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2,400 | AR6_WGII | 26 | 15 | At progressive levels of warming, involuntary migration from regions with high exposure and low adaptive capacity would occur | medium | 1 | train |
2,401 | AR6_WGII | 26 | 16 | Compared to other socioeconomic factors the influence of climate on conflict is assessed as relatively weak | high | 2 | train |
2,402 | AR6_WGII | 26 | 17 | Along long-term socioeconomic pathways that reduce non-climatic drivers, risk of violent conflict would decline | medium | 1 | train |
2,403 | AR6_WGII | 26 | 18 | At higher global warming levels, impacts of weather and climate extremes, particularly drought, by increasing vulnerability will increasingly affect violent intrastate conflict | medium | 1 | train |
2,404 | AR6_WGII | 26 | 20 | There is evidence that some regions could benefit from low levels of warming | high | 2 | train |
2,405 | AR6_WGII | 29 | 4 | Multiple risks interact, generating new sources of vulnerability to climate hazards, and compounding overall risk | high | 2 | train |
2,406 | AR6_WGII | 29 | 5 | Increasing concurrence of heat and drought events are causing crop production losses and tree mortality | high | 2 | train |
2,407 | AR6_WGII | 29 | 6 | Above 1.5°C global warming increasing concurrent climate extremes will increase risk of simultaneous crop losses of maize in major food-producing regions, with this risk increasing further with higher global warming levels | medium | 1 | train |
2,408 | AR6_WGII | 29 | 7 | Future sea level rise combined with storm surge and heavy rainfall will increase compound flood risks | high | 2 | train |
2,409 | AR6_WGII | 29 | 8 | Risks to health and food production will be made more severe from the interaction of sudden food production losses from heat and drought, exacerbated by heat-induced labour productivity losses | high | 2 | train |
2,410 | AR6_WGII | 29 | 9 | These interacting impacts will increase food prices, reduce household incomes, and lead to health risks of malnutrition and climate-related mortality with no or low levels of adaptation, especially in tropical regions | high | 2 | train |
2,411 | AR6_WGII | 29 | 10 | Risks to food safety from climate change will further compound the risks to health by increasing food contamination of crops from mycotoxins and contamination of seafood from harmful algal blooms, mycotoxins, and chemical contaminants | high | 2 | train |
2,412 | AR6_WGII | 29 | 12 | These hazards and cascading risks also trigger tipping points in sensitive ecosystems and in significantly and rapidly changing social-ecological systems impacted by ice melt, permafrost thaw and changing hydrology in polar regions | high | 2 | train |
2,413 | AR6_WGII | 30 | 1 | In Amazonia, and in some mountain regions, cascading impacts from climatic (e.g., heat) and non-climatic stressors (e.g., land use change) will result in irreversible and severe losses of ecosystem services and biodiversity at 2°C global warming level and beyond | medium | 1 | train |
2,414 | AR6_WGII | 30 | 2 | Unavoidable sea level rise will bring cascading and compounding impacts resulting in losses of coastal ecosystems and ecosystem services, groundwater salinisation, flooding and damages to coastal infrastructure that cascade into risks to livelihoods, settlements, health, well-being, food and water security, and cultural values in the near to long-term | high | 2 | train |
2,415 | AR6_WGII | 30 | 5 | Climate change causes the redistribution of marine fish stocks, increasing risk of transboundary management conflicts among fisheries users, and negatively affecting equitable distribution of food provisioning services as fish stocks shift from lower to higher latitude regions, thereby increasing the need for climate-informed transboundary management and cooperation | high | 2 | train |
2,416 | AR6_WGII | 30 | 6 | Precipitation and water availability changes increases the risk of planned infrastructure projects, such as hydropower in some regions, having reduced productivity for food and energy sectors including across countries that share river basins | medium | 1 | train |
2,417 | AR6_WGII | 30 | 8 | Deployment of afforestation of naturally unforested land, or poorly implemented bioenergy, with or without carbon capture and storage, can compound climate-related risks to biodiversity, water and food security, and livelihoods, especially if implemented at large scales, especially in regions with insecure land tenure | high | 2 | train |
2,418 | AR6_WGII | 30 | 10 | Solar radiation modification approaches have potential to offset warming and ameliorate some climate hazards, but substantial residual climate change or overcompensating change would occur at regional scales and seasonal timescales | high | 2 | train |
2,419 | AR6_WGII | 30 | 12 | Solar radiation modification would not stop atmospheric CO 2 concentrations from increasing or reduce resulting ocean acidification under continued anthropogenic emissions | high | 2 | train |
