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结论和建议 ........................................................ 11-17 3 | Conclusions and recommendations ....................................... 11–17 3 |
二. 调动国际资源促进发展 .............................................. 18-34 3 | II. Mobilizing international resources for development ......................... 18–34 4 |
结论和建议 ........................................................ 27-34 5 | Conclusions and recommendations ....................................... 27–34 5 |
三. 全球经济中的非洲 .................................................. 35-52 6 | III. Africa in the global economy ............................................ 35–52 6 |
结论和建议 ........................................................ 40-52 6 | Conclusions and recommendations ....................................... 40–52 7 |
结论和建议 ........................................................ 40-52 6附件 部长声明 .................................................................... 8 | Annex |
附件 部长声明 .................................................................... 8 | Ministerial statement............................................................. 10 |
附件 部长声明 .................................................................... 8导言 | Introduction |
1. 非洲区域发展筹资问题区域协商会议和第三次联合国最不发达国家问题会议筹备会议于 2000 年 11月 15 日至 17 日在亚的斯亚贝巴举行 埃塞俄比亚财政部长苏菲安 艾哈迈德正式为会议举行了开幕式非洲经济委员会(非洲经济委员会)执行秘书 K.Y.阿莫亚科也致了开幕词 | 1. The Regional Consultative Meeting on Financing for Development inthe African Region and Preparatory Meeting for the Third United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries was held in Addis Ababa from 15 to 17 November 2000. The meeting was formally opened by Sufian Ahmed, Minister for Finance of Ethiopia. K.Y. Amoako, Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), also made an opening statement. |
2. 部长在开幕词中突出了非洲为定于 2001 年和2002 年初举行的联合国两项重要活动做好充分准备的重要性 鉴于非洲许多地区持续存在经济和社会问题 并且被排斥在全球经济之外 这些活动就显得特别重要 部长指出 非洲在调动发展资金方面面临严重困难 特别是在官方发展援助日益减少和债务问题持续存在的情况下更是如此 这种情况还由于艾滋病毒/艾滋病流行病猖獗而恶化 非洲及其发展伙伴需要协调努力 采取全面具体的措施来解决这个问题 | 2. In his opening statement, the Minister highlighted the importance of Africa being adequately prepared for the two important United Nations events scheduled for 2001 and early 2002. This was particularly important in view of the continuing economic and social problems persisting in many parts of Africa and its marginalization from the global economy. The Minister noted that Africa faced serious difficulties in mobilizing development finance, especially in the face of declining official development assistance (ODA) and the persisting debt problem. The situation had been worsened by the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) pandemic, and there was a need for concerted efforts by Africa and its development partners to address the problem by adopting comprehensive and concrete measures. |
3. 非洲经委会执行秘书在开幕词中重申这次会议的重要性 并促请与会者对各项问题进行全面分析提出具体建议 以便制定非洲在联合国这两次重大活动中的立场 他接着概述了非洲面对的各项挑战以及发展筹资在解决这些挑战方面的重要性 | 3. In his opening remarks, the Executive Secretary of ECA reiterated the importance of the meeting, and urged the participants to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the issues and make concrete recommendations to shape Africa’s position in the two major United Nations events. He then outlined the challenges facing Africa and the importance of development finance in addressing them. |
4. 阿莫亚科先生指出 虽然世界其他地区贫穷情况有所减少 但是在非洲却日益增加 他还说 为了在2015 年之前实现将贫穷减半的国际公认目标 非洲必须每年增长 8%左右 使过去五年所取得的速度加倍为了实现这项目标 投资与国内生产总值的比例将需要增加,从目前的 19%增加到至少 25% 鉴于非洲经济的状况 它们不太可能从本国来源获得资源来实现这项目标 | 4. Mr. Amoako noted that while poverty was declining in other parts of the world, it was growing in Africa. He added that in order to achieve the internationally accepted target of halving poverty by 2015, Africa needed to grow by about 8 per cent per year, double the rate attained in the last five years. In order to achieve this, the ratio of investment to gross domestic product (GDP) would have to rise from the current level of 19 per cent to a minimum of 25 per cent, and given the state of African economies it was unlikely that they could find the resources to meet this target from domestic sources. |
5. 尽管存在这些问题 非洲并非注定会失败 几个非洲国家已经表明 可以进行可持续经济改革和取得结构上的多样化 从而大大减少贫穷 它们的经验对于非洲其他国家来说是重要的经验教训 他接着概述了这次会议需要解决的一些关键问题 | 5. Despite these problems, Africa was not doomed to failure. A few African countries had shown that it was possible to undertake sustainable economic reforms and attain structural diversification and thereby reduce poverty significantly. Their experiences were an important lesson for the rest of Africa. His remaining remarks outlined some of the key issues and questions to be addressed in the meeting. |
6. 在开幕会议之后 会议围绕具体的课题举行了几次全体会议 各次全体会议的关键问题`结论和建议述于后 会议提出的各项建议随后提交于 2000 年 11月 21 日和 22 日举行的非洲经委会财政部长会议第八届会议 随后,非洲财经部长会议通过了一项部长声明 这项声明载于附件 | 6. Following the opening session, the meeting was conducted in plenary sessions organized around specific themes. The key issues, conclusions and recommendations of each of the plenary sessions are set out below. The recommendations emanating from the meeting were subsequently presented to the ECA Conference of Ministers of Finance at its eighth session, on 21 and 22 November 2000. Thereafter, the Conference of African Ministers of Finance adopted a ministerial statement, which is contained in the annex. |
一. 调动本国资源促进非洲发展 | I. Mobilizing domestic resources for development in Africa |
7. 对调动本国资源促进发展问题的讨论由发展筹资问题高级别国际政府间活动筹备委员会主席团代表穆巴拉克 侯赛因 拉赫马图拉和讨论会主讲者非洲开发银行的 Temitope Oshitoya 组成的小组领导进行 加纳大学的欧内斯特 阿里耶泰主持了这次会议 | 7. The discussions on mobilizing domestic resources for development were led by a panel, comprising Mubarak Hussein Rahmtalla, a representative of the Bureau of the Preparatory Committee for the High-level International Intergovernmental Event on Financing for Development, and the lead discussant, Temitope Oshikoya of the African Development Bank. Ernest Aryeetey of the University of Ghana moderated the session. |
8. 主持人向该小组提供关于高级别活动的简要背景资料 并向各代表提供于筹备过程的最新资料 随后会议集中讨论了调动本国资源促进非洲的经济和社会发展的重要性 为什么本国资源特别是储蓄很少的原因 以及为增加这些资源所需的政策措施 会议指出 虽然大多数非洲国家最近取得的增长令人鼓舞 但是如果要在 2015 年之前实现将贫穷减半的目标 就必须加紧努力进一步作出改进 在这方面 为了减少贫穷而使所需的国内生产总值增长率至少达到 7% 投资率就必须占国内生产总值的 33% 在满足这些需求方面 调动本国资源和外部资源都是非常关 | 8. A brief background to the High-level Event was presented to the panel, and delegates were updated on the preparatory process. Discussions then focused on the importance of domestic resource mobilization for the economic and social development of Africa, the reasons why domestic resources, especially savings, are low, and the policy measures that are needed to increase them. It was noted that while the recent growth performance of most African countries is encouraging, it is important to intensify efforts for further improvement if the goal of reducing poverty by half by 2015 is to be achieved. In this regard, in order to attain the required GDP growth rate for poverty reduction of at least 7 per cent, an investment rate equivalent to 33 per cent of GDP is required. Mobilization of both domestic and external financial resources is critical in meeting this requirement. |
9. 此外 会议认为 按已实现经济增长和发展的国家的经验来说 这些国家的本国储蓄占投资的比例都很大 为此理由 非洲国家对调动私有资源和公共资源来促进它们的发展负有主要责任 小组讨论参与者指出 非洲不仅资本化程度极低 其储蓄和投资的比例是世界最低的地区之一 而更为重要的是投资已出现下降趋势 例如在 1970 年代 国内投资总额占国内生产总值的比例为 25% 1990 年代 减少到 20%而私人投资所占比例也下降到大约 11% | 9. Moreover, it was observed that for countries having experienced economic growthand development, domestic savings constitute an important share of investment, and for this reason African countries themselves have the primary responsibility for mobilizing private and public resources for their development. Panellists pointed out that Africa is not only highly undercapitalized, with among the lowest savings and investment ratios in the world, but more importantly, investment is on a declining trend. For example, gross domestic investment (GDI) has declined from 25 per cent of GDP in the 1970s to less than 20 per cent in the 1990s, while private investment has fallen to about 11 per cent. |
