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(b) 2017 年 8 月 10 日欧盟委员会第(EU)2017/1457 号执行条例，修订了关于对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国采取限制性措施的欧盟理事会第(EC)329/2007 号条例，将欧盟理事会第(CFSP)2017/1459 号执行决定付诸实施； | (b) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/1457 of 10 August 2017 amending Council Regulation (EC) No. 329/2007 concerning restrictive measures against the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, which gives effect to Council Implementing Decision (CFSP) 2017/1459; |
(c) 2017 年 9 月 14 日欧盟理事会第(CFSP)2017/1562 号决定，修订了关于对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国采取限制性措施的第(CFSP)2016/849 号决定，其中说明欧洲联盟承诺执行第 2371(2017)号决议所载措施，即： | (c) Council Decision (CFSP) 2017/1562 of 14 September 2017 amending Decision (CFSP) 2016/849 concerning restrictive measures against the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, which sets out the commitment of the European Union to implementing the measures contained in resolution 2371 (2017), namely: |
– 根据第 2371(2017)号决议第 6 段，禁止被安全理事会第 1718(2006)号决议所设委员会指认的船只进入会员国港口，除非在紧急情况或返回发航港的情况下必需进港。委员会可在某些条件下给予豁免 | – Prohibition from entering into member States’ ports for vessels designated by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006), pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 2371 (2017), unless entry is required in case of emergency or in the case of the return of a vessel to its port of origin. The Committee may grant an exemption under certain conditions |
– 澄清禁止拥有、租赁、运营任何悬挂朝鲜国旗的船只的规定适用于包租悬挂朝鲜国旗的船只– 禁止从朝鲜民主主义人民共和国购买煤、铁和铁矿石。此项禁令不适用于符合第 2371(2017)第 8 段所列条件的情况– 禁止从朝鲜民主主义人民共和国购买海产食品– 禁止从朝鲜民主主义人民共和国购买铅和铅矿石。– 禁止在 2017 年 8 月 5 日后任何日期，在会员国管辖范围内向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国国民发放的工作许可证总数超过截至该日已有数目。委员会可根据个案情况在某些条件下给予豁免– 禁止开设新的合资企业或扩大现有的合资企业。委员会可根据个案情况给予豁免。– 澄清禁止将资金转入或转出朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的规定也适用于资金清算– 澄清从事相当于银行服务的金融服务公司被视为金融机构– 有义务扣押和处置第 2371(2017)号决议禁止出口的物项；(d) 2017 年 9 月 14 日欧盟理事会第(EU)2017/1548 号条例，修订了关于对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国采取限制性措施的第(EU)2017/1509 号条例，将欧盟理事会第(CFSP)2017/1562 号决定规定的措施付诸实施。2. 除欧洲联盟共同措施外，瑞典当局在其国家能力所及范围内，执行与安全理事会对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国施加的限制性措施有关的《特定国际制裁法》(第1996:95 号法律)：3. 上述欧盟理事会条例具有全面约束力，直接适用于包括瑞典在内的欧盟所有成员国。欧盟理事会在经修订的 2017 年 8 月 30 日理事会第(EU)2017/1509 号条例中，要求成员国确定对违反条例规定适用的惩罚办法。在国家一级，对违反直 | – Clarification that the prohibition from owning, leasing or operating any vessel flagged by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea extends to chartering vessels flagged by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea – Prohibition from procuring coal, iron and iron ore from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The prohibition does not apply if the conditions mentioned in paragraph 8 of resolution 2371 (2017) are met – Prohibition from procuring seafood from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea – Prohibition from procuring lead and lead ore from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea – Prohibition from exceeding, on any date after 5 August 2017, the total number of work authorizations for nationals of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea provided in the member States’ jurisdictions as at that date. The Committee may grant an exemption on a case-by-case basis under certain conditions – Prohibition from opening new joint ventures or expanding existing joint ventures. The Committee may grant an exemption on a case-by-case basis – Clarification that the prohibition from transferring funds to or from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea also applies to the clearing of funds – Clarification that companies performing financial services commensurate with those provided by banks are considered financial institutions – Obligation to seize and dispose of items the export of which is prohibited in resolution 2371 (2017); (d) Council Regulation (EU) 2017/1548 of 14 September 2017 amending Regulation (EU) 2017/1509 concerning restrictive measures against the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, which gives effect to the measures set forth in Council Decision (CFSP) 2017/1562. 2. In addition to the common measures of the European Union, the Swedish authorities, within the scope of their national competence, implement Act (1996:95) on Certain International Sanctions in relation to the restrictive measures against the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea imposed by the Security Council. 3. The aforementioned Council Regulations are binding in their entirety and directly applicable in all member States of the European Union, including Sweden. In Council Regulation (EU) 2017/1509 of 30 August 2017, as amended, the Council of the European Union required that member States determine the penalties applicable |
例中，要求成员国确定对违反条例规定适用的惩罚办法。在国家一级，对违反直接适用的欧洲联盟法律所规定的惩罚办法列于第 1996:95 号法律的有关各款。 | to infringements of the provisions of that regulation. At the national level, penalties for violations of directly applicable European Union law are set forth in the relevant sections of Act (1996:95). |
4. 瑞典还通过了《军事装备法》(第 1992:1300 号法律)，规定向第三国销售、供应、转让或出口武器和相关材料(不包括准军事装备)须获得出口许可，并规定提供与军事活动有关的中介服务和其他服务须得到许可。第 1992:1300 号法律和经修订的 2016 年 5 月 27 日欧盟理事会第(CFSP)2016/849 号决定为执行对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的武器禁运和相关中介服务禁令提供了依据。 | 4. Sweden has also adopted Military Equipment Act (1992:1300), by which it requires an export authorization for the sale, supply, transfer or export of arms and related materiel (excluding paramilitary equipment) to third countries and an authorization for the provision of brokering services and other services related to military activities. Act (1992:1300) and Council Decision (CFSP) 2016/849 o f 27 May 2016, as amended, provide the basis for the enforcement of the arms embargo against the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the ban on related brokering services. |
5. 此外，瑞典通过了《针对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的特定制裁法令》(第2011:67 号法令)，禁止从朝鲜民主主义人民共和国采购武器和相关材料(包括准军事装备)，以及向其出售、供应、转让或出口准军事装备。 | 5. In addition, Sweden has passed Decree (2011:67) on Certain Sanctions against the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, by which it prohibits the procurement of arms and related materiel (including paramilitary equipment) from and the sale, supply, transfer or export of paramilitary equipment to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. |
大 会 Distr.: Limited | General Assembly Distr.: Limited |
17 November 2020ChineseOriginal: English (C) 191120 201120 | 17 November 2020 |
Original: English (C) 191120 201120 | 20-15522 (E) 201120 |
*2015522* | *2015522* |
第七十五届会议 | Seventy-fifth session |
议程项目 19(d) | Agenda item 19 (d) |
