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35 资料来源：拉丁美洲和加勒比宣明会。 | 35 Source: World Vision Latin America and the Caribbean. |
36 资料来源：墨西哥内政部。 | 36 Source: Ministry of the Interior of Mexico. |
37 墨西哥不是唯一拘留移民儿童的国家。因缺乏统计资料，难以知道被拘留的儿童人数；据估计，有 100 个国家拘留移民儿童。见：http://endchilddetention.org/the-issue/。 | 37 Mexico is not the only country that detains migrant children. The lack of statistics makes it difficult to know the number of detained children; however, it is estimated that over 100 countries detain children for immigration purposes. See http://endchilddetention.org/the-issue/. |
38 资料来源：墨西哥善牧修女会。缺乏适合儿童生活的特定空间。此外，墨西哥移民政策的重点是拘留和遣返非法 | 38 Source: Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, Mexico. |
缺乏适合儿童生活的特定空间。此外，墨西哥移民政策的重点是拘留和遣返非法移民，即使是无人陪伴儿童。2014 年 1 月至 2015 年 6 月，共有 14,864 名无人陪伴移民儿童返回原籍国。39 | focus of migration policy in Mexico is the detention and return of irregular migrants, even in the case of unaccompanied children. From January 2014 to June 2015, 14,864 unaccompanied migrant children were returned to their countries of origin.39 |
38. 其他资料来源显示，进入墨西哥的中美洲无人陪伴移民儿童 85%以上最终被驱逐出境。墨西哥不遵守 2011 年《移民法》的改革条款，包括要求遣返移民儿童前考虑儿童的最大利益。40 | 38. Other sources reveal that over 85 per cent of unaccompanied migrant children from Central America who enter Mexico are eventually deported. Mexico does not comply with the 2011 reforms of the Migration Act, including the requirement to consider the best interests of the child before repatriating migrants.40 |
39. 儿童的大批返回和缺少重新融入社会的准备，是中美洲面临的一个严重问题。例如，萨尔瓦多报告 2015 年共有 7,545 名儿童从墨西哥返回，比 2014 年增加 4,944 人；同年，危地马拉共有 9,613 名未成年人从某一国家返回。41 | 39. The massive number of child returnees and the lack of preparation for their reintegration is a serious issue in Central America. For instance, El Salvador reported a total of 7,545 child migrant returnees from Mexico in 2015, an increase of 4,944 from 2014; in the case of Guatemala, in the same year, there was a total of 9,613 minor returnees, with the country from which they were returned not specified.41 |
40. 拉丁美洲一些国家政府参加了关于童年、移民和人权的特别培训和讲习班。大多数移民机构没有专门负责无人陪伴移民儿童的工作人员。该地区几乎没有任何地方当局或机构具体处理这一问题。虽然有健全的保护移民和儿童的法律框架，但没有关注无人陪伴移民儿童这一特定群体的法律。一些国家，如尼加拉瓜，根本没有移民政策，所以对移民人口的回应往往是即兴的、短期的和不协调的。42 | 40. Some governments in Latin America have participated in special training and workshops on childhood, migration and human rights. Most migration offices have no personnel assigned exclusively to work with unaccompanied migrant children. There are almost no local authorities or institutions in the region that work specifically on this topic. Although legal frameworks to protect both migrants and children are well developed, there are no laws on unaccompanied migrant children as a specific category. Some countries, such as Nicaragua, do not have a migration policy at all, so the responses for the migrant population tend to be improvised, short-term and uncoordinated.42 |
41. 巴拉圭存在一种称为“criadazgo”的现象，即由承包商以保护为幌子安排儿童――往往是非常年幼的儿童――从农村迁移到城市。这些孩子被迫从事家政工作，得不到任何经济补偿，只得到住处、食物、服装和教育。根据永久性住户统计调查，估计全国有 46,993 名这样的儿童，占全国儿童总数的 2.5%。43 | 41. In Paraguay there is the phenomenon of criadazgo — the migration of children, often when very young, from rural areas to the cities, organized by contractors under the guise of protection. Children are put to domestic work without any financial compensation but receive shelter, food, clothing and education. According to the Permanent Household Survey, it is estimated that 46,993 children, or 2.5 per cent of all children in the country, are in this situation.43 |
42. 在亚洲，印度和尼泊尔等国劳工法律将成人年龄定为 14 岁，从而允许剥削童工。据孟加拉国明爱会报告，儿童雇主很少将他们付给童工及其家人的报酬视为履行对孩子的义务，也不把这些孩子看作是理当主张公平待遇和赔偿的权利持有人。 | 42. In Asia, the labour laws of some countries, such as India and Nepal, allow the exploitation of child workers by setting the age of adulthood at 14 years. As Caritas Bangladesh has reported, employers of children rarely consider the compensation they pay to child workers or their families as the fulfilment of duties to the children, nor do they see children as rights holders entitled to claim their rights to fair treatment and compensation. |
43. 印度拥有世界上最大的儿童人口，儿童在邦内和跨邦流动愈加普遍。性别往往是移民流动和侵犯人权的一个特点；在印度，主要问题是性别歧视和妇女的社会地位低下，导致童婚、女性与男性之间比例下降以及对传统性别分工的需求。女移民儿童经常在娱乐和性行业、家政服务和婚姻市场中充当服务提供者，以满足广泛个性化服务的需求。44 | 43. India has the world’s largest child population, and migration of children within states and across state boundaries is increasingly prevalent. Gender is often an issue in migration flows and human rights violations; in India, the main issue is gender discrimination and the low status of women in society, which lead to child marriage, declining female-to-male ratios and the demand for the traditional sexual division of labour. Female migrant children are increasingly used as service providers to fulfil the demand for a vast array of personalized services in the entertainment and sex industries, in domestic work and in the marriage market.44 |
44. 在南非，非正规移民人数很难确定；估计在 250 万到 700 万之间。每周约有 2,000 名非正规移民被驱逐出境，主要来自莫桑比克和津巴布韦；其中 20%是儿童。45 | 44. In South Africa, the number of irregular migrants is difficult to determine; estimates range between 2.5 million and 7 million. Every week, about 2,000 irregular migrants, mainly from Mozambique and Zimbabwe, are deported; 20 per cent of these are children.45 |
39 资料来源：墨西哥内政部。 | 39 Source: Ministry of the Interior of Mexico. |
40 资料来源：弗雷·马蒂亚斯人权中心。 | 40 Source: Fray Matías de Córdova Human Rights Centre. |
41 资料来源：萨尔瓦多和危地马拉外交部。 | 41 Source: ministries of foreign affairs of El Salvador and Guatemala. |
42 资料来源：尼加拉瓜――国际 SOS 儿童村 | 42 Source: Nicaragua — SOS Children’s Villages International. |
