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(c) 低收入、农村和土著妇女及残疾妇女在诉诸司法方面面临资金、语言和地理障碍； | (c) Financial, linguistic and geographic barriers to gaining access to justice faced by low-income, rural and indigenous women and women with disabilities; |
(d) 妇女对《公约》规定权利以及包括性别暴力受害者在内的妇女可利用的法律救济认识有限，并且此类案件起诉率低。 | (d) Limited awareness among women of information about their rights under the Convention and the legal remedies available to them, including victims of gender-based violence, and the low rate of prosecution in such cases. |
14. 按照《公约》及委员会关于妇女获得司法救助的第 33(2015)号一般性建议，委员会建议缔约国： | 14. In accordance with the Convention and with the Committee’s general recommendation No. 33 (2015) on women’s access to justice, the Committee recommends that the State party: |
(a) 确保联邦、州、地方各级法官、检察官、公设辩护人、律师、警察和其他执法人员在妇女权利和性别平等方面进行系统性和强制性能力建设，以消除妇女和女童的歧视待遇； | (a) Ensure systematic and mandatory capacity-building of judges, prosecutors, public defenders, lawyers, police and other law enforcement officers, at the federal, state and local levels, on women’s rights and gender equality, to eliminate discriminatory treatment of women and girls; |
(b) 采取有效措施，确保在联邦和州级司法机构执行《最高法院用性别观点进行评判议定书》；确保对歧视妇女的法官进行问责，并审查《透明度和信息获得一般法》(2015 年)，以确保公布所有法院裁决； | (b) Adopt effective measures to ensure the implementation of the Supreme Court protocol for judging with a gender perspective throughout the judiciary at the federal and state levels, ensure accountability for judges who discriminate against women and review the General Act on Transparency and Access to Public Information of 2015 to ensure publication of all court decisions; |
(c) 确保遭受性别暴力和一切形式歧视的女性受害者可获得包括以土著语言和残疾妇女易使用格式提供的法律补救信息，并推出流动法院和免费法律援助制度，旨在便利生活在农村和偏远地区的妇女获得司法救助； | (c) Ensure that information on legal remedies is available to women who are victims of gender-based violence and all forms of discrimination, including in indigenous languages and in formats accessible to women with disabilities, and introduce a system of mobile courts and free legal aid aimed at facilitating access to justice for women living in rural and remote areas; |
(d) 鼓励妇女举报包括家庭暴力在内的性别暴力事件，确保遭受歧视和性别暴力的女性受害者及时获得有效补救，并保证对所有基于性别的暴力侵害妇女案件进行有效调查，犯罪者受到起诉和应有的惩罚。 | (d) Encourage women to report incidents of gender-based violence, including domestic violence, ensure that women who are victims of discrimination and gender-based violence have access to timely and effective remedies and guarantee that all cases of gender-based violence against women are effectively investigated and that perpetrators are prosecuted and adequately punished. |
提高妇女地位的国家机构和性别平等主流化 | National machinery for the advancement of women and gender mainstreaming |
15. 委员会欢迎制定国家性别平等政策以及创建各种旨在促进性别平等的机制，包括性别平等股。但是，委员会对以下方面感到关切： | 15. The Committee welcomes the development of a national gender equality policy and the creation of various mechanisms to promote gender equality, including gender equality units. Nevertheless, it is concerned about the following: |
(a) 分配给全国妇女协会用于促进性别平等以及支助该协会担任男女平等国家体系主要协调机构的人力、技术和财政资源有限； | (a) The limited human, technical and financial resources allocated to the National Women’s Institute to promote gender equality and to support the Institute ’s role as the principal coordinating body for the national system for equality between women and men; |
(b) 尽管《联邦预算》附件 13 所述旨在确保男女平等的预算分配款增加，但事实上，分配数额仍然不足； | (b) The fact that, despite the increase in allocations aimed at ensuring equality between women and men, outlined in annex 13 of the federal budget, the amount allocated remains insufficient; |
(c) 构成男女平等国家体系的三个主要组成机构的任务在联邦、州和市政三级缺乏系统性和制度化协调； | (c) The lack of systematic and institutionalized coordination, at the federal, state and municipal levels, among the mandates of the three main bodies that constitute the national system for equality between women and men; |
