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我敦促民族团结政府注意检察官的报告，制止在拘留中心所犯罪行，并调查在米提加监狱和格尔纳达拘留设施内所犯罪行。民族团结政府还必须调查和处理暴力侵害妇女和女童行为，包括科威菲亚拘留中心内女性被拘留者的遭遇，她们的遭遇仍然不为人知。 | I urge the Government of National Unity to take note of the Prosecutor’s report and put an end to crimes committed in detention centres and investigate crimes committed at the Mitiga prison and the Gernada detention facility. The Government of National Unity must also investigate and address violence against women and girls, including the fates of the female detainees at Al-Kuweifya detention centre, which remain unknown. |
联合王国明确指出，在冲突中，平民必须得到保护，必须对违反国际法的责任人追究责任。我们对于在泰尔胡奈市和的黎波里南部陆续发现的万人坑深感震惊，据报告，这些万人坑与“卡尼”民兵被指控实施的绑架和杀戮有关，联合国在5月13日将“卡尼”民兵列入利比亚制裁制度。我鼓励民族团结政府采取一切可能的行动，追究这些责任人的责任。 | The United Kingdom is clear that civilians must be protected in conflict and that those responsible for violations of international law must be held to account. We are deeply shocked by the continuing discovery of mass graves in Tarhouna and southern Tripoli reportedly linked to abductions and killings allegedly committed by the Al-Kaniyat militia, which the United Kingdom designated on its Libya sanctions regime on 13 May. I encourage the Government of National Unity to take all possible actions to hold those responsible to account. |
我们感谢检察官通报卡扎菲先生案、韦法利先生案和哈立德先生案的最新情况。韦法利先生在受审之前据称遭杀害，这凸显了利比亚当前的有罪不罚现象。利比亚当局必须调查韦法利先生和哈立德先生的所谓死亡，而且必须采取必要行动，将卡扎菲先生逮捕并移送法院。我们再次呼吁所有相关国家，包括《罗马规约》缔约国和非缔约国，与国际刑事法院合作，逮捕并移交已对其发出逮捕令的那些人。 | We thank the Prosecutor for her update on the cases against Mr. Al-Qadhafi, Mr. Al-Werfalli and Mr. Khaled. The alleged killing of Mr. Al-Werfalli before he was brought to justice only highlights the ongoing atmosphere of impunity in Libya. The Libyan authorities must investigate the alleged deaths of Mr. Al-Werfalli and Mr. Khaled, but also take the necessary action to arrest and surrender Mr. Al-Qaddafi to the Court. We reiterate our call on all relevant States, including States parties to the Rome Statute and non-States parties, to cooperate with the ICC in the arrest and surrender of individuals against whom warrants have been issued. |
联合王国承诺全力支持检察官正在利比亚进行的调查，在政治进程的这一关键时刻，这些调查尤为重要。 | The United Kingdom is committed to providing our full support in the Prosecutor’s ongoing investigations in Libya, which are all the more important at this crucial time in the political process. |
附件十五 | Annex XV |
美利坚合众国常驻联合国代表团主管特别政治事务代理副代表杰弗里·德劳伦蒂斯的发言 | Statement by the Acting Alternate Representative for Special Political Affairs of the United States of America to the United Nations, Jeffrey DeLaurentis |
我要感谢国际刑事法院检察官法图·本苏达女士就法院针对利比亚局势的工作向安全理事会所作的第二十一次通报。 | I would like to thank Ms. Fatou Bensouda, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), for her twenty-first briefing to the Security Council on the Court’s work on the situation in Libya. |
在本苏达检察官准备结束任期之际，美国赞扬她自第1970（2011）号决议通过以来努力调查并起诉应对针对利比亚人民犯下令人发指的暴行负责的那些人。首先，请允许我指出，拜登总统采取了重要和必要的步骤，解除此前对她及其同事法基索·莫乔乔科实施的制裁。这些制裁是不恰当的。正如美国国务卿布林肯所说，美国对国际刑事法院的关切将通过在刑事法院进程中与所有利益攸关方接触得到更好的解决。就我们而言，我们希望这能帮助我们重返美国和国际刑事法院合作的时代。毕竟，伸张正义、追究责任和实行法治是我们共同的价值观，我们相信，通过与世界其他地区的接触，这些价值观会得到推进。下面我要谈谈今天的主题——国际刑事法院对利比亚局势的调查。 | As Prosecutor Bensouda prepares to end her term, the United States commends her efforts since the adoption of resolution 1970 (2011) to investigate and prosecute those responsible for the heinous atrocities committed against the Libyan people. Let me start by noting the important and necessary step that President Biden took in lifting the sanctions previously imposed on her and her colleague, Phakiso Mochochoko. Those sanctions were inappropriate. As United States Secretary of State Blinken said, the concerns of the United States with the ICC would be better addressed through engagement with all stakeholders in the ICC process. For our part, we hope this can help us return to a time of cooperation between the United States and the ICC. After all, justice, accountability and the rule of law are values we share, and we believe that they are advanced by engaging with the rest of the world. |
到推进。下面我要谈谈今天的主题——国际刑事法院对利比亚局势的调查。首先，让我们从调查本身开始。美国政府深感震惊地注意到，有报道称利比亚持续发生暴行和其他侵犯人权行为，如任意杀戮、狂乱的空袭、强迫失踪、酷刑、非法拘留、以及性暴力和性别暴力。我们必须记录这些恶行，并对之采取措施。因此，我们坚定支持人权理事会为此设立一个国际实况调查团。必须让该调查团获得利比亚全境的充分准入。 | That brings me to today’s topic — the ICC’s investigation into the situation in Libya. First, let us start with the investigations themselves. The United States Government is deeply alarmed about reports of continued atrocities and other human rights abuses in Libya, such as arbitrary killings, indiscriminate air strikes, enforced disappearances, torture, unlawful detention and sexual and gender-based violence. We need to document those abuses and do something about them. We therefore strongly support the Human Rights Council’s creation of an international fact-finding mission to do just that. That mission must be granted full access throughout Libya. |
塔胡纳乱葬坑的发现震惊了全世界，据说里面有100多具男女老少的遗骸。我们感谢国际刑事法院、联合国和国家当局给予合作，派出一个调查小组去检查和调查这些乱葬坑。我们支持相关的持续努力，如调查和挖掘这些乱葬坑，以及收集和保存用于日后起诉的证据，我们也支持安理会在这方面的其他潜在行动。 | The discovery of mass graves in Tarhouna — reportedly containing the remains of more than 100 men, women and children — horrified the world. We thank the ICC, the United Nations and national authorities for cooperating in sending an investigative team to inspect and investigate these mass graves. We support continued efforts to investigate and exhume these mass graves and to collect and preserve evidence for use in future prosecutions, as well as other potential Council actions in that regard. |
现在，让我们谈谈伸张正义。因战争罪和危害人类罪而被国际刑事法院批准逮捕的卡扎菲政权前高级官员必须接受审判。绝不能允许严重侵犯人权行为、战争罪和危害人类罪的实施者继续制造痛苦、暴力和动乱。因此，向这些人提供保护和庇护的任何个人、团体或国家都应当而且必须立即警觉起来，并以其他方式协助将这些人移交给有关当局。 | Now, let us talk about justice. Former senior officials of the Al-Qadhafi regime who are subject to ICC arrest warrants for charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity must face justice. The perpetrators of serious human rights violations, war crimes and crimes against humanity must not be allowed to continue to inflict misery, violence and turmoil. As such, any individual, group or country providing protection and refuge to those individuals should and must immediately alert and otherwise facilitate their transfer to the appropriate authorities. |