43 资料来源：新月小组，见巴拉圭终止亚洲童妓组织对咨询委员会孤身移民儿童与人权问题调查问卷的答复。 | 43 Source: Luna Nueva Group, as cited in the End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism Paraguay replies to Advisory Committee questionnaire on unaccompanied migrant children and human rights. |
44 由于印度女性与男性比例不断下降，有些女孩被贩运到印度与当地人结婚。 | 44 As the female-to-male ratio in India continues to fall, young girls are trafficked into the country and sold into marriage. |
45 资料来源：移民组织，2014 年数据。45. 根据 2014 年儿童基金会东部和南部非洲区域分析报告，南苏丹危机导致近50 万人背井离乡。其中 70%以上在埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、苏丹或乌干达等邻国寻求庇护。无人陪伴儿童人数估计为 35,000 人。 | 45 Source: IOM, 2014 data. Ethiopia, Kenya, the Sudan or Uganda. The number of unaccompanied children is estimated at 35,000. |
46. 经由津巴布韦过境的儿童缺乏许多社会服务。儿童一旦离开家庭环境，经常孤立无援，可能遇到各种困难生活条件。不过，近年来由于津巴布韦政府、国际移民组织和儿童基金会成立了儿童收容中心，接待条件有所改善。这些收容中心为儿童提供基本社会服务，鼓励家庭团聚。 | 46. Children in transit through Zimbabwe lack many social services. Once the children are outside the family environment, they are often left by themselves and may be exposed to difficult living conditions. However, reception conditions have improved in recent years, as child reception centres have been set up by the Government of Zimbabwe, IOM and UNICEF. These reception centres provide basic social services for children and allow for family reunification. |
47. 在塞内加尔境内，塔利班儿童现象越来越常见。这些孩子被古兰经教师带到城市，据称是为了学习古兰经。但事实上，老师利用孩子们赚钱，强迫他们付费。研究表明，达喀尔有 15,000 名离开家庭的儿童在遭受剥削。多数情况下，这些儿童来自南部地区或邻国，如几内亚比绍。46 | 47. Inside Senegal, the phenomenon of talibé children is growing. These children are taken by marabouts (Qur’anic teachers) to cities for the alleged purpose of learning the Qur’an. However, in fact, the teachers exploit the children and force them to pay money. Studies show that 15,000 children without family in Dakar are victims of exploitation. In most cases, these children come from the southern regions or neighbouring countries such as Guinea-Bissau.46 |
48. 海地没有专门收容儿童的机构。无人陪伴儿童与被遣返成人住在政府管理的过境中心。一般来说，这些中心达不到卫生、供水或适当食物的最低标准。47 | 48. Haiti has no reception structures dedicated to children. Unaccompanied children are housed with repatriated adults in transit centres operated by the Government. In general, the centres do not meet the minimum standards for hygiene, water supply or appropriate food.47 |
49. 1990 年至 2015 年，大洋洲地区移民儿童总数从 43 万人增加到 67 万人，但移民总数上升速度更快，意味着儿童现在占移民总数的比例略低于 25 年前。48 | 49. Between 1990 and 2015, the total number of child migrants in the Oceania region increased from 430,000 to 670,000, but overall migration rose faster, meaning that children now make up a slightly smaller proportion of the migrant population than they did 25 years ago.48 |
四. 某些地区无人陪伴移民儿童和青少年遭遇的主要侵犯人权行为 | IV. Main human rights violations faced by unaccompanied migrant children and adolescents in identified areas |
50. 几乎每个国家遇到的一个共同问题是缺少无人陪伴移民儿童遭受侵犯人权行为的资料。 | 50. A common denominator in almost every country is the lack of information about human rights violations faced by unaccompanied migrant children. |
51. 具体就无人陪伴寻求庇护儿童而言，经常遭到违反的《儿童权利公约》权利和原则如下：不歧视；儿童最大利益；发展；拥有名称和国籍；家庭团聚；尊重儿童意见；健康和医疗；教育；特殊保护措施。49 | 51. Specifically, the rights and principles under the Convention on the Rights of the Child that are regularly violated in the case of unaccompanied asylum-seeking children are the following: non-discrimination, best interests of the child, development, having a name and nationality, family reunification, respect for the views of the child, health and medical care, education; special protection measures.49 |
52. 以性剥削或经济剥削、手术摘除器官和其他形式暴力为目的人口贩运，是巴拉圭境内移民儿童遭受的最严重侵权行为。新月小组(Luna Nueva Group)2015年发表的巴拉圭境内无人陪伴儿童遭受性剥削和贩运研究报告披露了各种侵权行为：性剥削和劳动剥削；贩运器官；以及以女童换动物。 | 52. Trafficking for sexual or economic exploitation, surgical removal of organs and other forms of violence are the most severe violations in the case of migrant children in Paraguay. In research published in 2015 by the Luna Nueva Group on sexual exploitation and trafficking of unaccompanied children in Paraguay, various kinds of violation were reported: sexual and labour exploitation, organ trafficking and trading girls for animals. |
53. 根据 2010 年至 2012 年的资料，从撒哈拉以南非洲国家贩运人口活动多半发生在该地区之内，受害者多半是儿童。据联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处，2010年至 2012 年非洲和中东占全球遭贩运儿童总数的 62%，是世界上最高的。 | 53. According to information dating from 2010 to 2012, human traffic flows originating from sub-Saharan Africa took place mostly within the region, with the majority of victims being children. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime reveals that Africa and the Middle East accounted for 62 per cent of the global total of trafficked children between 2010 and 2012, the highest proportion in the world. |
54. 在许多目的地国，移民儿童通常欠下人贩或剥削者的债务，他们拿走儿童的证件并利用威胁和暴力手段制服这些儿童。据报，儿童也遭受私人和政府官员的殴打，被偷运到博茨瓦纳的津巴布韦无人陪伴儿童就是这种情况。5046 资料来源：塞内加尔明爱会。47 资料来源：海地世界宣明会。48 儿童基金会，“背井离乡”。49 国际法律原则规定了国家对孤身儿童的责任，这些规定来自两项主要公约：《儿童权利公约》和《关于难民地位的议定书》。50 资料来源：津巴布韦地球社。 | 54. In many countries of destination, migrant children commonly acquire a debt vis-à-vis the trafficker or exploiter, who takes away the children’s documents and uses threats and violence to subdue them. Children are reported to be physically abused by both private 46 Source: Caritas Senegal. 47 Source: World Vision Haiti. 48 UNICEF, Uprooted. 49 International legal principles that prescribe the responsibilities of States towards unaccompanied children are derived from two main conventions: the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees. citizens and government officials, as in the case of unaccompanied Zimbabwean children in Botswana who have been introduced illegally into the country.50 |
