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此外，美国继续开展转化工作，使美国潜艇上的一些潜射弹道导弹发射器失能。2014 年这些转化工作的费用超过了 5 000 万美元。 | In addition, the United States continued the conversion process to render inoperative some launchers of submarine-launched ballistic missiles on U.S. submarines. The cost of these conversions exceeded $50 million in 2014. |
2014 年，美国空军在核查外国遵守核军备控制和不扩散条约情况方面耗资 1.477 亿美元。 | • In 2014, the U.S. Air Force spent $147.7 million on verification of foreign compliance with nuclear arms control and non-proliferation treaties. |
2000 年以来，美国在与联合王国合作评价核查未来的核武器裁减所需的方法和技术方面耗资约 4 000 万美元；联合王国贡献了同样的金额。 | • Since 2000, the United States has spent approximately $40 million on cooperative work with the United Kingdom to evaluate methodologies and technologies required to verify future nuclear weapon reductions; the United Kingdom contributed a commensurate sum. |
2011 年以来，美国为国家核安全局与国家实验室共同研究在监测下拆除核武器所需的程序和技术耗资 6 000 万美元。 | • Since 2011, the United States has spent $60 million on the National Nuclear Security Administration’s work with its National Laboratories to look at procedures and technologies required for the monitored dismantlement of nuclear weapons. |
美国继续大量投资于旨在支持未来核军备控制协议和要求的研发工作。2014 年，美国国家核安全局和国防威胁减少局为军备控制核查技术的研究、发展、试验和评估提供了逾 1.91 亿美元的资金。 | • The United States continues to make substantial investments in R&D to support future nuclear arms control agreements and requirements. In 2014, the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency funded over $191 million for Research, Development, Test and Evaluation of arms control verification technology. |
2010-2015 年，美国在美国核武器保证方面耗资 3.8 亿美元。 | • The United States spent $380 million on the surety of U.S. nuclear weapons from 2010-2015. |
美国向全面禁试条约组织筹备委员会提供最多的年度财政捐款，支出了委员会逾 22%的年度预算。 | • The United States makes the largest annual financial contribution to the CTBTO Preparatory Commission, paying more than 22 percent of the Commission’s annual budget. |
o 从 1996 年直到 2014 年，美国通过其年度摊款贡献了逾 3.77 亿美元。 | ○ From 1996 through 2014, the United States has contributed over $377 million through its annual assessment. |
o 2011 年以来，美国向临时技术秘书处资助了逾 2 300 万美元的实物捐助项目，用以加快发展核查制度并增强其能力。 | ○ Since 2011, the United States has funded over $23 million of contributions-in-kind projects to the Provisional Technical Secretariat (PTS) to accelerate the development of the verification regime and to improve its capabilities. |
o 美国还捐助了 2 550 万美元，用以重建国际监测系统的克罗泽岛水声台站。 | ○ The United States has contributed another $25.5 million to rebuild the Crozet Island hydroacoustic station of the IMS. |
2014 年，美国国家核安全局编制的预算是，将 5.67 亿美元用于安全和可靠地储存和搬运及处置剩余的裂变材料，包括建造处置设施。 | • In 2014, the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration’s enacted budget was $567 million for the safe and secure storage and handling and disposition of surplus fissile material, including construction of disposition facilities. |
第二部分：关于与不扩散有关的国家措施的报告 | Section II: Reporting on National Measures Relating to Non-proliferation |
一. 保障监督 | i. Safeguards |
2009 年，美国制定了一项防止核武器扩散广泛议程。除了核裁军与和平利用核能外，该议程还包括旨在加强《不扩散条约》和原子能机构保障监督的措施，将之作为合作和应对美国及其他国家核恐怖主义威胁的基础。 | • The United States laid out a broad agenda to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons in 2009. In addition to nuclear disarmament and peaceful uses of nuclear energy, the agenda includes measures to strengthen the NPT and IAEA safeguards as a basis for cooperation and confront the threat of nuclear terrorism both in the United States and other countries. |
2008 年，能源部国家核安全局制定了“下一代保障监督倡议”，以发展必要的政策、概念、技术、专门知识和基础设施，以加强和支持为应对新挑战而演变的国际保障监督制度。“下一代保障监督倡议”的重点是，重新增强美国的能力，以支持国际保障监督，并且促使为支持国际保障监督做出更广泛的国际承诺。2015 年，“下一代保障监督倡议”的预算约为 5 000 万美元。 | • In 2008, the Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) established the Next Generation Safeguards Initiative (NGSI) to develop the policies, concepts, technologies, expertise and infrastructure necessary to strengthen and sustain the international safeguards system as it evolves to meet new challenges. NGSI has focused on renewing U.S. capabilities to support international safeguards, and is intended to serve as a catalyst for a broader international commitment to support international safeguards. In 2015, NGSI has a budget of approximately $50M. |