此外，我们敦促安理会就指认恶意行为者采取早该采取的行动。利比亚各方面的武装团体和安全部队都被指控犯有侵犯人权行为或为之提供便利。具体而言，美国已向安全理事会关于利比亚的第1970（2011）号决议所设委员会提出，穆罕默德·卡尼和卡尼亚特民兵犯有严重侵犯人权行为，包括强迫失踪、酷刑和杀戮。我刚才所提到可怕的乱葬坑为其罪行提供了明确的证据。这些指认将向利比亚当局和国际社会发出一个强有力的信息，要求它们对侵犯人权者采取行动，并结束在利比亚助长冲突的有罪不罚文化。 | Furthermore, we urge the Council to take overdue action on designating malign actors. Libyan armed groups and security forces on all sides stand accused of perpetrating and enabling human rights abuses. Specifically, the United States has nominated Mohammed Al-Kani and the Al-Kaniyat militia to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), concerning Libya, for gross human rights abuses, including disappearances, torture and killings. The horrific mass graves I just mentioned offer clear evidence of their crimes. Those designations would send a strong message by the Security Council for Libyan authorities and the international community to take action against human rights abusers and end the culture of impunity in Libya that has fuelled the conflict. |
应当为受害者和幸存者伸张正义。追究责任将向那些对暴行和其他侵犯人权行为负有责任者发出一个强有力的威慑信息——即此类行为是不会被容忍的。 | Victims and survivors deserve justice. Accountability would deliver apowerful deterrent message to those who bear responsibility for atrocities and other human rights abuses — that such actions will not be tolerated. |
最后，让我们谈谈如何促进利比亚的和平与安全。正如利比亚人所表明——安理会也一致确认，卷入这场冲突的外部行为体，包括外国部队和雇佣军，必须停止军事干预，立即撤出利比亚。此外，所有不符合联合国武器禁运的外部军事支持必须停止。这包括训练和资助雇佣军、代理人部队和武装团体。乍得最近的暴力不稳定局势凸显外国雇佣军构成的危险——不仅对利比亚，而且也对更广泛的区域构成的危险。 | Finally, let us discuss how we can promote peace and security in Libya. As the Libyans have made clear — and the Council has unanimously affirmed — external actors involved in this conflict, including foreign forces and mercenaries, must cease their military interventions and withdraw from Libya immediately. Further, all external military support inconsistent with the United Nations arms embargo must end. That includes the training and financing of mercenaries, proxy forces and armed groups. The recent violent instability in Chad underscores the dangers foreign mercenaries pose — not just to Libya, but to the wider region. |
国际刑事法院针对利比亚的工作是我们追究责任、实现和平与安全的国际承诺的一个关键要素。为了在利比亚实现这些目标，包括国际法庭、混合法庭和国内法院在内的适当机制必须为暴行受害者提供帮助。我们将继续支持国际刑事法院的调查和贡献，我们希望这将有助于为利比亚人民带来真正的正义。 | The ICC’s work in Libya is a critical element of our international commitment to accountability, peace and security. To achieve these goals in Libya, the appropriate mechanisms, including international, hybrid and domestic courts, need to deliver for victims of atrocities. We will continue to support the ICC’s investigations and contributions, which we hope will help bring true justice to the people of Libya. |
附件十六 | Annex XVI |
越南常驻联合国副代表范海英的发言 | Statement by the Deputy Permanent Representative of Viet Namto the United Nations, Hai Anh Pham |
首先，我欢迎国际刑事法院检察官法图·本苏达女士和利比亚常驻代表塔希尔·埃尔索尼大使出席本次会议。 | At the outset, I welcome Ms. Fatou Bensouda, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court and Ambassador Taher Elsonni, Permanent Representative of Libya, to this meeting. |
在今天的通报会上，越南希望强调三点。 | At today’s briefing, Viet Nam wishes to stress three points. |
首先，我们热烈欢迎自2021年初以来，利比亚在政治和安全方面持续取得积极进展。至关重要的是抓住这一机会之窗，在该国实现持久与可持续的和平。在这方面，越南呼吁利比亚民族统一政府尽最大努力推动过渡期顺利进行，并根据商定的路线图，为今年晚些时候举行全国选举做好一切必要准备。同样重要的是，要充分执行2020年10月23日停火协议的规定。我们期待联合国利比亚支助团开展工作，支持利比亚人主导和自主的停火监测机制，并为选举做好准备。与此同时，必须继续严格遵守联合国对利比亚的武器禁运。 | First, we warmly welcome the continued positive developments since the beginning of 2021 in the political and security fronts in Libya. It is crucial to seize this window of opportunity to achieve lasting and sustainable peace in the country. In that regard, Viet Nam calls on the Government of National Unity of Libya to put forward its best efforts to facilitate the transitional period and make all necessary preparations for the holding of national elections later this year, in line with the agreed road map. It is equally important to fully implement the provisions of the 23 October 2020 ceasefire agreement. We look forward to the work of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya in support of the Libyan-led and -owned ceasefire monitoring mechanism and in preparation for elections. At the same time, the United Nations arms embargo related to Libya must continue to be strictly upheld. |
第二，必须继续改善利比亚的经济和人道主义局势。尽管迄今取得了进展，但该国仍有130多万人需要人道主义援助。我们也对弱势群体——特别是妇女、儿童和移民——所面临的各种挑战感到关切。联合国和国际伙伴必须继续在这方面向利比亚提供支持。此外，越南继续呼吁加强努力，保护平民使之免受利比亚战争遗留爆炸物的危险。 | Secondly, it is essential to continue to improve the economic and humanitarian situation in Libya. Despite the progress achieved so far, more than 1.3 million people in the country are still in need of humanitarian assistance. We are also concerned about the various challenges that vulnerable groups — particularly women, children and migrants — are facing. The United Nations and international partners must continue to provide support for Libya in that regard. Furthermore, Viet Nam continues to call for strengthened efforts in protecting civilians from risks of explosive remnants of war in Libya. |
第三，我们注意到本苏达检察官根据第1970（2011）号决议提交的最新报告。 | Thirdly, we take note of Prosecutor Bensouda’s updated report pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011). |
与此同时，我们谨重申我们的一贯立场，即各国对执行国际人道主义法以及预防和制止侵略罪、战争罪和危害人类罪等严重犯罪行为负有首要责任。应当根据国际法的基本原则，包括尊重各国独立和主权的原则，追究违反国际人道主义法行径和严重犯罪行为的责任。 | At the same time, we would like to reiterate our consistent position that each State bears the primary responsibility for the implementation of international humanitarian law and the prevention and suppression of serious criminal acts, such as crimes of aggression, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The establishment of accountability for violations of international humanitarian law and serious criminal acts shall be conducted in accordance with the fundamental principles of international law, including respect for each State’s independence and sovereignty. |
附件十七 | Annex XVII |
利比亚常驻联合国代表塔赫尔·埃尔索尼的发言 | Statement by the Permanent Representative of Libya to theUnited Nations, Taher Elsonni |
[原件：阿拉伯文] | [Original: Arabic] |
主席先生，首先，我谨祝贺你担任本月安全理事会主席，并祝你在工作中一切顺利。我还要感谢法图·本苏达女士今天的报告和通报。 | At the outset, I should like to congratulate you, Sir, on your assumption of the presidency of the Security Council for this month and to wish you every success in your endeavours. I also wish to thank Ms. Fatou Bensouda for her report and briefing today. |