55. 刚果民主共和国境内无人陪伴移民儿童在工作场所遭受劳动剥削，他们无法上学，也得不到医疗服务。51 据儿童基金会统计，约有 4 万名儿童在该国南部的矿井下劳动。因为没有青少年监狱，无人陪伴移民儿童被捕后有时关押在成人监狱。52 马来西亚未加入《难民地位公约》，所以不承认难民和寻求庇护者。在那里，儿童经常受到执法人员的骚扰，许多儿童被捕后关押在移民拘留营，未成年人和成年人不加区分。53 | 55. Unaccompanied migrant children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are victims of labour exploitation in jobs that prevent them from going to school and do not provide medical care.51 According to UNICEF, there are approximately 40,000 children working in mines across the southern part of the country. Unaccompanied migrant children are sometimes arrested and held in adult prisons, as there are no juvenile prisons. 52 In Malaysia, a State that does not recognize refugees and asylum seekers since it has not acceded to the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, children are constantly harassed by law enforcement officers, and many have been captured and placed in immigration detention camps, where there is no differentiation between minors and adults.53 |
56. 印度与其他亚洲国家一样，剥削从儿童离开家庭那一刻就开始了。在前往城市的路途上，他们害怕被警察抓住。一旦落入警察手里，就被带到警察局，关到找到工作为止。有报告称，警察和雇主对他们实施身体虐待和性虐待。54 据报，在孟加拉国也有类似的虐待案例。55 | 56. In India, as in other countries in Asia, exploitation starts as soon as the children leave home. On their way to the cities, they are afraid of the police, fearing what will happen if they are caught. Agents take them to their agency and they are kept there until they are placed for work. There are also reports of physical and sexual abuse by agents and employers.54 In Bangladesh, similar cases of abuse have also been reported.55 |
57. 墨西哥《儿童和青少年权利基本法》承认儿童和青少年是权利持有人，保障他们的人权得到充分行使、尊重、保护和促进。因此，他们作为发育中的个人具有特殊身份，有权享有《儿童权利公约》等国际人权文书保护和载述的基本人权。尽管有国内法和国际法的这些规定，但人权条约、国内法和日常做法之间存在很大差距。 | 57. The General Act on the Rights of Children and Adolescents in Mexico recognizes children as rights holders and guarantees them full exercise, respect, protection and promotion of human rights. They should therefore enjoy the fundamental rights to which they are entitled in their special capacity as persons in development, which are protected and embodied in international human rights instruments such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Despite these provisions of domestic and international law, however, there is a large gap between human rights treaties, domestic law and day-to-day practice. |
58. 在智利，即使是在该国出生的移民子女过去也被登记为无国籍人，这源于《宪法》解释的偏差，将他们视为过境外国人的子女。现在这一词语仅指游客和船员。在智利出生的移民子女可被认为是智利人。不过仍有报告称，有些儿童依旧被登记为过境外国人子女，他们获得国籍或正式身份的权利遭到剥夺。56 | 58. In Chile, even children of migrants who were born in the country were formerly registered as stateless because they were considered as the sons and daughters of aliens in transit, owing to a biased interpretation of the Constitution. Currently this term can only be applied to tourists and members of ships’ crews, since the children of migrants born in Chile are now considered Chilean. However, there are still reports of children being registered as the children of aliens in transit, which denies them access to a nationality or an official identity.56 |
59. 在一些欧洲国家，如奥地利，儿童必须申请庇护，才能获得基本服务和直接法律援助。法律援助先由最初收容中心的法律顾问提供，之后由省青年办事处提供。2015 年欧盟和自由流动区内申请庇护儿童数量比 2014 年增加一倍多。2016 年上半年，欧盟和自由流动区寻求庇护儿童中有近 70%是逃离阿富汗、伊拉克或阿拉伯叙利亚共和国战乱的儿童。57 | 59. In some European States, such as Austria, children have to apply for asylum in order to receive basic services and immediate legal representation, which is provided at first by the legal adviser at the initial reception centre and subsequently by the provincial youth offices. More than twice as many children applied for asylum within the European Union and free movement zone in 2015 than in 2014; in the first half of 2016, nearly 70 per cent of children seeking asylum in the European Union and free movement zone were fleeing conflict in Afghanistan, Iraq or the Syrian Arab Republic.57 |
60. 危地马拉几乎没有采取任何行动落实儿童的意见和言论自由权利；实现这项权利存在许多障碍，例如成人对待儿童的专横态度。58 危地马拉没有立足人权的移民政策。也没有向无人陪伴移民儿童提供保护、服务或协助的具体办法。59 | 60. In Guatemala, little has been done to enforce the right to freedom of opinion and expression of children; there are many obstacles to the fulfilment of this right, such as authoritarian attitudes among adults. 58 Guatemala lacks an immigration policy with a human rights approach. Also the country has not developed specific policies to protect, serve or assist unaccompanied migrant children.59 |
51 资料来源：刚果民主共和国善牧修女会。 | 51 Source: Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, Democratic Republic of the Congo. |
52 同上。 | 52 Ibid. |
53 资料来源：马来西亚善牧修女会。. | 53 Source: Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, Malaysia. |
54 资料来源：印度明爱会。 | 54 Source: Caritas India. |
55 由于亚洲人口众多，亚洲是世界上移民儿童人数最多的地区。但移民儿童所占比例相对较低：占在出生国以外居住亚洲儿童的 110 分之一。资料来源：儿童基金会，“背井离乡”， | 55 As a result of its large overall population, Asia is home to the largest total number of child migrants in the world. However, a relatively low proportion of its children migrate: only 1 in 110 of Asia’s children live outside their country of birth. Source: UNICEF, Uprooted, p. 10. |
低：占在出生国以外居住亚洲儿童的 110 分之一。资料来源：儿童基金会，“背井离乡”，第 10 页。56 资料来源：智利善牧修女会。 | 56 Source: Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, Chile. |
57 儿童基金会，“背井离乡”，第 11 页。 | 57 UNICEF, Uprooted, p. 11. |
58 资料来源：危地马拉儿童之家联盟。 | 58 Source: Casa Alianza Guatemala. |
59 资料来源：危地马拉人权监察员办公室人权研究部。 | 59 Source: Directorate of Human Rights Research, Office of the Human Rights Advocate, Guatemala. |
61. 意大利一项新法律打算加强儿童在所有与其有关事务中的发言权。比利时2016 年通过的一项法律确保每个有人陪伴儿童都可在父母或法定监护人不在场情况下表达意见，以便能够自由说出自己想法。 | 61. A new law in Italy envisages the consolidation of the child’s right to be heard in all matters affecting him or her. In Belgium, a law adopted in 2016 ensures that every accompanied child has the right to be heard, without his or her parent(s) or legal guardians being present, to make sure the child can speak freely. |