10. 资本分散问题在低收入国家最为严重 在这些国家里 私人投资非常少 只占国内生产总值的 3% 储蓄率也大幅度减少 1980 年代占国内生产总值的 24%1990 年代减少到 15% 反映出低收入 宏观经济和政治风险的持续存在 疲弱的金融部门以及人口因素包括高抚养率等问题 因此 储蓄/投资差距越来越大从 1980 年代相当于国内生产总值的 1%扩大到 1990 年代的 4% | 10. The problem of decapitalization is most severe in low-income countries, where private investment is as low as 3 per cent of GDP. The savings rate has also declined substantially, from an average of 24 per cent of GDP in the 1980s to about 15 per cent in the 1990s, reflecting the problems of low incomes, the persistence of macroeconomic and political risks, and weak financial sectors, as well as demographic factors, including high dependency rates. As a result, the savings/investment gap widened from an equivalent of 1 per cent of GDP in the 1980s to 4 per cent in the 1990s. |
结论和建议 | Conclusions and recommendations |
11. 会议集中讨论了造成非洲储蓄数额很少的各项因素 以及为解决这些问题而必须采取的各项措施代表们指出 调动本国储蓄只是问题的一个方面 因为重要的是确保调动的资源能够有效地用于最具有生产力的部门 除了金融部门疲弱和奖励措施很差之外 代表们注意到本国储蓄很少主要由于许多国家的收入很低和贫穷 他们建议这些国家注重基础广泛的增长和促进经济多样化 以便打破低收入和储蓄的恶性我循环 | 11. The discussions focused on the factors that explain the low level of savings in Africa and the measures that need to be put in place to address the problem. The delegates noted that mobilizing domestic savings is only one part of the equation, since it is important to ensure that mobilized resources are efficiently channelled to the most productive sectors. In addition to the weak financial sector and poor incentives, it was noted that low domestic savings are largely due to the low levels of income and poverty in many countries. It was suggested that countries focus on broad-based growth and promote economic diversification in order to break out of this vicious circle of low incomes and savings. |
12. 因此会议吁请非洲政府采取措施实现基础广泛的增长 包括通过善政和健全的宏观经济政策 为私营部门发展创造有利的环境 深化金融部门改革以及加强银行监督和管理 促进创新的财政手段和提供获得信贷的机会 划拨更多的公共支出用于基础设施人力开发和能力建设 制定和执行有效和公平的税收制度 以加强公共财政 加强国家在经济管理方面的能力 | 12. African Governments were accordingly urged to undertake measures for attaining broad-based growth, including the creation of an enabling environment for private sector development through good governance and sound macroeconomic policies; deepening financial sector reforms and strengthening bank supervision and regulation; promoting innovative financial instruments and providing access to credit; enhancing the allocation of public expenditure for infrastructure, human development and capacity-building; strengthening public finances by designing and enforcing effective and equitable tax systems; and strengthening the capacity of the State in economic management. |
13. 会议强调必须实现农业现代化 以便提高农村家庭的收入 由于非洲人口绝大多数在农业部门 一个最为直接的增加储蓄的办法是增加家庭收入 要实现这项目标,可以采取合适的技术和高产品种以及有效的灌溉办法 将目前的自给农业转变成为以市场为基础的商业活动 | 13. The meeting underscored the importance of modernizing agriculture in order to raise rural household incomes. With a large majority of the African population in the agricultural sector, one of the most direct ways to increase savings was to increase household incomes. This could be achieved through transforming current subsistence agriculture to a market-based commercial activity, by adopting appropriate technologies, high-yield varieties and efficient irrigation schemes. |
14. 会议还强调 非洲国家必须改善现有的各种财政手段 以便吸引和留住本国储蓄 因为许多现有办法往往为了长期发展资金而排除储蓄 因此会议建议建立必要的体制和法律基础设施 以便将投放在保险基金和养恤基金的储蓄用来资助长期发展项目 在这方面 会议强调应当适当审议资本市场在调动本国和外国资金方面的作用 非洲的资本市场往往很小 而且大多数资本不足 除了建立必要的法律和体制环境以促进资本市场的发展外 还建议非洲国家应该加强努力建立区域股票交易所 | 14. The need for African countries to improve the available range of financial instruments for attracting and retaining domestic savings was also emphasized since many of the current instruments tend to exclude savings options for long-term development finance. It was therefore suggested that the necessary institutional and legal infrastructure be established in order to tap savings from insurance and pension funds and channel them into the financing of long-term development projects. It was emphasized that due consideration should be given to the role of capital markets in mobilizing both domestic and external finance. Capital markets in Africa tend to be small and largely under-capitalized. In addition to establishing the requisite legal and institutional environment for the development of capital markets, it was suggested that African countries enhance their efforts to establish regional stock exchanges. |
15. 会议强调微观金融机构在调动储蓄和改革农村农业方面的作用和重要性 代表们注意到 农村地区的金融中介为规模经济(贷款规模)问题以及与导致高昂交易费用的不利选择和道德风险有关的信息问题所困扰 会议建议采用创新的机制来调动本国储蓄 例如使用轮流储蓄和信贷协会 会议还建议建立各种机制把非正规微观金融机构同正规金融部门联系起来 以便加强金融中介 | 15. The role and importance of microfinance institutions in mobilizing savings and transforming rural agriculture was strongly emphasized. It was noted that financial intermediation in the rural areas is plagued by problems of economies of scale (size of loans) and information problems associated with adverse selection and moral hazard, which lead to high transactions costs. The meeting suggested the use of innovative mechanisms for the mobilization of domestic savings, such as the use of rotating savings and credit associations. It was also suggested that mechanisms be established to link informal microfinance institutions with the formal financial sector in order to enhance financial intermediation. |
16. 会议极其强调健康不佳和受伤 特别是在工作场所的工伤事故是造成收入低和贫穷的关键因素 这些因素还因为艾滋病毒/艾滋病猖獗以及疟疾等热带疾病和包括结核病在内的其他传染病重新流行而变得更为复杂 会议建议 对付这些问题的措施应成为人力资本开发政策的关键组成部分 | 16. The importance of ill health and injury, particularly at the workplace, as keyfactors contributing to low levels of income and poverty was strongly emphasized by the meeting. These factors have been compounded by the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the resurgence of tropical diseases, such as malaria and other communicable diseases, including tuberculosis. It was suggested that measures to combat these problems be made a key component of policies for human capital development. |
17. 关于善政 会议还强调在经济管理方面具有强有力的政治领导以及有效的国家机构的重要性 认为这是调动本国和外国资金的关键因素 与会者强烈要求加强承诺和采取措施来消灭腐败和逆转资本流失的 | 17. As regards good governance, the importance of strong political leadership in economic management as well as effective state institutions were also underscored as key to mobilizing both domestic and external finance. The participants strongly called for enhanced commitment and measures to eliminate corruption and reversing capital flight. |
二. 调动国际资源促进发展 | II. Mobilizing international resources for development |
18. 关于调动国际资源促进发展问题的讨论由下列人士组成的小组领导进行:纽约埃及常驻联合国代表团一秘书卡齐姆 法赫米;非洲经委会经济和社会政策司主管科尔内留斯 姆瓦万达;贸发会议非洲特别协调员 K 考萨里.该小组由设在达喀尔的对非洲经济研究提供体制支助秘书处执行主任由迪里 塞克主 | 18. The discussions on mobilizing international resources for development were led by a panel comprising Hazem Fahmy, First Secretary of the Permanent Mission of Egypt to the United Nations; Cornelius Mwalwanda, Officer-in-Charge of the ECA Economic and Social Policy Division; and K. Kousari, Special Coordinator for Africa at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The panel was moderated by Diery Seck, Executive Director of the Secretariat for the Institutional Support for Economic Research in Africa, based in Dakar. |
19. 该小组在开始讨论时回顾了两个即将举行的会议的背景情况 强调它们对非洲特别是最不发达国家经济和社会发展的极端重要性 与会者指出 关于发展筹资问题的高级别活动概念是在 1990 年代初提出的 当时官方发展援助开始缩减 虽然一些发达国家开始时对这些会议不太感兴趣 但是现在它们已经成为这个进程的一部分 有人详细介绍了会议将讨论的关键问题 包括调动本国和外国资源促进发展 吸引国际资金流量 外债 必须增加洲流向发展中国家的资金流量 特别是官方发展援助 国际贸易问题 必须推动国际合作促进发展 以及国际货币和金融机构的管理问题 | 19. The panel discussions began by reviewing the background of the two forthcoming conferences, underlining their critical importance to the economic and social development of Africa in particular the least developed countries. It was noted that the idea for a high-level event on financing for development came to the fore in the early 1990s, when ODA started to decline. Although some of the developed countries were at first reluctant about the conferences, they are now part of the process. A detailed account of the key issues to be discussed at the meeting was presented, including mobilizing domestic and external resources for development; attracting international financial flows; external debt; the need to increase concessional flows, particularly ODA, to developing countries; issues of international trade; the need to foster international cooperation for development; and the issues of governance of international monetary and financial institutions. |