利比亚近期的积极事态发展促使建立了统一的行政当局，结束了多年来一直是冲突主因之一的合法性问题危机。这一新的政治安排的主要优先事项之一是在定于今年年底举行的总统和议会选举之前为我国提供领导层。我们希望国际社会将加紧努力，使选举取得成功，从而使我国得以实现稳定，让自由、正义和法治等价值观能够深入人心。 | Positive developments in Libya over the recent period have resulted in the establishment of a unified executive authority, ending the crisis of legitimacy that for years had been one of the primary causes of the conflict. One of the key priorities of this new political arrangement has been to provide the country with leadership in the run-up to the presidential and parliamentary elections scheduled for the end of this year. We hope that the international community will intensify its efforts to make the elections a success, thereby enabling the country to attain stability and allowing the values of liberty, justice and the rule of law to take root. |
毫无疑问，尽管利比亚当前的形势特殊，但我国人民决心建设一个现代公民国家。只有开展包容各方的民族和解进程，问责原则才能深入人心。这一进程的入手点必须是伸张正义、揭露真相、促进开放和做出赔偿。众所周知，这些步骤是过渡期正义的基石。不采取这些步骤，就不可能翻过利比亚人民过去十年所遭受苦难的惨痛一页。 | There is no doubt that the Libyan people is determined to build a modern civil State, the country’s extraordinary circumstances at present notwithstanding. The principle of accountability can take root only once an inclusive national reconciliation process is under way. That process must begin with delivering justice, uncovering the truth, fostering openness and making reparations. As we all know, those steps are the building blocks of transitional justice. Without them, it will be impossible to turn the painful page on the past decade of suffering endured by the Libyan people. |
在这方面，本着政府一直努力弘扬的宽恕与和解精神，司法部几天前宣布，将采取切实步骤释放羁押在拘留设施中的当事人。迄今已有78名被拘留者获释，就在几天前，在5+5联合军事委员会的主持下进行了一次囚犯交换。利比亚全国各地正努力确保迅速和无条件地释放蒙冤入狱的公民，对于这些公民，不是没有提出指控也没有发出逮捕令，就是事实证明他们是清白无辜的。 | In that context, in the spirit of forgiveness and reconciliation, which the Government has been attempting to foster, the Ministry of Justice announced a few days ago that tangible steps would be taken to release persons being held in detention facilities. To date, 78 detainees have been released, and a prisoner exchange was conducted just a few days ago under the auspices of the 5+5 Joint Military Commission. Efforts are being made throughout Libya to secure the prompt and unconditional release of wrongfully imprisoned citizens in respect of whom no charges have been brought or arrest warrants issued, or who have been proven innocent. |
我们重申，国家司法机构有权根据利比亚刑法典和利比亚对其领土和公民的主权起诉所有被告。利比亚司法机构致力于保证所有被告得到公平审判。我们利比亚人认为，国际刑事法院（国际刑院）在伸张正义和防止有罪不罚现象方面的作用是补充性的，对于国家管辖范围以外的人员而言，尤其如此。因此，我们希望各国将与利比亚司法当局合作，开展必要的调查，并协助将通缉犯移交给国家司法系统。在这方面，我们欢迎利比亚总检察长办公室与国际刑事法院检察官办公室开展的合作。 | We reaffirm that the national judiciary has a mandate to prosecute all defendants, in accordance with the Libyan penal code and the sovereignty of Libya over its territory and citizenry. The Libyan judiciary is committed to guaranteeing all defendants a fair trial. We in Libya regard the role of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in delivering justice and preventing impunity to be a complementary one, especially with regard to persons outside State jurisdiction. Therefore, we hope that all States will cooperate with the Libyan judicial authorities to conduct the necessary investigations and assist in handing over wanted persons to the national justice system. In that connection, we welcome the cooperation between the Office of the Attorney General of Libya and the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. |
我们赞同本苏达女士在其各种报告中指出的问题：在利比亚一些地区发生了许多侵犯人权的行为、战争罪和危害人类罪，包括任意拘留、强迫失踪、秘密监狱、法外军事审判、人口贩运以及在最近对的黎波里及其周边地区发动的战争过后发现了乱葬坑。我们仍在等待最近视察利比亚的国际刑院工作队的调查结果，也在等待查明这些严重侵权行为所涉人员，这些行为系出于多种原因所为，其中包括政治或区域动机，或者是武装团体或雇佣军出于犯罪动机所为。 | We agree with what Ms. Bensouda has noted in her various reports regarding the occurrence of numerous human rights violations, war crimes and crimes against humanity in certain areas of Libya, including arbitrary detentions, enforced disappearances, secret prisons, extrajudicial military trials, human trafficking and mass graves discovered after the recent war on Tripoli and its environs. We are still awaiting the results of investigations conducted by the ICC team that visited Libya recently and the identification of the persons implicated in those grave violations, which were perpetrated for manifold reasons, including political or regional motives or, in the case of armed groups or mercenaries, criminal motives. |
在这方面必须指出，一些罪犯虽然可能受益于目前的境况，但最终将被追究责任，因为这些罪行没有追诉时效。我向安理会保证，利比亚当局致力于为受害者及其家人伸张正义，并保护利比亚领土上的所有利比亚公民和外国国民。我们在这方面想要强调，利比亚国决心保护非法移民，使其不会因当前的 | In that connection, it is important to note that, while some criminals may be benefiting from conditions as they are now, they will ultimately be held accountable because there is no statute of limitations on those crimes. I assure the Council that the Libyan authorities are committed to delivering justice to the victims and their families and to protecting all Libyan citizens and foreign nationals on Libyan soil. |
民。我们在这方面想要强调，利比亚国决心保护非法移民，使其不会因当前的危机可能遭受任何侵害。尽管面临种种挑战，我们正竭尽所能保护和营救他们，尽可能送他们回国。然而，我们还必须指出，我们虽然欢迎与专门的国际人道主义组织开展合作，但在任何情况下都不会接受某些国家违反国内法和立法，企图为确立庇护和定居原则创造或强加条件。为解决这一问题，我们要求国际刑事法院也起诉非洲和欧洲的人口贩运者、走私犯及其跨境网络，而不仅仅是利比亚境内的涉案人员。 | In that regard, we wish to stress that the Libyan State is determined to protect illegal migrants from any violations that they might be exposed to as a result of the ongoing crisis. In spite of all the challenges, we are doing everything in our power to protect and rescue them and return them to their countries whenever possible. However, we must also note that, while we welcome cooperation with specialized international humanitarian organizations, we will under no circumstance accept attempts by certain countries to create or impose conditions that would establish the principle of asylum and settlement, in contravention of domestic laws and legislation. In order to solve this problem, we ask the International Criminal Court to also prosecute human traffickers, smugglers and their cross-border networks in Africa and Europe, not just persons involved inside Libya. |
毫无疑问，我们必须巩固国家机构，改革和发展司法系统，才能应对我提到的挑战。这进而将需要政府的支持和一个稳定的国家。最重要的是，各种外来干涉必须停止。安全理事会和国际社会对利比亚人的意愿和本国决定给予理解和支持，无疑将大大有助于实现正义与和解，建设一个拥有法治机构的国家。 | Without a doubt, we must bring to fruition the consolidation of State institutions and the reform and development of the judicial system in order to tackle the challenges I mentioned. In turn, that will require Government support and a stable country. Most important, all kinds of foreign intervention must come to an end. Understanding and support from the Security Council and the international community for the will and national decisions of Libyans will certainly contribute significantly to achieving justice and reconciliation and building a State of institutions that is governed by the rule of law. |