62. 在塞尔维亚，由于主管机构没有采取适当措施，语言障碍使移民儿童无法充分说明自已的情况。实际上，他们不能表达自己的意见，当局也无从判断他们的离家选择是否出于自愿，也无从了解促使他们离开的真实原因。60 | 62. In Serbia, owing to the lack of proper measures by the responsible institutions, the language barrier makes it impossible for migrant children to explain their situation adequately. It also effectively renders them unable to express their own opinions and prevents the authorities from determining whether their choice to migrate was voluntary and which underlying reasons motivated them to migrate.60 |
63. 在洪都拉斯，有专门收容未成年国际移民的方案，由经过培训的技术团队照料这部分人。然而，没有处理移民儿童问题的国家政策。就返回者而言，也只有一个专门中心，向从国外返回的洪都拉斯移民儿童和在国外出生的无证儿童提供帮助。61 | 63. In Honduras, there is a programme devoted to underage international migrants, which includes technical teams trained to care for this population. However, there is no national policy that deals with the issue of migrant children and, in the case of returnees, there is only one centre specialized in assisting Honduran migrant children returning from abroad and undocumented foreign-born children.61 |
64. 津巴布韦的移民政策考虑了对移民者权利的保护，尽管这些政策的实际执行仍然面临挑战。 | 64. In Zimbabwe, migration policies take into account protection of the rights of migrants, although the practical implementation of these policies remains a challenge. |
五. 性别考虑 | V. Gender considerations |
65. 各国几乎没有提供任何资料说明侵犯移民儿童人权的情况；这包括性别驱使的侵权行为信息。 | 65. Almost no information is provided by States to explain violations of the human rights of migrant children; this includes information on violations motivated by gender. |
66. 很少国家作出全面答复，包括提供男女分开的安全宿舍和单独盥洗设施以及特别安全措施，以加强妇女安全。此外，本报告涵盖的所有会员国的一大弱点在于提供性别暴力信息和报告性别暴力信息的方式。这种情况增加了侵权不加报告和侵权者不受惩罚的可能。62 | 66. Few States provide comprehensive responses, which would include provision of separate and safe accommodation for males and females, separate washing facilities and special security measures to enhance women’s safety. In addition, the provision of information on gender-based violence and ways of reporting it is a major weakness in all the Member States covered in the present report. This situation increases non-reporting of abuse and allows abusers to act with impunity.62 |
67. 墨西哥的国际移民流动对不同性别具有不同的影响。例如，一位来自玛雅·马姆族群的少女在接受采访时表示，她避免性侵的策略是要求一名男同伴在他人面前介绍她是他的女友，而这一借口是需要付费的。63 此外，不仅异性恋妇女是性别暴力的目标，也记录有对女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋、变性和和双性儿童的歧视和迫害。64 | 67. International migration has a differential impact by gender in Mexico. For instance, a teenage girl from the Maya Mam ethnic group stated in an interview that her strategy to avoid sexual abuse was to ask a male fellow traveller to introduce her as his girlfriend in front of others, a pretence for which he asked to be paid. 63 Furthermore, heterosexual women are not the only target of gender-based violence, since discrimination against, and persecution of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex children has also been recorded.64 |
68. 家政服务是墨西哥境内女性移民的常见工作；绝大多数女性移民未满 18岁。来自危地马拉的女性移民往往是土著人。此外，这一脆弱群体不仅遭受劳动剥削，还缺少最低的劳动者权益，如法律合同或合法居住权。在这方面，由于涉及费用和雇主利益，女性移民儿童几乎不可能得到临时或永久居留身份。65 。 | 68. Domestic service is a common job for female migrants in Mexico; the vast majority of them are under the age of 18 years. Those coming from Guatemala tend to be of indigenous origin. Furthermore, this vulnerable group has been subjected to labour exploitation and a lack of minimum labour rights, such as a legal contract or legal residence. In this context, it is almost impossible for female child migrants to obtain temporary or permanent residence status, because of the costs involved and the interests of their employers.65 |
及费用和雇主利益，女性移民儿童几乎不可能得到临时或永久居留身份。65 。60 资料来源：塞尔维亚监察员。61 资料来源：洪都拉斯对咨询委员会孤身移民儿童与人权问题调查问卷的答复。62 资料来源：负责暴力侵害儿童问题的秘书长特别代表办公室提供给咨询委员会的资料，2017年 2 月 24 日。63 性别与难民问题研究中心：“中美洲和北美洲儿童与移民问题――原因、政策、做法和挑战”(旧金山，2015 年 2 月)，第 166 页。64 资料来源：墨西哥难民援助委员会总协调员。65 资料来源：弗雷·马蒂亚斯人权中心。69. 据危地马拉当局记录，强奸的危险几乎无处不在，人贩本身为了防止任何可能的怀孕，逼迫少女在行前接受避孕注射。66 在中美洲，大多数向北方迁徙的儿童是男性，但最近女性人数有所增加。 | 69. Authorities in Guatemala have recorded that, in many cases, the danger of rape is so high that traffickers themselves, in order to prevent any possible pregnancy, force teenage girls to undergo a contraceptive injection before the journey.66 In Central America, most of 60 Source: Ombudsman of Serbia. 61 Source: Honduras replies to Advisory Committee questionnaire on unaccompanied migrant children and human rights. 62 Source: information provided by the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children to the Advisory Committee, 24 February 2017. 63 Center for Gender & Refugee Studies, Childhood and Migration in Central and North America: Causes, Policies, Practices and Challenges (San Francisco, February 2015), p. 166. 64 Source: General Coordinator of the Mexican Commission for Aid to Refugees. 65 Source: Fray Matías de Córdova Human Rights Centre. 66 Source: Guatemala — SOS Children’s Villages. children migrating to the north are male, but recently the number of females has increased. |
70. 在性剥削的情况下，女性受害者占绝大多数。例如，意大利境内据报遭贩运和剥削的尼日利亚无人陪伴移民儿童大多是女性。67 | 70. In cases of sexual exploitation, female victims are in the majority. For instance, unaccompanied migrant children in Italy who originate from Nigeria, and who are often reported to be victims of trafficking and exploitation, are mostly female.67 |
71. 在塞内加尔，过境和/或目的地接待区明显地按性别考虑区分开来。与家政工作有关的移民主要是女性移民，而将从事需要力气工作的移民主要是男性。塞内加尔的现有数据表明，移民已逐渐变得更加“女性化”。塞内加尔女孩占遭贩运人口的三分之一。 | 71. In Senegal, transit and/or destination areas are clearly distinguished by gender considerations. Thus, migration related to domestic work mostly involves female migrants and that related to jobs that need physical strength mostly involves males. Existing data in Senegal indicate that migration has gradually become more “feminized”. Senegalese girls account for two out of three victims of trafficking. |
