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与非政府组织的协调 | Coordination with non-governmental organizations |
28. 非政府组织参与 公约 的实施和它们对缔约方会议的贡献是成功地实施 公约 必不可少的组成部分 为了促进各方面的非政府组织在所有各级有效 | 28. The participation of non-governmental organizations in the implementation of the Convention and their contribution to the meetings of the Parties is a necessary component of the successful implementation of the Convention. In order to facilitate the effective participation of the NGO community at all levels in the implementation of the Convention and on the basis of experience, the following activities are envisaged for the biennium (US$ 527,000): |
(a) 支助非政府组织参加缔约方会议 非政府组织代表的旅费(2003 年240,000 美元) | (a) Support to NGO participation in the COP: travel of NGO representatives (US$ 240,000 in 2003); |
(b) 支助和便利非政府组织准备参加和协调在每届缔约方会议期间举行的两天半非政府组织/政府对话(2003 年 20,000 美元) | (b) Support and facilitation of NGO preparations, and coordination of the two half-day NGO/government dialogues during the COP (US$ 20,000 in 2003); |
(c) 便利为旨在向 荒漠化公约 附属机构提供信息和经验的非政府组织主动行动提供实质性和资金支助(两年期五项赠款合计 50,000 美元) | (c) Facilitation of substantive and financial support for NGO initiatives aimed at contributing information and experience to the subsidiary bodies of the UNCCD (five grants totalling US$ 50,000 for the biennium); |
(d) 便 利 非政府组织代 表 参 加 每 年 举 行的各联 络 点区域会议 (2002 年46,000 美元 2003 年 46,000 美元 两年期合计 92,000 美元) | (d) Facilitation of the participation of NGO representatives in regional focal point meetings, to be organized every year (for 2002 US$ 46,000, and for 2003 US$ 46,000, totalling US$ 92,000 for the biennium); |
(e) 为参与国家行动方案进程的非政府组织和社区组织安排举办非政府组织和社区组织区域论坛 以便在参与制定和执行国家行动方案 分区域行动方案和区域行动方案的各国非政府组织之间形成合作进程 并加强它们在国际和地方两级的通信交流和网络联系能力(2002 年北地中海非政府组织论坛 当地费用和参加者旅费 25,000 美元 2003 年中亚非政府组织论坛 当地费用和参加者旅费 60,000 美元 两年期合计 85,000 美元) | (e) Organization of regional NGO and CBO forums for NGOs and CBOs involved in the NAP process, in order to develop a cooperation process between NGOs of the countries involved in the preparation and implementation of NAPs, SRAPs and RAPs, as well as to strengthen their institutional capacity to communicate and network internationally and locally (in 2002, NGO forum in the Northern Mediterranean, US$ 25,000 for local costs and travel of participants, and in 2003, NGO forum in Central Asia, US$ 60,000 for local costs and travel of participants, totalling US$ 85,000 for the biennium); |
(f) 在区域间一级支助非政府组织以便促进建立北 南和南 南伙伴关系(两年期赠款 40,000 美元) | (f) Support to NGOs at the interregional level with a view to facilitating the establishment of north-south and south-south partnerships (US$ 40,000 for grants during the biennium). |
29. 关于宣传和支持 公约 第 19 条规定的目标 秘书处将着眼于长期促进公众获得有关信息 促进编制和散发(可能时用当地语文)教育和宣传材料 落实正式以及非正式教育方案 提高对荒漠化问题 其全球性以及其与其他社会和环境问题特别是生物多样性和气候变化的相互关系的认识 | 29. As regards public awareness and in support of the objectives set out in article 19 of the Convention, the secretariat will aim at promoting, on a permanent basis, access by the public to relevant information; facilitating development and dissemination of educational and public awareness material, where possible in local languages; addressing formal as well as informal educational programmes; and raising awareness of the problem of desertification, its globality, and its interrelations with other social and environmental issues, in particular biodiversity and climate change. |
30. 在这一框架内 荒漠化公约 宣传部门的工作方案将集中于下列领域(425,000 美元) | 30. In this framework, the programme of work of the UNCCD public information service will include the following areas (US$ 425,000): |
(a) 出版物和信息传播 这将包括撰写 编辑 翻译 设计 编排 印刷或重印各种 荒漠化公约 信息材料 2002-2003 两年期拟议进行的 | (a) Publications and information dissemination: This will include writing, editing, translation, design, layout and printing or reprinting of miscellaneous UNCCD information. The activities proposed for the biennium 2002-2003 include the following, for an estimated total of US$ 135,000: |
(一) 现有出版物译成其他语文(10,000 美元) | (i) Translation of existing publications into other languages (US$ 10,000); |
(二) 荒漠化公约 新闻材料译成五种当地语文 更好地在有关各方中传播关于 荒漠化公约 的信息(赠款 5,000 美元 5, 合计25,000 美元) 在进行特定的任务和举办特定的活动时 要聘用一位专业摄影师 各方面 特别是新闻界和教育部门 对照片材料的需求量很大 照片材料将广泛用于提高对 荒漠化公约 及其处理的问题的理解(20,000 美元) | (ii) Translation of UNCCD material for the media into five local languages, in order to provide for better dissemination of information on the UNCCD among all actors (grant US$ 5,000 x 5, totalling US$ 25,000). On the occasion of specific missions and events, a professional photographer will be hired. The photographic documentation, reflecting a high demand in particular from the media and the educational sector, will be used broadly to increase understanding of the UNCCD and the issues it addresses (US$ 20,000); |
(三) 拉丁美洲和加勒比各国制定了一个项目 着眼于将性别观念纳入实施 公约 的方案和项目 作为促进这个项目的途径之一 提议出版一份关于这个议题的参考手册(40,000 美元) | (iii) The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean have developed a project on the incorporation of gender perspectives into programmes and projects for the implementation of the Convention. As a means of facilitating this project, it is proposed that a guide booklet on this subject be published (US$ 40,000); |
(四) 在筹备可持续发展问题世界首脑会议时 编制和(在日内瓦 纽约和约翰内斯堡)分发一份 荒漠化公约 宣传手册(40,000 美元) | (iv) Elaboration and distribution (Geneva, New York and Johannesburg) of a UNCCD promotional brochure on the occasion of the preparation for the World Summit on Sustainable Development (US$ 40,000); |
(五) 提供技术支持 以便组织一次关于知识分子在防治荒漠化方面的作用问题的跨文化论坛 参加这个论坛的应当是活跃于不同领域 | (v) Technical support to the organization of a cross cultural forumon the role of intellectuals in the fight against desertification. This forum shall be composed of internationally recognized intellectuals active in different fields; |