美国的保障监督 | U.S. Safeguards |
在《不扩散条约 》和《自愿提交协定》生效前，美国在 1960 年代期间率先让原子能机构对美国的某些核设施进行现场视察。 | • Before the NPT and the Voluntary Offer Agreement (VOA) entered into force, the United Sates pioneered IAEA on-site inspections at select U.S. nuclear facilities during the 1960s. |
美国于 1980 年使一项保障监督协定(又称《美国自愿提交协定》)生效，并于 2009 年使《附加议定书》生效。这些协定载有用于执行保障监督的标准条款，并表明我们愿意接受对民用核活动的保障监督。 | • The United States brought into force a safeguards agreement in 1980 (also known as the U.S. Voluntary Offer Agreement — VOA) and Additional Protocol (AP) in 2009. These agreements contain the standard provisions for safeguards implementation and demonstrate our readiness to accept safeguards on civil nuclear activities. |
美国使近 300 个民用核设施可接受原子能机构的保障监督，这些设施包括动力反应堆、研究堆、商业燃料制造厂、铀浓缩厂以及其他各类设施。可接受原子能机构视察的美国核设施清单得到定期更新并提供给原子能机构。 | The United States has made eligible for IAEA safeguards nearly 300 civil nuclear facilities, including power reactors, research reactors, commercial fuel fabrication plants, uranium enrichment plants, and other types of facilities. This list of U.S. nuclear facilities that are eligible for IAEA inspections is routinely updated and provided to the IAEA. |
另外，美国使三个燃料制造设施和一个浓缩设施可接受原子能机构的视察，以便根据《自愿提交协定报告议定书》核查所申报设施的设计信息(以及设计变动)。 | Additionally, the United States has made three fuel fabrication facilities and one enrichment facility available for IAEA inspections to verify declared facility design information (and changes to the design) under the Reporting Protocol to the VOA. |
美国接待了原子能机构对美国这份清单上所列设施进行的逾 800 次视察。1994 年以来，这包括了原子能机构在美国五个贮存有从武器方案中永远消除的材料的设施进行的逾 600 次视察。美国通过向原子能机构提供自愿捐款支付了此种视察费用。 | • The United States has hosted over 800 IAEA inspections conducted at facilities on this U.S. list. Since 1994, this includes more than 600 IAEA inspections at five U.S. facilities containing material removed permanently from weapons programs. The United States covered the costs for such inspections through the U.S. voluntary contribution to the IAEA. |
这包括南卡罗来纳州萨瓦纳河场址 K 区材料贮存库在原子能机构保障监督下的近 3 公吨宣布过剩的武器级钚。K 区材料贮存库是世界上第一个执行远程监测的钚贮存设施，使原子能机构得以推广并发展可用于世界上其他设施的远程监测技术。 | This includes nearly three metric tons of plutonium declared excess to weapons under IAEA safeguards at the KAMS Facility at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. KAMS is the first plutonium storage facility in the world to implement remote monitoring, which enabled the IAEA to expand and develop remote monitoring techniques that will be useful in other facilities worldwide. |
美国接受了原子能机构《示范附加议定书》所有条款，不包括在内的条款仅仅是那些其适用导致原子能机构参与直接涉及美国国家安全的活动或出入与此种活动相关的场所或获得相关信息的条款。 | • The United States accepted all provisions of the IAEA’s Model Additional Protocol, excluding only instances where its application would result in access by the IAEA to activities with direct national security significance to the United States or to locations or information associated with such activities. |
2009 年，美国在其首份申报中按照《附加议定书 》报告了 264 个(项)场所和活动。美国在其后的每一年都向原子能机构递交一份更新的年度申报，以后的每一年都有 300 多项申报。 | The United States reported 264 locations and activities in the U.S. initial declaration under the AP in 2009. The United States has transmitted an updated annual declaration to the IAEA each year since, with more than three hundred declarations in each subsequent year. |
美国在 2010 年接待了原子能机构根据美国《附加议定书》进行的两次补充性视察访问。这是在《不扩散条约》核武器缔约国领土上进行的第一次此种视察。 | The United States hosted two complementary access visits from the IAEA under the U.S. Additional Protocol in 2010. These were the first such visits conducted in the territory of an NPT nuclear weapon state. |
美国还向原子能机构定期提交关于美国《附加议定书》附件二所列物品出口的报告。 | The United States has also made regular reports to the IAEA of the export of items enumerated in Annex II of the U.S. Additional Protocol. |