最后，我们既然在讨论正义和人权，就绝不能忽视我们的巴勒斯坦兄弟目前处于的悲惨境地，尽管利比亚局势是今天会议的主题。我们利比亚政府和人民借此机会最强烈地谴责占领军对巴勒斯坦人民的袭击，首先是谢赫贾拉居民区发生的事件以及将一些家庭逐出家园的行为，包括对阿克萨清真寺礼拜信众的袭击、在神圣的斋月期间对圣地的亵渎及其后对加沙地带的野蛮轰炸。这种轰炸持续至今，夺去数十条无辜生命，包括妇女和儿童。 | Lastly, against the backdrop of our discussion of justice and human rights, although the situation in Libya is the subject of today’s meeting, we can never lose sight of the tragic situation that our brethren are currently enduring in Palestine. We, the Government and the people of Libya, take this opportunity to condemn in the strongest terms attacks on the Palestinian people by the occupying forces, starting with the incidents in the neighbourhood of Shaykh Jarrah and the eviction of families from their homes, and including the attack on worshipers in the Al-Aqsa Mosque, the desecration of holy sites during the blessed month of Ramadan and the subsequent savage bombardment of the Gaza Strip, which continues to this day and which has claimed dozens of innocent lives, including among women and children. |
因此，我们呼吁安全理事会采取切实有效的措施，立即制止这些袭击，并摒弃双重标准政策，这些政策将侵略者与遭到袭击的民众相提并论，忘却谁是施害者，谁是受害者。该政策使许多人对找到和平解决危机的办法感到绝望，并且使自卫原则仅为一方独享，而不管它犯下何种侵权行为。 | We therefore call on the Security Council to take practical and effective measures to put an immediate end to these attacks and to abandon a policy of double standards that equates the aggressor with the people being attacked and forgets who is the perpetrator and who is the victim. That policy is what has caused many to despair of finding a peaceful solution to the crisis and made the principle of self-defence the monopoly of only one party, no matter what violations it commits. |
(C) 300718 140918 | (E) 120718 260718 |
任意拘留问题工作组 | Working Group on Arbitrary Detention |
任意拘留问题工作组第八十一届会议(2018 年 4 月 17 日至26 日)通过的意见 | Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its eighty-first session (17–26 April 2018) |
关于 Mohamed Ould Ghadde 的第 33/2018 号意见(毛里塔尼亚) | Opinion No. 33/2018 concerning Mohamed Ould Ghadde (Mauritania) |
1. 任意拘留问题工作组系根据人权委员会第 1991/42 号决议设立。人权委员会第 1997/50 号决议延长了工作组的任期并对其任务作出明确说明。根据大会第60/251 号决议和人权理事会第 1/102 号决定，人权理事会接管了人权委员会的任务。人权理事会最近一次在 2016 年 9 月 30 日第 33/30 号决议中将工作组的任期延长三年。 | 1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention was established in resolution 1991/42 of the Commission on Human Rights, which extended and clarified the Working Group’s mandate in its resolution 1997/50. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 60/251 and Human Rights Council decision 1/102, the Council assumed the mandate of the Commission. The Council most recently extended the mandate of the Working Group for a three-year period in its resolution 33/30 of 30 September 2016. |
2. 工作组依照其工作方法(A/HRC/36/38)，于 2018 年 1 月 19 日向毛里塔尼亚政府转交了关于 Mohamed Ould Ghadde 的来文。该国政府于 2018 年 3 月 13 日对来文作出答复。该国已加入《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》。 | 2. In accordance with its methods of work (A/HRC/36/38), on 19 January 2018 the Working Group transmitted to the Government of Mauritania a communication concerning Mohamed Ould Ghadde. The Government replied to the communication on 13 March 2018. The State is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. |
3. 工作组视下列情形下的剥夺自由为任意剥夺自由： | 3. The Working Group regards deprivation of liberty as arbitrary in the following cases: |
(a) 显然提不出任何法律依据证明剥夺自由是正当的(如某人刑期已满或大赦法对其适用，却仍被关押)(第一类)；(b) 剥夺自由系因某人行使《世界人权宣言》第七、第十三、第十四、第十 | (a) When it is clearly impossible to invoke any legal basis justifying the deprivation of liberty (as when a person is kept in detention after the completion of his or her sentence or despite an amnesty law applicable to him or her) (category I); |
(b) 剥夺自由系因某人行使《世界人权宣言》第七、第十三、第十四、第十八、第十九、第二十和第二十一条以及(对缔约国而言)《公约》第十二、第十八、第十九、第二十一、第二十二、第二十五、第二十六和第二十七条所保障的权利或自由(第二类)；(c) 完全或部分不遵守《世界人权宣言》以及当事国接受的相关国际文书所 | (b) When the deprivation of liberty results from the exercise of the rights or freedoms guaranteed by articles 7, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and, insofar as States parties are concerned, by articles 12, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26 and 27 of the Covenant (category II); |
(c) 完全或部分不遵守《世界人权宣言》以及当事国接受的相关国际文书所确立的接受公正审判权国际标准，情节严重，致使剥夺自由具有任意性(第三类)；(d) 寻求庇护者、移民或难民长期遭受行政拘留，且无法得到行政或司法复 | (c) When the total or partial non-observance of the international norms relating to the right to a fair trial, established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the relevant international instruments accepted by the States concerned, is of such gravity as to give the deprivation of liberty an arbitrary character (category III); |
(d) 寻求庇护者、移民或难民长期遭受行政拘留，且无法得到行政或司法复议或补救(第四类)；(e) 剥夺自由违反国际法，因为存在基于出生、民族血统或社会出身、语 | (d) When asylum seekers, immigrants or refugees are subjected to prolonged administrative custody without the possibility of administrative or judicial review or remedy (category IV); |
(e) 剥夺自由违反国际法，因为存在基于出生、民族血统或社会出身、语言、宗教、经济状况、政治或其他见解、性别、性取向、残疾或任何其他状况的歧视，目的在于或可能导致无视人人平等(第五类)。 | (e) When the deprivation of liberty constitutes a violation of international law on the grounds of discrimination based on birth, national, ethnic or social origin, language, religion, economic condition, political or other opinion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or any other status, that aims towards or can result in ignoring the equality of human beings (category V). |
联 合 国 A/HRC/WGAD/2018/33 | United Nations A/HRC/WGAD/2018/33 |
大 会 Distr.: General | General Assembly Distr.: General |
提交的材料 | Submissions |
来文方的来文 | Communication from the source |
4. Mohamed Ould Ghadde, 毛里塔尼亚国民，44 岁，居住在努瓦克肖特。Ghadde 先生是一名参议员。 | 4. Mohamed Ould Ghadde is a 44-year-old Mauritanian national residing in Nouakchott. Mr. Ghadde is a senator. |
背景 | Context |
5. 据来文方称，毛里塔尼亚自 2016 年 10 月以来一直处于严重的政治危机中，起因是总统希望修改宪法。来文方解释说，2016 年 10 月，总统发起了一场政治对话，目的是修订《宪法》，使他能够第三次连任。2016 年 10 月 30 日，数千名毛里塔尼亚人举行示威，反对由此产生的法案。来文方指出，修改《宪法》将破坏 2005 年结束独裁统治的政治过渡带来的脆弱体制平衡。2007 年结束的过渡期促成了一部《宪法》的起草，其主要贡献是限制总统任期的时长和连任次数。总统任期五年，只能连任一次。 | 5. According to the source, Mauritania has been in a serious political crisis, stemming from the President’s wish to amend the Constitution, since October 2016. The source explains that, in October 2016, the President initiated a political dialogue in the aim of amending the Constitution to allow him to stand for a third term. On 30 October 2016, thousands of Mauritanians demonstrated against the resulting bill. The source notes that amending the Constitution would undermine the fragile institutional balance ushered in by the political transition of 2005 that put an end to the dictatorship. The transition, which ended in 2007, led to the drafting of a Constitution whose major contribution was to limit the length and number of presidential terms. The President is elected for a five-year term, renewable only once. |