(b) 此外 预计在核心预算之下划拨资金用于出版和分发中文 阿拉伯文和俄文版的 荒漠化公约 资料袋 与环境署公约新闻股和联合国日内瓦办事处合作编制 荒漠化公约 简报 印制和重印其他现有的荒漠化公约 出版物 | (b) In addition, publication and distribution of the UNCCD information kits in Chinese, Arabic and Russian, production of the UNCCD newsletter in collaboration with the UNEP Information Unit for Conventions (IUC) and the United Nations Office at Geneva, and printing and reprinting of other existing UNCCD publications, are expected to be financed under the core budget resources; |
(c) 活动 运动 宣传计划 荒漠化公约 秘书处面对越来越多的要求 请它提供有关荒漠化的各个方面 荒漠化与生物多样性 气候变化 粮食安全和贫穷的相互关系的资料 同时 秘书处也被要求通过适当手段进一步支助在地方一级和/或向特定群体传播信息 在这一 | (c) Events, campaigns, awareness-raising initiatives: the UNCCD secretariat faces an increasing demand for information on the various aspects of desertification and its interrelations with biodiversity, climate change, food security and poverty; at the same time, it is asked to provide further support in the dissemination of information at the local level and/or to specific constituencies, through adequate tools. In this framework, initiatives for the 2002-2003 biennium would cost US$ 100,000, which includes support for the following activities: |
(一) 组织区域活动和安排部分参加者到受影响地区实地考察(55,000美元) | (i) The organization of regional events and field trips to affected areas for selected participants (US$ 55,000); |
(二) 6 月 17 日防治荒漠化和干旱世界日纪念活动 例如 下列活动− 安排部分参加者到受影响地区实地考察(25,000 美元)− 颁发荒漠化问题最佳新闻报道奖(10,000 美元)− 颁发荒漠化问题最佳影片奖(10,000 美元) | (ii) Celebrations for the June 17 World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought which could include, for example, the following: - field trip for selected participants to affected areas (US$ 25,000); - prize for best media output on desertification (US$ 10,000); - prize for best film on desertification (US$ 10,000); |
(d) 媒体焦点 与媒体有关的活动安排大多数将酌情与环境署公约新闻股 联合国新闻中心网络和其他机构合作进行 设想在 2002-2003 两年期进行的活动如下(130,000 美元)(一) 新闻讨论会 散发新闻稿 区域简报会 记者招待会和安排记者参观 支助部分记者参加缔约方会议届会(100,000 美元)(二) 新闻资料袋 这是应媒体的具体新闻要求提供的 将与教科文组织 环 境 署 粮 农组织 合作制作 并在所有 新 闻 活动中 使用(30,000 美元) | (d) Media focus: Media initiatives are mostly conducted in collaboration with UNEP/IUC, the United Nations Information Centre (UNIC) network, and other agencies as appropriate. For the biennium 2002-2003, the following initiatives are envisaged (US$ 130,000): (i) Press seminars, distribution of press releases, regionally-based briefings, press conferences and journalists’ tours; support for participation of selected journalists in sessions of the COP (US$ 100,000); (ii) Press kit: In response to specific requests from the media for information, this will be produced in collaboration with UNESCO, UNEP and FAO and will be used in all press-related events (US$ 30,000); |
(e) 与 荒漠化公约 有关的广告和宣传活动 这些活动将补充各种已排定的活动的主题 其中可包括提高对荒漠化问题的注意力的宣传项目 概算 50,000 美元用于制作在有关活动中散发的杂项材料 以及10,000 美元用于购买展品陈列板 | (e) Advertising and promotional material for UNCCD: These activities would complement the themes of programmed events and could include promotional items to raise the profile of desertification. An amount of US$ 50,000 is proposed for the production of miscellaneous items for distribution at relevant events and US$ 10,000 to purchase panels for exhibits. |
信息和图书馆服务 | Information and library services |
31. 信息服务的目的是加强秘书处的一项作用 即促进 荒漠化公约 进程的主要参与者 特别是 公约 缔约方的国家联络点以及其他政府间机构和非政府机构之间的信息交流 | 31. The purpose of the information services is to strengthen the role of the secretariat in facilitating the flow of information among the key participants in the UNCCD process, in particular national focal points of the Parties to the Convention as well as other intergovernmental and non-governmental institutions. |
32. 图书馆将与其他伙伴组织密切合作提供一个存放和提供参考材料的设施 图书馆将作为 公约 宣传方案基础的一部分 预计需要准备图书馆每年的订购费(2002 年和 2003 年各 5,000 美元 两年期合计 10,000 美元) | 32. The library will work closely with other partner organizations to provide a facility where reference material will be kept and made available. The library will serve as part of the foundation of the UNCCD public awareness programme. It is anticipated that an annual provision for library subscriptions will be required (US$ 5,000 for 2002 and for 2003, totalling US$ 10,000 for the biennium). |
三 特别基金 | III. SPECIAL FUND |
表 13. 特别基金的资源需要(千美元) | Table 13. Resource requirements for the Special Fund (Thousands of US dollars) |
支出用途 2002 2003 合 计 | Object of expenditure 2002 2003 Total |
代表和与会者旅费 1,100.0 1,100.0 | Travel of representatives and participants to meetings 1,100.0 1,100.0 |
间接费用 143.0 143.0 | Overhead 143.0 143.0 |
估计资源需要总额 1,243.0 1243.0 | Total estimated resources requirements 1,243.0 1,243.0 |
33. 特别基金下的活动涉及促进发展中国家缔约方 特别是最不发达国家参与 荒漠化公约 进程 受影响发展中国家和最不发达国家缔约方的符合领取资助资格的代表参加缔约方会议第六届会议 主席团会议和其他 荒漠化公约 会议的费用将由这个基金支付 根据迄今取得的经验和符合资格的缔约国数目的预计增加 可以估计出第六届缔约方会议但有关支出为 1,243,000 美元 | 33. Activities under the Special Fund relate to facilitation of the participation of developing country Parties, especially the least developed countries, in the UNCCD process. Participation of eligible representatives of affected developing and least developed country Parties in the sixth session of the Conference of the Parties, in the Bureau meetings and other UNCCD-related meetings, will be covered by this fund. On the basis of experience to date and the anticipated increase in the number of eligible country Parties, related expenditures for the sixth session of the conference of the Parties can be estimated at US$ 1,243,000. |
(C) 070817 170817 | GE.17-12498(E) |
人权理事会第三十六届会议 | Thirty-sixth session |
2017 年 9 月 11 日至 29 日 | 11-29 September 2017 |
议程项目 3 和 5 | Agendaitems 3 and 5 |
促进和保护所有人权――公民权利、政治权利、经济、社会和文化权利，包括发展权 | Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development |
人权机构和机制无人陪伴移民儿童与人权的全球性问题 | Human rights bodies and mechanisms |
无人陪伴移民儿童与人权的全球性问题 | Global issue of unaccompanied migrant children and human rights |
人权理事会咨询委员会的最后报告 | Final report of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee |
联 合 国 A/HRC/36/51 | United Nations A/HRC/36/51 |