(d) 性别平等主流化缺少全面监测和影响评价机制，包括对按性别分类的数据和有明确针对性指标传播和使用有限； | (d) The absence of comprehensive monitoring and impact evaluation mechanisms for gender mainstreaming, including the limited dissemination and use of data disaggregated by sex and clearly targeted indicators; |
(e) 妇女组织在制定和监测性别平等公共政策方面参与不足。 | (e) The insufficient participation of women’s organizations in the design and monitoring of public policies on gender equality. |
16. 委员会建议缔约国： | 16. The Committee recommends that the State party: |
(a) 增加全国妇女协会的人力、技术和财政资源，并通过加强其在治理性别平等主流化监管框架中的作用，在联邦和州两级加强和监测性别平等政策的执行； | (a) Increase the human, technical and financial resources of the National Women’s Institute and enhance its capacity to promote and monitor the implementation of gender equality policies, by strengthening its role within the regulatory framework that governs gender mainstreaming, at the federal and state levels; |
(b) 采用促进性别平等的预算编制综合流程，划拨充足的预算资源落实妇女权利，确保在各个部门和各级政府实施有效监测和问责机制，并完善分配给妇女的资源的追踪制度； | (b) Adopt an integrated gender-responsive budgeting process and allocate adequate budgetary resources for the implementation of women’s rights, ensure the application of effective monitoring and accountability mechanisms across all sectors and levels of government and improve the system for tracking the allocation of resources for women; |
(c) 加紧努力，确保全国妇女协会与州和市政两级妇女办公室之间进行系统性和制度化协调； | (c) Strengthen efforts aimed at ensuring systematic and institutionalized coordination between the National Women’s Institute and state and municipal women’s offices; |
(d) 推出有效监测、评估和问责机制，解决造成持续不平等的结构性因素，并在符合相关目标和指标以及有效收集数据的基础上，采用性别主流化综合办法； | (d) Introduce effective monitoring, evaluation and accountability mechanisms to address the structural factors causing persistent inequalities and enforce the integrated approach to gender mainstreaming on the basis of compliance with relevant targets and indicators and effective data collection; |
(e) 加强妇女组织和其他非政府组织参与性别平等政策的制定和执行情况 | (e) Strengthen the participation of women’s organizations and other non-governmental organizations in the design and monitoring of the implementation of gender equality policies; |
(f) 确保《2013-2024 年期间机会均等和不歧视妇女国家方案》纳入通过之前方案(涉及 2013-2018 年期间)已取得的进展。 | (f) Ensure that the national programme for equal opportunities and non-discrimination against women for the period 2013–2024 incorporates the advancements already made through the previous programme, which covered the period 2013–2018. |
暂行特别措施 | Temporary special measures |
17. 委员会欢迎缔约国通过机会均等和不歧视妇女国家方案(涉及 2013-2018 年期间)在促进妇女参与政治和公共生活方面取得的进展。但是，委员会感到关切的是，在《公约》所涉及的各个领域加速实现男女实质性平等的暂行特别措施适用有限。 | 17. The Committee welcomes the progress achieved by the State party in facilitating the participation of women in political and public life through the national programme for equal opportunities and non-discrimination against women covering the period 2013–2018). It is concerned, however, about the limited application of temporary special measures to accelerate the achievement of substantive equality between women and men in all areas covered by the Convention. |
18. 委员会建议缔约国根据《公约》第四条第 1 款和委员会关于暂行特别措施第25(2004)号一般性建议，加强运用《公约》暂行特别措施，将其作为必要战略，以在妇女代表性不足或处境不利的《公约》所有领域加速实现实质性平等。 | 18. The Committee recommends that the State party strengthen the use of temporary special measures, in line with article 4 (1) of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25 (2004) on temporary special measures, as a strategy necessary to accelerating the achievement of substantive equality in all areas of the Convention where women are underrepresented or disadvantaged. |
陈规定型观念 | Stereotypes |