多边保障监督支持 | Multilateral Safeguards Support |
1977 年以来，美国一直在通过《美国支助原子能机构保障监督方案》提供新的工具、技术、专家和其他资源，以求提高保障监督执行工作的效能和效率。 | • Since 1977, the United States has provided new tools, technology, experts and other resources to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of safeguards implementation through the United States Support Program (USSP) to IAEA Safeguards. |
2010 年以来，美国认捐了 1.82 亿美元作为原子能机构保障监督工作的预算外资金，这超过了我们为原子能机构正常预算提供的捐助。 | • Since 2010, the United States has pledged $182 million in extra-budgetary funding for IAEA safeguards work, above and beyond our contribution to the IAEA regular budget. |
2010 年以来，这笔资金已通过《美国支助方案》支助开始执行超过 125 项新任务，同时通过对原子能机构的直接和实物支助，包括以初级专业人员和免费专家形式提供了超过 35 名工作人员、超过50 个培训班和讲习班，促进增强保障监督，并且支持了近 20 个不同的保障监督设备系统的采购。我们还发展了众多的保障监督技术，并转让给包括原子能机构在内的国际伙伴。 | Since 2010, this funding has supported initiation of over 125 new tasks through the USSP, promoting the strengthening of safeguards through direct and in-kind support to the IAEA, including providing over 35 staff in the form of Junior Professional Officers and Cost Free Experts, over 50 training courses and workshops, and supported the procurement of nearly 20 different safeguards equipment systems. We have also developed and transferred numerous safeguards technologies to international partners, including the IAEA. |
2010 年以来，美国提供了近 2 800 万美元的预算外资金，用以更新原子能机构保障监督分析实验室。 | Since 2010, the United States has provided almost $28 million in extrabudgetary funds to upgrade the IAEA Safeguards Analytical Laboratories. |
最近美国开发并向原子能机构转让技术的一个实例是远程监控密封阵列。远程监控密封阵列使原子能机构能够远程监测某些类别的核材料的贮存情况，原子能机构也已核准将远程监控密封阵列用于保障监督。目前原子能机构在 K 区材料贮存库使用老版的远程监控密封阵列，这导致对 K 区材料贮存库的视察次数大大减少。 | A recent example of a technology that the United States developed and transferred to the IAEA is the Remote Monitoring Sealing Array (RMSA). The RMSA enables the IAEA to remotely monitor storage of some types of nuclear material and the IAEA has approved the RMSA for safeguards use. The IAEA currently uses an earlier version of the RMSA at the KAMS facility and it has resulted in a significant reduction in the number of inspections at KAMS. |
双边保障监督支持 | Bilateral Safeguards Support |
美国已促使近 50 个国家改善保障监督基础设施，使之包括关于实施《附加议定书》的最佳做法和培训讲习班，同时加强国家衡算和控制核材料、质量管理、无损分析以及保障监督监管的发展。通过这些讲习班和另一些讲习班，美国自 2007 年以来已培训了 2 800 多名参与保障监督的外国从业人员。 | • The United States has engaged nearly 50 countries to improve safeguards infrastructure, to include best practices and training workshops on Additional Protocol implementation, strengthening State Systems of Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Material, quality management, non-destructive assay, and safeguards regulatory development. Through these and other workshops, the United States has trained more than 2,800 foreign practitioners in safeguards since 2007. |
2010 年以来，美国举办了 90 多期关于在非洲、欧洲、中东、中亚、东亚、东南亚和南美各国执行保障监督的培训班和讲习班。最近的 | Since 2010, the United States has held more than 90 training courses and workshops on safeguards implementation for countries in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South America. Recent examples include: |
2014 年 8 月在阿贡国家实验室举办了一期国际讲习班，旨在帮助那些准备使《附加议定书》生效并为有效实施制定程序的国家解决面临的问题；以及 | An international workshop at Argonne National Laboratory in August 2014 to address issues facing countries preparing to bring the Additional Protocol into force and develop processes for effective implementation; and |
2015 年 3 月在肯尼亚为编制与保障监督有关的监管文件举办了一期区域讲习班。 | A regional workshop in Kenya in March 2015 for the development of safeguards-related regulatory documents. |
美国与有先进的燃料循环设施的国家合作，以便为开发工具和系统提供专业技术，以提高保障监督执行工作的效力和效率。美国与国际伙伴合作，以测试新开发的保障监督设备。 | The United States cooperates with countries with advanced fuel cycle facilities to provide technical expertise for developing instrumentation and systems to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of safeguards implementation. The United States works with international partners to test newly developed safeguards equipment. |