72. 基于性别移民的最典型实例之一，是每年有 2 万多名年龄 12 至 25 岁的妇女和女孩从尼泊尔偷渡到印度从事家政服务、性工作或结婚。68 最近从人贩手中解救的一些女童只有八岁。一些女孩被人从家里和社区带走，到班加罗尔、德里、孟买、加尔各答或西里古里的妓院中充当性奴。来自尼泊尔的约 20 万名女童在印度的妓院工作。69 | 72. In one of the most severe instances of gender-based migration, over 20,000 women and young girls (mostly aged between 12 and 25 years) are smuggled every year from Nepal to India for domestic or sex work and marriage.68 In recent times, some girls as young as eight have been rescued from traffickers. Some girls are taken from their homes and communities to work as sex slaves in the brothels of Bangalore, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata or Siliguri. Around 200,000 girls from Nepal are working in Indian brothels.69 |
73. 根据联合国人口基金、贝鲁特美国大学和萨瓦发展和援助组织 2016 年在阿拉伯叙利亚共和国进行的一项调查，20 岁至 24 岁之间的 2,400 名难民妇女和女童中有三分之一在 18 岁之前已经结婚。在目前年龄为 15 至 17 岁的难民女孩中，有 24%已经结婚。在这场毁灭性冲突爆发之前，叙利亚人的童婚现象不是如此普遍。有人估计 2016 年叙利亚人的童婚率是危机前的四倍。70 | 73. A 2016 survey in the Syrian Arab Republic, conducted by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the American University of Beirut and Sawa for Development and Aid, found that more than one third of 2,400 refugee women and girls between the ages of 20 and 24 years had been married before reaching the age of 18 years. Among refugee girls currently aged between 15 and 17 years, some 24 per cent are married. Before the current devastating conflict erupted, child marriage was significantly less common among Syrians. Some estimates show child marriage rates to be four times higher among Syrian refugees in 2016 than among Syrians before the crisis.70 |
六. 区域和国家间协调 | VI. Regional and inter-State coordination |
74. 为了有效决策和保证移民儿童的合法权利，许多国家与公共行政部门、国际组织、学术界和民间组织参加的多机构协调机制进行合作。也有各种程序将部委、政府机构和地方机构联系起来，共享信息，一起管理移民儿童。但在许多情况下，这些程序效率不高，或者没有从人权角度进行设计。 | 74. For the purpose of effective decision-making and assuring the legal rights of migrant children, many countries work with multi-agency coordination mechanisms, involving the authorities of the public administration, international organizations, academics and civil society organizations. There are various procedures bringing together ministers, government agencies and local institutions for the purpose of sharing information and collaborating in the management of migrant children but, in many cases, these procedures are not efficient or designed from a human rights perspective. |
75. 拉丁美洲国家之间合作的重点是逮捕和向原籍国遣返儿童和青少年，这表明作为利益攸关方的儿童被完全忽视。在分析儿童可能遭遇危险的情况时，往往不考虑保护需要。因此，难民身份多半不是选项，尽管有正当理由相信儿童应该获得保护。事实上，从预防角度实行国际合作的情况很少见。71 | 75. Cooperation between countries in Latin America is focused on arrest and repatriation of children to their countries of origin, which explains the invisibility of children as stakeholders. The need for protection is often absent in the analysis of situations that expose children to risk. Therefore refugee status is not an option in most cases, despite the legitimate reasons which would make children eligible. International collaboration from a perspective of prevention is rare indeed.71 |
76. 在区域层面，墨西哥是区域移民问题会议的一部分。这是加勒比、中美洲和北美国家处理移民原籍、过境、目的地和返回问题的国际移民问题多边区域论66 资料来源：危地马拉――SOS 儿童村. | 76. At the regional level, Mexico is part of the Regional Conference on Migration. This is a multilateral regional forum on international migration for Caribbean, Central American and North American countries, dealing with issues of origin, transit, destination and return of migrants. Members of the Regional Conference formed an ad hoc group on migrant children in order to promote immediate action and effective protection of unaccompanied migrant children during all phases of the migration flow. However, despite its importance, this effort has had little real impact. |
67 资料来源：塞内加尔明爱会。 | 67 Source: Caritas Senegal. |
68 资料来源：印度明爱会。 | 68 Source: Caritas India. |
69 同上。 | 69 Ibid. |
70 人口基金，“新的研究发现，在最脆弱的叙利亚难民中童婚日益增多”，2017 年 1 月 31 日。可查阅：http://www.unfpa.org/news/new-study-finds-child-marriage-rising-among-most-vulnerable-syrian-refugees#sthash.bPOVVkBs.dpuf。 | 70 UNFPA, “New study finds child marriage rising among most vulnerable Syrian refugees”, 31 January 2017. Available from http://www.unfpa.org/news/new-study-finds-child-marriage-rising-among-most-vulnerable-syrian-refugees#sthash.bPOVVkBs.dpuf. |
71 资料来源：拉丁美洲和加勒比世界宣明会。坛。区域会议成员国成立了移民儿童问题特设小组，以在移民流动的所有阶段敦促立即采取行动，对无人陪伴移民儿童给予切实保护。然而，尽管如此重要，这项努力的实际效果微乎其微。 | 71 Source: World Vision Latin America and the Caribbean. |
77. 在墨西哥、中美洲和加勒比地区，区域条约没有列入过境国或目的国保障儿童在迁徙过程中各项权利的具体义务，如禁止拘留、正当程序和儿童最大利益原则。72 中美洲一体化系统和中美洲移民局长委员会等区域机构73 对开展处理移民问题的对话和执行有关决定至关重要。然而，尽管跨境自由流动的区域协议(中美洲四国中美洲单一签证)赞同区域内部人员流动，但也必须努力确保移民的权利得到有效保护，中美洲的移民政策和行动在社会上得以落实。 | 77. In Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, regional treaties do not include specific obligations for countries of transit or destination with respect to guarantees for children in migration processes, such as the prohibition of detention, due process and the principle of the best interests of the child.72 Regional bodies such as the Central American Integration System and the Central American Commission of Migration Directors73 have been crucial to the dialogue and the implementation of regional decisions on an approach to migration. However, although regional agreements on free movement across borders (the Central America-4 single Central American visa) have favoured mobility within the region, efforts are needed for the effective protection of rights and the realization in society of Central American migrant policies and actions. |