可持续发展：为人类今世后代保护全球气候 | Sustainable development: protection of global climate for present and future generations of humankind |
圭亚那：* 订正决议草案 | Guyana:* revised draft resolution |
为人类今世后代保护全球气候 | Protection of global climate for present and future generations of humankind |
大会， | The General Assembly, |
回顾其关于为人类今世后代保护全球气候的 1988 年 12 月 6 日第 43/53 号、1999 年 12 月 22 日第 54/222 号、2007 年 12 月 10 日第 62/86 号、2008 年 11 月26 日第 63/32 号、2009 年 12 月 7 日第 64/73 号、2010 年 12 月 20 日第 65/159号、2011 年 12 月 22 日第 66/200 号、2012 年 12 月 21 日第 67/210 号、2013 年12 月 20 日第 68/212 号、2014 年 12 月 19 日第 69/220 号、2015 年 12 月 22 日第70/205 号、2016 年 12 月 21 日第 71/228 号、2017 年 12 月 20 日第 72/219 号、2018 年 12 月 20 日第 73/232 号和 2019 年 12 月 19 日第 74/219 号决议以及其他各项决议和决定， | Recalling its resolutions 43/53 of 6 December 1988, 54/222 of 22 December 1999, 62/86 of 10 December 2007, 63/32 of 26 November 2008, 64/73 of 7 December 2009, 65/159 of 20 December 2010, 66/200 of 22 December 2011, 67/210 of 21 December 2012, 68/212 of 20 December 2013, 69/220 of 19 December 2014, 70/205 of 22 December 2015, 71/228 of 21 December 2016, 72/219 of 20 December 2017, 73/232 of 20 December 2018 and 74/219 of 19 December 2019 and other resolutions and decisions relating to the protection of the global climate for present and future generations of humankind, |
又回顾《联合国气候变化框架公约》1 和该公约下通过的《巴黎协定》，2 肯定它们是谈判达成应对气候变化全球对策的主要国际政府间论坛，表示决心果断应对气候变化和环境退化构成的威胁，认识到由于气候变化的全球性质，需要尽可能广泛开展国际合作，以加快步伐，减少全球温室气体排放和适应气候变化的不利影响，并关切地注意到，缔约方承诺减缓的总体成效，尤其是他们酌情作出的国家自主贡献，与全部排放路径相比仍有巨大差距， | Recalling also the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1 and the Paris Agreement adopted under the Convention,2 acknowledging that they are the primary international, intergovernmental forums for negotiating the global response to climate change, expressing determination to address decisively the threat posed by climate change and environmental degradation, recognizing that the global nature of climate change calls for the widest possible international cooperation aimed at accelerating the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and addressing adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change, and noting with concern the significant gap between the aggregate effect of parties’ mitigation pledges, in particular their nationally determined contributions, as appropriate, and aggregate emission pathways, |
还回顾根据《巴黎协定》的第二条第二款，《协定》的履行将体现公平以及共同但有区别的责任和各自能力的原则，考虑不同国情， | Recalling further the Paris Agreement, which, pursuant to article 2, paragraph 2, thereof, will be implemented to reflect equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances, |
关切冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行后经济长期低迷将影响《巴黎协定》的执行以及各国特别是发展中国家充分应对气候变化不利影响的能力，强调在应对危机方面，各国应将可持续发展目标和气候承诺作为重点，表示注意到世界气象组织汇编的《2020 团结在科学之中》报告，强调各国必须坚持其对执行《巴黎协定》 | Concerned that a prolonged economic downturn following the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic will adversely impact the implementation of the Paris Agreement and the ability of countries, especially developing countries, to adequately respond to the adverse impacts of climate change, emphasizing that, in the response to the crisis, countries should keep the Sustainable Development Goals and climate commitments in focus, taking note of the “United in Science 2020” report compiled by the World Meteorological Organization, and emphasizing the importance of countries keeping their commitments to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, |
极为关切地注意到 COVID-19 大流行对人类健康、安全和福祉造成威胁，并严重扰乱社会经济，对生活和生计造成破坏性影响，最贫困和最脆弱的人受到这一大流行病的影响最大，重申回到实现可持续发展目标轨道的雄心壮志，为此要制定可持续和包容各方的复苏战略，以加快全面实施《2030 年议程》的进展，并帮助降低发生未来冲击的风险，认识到 COVID-19 大流行要求全球在团结一致、重振多边合作的基础上作出应对， | Noting with great concern the threat to human health, safety and well-being caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the severe disruption to societies and economies and the devastating impact on lives and livelihoods, and that the poorest and most vulnerable are the hardest hit by the pandemic, reaffirming the ambition to get back on track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by designing sustainable and inclusive recovery strategies to accelerate progress towards the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda and to help to reduce the risk of future shocks, and recognizing that the COVID-19 pandemic requires a global response based on unity, solidarity and renewed multilateral cooperation, |
承认适应气候变化的行动是所有国家，特别是发展中国家，尤其是特别易受气候变化不利影响的发展中国家的当务之急和全球挑战，认识到目前对适应的需求很大，加大缓解力度可以减少需要作出的额外适应努力，铭记增拨财政资源的目的应当是在适应与减缓之间取得平衡， | Acknowledging that action on adaptation to climate change is an urgent priority and a global challenge faced by all countries, in particular developing countries, especially those that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, recognizing that the current need for adaptation is significant and that greater levels of mitigation can reduce the need for additional adaptation efforts, and bearing in mind that the provision of scaled-up financial resources should aim to achieve a balance between adaptation and mitigation, |
欢迎 2021 年 11 月 1 日至 12 日在格拉斯哥举行由大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府主持的联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方大会第二十六届会议、作为京都议定书缔约方会议的缔约方大会第十六届会议和作为巴黎协定缔约方会议的缔约方大会第三届会议， | Welcoming the convening of the twenty-sixth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol and the third session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement, presided over by the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in Glasgow, from 1 to 12 November 2021, |
回顾《联合国千年宣言》、3《约翰内斯堡可持续发展宣言》4和《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》(《约翰内斯堡执行计划》)、5《2005 年世界首脑会议成果》、62012 年 6 月 20 日至 22 日在巴西里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会题为“我们希望的未来”的成果文件、7 联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方大会会议和作为京都议定书缔约方大会的缔约方大会会议的成果、2011 年 5 月9 日至 13 日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议通过的《2011-2020 十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》、82016 年 5 月 27 日至 29日在土耳其安塔利亚举行的伊斯坦布尔《2011-2020 十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》执行情况高级别全面中期审查会议通过的《政治宣言》、92014 年 11 月日至 5 日在维也纳举行的第二次联合国内陆发展中国家问题会议通过的《内陆发展中国家 2014-2024 年十年维也纳行动纲领》、10《小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领》、11《毛里求斯宣言》12 和《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》、13《小岛屿发展中国家快速行动方式》(萨摩亚途径)、14《仙台宣言》和《2015-2030 年仙台减少灾害风险框架》、15《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》16 及 2016 年 10 月 17 日至 20 日在基多举行的联合国住房和城市可持续发展大会(人居三大会)通过的《新城市议程》，17 | Recalling the United Nations Millennium Declaration,3 the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development4 and the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg Plan of Implementation), 5 the 2005 World Summit Outcome,6 the outcome document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 