“下一代保障监督倡议”与国际伙伴缔结了 240 多个项目的合同，并在伙伴国家部署了 40 多项定制的或新的保障监督技术。 | NGSI has concluded over 240 projects with international partners and has deployed over 40 customized or new safeguards technologies in partner countries. |
保障监督教育与培训 | Safeguards Education and Training |
通过“下一代保障监督倡议”，美国力图为美国和原子能机构的职位征聘、教育、培训和留用新一代的国际保障监督专家。该举措通过各种机制扩大了保障监督教育和培训机会： 在十几所大学里开设了不扩散大学课程； 赞助实验室实习、毕业生和研究生的研究和研究金机会； 公布可以免费下载的核保障监督课本；以及 开发和赞助了六个关于保障监督和不扩散主题的年度短期课程； 迄今共有 1 000 多名学生和年轻专业人员完成了“下一代保障监督倡议”保障监督课程，有约 350 人参加了由“下一代保障监督倡议”资助的实习。 | • Through the NGSI, the UnitedStates seeks to recruit, educate, train, and retain a new generation of international safeguards specialists for positions in the United States and at the IAEA. This initiative has expanded safeguards education and training opportunities through a variety of mechanisms: Developed non-proliferation university curriculum at over a dozen universities; Sponsored Laboratory internships, graduate and post-graduate research and fellowship opportunities; Published a nuclear safeguards textbook available for free download; and Developed and sponsored six annual short courses on safeguards and non-proliferation topics. To date, over 1000 students and young professionals have completed NGSI safeguards courses and approximately 350 have participated in NGSI-funded internships. |
超过一半的“下一代保障监督倡议”研究生校友成为了原子能机构或美国国家实验室的工作人员。 | More than half of NGSI’s post-graduate alumni have gone on to staff positions at the IAEA or U.S. National Laboratories. |
二. 出口管制 | ii. Export Controls |
美国维持着严格全面的核出口管制制度，多年来一直在努力加强国际核出口管制制度并协助各国执行该制度的要求。出口管制是通过向供应国保证出口装备将用于和平目的而促进贸易的手段。 | • The United States maintains a rigorous and comprehensive system for nuclear export controls and has worked for years to strengthen international nuclear export control regimes and assist states in implementing regime requirements. Export controls are a tool to facilitate commerce by providing assurances to suppliers that exported equipment is used for peaceful purposes. |
美国通过核供应国集团、包括协商小组和技术专家组继续努力更新核供应国集团的清单和准则，使之符合扩散和核贸易不断变化的性质。 | • Through Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) bodies, including the Consultative Group and the Technical Experts Group, the United States continues to work to update NSG lists and guidelines to conform to the evolving nature of proliferation and nuclear trade. |
美国更新了它与核材料、核装备和两用物品出口管制有关的条例，使之符合核供应国集团在 2013 年完成的管制清单的彻底审查。 | • The United States updated U.S. regulations related to export control of nuclear material, nuclear equipment and dual-use items following the Fundamental Review of the NSG control lists completed in 2013. |
美国还继续支持出口管制和相关的边境安保培训以及全世界的援助方案。出口管制和相关的边境安保方案是美国政府旨在帮助伙伴国家改善其战略性贸易管制及相关的边界安保体系的最初举措，通过美国政府各机构以及其他组织实施。每年，出口管制和相关的边境安保方案在全球开展大量的外联和能力建设活动，以防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散以及先进的常规武器的过度累积。自上次不扩散条约审议大会以来，出口管制 | • The United States also continues to support export control and related border security training and assistance programs worldwide. The Export Control and Related Border Security (EXBS) Program is the U.S. Government's premier initiative to help partner countries improve their strategic trade control and related border security systems, implemented through various U.S. Government agencies and other organizations. Each year the EXBS Program carries out numerous outreach and capacity-building activities across the globe in order to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and destabilizing accumulations of advanced conventional weapons. Since the last NPT Review Conference, the EXBS Program has completed over 1,700 activities including: |
向我们的方案伙伴捐赠了约 4 500 万美元的最先进探测、视察和阻截装备，以增强其辐射探测和边境保护能力； | Donating approximately $45 million in state-of-the art detection, inspection, and interdiction equipment to our program partners to enhance their radiation detection and border protection capabilities; |