大 会 Distr.: General | General Assembly Distr.: General |
24 July 2017 | 24 July 2017 |
一. 导言………............................................................................................................................ 3 | I. Introduction................................................................................................................................... 3 |
二. 某些地区迫使或鼓励儿童和青少年孤身踏上移民之路的主要原因................................ 3 | II. Main reasons that force or encourage children and adolescents into situations of unaccompanied migration in identified areas................................................................................ 3 |
三. 某些地区无人陪伴移民儿童和青少年的处境.................................................................... 6 | III. Situation of unaccompanied migrant children and adolescents in identified areas ....................... 6 |
四. 某些地区无人陪伴移民儿童和青少年遭遇的主要侵犯人权行为.................................... 10 | IV. Main human rights violations faced by unaccompanied migrant children and adolescents in identified areas....................................................................................................... 10 |
五. 性别考虑……….................................................................................................................... 12 | V. Gender considerations................................................................................................................... 12 |
六. 区域和国家间协调................................................................................................................ 13 | VI. Regional and inter-State coordination........................................................................................... 13 |
七. 民间社会的作用.................................................................................................................... 14 | VII. Role of civil society ...................................................................................................................... 14 |
八. 良好做法……........................................................................................................................ 15 | VIII. Good practices .............................................................................................................................. 15 |
九. 建议………............................................................................................................................ 17 | IX. Recommendations......................................................................................................................... 17 |
一. 导言 | I. Introduction |
1. 人权理事会在第 29/12 号决议中请咨询委员会在调查基础上研究无人陪伴移民儿童和青少年与人权这一全球性问题，指出世界上发生这一问题的地区、原因和状况以及他们的人权如何受到威胁和侵犯，并提出保护这部分人口权利的建议，向 2016 年 9 月举行的人权理事会第三十三届会议提交报告。 | 1. In its resolution 29/12, the Human Rights Council requested theAdvisory Committee to develop a research-based study on the global issue of unaccompanied migrant children and adolescents and human rights, in which it would identify areas, reasons and cases where this issue arises in the world and the ways in which human rights are threatened and violated, and make recommendations for the protection of the human rights of members of this population, and to submit the report to the Council at its thirty-third session in September 2016. |
2. 咨询委员会已向理事会第三十三届会议提交了一份进度报告。咨询委员会第十五届会议成立了起草小组，负责编写这份研究报告。起草小组目前由马里奥·柳斯·科廖拉诺、劳拉－玛丽亚·克勒丘内安－塔图、胡达·艾尔萨达、卡拉·阿纳尼亚·德巴雷拉(报告员)、奥比奥拉·希内杜·奥卡福尔、凯瑟琳娜·帕贝尔、阿南托尼亚·雷耶斯·普拉多(主席)和徐昌禄组成。起草小组得到了 Fabio Cano Gómez 和 Rene Cassin 基金会的技术支持。 | 2. The Advisory Committee submitted a progress report to the Council at its thirty-third session. At the fifteenth session of the Advisory Committee, it established a drafting group for the preparation of the study. The drafting group currently comprises Mario Luis Coriolano, Laura-Maria Crăciunean, Hoda Elsadda, Karla Hananía de Varela (Rapporteur), Obiora Chinedu Okafor, Katharina Pabel, Anatonia Reyes Prado (Chair) and Changrok Soh. The drafting group has had the technical support of Fabio Cano Gómez and the Rene Cassin foundation. |
3. 咨询委员会的这份报告试图从人权角度全面分析无人陪伴移民儿童和青少年的处境，目的是协助各国履行《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和其他有关人权条约规定的义务。报告介绍世界上发生这一问题的地区、状况和原因以及他们的人权如何受到威胁和侵犯，发现一些最佳做法，提出保护无人陪伴移民儿童和青少年人权的若干建议。 | 3. In the present report, the Advisory Committee aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the situation of unaccompanied migrant children and adolescents from a human rights perspective, with the aim of assisting States in the fulfilment of their commitments under the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other related human rights treaties. It identifies areas of the world and cases where this issue arises, the reasons for them and the ways in which human rights are threatened and violated, recognizing best practices and making recommendations for the protection of the human rights of unaccompanied migrant children and adolescents. |
4. 本研究采用两种方法手段：文献研究和向各国、国家人权机构、非政府组织和国际组织发出特别调查问卷。 | 4. The study is based on two methodological tools: documentary research and an ad hoc questionnaire addressed to States, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international organizations. |
5. 在研究准备阶段，起草小组起草了一份调查问卷，发给会员国、国际和区域组织、有关特别程序任务负责人和条约机构、国家人权机构、民间社会组织和其他有关利益攸关方征求意见和建议。共收到了 61 份回复，其中 14 份来自国家，36 份来自非政府组织，10 份来自国家人权机构，1 份来自联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)。 | 5. In preparing the study, the drafting group drew up questionnaires to seek the views and inputs of Member States, international and regional organizations, relevant special procedure mandate holders and treaty bodies, national human rights institutions, civil society organizations and other relevant stakeholders. A total of 61 responses to the questionnaires were received, comprising 14 responses from States, 36 from NGOs, 10 from national human rights institutions and one from the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). |