20. 参加小组讨论者强调调动国际资源促进非洲发展的极端重要性 并指出非洲经委会在 1998年和 1999年举行的两次部长级会议专门讨论了这个问题 由于本国储蓄很少 非洲产品缺乏竞争力 产生足够外汇的能力有限 外债负担和官方发展援助缩减 如果外部援助没有大幅度增加 这个区域如非不可能也是很难在这里 2015 年实现将贫穷减半的国际目标 由于该区域严重依赖进口发展因素 例如技术 资本货物原料和备件 这种情况就更为复杂 | 20. Panellists underscored the critical importance of mobilizing international resources for Africa’s development, and pointed out that ECA devoted the last two ministerial conferences, in 1998 and 1999, to this issue. Given the low levels of domestic savings, the lack of competitiveness of African products and their limited capacity to generate sufficient foreign exchange, the debt burden and declining ODA flows, it will be difficult if not impossible for the region to meet the international target of reducing poverty by half by 2015 without a substantial increase in external assistance. This is compounded by the region’s heavy dependence on imported development factors, such as technology, capital goods, raw materials and spare parts. |
21. 由于收入很低 本国储蓄不足以为投资提供资金 以便开始和持续实现增长 因此非洲和更大程度上撒哈拉以南非洲需要大量外部资源流入 会议进一步指出 非洲国家已经进行了深入改革 但是没有得到相应的外部援助 与此相反 官方发展援助缩减外国直接投资数额仍然很低 外债负担越来越沉重由于实际资金流量很少 这种情况显示所需要的资金和已经获得的资金之间存在着很大的越来越大的差距 因此 参加小组讨论者强调需要注入大量资源以便大力推动打破这种贫穷恶性循环 开始时 这些资源可以只来自官方来源 因此官方发展援助需要加倍 从目前的每年 100 亿美元增加到 200 亿美元 而且这种高水平至少保持十年 虽然需要额外资源 也必须制定适当政策和战略来有效利用这些资源 | 21. Due to the low levels of income, domestic savings are insufficient to finance investment to kick-start and sustain growth, as a result of which Africa and to a greater extent sub-Saharan Africa needed large external resource inflows. It was further pointed out that the intensive reforms that African countries have implemented have not been matched by commensurate external assistance. On the contrary, ODA has declined, foreign direct investment (FDI) has remained low and the debt burden has grown more onerous. Contrasting this with actual flows, there is a large and growing gap between what is required and what is available. Panellists therefore underlined the need for large inflow of resources to provide a big push to break out of the vicious cycle of poverty. Initially these resources could come only from official sources, and ODA would thus need to be doubled from its current level of US$ 10 billion to US$ 20 billion per annum and maintained at that higher level at least for a period of 10 years. Although additional resources are necessary, the need to put in place appropriate policies and strategies for their effective utilization is important. |
22. 虽然从长远来说非洲需要减少对援助的依赖 但是在开始阶段必须增加援助以便实现这项目标 需要官方发展援助以便提供资源来资助投资 借以吸引私人资本并使这些国家能够从私人金融市场借钱 从而逐步减少对援助的依赖 虽然增加援助是必要的 但是这些援助必须有效地加以利用 为此目的 捐助者方案必须协调一致 注重消除贫穷 同时受援国必须更有效地协调和管理公共支出 会议进一步建议 一些非洲发展伙伴可以在自己能够更有效发挥作用的筹资战略活动带头行动起来 例如世界银行 非洲开发银行和欧洲联盟可以提供资金援助区域基础设施项目 例如公路 这样可以减轻供应压力 以及协助非洲经济一体化 | 22. Although Africa needs to reduce dependency on aid in the long term, increased aid at the initial stages was necessary to achieve this objective. ODA is necessary to initiate the transition from aid dependency by providing resources to finance investment that would attract private capital and enable these countries to borrow from the private financial markets. But although increased aid is necessary, it must also be used effectively. To this end, donor programmes need to be coherent and focus on poverty eradication, while recipient countries need to coordinate and manage public expenditure more effectively. It was further suggested that some of Africa’s development partners could take the lead in financing strategic activities, where they were more effective. For example, the World Bank, the African Development Bank and the European Union could finance regional infrastructural projects, such as roads, that could ease supply constraints and assist in the integration of African economies. |
23. 关于其他资金来源 小组讨论参与者注意到 尽管回报率很高 非洲国家无法吸收到私人资本流量虽然外国资源流入量缩减 会议告诫说 即使实际流入量也没有得到最佳利用 这些流入的资金不是用来资助额外进口 而是用来抵减财政交易和积累储备金 以防范对其货币的投机性攻击 贸易条件的恶化和自然震荡进一步扩大资源差距 因此经济业绩仍然很不稳定 不能提高人民的生活水平 增加本国储蓄会议指出 非洲需要改革其法律 金融和银行系统以及对基础设施进行投资 开发资本市场并采取措施改善私营部门发展所需的政策环境 以便利用这一极其关键的发展资金来源 | 23. Regarding other sources of finance, panellists noted that African countries are unable to attract private capital flows despite high rates of return. Although external resource inflows are declining, it was noted that even the actual inflows have not been used optimally. Rather than financing additional imports, inflows have been used to offset financial transactions and for accumulation of reserves as a safeguard against speculative attacks on their currencies. Deteriorating terms of trade and natural shocks have further aggravated the resource gap. As a result, economic performance has remained erratic and failed to improve the standard of living of the people and increase domestic savings. It was pointed out that Africa needs to tap into this critical source of development finance by reforming its legal, financial and banking systems, as well as by investing in infrastructure, developing capital markets and adopting measures to improve the policy environment for private sector development. |
24. 小组讨论参与者还回顾了外债的负面影响以及旨在减轻这项负担的各种债务倡议 小组讨论参与者强调说 外债负担沉重 无法维持 而且偿还债务也限制了发展努力 会议认识到国际社会对此表示关切并为减轻外债负担提出各项倡议 同时也强调需要深化债务倡议和迅速减免债务 如想达到减少贫穷的目标,捐助者就务须提供更多资源而不是以减免债务来取代额外的官方发展援助 | 24. The panellists also reviewed the negative impact of external debt and the various debt initiatives designed to reduce the burden. Panellists underlined the fact that the debt burden is unsustainable and that its servicing poses a constraint to development efforts. While acknowledging the concern and initiatives taken by the global community to reduce the burden, the need to deepen the debt initiative and deliver faster debt relief was underscored. It is critical for donors to provide more resources and not substitute debt relief for additional ODA if the target of reducing poverty is to be attained. |
25. 与会者获悉贸发会议提出了两项提议 第一项提议是建立由杰出人士组成的独立专家组 研究债务问题并建议适当措施 第二项提议是冻结重债穷国的偿债义务 而无须缴付利息 直至达成互相接受的安排 | 25. Participants were informed of two proposals put forward by UNCTAD. The first was the setting up of an independent panel of experts of eminent persons to look into debt problems and recommend appropriate measures. The second proposal was for the freezing of debt service by the highly indebted poor countries, with no interest obligation until mutually acceptable arrangements are arrived at. |
26. 关于亚洲经济危机的影响 会议注意到 由于非洲没有完全纳入全球经济 所以直接影响减至最低不过 由于对非洲商品的需求减少 价格下降 非洲也间接受到影响 因此非洲需要有效地参与国际金融体系 以便将这些不利影响减至最低 关于国际金融管理问题 会议注意到大量发展中国家被排除在决策进程之外 国际金融体系必须加以改革 而且联合国必须承担责任制定适当的一揽子改革措施 | 26. Regarding the impact of the Asian financial crisis, it was noted that the direct impact has been minimized, owing to Africa not being fully integrated into the global economy. Nevertheless, Africa has suffered indirectly through the decline in demand and prices for their commodities. Africa thus needs to be effectively engaged in the international financial system in order to minimize these adverse effects. On the issue of international financial governance, the exclusion of a large number of developing countries from the decision-making process was noted. The international financial system needs to be reformed and the United Nations needs to assume the responsibility of developing an appropriate reform package. |
结论和建议 | Conclusions and recommendations |