在发展执行技术和能力，包括瞄准、探测、视察和处置与扩散有关的货物的机制方面，对 7 500 多名伙伴国家的官员进行了培训，并对边境管制和执法机构进行了专门培训，如陆海空和铁路环境下的商品鉴定和探测及阻截技术； | Training for over 7,500 partner country officials in the development of enforcement techniques and capabilities, including mechanisms for targeting, detection, inspection, and disposal of proliferation-relevant cargo, as well as specialized training for border control and enforcement agencies, such as commodity identification and detection and interdiction techniques at air, land, sea, and rail environments; |
开办了 50 多个法律和监管讲习班、与主题专家的磋商会议，以及区域研讨会，以制定符合监管多边出口管制制度监管清单所列物品的贸易的国际标准的出口管制框架，并且帮助履行其根据重要的美国和国际倡议包括联合国安全理事会第 1540 号决议承担的义务； | Providing over 50 legal and regulatory workshops, consultations with subject matter experts, and regional seminars to develop export control frameworks that conform to international standards for regulating trade in items on the control lists of the multilateral export control regimes and help meet their obligations pursuant to important U.S. and international initiatives, including UN Security Council resolution 1540; and |
赞助了若干次区域和国际会议，使政策制定者和技术专家们聚集一堂分享最佳做法和加强国家战略性贸易管制制度，包括最近于2014 年 3 月在阿拉伯联合酋长国召开的第 14 次国际出口管制会议，来自 74 个国家的 313 人参加会议。小组会议讨论了扩散威胁与挑战、管理稀缺资源的方法、维持一个安全和开放贸易体制的必要性以及加强信息共享的战略。出口管制和相关的边境安保方案还赞助了 2011 年 6月在乌克兰基辅举行的第 16次核走私国际技术工作组会议。 | Sponsoring several regional and international conferences bringing policymakers and technical experts together to share best practices and to strengthen national strategic trade control systems, including most recently the 14th International Export Control Conference in the United Arab Emirates in March 2014, which included 313 participants from 74 different countries. Panels included discussions about proliferation threats and challenges, methods to manage scarce resources, the need to preserve a safe and open trading system, and strategies to enhance information-sharing. EXBS also sponsored the 16th Nuclear Smuggling International Technical Working Group in Kyiv, Ukraine in June 2011. |
三. 核保安 | iii. Nuclear Security |
核恐怖主义是对全球安全最直接和最极端的威胁，因此，要求对国内和全世界的行动做出坚定而持久的承诺。美国继续采用新做法并学习其他国家的经验，以便继续超越不断变化的威胁环境。 | • Nuclear terrorism represents the most immediate and extreme threat to global security, requiring a strong and enduring commitment to domestic and worldwide action. The United States continues to apply new approaches and learn from the experience of others in order to remain ahead of an evolving threat environment. |
多边核保安努力 | Multilateral Nuclear Security Efforts |
随着奥巴马总统在 2009 年发表布拉格讲话，美国启动了核保安峰会进程。这一元首级论坛于 2010 年在华盛顿举行第一次会议，随后于 2012年在首尔、2014 年在海牙举行了峰会。奥巴马总统将于 2016 年在美国主办第四次峰会。这些峰会提高了人们对全世界核保安重要性的认识，导致了以下方面的努力：(1)减少全球危险核材料的数量，(2) 加强核材料和放射源的保安，以及(3)加强国际合作以减轻核恐怖主义构成的威胁。 | • The United States launched the Nuclear Security Summit process with President Obama’s Prague Speech in 2009. This head-of-state level forum first met in 2010 in Washington, with subsequent Summits in Seoul in 2012 and The Hague in 2014. President Obama will host a fourth Summit in the United States in 2016. The Summits have raised awareness on the importance of nuclear security worldwide, and have resulted in efforts to (1) reduce the amount of dangerous nuclear material globally, (2) improve security of nuclear material and radioactive sources, and 3) improve international cooperation to reduce the threat posed by nuclear terrorism. |
峰会进程最终产生了几十个强化核保安的国家和多边承诺及具体成果，并导致与全世界几十个国家在核保安方面扩大多边和双边合作。我们共 | • The Summit process has elicited dozens of national and multilateral commitments and tangible results that have enhanced nuclear security, as well as led to expanded multilateral and bilateral cooperation on nuclear security with dozens of countries worldwide. Together we have: |
o 建立了一个遍布53个国家政府和4个国际组织的致力于核保安的全球高级别专家网； | ○ Established a global network of senior level experts working on nuclear security in 53 governments and 4 international organizations; |