6. 来文方解释说，2017 年，总统提交了一项宪法审查法案，目的是取消参议院和高等法院，并修改国歌和国旗。法案获得国民议会批准，但于 2017 年 3 月 17日遭到参议院多数否决。 | 6. The source explains that in 2017, the President tabled a bill on constitutional review whose aim was to abolish the Senate and the High Court of Justice and modify the national anthem and flag. The bill was approved by the National Assembly but was rejected by a majority in the Senate on 17 March 2017. |
7. 据来文方称，时任议会直接承包采购调查委员会主席的 Ghadde 先生是法案的主要反对者。来文方报告称，负责调查设备、能源、采矿、工业和农业部门的委员会据称发现了若干合同导致对存在使总统核心圈子受益的不完善或不诚实财政管理或挪用的严重怀疑。来文方称，尽管政府拒绝提供任何资料，委员会仍决定完成调查，这是总统决定取消参议院的原因之一，而总统本无权解散参议院。 | 7. According to the source, Mr. Ghadde, who at the time was Chair of the parliamentary inquiry commission on direct contracting procurement, was the main objector to the bill. The source reports that the commission, which looked into the equipment, energy, mining, industry and agricultural sectors, among others, had purportedly uncovered a number of contracts that raised serious suspicions of deficient or dishonest financial management or misappropriations that benefited the President’s inner circle. The source asserts that the Commission’s determination to complete its inquiries, despite the administration’s refusal to provide it with any information, was one of the reasons behind the President’s decision to abolish the Senate, which he did not have the power to dissolve. |
8. 为了避免宪法审查法案遭到否决，总统选择在 2017 年 8 月 5 日就同一问题通过公民投票直接与民众协商。据来文方称，全民投票的组织违反了《宪法》，因为该法案已经遭到议会否决，而根据《宪法》第 99 条关于体制改革的投票必须同时获得两院预先批准。来文方认为，据批评者称，采取这种铁腕方针旨在通过全民投票使修改宪法的想法获得接受，目的是以后在关于连任三届的问题上重复这一做法。 | 8. In order to circumvent the rejection of the bill on constitutional review, the President chose to consult the population directly via a referendum on the same issues on 5 August 2017. According to the source, the referendum was organized in breach of the Constitution given that the bill had already been rejected by the parliament and that a vote on institutional change must be preapproved by both chambers in keeping with article 99 of the Constitution. The source contends that, according to the detractors, the goal of this strong-arm approach was to gain acceptance for the idea of amending the Constitution via referendum in the aim of repeating the exercise later with regard to a third term of office. |
9. 来文方还认为，全民投票活动弥漫着恐怖气氛。2017 年 7 月 26 日和 27 日，反对派领导的和平示威遭到政府部队的大力镇压。Ghadde 先生作为参议院的反对派领袖，是示威活动的核心人物。来文方指称，Ghadde 先生在示威期间多次受伤，需要住院治疗。此外，来文方回顾称，2017 年 8 月 3 日，联合国人权事务高级专员办事处在一份新闻稿中表示，对投票活动的气氛以及对异见的明显镇压表示关切。 | 9. The source also contends that the referendum campaign was characterized by a climate of terror. On 26 and 27 July 2017, the peaceful demonstrations led by the opposition were harshly suppressed by government forces. Mr. Ghadde, who had led the opposition in the Senate, was a central figure of the demonstrations. The source asserts that Mr. Ghadde was injured several times during the demonstrations and required hospitalization. In addition, the source recalls that, on 3 August 2017, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) stated in a press release that it was concerned about the climate of the campaign and the apparent suppression of dissenting voices. |
10. 来文方继续解释说，2017 年 8 月 5 日，全部八个反对党派对全民投票予以抵制。“支持”阵营赢得 85.6%的投票，投票率为 53%。 | 10. The source goes on to explain that, on 5 August 2017, all eight opposition parties boycotted the referendum. The “yes” camp won with 85.6 per cent of votes, and voter turnout was 53 per cent. |
11. 此外，来文方报告称，现政权利用了对司法领域的干涉。例如，2011 年，在一起普通案件中判处若干个人无罪的法官依据总统令被取消资格或降职。后在人权理事会法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员的介入下，其中四名法官获得复职。 | 11. Furthermore, the source reports interference in the judicial sphere, which is exploited by the current regime. For example, in 2011, judges were disbarred or demoted by presidential decree after acquitting several people in an ordinary case. Four of the judges were reinstated following the intervention of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers of the Human Rights Council. |
逮捕和拘留 | Arrest and detention |
12. 来文方报告称，2017 年 8 月 10 日夜里，Ghadde 先生在努瓦克肖特的家中，当着妻子和孩子的面，被 8 名自称是警察的便衣人员逮捕。警察没有逮捕证，但说他们接到命令要逮捕 Ghadde 先生，他必须合作。 | 12. The source reports that, on the evening of 10 August 2017, Mr. Ghadde was arrested at his home in Nouakchott, in front of his wife and children, by eight individuals in plain clothing claiming to be members of the police. The police officers did not have an arrest warrant but said that they had orders to take Mr. Ghadde in and that he had to cooperate. |
13. 来文方指出，Ghadde 先生随后被拘留在隶属警方的努瓦克肖特国家安全总局总部的一个房间里，达一周时间。随后，他被移交给努瓦克肖特联合站的宪兵队一天，之后又交还警方。直到 2017 年 8 月 18 日，当局才正式将 Ghadde 先生还押，接受警方羁押。 | 13. The source notes that Mr. Ghadde was then detained for a week in a room at the headquarters of the Directorate General of National Security in Nouakchott, which came under the police. He was then handed over to the gendarmerie at the joint station in Nouakchott for one day and later returned to the police. It was not until 18 August 2017 that the authorities formally remanded Mr. Ghadde into police custody. |
14. 来文方称，在此期间，Ghadde 先生没有被告知被捕的原因。他初次被捕一周之后，一名警司通知他，他将被指控犯有破坏公共安全和道德罪，警方将开始问讯。 | 14. The source asserts that, during this period, Mr. Ghadde was not informed of the reasons for his arrest. A week after his initial arrest, a police superintendent informed him that he would be charged with offences against public safety and morality and that the police would proceed with questioning. |
15. 来文方说，2017 年 8 月 18 日，努瓦克肖特公共检察官办公室在一份公报中宣布，正在调查关于有悖毛里塔尼亚社会道德和价值观的大规模跨境犯罪的指控。2017 年 8 月 31 日，一名调查法官根据 2016 年 4 月 15 日第 2016.014 号《反腐败法》指控 Ghadde 先生犯有腐败罪。2017 年 9 月 1 日，Ghadde 先生在努瓦克肖特民事监狱接受审前拘留。 | 15. The source recounts that, on 18 August 2017, the public prosecutor’s office in Nouakchott announced in a communiqué that investigations were being conducted into allegations of large-scale cross-border crimes that went against the morals and values of Mauritanian society. On 31 August 2017, an investigating judge charged Mr. Ghadde with corruption under the Anti-Corruption Act No. 2016.014 of 15 April 2016. On 1 September 2017, Mr. Ghadde was placed in pretrial detention at the Nouakchott civilian prison. |
16. 来文方说，调查法官没有就审前拘留提供充分的理由，只是根据《刑事诉讼法》第 138 条下达了命令，并回顾说要求是公共检察官办公室提出的。1 | 16. The source argues that the pretrial detention was not adequately reasoned by the investigating judge, who simply based his order on article 138 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and recalled that the request had come from the public prosecutor’s office.1 |