20 to 22 June 2012, entitled “The future we want”,7 the outcomes of the sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and of the sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011–2020, adopted at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul, Turkey, from9 to 13 May 2011,8 the Political Declaration of the Comprehensive High-level Midterm Review of the Implementation of the Istanbul Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011–2020, held in Antalya, Turkey, from 27 to 29 May 2016,9 the Vienna Programme of Action for Landlocked Developing Countries for the Decade 2014–2024, adopted at the second United Nations Conference on Landlocked Developing Countries, held in Vienna from 3 to 5 November 2014,10 the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, 11 the Mauritius Declaration12 and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States,13 the SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Pathway,14 the Sendai Declaration and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030,15 the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action,16 and the New Urban Agenda, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III), held in Quito from 17 to 20 October 2016,17 |
注意到包括全球减少灾害风险平台以及区域和次区域减少灾害风险平台在内的各种举措对促进减少灾害风险、可持续发展和努力减缓气候变化之间的协调一致所作的贡献，并注意到《2019 年全球减少灾害风险评估报告》的结果，认识到符合《仙台框架》的减少灾害风险努力有助于加强抵御灾害能力和适应气候变化，并在这方面着重指出有助于确保可持续发展取得进展的协同效应， | Noting the contribution of various initiatives, including the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, as well as regional and subregional platforms for disaster risk reduction, to promoting coherence between disaster risk reduction, sustainable development and efforts to mitigate climate change and the findings of the 2019 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction, and recognizing that disaster risk reduction efforts consistent with the Sendai Framework contribute to strengthening resilience and climate change adaptation, and in this regard highlighting synergies which help to ensure progress towards sustainable development, |
重申其题为“变革我们的世界：2030 年可持续发展议程”的 2015 年 9 月 25日第 70/1 号决议，其中大会通过了一套全面、意义深远和以人为中心的具有普遍性和变革性的可持续发展目标和具体目标，承诺做出不懈努力，使这一议程在2030 年前得到全面执行，认识到消除一切形式和表现的贫困，包括消除极端贫困，是世界的最大挑战，对实现可持续发展必不可少，并决心采用统筹兼顾的方式，从经济、社会和环境这三个方面实现可持续发展，在巩固实施千年发展目标成果的基础上，争取完成它们尚未完成的事业， | Reaffirming its resolution 70/1 of 25 September 2015, entitled “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, in which it adopted a comprehensive, far-reaching and people-centred set of universal and transformative Sustainable Development Goals and targets, its commitment to working tirelessly for the full implementation of the Agenda by 2030, its recognition that eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions, including extreme poverty, is the greatest global challenge and an indispensable requirement for sustainable development, its commitment to achieving sustainable development in its three dimensions – economic, social and environmental – in a balanced and integrated manner, and to building upon the achievements of the Millennium Development Goals and seeking to address their unfinished business, |
又重申其关于《第三次发展筹资问题国际会议亚的斯亚贝巴行动议程》的2015 年 7 月 27 日第 69/313 号决议，该议程是《2030 年可持续发展议程》的组成部分，支持和补充《2030 年议程》，有助于将其执行手段的具体目标与具体政策和行动联系起来，并再次作出强有力的政治承诺，本着全球伙伴关系和团结精神应对挑战，在各级为可持续发展筹措资金和创造有利环境， | Reaffirming also its resolution 69/313 of 27 July 2015 on the Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development, which is an integral part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, supports complements it, helps to contextualize its means of implementation targets with concrete policies and actions, and reaffirms the strong political commitment to address the challenge of financing and creating an enabling environment at all levels for sustainable development in the spirit of global partnership and solidarity, |
关切地注意到政府间气候变化专门委员会特别报告《全球升温 1.5°C》所载关于在加强全球应对气候变化威胁、可持续发展和努力消除贫困的背景下，全球 | Noting with concern the findings contained in the special report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, Global Warming of 1.5°C, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, |
又关切地注意到政府间专门委员会题为《气候变化、荒漠化、土地退化、可持续土地管理、粮食安全和陆地生态系统温室气体通量》的特别报告所载研究结果，并还关切地注意到政府间专门委员会题为《气候变化中的海洋和冰冻圈》的特别报告所载研究结果， | Noting also with concern the findings contained in the special report of the Intergovernmental Panel entitled Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems, and noting further with concern the findings contained in the special report of the Intergovernmental Panel entitled The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, |
重申支持绿色气候基金的目标和指导原则，包括在其进程和行动中敏感认识性别问题的方针，并强调指出基金的目标是通过简化审核程序确保高效利用基金资源和加强就绪支持，这将有助于在发展中国家取得成果，从而限制或减少温室气体排放，并帮助它们适应气候变化的影响， | Reiterating its support for the objectives and guiding principles of the Green Climate Fund, including a gender-sensitive approach in its process and operations, and stressing its goal of ensuring efficient access to its resources through simplified approval procedures and enhancing readiness support, which will help to deliver outcomes in developing countries so as to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help them adapt to the impacts of climate change, |
欢迎作为当前首次正式补资进程的一部分，包括在 2019 年 9 月 23 日由秘书长召开的气候行动峰会和 2019 年 10 月在巴黎举行的绿色气候基金高级别认捐会议上作出的认捐，截至 2020 年 11 月 12 日共计 99.9 亿美元，18 并强调必须有一个成功的进程，以便绿色气候基金继续作为能够根据《巴黎协定》和《联合国气候变化框架公约》向发展中国家提供财政资源的主要渠道之一， | Welcoming the pledges made to the Green Climate Fund as a part of the current first formal replenishment process, including at the 2019 Climate Action Summit convened by the Secretary-General, held on 23 September, and at the high-level pledging conference of the Green Climate Fund, held in Paris in October 2019, totalling 9.99 billion United States dollars as at 12 November 2020,18 which, including credits earned due to early payment and/or encashment based on the reference exchange rate for the first replenishment of the Fund, brings total pledges to well over 10 billion United States dollars at today’s exchange rate, emphasizing the importance of a successful process so that the Fund continues to be one of the main channels to enable the flow of financial resources to developing countries under the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, |
强调指出根据国家界定的发展优先事项，温室气体低排放发展可创造就业机会和优质工作， | Stressing that low greenhouse gas emission development can create employment opportunities and quality jobs, in accordance with nationally defined development priorities, |
回顾 2017-2030 年联合国森林战略计划，19 并肯定所有类型的森林都大有助于减缓和适应气候变化， | Recalling the United Nations strategic plan for forests 2017–2030,19 and acknowledging that all types of forests contribute substantially to climate change mitigation and adaptation, |