o 移除并处置了约3公吨脆弱的高浓铀和钚； | ○ Removed and disposed of approximately 3 metric tons of vulnerable Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) and plutonium; |
o 在11个国家和台湾境内彻底消除了高浓铀并隔离了钚； | ○ Completely eliminated HEU and separated plutonium within the borders of eleven countries and Taiwan; |
o 在14个国家成功地将24个高浓铀核反应堆转化为低浓铀燃料用途或核查这些反应堆已关闭； | ○ Successfully converted 24 HEU nuclear reactors in 14 countries to Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) fuel use or verified those reactors as shut down; |
o 获得125个国家对遵守《放射源安全和保安行为守则》和《放射源进出口补充导则》的承诺； | o Garnered the commitment of 125 countries to follow the Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources and the Supplementary Guidance on the Import and Export of Radioactive Sources; |
o 通过实物安保升级帮助保护5个国家储存武器用核材料的218座建筑物； | ○ Helped secure 218 buildings in 5 countries storing weapons-usable nuclear materials through physical security upgrades; |
o 给550多个国际场址装备辐射探测系统，并向伙伴国家提供超过76个移动式辐射探测车，以打击非法贩运核材料和辐射材料； | ○ Equipped over 550 international sites with radiation detection systems and provided over 76 mobile radiation detection vans to partner countries to combat illicit trafficking in nuclear and radiological material; |
o 请原子能机构对与核相关的活动进行国际评议，以帮助自第一次峰会以来这么做的其他13个国家；以及 | ○ Requested international advisory reviews of nuclear related activities by the IAEA to assist 13 other countries that did so since the first Summit; and |
o 为建设国家能力采取步骤，以打击核走私，包括加强执法和情报工作，调查核走私网，在国境线上和国境内增加辐射探测系统的使用，增强核鉴识能力并在20个国家进行了法律培训，以确保因走私这些危险材料而被捕的罪犯被定罪。 | ○ Taken steps to build national capabilities to counter nuclear smuggling, including increased law enforcement and intelligence efforts to investigate nuclear smuggling networks, increased use of radiation detection systems both at and inside national borders, and increased nuclear forensics capabilities and legal training to in twenty countries to ensure conviction of criminals arrested for smuggling these dangerous materials. |
此外，美国是原子能机构核保安基金的最大国家捐助者。自 2010 年以 | • Additionally, the United States is the largest national contributor to the IAEA’s Nuclear Security Fund. Since 2010, the United States has provided approximately $59 million, which has supported: |
此外，美国是原子能机构核保安基金的最大国家捐助者。自 2010 年以来，美国提供了约 5 900 万美元，这些资金支助了： 作为补充人员在特定领域提供重要的专门知识和支助的免费专家、 | Cost Free Experts, Junior Professional Officers and consultants providing important expertise and support in specific fields in the form of supplemental staff; |
向原子能机构成员国提供咨询服务(特派团和技术考察)以建设必要的基础设施，据以防止核材料和其他放射性材料遭到盗窃和转作他用，保护核设施和运输免遭破坏和其他恶意行为之害，以及打击非法贩运核材料和其他放射性材料的行为； | Advisory services (missions and technical visits) to IAEA Member States to establish the necessary infrastructure to protect nuclear and other radioactive materials from theft and diversion, protect nuclear installations and transport against sabotage and other malicious acts, and to combat illicit trafficking in nuclear and other radioactive materials; |
编制核保安系列指导文件；通过国际会议、培训班、研讨会和讲习班传播有效应对核和放射性威胁的概念和程序； | Development of Nuclear Security Series guidance documents; dissemination of concepts and procedures for dealing effectively with nuclear and radiological threats through international conferences, training courses, seminars, and workshops; |
原子能机构的“事故和贩运数据库”，该数据库便利国家间交流关于事故的权威信息，有助于参与国及选定国际组织分享关于不受监管的核材料和其他放射性材料的信息； | The IAEA’s Incident and Trafficking Database, which facilitates the exchange of authoritative information on incidents among States, and is an asset helping participating States and selected international organizations to share information on nuclear and other radioactive materials out of regulatory control; |
1996 年以来在其他国家的50 个原子能机构国际实物保护咨询服务特派团，并帮助修订了《国际实物保护咨询服务准则》，以便与现行国际标准相一致；以及 | 50 IAEA International Physical Protection Advisory Service (IPPAS) missions in other countries since 1996 and helped revise the IPPAS Guidelines to be consistent with current international standards; and |