二. 某些地区迫使或鼓励儿童和青少年孤身踏上移民之路的主要原因 | II. Main reasons that force or encourage children and adolescents into situations of unaccompanied migration in identified areas |
6. 2015 年，全球所有国际移民中有 15%是 20 岁以下未成年人。发展中地区青年移民比例(22%)明显高于发达地区(不足 10%)。1 同一年，儿童和青少年占难民 | 6. Globally, in 2015, 15 per cent of all international migrants were under the age of 20 years. The proportion of young migrants was significantly higher in the developing regions (22 per cent) than in the developed regions (less than 10 per cent).1 |
年移民比例(22%)明显高于发达地区(不足 10%)。1 同一年，儿童和青少年占难民总人数的一半以上；孤身或失散儿童提交了 10 万多份庇护申请。2 在出生国以外的儿童和青少年三个有一个是难民；联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)负责照料的成人所占比例不到 20 分之一。3 无人陪伴移民儿童和青少年是一个特别脆弱的群体，因为他们具有未成年人和移民的双重身份，不仅需要给予他们特别保护，同时因为他们在迁徙路上各种基本权利不可避免地遭受严重侵害。1 联合国经济和社会事务部，人口司(2016 年)，《2015 年国际移民报告：要点》，第 9 页。2 资料来源：负责暴力侵害儿童问题的秘书长特别代表办公室提供给咨询委员会的资料，2017年 2 月 24 日。3 儿童基金会，“背井离乡：日益加剧的难民和移民儿童危机”(纽约，2016 年)，第 6 页。 | In the same year, children and adolescents constituted more than half of the total refugee population; and more than 100,000 asylum claims were lodged by unaccompanied or separated children. 2 Nearly one in three children and adolescents living outside their country of birth is a refugee; for adults, the proportion coming under the mandate of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is less than 1 in 20.3 Unaccompanied migrant children and adolescents are a particularly vulnerable group because of their double 1 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2016), International Migration Report 2015: Highlights, p. 9. 2 Source: information provided by the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children to the Advisory Committee, 24 February 2017. 3 UNICEF, Uprooted: the Growing Crisis for Refugee and Migrant Children (New York, 2016), p. 6. status as minors, which requires special protection, and as migrants, which exposesthem to all kinds of serious breaches of their fundamental rights. |
7. 根据《儿童权利公约》，儿童系指 18 岁以下的任何人，除非对其适用之法律规定成年年龄低于 18 岁。这一儿童定义在区域和国家中是一样的。在非洲、欧洲和美洲的人权制度中，儿童被界定为 18 岁以下的个人。因此，本报告自始至终使用“儿童”一词，涵盖低于这一年龄的儿童和青少年。应该优先照顾移徙中的儿童和受移徙影响的其他儿童，儿童最大利益是所有与儿童有关行动中的首要考虑因素。 | 7. According to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, a child means every human being below the age of 18 years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. This definition of a child is the same in both regional and national contexts. In Africa, Europe and the inter-American system of human rights, a child is defined as a human being below the age of 18 years. The term “child” is therefore used throughout the present report to cover children and adolescents below that age. Children on the move and other children affected by migration shall be considered children first and foremost, and their best interests shall be the primary consideration in all actions concerning them. |
8. 根据儿童权利委员会和美洲人权法院的定义，无人陪伴移民儿童是指与父母和其他亲属分离的儿童，身边没有按法律或习惯需要照顾他们的成年人的照顾。本研究所指的无人陪伴儿童是在国籍国之外，如果是无国籍人，是在惯常居所国之外的儿童。 | 8. According to the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, unaccompanied migrant children are children who have been separated from both parents and other relatives and are not being cared for by an adult who, by law or custom, is responsible for doing so. The study covers unaccompanied children who find themselves outside their country of nationality or, if stateless, outside their country of habitual residence. |
9. 无人陪伴移民儿童分为各种类型：(a) 途中与家人或照料者分开的儿童；(b) 旅途开始时是孤身和失散儿童，但目前与人群一起流动；(c) 缺乏资源致使旅程中断；在欧洲移民危机背景下，这类儿童在希腊和意大利城区很常见。 | 9. There are various categories of unaccompanied migrant children: (a) Children separated from their family or caregivers during the move; (b) Children who have started their journey as unaccompanied and separated children, but are currently travelling with groups of people; (c) Children who have interrupted their migration journey because of a lack of resources; in the context of the European migrant crisis, children in this group are often found in urban areas of Greece and Italy. |
10. 申请庇护的移民儿童与不申请庇护的移民儿童往往有非常不同的移民动机。寻求庇护儿童常常因为担心迫害或广泛暴力而逃离自己的国家；恐惧是普遍的，还有强烈的不安全感和有罪不罚感觉。4 不寻求庇护儿童往往是希望找到一个地方，能够享有基本人权，包括得到特别保护。《难民地位公约》及其议定书适用于寻求庇护者，而移民儿童则受国际人权法的保护。然而，在过境地、收容所和目的地国，移民儿童和寻求庇护儿童同样面临各种风险和侵犯人权行为。如《纽约难民和移民宣言》所述，移民和难民儿童享有相同的普遍人权。5 | 10. There are often important differences in motivation between migrant children who apply for asylum and those who do not. Children who seek asylum often flee their country from fear of persecution or because of generalized violence; fear is widespread and there is a profound sense of insecurity and impunity.4 Children who do not fall within the definition of an asylum seeker are often moved by the desire to find a place where their basic human rights, including special protection, can be met. Asylum seekers are covered by the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its Protocol, while migrant children are covered by international human rights law. However, while in transit, on reception and in destination countries, migrant children and child asylum seekers are exposed to the same risks and human rights violations. Migrant and refugee children have the same universal human rights, as stated in the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants.5 |
11. 从各国收到的资料显示，儿童移民出于多重原因，但有一个共同点。在移民动机的核心，是儿童各种人权在原籍国受到多种侵犯：得不到保护，遭受各种形式暴力；贫穷；缺乏机会；得不到必要教育和保健服务；在家庭受到虐待和各种威胁；恐吓和不安全感。 | 11. Information received from States shows that there are multiple causes for the migration of children, but they all have one factor in common. At the heart of the motivations for migration, there are multiple violations of the human rights of children in their countries of origin: lack of protection from various manifestations of violence, poverty, lack of opportunities, poor access to education and health services, ill-treatment at home and various kinds of threat, intimidation and insecurity. |