2,420 | AR6_WGII | 30 | 15 | Depending on the mag- nitude and duration of overshoot, some impacts will cause release of additional greenhouse gases (medium confidence) and some will be irreversible, even if global warming is reduced | high | 2 | train |
2,421 | AR6_WGII | 30 | 17 | Additional warming, e.g., above 1.5°C during an overshoot period this century, will result in irreversible impacts on certain ecosystems with low resilience, such as polar, mountain, and coastal ecosystems, impacted by ice-sheet, glacier melt, or by accelerating and higher committed sea level rise (high confidence).38 Risks to human systems will increase, including those to infrastructure, low-lying coastal settlements, some ecosystem-based adaptation measures, and associated livelihoods (high confidence), cultural and spiritual values | medium | 1 | train |
2,422 | AR6_WGII | 30 | 18 | Projected impacts are less severe with shorter duration and lower levels of overshoot | medium | 1 | train |
2,423 | AR6_WGII | 31 | 1 | In high-carbon ecosystems (currently storing 3,000 to 4,000 GtC) such impacts are already observed and are projected to increase with every additional increment of global warming, such as increased wildfires, mass mortality of trees, drying of peatlands, and thawing of permafrost, weakening natural land carbon sinks and increasing releases of greenhouse gases | medium | 1 | test |
2,424 | AR6_WGII | 31 | 2 | The resulting contribution to a potential amplification of global warming indicates that a return to a given global warming level or below would be more challenging | medium | 1 | train |
2,425 | AR6_WGII | 31 | 9 | However, adaptation progress is unevenly distributed with observed adaptation gaps40 | high | 2 | train |
2,426 | AR6_WGII | 31 | 10 | Many initiatives prioritize immediate and near-term climate risk reduction which reduces the opportunity for transformational adaptation | high | 2 | train |
2,427 | AR6_WGII | 31 | 12 | Growing public and political awareness of climate impacts and risks has resulted in at least 170 countries and many cities including adaptation in their climate policies and planning processes | high | 2 | train |
2,428 | AR6_WGII | 31 | 13 | Decision support tools and climate services are increasingly being used | very high | 3 | train |
2,429 | AR6_WGII | 31 | 14 | Pilot projects and local experiments are being implemented in different sectors | high | 2 | train |
2,430 | AR6_WGII | 31 | 15 | Adaptation can generate multiple additional benefits such as improving agricultural productivity, innovation, health and well-being, food security, livelihood, and biodiversity conservation as well as reduction of risks and damages | very high | 3 | test |
2,431 | AR6_WGII | 31 | 17 | Most observed adaptation is fragmented, small in scale, incremental, sector-specific, designed to respond to current impacts or near-term risks, and focused more on planning rather than implementation | high | 2 | train |
2,432 | AR6_WGII | 31 | 18 | Observed adaptation is unequally distributed across regions (high confidence), and gaps are partially driven by widening disparities between the estimated costs of adaptation and documented finance allocated to adaptation | high | 2 | train |
2,433 | AR6_WGII | 31 | 19 | The largest adaptation gaps exist among lower income population groups | high | 2 | train |
2,434 | AR6_WGII | 31 | 20 | At current rates of adaptation planning and implementation the adaptation gap will continue to grow | high | 2 | train |
2,435 | AR6_WGII | 31 | 21 | As adaptation options often have long implementation times, long-term planning and accelerated implementation, particularly in the next decade, is important to close adaptation gaps, recognising that constraints remain for some regions | high | 2 | train |
2,436 | AR6_WGII | 32 | 6 | The feasibility of implementing adaptation options in the near-term differs across sectors and regions | very high | 3 | train |
2,437 | AR6_WGII | 32 | 7 | The effec- tiveness of adaptation to reduce climate risk is documented for specific contexts, sectors and regions (high confidence) and will decrease with increasing warming | high | 2 | train |
2,438 | AR6_WGII | 32 | 8 | Integrated, multi-sectoral solutions that address social in- equities, differentiate responses based on climate risk and cut across systems, increase the feasibility and effectiveness of adaptation in multiple sectors | high | 2 | train |
2,439 | AR6_WGII | 32 | 10 | For inland flooding, combinations of non-structural measures like early warning systems and structural measures like levees have reduced loss of lives | medium | 1 | train |
2,440 | AR6_WGII | 32 | 11 | Enhancing natural water retention such as by restoring wetlands and rivers, land use planning such as no build zones or upstream forest management, can further reduce flood risk | medium | 1 | train |