原子能机构协助会员国建设包括设备在内的基础设施，据以在体育或政治集会等大型活动中实施核保安。 | IAEA Assistance to Member States in the development of an infrastructure, including equipment, for the implementation of nuclear security at major public events, such as sports or political gatherings. |
双边核保安努力 | Bilateral Nuclear Security Efforts |
美国致力于通过其在全世界的双边接触继续在这一至关重要的问题上发挥领导作用。 | • The United States is committed to continuing its leadership on this vitally important issue through its bilateral engagements worldwide. |
美国同合作伙伴共同将高浓铀转化为低浓铀，或者核实 92 个民用研究堆和同位素生产设施的关闭情况，从而不再在这些设施中使用高浓铀； | • The United States has worked with partners to convert from HEU to LEU or verify the shutdown of 92 civilian research reactors and isotope production facilities, thereby eliminating the use of HEU at these facilities; |
美国还协助 26 个国家和台湾消除其领土上所有的高浓铀，并消除或确认处置逾 5 公吨危险的高浓铀和钚，这本来足以供 200 多件核武器使用； | The United States has also assisted 26 countries and Taiwan with the elimination of all HEU on their territories, and removed or confirmed disposition of more than 5 metric tons of vulnerable HEU and plutonium, enough for more than 200 nuclear weapons; |
美国同我们的伙伴合作，帮助稀释了 16.8 公吨民用高浓铀，并帮助减少了含有武器可用核材料的建筑物和场址的数量； | Working with our partners, the United States assisted with the downblending of 16.8 metric tons of civil HEU and helped reduce the numbers of buildings and sites with weapons-useable nuclear materials; |
美国通过其国防威胁减少局耗资近 1.6 亿美元，并在 2014 年雇用了 24 名工作人员来实施反扩散方案，包括向来自 30 多个国家的工作人员提供培训和装备。 | The United States through its Defense Threat Reduction Agency spent nearly $160 million and employed 24 personnel in 2014 pursuing counterproliferation programs, which included providing training and equipment to personnel from over 30 countries. |
美国双边核合作协定要求由于这些协定而转让或生产的核材料获得足够的实物安全保障。为确保对美国负有义务的核材料采取的实 | U.S. bilateral nuclear cooperation agreements require that nuclear material transferred or produced as a result of these agreements is subject to adequate physical security. To ensure that physical protection measures over U.S.-obligated nuclear materials are comparable to the recommendations in IAEA publication INFCIRC/225, the United States has conducted over 190 bilateral assessment visits to 50 countries since 1974; |
此外，自 2010 年以来，美国在 63 个国家帮助全世界 1 100 座含有高度优先级危险放射性材料的民用建筑物完成了安保升级，并且自这一合作开始以来，在超过 100 个国家帮助确保大约 1 800 座含有危险的高活度放射源的建筑物的安全； | Additionally, the United States helped complete security upgrades at 1,100 civilian buildings around the world containing high-priority at-risk radiological materials in 63 countries since 2010 and helped secure approximately 1,800 buildings containing vulnerable, high-activity radiological sources in more than 100 countries since this cooperation was initiated; |
美国为制止核走私和放射物走私采取了具体步骤，并与 13 个伙伴国家谈判了双边联合行动计划，这些计划概述了我们为预防、探测和应对核材料和放射性材料走私活动将联合采取的具体步骤； | The United States has taken tangible steps to counter nuclear and radiological smuggling and has negotiated bilateral Joint Action Plans with 13 partner countries outlining priority steps that we will jointly take to prevent, detect, and respond to nuclear and radioactive materials smuggling activities; |
美国通过合作购置了 300 余辆车辆和轨道车，用以确保在美国运输核材料的安全，并部署了一种自动化运输安保系统，据以确保核材料运输的安全； | The United States has cooperated to procure over 300 vehicles and railcars for secure transportation of nuclear material in the United States and develop an automated transportation security system to ensure security of nuclear material shipments; |
美国继续在国际上就内部威胁降低和人员可靠性方案提供培训，以便应对不怀好意的内部人员可能将核材料、技术或专门知识转作他用的风险； | The United States continues to provide international training on insider threat mitigation and human reliability programs, in order to address the risk that a malicious insider could divert nuclear material, technology, or expertise; |
美国和我们的伙伴共同设计、完成或升级了几个培训中心，以拓展伙伴国家的核保安培训能力； | The United States and our partners have jointly designed, completed, or upgraded several training centers to expand nuclear security training capabilities in partner countries; |