78. 2014 年，应南方共同市场成员国――阿根廷、巴西、巴拉圭和乌拉圭 2001年提出的一项请求，美洲人权法院发布了关于移徙中和(或)需要国际保护的儿童的权利与保障的第 21/14 号咨询意见。这是一个国家集团首次在美洲人权体系面前就保护本区域人权的关切发表共同立场。这份咨询意见是一项区域性成就，为明确和扩大移民儿童权利和利益的范围提供了创新性指导意见。 | 78. In 2014, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued advisory opinion OC-21/14 on rights and guarantees of children in the context of migration and/or in need of international protection, in response to a request made in 2011 by the member States of the Southern Common Market at the time, namely Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. This was the first time that a group of States had appeared before the inter-American system of human rights with a common position on an issue of concern for the protection of human rights in the region. The advisory opinion is a regional achievement that provides innovative guidelines for defining and expanding the scope of the rights and interests of migrant children. |
79. 在欧洲，有一些机构为保护寻求庇护无人陪伴儿童进行合作。欧盟关于家庭团聚的《都柏林第三规则》规定逐案合作。 | 79. In Europe, there is some institutional collaboration for the purpose of protecting unaccompanied child asylum seekers. The Dublin III regulation on family reunification of the European Union establishes collaboration on a case-by-case basis. |
80. 南部非洲国家加紧努力，实施横跨三个南部非洲国家的联合项目。例如，正在莫桑比克、南非和津巴布韦实施德国地球社资助的“未知目的地”运动。然而，需要加强区域努力和协调，以保护无人陪伴移民儿童。74 | 80. In Southern Africa, efforts have been stepped up with the implementation of joint projects cutting across three Southern African countries. For example, the Destination Unknown campaign, which is being implemented in Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe, is funded by Terres des Hommes Germany. However, regional efforts and coordination need to develop significantly in order to protect unaccompanied migrant children.74 |
七. 民间社会的作用 | VII. Role of civil society |
81. 许多存在严重移民问题的国家加强了政府与民间社会的关系。在这方面，各国认可民间社会组织开展工作，向移民儿童提供服务、援助和指导，以满足他们的主要或基本需求，以及促进其人权。另一方面，根据缅甸明爱会等一些组织的报告，政府机构、国际和国家非政府组织以及联合国组织之间仍然缺乏合作。 | 81. Many countries with serious migration issues have strengthened the relationship between government and civil society. In this regard, States recognize the work that civil society organizations carry out in order to serve, assist and guide migrant children in the fulfilment of their primary or basic needs, as well as the promotion of their human rights. On the other hand, some reports, such as the one presented by Caritas Myanmar, still perceive a lack of collaboration between government organizations, international and national NGOs and United Nations organizations. |
82. 民间社会发挥着突出作用，它们发现不安全问题，提供各种服务，组织有相关经验的机构网络，并担任监督机构，确保国家保障无人陪伴移民儿童的所有基本权利。 | 82. Civil society plays a prominent role in uncovering the problem of insecurity, providing services and organizing institutional networks with relevant experience, as well as serving as a watchdog to ensure that States guarantee all the fundamental rights of unaccompanied migrant children. |
83. 民间社会积极介入，预防和应对虐待、忽视、侵害和剥削儿童行为；它们确保儿童拥有合法证件，力求按照儿童最大利益原则具体寻找持久解决方案。许多组织提供教育和医疗援助、社会心理支持、食物、住所、水和卫生服务。一些非政府组织甚至在政府机构严重违规的情况下采取法律行动。 | 83. Civil society intervenes in the prevention of, and response to, child abuse, neglect, violence and exploitation; it ensures that children have legal documentation and that their specific needs for durable solutions are met in their best interests. Many organizations provide education and medical assistance, psychosocial support, food, shelter and water and sanitation services. Some NGOs have even brought legal action in the case of severe violations by government agencies. |
84. 国际非政府组织和全球网络，如儿童之家联盟和终止亚洲童妓组织，为警察以及社会工作和青年福利机构的工作人员和专家举办关于保护儿童难民免遭贩运和性剥削以及一般权利保护问题的培训。72 资料来源：弗雷·马蒂亚斯人权中心。73 该委员会是区域移民问题会议倡议成立的。74 资料来源：津巴布韦地球社。 | 84. International NGOs and global networks such as Casa Alianza and End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism promote training programmes for staff and experts from the 72 Source: Fray Matías de Córdova Human Rights Centre. 73 The Commission is an initiative of the Regional Conference on Migration. 74 Source: Terre des Hommes Zimbabwe. police, social work and youth welfare authorities on measures to protect child refugees from trafficking and sexual exploitation and on general human rights protection. |
85. 民间社会在传播和提高人们对移民儿童人权的认识方面具有丰富经验。为此，民间社会一直努力加强与各机构、社会团体、儿童、传媒和社会的联系，向它们传达其对形势的看法，推动机构变革，影响公共政策。 | 85. Civil society has significant experience in communication and raising awareness of the human rights of migrant children. Thus, civil society has tried to reach institutions, social organizations, children, the media and society in general in order to convey its view of the situation, generate structural change and influence public policies. |
86. 非政府组织在移民问题上比国家有更强的协调与合作能力。例如，明爱会与政府和国际组织合作，保护儿童。明爱会的合作伙伴包括国家部委、移民组织、儿童基金会和联合国教育、科学及文化组织。民间移民组织区域网络是拉丁美洲 11 个国家参加全球论坛的民间社会组织和个人的网络。 | 86. NGOs have demonstrated a far better level of coordination and cooperation on migration issues than States. As an example, Caritas works with governmental and international organizations for the protection of children. Caritas partners include national ministries, IOM, UNICEF and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The Regional Network of Civil Organizations for Migration is a network of civil society organizations and individuals from 11 countries in Latin America that also participates in global forums. |