注意到《联合国气候变化框架公约》述及森林问题，并又注意到《巴黎协定》第 5 条， | Noting that forests are addressed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and noting also article 5 of the Paris Agreement, |
认识到气候变化是生物多样性丧失和生态系统退化的一个主要而且日益严重的驱动因素，保护和可持续利用生物多样性以及生态系统功能和服务大有助于适应和减缓气候变化、减少灾害风险以及粮食安全和营养， | Recognizing that climate change is a major and growing driver of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation and that the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and ecosystem functions and services, contribute significantly to climate change adaptation and mitigation, disaster risk reduction and food security and nutrition, |
欢迎 2020 年 9 月 30 日举行的生物多样性问题峰会，并期待将于 2021 年 5月 17 日至 30 日在中国昆明举行的生物多样性公约缔约方大会第十五届会议，会上将通过 2020 年后全球生物多样性框架， | Welcoming the summit on biodiversity held on 30 September 2020, and looking forward to the fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, to be held in Kunming, China, from 17 to 30 May 2021, which will adopt a post-2020 global biodiversity framework, |
注意到《联合国气候变化框架公约》、《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》20 和《联合国生物多样性公约》21 的缔约方和秘书处需要在各级酌情加强相互协调与合作，同时尊重各自的任务规定， | Noting the need for enhanced coordination and cooperation at all levels among the parties to and secretariats of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa,20 and the Convention on Biological Diversity,21 as appropriate, while respecting their individual mandates, |
又注意到联合国环境大会在其任务范围内，与其他相关组织和利益攸关方合作，为应对气候变化等挑战作出贡献， | Noting also the contribution of the United Nations Environment Assembly to addressing the challenge of, inter alia, climate change, within its mandate and in collaboration with other relevant organizations and stakeholders, |
回顾其题为“我们的海洋、我们的未来：行动呼吁”的 2017 年 7 月 6 日第71/312 号决议，并期待 2021 年联合国支持落实可持续发展目标 14 即保护和可持续利用海洋和海洋资源以促进可持续发展会议， | Recalling its resolution 71/312 of 6 July 2017, entitled “Our ocean, our future: call for action”, and looking forward to the 2021 United Nations Conference to Support the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development, |
认识到联合国在开展工作时，应促进保护全球气候，为人类今世后代造福， | Recognizing that, in undertaking its work, the United Nations should promote the protection of the global climate for the well-being of present and future generations of humankind, |
回顾《〈关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书〉基加利修正案》22 于 2019年 1 月 1 日生效，欢迎 110 个国家和 1 个区域经济一体化组织批准该修正案，23同时鼓励更多国家尽快批准，并回顾 2019 年 11 月 14 日和 15 日在罗马举行的蒙特利尔议定书缔约方第三十一次会议， | Recalling the entry into force on 1 January 2019 of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer,22 welcoming its ratification by 110 countries and one regional economic integration organization, 23 while encouraging further ratifications as soon as possible, and recalling the thirty-first Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, held on 14 and 15 November 2019 in Rome, |
赞赏地注意到大会主席为纪念国际地球母亲日，于 2019 年 4 月 22 日举行了关于与自然和谐相处的互动对话，其总主题是采用“地球母亲做法”实施与自然和谐相处的教育和气候行动， | Noting with appreciation the interactive dialogue on Harmony with Nature convened by the President of the General Assembly under the overall theme “Mother Earth approach” in the implementation of education and climate action in harmony with nature, held on 22 April 2019, in commemoration of International Mother Earth Day, |
注意到国际民用航空组织对全球努力应对气候变化的贡献，并又注意到国际海事组织在这方面的贡献， | Noting the contributions of the International Civil Aviation Organization to global efforts to combat climate change, and noting also the contributions of the International Maritime Organization in this regard, |
鼓励会员国根据联合国环境大会第 4/1 号决议，24 推进实现可持续消费和生产的创新途径； | Encouraging Member States to advance innovative pathways to achieving sustainable consumption and production in line with United Nations Environment Assembly resolution 4/1, |
1. 重申气候变化是当今最大挑战之一，对全球温室气体排放量继续上升深表震惊，仍深为关切所有国家、特别是发展中国家容易遭受气候变化的不利影响，而且已经在受到更大的影响，包括持续干旱和极端天气事件、土地退化、海平面上升、海岸侵蚀、海洋酸化和山地冰川退缩，进一步危及粮食安全、供水和生计以及为消除一切形式和表现的贫困和实现可持续发展所作的努力，认识到气候变化对健康构成重大风险，在这方面强调减缓和适应气候变化是迫在眉睫的全球优先事项； | 1. Reaffirms that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time, expresses profound alarm that the emissions of greenhouse gases continue to rise globally, remains deeply concerned that all countries, particularly developing countries, are vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change and are already experiencing an increase in such impacts, including persistent drought and extreme weather events, land degradation, sea level rise, coastal erosion, ocean acidification and the retreat of mountain glaciers, further threatening food security, water availability and livelihoods, and efforts to eradicate poverty in all its forms and dimensions and achieve sustainable development, recognizes the substantial risks posed by climate change to health, and emphasizes in this regard that mitigation of and adaptation to climate change represent an immediate and urgent global priority; |
2. 敦促会员国采取顾及气候和环境的做法努力从 COVID-19 疫情中恢复，包括使投资和国内政策与《2030 年可持续发展议程》、25《巴黎协定》缔约方的目标和《联合国气候变化框架公约》的最终目标保持一致，以便重建得更好，加快向低排放、气候适应性强、包容各方和可持续的经济和社会过渡，在这方面强调指出需要加强全球应对气候变化的能力，为此提高各国适应气候变化不利影响的能力，增强复原力，加快全面落实《2030 年议程》的所有目标和具体目标，将气候变化措施纳入国家政策、战略和规划，敦促《巴黎协定》缔约方至迟于 2020 年通报或更新有力度的国家自主贡献，注意到《协定》第四条第三款规定，各缔约方的连续国家自主贡献将比当前的国家自主贡献有所进步，并反映其尽可能大的力度，同时体现其共同但有区别的责任和各自能力，考虑不同国情，鼓励缔约方根据现有的最佳科学知识，为实现《协定》的宗旨拟定并通报长期战略，并使资金流动符合温室气体低排放和气候适应型发展的路径，强调指出必须调动各种来源的执行手段，包括为减缓和适应等工作提供充足的财政支持，同时考虑到发展中国家尤其是特别易受气候变化不利影响的国家的具体需要和特殊情况； | 2. Urges Member States to adopt a climate- and environment-responsive approach to COVID-19 recovery efforts, including by aligning investments and domestic policies with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 25 and the goals of the Paris Agreement for its parties, and the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, in order to build back better and accelerate a transition to low-emission, climate-resilient, inclusive and sustainable economies and societies, in this regard stresses the need to strengthen the global response to climate change by increasing the ability of countries to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change, fostering resilience, accelerating the full implementation of all the Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda and integrating climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning, urges parties to the Paris Agreement to communicate or update ambitious nationally determined contributions by 2020, noting that article 4, paragraph 3, of the Agreement states that each party’s successive nationally determined contribution will represent a progression beyond the party’s then current nationally determined contribution and reflect its highest possible ambition, reflecting its common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances, encourages parties to formulate and communicate long-term strategies on the basis of the best available scientific knowledge and with a view to achieving the purpose of the Agreement and make financial flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development, and stresses the importance of mobilizing means of implementation from all sources, including adequate financial support, inter alia, for mitigation and adaptation, taking into account the specific needs and special circumstances of developing countries, especially those that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change; |