2009 年以来，美国与 14 个国家和国际组织就核鉴识技术最佳做法进行了双边关键设备。最值得注意的是，美国、日本和法国对铀定年领域做出了重大贡献，这对核鉴识计量至关重要。美国还与原子能机构就培训和制定核鉴识方法使用指南开展了广泛合作；以及 | Since 2009, the United States has engaged bilaterally with 14 countries and international organizations on technical nuclear forensics best practices. Most notably, the United States, Japan, and France have made significant contributions to the area of uranium age dating, which is a key nuclear forensics measurement. The United States has also cooperated extensively with the IAEA on training and development of implementing guides on nuclear forensics methodologies; and |
2012年，美国主办了第一次国际监管机构核保安会议。来自30多个国家的将近500名与会者参加了会议，会议加强了全世界安保监管机构之间的对话。 | In 2012, the United States hosted the first International Regulators Conference on Nuclear Security. This conference, which was attended by nearly 500 participants from over 30 countries, enhanced dialogue between security regulators worldwide. |
在美国增强核保安 | Improving Nuclear Security in the United States |
美国还通过采取若干行动继续加强国内的核保安，如： | • The United States also continues to improve domestic nuclear security by taking a number of actions such as: |
在 2013 年接待了一个视察美国核管制委员会和国家标准和技术研究所中子研究中心高浓铀反应堆的原子能机构国际实物保护咨询服务特派团。 | Hosted an IAEA International Physical Protection Advisory Service (IPPAS) mission in 2013 to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and to the HEU reactor at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research. |
在 240 多个国内设施进行了安保升级。 | Installed security upgrades at over 240 domestic facilities. |
完成了对 Y-12 工厂实物安保基础设施的升级，包括栅栏、侵扰侦测和出入控制。部署了更多的铁丝网、创建了新的巡逻队并设置了更多的物理屏障。 | Completed an upgrade to the physical security infrastructure of the Y-12 Plant including barriers, intrusion detection, and access control. Deployed additional razor wire, instituted new patrols, and installed additional physical barriers. |
在 Y-12 核保安复合体完成了高浓铀材料设施的建造，这是世界上存放大量高浓铀的最牢固保安设施之一。 | Completed construction on the High Enriched Uranium Materials Facility at Y-12 Nuclear Security Complex which is one of the most robust secure facilities in the world consolidating significant amounts of highly enriched uranium. |
完成了洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室实物安保基础设施的升级，包括提高录像和评估能力，增强周界延时，以及升级人员车辆进入控制特性/设施。 | Completed upgrades to the physical security infrastructure at the Los Alamos National Laboratory including improved video and assessment capabilities, enhanced perimeter delay, and upgraded personnel and vehicle entry control features/facilities. |
完成了从劳伦礼物莫国家实验室消除要求最高级别实物安保的特殊核材料物品的工作。 | Completed removal of special nuclear material items requiring highest levels of physical security protection from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. |
在桑迪亚国家实验室完成了升级版报警管理系统/门禁系统的安装。 | Completed an upgraded alarm management system/access control system installation at Sandia National Laboratories. |
采购了额外的保护力量车辆和装备，加强了对能源部所有设施的实物安保系统的监测。 | Procured additional protective force vehicles and equipment, and improved monitoring of Physical Security Systems and monitoring of Physical Security Systems across all Department of Energy facilities. |
从美国全国各个场址拆除了 14 599 个废弃不用的和不需要的放射源。 | Removed 14,599 disused and unwanted radioactive sources from sites throughout the United States. |
从确定不再需要放射源的许可证持有人那里收回了4 390多个国内放射源，并且在可行的情况下把源于美国的放射源收回国内。 | Recovered over 4,390 domestic radiological sources from licensees that have identified no further use for those sources and repatriated U.S.-origin sources where feasible. |
继续更新关于核工厂和核材料的实物保护的现行条例，考虑到最新版的 INFCIRC/225。 | Continued to update existing regulations regarding the physical protection of nuclear plants and materials, taking into consideration the latest version of INFCIRC/225. |
对核电站实施网络安全制度，大力防范网络威胁。美国利用风险观，继续致力于对程序采用分等级方式。 | Implemented a cybersecurity regime for nuclear power plants that provides strong protection against cyber threats. The United States continues to work to apply a graded approach to the program, using risk insights. |
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