12. 边缘化儿童陷入受排斥、侮辱和暴力的恶性循环，他们也开始感觉自己是肇事者，社区成员害怕他们，有时当局也判他们有罪。6 根据儿童基金会 2017年在利比亚进行的移民妇女和儿童调查，接受调查的移民儿童中有四分之三表示，他们遭受过成年人的暴力、骚扰或侵犯。74 资料来源：负责暴力侵害儿童问题的秘书长特别代表办公室提供给咨询委员会的资料，2017年 2 月 24 日。5 该宣言指出(A/RES/71/1, 第 6 段)，尽管难民和移民的待遇受各自法律框架的管辖，但他们享有相同的普遍人权和基本自由。他们面临许多共同的挑战，也有类似的脆弱性，包括大规模人群流动的情况下。6 资料来源：负责暴力侵害儿童问题的秘书长特别代表办公室提供给咨询委员会的资料，2017年 2 月 24 日。7 儿童基金会，“利比亚移民：了解过境妇女和儿童的经历”(简报草稿)(纽约，2017 年 2 月)，第 4 页。 | 12. Marginalized children are locked into a vicious cycle of exclusion, stigmatization and violence, since they start to be perceived as perpetrators themselves, feared by members of their communities and at times criminalized by the authorities.6 In a survey conducted by UNICEF in 2017 about migrant women and children in Libya, three quarters 4 Source: information provided by the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children to the Advisory Committee, 24 February 2017. 5 The Declaration states (A/RES/71/1, para. 6) that, though their treatment is governed by separate legal frameworks, refugees and migrants have the same universal human rights and fundamental freedoms. They also face many common challenges and have similar vulnerabilities, including in the context of large movements. 6 Source: information provided by the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children to the Advisory Committee, 24 February 2017. migrant children interviewed said they had experienced violence, harassment or aggression at the hands of adults.7 |
13. 对中美洲北部三角地带的移民而言，受教育程度不足以打破世代相传的贫困，这成为儿童移民的一个主要因素。8 居住在低收入国家的移民往往比高收入国家的移民年轻。9 在中美洲，越来越多青年因为威胁和暴力而被迫迁徙。 | 13. In the case of migrants from the northern triangle of Central America, the level of education is insufficient to break the intergenerational transmission of poverty that constitutes a key factor in children’s migration.8 Migrants living in low-income countries tend to be younger than in high-income countries. 9 In Central America, an increasing number of young people are forced to migrate because of threats and violence. |
14. 在哥伦比亚，据大量报告称，许多青少年因暴力而离开原籍地，却从不申请难民身份。这种现象也零星地出现在多米尼加共和国的一些地方，一些青少年因为暴力和经济原因而出走。然而，多民族玻利维亚国和厄瓜多尔儿童移徙的主要动机还是经济方面的。也有因自然灾害而移徙的情况报告，主要是在海地。 | 14. In Colombia, there are many reports of teenagers who have left their places of origin because of violence and have never applied for refugee status. This phenomenon is also beginning to appear in some isolated cases in the Dominican Republic, where adolescents migrate because of violence and for economic reasons. In the case of children in the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Ecuador, the main motivation is economic. Cases of children who have migrated as a result of natural disasters are also reported, mainly in the case of Haiti. |
15. 许多国家表示，儿童也认为非法移民需要冒“必要的风险”，他们觉得必须离开，希望冒些风险可改善自己的处境。观念的研究表明，儿童认为当局是他们到达目的地的障碍；在极少数情况下，也说当局负有保护儿童权利的义务。10 | 15. Many countries stated that children have described irregular migration as a “necessary risk” since they feel they have to leave and hope to improve their situation by doing so. Studies of perceptions show that children see the authorities as an obstacle to reaching their destination; in very few cases are the authorities associated with an obligation to protect children’s rights.10 |
16. 根据危地马拉社会福利署和总检察署 2015 年对 10,166 名无人陪伴移民儿童的访谈，67%的人踏上旅程是为了寻找工作，23%是为了与家人团聚；2%是为了寻找更好机会，0.4%没有理由。只有 0.1%的受访者提到直接暴力是他们离开的原因。 | 16. According to interviews conducted with 10,166 unaccompanied migrant children in 2015 by the Social Welfare Department and the Attorney General’s Office of Guatemala, 67 per cent travelled searching for work and 23 per cent for family reunification; 2 per cent were looking for better opportunities and 0.4 per cent did not give a reason. Only 0.1 per cent mentioned direct violence as the reason they moved. |
17. 萨尔瓦多返回者收容中心在 2014 年 6 月至 2015 年 7 月照料了 4,114 名移民儿童，其中 45%是无人陪伴儿童。当被问及出走的原因时，36.1%的儿童回答说他们想与家人团聚，31.7%的儿童提到了更好的生活条件，27.5%的儿童说受到威胁。11 暴力成为中美洲儿童离国出走的愈加重要因素。在洪都拉斯，据报父母将子女送往海外是为了躲避帮派成员的招募。12 | 17. In El Salvador, the returnees’ care centre cared for 4,114 migrant children between June 2014 and July 2015, of whom 45 per cent were unaccompanied. When asked about their reasons for migrating, 36.1 per cent of the children replied that they wanted to join their families, 31.7 per cent mentioned better living conditions and 27.5 per cent were motivated by threats. 11 Violence has become a growing factor in migration in Central America. In Honduras, it has been reported that parents send their children abroad to prevent them from being recruited by gang members.12 |
18. 正规家庭团聚渠道缺少严格的资格标准。在欧洲，希望担保子女团聚的成年人往往必须达到最低收入标准，还不包括低收入移民工人，有时对移民妇女又有特别的歧视性影响。尽管欧盟通过了家庭团聚法律，但一些欧盟成员国对儿童年龄和能够担保儿童的家庭成员仍有各种限制。另外，一些移民工人因为没有目的地国居民的正规身份，所以无法正式申请家庭团聚。13 | 18. There is a lack of strict criteria governing eligibility for regular channels of family reunification. In Europe, there are often minimum income requirements for adults who wish to sponsor their children for family reunification, which exclude low-income migrant workers and sometimes have a particularly discriminatory effect on migrant women. Despite the European Union-wide legislation on family reunification, there remain restrictions in some European Union member States in terms of the age of the child and the family members who are able to sponsor the child. Furthermore, some migrant workers are unable to apply for official family reunification because they do not have regular status as residents of the country of destination.13 |