17. 来文方称，与此同时，安全部队于 2017 年 8 月 25 日以国家安全为由拘留或传唤了四名记者。除其他外，他们被问到关于 Ghadde 先生被捕的文章。他们随后被置于法院监督之下。两名工会领导人也被拘留。2017 年 8 月 31 日，公共检察官办公室对四名记者、两名工会领导人、两名商人、一名退役士官和 13 名参议员提起诉讼。 | 17. The source states that, in the meantime, four journalists were detained or summoned by the security forces on 25 August 2017 in connection with national security. They were questioned on, inter alia, articles referring to Mr. Ghadde’s arrest. They were then placed under court supervision. Two trade union leaders were also detained. On 31 August 2017, the public prosecutor’s office initiated proceedings against the four journalists, the two trade union leaders, two businessmen, a former non-commissioned officer and 13 senators. |
18. 来文方进一步指出，2017 年 10 月 11 日，Ghadde 先生被带离牢房，第一次被带见调查法官，但他这次遭受的待遇既不体面，也不人道。来文方称，Ghadde 先生戴着手铐，不能吃东西或喝水，因此拒绝在这种情况下会见调查法官。直到 2017 年 10 月 12 日，他才与调查法官进行了第一次面谈。据来文方称，2017 年 11 月初，调查法官将法院监督延长了两个月。2018 年 1 月 9 日，法院监督再次被延长。 | 18. The source further contends that, on 11 October 2017, Mr. Ghadde was taken from his cell to be brought before an investigating judge for the first time, though his treatment on this occasion was neither decent nor human. The source claims that Mr. Ghadde was handcuffed and prevented from eating or drinking water and therefore refused to meet with the investigating judge under those conditions. It was not until 12 October 2017 that the first interview with the investigating judge took place. According to the source, in early November 2017, the investigating judges extended the court supervision for two months. On 9 January 2018, the court supervision was extended again. |
19. 此外，来文方称，Ghadde 先生的律师向起诉分庭提出申诉，要求根据《宪法》第 50 条驳回指控，该条保障议会的豁免权，并对逮捕和拘留议员作出了严格规定。起诉分庭驳回了申诉，理由是它无权就此事作出裁决；Ghadde 先生的律师对该决定提出了上诉。 | 19. In addition, the source asserts that Mr. Ghadde’s lawyers petitioned the indictments chamber to dismiss the charges pursuant to article 50 of the Constitution, which guarantees parliamentary immunity and strictly regulates the arrest and detention of parliamentarians. The indictments chamber rejected the petition on the grounds that it was not competent to rule on the matter; Mr. Ghadde’s lawyers appealed the decision. |
1 《刑事诉讼法》第 138 条规定，任何收到传票要求提供司法援助的证人都必须根据《刑法》第 350 条的规定出庭、宣誓和作证。如果证人不履行这些义务，应当告知签发传票的法官，该法官可根据第 98 条第(2)、第(3)和第(4)款采取行动。20. 来文方指出，这次 Ghadde 先生的被捕是他 2017 年第五次被捕。事实上， | 20. The source notes that Mr. Ghadde’s arrest was his fifth in 2017. Indeed, on 12 May 2017, Mr. Ghadde was arrested by the gendarmerie in Rosso following a traffic accident. He was detained then arrested despite being covered by parliamentary immunity. The 1 Article 138 of the Code of Criminal Procedure stipulates that any witness who receives a summons as part of a request for judicial assistance is required to appear before the court, take an oath and present their testimony, subject to the provisions of article 350 of the Criminal Code. Should the witness fail to discharge these obligations, the issuing judge shall be notified and may take action in accordance with article 98 (2), (3) and (4). |
2017 年 5 月 12 日，Ghadde 先生在 Rosso 发生交通事故后被宪兵逮捕。尽管受到议会豁免权的保护，他还是被拘留并随后被捕。来文方称，Ghadde 先生那次被捕前后受到监视，侵犯了他的隐私和通信的保密性。宪兵在没收他的个人电话后，仔细检查了所有信息，包括与参议院成员的交流和私人短信。当 Ghadde 先生第一次出现在检察官面前时，他试图对宪兵队队长提出申诉，指控他探查了他的电话并侵犯了他通信的机密性；公共检察官拒绝登记申诉。案件移交法院后，Ghadde 先生要求归还他被没收的物品，包括电话。法院和上诉法院都作出了有利于他的裁决，除电话外的所有物品也归还给他。来文方称，尽管法院下达了命令，公共检察官办公室仍拒绝归还。此外，据来文方称，在他的电话被没收后，Ghadde 先生的一些通信内容开始遭到系统性的公开。信息泄漏发生在 2017 年 7月 19 日至 23 日。根据一个新闻网站称，国家宪兵队是泄密的源头。 | source claims that Mr. Ghadde was spied on around the time of that arrest, in violation of his privacy and the confidentiality of his correspondence. After confiscating his personal telephones, the gendarmerie combed through all the messages, including exchanges with members of the Senate and personal messages. When he appeared before the public prosecutor for the first time, Mr. Ghadde attempted to lodge a complaint against the chief of the gendarmerie unit for probing his telephones and violating the confidentiality of his correspondence; the public prosecutor refused to register the complaint. After the case was transferred to the court, Mr. Ghadde requested that the confiscated items, including the telephones, be returned to him. The court and the appeals court both ruled in his favour and all the items were returned to him, except the telephones. The source claims that the public prosecutor’s office refused to return them despite the court order. In addition, according to the source, after the telephones were confiscated, some of Mr. Ghadde’s correspondence began to be systematically made public. The leaks took place between 19 and 23 July 2017. According to a news website, the national gendarmerie was the source of the leaks. |
第一类剥夺自由 | Deprivation of liberty under category I |
21. 据来文方称，2017 年 8 月 10 日 Ghadde 先生被捕时，执行逮捕的警察未能提供剥夺他自由的理由或法律依据。Ghadde 先生随后被单独监禁了一周，直至2017 年 8 月 17 日，期间未能获准与家人或律师交流或见面。在这一周内，Ghadde 先生没有被告知被捕的原因。2017 年 8 月 18 日，他正式被警方拘留。公共检察官办公室在一份公报中表示，警方拘留是必须的，是对协助、教唆和策划大规模跨境犯罪行为的调查的一部分，这些犯罪行为违背毛里塔尼亚的社会道德和价值观，是在一个有组织结构的庇护下实施的，目的是造成混乱和破坏公共安全。然而，据来文方称，《刑法》中没有与大规模跨境犯罪指控相对应的罪行。在同一份公报中，公共检察官办公室声称，被拘留者和另一名嫌疑人同时被捕，根据是一名军官关于捏造事件和散布虚假陈述的投诉。 | 21. According to the source, when Mr. Ghadde was arrested on 10 August 2017, the police officers who executed the arrest were unable to provide the reasons or legal basis for his deprivation of liberty. Mr. Ghadde was then detained incommunicado for a week, until 17 August 2017, without being allowed to communicate with or see his family or lawyers. During that week, Mr. Ghadde was not informed of the reasons for his arrest. His police custody officially began on 18 August 2017. The public prosecutor’s office stated in a communiqué that the police custody was necessary as part of an investigation into the aiding, abetting and planning of large-scale cross-border crimes that went against the morals and values of Mauritanian society and had been committed under the aegis of an organized structure with the purpose of causing disruptions and undermining public security. However, according to the source, there is no offence in the Criminal Code corresponding to the charge of large-scale cross-border crimes. In the same communiqué, the public prosecutor’s office asserted that the detainee had been arrested together with another suspect on the basis of a complaint by an army officer regarding invented events and the spreading of false statements. |