27. 在讨论期间 特别注意若干关键概念问题 包括提高非洲国家对发展援助方案的"拥有"感的战略 减贫战略文件 减少贫穷促进增长信贷额度和重债穷国与非洲发展伙伴的债务减免倡议等文件的协调一致和相互补充 还强调必须研究各种办法来减少外资流动的固有风险 非洲开发银行等区域机构在筹集非洲发展资金方面的作用 会议还强调了非洲经济增长是否由本国和外国提供资金这一较大的问题 | 27. During the discussions, particular attention was given to a number of key conceptual issues, including strategies to enhance a sense of “ownership” of development assistance programmes by African countries and the consistency and complementarity of such instruments as the poverty reduction strategy papers, the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility and the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) debt relief initiative with Africa’s development partners. Stress was also placed on the need to examine ways of mitigating the risks inherent in foreign capital flows; the role of regional institutions, such as the African Development Bank, in financing development in Africa; and the larger issues of whether economic growth in Africa should be financed domestically and externally. |
28. 关于非洲债务问题 大家普遍同意非洲目前的债务数额和债务偿还付款是维持不下去的 必须有一个根本和果断的解决办法 会议同意债务仍然是妨碍许多非洲国家 特别是低收入国家实现增长的严重障碍 | 28. Regarding the African debt problem, there was broad agreement that Africa’s current levels of debt stocks and debt service payments are not sustainable and that there is a need for a radical and decisive solution. It was agreed that debt remains a serious impediment to growth in many African countries, especially low-income countries. |
29. 会议普遍同意非洲国家及其发展伙伴应继续为非洲债务问题寻求持久的解决办法 同时确保通过债务减免办法获得的资源用于减少贫穷 但是大多数与会者赞成根据加强的重债穷国倡议马上一笔勾销所有债务 他们还建议应该向有需要的国家提供债务管理能力建设 使得这些国家今后不会掉入债务陷阱 | 29. There was broad agreement that African countries and their development partners should continue to search for a durable and lasting solution to the African debt problem, while at the same time ensuring that the resources made available by debt relief are channelled to poverty reduction. Most participants, however, favoured outright cancellation of all debt under the enhanced HIPC initiative. It was also suggested that capacity-building in debt management be provided to countries in need in order to avoid countries falling into the debt trap in the future. |
30. 会议核可就贸发会议提出的关于债务问题的两项提议进行对话 第一项提议是建立一个 由知名人士组成的独立专家组 来研究债务问题并建议适当的措施 第二项提议是 冻结重债穷国偿还债务义务而无须缴付利息 直至达成可以接受的安排为止 | 30. The meeting endorsed the need for a dialogue on two proposals put forward by UNCTAD on the debt issue. The first was the establishment of an independent panel of experts of eminent persons to look into the debt problem and recommend appropriate measures. The second proposal was for the freezing of debt service by the heavily indebted poor countries with no interest obligation, until acceptable arrangements are reached. |
31. 关于官方发展援助 大家提出了若干提议 例如非洲国家需要与捐助者和其他发展伙伴缔结新的伙伴关系 强调由非洲驱动的发展议程 制定现实的目标 不附采购条件的援助 其他提议还包括把官方发展援助专门用于资助减少贫穷方案 捐助者和多边资金来源之间的协调和专业化 目标群体参与作为提高援助质量和效益的方式 | 31. Concerning ODA, a number of proposals were advanced, such as the need for African countries to engage donors and other development partners in a new partnership that emphasizes an African-driven development agenda; setting of realistic goals; and untying aid. Proposals also included targeting ODA to fund poverty reduction programmes; coordination and specialization among donors and multilateral sources of funds; and participation of target groups as modalities for improving the quality and effectiveness of aid. |
32. 虽然一些与会者主张制定 非洲马歇尔计划特别是为从冲突中走过来的国家制定此种计划 但是其他与会者则认为 这项计划获得成功的可能性很低 特别是因为冷战已经结束 相反地他们建议非洲必须利用自己的资源带头进行自己的发展 与会者强烈指出逆转非洲资本外流和遏制腐败的重要性 也有人建议对一些全球货币交易收取某种形式的税款(托宾) 以资助贫穷的发展中国家的发展 此外 与会者也突显提高援助效益和重新制定援助关系的问题 | 32. While some participants advocated the establishment of a “Marshall Plan for Africa”, particularly for countries emerging from conflict, others took the view that the prospects for this are low, especially since the cold war was over. Rather, it was suggested that Africa must lead its own development, using its own resources. Participants strongly noted the importance of reversing capital flight from Africa and stemming corruption. Proposals were also made for a form of taxation on some global currency transactions (the Tobin tax) to fund development in poor developing countries. In addition, the issues of improving aid effectiveness and redesigning the aid relationship also featured prominently. |
33. 会议讨论的另一个中心问题是 非洲必须深化经济改革 以便改善政策环境 从而促进援助效益和吸引外国直接投资 与会者促请非洲国家继续进行改革 以便创造有利的投资环境 会议指出 非洲必须不仅建立适当的政策环境 而且还必须建立健全的奖励制度 包括促进私营部门参与和增加对经济生产部门的投资 从而确保资源的有效利用 应当回顾 虽然其他区域的军事开支有所缩减 但是非洲许多国家的军事开支却有所增加 部分理由是发生内部冲突和内战 与会者促请非洲国家同非统组织 非统组织等大陆机构以及各区域组织合作解决和防止冲突 | 33. Another central issue discussed was the importance of Africa deepening economic reforms in order to enhance the policy environment for aid effectiveness and attract foreign direct investment. African countries were urged to continue their reforms in order to create a conducive environment for investment. The meeting noted that Africa needs to ensure effective and efficient use of resources through the creation of not only an appropriate policy environment but also well designed incentive systems that include improved private sector participation and increased investment in the productive sectors of the economy. It was recalled that while military expenditures in other regions are falling, they are rising in many African countries, partly owing to civil conflicts and internal strife. African countries were urged to work with both continental institutions, such as the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and regional organizations, to resolve and prevent conflicts. |
34. 关于国际金融结构 会议承认 为将该区域纳入全球金融体系 并通过资本帐户迅速自由化来吸引私人资金而作出的努力不仅没有使这类资本的流入量增加 反而造成更大的混乱 使外汇极不稳定 虽然会议认识到已经提出一些措施来改革国际结构 例如尽早提供信息 必须加强问责制和透明度以及必须改善管理和监督 但是会议指出 应进行改革以便建立公平的环境 在管理国际资本流动方面执行有规可循的制度 非洲国家在实施更为透明的国际金融体制方面应该有更大的发言权 非洲国家的主要优先事项是确保新的国际金融体制能促使发达国家的资本有效地流向非洲国家 会议建议应要求国际金融公司和多边投资保证机构等多边组织和机构增加对在非洲进行投资的"政治风险"提供保险 | 34. On international financial architecture, the meeting recognized that efforts to integrate the region into the global financial system and attract private flows through rapid liberalization of the capital accounts have resulted not in increased inflows of such capital but in greater volatility, with attendant consequences for exchange rate instability. While the proposed measures to reform the international architecture were acknowledged, such as early provision of information, the need to strengthen accountability and transparency, and the need to improve regulation and supervision, it was noted that reform should be undertaken with a view to developing a level playing field in the implementation of a rule-based system in the management of international capital flows. African countries should have a greater say in the functioning of a more transparent international financial system. The main priority for African countries is to ensure that the new international financial system facilitates efficient capital flows from developed countries to Africa. It was also suggested that multilateral organizations and institutions, such as the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), be called upon to increase coverage for “political risks” for investments in Africa. |
三. 全球经济中的非洲 | III. Africa in the global economy |
35. 关于全球经济中的非洲问题的讨论由贸发会议的马塞尔 纳姗富瓦和实现贸易组织的让 马克 福尔坦先生组成的小组领导进行 会议由加纳大学的欧内斯特 阿里耶泰主持 | 35. The discussions on Africa in the global economy were led by a panel composed of Marcel Namfua of UNCTAD and Jean Marc Fortin of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Ernest Aryeetey of the University of Ghana moderated the session. |
36. 小组讨论参与者在发言中论及了若干重要问题包括非洲国家对初级商品出口的依赖性 这些经济体缺乏多样化 供应限制因素 进入发达国家市场的问题 以及旨在增加这些经济体参与全球经济的措施 | 36. The panellists, in their presentations, addressed a number of important issues, including the dependence of African countries on exports of primary commodities, the lack of diversification in these economies, supply constraints, the problems of accessing developed country markets and measures to enhance increased participation of these economies in the global economy. |