19. 委员会欢迎缔约国采取立法和其他措施应对歧视性陈规定型观念，包括于2016 年签署《媒体中的性别平等和打击暴力侵害妇女协定》。但是，委员会仍然关切：(a) 缔约国持续存在的男女家庭和社会角色与责任歧视性陈规定型观念以及交叉形式歧视和根深蒂固的大男子主义文化，继续阻碍推动性别平等方面取得进展；(b) 主流媒体把暴力侵害妇女行为和陈规定型和色情化妇女形象正常化；(c) 媒体将土著妇女、非洲裔墨西哥妇女和移民妇女以及难民和寻求庇护妇女塑造为陈规定型的负面形象。 | 19. The Committee welcomes the legislative and othermeasures taken to address discriminatory stereotypes, including the signing, in 2016, of an agreement for gender equality and tackling violence against women in the media. Nevertheless, it remains concerned that: (a) Persistent discriminatory stereotypes about the roles and responsibilities of women and men in the family and in society, as well as intersecting forms of discrimination and the deep-rooted machismo culture in the State party, continue to impede progress in advancing gender equality; (b) The normalization of violence against women and stereotyped and sexualized images of women in mainstream media; (c) Stereotyped media portrayals and negative images of indigenous women, Mexican women of African descent, migrant women and refugee and asylum-seeking women. |
20. 委员会建议缔约国：(a) 针对妇女、男子、女童和男童采取综合战略，消除大男子主义文化和男女家庭和社会角色与责任歧视性陈规定型观念，并消除针对妇女的交叉形式歧视；(b) 制定媒体专业人员教育战略，其中包括准则和监测机制，以消除针对妇女的歧视性陈规定型观念，并鼓励媒体进行对性别有敏感认识的报道，特别是在对竞选活动进行报道时；采取措施促进男女在媒体中的平等代表权，并充分执行媒体性别平等和打击暴力侵害妇女协定，以确保在应对歧视性性别陈规定型观念方面有适当的惩罚权和执行权；(c) 采取措施鼓励媒体宣传土著妇女、非洲裔墨西哥妇女、移民妇女和难民妇女及寻求庇护妇女的正面形象。 | 20. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Adopt a comprehensive strategy targeting women, men, girls and boys to overcome the machismo culture and discriminatory stereotypes about the roles and responsibilities of women and men in the family and in society and to eliminate intersecting forms of discrimination against women; (b) Develop an education strategy for media professionals comprising guidelines and monitoring mechanisms to eliminate discriminatory stereotypes against women and encourage gender-sensitive media coverage, in particular in electoral campaigns, introduce measures to promote equal representation of women and men in the media and fully implement the agreement for gender equality and tackling violence against women in the media, to ensure adequate sanctions and enforcement powers in addressing discriminatory gender stereotypes; (c) Introduce measures to encourage the media to promote positive images of indigenous women, Mexican women of African descent, migrant women and refugee and asylum-seeking women. |
有害做法 | Harmful practices |
21. 委员会感到关切的是，禁止对双性儿童实施不必要的医学治疗的规定有限，对接受过无医学必要性的外科治疗的双性人的支助不足且缺乏有效补救。 | 21. The Committee is concerned about the limited provisions prohibiting unnecessary medical procedures on intersex children and the inadequate support and lack of effective remedies for intersex persons who have undergone medically unnecessary surgical procedures. |
22. 按照消除对妇女歧视委员会关于有害做法的第 31 号/儿童权利委员会第 18号联合一般性建议/意见(2014 年)，委员会建议缔约国通过相关规定，明确禁止在双性儿童达到能够作出自由、事先和知情同意的年龄之前进行不必要的外科手术或其他医学治疗；并为双性儿童的家庭提供充分咨询和支助。 | 22. In the light of joint general recommendation No. 31 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women/general comment No. 18 of the Committee of the Rights of the Child (2014) on harmful practices, the Committee recommends that the State party adopt provisions explicitly prohibiting the performance of unnecessary surgical or other medical procedures on intersex children until they reach an age when they can give their free, prior and informed consent and provide families of intersex children with adequate counselling and support. |
基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为 | Gender-based violence against women |
23. 委员会欢迎缔约国采取重大立法和体制措施，打击缔约国境内频繁发生的性别暴力行为。但是，它对以下方面仍深感关切： | 23. The Committee welcomes the significant legislative and institutional measures taken by the State party to combat the high levels of gender-based violence in the State party. It remains deeply concerned, however, about the following: |
(a) 长期以来，缔约国境内普遍存在针对妇女和女童的性别暴力形式，包括身体、心理、性和经济暴力，以及家庭暴力、强迫失踪、性虐待和谋杀事件增多，特别是杀害女性事件； | (a) The persistent patterns of widespread gender-based violence against women and girls across the State party, including physical, psychological, sexual and economic violence, as well as the increase in domestic violence, enforced disappearances, sexual torture and murder, especially feminicide; |