22. 据来文方称，公共检察官办公室本身在 2017 年 8 月 18 日的公报中承认，在 2017 年 8 月 10 日逮捕 Ghadde 先生期间，没有遵循正当程序，称对这些严重罪行展开深入调查遵循的是在该国首次适用的非传统程序。 | 22. According to the source, the public prosecutor’s office itself admitted in the communiqué dated 18 August 2017 that the proper procedure had not been followed during Mr. Ghadde’s arrest on 10 August 2017, stating that the launch of in-depth investigations into these serious offences had followed a non-traditional procedure being applied in the country for the first time. |
23. 来文方还声称，即使 2017 年 8 月 18 日的警方羁押令被视为合法，《刑事诉讼法》第 56 条也要求在 48 小时内释放任何被警方羁押的人员。因此，Ghadde 先生应于 2017 年 8 月 20 日获释。然而，直到 2017 年 9 月 1 日，他才被带见调查法官，并在此时被起诉并被审前拘留。因此，无论如何，在 2017 年 8月 20 日至 9 月 1 日期间，Ghadde 先生被拘留的时间超过了警方拘留的法定限制，且没有任何法律依据。 | 23. The source also claims that, even if the police custody ordered on 18 August 2017 were considered legal, article 56 of the Code of Criminal Procedure requires any person placed in police custody to be released within 48 hours. Mr. Ghadde should, therefore, have been released on 20 August 2017. However, he was not brought before an investigating judge until 1 September 2017, at which time he was indicted and placed in pretrial detention. Thus, between 20 August and 1 September 2017, Mr. Ghadde was in any case detained beyond the statutory limit on police custody without any legal basis. |
24. 此外，来文方主张，对 Ghadde 先生的起诉应被视为无效。调查法官针对Ghadde 先生的第一次听证会于 2017 年 9 月 1 日星期五举行，这一天是宰牲节，是节假日。因此，调查法官将起诉书和审前拘留令的日期提前至 2017 年 8 月 31日星期四。为此，来文方认为，日期错误的法律指令应被视为伪造，没有法律效力，自 2017 年 9 月 1 日起对 Ghadde 先生实施的审前拘留没有可接受的法律依据，应被视为任意拘留。 | 24. Furthermore, the source argues that Mr. Ghadde’s indictment should be considered null and void. Mr. Ghadde’s first hearing before an investigating judge was held on Friday, 1 September 2017, in other words on Eid al-Adha, a holiday. For this reason, the investigating judge antedated the indictment and the pretrial detention order to Thursday, 31 August 2017. Hence why the source contends that the incorrectly dated legal act should be considered fake and without legal effect and that Mr. Ghadde’s pretrial detention since 1 September 2017 has no admissible legal basis and should be considered arbitrary. |
25. 再者，来文方指出，作为参议员，Ghadde 先生享有《宪法》第 50 条规定的议会豁免权。据来文方称，未经议员所属议会授权，不得因刑事事项逮捕议员，除非存在当场抓获、诉讼获授权或最终定罪的情况。来文方指出，这些情况都不适用于 2017 年 8 月 10 日 Ghadde 先生被捕时的情况。 | 25. Moreover, the source notes that, as a senator, Mr. Ghadde enjoyed parliamentary immunity as provided for in article 50 of the Constitution. According to the source, a member of parliament cannot be arrested in a criminal matter without the authorization of the Assembly of which he or she is a part, except in cases of flagrante delicto, authorized proceedings or a definitive conviction. The source notes that none of these scenarios applied to Mr. Ghadde when he was arrested on 10 August 2017. |
26. 出于这些原因，来文方认为，对 Ghadde 先生的拘留应被视为第一类任意拘留。 | 26. For these reasons, the source believes that Mr. Ghadde’s detention should be considered arbitrary under category I. |
第二类剥夺自由 | Deprivation of liberty under category II |
27. 据来文方称，Ghadde 先生被逮捕和拘留是他行使《世界人权宣言》第十九条和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十九条所载表达自由权和不因表达意见而被起诉权的直接后果。Ghadde 先生在反对宪法审查法案和反对举行公民投票修改宪法时以及在作为反对党参议员的工作中均行使了这些权利。他的被捕发生在他反对的公民投票举行几天后。 | 27. According to the source, the arrest and detention of Mr. Ghadde are the direct consequence of the exercise of his right to freedom of expression and his right not to be prosecuted for his opinions, as enshrined in article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Mr. Ghadde exercised those rights when he campaigned against the bill on constitutional review and the holding of the referendum to amend the Constitution and in his work as an opposition senator. His arrest took place a few days after the referendum he opposed was held. |
28. 来文方回顾，公共检察官办公室在 2017 年 8 月 18 日的公报中指控 Ghadde先生捏造事件和散布虚假陈述。这证明，Ghadde 先生最初是由于行使了表达自由权而成为目标的。 | 28. The source recalls that in its communiqué of 18 August 2017, the public prosecutor’s office accused Mr. Ghadde of inventing events and spreading false statements. This demonstrates that it was for exercising his right to freedom of expression that Mr. Ghadde was originally targeted. |
29. 此外，来文方认为，对 Ghadde 先生的惩罚和拘留是因为他行使了《世界人权宣言》第二十条和《公约》第二十一条所载的和平集会权，当时他参加了反对全民投票的游行示威，具体而言是在 2017 年 7 月 26 日和 27 日。 | 29. Furthermore, the source believes that the punishment and detention of Mr. Ghadde resulted from the exercise of his right to peaceful assembly, as enshrined in article 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 21 of the Covenant, when he took part in demonstrations during the campaign against the referendum, specifically on 26 and 27 July 2017. |
30. 出于这些原因，来文方得出结论认为，对 Ghadde 先生的拘留应被视为第二类任意拘留。 | 30. For these reasons, the source concludes that Mr. Ghadde’s detention should be considered arbitrary under category II. |
第五类剥夺自由 | Deprivation of liberty under category V |
31. 来文方指出，Ghadde 先生因其政治意见而被拘留。他长期以来一直反对毛里塔尼亚政权。他被认为是反对党领袖之一，组织了反对总统独裁倾向的示威游行。他是参议院 2017 年 3 月反对宪法审查法案和 2017 年 8 月 5 日反对宪法公投的关键人物。如上文所述，Ghadde 先生还担任了议会调查委员会主席，该委员会调查了总统核心圈子涉嫌挪用公款的问题，从而巩固了他作为政府首选目标的地位。 | 31. The source notes that Mr. Ghadde is being detained for his political opinions. He has long opposed the Mauritanian regime. He is considered to be one of the leaders of the opposition and to have organized demonstrations against the President’s authoritarian tendencies. He was a key player in the Senate movement against the bill on constitutional review in March 2017 and against the constitutional referendum held on 5 August 2017. As mentioned above, Mr. Ghadde also chaired the parliamentary inquiry commission that looked into suspected misappropriation by the President’s inner circle, thereby solidifying his position as a preferred target of the Government. |
32. 据来文方称，对 Ghadde 先生、其他参议员、记者、工会成员和商人提起的正式腐败诉讼只是使持不同政见者禁声并恐吓任何敢于反对政权者的借口。 | 32. According to the source, the official proceedings for corruption brought against Mr. Ghadde, other senators, journalists, trade unionists and businessmen are nothing but a pretext to silence dissident voices and intimidate anyone else who dares to oppose the regime. |
33. 出于这些原因，来文方认为，对 Ghadde 先生的拘留应被视为第五类任意拘留 | 33. For these reasons, the source believes that Mr. Ghadde’s detention should be considered arbitrary under category V. |
政府的回复 | Response from the Government |
34. 2018 年 1 月 19 日，工作组根据常规来文程序，将来文方的指称转交毛里塔尼亚政府，请政府在 2018 年 3 月 20 日前作出答复。 | 34. On 19 January 2018, the Working Group transmitted the source’s claims to the Government of Mauritania under its regular communication procedure, requesting a reply by 20 March 2018. |