37. 会议认为 全球化除了由贸易自由所驱动外 还由其他力量所驱动 这些力量包括资本流动 技术包括通讯和信息技术的迅速发展 甚至国际迁徙 全球化进程带来了许多机会 也产生了许多风险 它的好处分配很不均衡 非洲国家利用全球化带来的机会的能力最差 因此有被忽视和进一步边缘化的危险 | 37. It was observed that globalization is driven by forces additional to trade liberalization, including capital flows, rapid technological developments, including communication and information technology, and even international migration. The globalization process has generated opportunities as well as risks, and its benefits are unevenly distributed. African countries have the least capacity to tap the opportunities resulting from globalization, and thus run the risk of being bypassed and further marginalized. |
38. 会议同意现在的挑战是如何最佳利用机会和尽量减少危险 更多地参与贸易和投资使各国有机会从全球化进程获得好处 但是为了获得好处 非洲国家必须克服若干限制因素 包括对初级商品的依赖 因为这些产品的世界价格持续下降 前景非常暗淡 市场准入问题 以及限制其利用贸易机会的能力的薄弱的生产和供应能力 | 38. It was agreed that the challenge is how to maximize the opportunities and minimize risks. Increased participation in trade and investment offer opportunities for countries to draw benefits from the process of globalization. But in order to benefit African countries need to overcome a number of constraints, including their dependence on primary commodities, the prospects of which are bleak given the persistent decline of world prices, market access problems, and weak productive and supply capacities that limit their ability to take advantage of trading opportunities. |
39. 会议强调指出 最不发达国家及其发展伙伴必须采取行动克服各种结构问题和其他供应方面的限制因素 特别是薄弱的部门间联系 低技术能力 很.极差的经济基础设施 开发很不足的人力资源 薄弱的体制结构 产品和出口不够多样化 很小的工业基础 容易遭受自然灾害和其他环境限制因素 特别是在农业方面 生产能力的提高也有赖于外国直接投资和其他资本流量的数额 包括发展筹资以及健全的宏观经济政策框架 这些问题跨越各个部门 下列部门已查明是有可能提高生产能力和克服供应方面限制因素的潜在领域 农业 制造业和工业 采矿 服务能源和水供应 | 39. The need was underscored for action on the part of least developed countries and their development partners to overcome the various structural and other supply-side constraints, especially weak intersectoral linkages, low technological capacity and capability, poor economic infrastructure, poorly developed human resources, weak institutional structures, low diversification of production and exports, a narrow industrial base, vulnerability to natural disasters and other environmental constraints, especially in agriculture. Improved productive capacities would also be dependent on levels of FDI and other flows, including development financing and a sound macroeconomic policy framework. These problems cut across sectors. The following sectors were identified as potential areas for improving productive capacities and for overcoming supply-side constraints: agriculture, manufacturing and industry, mining, services, energy and water supplies. |
结论和建议 | Conclusions and recommendations |
40. 在农业方面 会议强调的措施包括加强商品部门 办法是提高生产力和使生产多样化 以及加工高增值产品 包括非传统商品 投资于人力资源开发基础设施和技术发展 应当注重采取措施来改进农村教育(包括农民教育)和基础设施 以便提供保健 运输 储藏和推销 此外应提高生产力 办法是支持适应性研究 通过以农民为目标的推广活动来传播研究成果 采取适当的灌溉技术来补充主要依靠雨水的农业 以及采取适当措施保持土壤肥力和重新利用边际土地以便鼓励农民采用高产品种 | 40. In agriculture, highlighted measures included strengthening the commodity sector through increased productivity and diversification to the production and processing of high-value added products, including non-traditional commodities, by investing in human resource development, infrastructure and technological development. The focus should be on taking measures to improve rural education (including farmer education) and infrastructure for health provision, transport, storage and marketing. Moreover, productivity would be enhanced by providing support to adaptive research and the dissemination of research results through extension services that target farmers, adopting appropriate irrigation technologies to compliment mainly rain-fed agriculture, as well as taking appropriate measures to conserve soil fertility and rehabilitate marginal land in order to encourage farmers’ adoption of high-yield varieties. |
41. 会议提出的其他重要措施包括 促进农村工业作为提高农业技术和增加农村收入的手段 制定商品风险管理手段 为农民取得农村贷款提供方便 以便他们利用新技术和市场机会 在分配土地 贷款和信息/教育等等农业生产性资源方面解决性别偏见问 | 41. Other important measures proposed included the promotion of rural industries as a means to improve agricultural technology and raise rural incomes; the development of commodity risk management instruments; providing facilities for rural credit for farmers to enable them to exploit new technologies and market opportunities; and addressing the gender bias in the distribution of productive resources in agriculture, such as land, credit and information/education. |
42. 以相对优势为基础的工业化被视为是更多参与全球贸易和减少贫穷的关键手段 这个部门对最不发达国家的可持续发展极为关键 因为它具有巨大潜力 可以提高技术能力 促进生产和出口的多样化并增强部门间和工业间的联系 但是 这个部门面临严峻的困难 包括薄弱的技术能力 和完全依赖进口资本和中间商品 因为它缺乏公司间的专业化以及外汇或外国资本非常有限 | 42. Industrialization based on comparative advantage was seen as the key instrument for increased participation in global trade and poverty reduction. The sector is critical to sustainable development of least developed countries owing to its potential in enhancing technological capacity, promoting the diversification of production and exports, and fostering intersectoral and inter-industry linkages. However, the sector faces critical constraints, including weak technological capacity and total dependence on imported capital and intermediate goods because of lack of intra-firm specialization and limited foreign exchange or foreign capital. |
43. 为了解决这些困难 会议建议政府应制定适当的具有战略性的工业政策以及必要的奖励结构 以支持工业化 特别注重明确的和慎重的政策以支持信息和通信技术 应集中注意促进具有竞争力的农基工业以便增强工业和农业之间的强有力后向和前向联系另一项重要建议是制定一个框架来促进中小企业之间的横向和纵向联系 以便提高集体效益 鼓励学习方便它们取得公共物品 例如基础设施 培训 信息研制资源和金融中介 | 43. To address these constraints, it was suggested that Governments define an appropriate and strategic industrial policy, with the requisite incentive structures to support industrialization, paying particular attention to a clearly defined and deliberate policy to support information and communications technology. The focus should be on the promotion of competitive agro-based industries in order to foster strong backward and forward linkages between industry and agriculture. Another important suggestion was to create a framework to foster horizontal and vertical ties among small and medium-sized enterprises in order to improve collective efficiency, stimulate learning, and facilitate their access to public goods, such as infrastructure, training, information, research and development resources and financial intermediation. |
44. 会议还指出 除了非洲国家应该作出工业化努力外 工业化国家也应该进行结构调整 放弃它们已经毫无竞争力的部门和工业 以便相互补充和促进 这类调整为是非洲产品带来新的机会 | 44. It was also noted that industrialization efforts by African countries should be complimented and facilitated by structural adjustment in industrialized countries, involving a move away from sectors and industries where they are not competitive. Such adjustments would open up new opportunities for African products. |
45. 关于市场准入问题 会议赞扬一些主要贸易伙伴为最不发达国家提出的一些倡议 即最不发达国家向它们的市场出口的产品可以免税和无配额限制 并提议采取下列行动来扩大和深化市场准入倡议 具有约束力的市场准入条件并确保不会有太多与贸易无关的条件 使这些条件更具预测性 从而有利于作出长期投资决定 并使原产地规则较为宽松和协调一致以考虑到最不发达国家的制造能力和工业发展 | 45. With respect to market access, the initiatives by some major trading partners for least developed countries through the granting of duty- and quota-free exports to their markets are appreciated, and the following additional actions were proposed in order to broaden and deepen the market access initiative: binding market access conditions and ensuring that they are not overburdened with non-trade related conditionalities in order to make them more predictable so that they can facilitate long-term investment decisions; and making the rules of origin less stringent and harmonized to take into account the manufacturing capacity and industrial development of least developed countries. |