2,441 | AR6_WGII | 32 | 12 | On-farm water management, water storage, soil moisture conservation and irrigation are some of the most common adaptation responses and provide economic, institutional or ecological benefits and reduce vulnerability | high | 2 | train |
2,442 | AR6_WGII | 32 | 13 | Irrigation is effective in reducing drought risk and climate impacts in many regions and has several livelihood benefits, but needs appropriate management to avoid potential adverse outcomes, which can include accelerated depletion of groundwater and other water sources and increased soil salinization | medium | 1 | train |
2,443 | AR6_WGII | 32 | 14 | Large scale irrigation can also alter local to regional temperature and precipitation patterns (high confidence), including both alleviating and exacerbating temperature extremes | medium | 1 | train |
2,444 | AR6_WGII | 32 | 15 | The effectiveness of most water-related adaptation options to reduce projected risks declines with increasing warming | high | 2 | train |
2,445 | AR6_WGII | 32 | 17 | Effective options include cultivar improvements, agroforestry, community-based adaptation, farm and landscape diversification, and urban agriculture | high | 2 | train |
2,446 | AR6_WGII | 32 | 19 | Agroecological principles and practices, ecosystem-based management in fisheries and aquaculture, and other approaches that work with natural processes support food security, nutrition, health and well-being, livelihoods and biodiversity, sustainability and ecosystem services | high | 2 | train |
2,447 | AR6_WGII | 32 | 20 | These services include pest control, pollination, buffering of temperature extremes, and carbon sequestration and storage | high | 2 | train |
2,448 | AR6_WGII | 32 | 21 | Trade-offs and barriers associated with such approaches include costs of establishment, access to inputs and viable markets, new knowledge and management (high confidence) and their potential effectiveness varies by socioeconomic context, ecosystem zone, species combinations and institutional support | medium | 1 | train |
2,449 | AR6_WGII | 32 | 22 | Integrated, multi-sectoral solutions that address social inequities and differentiate responses based on climate risk and local situation will enhance food security and nutrition | high | 2 | train |
2,450 | AR6_WGII | 32 | 23 | Adaptation strategies which reduce food loss and waste or support balanced diets33 (as described in the IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land) contribute to nutrition, health, biodiversity and other environmental benefits | high | 2 | train |
2,451 | AR6_WGII | 35 | 1 | The resilience of species, biological communities and ecosystem processes increases with size of natural area, by restoration of degraded areas and by reducing non-climatic stressors | high | 2 | train |
2,452 | AR6_WGII | 35 | 2 | To be effective, conservation and restoration actions will increasingly need to be responsive, as appropriate, to ongoing changes at various scales, and plan for future changes in ecosystem structure, community composition and species’ distributions, especially as 1.5°C global warming is approached and even more so if it is exceeded | high | 2 | train |
2,453 | AR6_WGII | 35 | 3 | Adaptation options, where circumstances allow, include facilitating the movement of species to new ecologically appropriate locations, particularly through increasing connectivity between conserved or protected areas, targeted intensive management for vulnerable species and protecting refugial areas where species can survive locally | medium | 1 | train |
2,454 | AR6_WGII | 35 | 5 | Ecosystem-based Adaptation is vulnerable to climate change impacts, with effectiveness declining with increasing global warming | high | 2 | train |
2,455 | AR6_WGII | 35 | 6 | Urban greening using trees and other vegetation can provide local cooling | very high | 3 | train |
2,456 | AR6_WGII | 35 | 7 | Natural river systems, wetlands and upstream forest ecosystems reduce flood risk by storing water and slowing water flow, in most circumstances | high | 2 | train |
2,457 | AR6_WGII | 35 | 8 | Coastal wetlands protect against coastal erosion and flooding associated with storms and sea level rise where sufficient space and adequate habitats are available until rates of sea level rise exceeds natural adaptive capacity to build sediment | very high | 3 | train |
2,458 | AR6_WGII | 35 | 10 | The urgent provision of basic services, infrastructure, livelihood diversification and employment, strengthening of local and regional food systems and community-based adaptation enhance lives and livelihoods, particularly of low-income and marginalised groups | high | 2 | train |
2,459 | AR6_WGII | 35 | 11 | Inclusive, integrated and long-term planning at local, municipal, sub-national and national scales, together with effective regulation and monitoring systems and financial and technological resources and capabilities foster urban and rural system transition | high | 2 | train |