19. 国际移民组织(移民组织)估计，尼日利亚东北部的冲突造成 220 万人在国内流离失所，其中 150 万是儿童。近 40 万尼日利亚难民和境内流离失所者流落到邻国乍得、喀麦隆北部和尼日尔的迪法地区。在津巴布韦，近年来儿童移民人数急剧增加，报道的主要原因有：照料者对儿童性虐待；同伴的压力；监护人死亡(主要是艾滋病毒和艾滋病并发症)；传统家庭结构崩溃；公共预算不重视儿童权利；教育水平不断下降；辍学率高和贫困。148 资料来源：危地马拉人权监察员办公室人权研究部。9 儿童基金会，“背井离乡”，第 6 页。10 资料来源：尼加拉瓜――国际 SOS 儿童村.11 资料来源：萨尔瓦多返回者照料中心。12 资料来源：洪都拉斯国家人权事务专员办公室。13 资料来源：无证移民问题国际合作平台。14 津巴布韦地球社提供的资料。 | 19. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates that 2.2 million people, of whom 1.5 million are children, have been displaced internally as a result of the conflict in north-eastern Nigeria, with nearly 400,000 Nigerian refugees and internally displaced people in neighbouring Chad, northern Cameroon and the Diffa region of the Niger. In Zimbabwe, which has seen a great increase in child migration flows in recent years, the main reported reasons for migration are: sexual abuse of children by caregivers, 7 UNICEF, “Migrants in Libya: insights into the experience of women and children in transit” (draft briefing paper) (New York, February 2017), p. 4. 8 Source: Directorate of Human Rights Research, Office of the Human Rights Advocate, Guatemala. 9 UNICEF, Uprooted, p. 6. 10 Source: Nicaragua — SOS Children’s Villages International. 11 Source: returnees’ care centre, El Salvador. 12 Source: Office of the National Commissioner for Human Rights, Honduras. 13 Source: Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants. peer pressure, death of the caregiver (mostly from HIV- and AIDS-related complications), breakdown of traditional family structures, public budgets that do not prioritize child rights, deteriorating education standards, high dropout rates from school and poverty.14 |
20. 在塞内加尔，当儿童同意讲述迫使他们移徙的原因时，他们说主要是经济原因。他们的父母将他们托付给有关人，这些人承诺为他们在邻近地区或其他非洲国家找到工作。然而，大多数人从事的是最恶劣形式的童工劳动。15 | 20. In the case of Senegal, when children agree to talk about the causes which drive them to migrate, they cite mainly economic reasons. Their parents have entrusted them to people who have promised to find them work in neighbouring regions or in other African countries. However, most are subjected to the worst forms of child labour.15 |
21. 在西非和中非，移民受该地区人口迅速增长的很大影响。中非共和国、刚果民主共和国、马里和尼日利亚的冲突产生了大批流离失所者，其中很大部分是儿童。此外，由于对廉价能干劳动力的旺盛需求，非正规部门和家政工人成为很大比例儿童在剥削条件下谋生的领域。 | 21. In West and Central Africa, migration is strongly influenced by the region’s rapid population growth. Conflicts in the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali and Nigeria result in huge numbers of people being displaced, a large proportion of whom are children. Additionally, because of the high demand for a cheap and productive workforce, the informal sector and domestic work are areas where there is a high proportion of child labour working in exploitive conditions. |
22. 孟加拉国与其他亚洲国家一样，有着儿童在向成年过渡阶段外出打工的传统。儿童被催促离家外出，作为长大成人的路经。家人也经常逼迫他们离开，在外务工补贴家用。文化习俗和传统促使儿童陷于贫困，同时又增加了他们易受虐待和剥削的脆弱性。16 | 22. In Bangladesh, as in other Asian countries, there is a tradition of labour migration during the transition from childhood to adulthood. Children are urged to migrate as a rite of passage to adulthood, and often their families force them to leave and migrate in order to earn money for the household. Cultural norms and traditions contribute to children being trapped in poverty and this, in turn, increases their vulnerability to abuse and exploitation.16 |
三. 某些地区无人陪伴移民儿童和青少年的处境 | III. Situation of unaccompanied migrant children and adolescents in identified areas |
23. 与家庭分离的无人陪伴移民儿童是所有移民人口中最脆弱的群体；缺少有关其情况的信息是机构和国家有效保护其权利遇到的最大困难之一。 | 23. Unaccompanied migrant children separated from their families are the most vulnerable group among all migrants; the lack of information about their situation is one of the most important barriers experienced by institutions and States preventing effective protection of their rights. |
24. 确定移民年龄是东道国照顾无人陪伴移民儿童的第一步。只有未成年人才受《儿童权利公约》的具体保护。东道国不应该只通过体检和访谈来确定青年移民的年龄，除非他或她没有能够证明自己年龄的身份证件。17 实际上，一些国家当局在使用体检和面试来确定移民年龄。一旦确定为未成年人，孤身和失散儿童才有权利得到法定监护人的协助，陪同他们入住收容中心，在申请庇护时给予法律援助。获得指定的法定监护人往往需要等待很长时间，是进入儿童保护机制和与家庭团聚的一个主要障碍。18 | 24. Determining the migrant’s age is the first step which the host State must take when caring for unaccompanied migrant children. Only minors can benefit from the specific protection granted by the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The host State should not seek to determine the young migrant’s age by means of medical examinations and interviews unless he or she does not have identity documents to prove his or her age.17 In practice, a number of national authorities use medical tests combined with interviews to determine the migrant’s age. Once minority is established, all unaccompanied and separated children have the right to be assisted by a legal guardian, to be hosted in a reception centre, and to receive legal assistance if they apply for asylum. Long delays in the appointment of legal guardians constitute a major obstacle to access to child protection mechanisms and family reunification.18 |
25. 一些国家的儿童保护制度按照儿童年龄区别对待，较大儿童交给移民当局照顾，移民当局可能能力不够或设施不足，难以保护儿童免受一切形式暴力侵害，也无法向已遭受暴力和剥削的儿童提供适当支持，使他们能够充分恢复和与社会融合。19 | 25. In several countries, child protection systems discriminate between children on the basis of their age, leaving older children to be cared for by the immigration authorities, who may be less well qualified or equipped to prevent all forms of violence against children and provide appropriate support for children who have suffered violence and exploitation to promote their full recovery and integration.19 |
26. 基于拘留和驱逐出境的移民政策未能阻止非正规移民流入。过境移民通常经由守卫不严和风险较低地区行进。越来越多家庭还与人贩联系，希望他们帮助整个家庭离开。这种情况可能导致儿童与家人失散，多数情况下儿童得不到任何保护。15 资料来源：塞内加尔明爱会。16 资料来源：孟加拉国明爱会。17 A/HRC/15/29。18 资料来源：负责暴力侵害儿童问题的秘书长特别代表办公室提供给咨询委员会的资料，2017年 2 月 24 日。19 资料来源：负责暴力侵害儿童问题的秘书长特别代表办公室提供给咨询委员会的资料，2017年 2 月 24 日。 | 26. Migratory policies based on detention and deportation have failed to discourage irregular migration. Usually, transit migrants travel via less well guarded and riskier areas. An increasing number of families are contacting traffickers in the hope that the entire 14 Information provided by Terre des Hommes, Zimbabwe. 15 Source: Caritas Senegal. 16 Source: Caritas Bangladesh. 17 A/HRC/15/29. 18 Source: information provided by the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children to the Advisory Committee, 24 February 2017. 19 Source: information provided by the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children to the Advisory Committee, 24 February 2017. family will be able to leave, which may lead to the separation of children from their families, leaving children in most cases without any protection. |