35. 政府于 2018 年 3 月 12 日作出答复。政府对来文方的指称提出质疑，并声称对 Ghadde 先生的逮捕和拘留符合现行法律和条例。因此，政府认为对申诉人的拘留不属于第一类、第二类或第五类任意拘留。 | 35. The Government submitted its response on 12 March 2018. It contests the source’s claims and asserts that Mr. Ghadde’s arrest and detention were carried out in compliance with the laws and regulations in force. Consequently, the Government argues that the complainant’s detention is not arbitrary under categories I, II or V. |
36. 关于第一类任意拘留，毛里塔尼亚政府表示，Ghadde 先生完全了解逮捕他的理由，他从被拘留时起就享有被拘留者有权享有的所有权利。政府确认，《刑法》中不存在大规模跨境犯罪的罪行，但公共检察官办公室在公报中使用这一表述只是为了宣传的目的；而不是一项起诉。政府明确指出，被起诉的罪行是腐败，“跨境”一词描述了实施可惩处行为的背景。适用于这些行为的条款载于第2016.014 号《反腐败法》，而不是《刑法》。 | 36. Regarding category I, the Government states that Mr. Ghadde was perfectly well informed of the grounds for his arrest and that he has enjoyed all the rights to which detainees are entitled from the start of his detention. The Government confirms that the offence of large-scale cross-border crimes does not exist in the Criminal Code but that the communiqué of the public prosecutor’s office in which the expression was used was intended for public information purposes only; it was not an indictment. The Government specifies that the offence being prosecuted is corruption and that the term cross-border describes the context in which the punishable acts were committed. The provisions that apply to the acts are contained in the Anti-Corruption Act No. 2016.014, not the Criminal Code. |
37. 政府指出，2017 年 8 月 10 日 Ghadde 先生因诽谤被警方羁押。2017 年 8 月18 日下发了一项新的审前拘留令，罪名是腐败。据政府称，这两段警察羁押期均没有超过第 2016.014 号法规定的法定拘留期限，因为 Ghadde 先生于 2017 年8 月 31 日被带见法官。该法第 27 条规定了克减措施，即警察羁押可持续 48 小时，经公共检察官批准可延长三次，即实际天数八天。 | 37. The Government contends that Mr. Ghadde was placed in police custody on 10 August 2017 for defamation. A new pretrial detention order was issued on 18 August 2017 for corruption. According to the Government, these two periods of police custody did not exceed the statutory limit on detentions under Act No. 2016.014 as Mr. Ghadde was brought before the judge on 31 August 2017. Article 27 of the Act provides for derogations whereby police custody can last for 48 hours and be renewed three times on the authorization of the public prosecutor, or eight clear days. |
38. 政府质疑来文方关于修改起诉书日期的说法。当局坚称，所有程序性法令都是在 2017 年 8 月 31 日以规定的形式起草和签署的，因此并非无效。此外，如果这些法令无效，在向主管机构提交案件时主管机构就会予以宣布。最后，政府指出，Ghadde 先生的律师从未提出任何违规情况，尽管他有权这么做。 | 38. The Government challenges the source’s claim regarding the modification of the date of the indictment. The authorities maintain that all the procedural acts were drawn up and signed on 31 August 2017 in the prescribed form and, therefore, are not null and void. Moreover, had they been null and void, that would have been declared by the competent bodies at the time the case was submitted to them. Lastly, the Government notes that at no time did Mr. Ghadde’s lawyers raise any irregularities despite being entitled to do so. |
39. 关于 Ghadde 先生的议会豁免权，政府确认，2017 年 8 月 5 日公民投票后参议院被废除，他便失去了豁免权。从那一天起，他再次成为一名没有任何法律特权的普通公民。无论如何，他被指控的行为不属于他的议会职能范围，这也剥夺了他的豁免权。 | 39. Concerning Mr. Ghadde’s parliamentary immunity, the Government affirms that he lost his immunity when the Senate was abolished following the referendum of 5 August 2017. From that date onwards, he once again became an ordinary citizen without any legal privileges. In any case, the acts of which he is accused fall outside the scope of his parliamentary functions, depriving him of his immunity. |
40. 关于第二类任意拘留，政府认为来文方的说法是错误的。与来文方的报告相反，政府声称 Ghadde 先生不是因为反对宪法修正案而被捕，而是因为腐败行为被捕。为证明这一点，政府指出，许多其他政界人士参加了示威游行，但没有被捕。至于他在事件发生时的豁免权，政府说，Ghadde 先生被指控的行为是在他担任参议员期间犯下的，可以与他职责的履行分开。 | 40. With regard to category II, the Government deems the source’s claims to be erroneous. Contrary to what the source reported, the Government asserts that Mr. Ghadde was not arrested for opposing the constitutional amendments but, rather, for acts of corruption. As evidence of this, the Government notes that many other politicians took part in demonstrations and were not arrested. As for his immunity at the time of the events, the Government argues that the acts of which Mr. Ghadde is accused were committed during his term as a senator and can be separated from the exercise of his functions. |
41. 此外，来文方声称公共检察官办公室指控 Ghadde 先生捏造事件和散布虚假信息，从而证明他因行使言论自由权而成为目标，据政府称这是不准确的。政府指称，公共检察官没有指控 Ghadde 先生作出虚假陈述，只是回顾说，Ghadde 先生是其他诉讼的对象，在这些诉讼中，他被指控捏造事件和散布虚假信息。据政府称，Ghadde 先生本人承认了这些行为，因此这些行为不是他行使言论自由的结果。 | 41. In addition, the source’s claim that the public prosecutor’s office accused Mr. Ghadde of inventing events and spreading false information, thereby proving that he was targeted for exercising his right to freedom of expression, is inaccurate according to the Government. It asserts that the public prosecutor is not accusing Mr. Ghadde of making false statements and simply recalls that Mr. Ghadde is the object of other proceedings in which he is accused of inventing events and spreading false information. According to the Government, Mr. Ghadde himself has acknowledged these acts which cannot, then, be the fruit of the exercise of his freedom of expression. |
42. 政府认为，来文方关于 Ghadde 先生因在 2017 年 7 月 26 日和 27 日示威期间行使和平集会权而受到惩罚的说法是错误的，因为集会权与所有基本自由一样，在毛里塔尼亚的法律和实践中得到保障。 | 42. The Government considers the source’s claims that the punishment of Mr. Ghadde stems from the exercise of his right to peaceful assembly during the demonstrations of 26 and 27 July 2017 to be false given that the right of assembly, like all fundamental freedoms, is guaranteed in law and in practice in Mauritania. |
43. 关于第五类任意拘留，政府坚称，Ghadde 先生不是因为他的政治见解而被拘留的。事实上，当局认为申诉人的政治家身份与针对他的诉讼无关。政府补充说，Ghadde 先生夸大了他的政治角色，任何对毛里塔尼亚略有了解的人在听到他被描述为反对党领袖时都会感到惊讶。最后，政府想知道，如果 Ghadde 先生像来文方所说的那样是反对运动的领导人之一，为什么他被捕后从反对派同事那里得到的支持会如此冷淡。 | 43. Concerning category V, the Government maintains that Mr. Ghadde is not being detained for his political opinions. Indeed, the authorities consider the complainant’s status as a politician to be unrelated to the proceedings against him. The Government adds that Mr. Ghadde is overplaying his political role and that anyone with the slightest knowledge of Mauritania would be surprised to hear him described as the leader of the opposition. Lastly, the Government wonders why the support Mr. Ghadde has received from his opposition colleagues following his arrest would be so lukewarm if he was, as the source claims, one of the leaders of the movement. |
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