46. 另一项关键的建议是非洲国家特别是最不发达国家有效地参与全球贸易谈判 包括国际标准制定组织 为此 发达国家必须在下列领域提供能力建设支助 建立市场信息能力以提高对主要贸易伙伴的市场的贸易条件和壁垒的认识 援助非洲国家发展基础设施 以确保质量和符合国际标准 建立贸易谈判能力以便维护和促进非洲贸易利益 向最不发达国家提供与贸易有关的技术援助的统筹框架对于帮助最不发达国家应付纳入全球经济的挑战极关重要 但是要想有效地实施这一框架 就必须有大量资金 第三次最不发达国家问题会议提供了机会 使国际社会能够重新作出承诺支持这一统筹框架 | 46. Another critical suggestion was effective participation by African countries, particularly least developed countries, in global trade negotiations, including the international standard-setting organizations. To this effect, the provision of capacity-building support by developed countries is critical in the following areas: building capacities for market information to enhance knowledge of trading conditions and barriers to the markets of major trading partners; assistance to African countries in developing infrastructure for ensuring quality and conformity to international standards; and building capacity in trade negotiations in order to defend and advance African trade interests. The Integrated Framework for trade-related technical assistance for least developed countries is critical in assisting least developed countries in meeting the challenge of integration into the global economy. Its effective implementation, however, requires substantial funding, and the Third United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries provides an opportunity that should be seized by the international community for renewing commitment and support to the Integrated Framework. |
47. 通过对工业和农业投入征收很高的出口税会进一步损害产品在当地市场和外国市场的竞争力 因此应该在短期财政必要措施和出口的长期竞争力之间取得平衡 必须向非洲国家提供过渡性支助 包括国际收支方面的支柱 以便这些国家能够应付政府收入的损失 特别是在扩大税收基地的可能性有限的情况下 更应该如此 要调和国家 区域和多边贸易目标 就必须逐步和及时采取自由化措施以便在不同的谈判级别上最大限度地获取利益 这就需要支助国家一级的能力建设 加强区域经济共同体秘书处的能力 以便实现区域和多边贸易目标之间的协调一致 | 47. Taxing exports through high tariffs of industrial and agricultural inputs could further undermine product competitiveness, both locally and in foreign markets. Thus, a balance should be struck between short-term fiscal imperatives and long-term competitiveness of exports. Transitional support, including in the form of balance of payments support, needs to be provided to African countries to cope with the loss of government revenues, particularly where possibilities for expansion of the tax base are limited. Reconciling national, regional and multilateral trade objectives calls for the sequencing and timing of liberalization measures in order to maximize benefits at different levels of negotiations. This requires providing support to capacity-building at the national level, through the strengthening of the capacity of regional economic community secretariats in order to achieve coherence between regional and multilateral trade objectives. |
48. 区域和分区域一体化被认为是非洲国家纳入全球经济的战略之一 区域合作和一体化如果同适当的政策环境结合一起 就能刺激贸易和投资 这也提供机会来加强多边贸易谈判中的谈判能力 并学会如何在一个更具挑战性的全球市场中进行竞争 属于区域和分区域一体化安排的最不发达国家将需要特别支助机制和政策使它们能更有效参与和共享这些安排的好处 因此应向这些努力提供国际支助 成为更有利的手段最不发达国家在贸易和投资方面建设能力 | 48. Regional and subregional integration was considered as one of the strategies for the integration of African countries in the global economy. Regional cooperation and integration, when combined with appropriate policy environment, can stimulate trade and investment. This also provides opportunities for improved bargaining power in multilateral trade negotiations and for learning to compete in a more challenging global market. Least developed countries belonging to regional or subregional integration arrangements will need special support mechanisms and policies aimed at enhancing their effective participation and sharing of the benefits from these arrangements. International support should therefore be extended to these efforts to make them more beneficial as instruments for capacity-building in trade and investment in the least developed countries. |
49. 在这方面的 一项重要的措施是非洲政府通过加强分区域和区域经济共同体来扩大非洲间贸易 通过现有各区域贸易协定之间的贸易协定来加强南南合作 以便取得在全球市场上竞争的经验 这需要确保属于区域贸易协定的最不发达国家成员在贸易自由化方面有较长的过渡期间 有一套更为灵活的规则特别是与原产地规则有关的规则 以便支持建设生产性能力 参与更有价值的和能获益的贸易 | 49. An important measure in this regard is for African Governments to expand intra-African trade through the strengthening of the subregional and regional economic communities, and South-South cooperation through trade agreements among existing regional trade agreements so that they could gain experience for competing in the global market. This requires ensuring that least developed countries that are members of regional trade agreements be provided with longer transition periods for trade liberalization and a more flexible set of rules, particularly those relating to the rules of origin, in order to support the building of productive capacity to participate in meaningful and beneficial trade. |
50. 此外 重要的是扩大对 涉及参与分区域贸易安排的最不发达国家的具体分区域项目的财政支助 和非最不发达国家,目的是增加一体化对最不发达国家的好处 这类项目可以包括基本设施 水和能源供应以及运输和通讯 | 50. In addition, the extension of financial support to concrete subregional projects involving least developed countries and non-least developed countries participating in a subregional trade arrangement and intended to enhance the benefits of integration for least developed countries is important. Such projects could include infrastructure, water and energy supplies, and transport and communications. |
51. 在多边一级上 非洲国家应设法通过在区域一级进行适当的协调 以提高他们的贸易和发展利益 并在可能时采取共同的谈判战略 以便增强国家 区域和多边贸易目标之间的协调一致 | 51. At the multilateral level, African countries should seek to advance their trade and development interests through adequate coordination at the regional level, and when possible by adopting common negotiating strategies in order to enhance coherence between national, regional and multilateral trade objectives. |
52. 促进寻求加入世贸组织的发展中国家的加入进程应视为将这些国家纳入全球经济合理的第一步 由于最不发达国家必须进行冗长和复杂的加入谈判过程 这使它们的有限人力和机构能力负担沉重 因此应采取紧急措施为寻求加入世贸组织的最不发达国家制定迅速精简的程序 至少不应要求它们承担比申请加入为世贸组织成员的其他国家更多的义务 并且应让所有寻求加入世贸组织的最不发达国家自动地有资格享有世贸组织现有安排中所有关于特别和优惠待遇的规定 | 52. Facilitating the accession process of least developed countries seeking accession to WTO should be seen as a logical first step in integrating these countries into the global economy. Since least developed countries are obliged to undergo the full rigours of the lengthy and complicated process of accession negotiations, this imposes a heavy burden on their limited human and institutional capacities. Urgent measures should therefore be taken for achieving rapid and simplified procedures for least developed countries seeking accession to WTO. At a minimum, they should not be required to assume higher obligations than those applicable to WTO members, and there should be automatic eligibility of all acceding least developed countries to all provisions on special and differential treatment in existing WTO arrangements. |
附件 | Annex |
部长声明 | Ministerial statement |
序言 | Preamble |
我们非洲财政部长于 2000 年 11 月 21 日和 22 日在亚的斯亚贝巴举行欧洲经委会财政部长会议第八次会议 正式决定如下 | We, the African Ministers of Finance, having met in Addis Ababa for the eighth session of the ECA Conference of Ministers of Finance, on 21 and 22 November 2000, resolve as follows: |
1. 我们深信联合国仍然是就国际合作促进发展问题进行对话的最为普遍的论坛 在这方面 我们赞赏千年宣言 对非洲予以特别考虑 大会第 55/2 号决议) 我们认为 鉴于财政问题对我们地区的发展非常重要 应给予发展筹资问题高级别国际政府间活动以发展筹资问题国际会议的地位 | 1. We are convinced that the United Nations remains the most universal forum for dialogue on international cooperation for development, and in this regard we applaud the special consideration accorded to Africa in the Millennium Declaration (General Assembly resolution 55/2). We believe that given the importance of financial issues in the development of our region, the High-level International Intergovernmental Event on Financing for Development should be accorded the status of an international conference on financing for development. |
2. 非洲经委会财政部长会议第八次会议是在高级别活动区域筹备活动的背景下举行的 在这方面 为了利用非洲区域发展筹资问题区域协商会议 也召开了第三次联合国最不发达国家问题会议筹备会议 这次会议汇集了我们国家政府派来的专家 非洲私营部门和民间社会组织 来讨论高级别活动议程上的各项问题 我们考虑到了区域协商会议的成果 | 2. The eighth session of the ECA Conference of Ministers of Finance was held against the backdrop of the regional preparations for the High-level Event. In this context and in order to make use of the Regional Consultative Meeting on Financing for Development in the African Region, the Preparatory Meeting for the Third United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries has also been held, which brought together experts from our Governments, the African private sector and civil society organizations to discuss the issues on the agenda of the High-level Event. We have taken into account the outcome of the Regional Consultative Meeting. |