(b) 上述罪行往往是由包括有组织犯罪集团在内的国家和非国家行为体实 | (b) The fact that the aforementioned crimes are often perpetrated by State and non-State actors, including organized crime groups; |
(c) 州级立法与《妇女享有无暴力生活一般法》在将杀害女性行为定为刑事罪方面不完全统一； | (c) The incomplete harmonization of state-level legislation with the General Act on Women’s Access to a Life Free from Violence to criminalize feminicide; |
(d) 针对妇女的强迫失踪发生率高，妇女或作为失踪者受到直接影响，或由于家庭成员失踪受到间接影响。在这种情况下，负担往往落在妇女身上，不仅要寻找失踪者和启动调查，还要成为主要的养家者； | (d) The high incidence of enforced disappearances targeting women, who are either directly affected as the disappeared person or indirectly affected as a consequence of the disappearance of a family member, in which case the burden often falls on women to not only search for the disappeared person and initiate an investigation, but also be the main provider for the family; |
(e) 继续阻止联邦、州和市政各级有效执行性别暴力警报机制的障碍持 | (e) The persistent obstacles that continue to prevent the effective implementation of the gender violence alert mechanism at the federal, state and municipal levels; |
(f) 据报告国家和非国家行为体利用暴力侵害女同性恋、女双性恋和女变性者； | (f) The reported use of violence by State and non-State actors against lesbian, bisexual and transgender women; |
(g) 对按暴力类型和施害者与受害者关系分类的暴力侵害妇女行为统计数据使用有限； | (g) The limited use of statistical data on violence against women, disaggregated by type of violence and relationship between perpetrator and victim; |
(h) 尽管缔约国在审查 Trujillo Reyes 和 Arguello Morales 诉墨西哥案时作出保证，但在根据委员会建议(CEDAW/C/67/D/75/2014)解决该案方面取得的进展有限。 | (h) The limited progress made in resolving the case concerning Pilar Arguello Trujillo, further to the recommendation of the Committee in Trujillo Reyes and Arguello Morales v. Mexico (CEDAW/C/67/D/75/2014), despite the assurances provided by the State party that it is reviewing the case. |
24. 委员会回顾其更新第 19 号一般性建议的关于基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的第 35(2017)号一般性建议，并重申其建议缔约国： | 24. The Committee recalls its general recommendation No. 35 (2017) on gender-based violence against women, updating general recommendation No. 19, and reiterates its recommendation that the State party: |
(a) 采取紧急措施，预防妇女因暴力死亡、被杀和强迫失踪，包括通过解决此类暴力行为的根源，如武装暴力、有组织犯罪、贩毒、歧视性陈规定型观念、贫穷和妇女边缘化； | (a) Adopt urgent measures to prevent the violent deaths, killings and enforced disappearances of women, including by addressing the root causes of such violence, such as armed violence, organized crime, drug trafficking, discriminatory stereotypes, poverty and the marginalization of women; |
(b) 将调查、起诉和适当惩罚包括国家和非国家行为体在内的施害者作为优 | (b) Investigate, prosecute and adequately punish perpetrators, including State and non-State actors, as a matter of priority; |
(c) 按照《妇女享受无暴力生活一般法》，确保各州的刑法典都将杀害女性行为定为刑事犯罪，在缔约国各地规范警方对杀害女性行为的调查程序，并确保有效执行关于杀害女性行为的刑法条款； | (c) Ensure that feminicide is criminalized in all state penal codes in accordance with the General Act on Women’s Access to a Life Free from Violence, standardize police investigation protocols for feminicide across the State party and ensure the effective enforcement of criminal law provisions on feminicide; |
(d) 简化并统一启动黄色警报方案与《阿尔巴议定书》和加速搜寻失踪妇女和女童的州级程序，采取有针对性的政策和程序，减缓与妇女和女童失踪有关的风险，如杀害女性行为和贩运妇女和女童意图进行性剥削和强迫劳动；确保受害者支助执行委员会强化其性别敏感办法； | (d) Simplify and harmonize procedures at the state level to activate the Amber Alert programme and the Alba Protocol and to accelerate the search for disappeared women and girls, adopt targeted policies and protocols to mitigate the risks associated with the disappearance of women and girls, such as feminicide and human trafficking in women and girls for sexual exploitation and forced labour, and ensure that the Executive Commission for Victim Support strengthens its gender sensitive approach; |
(e) 评价性别暴力警报机制的影响，确保在联邦、州和市政各级以统一和扩展方式执行和协调，并确保非政府组织、学术专家、性别和人权倡导者以及受暴力侵害的妇女参与； | (e) Evaluate the impact of the gender violence alert mechanism, to ensure harmonized and extended implementation and coordination at the federal, state and municipal levels, and ensure the participation of non-governmental organizations, academic experts, gender and human rights advocatesand women who were victims of violence; |