3. 重申《巴黎协定》及其早日生效，鼓励协定所有缔约方充分执行该协定，鼓励尚未交存批准书、接受书、核准书或加入书的《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方酌情尽快交存，并重点指出执行《2030 年议程》与《巴黎协定》的协同增效作用； | 3. Reaffirms the Paris Agreement and its early entry into force, encourages all the parties to the Agreement to fully implement the Agreement and parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that have not yet done so to deposit their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, where appropriate, as soon as possible, and highlights the synergies between the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement; |
4. 回顾《巴黎协定》加强执行《联合国气候变化框架公约》包括其目标，目的是为了在可持续发展框架内加强应对气候变化威胁的全球举措和消除贫困的努力，包括将全球平均气温升幅控制在远低于工业化前水平以上 2°C 之内，并努力将气温升幅限制在工业化前水平以上 1.5°C 之内，同时认识到这将大大减少气候变化的风险和影响，提高适应气候变化不利影响的能力，并以不威胁粮食生产的方式增强气候复原力和温室气体低排放发展，并使资金流动符合温室气体低排放和气候适应型发展的路径； | 4. Recalls that the Paris Agreement, in enhancing the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, including its objective, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change, increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development in a manner that does not threaten food production, and making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development; |
5. 欢迎迄今提交的国家自主贡献，并回顾这类贡献的定期更新将最大程度地反映雄心壮志，同时考虑不同国情，并应按照有关决定，提供必要信息，以利于清晰、透明和方便理解； | 5. Welcomes the nationally determined contributions submitted to date, and recalls that the regular updating of such contributions will reflect the highest possible level of ambition, in the light of different national circumstances, and provide the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding, in accordance with the relevant decisions; |
6. 关切地注意到巴黎协定缔约方迄今提交的国家自主贡献不足，需要采取行动将全球平均气温升幅控制在远低于工业化前水平以上 2°C 之内，以及努力将气温升幅限制在工业化前水平以上 1.5°C 之内，并着重指出公约缔约方大会第 1/CP.21 号决定26 请巴黎协定缔约方酌情最晚在 2020 年通报或更新国家自主贡献的重要性； | 6. Notes with concern that the nationally determined contributions presented thus far by the parties to the Paris Agreement are not sufficient and that action is needed to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and underlines the importance of the request in decision 1/CP.2126 of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention to the Parties to the Paris Agreement, as appropriate, to communicate or update by 2020 their nationally determined contributions; |
7. 强调指出迫切需要提高适应力，加强复原力，降低易受气候变化和极端天气事件影响的脆弱性，并在这方面敦促会员国继续参与适应规划进程和增进合作，即减少灾害风险； | 7. Stresses the urgent need to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability to climate change and extreme weather events, and in this regard urges Member States to continue to engage in adaptation planning processes and to enhance cooperation, namely disaster risk reduction; |
8. 欢迎在作为巴黎协定缔约方会议的缔约方大会第一届会议第三会期通过通常称为“卡托维茨规则手册”的《巴黎协定》工作方案，27 并鼓励巴黎协定缔约方在今后届会上订定悬而未决的决定； | 8. Welcomes the Paris Agreement work programme, commonly referred to as the Katowice Rulebook, adopted at the third part of the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement,27 and encourages Parties to the Paris Agreement to finalize outstanding decisions in upcoming sessions; |
9. 表示注意到联合国气候变化公约执行秘书关于公约缔约方大会第二十五届会议的报告；28 | 9. Takes note of the report of the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change on the twenty-fifth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention;28 |
10. 强调必须作出集体努力，以创新、协调、开放、共享和环境友好的方式推动可持续发展的三个方面； | 10. Emphasizes the need for collective efforts to promote sustainable development in its three dimensions in an innovative, coordinated, environmentally sound, open and shared manner; |
11. 着重指出需要应对气候变化的经济、社会和环境影响，并强调需要在各级采取行动，除其他外，通过可持续管理生态系统，加强建设抗灾能力的努力，并建设抗灾能力，以减少自然灾害的影响和代价； | 11. Underlines the need to address the economic, social and environmental impacts of climate change, and emphasizes the need for action at all levels, to enhance efforts to build resilience through, inter alia, the sustainable management of ecosystems, and to build resilience to reduce the impacts and costs of natural disasters; |
12. 确认更好地利用国际气候融资对支持发展中国家尤其是特别容易遭受气候变化不利影响的发展中国家缓解和适应工作至关重要，并又确认在这方面持续做出的努力； | 12. Recognizes that enhanced access to international climate finance is important to support mitigation and adaptation efforts in developing countries, especially those that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, and also recognizes the ongoing efforts in this regard; |
13. 肯定在马拉喀什全球气候行动伙伴关系29 主持下开展的工作，并鼓励没有加入的利益攸关方扩大其处理和应对气候变化的努力； | 13. Acknowledges the work undertaken under the auspices of the Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action,29 and encourages non-party stakeholders to scale up their efforts to address and respond to climate change; |
14. 欢迎 2019 年 9 月 23 日举行秘书长召集的气候行动峰会，注意到峰会期间提出的多伙伴倡议和作出的承诺，又注意到 2019 年 9 月 21 日举行的青年气候峰会； | 14. Welcomes the holding of the 2019 Climate Action Summit convened by the Secretary-General on 23 September, notes the multi-partner initiatives and commitments presented during the Summit and notes also the Youth Climate Summit, held on 21 September 2019; |
15. 又欢迎大会主席在大会第七十三届会议期间，联系《2030 年议程》的经济、社会和环境三方面，就为人类今世后代保护全球气候的问题召开高级别会议； | 15. Also welcomes the convening by the President of the General Assembly of the high-level meeting during the seventy-third session of the General Assembly on the issue of the protection of the global climate for present and future generations of humankind in the context of the economic, social and environmental dimensions of the 2030 Agenda; |
16. 重申联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方大会在第 1/CP.19 号决定30 第 3 和4 段中，决心加速充分执行构成根据第 1/CP.13 号决定31 达成的商定结果的决定，并根据第 1/CP.21 号决定加大 2020 年之前时期的力度，以确保所有缔约方按照《公约》作出尽可能最大的减缓努力； | 16. Reiterates the resolve of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as set out in paragraphs 3 and 4 of its decision 1/CP.19,30 to accelerate the full implementationof the decisions constituting the agreed outcome pursuant to its decision 1/CP.1331 and to enhance ambition in the pre-2020 period in line with decision 1/CP.21, in order to ensure the highest possible mitigation efforts under the Convention by all parties; |
17. 欢迎已有 147 个国家进一步接受或批准《〈京都议定书〉多哈修正案》，32满足了《多哈修正案》的生效标准，33 并欢迎在《多哈修正案》生效之前就已执行该修正案的缔约方所作的努力； | 17. Welcomes the further acceptance or ratification of the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol32 by 147 countries, meeting the threshold for its entry into force,33 and welcomes the efforts of those parties that were already implementing the Doha Amendment prior to its entry into force; |