87. 在非洲，民间社会组织“地球社”已成为处理儿童权利问题的所有非政府组织的总括机构，如津巴布韦就是这种情况。那里的地球社协调各种活动，就如何保护移民儿童权利向政府提供咨询。它监测和评估津巴布韦儿童权利状况定期报告中的每项活动，这份报告送交儿童权利委员会，作为普遍定期审议进程的资料送交人权理事会，还送交非洲儿童权利和福利专家委员会和南部非洲发展共同体。75 | 87. In Africa, the civil society organization Terre des Hommes acts as an umbrella body for all NGOs dealing with child rights, for instance in Zimbabwe. Terre des Hommes Zimbabwe coordinates activities and advises the Government on ways of protecting the rights of migrant children. It monitors and evaluates every activity in periodic reports on the state of child rights in Zimbabwe, which are sent to the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Human Rights Council as input to its universal periodic review process, the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child and the Southern African Development Community.75 |
88. 无人陪伴未成年难民联合会努力改善抵达德国的无监护人陪伴儿童的法律状况。该协会正在实施加强德国境内青年难民与社会积极融合的项目。众多困难常常妨碍他们与社会融合。然而，还是有许多青年成功地过上了积极和对社会负责任的生活，实现着个人的目标。76 | 88. The Federal Association for Unaccompanied Minor Refugees has been working towards the improvement of the legal situation of children who arrive in Germany without the support of a guardian. The Association runs a project to enhance active integration for young refugees in Germany. Numerous obstacles often hinder their integration. Nevertheless, many adolescents succeed in leading an active and socially committed life and fulfilling their personal goals.76 |
八. 良好做法 | VIII. Good practices |
89. 在意大利，2015 年开始实施新的收容制度，目的是建立专门针对移民儿童的紧急救助收容中心。首先按常规程序为抵达意大利的移民儿童进行初步健康检查，包括在早期阶段发现潜在的身体和/或心理社会问题，以确保在收容过程的其余时间提供足够的健康和教育支持。由于旅途所造成的身体心理压力以及移民儿童的个人痛苦经历，需要向他们提供个性化心理社会支持。意大利议会最近批准了关于保护无人陪伴移民儿童的新法律。 | 89. In Italy, a new reception system was implemented in 2015 with the aim of setting up first-assistance reception centres dedicated to migrant children. Initial health screening for migrant children arriving in Italy consists of regular procedures for the identification of potential physical and/or psychosocial problems, in the very early stages, in order to ensure adequate health and educational support during the rest of the reception procedure. Customized psychosocial support is needed owing to the psychological and physical stress and trauma caused by the journey and the painful personal experiences of migrant children. The Italian parliament has recently approved a new law on the protection of unaccompanied migrant children. |
90. 一些国家在庇护程序开始之前，为无人陪伴移民儿童分配社会工作者、监护人、教育工作者或法律代理。在整个寻求庇护过程中，这些人员将从申请开始(第一次面试)一直陪同这些孩子，直到最终作出决定和落实这些决定。77 根据法律，寻求庇护儿童从一开始便有权获得法律信息。 | 90. In some countries, social workers, guardians, educators or legal representatives are assigned to the unaccompanied migrant children before the asylum procedure begins. These persons have the role of accompanying the child from the beginning of the application (first interview) throughout the entire asylum-seeking process until a final decision is issued and applied. 77 By law, children seeking asylum have access to legal information from the beginning. |
91. 在许多国家，庇护中心的管理者负责提供学校和其他活动，来维持和发展儿童的技能。有些国家教育法规定了保障措施，确保移民平等接受各级教育。例如，德国是移民儿童的理想目的地，因为他们可以得到支持，青年福利机构给予儿童特别待遇。7875 资料来源：津巴布韦地球社。76 资料来源：德国终止亚洲童妓组织。77 美国只在某些情况下才向儿童提供法律代理。该国不是《儿童权利公约》的缔约国。不过，儿童有权聘请律师在法律程序中代表他们，并有各种援助方案可供使用。78 德国终止亚洲童妓组织。 | 91. In many countries, operators of asylum centres are responsible for providing schools and other activities to maintain and develop the skills of children. Some national education laws have safeguards to ensure equal access to education for all migrants at all levels. For 75 Source: Terre des Hommes Zimbabwe. 76 Source: End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism Germany. 77 In the United States, legal representation is provided for children only in certain cases. The State is not a party to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Nevertheless, children have the right to be represented by legal counsel in the proceedings, and there are various programmes available to assist them. instance, Germany is a desirable destination for migrant children because of the support they receive and the special treatment granted by the youth welfare authorities.78 |
92. 在阿塞拜疆，一些收容所每天提供三餐、特别医疗援助、居住空间和当地语言课程。此外，人权专员办事处的代表有权在不事先通知情况下进入任何居住中心，提出必须在规定期限内执行的建议。然而，不是每个无人陪伴移民儿童在阿塞拜疆都得到尊重和适当待遇。 | 92. In Azerbaijan, some shelters provide food three times a day, special medical assistance, housing space and classes in the local language. Additionally, representatives of the office of the Commissioner for Human Rights have the right to enter any of the housing centres without prior notice and to make recommendations that have to be implemented within a defined period. However, not every unaccompanied migrant child receives respectful and proper treatment in Azerbaijan. |
93. 有些国家，如丹麦，由照顾本国有需要儿童的同一机构向无人陪伴移民儿童提供住宿和住所。西班牙也是如此，那里的移民儿童往往被安置在西班牙需要保护儿童的同一中心。 | 93. In some countries, such as Denmark, the institution that provides housing and shelter for unaccompanied migrant children is the same one that takes care of child nationals in need. This is also the case in Spain, where migrant children are often housed in centres with Spanish children in need of protection. |
94. 在立陶宛，政府机构之间的协调主要在遣返移民儿童方面很有效率，遣返时不考虑儿童的意愿，也不适当考虑移民儿童在原籍国的可能境遇。如果无人陪伴移民儿童不能返回自己的国家，他或她可获得有效期不超过一年的临时居留许可。79 | 94. In Lithuania, the coordination between government institutions is mainly efficient in returning migrant children, without prioritizing the will of the child and without proper consideration of the situation the migrant child may find in his or her country of origin. If an unaccompanied migrant child is not returned to his or her own country, he or she is provided with a temporary residence permit valid for no longer than one year.79 |
95. 在比利时，佛兰芒议会批准执行综合性青年照料法令，对寻求庇护儿童与不寻求庇护儿童不加区别，对每个移民儿童，无论他或她原籍和个人经历，都赋予权利和准予保护性法律地位。 | 95. In Belgium, the Flemish parliament approved the implementation of a decree on integrated youth care that abandons the distinction between children who are asylum seekers and those who are not, giving rights and protected legal status to every migrant child, irrespective of his or her origin and personal history. |