(f) 与民间社会合作，解决缺乏保护措施问题，以确保女同性恋、女双性恋和女变性者的尊严和身体健全，包括通过提高对此类妇女权利的公众认识； | (f) Address the lack of protection measures to ensure the dignity and physical integrity of lesbian, bisexual and transgender women, including by raising public awareness of their rights, in cooperation with civil society; |
(g) 强化各项机制，系统收集按暴力类型和与施害者关系分类的暴力侵害妇女和女童行为数据，包括杀害女性行为和强迫失踪； | (g) Strengthen mechanisms to systematically collect data on violence against women and girls, including feminicide and enforced disappearances, disaggregated by type of violence and relationship to perpetrator; |
(h) 按照委员会就 Trujillo Reyes 和 Arguello Morales 诉墨西哥案所提意见中的建议，加速解决涉及 Pilar Arguello Trujillo 的案件，以期鼓励将来解决其他同类案件。 | (h) Accelerate the resolution of the case concerning Pilar Arguello Trujillo, as recommended by the Committee in its views concerning Trujillo Reyes and Arguello Morales v. Mexico, as a matter of priority, with a view to encouraging the resolution of other such cases in the future. |
妇女与和平与安全 | Women and peace and security |
25. 委员会欢迎缔约国努力鼓励妇女加入武装部队，特别是担任高级别职务。然而，委员会感到关切的是，旨在解决国内普遍存在的包括有组织犯罪在内的暴力和不安全局势的进程和战略中妇女参与和融入有限。 | 25. The Committee welcomes the State party’s efforts to encourage women to join the armed forces, especially in high-ranking positions. Nevertheless, it is concerned about the limited participation and inclusion of women in processes and strategies aimed at addressing the situation of widespread violence and insecurity in the country, including organized crime. |
26. 委员会回顾《公约》及委员会关于妇女在预防冲突、冲突中及冲突后局势中的作用的第 30(2013)号一般性建议，建议缔约国： | 26. Recalling the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 30 (2013) on women in conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict situations, the Committee recommends that the State party: |
(a) 与妇女民间社会组织合作制定国家行动计划，以确保妇女参与解决国内不安全、暴力和有组织犯罪局势； | (a) Develop a national action plan, in cooperation with women’s civil society organizations, to ensure the participation of women in addressing the situation of insecurity, violence and organized crime in the country; |
(b) 推出暂行特别措施，进一步鼓励妇女加入武装部队，特别是担任高级别职务； | (b) Introduce temporary special measures to further encourage women to join the armed forces, especially in high-ranking positions; |
(c) 采取措施建设妇女和女童的能力，包括通过妇女民间社会团体，以参与打击侵害妇女的不安全和暴力行为的努力。 | (c) Adopt measures to build the capacity of women and girls, including through women’s civil society groups, to engage in efforts to counter insecurity and violence against women. |
妇女人权维护者 | Women human rights defenders |
27. 委员会关切地注意到，在某些情况下，妇女人权维护者和记者似乎遭受由国家人员实施的各种形式暴力侵害。委员会还感到关切的是，有报告称社交媒体和数字平台遭受攻击被匿名团体用作煽动暴力侵害妇女人权维护者和记者的工具。 | 27. The Committee notes with concern that women human rights defenders and journalists are subjected to various and increasing manifestations of violence, seemingly committed by State agents in some cases. The Committee is further concerned about reports indicating that attacks on social media and digital platforms are being used as tools by anonymous groups to incite violence against women human rights defenders and journalists. |
28. 委员会建议缔约国采取具体而有效的措施，以对性别问题有敏感认识的方式在各州充分落实人权维护者和记者联邦保护机制，以预防、调查和起诉对妇女人权维护者和记者的袭击和其他形式虐待，并对施害者进行惩罚，同时采取有效措施打击有罪不罚现象。 | 28. The Committee recommends that the State party take concrete and effective measures to fully implement the federal mechanism to protect human rights defenders and journalists, in a gender-sensitive manner and across all states, to prevent, investigate and prosecute attacks and other forms of abuse against women human rights defenders and journalists, and punish the perpetrators thereof, and that it take effective measures to combat impunity. |
贩运妇女和利用妇女卖淫意图营利 | Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution |
29. 委员会欢迎缔约国努力打击贩运妇女行为，包括于 2012 年通过《关于预防、惩治和根除贩运人口罪行及保护和援助受害者一般法》。但是，委员会对以下方 | 29. The Committee welcomes the efforts to combat trafficking in the State party, including through the adoption, in 2012, of the General Act for the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Crimes of Trafficking in Persons and for the Protection and Assistance of Victims. It is concerned, however, about the following: |
(a) 国家和市政两级缺乏确保有效执行该法的协调一致的机制； | (a) The lack of harmonized and coordinated mechanisms at the state and municipal levels to ensure the effective implementation of the Act; |
(b) 缺少打击贩运综合战略，并且对缔约国贩运受害者数据或贩运程度信息使用有限，特别是在性剥削以外其他目的的贩运方面； | (b) The lack of a comprehensive anti-trafficking strategy and the limited use of data on victims of trafficking or information on the extent of trafficking in the State party, disaggregated by sex and age, in particular with regard to trafficking for purposes other than sexual exploitation; |
(c) 贩运案件起诉率和定罪率低，并且妇女和女童再次被害，据报告其中一些受害者受到起诉而不是受到受害者支助； | (c) The low prosecution and conviction rates in cases of trafficking and the revictimization of women and girls, some of whom are reportedly subjected to prosecution rather than receiving victim support; |
(d) 受害者援助、康复和重返社会措施不足，包括收容所数量不足，获得咨询、医疗、心理支助和补救的机会有限，例如对贩运受害者，特别是移民妇女的赔偿； | (d) The insufficient assistance, rehabilitation and reintegration measures for victims, including the inadequate number of shelters and the limited access to counselling, medical treatment, psychological support and redress, such as compensation for victims of trafficking, in particular migrant women; |
(e) 据报告国家人员与国际有组织犯罪团伙之间存在共谋，从而导致腐败和有罪不罚，与邻国在预防贩运、支助受害者和起诉犯罪者方面协调不足。 | (e) The reported complicity between State agents and international organized crime gangs and the resulting corruption and impunity, as well as insufficient coordination with neighbouring countries in relation to the prevention of trafficking, support for victims and the prosecution of perpetrators. |
30. 委员会建议缔约国： | 30. The Committee recommends that the State party: |
(a) 为各州有效和统一执行《关于预防、惩治和根除贩运人口犯罪及保护和援助受害者一般法》划拨充足的人力、技术和财政资源； | (a) Allocate adequate human, technical and financial resources to the effective and harmonized implementation of the General Act for the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Crimes of Trafficking in Persons and for the Protection and Assistance of Victims across all states; |
(b) 强化现有机制和现行政策以打击贩运，并确保它们拥有充足的技术、财政和人力资源，包括用于培训劳动监察员、警察和边境官员，以便他们能够更好地识别强迫劳动、贩运和对妇女和女童实施的相关犯罪，并系统收集和分析按性别和年龄分类的人口贩运数据； | (b) Strengthen the mechanisms and policies in place to combat trafficking and ensure that they have adequate technical, financial and human resources, including for the training of labour inspectors, police and border officials so that they are better able to identify forced labour, trafficking and related offences committed against women and girls, and systematically collect and analyse data, disaggregated by sex and age, on trafficking in persons; |
(c) 调查、起诉和适当惩罚贩运人口特别是妇女和女童的施害者；制定国家准则，尽早确认贩运受害者并将其移交给适当的社会服务部门以免再次受害； | (c) Investigate, prosecute and adequately punish perpetrators of trafficking in persons, especially women and girls, and develop national guidelines for the early identification and referral of victims of trafficking to appropriate social services so as to avoid revictimization; |
(d) 通过确保贩运受害妇女获得充足的医疗保健、咨询服务和补救，包括补偿和赔偿以及提供充足的收容所，加强对受害妇女特别是移民妇女和土著妇女的支助； | (d) Strengthen support to women who are victims of trafficking, in particular migrant women and indigenous women, by ensuring adequate access to health care, counselling services and redress, including reparations and compensation, and the provision of adequate shelters; |