高级别活动筹备委员会的议程 | Agenda of the Preparatory Committee for the High-level Event |
3. 我们也注意到高级别活动筹备委员会已经商定一项暂定议程 其中包括调动本国财政资源促进发展 调动国际资源促进发展(外国直接投资和其他私人资金流动) 贸易 通过特别是官方发展援助和债务宽减办法来加强国际金融合作 以及解决体系的问题(增强国际货币 金融和贸易体系的协调一致性以支持发展) 高级别活动的商定议程包括非洲发展的各项核心问题 对于这些问题 我们已经在 1999年 5 月 8 日在亚的斯亚贝巴举行的经济和社会发展及规划部长和财政部长联席会议结束时发表的部长声明中表达了我们的意见 本声明以 1999 年部长声明中表达的意见为基础并增加了新的内容 | 3. We have also taken note of the fact that the Preparatory Committee for the High-level Event has agreed on a preliminary agenda, which includes mobilizing domestic financial resources for development; mobilizing international resources for development (foreign direct investment and other private flows); trade; increasing international financial cooperation through, inter alia, ODA and debt relief; and addressing systemic issues (enhancing the coherence and consistency of the international monetary, financial and trading systems in support of development). The agreed agenda of the High-level Event includes issues that are central to the development of Africa — issues on which we have expressed our views in our ministerial statement of 8 May 1999, issued at the conclusion of the Joint Conference of Ministers of Economic and Social Development and Planning and Ministers of Finance, held in Addis Ababa. The present statement builds on and updates our views as expressed in the 1999 Ministerial statement. |
多边贸易和发展机构的参与 | Participation of the multilateral trade and development institutions |
4. 我们感兴趣地注意到 联合国和布雷顿森林机构之间的合作有所加强 世界银行在技术和政府间各级上的参与特别令人赞赏 世贸组织的贡献也令人感到非常鼓舞 高级别活动提供了一次重要的机会 制定协调一致的方法为发展筹措资金 以支持非洲和其他区域作出努力应付它们的发展挑战 我们促请布雷顿森林机构和世贸组织在此进程的下一阶段继续参与我们也促请国际货币基金执行局应高级别活动筹备委员会主席团的邀请 参与政府间筹备工作的讨论我们期待在一个发展中国家举行高级别活动 并表示希望高级别活动将标志下列进程的开始 即深化联合国在政府间一级和秘书处一级主持的多边贸易和发展机构之间进行中的对话 | 4. We note with interest the enhanced cooperation between the United Nations and the Bretton Woods institutions. The engagement of the World Bank at the technical and intergovernmental levels is particularly appreciated, and the contributions of WTO are very encouraging. The High-level Event offers an important opportunity for the development of coherent approaches for financing development that is supportive of the efforts of Africa and other regions to meet their development challenges. We urge the Bretton Woods institutions and WTO to remain engaged in the next stage of this process and we also urge the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to respond to the invitation of the Bureau of the Preparatory Committee for the High-level Event to participate in the preparatory intergovernmental discussions. We look forward to the convening of the High-level Event in a developing country, and express the desire that the High-level Event will mark the beginning of a process of deepening ongoing dialogue among multilateral trade and development institutions, under the auspices of the United Nations at both intergovernmental and Secretariat levels. |
增长和发展促进贫穷减少 | Growth and development for poverty reduction |
5. 我们重申长期经济增长和可持续发展仍然是非洲发展的最重要目的 其中减少贫穷是一项重要目标 这些目标需要持续的高储蓄率 投资率和增长率特别是在非洲的关键发展部门 我们要求国际社会尽快建立 2000 年 6 月非统组织国家和政府首脑会议第三十六届会议通过的全球团结和贫穷减缓基金 以期实现在 2015 年将贫穷减半的既定目标 为了实现这一目标 非洲经济将需要每年增长 7%到 8%左右 其估计投资/国内生产总值比例每年从目前的 19%增加到 25% 我们欢迎多边金融机构的新发展焦点 特别是关于贫穷减缓 | 5. We reaffirm that long-term economic growth and sustainable development, with poverty reduction as an important objective, remains the overarching goal of development in Africa. These objectives require sustained high rates of savings, investment and growth, notably in the key development sectors in Africa. We call upon the international community to speed up the creation of a global solidarity and poverty alleviation fund, as adopted by the OAU Summit of Heads of State and Government at its thirty-sixth session, in June 2000, with a view to achieving the set objective of reducing poverty by half by the year 2015. To achieve this target, African economies would need to grow by about 7 to 8 per cent annually and increase their estimated investment/GDP ratio to 25 per cent from the current 19 per cent per annum. We welcome the new development focus of the multilateral financial institutions, particularly on poverty alleviation. |
调动本国资源 | Domestic resources mobilization |
6. 本国储蓄应该是本国投资的主要来源 必须寻找方法和途径来留住本国储蓄 我们重申我们在 1999年部长声明中的承诺 即加强节约机构和奖励措施增强宏观经济稳定性和金融市场的改革 并且通过机构改革 创新和灵活的财政节省办法以及谨慎的利息和汇率政策管理等办法 来深化财政改革 但是 尽管我们的国家在这些领域里进行了重大政策改革 目前的储蓄和投资数额仍然非常低 不能确保本区域实现基础广泛的持续和公平的增长 必须有大量外部支助来实现这项目标 | 6. Domestic savings should be the main source of domestic investment. Ways and means must be found to retain domestic savings. We reaffirm our commitment in our 1999 ministerial statement to strengthen thrift institutions and incentives, reinforce macroeconomic stability and financial market reforms, and carry out financial deepening through institutional reforms, innovative and flexible financial savings, and prudent interest and exchange rate policy management. However, despite significant policy reforms encompassing these areas in our countries, current levels of savings and investment are too low to ensure broad-based sustained and equitable growth in the region. Significant external support will be needed to accomplish this goal. |
调动国际资源 | Mobilizing international resources |
7. 我们强调官方发展援助对非洲的重大贡献 这些援助加强政府的能力 使它们能够进行对以私营部门领导的增长极为关键的长期投资 鉴于非洲经济的特殊性 有效的援助将使得基础设施和人力资源开发方面的公共投资项目能够以非通货膨胀的方式来进行 | 7. We underscore the important contribution of official development assistance for Africa in terms of strengthening Governments’ ability to make long-term investments that are vital for private sector-led growth. In view of the specificities of the African economies, effective aid enables key public investment programmes in infrastructure and human resource development to be carried out in a non-inflationary manner. |
官方发展援助 | Official development assistance |
8. 我们严重关切地注意到 正当我们许多国家正在着手进行协调一致的经济和金融改革之时 官方发展援助的数额却大量缩减 为了确保许多非洲国家采取改革措施的势头持续下去 经济合作与发展组织国家必须信守承诺 实现官方发展援助占国内生产总值0.7%的商定目标 | 8. We note with serious concern the much-reduced level of official development assistance, at a time many of our countries have embarked on concerted economic and financial reforms. In order to ensure that the momentum is maintained with regard to the reform measures initiated by many African countries, it is imperative for Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries to honour the agreed ODA target level of 0.7 per cent of GDP. |
9. 我们承认 如果建立有利的环境 这些援助就会更加有效 这些环境除其他外包括正确的政策条件官方发展援助的有效协调 制定适当的目标以及过程的所有权 只有这样 援助才能更有效地促进增长和缓解贫穷 | 9. We recognize that aid is more effective when a conducive enabling environment has been created. Such an environment includes, among others, right policy conditions, effective coordination of ODA, proper targeting and ownership of the processes. Only then can aid be more effective in promoting growth and alleviating poverty. |
10. 我们承认必须促进一种捐助者-受益者新关系在这种关系里 多边援助方案将注重由非洲驱动的议程 | 10. We recognize the importance of fostering a new donor-beneficiary relationship in which multi-donor programmes will focus on an African-driven agenda. |
非洲债务负担 | Africa’s debt burden |