96. 德国的《联邦青年保护法》适用于 18 岁以下的所有人，包括无人陪伴移民儿童。当地的青年福利机构负责采取具体行动，确保每个儿童的福祉。但是，一旦达到 18 岁，综合保护措施就不再对其适用。80 | 96. The German Federal Youth Protection Act applies to everyone under 18 years. It thus covers unaccompanied migrant children. The local youth welfare authorities are responsible for taking specific action to ensure the well-being of the child. However, as soon as the person reaches 18 years of age, the comprehensive protection measures are no longer applicable.80 |
97. 根据《儿童权利公约》第三十七条，拘留无人陪伴移民儿童是严重侵犯人权的行为。但比利时等国有一项例外：儿童抵达边境后，如对他或她的年龄有疑问，则可拘留三个工作日(在特殊情况下可延长三个工作日)。一旦儿童被确定为未成年人，必须在 24 小时内将他或她转移到观察和情况介绍中心。 | 97. As stated in article 37 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the detention of unaccompanied migrant children is a serious human rights violation, although there is one exception in some countries such as Belgium: if a child arrives at the border, and there is a doubt about his or her age, he or she can be held in detention for three working days (extendable for another three working days in exceptional cases). Once the child’s minority has been proved, he or she has to be transferred to an observation and orientation centre within 24 hours. |
98. 女性移民儿童很少得到特殊待遇。然而，阿塞拜疆报告说它采取了具体措施，如由移民服务机构女性面谈员采访女性受害者。 | 98. Female migrant children are seldom accorded special treatment. However, specific measures, such as female interviewers in migration services who interview female victims, have been recorded in Azerbaijan. |
99. 为了保持阿塞拜疆移民的民族文化和认同，阿塞拜疆监察员在挪威和布拉格会晤了阿塞拜疆侨民代表，捐赠了关于阿塞拜疆历史和文学的中学教科书和出版物。81 | 99. In an initiative to restore the national culture and identity of Azerbaijani migrants, the Ombudsman of Azerbaijan met representatives of the Azerbaijani diaspora in Norway and Prague and donated secondary school textbooks and publications about the history and literature of Azerbaijan.81 |
100. 几个欧洲联盟成员国在第三国实施了预防和发展项目，以解决寻求前往欧洲联盟的无人陪伴未成年人问题。西班牙的一个项目旨在阻止塞内加尔的非正规移民；斯洛文尼亚与阿富汗实施一个双边项目。比利时向主要移民输出国派出宣讲团，以提高人们的认识。荷兰在阿富汗实施一个双边项目。 | 100. Several European Union member States have implemented prevention and development projects in third countries, intended to address the situation of unaccompanied minors who seek to travel to the European Union. A Spanish project seeks to prevent irregular migration from Senegal; Slovenia has set up a bilateral project with Afghanistan; Belgium has sent several awareness-raising missions to countries of origin of major groups of migrants. The Netherlands has set up a bilateral project in Afghanistan. |
101. 墨西哥具有专门的保护移民儿童的机构能力。家庭整体发展国家系统借助儿童保护和全面发展方案，协调和监督无人陪伴移民儿童预防和待遇的战略。 | 101. Mexico has specific institutional capacity for the protection of migrant children. The National System for Integral Family Development, through the programme for the 78 End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism Germany. 79 Source: Ombudsman of Lithuania. 80 Source: End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism Germany. 81 Source: Ombudsman of Azerbaijan. protection and integral development of children, coordinates and oversees the operation of the strategy for prevention and treatment of unaccompanied migrant children. |
102. 一些欧洲国家正在执行任务明确的收容制度，配备高度专业化机构和特别设施。例如，丹麦移民局有两个专门访谈无人陪伴儿童的团队。西班牙境内移民79 资料来源：立陶宛的监察员。80 资料来源：德国终止亚洲童妓组织。81 资料来源：阿塞拜疆的监察员。儿童，无论是否有人陪伴，都可按规定要求行政当局在所有相关诉讼中考虑儿童的最大利益。 | 102. Some European countries are implementing a well-defined reception system, organized in highly specialized structures and special facilities. For instance, the Danish Immigration Service has two teams which specialize in interviewing unaccompanied children. Migrant children in Spain, whether accompanied or not, have a regime that requires the administration to consider the best interests of the child in all proceedings affecting him or her. |
103. 关爱青年系统是按照比利时地方当局的结构建立的组织网络，尽管是私立的。非政府组织利用这一组织网络设立自己的服务机构，但也得到政府承认和资助。所有儿童，无论多大年龄和处于哪一收容阶段，都可以随时转送青年关爱中心照顾，只要他们有得到当局承认的“特殊需要”。 | 103. The youth care system is a network of organizations following the structure of the regional authorities in Belgium, although it is a private system. Through this organization, NGOs set up services themselves, but they are recognized and funded by the Government. All children, regardless of their age and the phase of the reception process, can be referred to the youth care services at any time, provided that they have “special needs” which are recognized by the authorities. |
104. 萨尔瓦多有与儿童互动并考虑儿童意见的正式机制。此外，国家儿童和青少年委员会的专业人员在收容阶段接待儿童返回者，与他们面谈，了解他们的意见、问题和需要。82 | 104. In El Salvador, there is an official mechanism for interaction with children in order to take their views into consideration. Additionally, the specialized staff of the National Council for Children and Adolescents deal with child returnees at the reception stage and conduct interviews to determine their views, problems and needs.82 |
105. 目前，意大利已开始为没有获得难民身份的弱势儿童发放人道主义签证。这些人道主义签证是根据意大利法律授权发放的。 | 105. In Italy, humanitarian visas are now being provided for vulnerable children who do not receive refugee status. These humanitarian visas are authorized under Italian law. |
106. 希腊的新政策和新立法措施允许 8 万难民和移民儿童进入学校学习。已提供可容纳 25 万多儿童需要的住宿场所，并建立了新的学校和教育设施，为无人陪伴儿童和青少年提供母语教育。83 | 106. In Greece, new policy and legislative measures allow access to education for 80,000 refugee and migrant children. More than 250,000 child-friendly accommodation places have been established, and new school and educational facilities have been created to provide unaccompanied children and adolescents with education in their mother tongue.83 |
九. 建议 | IX. Recommendations |
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