(e) 加强与原籍国和目的地国的区域合作，以便通过信息交流和统一程序预防贩运；强化体制机制，特别是在地方一级，以期打击腐败；系统而适当地调查国家人员与有组织犯罪团伙之间的共谋案件，确保对犯罪者进行有效起诉和惩罚，判处适当徒刑和给予处罚，并向受害者提供补偿或赔偿。 | (e) Enhance regional cooperation with countries of origin and destination in order to prevent trafficking, through the exchange of information and the harmonization of procedures; strengthen institutional mechanisms, especially at the local level, with a view to combating corruption; and systematically and duly investigate incidents of complicity between State agents and organized crime gangs and ensure that the perpetrators are effectively prosecuted and punished with adequate sentences and disciplinary measures and that victims are provided with reparations or compensation. |
31. 委员会感到关切的是，有报告称警察对卖淫妇女实施暴力侵害、进行勒索、任意逮捕和无证拘留。委员会还感到关切的是，卖淫妇女对自身的处境了解有限，并且缺少面向卖淫妇女的具体服务和方案，包括希望脱离卖淫业的妇女的退出方案。 | 31. The Committee is concerned about the reports of police violence and extortion committed against women in prostitution, as well as their arbitrary arrest and detention without warrants. It is further concerned about the limited information on their situation and the absence of specific services and programmes for women in prostitution, including exit programmes for women wishing to leave prostitution. |
32. 委员会建议缔约国采取有效措施，保护卖淫妇女免遭剥削和虐待，并对卖淫的根本原因和程度开展研究，利用研究成果为卖淫妇女制定服务和支助方案，包括为希望脱离卖淫业的妇女制定退出方案。 | 32. The Committee recommends that the State party take effective measures to protect women in prostitution from exploitation and abuse, carry out a study on the root causes and extent of prostitution and use the outcomes of the study to develop services and support programmes for women in prostitution, including exit programmes for women wishing to leave prostitution. |
参与政治和公众生活 | Participation in political and public life |
33. 委员会欢迎缔约国在提高妇女参与政治和公共生活方面取得的进展，特别是建立了妇女政治参与观察站，以及在最近选举中获选公职的女性候选人数量增加。 | 33. The Committee welcomes the progress achieved by the State party in increasing the participation of women in political and public life, in particular the establishment of the Observatory on the Political Participation of Women, and the increased number of women candidates voted into office during recent elections. Nevertheless, the Committee is concerned about the following: |
(a) 妇女参与政治和公共生活存在着结构性障碍，特别是在被任命职位上和在政党中做决策； | (a) Structural barriers to access for women to political and public life, in particular with regard to decision-making in appointed positions and in political parties; |
(b) 政党内部存在的性别歧视和种族歧视继续阻碍妇女参加州级或市政竞选； | (b) Discrimination on the basis of gender and race within political parties, which continues to hinder women from standing for election at the state and municipal levels; |
(c) 针对妇女的政治暴力行为增加、缺少将政治暴力列为主要犯罪类型的统一的规范框架以及对犯罪人起诉率低，可能阻碍妇女参加各级特别是市政一级竞选。 | (c) Increased political violence against women, the lack of a harmonized normative framework categorizing political violence as a crime and the low levels of prosecution of perpetrators, which may deter women from standing for election at all levels, but especially at the municipal level. |
34. 委员会重申，它建议缔约国充分利用关于妇女参与政治和公共生活的第23(1997)号一般性建议，以促进妇女充分和平等参与行政和司法机构，特别是在地方一级。委员会吁请缔约国： | 34. The Committee reiterates its recommendation to the State party that it make full use of general recommendation No. 23 (1997) on women in political and public life so as to accelerate the full and equal participation of women in the executive branch and the judiciary, especially at the local level. It calls upon the State party to: |
(a) 为加强妇女平等参与各级公共和政治生活制定具体目标和时间表，并为实现这些目标创造必要条件； | (a) Establish concrete goals and timetables to strengthen the equal participation of women in public and political life at all levels and create the necessary conditions for the achievement of such goals; |
(b) 采取措施解决政党内部法律上和事实上阻止妇女，包括土著妇女和非洲裔墨西哥妇女参加联邦、州或市政竞选的歧视性做法； | (b) Adopt measures to address de jure and de facto discriminatory practices within political parties that discourage women, including indigenous and Mexican women of African descent, from standing for election at the federal, state or municipal levels; |
(c) 按照第 35 号一般性建议，采取步骤统一州级立法，以承认针对妇女的政治暴力为犯罪行为，并在预防、支助、起诉和惩罚方面明确联邦、州和市政当局的责任。 | (c) In line with general recommendation No. 35, take steps to harmonize state legislation to recognize political violence against women as a crime, establishing clear responsibilities for the federal, state and municipal authorities in terms of prevention, support, prosecution and sanction. |