2,460 | AR6_WGII | 35 | 14 | Globally, more financing is directed at physical infrastructure than natural and social infrastructure | medium | 1 | train |
2,461 | AR6_WGII | 35 | 15 | Ecosystem-based adaptation (e.g., urban agriculture and forestry, river restoration) has increasingly been applied in urban areas | high | 2 | train |
2,462 | AR6_WGII | 35 | 16 | Combined ecosystem-based and structural adaptation responses are being developed, and there is growing evidence of their potential to reduce adaptation costs and contribute to flood control, sanitation, water resources management, landslide prevention and coastal protection | medium | 1 | train |
2,463 | AR6_WGII | 36 | 1 | Such adaptation challenges would occur much earlier under high rates of sea level rise, in particular if low-likelihood, high impact outcomes associated with collapsing ice sheets occur | high | 2 | train |
2,464 | AR6_WGII | 36 | 2 | Responses to ongoing sea level rise and land subsidence in low-lying coastal cities and settlements and small islands include protection, accommodation, advance and planned relocation | high | 2 | train |
2,465 | AR6_WGII | 36 | 3 | These responses are more effective if combined and/or sequenced, planned well ahead, aligned with sociocultural values and development priorities, and underpinned by inclusive community engagement processes | high | 2 | train |
2,466 | AR6_WGII | 36 | 9 | Energy generation diversification, including with renewable energy resources and generation that can be decentralised depending on context (e.g., wind, solar, small scale hydroelectric) and demand side management (e.g., storage, and energy efficiency improvements) can reduce vulnerabilities to climate change, especially in rural populations | high | 2 | train |
2,467 | AR6_WGII | 36 | 10 | Adaptations for hydropower and thermo-electric power generation are effective in most regions up to 1.5°C to 2°C, with decreasing effectiveness at higher levels of warming | medium | 1 | train |
2,468 | AR6_WGII | 36 | 11 | Climate responsive energy markets, updated design standards on energy assets according to current and projected climate change, smart-grid technologies, robust transmission systems and improved capacity to respond to supply deficits have high feasibility in the medium- to long-term, with mitigation co-benefits | very high | 3 | train |
2,469 | AR6_WGII | 36 | 14 | Heat Health Action Plans that include early warning and response systems are effective adaptation options for extreme heat | high | 2 | train |
2,470 | AR6_WGII | 36 | 15 | Effective adaptation options for water-borne and food-borne diseases include improving access to potable water, reducing exposure of water and sanitation systems to flooding and extreme weather events, and improved early warning systems | very high | 3 | train |
2,471 | AR6_WGII | 36 | 16 | For vector-borne diseases, effective adaptation options include surveillance, early warning systems, and vaccine development | very high | 3 | train |
2,472 | AR6_WGII | 36 | 17 | Effective adaptation options for reducing mental health risks under climate change include improving surveillance, access to mental health care, and monitoring of psychosocial impacts from extreme weather events | high | 2 | train |
2,473 | AR6_WGII | 36 | 18 | Health and well-being would benefit from integrated adaptation approaches that mainstream health into food, livelihoods, social protection, infrastructure, water and sanitation policies requiring collaboration and coordination at all scales of governance | very high | 3 | test |
2,474 | AR6_WGII | 36 | 20 | This improves the degree of choice under which migration decisions are made, ensuring safe and orderly movements of people within and between countries | high | 2 | train |
2,475 | AR6_WGII | 36 | 21 | Some development reduces underlying vulnerabilities associated with conflict, and adaptation contributes by reducing the impacts of climate change on climate sensitive drivers of conflict | high | 2 | train |
2,476 | AR6_WGII | 36 | 22 | Risks to peace are reduced, for example, by supporting people in climate-sensitive economic activities (medium confidence) and advancing women’s empowerment | high | 2 | train |
2,477 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 1 | For example, climate services that are inclusive of different users and providers can improve agricultural practices, inform better water use and efficiency, and enable resilient infrastructure planning | high | 2 | train |
2,478 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 3 | Hard limits to adaptation have been reached in some ecosystems | high | 2 | train |
2,479 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 4 | With increasing global warming, losses and damages will increase and additional human and natural systems will reach adaptation limits | high | 2 | train |
2,480 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 6 | For example, individuals and households in low-lying coastal areas in Australasia and Small Islands and smallholder farmers in Central and South America, Africa, Europe and Asia have reached soft limits | medium | 1 | train |
