- and middle-income nations where adaptive capacity is limited | high | 2 | train |
2,678 | AR6_WGII | 64 | 19 | Since AR5, observed impacts of climate change on cities, peri-urban areas and settlements have extended from direct, climate-driven impacts to compound, cascading and systemic impacts | high | 2 | train |
2,679 | AR6_WGII | 64 | 22 | The high degree of informality limits adaptation and increases differential vulnerability to climate change | high | 2 | train |
2,680 | AR6_WGII | 64 | 23 | Globally, exposure to climate-driven impacts such as heatwaves, extreme precipitation and storms in combination with rapid urbanisation and lack of climate-sensitive planning, along with continuing threats from urban heat islands, is increasing the vulnerability of marginalised urban populations and key infrastructure to climate change, for example, more frequent and/ or extreme rainfall and drought stress existing design and capacity of current urban water systems and heighten urban and peri-urban water insecurity | high | 2 | train |
2,681 | AR6_WGII | 64 | 24 | COVID-19 has had a substantial urban impact and generated new climate-vulnerable populations | high | 2 | train |
2,682 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 1 | Coastal cities are disproportionately affected by interacting, cascading and climate-compounding climate- and ocean-driven impacts, in part because of the exposure of multiple assets, economic activities and large populations concentrated in narrow coastal zones | high | 2 | train |
2,683 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 2 | Early impacts of accelerating sea level rise have been detected at sheltered or subsiding coasts, manifesting as nuisance and chronic flooding at high tides, water-table salinisation, ecosystem and agricultural transitions, increased erosion and coastal flood damage | medium | 1 | train |
2,684 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 3 | Coastal settlements with high inequality, for example a high proportion of informal settlements, as well as deltaic cities prone to land subsidence (e.g., Bangkok, Jakarta, Lagos, New Orleans, Mississippi, Nile, Ganges-Brahmaputra deltas) and small island states are highly vulnerable and have experienced impacts from severe storms and floods in addition to, or in combination with, those from accelerating sea level rise | high | 2 | train |
2,685 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 4 | Currently, coastal cities already dependent on extensive protective works face the prospects of significantly increasing costs to maintain current protection levels, especially if the local sea level rises to the point that financial and technical limits are reached; systemic changes, such as relocation of millions of people, will be necessary | medium | 1 | test |
2,686 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 6 | Vulnerabilities vary by location and are shaped by intersecting processes of marginalization, including gender, class, race, income, ethnic origin, age, level of ability, sexuality and non- conforming gender orientation | high | 2 | train |
2,687 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 8 | Due to the connectivity of infrastructure systems, climate impacts, such as with thawing permafrost or severe storms affecting energy and transport networks, can propagate outside the reach of the hazard footprint and cause larger impacts and widespread regional disruption | high | 2 | train |
2,688 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 9 | Interdependencies between infrastructure systems have created new pathways for compounding climate risk, which has been accelerated by trends in information and communication technologies, increased reliance on energy, and complex (often global) supply chains | high | 2 | train |
2,689 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 11 | Recent extreme weather and climate-induced events have been associated with large costs through damaged property, infrastructure and supply chain disruptions, although development patterns have driven much of these increases | high | 2 | train |
2,690 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 12 | Adverse impacts on economic growth have been identified from extreme weather events (high confidence) with large effects in developing countries | high | 2 | train |
2,691 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 13 | Widespread climate impacts have undermined economic livelihoods, especially among vulnerable populations | high | 2 | train |
2,692 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 14 | Climate impacts and projected risks have been insufficiently internalised into private- and public-sector planning and budgeting practices and adaptation finance | medium | 1 | train |
2,693 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 16 | Greater economic losses are observed for sectors with high direct climate exposure, including regional losses to agriculture, forestry, fisheries, energy and tourism | high | 2 | train |
2,694 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 17 | Many industrial and service sectors are indirectly affected through supply disruptions, especially during and following extreme events | high | 2 | train |
2,695 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 18 | Costs are also incurred from adaptation, disaster spending, recovery and rebuilding of infrastructure | high | 2 | train |
2,696 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 19 | Estimates of the global effects of climate change on aggregate measures of economic performance and gross domestic product (GDP) range from negative to positive, in part due to uncertainty in how weather variability and climate impacts manifest in GDP | high | 2 | train |
2,697 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 20 | Climate change is estimated to have slowed trends of decreasing economic inequality between developed and developing countries (low confidence), with particularly negative effects for Africa | medium | 1 | train |
2,698 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 22 | Extreme weather events, such as tropical cyclones, droughts and severe fluvial floods, have reduced economic growth in the short term (high confidence) and will continue to reduce it in the coming decades | medium | 1 | train |
2,699 | AR6_WGII | 65 | 23 | Patterns of development have augmented the exposure of more assets to extreme hazards, increasing the magnitude of the losses | high | 2 | train |
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