27. 当被要求举报侵权行为时，移民儿童可能缺少适当证件或不会说当地语言。大多数情况下，他们只是害怕举报或说出他们遭受的创伤。他们不寻求帮助，包括医疗援助，因为担心影响即将对其身份作出的决定或遭到逮捕或被驱逐出境。20 | 27. When it comes to denouncing a human rights violation, migrant children may lack proper documentation or not speak the local language. Mostly, they are simply too frightened to report an incident or to speak about the trauma they have endured. They fail to seek help, including medical assistance, for fear of a negative impact on pending decisions on their status or out of fear of arrest or deportation.20 |
28. 尽管中美洲国家在 2014 年中美洲移民儿童大量流入北美之后采取了若干措施，但这一现象仍在继续。2015 年和 2016 年，孤身或失散移民儿童人数增加，驱逐出境人数也随之增加。据移民组织称，被遣返儿童人数最多的三个国家是萨尔瓦多、危地马拉和洪都拉斯。离国儿童的年龄越来越小，越来越多儿童经常是孤身上路，他们面临的风险与日俱增。 | 28. Despite the measures taken by the Central American States after the major inflows of Central American migrant children to North America in 2014, the phenomenon continues to grow. In 2015 and 2016 the number of children migrating unaccompanied or with their families increased, as did the number of deportations. According to IOM, the three countries to which the largest numbers of children are returned are El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. Increasingly, the children are younger, they are more frequently travelling alone, and the risks they face have increased. |
29. 在整个欧洲联盟，确定年龄的程序经常是侵扰性的，不可靠的。无人陪伴儿童与无证成人往往受到同样侵权对待。如果被逮捕，特别是不被认定为未成年人，无人陪伴儿童可能面临遭受拘留21 、驱逐出境和暴力的风险。22 当局视非法入境为犯罪，而不仅仅是违反行政法规。实际上，确定年龄常常是例行进行，谈不上尊重孩子的尊严或权利，更违反应该作为最后手段的原则。23 | 29. Across the European Union, age determination procedures are frequently intrusive and unreliable, and unaccompanied children are often subjected to the same violations as undocumented adults. If they are apprehended, and particularly if they are not recognized as children, unaccompanied children can face detention, 21 deportation, and violence. 22 The authorities treat irregular entry as a criminal activity rather than as mere violation of administrative regulations. In practice, age determination is frequently carried out routinely, without respect for the dignity or rights of the child, and contrary to the principle that it should be a last resort.23 |
30. 2015 年头 9 个月，超过 20 万儿童在欧洲联盟各成员国申请庇护。24 其中一些没有到达其目的地。同一年，据信近 700 名儿童穿越地中海时溺亡。25 每天约有 700 名儿童抵达欧洲，其中许多人疲惫不堪，有些需要医疗帮助。26 在前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国，无人陪伴儿童人数增加了六倍，2015 年 8 月为 932 人，该年 10 月增加到 5,676 人。2015 年头几个月，3,000 多名无人陪伴移民儿童在瑞典申请庇护，27 预计到 2015 年底将有 3 万多人在德国申请庇护。 | 30. In the first nine months of 2015, more than 200,000 children applied for asylum in European Union member States.24 Some of them did not reach their destination. In the same year, nearly 700 children are believed to have died crossing the Mediterranean. 25 Approximately 700 children arrive daily in Europe, many of them exhausted and distressed and some in need of medical assistance.26 In the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the number of unaccompanied children increased six-fold, from 932 in August 2015 to 5,676 in October of that year. In the first months of 2015, more than 3,000 unaccompanied migrant children applied for asylum in Sweden alone, 27 and more than 30,000 were expected to apply in Germany by the end of 2015. |
31. 地中海沿岸大多数欧洲国家既是移民的过境国也是目的地国。例如，2014年，共有 14,243 名无人陪伴移民儿童在意大利上岸，其中 3,707 人在上岸后潜逃，10,536 人在当地市政当局设立的收容中心接受照料。据移民组织统计，2015年 1 月至 7 月，共有 5,499 名无人陪伴移民儿童进入意大利，其中 27%(1,467 人)来自西非(冈比亚、马里、尼日利亚和塞内加尔)。在 2016 年经由地中海中部路线抵达意大利的 181,436 人中，有 28,223 人(近 16%)是儿童。2016 年跨越地中海抵达的儿童中 10 人中有 9 人只身一人。28 | 31. Most countries in Mediterranean Europe act as both transit and destination countries for migrant flows. For example, in 2014, a total of 14,243 unaccompanied migrant children landed in Italy, of whom 3,707 absconded after landing and 10,536 were hosted in centres set up by local municipalities charged with providing reception services. According to IOM, between January and July 2015, a total of 5,459 unaccompanied migrant children entered the country, 27 per cent (1,467) of them from West Africa (the Gambia, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal). Of the 181,436 arrivals in Italy in 2016 via the central Mediterranean route, 28,223, or nearly 16 per cent, were children. Nine out of ten children who crossed the Mediterranean in 2016 were unaccompanied.28 |
32. 在一些欧洲国家，大批儿童自行离开收容中心或从照顾他们的儿童保护设施或移民机构消失；多达 80%的儿童从收容中心出走，去向不明。在 2016 年 1020 资料来源：负责暴力侵害儿童问题的秘书长特别代表办公室提供给咨询委员会的资料，2017年 2 月 24 日。21 根据《儿童权利公约》第三十七条，不得拘留移民儿童。22 资料来源：无证移民问题国际合作平台。23 资料来源：负责暴力侵害儿童问题的秘书长特别代表办公室提供给咨询委员会的资料，2017年 2 月 24 日。24 资料来源：欧盟统计局。25 儿童基金会，“保护移徙中的儿童：简报文件”(2015 年 11 月，日内瓦)，第 3 页。26 同上，第 4 页。27 资料来源：瑞典移民署。28 儿童基金会，“儿童死亡之旅：地中海中部移民路线”日内瓦，2017 年 2 月)，第 2 页。 | 32. In some European countries, large numbers of children go missing from reception centres or disappear from the care of child protection facilities or immigration authorities; 20 Source: information provided by the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children to the Advisory Committee, 24 February 2017. 21 Pursuant to article 37 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, migrant children should not be detained. 22 Source: the Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants. 23 Source: information provided by the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children to the Advisory Committee, 24 February 2017. 24 Source: Eurostat. 25 UNICEF. Protecting Children on the Move: Briefing Paper (Geneva, November 2015), p. 3. 26 Ibid., p. 4. 27 Source: Swedish Migration Agency. 28 UNICEF, A Deadly Journey for Children: The Central Mediterranean Migration Route (Geneva, February 2017), p. 2. |