2,481 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 7 | Inequity and poverty also constrain adaptation, leading to soft limits and resulting in disproportionate exposure and impacts for most vulnerable groups | high | 2 | train |
2,482 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 8 | Lack of climate literacy46 at all levels and limited availability of information and data pose further constraints to adaptation planning and implementation | medium | 1 | train |
2,483 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 10 | Although global tracked climate finance has shown an upward trend since AR5, current global financial flows for adaptation, including from public and private finance sources, are insufficient for and constrain implementation of adaptation options especially in developing countries | high | 2 | train |
2,484 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 11 | The overwhelming majority of global tracked climate finance was targeted to mitigation while a small proportion was targeted to adaptation | very high | 3 | train |
2,485 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 12 | Adaptation finance has come predominantly from public sources | very high | 3 | train |
2,486 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 13 | Adverse climate impacts can reduce the availability of financial resources by incurring losses and damages and through impeding national economic growth, thereby further increasing financial constraints for adaptation, particularly for developing and least developed countries | medium | 1 | train |
2,487 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 15 | Ecosystems already reaching or surpassing hard adaptation limits include some warm- water coral reefs, some coastal wetlands, some rainforests, and some polar and mountain ecosystems | high | 2 | train |
2,488 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 16 | Above 1.5°C global warming level, some Ecosystem-based Adaptation measures will lose their effectiveness in providing benefits to people as these ecosystems will reach hard adaptation limits | high | 2 | train |
2,489 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 18 | Above 1.5°C global warming level, limited freshwater resources pose potential hard limits for Small Islands and for regions dependent on glacier and snow-melt | medium | 1 | train |
2,490 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 19 | By 2°C global warming level, soft limits are projected for multiple staple crops in many growing areas, particularly in tropical regions | high | 2 | train |
2,491 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 20 | By 3°C global warming level, soft limits are projected for some water management measures for many regions, with hard limits projected for parts of Europe | medium | 1 | train |
2,492 | AR6_WGII | 37 | 21 | Transitioning from incremental to transformational adaptation can help overcome soft adaptation limits | high | 2 | train |
2,493 | AR6_WGII | 38 | 4 | The implementation of these maladaptive actions can result in infrastructure and institutions that are inflexible and/or expensive to change | high | 2 | train |
2,494 | AR6_WGII | 38 | 5 | For example, seawalls effectively reduce impacts to people and assets in the short-term but can also result in lock-ins and increase exposure to climate risks in the long-term unless they are integrated into a long-term adaptive plan | high | 2 | train |
2,495 | AR6_WGII | 38 | 6 | Adaptation integrated with development reduces lock-ins and creates opportunities (e.g., infrastructure upgrading) | medium | 1 | train |
2,496 | AR6_WGII | 38 | 15 | Maladaptation is also minimized by planning that accounts for the time it takes to adapt (high confidence), the uncertainty about the rate and magnitude of climate risk (medium confidence) and a wide range of potentially adverse consequences of adaptation actions | high | 2 | train |
2,497 | AR6_WGII | 38 | 19 | Implementing actions can require large upfront investments of human, financial and technological resources (high confidence), whilst some benefits could only become visible in the next decade or beyond | medium | 1 | train |
2,498 | AR6_WGII | 38 | 20 | Accelerating commitment and follow-through is promoted by rising public awareness, building business cases for adaptation, accountability and transparency mechanisms, monitoring and evaluation of adaptation progress, social movements, and climate-related litigation in some regions | medium | 1 | train |
2,499 | AR6_WGII | 39 | 1 | Sustained adaptation actions are strengthened by mainstreaming adaptation into institutional budget and policy planning cycles, statutory planning, monitoring and evaluation frameworks and into recovery efforts from disaster events | high | 2 | train |
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