18. 确认所有国家避免、尽量减轻和应对气候变化不利影响包括极端天气事件和缓发事件带来的损失和损害的重要性，以及可持续发展在减少损失和损害风险方面的作用，并在这方面期待气候变化影响所致损失和损害华沙国际机制在联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方大会相关决定和《巴黎协定》第 8 条框架内进行审查的结果； | 18. Recognizes the importance for all countries of averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and slow-onset events, and the role of sustainable development in reducing the risk of loss and damage, and in that regard looks forward to the outcome of the review of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts, in the context of relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and article 8 of the Paris Agreement; |
19. 期待联合王国政府于 2021 年 11 月 1 日至 12 日在格拉斯哥主办联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方大会第二十六届会议、作为京都议定书缔约方会议的缔约方大会第十六届会议和作为巴黎协定缔约方会议的缔约方大会第三届会议； | 19. Looks forward to the hosting by the Government of the United Kingdom, in Glasgow, of the twenty-sixth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol and the third session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement, from 1 to 12 November 2021; |
20. 敦促会员国考虑到妇女和女童往往因性别不平等而尤其受到气候变化的影响，而且许多妇女依赖自然资源维持生计，促进将性别平等视角纳入环境和气候变化政策并加强机制和提供适足资源，使妇女充分平等地参与各级关于环境问题的决策，强调指出需要应对特别影响妇女和女童的气候变化挑战，包括充分执行联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方大会第二十三届会议通过的新的性别平等行动计划，34 并期待对此进行审查，以期推进以促进性别平等的方式让妇女平等切实地参与支持气候行动的目标； | 20. Urges Member States, taking into account that women and girls are often disproportionately affected by climate change owing to gender inequalities and the dependence of many women on natural resources for their livelihoods, to promote the integration of a gender perspective into environmental and climate change policies and to strengthen mechanisms and provide adequate resources towards achieving the full and equal participation of women in decision-making at all levels on environmental issues, and stresses the need to address the challenges posed by climate change that affect women and girls in particular, including through the full implementation of the new gender action plan adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change at its twenty-third session,34 and looks forward to its review with a view to advancing towards the goal of promoting gender-responsive and equal and meaningful participation of women in support of climate action; |
21. 回顾秘书长提交并经大会第 72/219 号决议认可的将可持续发展做法纳入全秘书处业务活动和设施管理行动计划；35 | 21. Recalls the action plan for integrating sustainable development practices into Secretariat-wide operations and facilities management submitted by the Secretary-General35 and endorsed in its resolution 72/219; |
22. 注意到联合国气候变化公约当地社区和土著人民平台正在开展的工作和该平台的潜力，其设立目的是交流以综合统筹方式开展减缓和适应工作的经验和最佳做法，并回顾公约缔约方大会关于平台宗旨和职能的第 2/CP.23 号决定36以及缔约方大会关于平台治理和进一步运作的第 2/CP.24 号决定；37 | 22. Notes the ongoing work and potential of the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, established for the exchange of experiences and sharing of best practices on mitigation and adaptation in a holistic and integrated manner, and recalls decision 2/CP.23 of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Platform’s purpose and functions36 and decision 2/CP.24 of the Conference of the Parties on the Platform’s governance and further operationalization;37 |
23. 决定将设想于 2022 年和 2023 年举行的公约缔约方大会及其附属机构的届会列入 2022 年和 2023 年联合国会议日历； | 23. Decides to include in the United Nations calendar of conferences and meetings for the years 2022 and 2023 the sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention and its subsidiary bodies envisaged for the years 2022 and 2023; |
3. In Antananarivo, the Special Rapporteur met with the Minister of Justice, Mr.Charles Andriamiseza; the Minister of the Environment, Ecology and Forests, Ms. JohanitaNdahimananjara; the Minister attached to the Presidency in charge of Mining and Oil, Mr.Ying Vah Zafilahy; the Minister of Fishery Resources and Fishing, Mr. Gilbert Francois;the Vice-President of the National Assembly, Ms. Hanitra Razafimanantsoa; the Chair ofthe judicial committee of the National Assembly, Ms. Marie Thérèse Volahaingo; and theDirector of Operations of the Madagascar National Parks, Mr. Mamy Rakotoarijaona. TheSpecial Rapporteur also met with the 11 commissioners of the Independent NationalHuman Rights Commission, former President Marc Ravalomanana, members of civilsociety, academics, representatives of the diplomatic community and representatives ofinternational organizations. In Andasibe, the Special Rapporteur met with the Mayor ofAndasibe, representatives of local community associations and the manager ad interim ofthe Andasibe-Mantadia National Park. He also met with employees of Ambatovy, a miningcompany, in Antananarivo and Moramanga. He is grateful for the warmth and openness ofall those who took time to meet with him and for their cooperation during his visit. | 3. In Antananarivo, the Special Rapporteur met with the Minister of Justice, Mr. Charles Andriamiseza; the Minister of the Environment, Ecology and Forests, Ms. Johanita Ndahimananjara; the Minister attached to the Presidency in charge of Mining and Oil, Mr. Ying Vah Zafilahy; the Minister of Fishery Resources and Fishing, Mr. Gilbert Francois; the Vice-President of the National Assembly, Ms. Hanitra Razafimanantsoa; the Chair of the judicial committee of the National Assembly, Ms. Marie Thérèse Volahaingo; and the Director of Operations of the Madagascar National Parks, Mr. Mamy Rakotoarijaona. The Special Rapporteur also met with the 11 commissioners of the Independent National Human Rights Commission, former President Marc Ravalomanana, members of civil society, academics, representatives of the diplomatic community and representatives of international organizations. In Andasibe, the Special Rapporteur met with the Mayor of Andasibe, representatives of local community associations and the manager ad interim of the Andasibe-Mantadia National Park. He also met with employees of Ambatovy, a mining company, in Antananarivo and Moramanga. He is grateful for the warmth and openness of all those who took time to meet with him and for their cooperation during his visit. |
II. Legal and institutional frameworks | II. Legal and institutional frameworks |
A. Legal framework | A. Legal framework |
1. International law | 1. International law |
2. Constitutional and statutory law | 2. Constitutional and statutory law |