11. 我们欢迎在重债穷国债务倡议方面已作出的进一步改善 但是 证据说明 非洲多数重债穷国尚有待从重债穷国债务倡议获得显著的债务减免 因此我们要求我们的发展伙伴进一步改进重债穷国债务倡议 以便更深 更广和更快地提供债务减免 制定更为宽松的资格标准 大大缩短有关获得该倡议的好处的资格申请时间 并且大幅度增加资源 我们注意到一些国家已经承诺将重债穷国债务倡议扩展到 20 个国家 并促请扩展到更多非洲国家 我们促请采取紧急行动来尽快实现这些承诺 我们要求布雷顿森林机构和捐助界考虑到一些预见不到的问题 例如贸易条件恶化等等 把这些问题作为重债穷国资格标准的一部分 | 11. We welcome further improvements that have been made to the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) debt relief initiative. However, as evidence has shown, the majority of heavily indebted poor countries in Africa have as yet to see tangible debt relief from the HIPC initiative. We therefore call on our development partners for further restructuring of the HIPC initiative to provide deeper, broader and faster relief, with greatly relaxed eligibility criteria, greatly shortened periods to qualify for benefit under the initiative and substantially greater resources. We note the commitments that have been made to extend the HIPC initiative to 20 countries, and urge the inclusion of more African countries. We urge urgent action to realize these commitments as soon as possible. We call on the Bretton Woods institutions and the donor community to take into account unforeseen problems, such as terms-of-trade deterioration, as part of the HIPC eligibility criteria. |
12. 我们还要求我们的发展伙伴让非洲国家暂停偿还债务 包括应计利息 以便它们对其债务问题找到持久的解决办法 我们还要求捐助界认真考虑这样的想法 将非洲债务是否维持得下去的问题交给一个由熟悉财政 社会和发展问题的知名人士组成的独立组织 这些人士可由贷方和债方商定 而贷方承诺考虑取消那些被认为偿还不了的债务 | 12. We also call on our development partners to provide a debt-servicing moratorium, including accrued interest, in order to allow African countries to find durable solutions to their debt problems. We further call on the donor community to seriously consider the idea of referring the issue of the sustainability of Africa’s debt to an independent body composed of eminent persons conversant with financial, social and development problems. Such persons would be selected by mutual agreement between creditors and debtors, with creditors committing themselves to considering the cancellation of such debt as is deemed unplayable. |
13. 我们要求七国集团在双边捐助国中带头同意全部取消最穷的国家由于双边援助而产生的债务 我们愿重申在向最穷的国家提供债务减免的同时 不能牺牲对这些国家和其他发展中国家的发展方案和项目提供的官方发展援助 | 13. We call on the Group of Seven donors to take the lead, within the bilateral donor family, by agreeing to complete the cancellation of the debts arising from bilateral aid for the poorest countries. We wish to reiterate that debt relief for the poorest countries should not be provided at the expense of ODA funding for development programmes and projects in these and other developing countries. |
14. 我们认为 应当向冲突后国家特别是那些长期拖欠债务的国家提供特殊的债务减免 我们认为处于危机情况的国家这一概念也许需要扩大以便包括冲突后国家 正在处于冲突情况的国家以及受到冲突情况和/或严重自然灾害和其他灾害不利影响的国家 | 14. We are of the view that exceptional debt relief should be provided for post-conflict countries, particularly those with protracted arrears. We believe that the concept of such countries in crisis may well need to be expanded to include countries in post-conflict situations, countries experiencing ongoing conflicts and countries adversely affected by conflict situations and/or by serious natural and other disasters. |
15. 我们承认重债穷国是国际社会作出减免债务努力的重点对象 我们也承认中等收入国家和非重债穷国的国家的债务问题也需要加以解决 我们建议在考虑非洲国家债务时把中等收入国家和没有得到重债穷国债务倡议好处的其他国家也考虑在内 并将它们纳入有利于重债国家的国际倡议中 应该以更加优越的条件让这类国家更多地获得债务转换安排 | 15. While we recognize that the highly indebted poorest countries are the priority for the international community’s debt relief efforts, we are also cognizant of the debt problems of middle-income countries and non-HIPC countries that need to be addressed. We recommend that middle-income and other countries not benefiting from the HIPC initiative be taken into consideration in the thinking on African country indebtedness and be integrated in international initiatives favouring heavily indebted countries. Such countries should also be accorded expanded access to debt swap and conversion facilities on more generous terms. |
16 我们忆及非洲国家 2000 年在阿拉伯利比亚民众国锡尔特举行的非统组织首脑会议特别常会上就取消非洲债务问题制定的目标 同时重申必须规划各种办法,以便在最近的将来将科隆倡议扩大所有外债过重的非洲国家 | 16. While recalling the objective set by African countries at the extraordinary session of the OAU Summit held in Sirte, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, in 2000 concerning the cancellation of the African debt, we reaffirm the need to plan, for the immediate future, ways of expanding the application of the Cologne initiative to all African countries grappling with excessive foreign debt. Similar treatment should be extended to those African middle-income countries whose economies are stagnating because of the debt overhang, and the issues of external debt should be addressed within the framework of an equitable international financial system organized on the basis of active partnership. |
17 我们关切一些将不会从重债穷国倡议获得好处的非洲低收入国家和中等收入国家一样为庞大内债和外债所困 对发展产生不利影响 我们要求在债务减免方案范围内认真考虑这一问题 | 17. We are concerned that a number of low-income and middle-income countries in Africa that will not benefit from the HIPC initiative are nonetheless saddled with both significant external and domestic debt, with negative consequences for development. We call for serious consideration of this problem in the context of debt relief programmes. |
私人资本流动 | Private capital flows |
18 伴随全球化和自由化而来的一项重大发展是国际资本流动的大幅度增加 全球化不仅促成货物和服务市场的国际自由化 而且还大大促成金融市场的自由化 但是 我们注意到非洲没有从最近二十年来急剧增加的全球外国资金流动中获得很大好处 虽然许多非洲国家为吸引外国直接投资已经进行认真的贸易和金融部门改革 | 18. An important development that has accompanied globalization and liberalization has been the significant expansion of international capital flows. Globalization has resulted not only in the international liberalization of markets for goods and services but also in the significant liberalization of financial markets. We note, however, that Africa has not been a major beneficiary from the dramatic increase in global foreign financial flows that have taken place during the last two decades, even though many African countries have embarked on serious trade and financial sector reforms in order to attract foreign direct investment. |
19 我们再次承诺同我们的发展伙伴一起消除妨碍外国直接投资流动的各项因素 包括维持支助性宏观经济环境 增加市场和贸易制度的自由化程度 改进管理框架和促进商业活动 许多国家已作出协同努力改进其经济基本要素 并已建立若干投资基金来促进在非洲的投资 我们强调必须要有公共支持的手段使流入非洲的私人投资起杠杆作用 特别是在生产部门 | 19. We reiterate our commitment to work with our development partners to eliminate those factors that inhibit FDI flows, including the maintenance of supportive macroeconomic environment, increased liberalization of markets and trade regimes, improvements in regulatory framework and the facilitation of business activities. Many countries are making concerted efforts to improve their economic fundamentals, and a number of investment funds have emerged to promote investment in Africa. We stress the importance of publicly supported instruments for leveraging private investment flows to Africa, especially in productive sectors. |
20 我们注意到 在国际一级 已提出各种提议来加强或改革目前的金融结构 防止再次发生进一步危机和迅速应付和解决这些危机 并加强体制结构 最好地支持稳定的全球金融市场 我们促请发达国家协调经济和财政政策 以维持主要货币的汇率稳定 减少汇率波动对非洲经济国家的出口收益和整个经济业绩的不利影响 | 20. We note that at the international level, various proposals have been made on how to strengthen or reform the current international financial architecture to prevent a reoccurrence of further crises, to respond and resolve them quickly, and to strengthen institutional mechanisms to best support stable global financial markets. We urge developed countries to coordinate economic and financial policies in order to maintain the stability of the exchange rates of major currencies and ameliorate the negative impact of exchange rate volatility on export earnings and the overall economic performance, of African economies. |
21 大家辩论的核心问题还涉及在经济日益相互依赖的情况下各项经济和财政政策的国际协调问题 在辩论关于如何应付和解决危机的问题时 一项关键的争论性问题是如何加强国际最后贷款人的职能 同时又处理道德风险问题和确保私营部门适当分担风险 | 21. Also central to the debate are issues relating to the international coordination of economic and financial policies, in an environment of increased interdependency of economies. A key element in the crisis response and resolution debate is the contentious issue of how to strengthen the international lender of last resort function, while addressing the moral hazard issue and ensuring that the private sector shares appropriately in the risks. |
22 非洲国家特别关心的是如何满足发展中国家在新金融结构和在贸易 金融和资本市场动荡不已的环境中对发展资金的合法需求 | 22. A specific concern for African countries is how to accommodate the legitimateneeds of the developing countries for development finance in the new financial architecture and in an environment of volatility in trade, finance and capital markets. |
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