月拆除的法国北部加莱(Calas)的营地，难民慈善机构追踪的移民儿童近三分之一失踪。29 | as many as 80 per cent have disappeared from reception centres. In the camp in the northern French town of Calais which was dismantled in October 2016, nearly one in three migrant children tracked by a refugee charity had gone missing.29 |
33. 2015 年，共记录有 3,784 名移民在地中海死亡，其中 35%原籍不明，33%来自撒哈拉以南非洲国家，9.5%来自非洲之角。30 虽然占移民总人数的比重不高，但非洲移民中的儿童比例是所有地区最大的。三个非洲移民中有一个是儿童，是全球平均水平的两倍多。31 | 33. In 2015, a total of 3,784 migrant deaths was recorded in the Mediterranean, 35 per cent of them of unknown origin, 33 per cent from sub Saharan Africa and 9.5 per cent from the Horn of Africa.30 While the total rates of migration are low, the proportion of children among African migrants is the largest for any region. Nearly one in three African migrants is a child, more than twice the global average.31 |
34. 墨西哥居于拉丁美洲最大移民潮的中间位置，是移民的来源国、过境国、目的地和返回国。美洲有 630 万移民儿童，占全球总数的五分之一。32 移民中有打算进入美利坚合众国的墨西哥人或进入墨西哥以此为目的地国或希望过境前往美国的另一国家儿童。近年来，抵达墨西哥和在墨西哥非正规流动的儿童人数剧增；他们主要来自中美洲国家。33 据儿童基金会墨西哥办事处，2013 年至 2015年墨西哥移民当局发现的无人陪伴移民儿童人数增加 3.3 倍。 | 34. Mexico, situated in the middle of the biggest flow of migration in Latin America, is a country of origin, transit, destination and return of migrants. The Americas are home to 6.3 million child migrants, one fifth of the global total.32 The migrants are of Mexican origin intending to enter the United States of America or children of another nationality who enter Mexico as a country of destination or transit on their way to the United States. In recent years, the arrival and irregular movement of children in Mexico has increased enormously; they come mainly from Central American countries.33 According to UNICEF Mexico, the number of unaccompanied migrant children who were detected by Mexican immigration authorities increased by a factor of 3.3 between 2013 and 2015. |
35. 在美国，海关及边防人员和边境巡逻人员负责认定哪些人为无人陪伴儿童。行政程序完成后，将儿童安置在照顾他或她的机构，如果在法律规定的有限情况下允许，可安排儿童自愿返回。移民儿童在海关和边防拘留的时间不得超过72 小时，并分配住宿。然而，他们在边境巡逻机构临时地点或在影响其发展和精神健康条件下拘留的时间可能很长。34 | 35. In the United States, Customs and Border Protection officers and Border Patrol agents identify individuals as unaccompanied children. After processing the administrative case, they either transfer the child to an institution which will take care of him or her or, if permitted under the limited circumstances provided by law, arrange for the child’s voluntary return. Migrant children should not be in the custody of Customs and Border Protection for more than 72 hours while they are assigned accommodation. However, they do stay in the custody of the Border Patrol for extended time periods in temporary locations and under conditions that affect their development and emotional health.34 |
36. 2015 年，美国逮捕的移民人数下降，但墨西哥逮捕和向中美洲遣返的人数急剧增加。在某种程度上是因为美国对墨西哥施加的压力。35 尽管美国逮捕人数有所减少，但遣返仍然很常见。2014 年，美国遣返墨西哥儿童 14,352 次。2015年 1 月至 7 月的相应数字为 6,772 次。36 | 36. In 2015, migrant arrests in the United States declined, but the number of arrests and deportations from Mexico to Central America increased dramatically. This is due in some degree to pressure by the United States on Mexico.35 Despite the decrease in arrests in the United States, repatriation is still common. In 2014, 14,352 repatriations of Mexican children were carried out by the United States. The corresponding figure from January to July 2015 is 6,772.36 |
37. 在墨西哥，移民局在入境点查出或巡警在铁路和公路沿线发现中美洲无人陪伴移民儿童后，便将他们拘留起来。37 根据《移民法》，国家移民局将他们带走和安置在家庭整体发展国家系统的设施内。然而，与《移民法》第二十九条修正案背道而驰的是，移民局逮捕移民儿童后长时间和无定期拘留。38 墨西哥国家人权委员会发现，在 35 个移民收容中心，只有 11 个有家庭活动场所，50%以上 | 37. In Mexico, immigration authorities detain unaccompanied migrant children from Central America who are detected at points of entry and by migration interviews at rail and road mobile posts. 37 According to the Migration Act, the National Migration Institute should remove the children and accommodate them at the facilities of the National System for Integral Family Development. However, contrary to the amendment to article 29 of the Migration Act, children are detained for long and unpredictable periods after being apprehended by the immigration authorities.38 The National Human Rights Commission of Mexico has found that, of 35 migrant holding centres, only 11 have areas for families and over 50 per cent lack specific spaces for the accommodation of children. Moreover, the |
29 Zoe Tabary,“加莱丛林营地关闭后儿童移民失踪三分之一：慈善机构”，2016 年 11 月 23日，可查阅：http://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-children-idUSKBN13J01Z。 | 29 Zoe Tabary, “One in three child migrants missing after Calais Jungle closure: charity”, 23 November 2016. Available from: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-children-idUSKBN13J01Z. |
30 资料来源：移民组织，“失踪移民：沿着地中海迁徙路线追踪死亡者”。见：https://missingmigrants.iom.int/mediterranean (2017 年 7 月 20 日上传查阅)。 | 30 Source: IOM, “Missing migrants: tracking deaths along migratory routes — Mediterranean”. Available from https://missingmigrants.iom.int/mediterranean (accessed 20 July 2017). |
31 儿童基金会，“背井离乡：日益加剧的难民和移民儿童危机”(纽约，2016 年)，第 8 页。 | 31 UNICEF, Uprooted: the Growing Crisis for Refugee and Migrant Children (New York, 2016), p. 8. |
32 同上，第 9 页。 | 32 Ibid., p. 9. |
33 据家庭整体发展国家系统的统计，墨西哥境内过境或非正规移民儿童大多是只接受过基础教育的青少年。 | 33 According to statistics from the National System for Integral Family Development, most children who are in transit or in an irregular migration situation in Mexico are adolescent males with basic education. |
34 资料来源：国际咨询人和顾问协会。 | 34 Source: the Association of International Consultants and Advisers. |
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