7. The Constitution adopted in 2010 recognizes human rights, including the rights tonon-discrimination (art. 6), life (art. 8), freedom of opinion and expression (art. 10),information (art. 11), freedom of association and democratic opposition (art. 14), health(art. 19), education (art. 23), participation in cultural life (art. 26) and property (art. 34). Its | 7. The Constitution adopted in 2010 recognizes human rights, including the rights to non-discrimination (art. 6), life (art. 8), freedom of opinion and expression (art. 10), information (art. 11), freedom of association and democratic opposition (art. 14), health (art. 19), education (art. 23), participation in cultural life (art. 26) and property (art. 34). Its preamble emphasizes “the exceptional importance of the wealth of the fauna, of the flora and of the mining resources of high specificities with which nature has provided Madagascar”, and underlines the importance of preserving these natural resources for future generations. |
and of the mining resources of high specificities with which nature has providedMadagascar”, and underlines the importance of preserving these natural resources for futuregenerations.8. Madagascar adopted an environmental charter in 1990 and amended it in 2015, inLaw No. 2015-003. The charter states, among other things, that everyone has thefundamental right to live in a healthy and balanced environment (art. 6) and is entitled toaccess to environmental information and to participation in decision-making withenvironmental effects (arts. 7 and 14). The charter incorporates the “polluter pays” andprecautionary principles (arts. 10-11) and provides that implementation of environmentalactions is based on three components: socioeconomic development, sustainableenvironmental management and good environmental governance (art. 17).9. Various laws and decrees address conservation, effluent disposal, mining, fisheriesand other environmental issues. 1 The Government has recognized that the laws onpollution, in particular, are not well integrated and that there has been a lack ofimplementing regulations and coordination among the relevant agencies. The Governmentrecently adopted a national strategy for pollution management through which it intends toput in place a more integrated approach. Important regulatory gaps remain, however,including in relation to pesticides and herbicides.10. The procedure for environmental impact assessment is based on decree No. 2004-167 (known as MECIE, for mise en compatibilité des investissements avecl’environnement). Under the decree, proponents of a project must show how it will meetenvironmental standards.2 The law requires impact assessments for listed types of projectsand for any other activities that could have a negative impact on the environment.Assessments are required to include environmental management plans. The processprovides for public participation through review of the relevant documents, a public inquiryor a public hearing. The assessment provides a basis for the decision whether to issue anenvironmental permit allowing the action to go forward.11. On his visit to Madagascar in 2011, the then Special Rapporteur on the right to foodidentified several defects in the assessment procedure, including that local communitiesoften did not have the capacity to take part in public consultations effectively, taking intoaccount the limited information they had about the effects of proposed projects; that theresults of the assessment were not required to be made public; and that local communitiesdid not have access to an independent mechanism to review decisions to grantenvironmental permits (A/HRC/19/59/Add.4, para. 30). More recently, the WorldResources Institute has raised concerns that the procedure does not provide for publicparticipation early in the decision-making process, that data on air and water quality are notmade publicly available and that the law does not provide procedures for appeal when theGovernment denies requests for environmental information.3In connection with his recentvisit, the Special Rapporteur also heard complaints that the assessment procedure is tooexpensive and onerous for local communities and, even more troubling, that the decision-making process is often corrupted by the companies seeking permits.B. Institutional framework12. Madagascar is a constitutional republic. The executive branch is headed by thePresident, who is elected for a five-year, once-renewable term. The Constitution providesthat the President determines the general policy of the State and controls the1 | 1 |
See, for example, Law No. 98-029 (Water Code); Law No. 99-021 (management and control ofindustrial pollution); Bryony Walmsley and Saphira Patel, Handbook on Environmental AssessmentLegislation in the SADC Region, 3rd ed. (Johannesburg, Development Bank of Southern Africa,2011), pp. 166-168 (listing laws). | See, for example, Law No. 98-029 (Water Code); Law No. 99-021 (management and control of industrial pollution); Bryony Walmsley and Saphira Patel, Handbook on Environmental Assessment Legislation in the SADC Region, 3rd ed. (Johannesburg, Development Bank of Southern Africa, 2011), pp. 166-168 (listing laws). |
2 Walmsley and Patel, Handbook on Environment Assessment Legislation, p. 154. | 2 Walmsley and Patel, Handbook on Environment Assessment Legislation, p. 154. |
3See www.environmentaldemocracyindex.org/country/mdg. | 3 |
See www.environmentaldemocracyindex.org/country/mdg. | See www.environmentaldemocracyindex.org/country/mdg. |
18. Like other countries, Madagascar faces many threats to its biodiversity. Invasivespecies, such as the Asian common toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus), threaten todevastate ecosystems that have not evolved protections against them.7Illegal hunting andlogging are driving many species closer to extinction. The demand is often from foreignmarkets, including for tortoises sought as pets and rosewood trees used for furniture.Domestic demand also plays a role: many wild animals, including tortoises and manyspecies of lemurs, are hunted for food.8 There are also growing domestic as well as foreign | 18. Like other countries, Madagascar faces many threats to its biodiversity. Invasive species, such as the Asian common toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus), threaten to devastate ecosystems that have not evolved protections against them.7 Illegal hunting and logging are driving many species closer to extinction. The demand is often from foreign markets, including for tortoises sought as pets and rosewood trees used for furniture. Domestic demand also plays a role: many wild animals, including tortoises and many species of lemurs, are hunted for food.8 There are also growing domestic as well as foreign markets for lemurs as pets.9 |
12 Threats to biodiversity have already taken a toll: as of 2013, 11 species inMadagascar were declared extinct, 290 species were endangered and another 166 specieswere critically endangered. 13 Species close to extinction include the angonoka orploughshare tortoise (Astrochelys yniphora) and the radiated tortoise (Astrochelys radiata),which are hunted for pet trade and food as well as for their beautiful shells. There may onlybe 200 mature angonoka tortoises left in the wild.14 Lemurs have been called the mostendangered mammals in the world; 48 of the species are endangered and another 22 arecritically endangered.15 Some are down to very low numbers. For example, there may befewer than 250 remaining silky sifakas (Propithecus candidus).16 | 12 Threats to biodiversity have already taken a toll: as of 2013, 11 species in Madagascar were declared extinct, 290 species were endangered and another 166 species were critically endangered. 13 Species close to extinction include the angonoka or ploughshare tortoise (Astrochelys yniphora) and the radiated tortoise (Astrochelys radiata), which are hunted for pet trade and food as well as for their beautiful shells. There may only be 200 mature angonoka tortoises left in the wild.14 Lemurs have been called the most endangered mammals in the world; 48 of the species are endangered and another 22 are critically endangered.15 Some are down to very low numbers. For example, there may be fewer than 250 remaining silky sifakas (Propithecus candidus).16 |
6See World Wildlife Fund, “Treasure island: new biodiversity on Madagascar (1999-2010)” (2011). | 6 See World Wildlife Fund, “Treasure island: new biodiversity on Madagascar (1999-2010)” (2011). |
7See Jessica Aldred, “Scientists warn of last chance to rid Madagascar of invasive toxic toad”, TheGuardian (2 February 2016). | 7 See Jessica Aldred, “Scientists warn of last chance to rid Madagascar of invasive toxic toad”, The Guardian (2 February 2016). |
8See Kim E. Reuter and others, “Capture, movement, trade, and consumption of mammals inMadagascar”, PLOS One, vol. 11, No. 2 (February 2016). | 8 See Kim E. Reuter and others, “Capture, movement, trade, and consumption of mammals in Madagascar”, PLOS One, vol. 11, No. 2 (February 2016). |
9See Kim E. Reuter and others, “Live capture and ownership of lemurs in Madagascar: extent andconservation implications”, Oryx, vol. 50, No. 2 (January 2016). | 9 See Kim E. Reuter and others, “Live capture and ownership of lemurs in Madagascar: extent and conservation implications”, Oryx, vol. 50, No. 2 (January 2016). |
10 See William J. McConnell and Christian A. Kull, “Deforestation in Madagascar: debates over theisland’s forest cover and challenges of measuring forest change”, in Conservation and EnvironmentalManagement in Madagascar, Ivan Scales, ed. (Abingdon, United Kingdom, Routledge, 2014), p. 67. | 10 See William J. McConnell and Christian A. Kull, “Deforestation in Madagascar: debates over the island’s forest cover and challenges of measuring forest change”, in Conservation and Environmental Management in Madagascar, Ivan Scales, ed. (Abingdon, United Kingdom, Routledge, 2014), p. 67. |
11 See Jason L. Brown and Anne D. Yoder, “Shifting ranges and conservation challenges for lemurs inthe face of climate change”, Ecology and Evolution, vol. 5, No. 6 (February 2015). | 11 See Jason L. Brown and Anne D. Yoder, “Shifting ranges and conservation challenges for lemurs in the face of climate change”, Ecology and Evolution, vol. 5, No. 6 (February 2015). |
12 Madagascar country profile, Convention on Biological Diversity, available fromwww.cbd.int/countries/profile/default.shtml?country=mg. | 12 Madagascar country profile, Convention on Biological Diversity, available from www.cbd.int/countries/profile/default.shtml?country=mg. |
13 Ibid. | 13 Ibid. |
14 See International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species, available fromwww.iucnredlist.org/details/9016/0. | 14 See International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species, available from www.iucnredlist.org/details/9016/0. |
15 Michelle Douglass, “The future of Madagascar’s lemurs”, BBC Earth (27 February 2015), availablefrom www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150226-what-hope-is-there-for-madagascars-threatened-lemurs. | 15 Michelle Douglass, “The future of Madagascar’s lemurs”, BBC Earth (27 February 2015), available from www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150226-what-hope-is-there-for-madagascars-threatened-lemurs. |
16 See International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, www.iucnredlist.org/details/18360/0. | 16 See International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, www.iucnredlist.org/details/18360/0. |
livelihood”. | livelihood”. |
23. Access to water and sanitation is also of great concern. In 2015, 48 per cent of thepopulation had access to safe water sources, a moderate improvement from 1990, whenonly 29 per cent had such access.23 Access to safe and clean sanitation is much worse. In2015, 12 per cent of the population had access to improved sanitation, only a marginalchange from 1990, when 9 per cent of the population had such access. 24 The Special | 23. Access to water and sanitation is also of great concern. In 2015, 48 per cent of the population had access to safe water sources, a moderate improvement from 1990, when only 29 per cent had such access.23 Access to safe and clean sanitation is much worse. In 2015, 12 per cent of the population had access to improved sanitation, only a marginal change from 1990, when 9 per cent of the population had such access. 24 The Special Rapporteur was also informed during his visit that solid waste disposal is becoming an increasingly difficult issue in the capital and other urban areas. |
IV. Good practices | IV. Good practices |
24. The present section describes three good practices in relation to human rights andenvironmental protection: (a) the development of a comprehensive network of protectedareas; (b) community participation in the conservation of biodiversity; and (c) capacity-building at the local level in the context of a major mining operation. | 24. The present section describes three good practices in relation to human rights and environmental protection: (a) the development of a comprehensive network of protected areas; (b) community participation in the conservation of biodiversity; and (c) capacity-building at the local level in the context of a major mining operation. |
A. Protected areas | A. Protected areas |
19 Ibid. | 19 Ibid. |
20 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans 2015-2025 (December 2015), pp. 26-27. | 20 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans 2015-2025 (December 2015), pp. 26-27. |
21 World Bank and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, The Cost ofAir Pollution. Strengthening the Economic Case for Action (2016), p. 97. | 21 World Bank and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, The Cost of Air Pollution. Strengthening the Economic Case for Action (2016), p. 97. |
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