35. 委员会欢迎缔约国 2014 年宪法改革承认出生登记权和最近简化了要求在美利坚合众国出生的儿童在墨西哥领事馆登记的程序，但是，委员会感到关切的是，生活在偏远地区的土著儿童、非洲裔墨西哥儿童和移民儿童出生登记人数仍然很少。 | 35. While welcoming the constitutional reform of 2014 by which the right to birth registration was recognized and the recent simplification of the process for the required registration at the consulate of Mexico of children born in the United States of America to Mexican parents, the Committee is concerned that the number of indigenous children, Mexican children of African descent and migrant children living in remote areas who are registered at birth remains low. |
36. 委员会建议缔约国确保普遍出生登记，包括确保所有产科单位、主要移民过境点或目的地和儿童出生的社区都有登记处或流动登记单位，并强化加快美利坚合众国境内墨西哥裔父母所生但已返回缔约国的子女的登记过程。 | 36. The Committee recommends that the State party ensure universal birth registration, including by ensuring that registry offices or mobile units are available in all maternity units, at the main points of transit or destination of migrants and in communities where children are born and by strengthening the process to accelerate the registration of children born in the United States of America to Mexican parents who have returned to the State party. |
教育 | Education |
37. 委员会欢迎缔约国努力提高妇女和女童在非传统学科领域的入学率，如科学、技术、工程和数学及职业培训。但是，委员会关切地注意到： | 37. The Committee welcomes the efforts of the State party to increase enrolment by women and girls in non-traditional areas of studies such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics and vocational training. It is concerned, however, about the following: |
(a) 由于一些州的预算拨款有限，这些州的妇女和女童接受优质教育特别是中等和高等教育持续存在着结构性障碍，以及学校基础设施差、教材短缺、缺乏合格教师，特别是土著社区和农村地区； | (a) The persistence of structural barriers to access for women and girls to high-quality education, in particular at the secondary and tertiary levels, due to limited budgetary allocations in some states, poor school infrastructure, a shortage of teaching materials and a lack of qualified teachers, especially in indigenous communities and in rural areas; |
(b) 各州全面落实全国预防少女怀孕战略的财政和人力资源划拨不足，可能妨碍怀孕少女和年轻母亲重新踏入校门； | (b) The inadequate financial and human resources allocated for the full implementation of the national strategy for the prevention of adolescent pregnancy in all states may prevent pregnant girls and young mothers from reintegrating into education; |
(c) 妇女和女童在传统上以男性为主的学科领域，例如在科学、技术、工程和数学等领域长期代表性不足的现象持续存在； | (c) The persistent underrepresentation of women and girls in traditionally male-dominated fields of study, such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics; |
(d) 各州性健康和生殖健康以及性权利和生殖权利课程开设得不充分且不一致； | (d) The inadequate and inconsistent application of curricula on sexual and reproductive health and rights across all states; |
(e) 校园里缺少预防、惩罚或根除性虐待、骚扰和其他形式暴力的有效机制。 | (e) The lack of effective mechanisms for preventing, punishing or eradicating sexual abuse and harassment and other forms of violence in schools. |
38. 委员会回顾《公约》第十条和委员会关于妇女和女童受教育权的第 36(2017)号一般性建议，建议缔约国： | 38. Recalling article 10 of the Convention and its general recommendation No. 36 (2017) on the right of women and girls to education, the Committee recommends that the State party: |
(a) 增加预算拨款，确保各州全面实施 2017 年新的教育模式，使学校基础设施升级，特别是在土著社区和农村地区，并加强基本和方便使用的教学材料的供应； | (a) Increase budgetary allocations to ensure full implementation of the new education model of 2017 across all states and to allow for the upgrading of school infrastructure, especially in indigenous communities and in rural areas, and to enhance the supply of essential and accessible teaching and learning materials; |
(b) 确保为充分执行《预防少女怀孕国家战略》提供充足的人力和财政支持，并加强支助机制以鼓励怀孕女童和年轻母亲孕期和产后继续接受教育，包括提供负担得起的托儿设施、告知怀孕女童其权利、对驱逐怀孕女童和/或拒绝年轻母亲重新踏入校门的教育机构处以罚款； | (b) Ensure that sufficient human and financial support is available for the full implementation of the national strategy for the prevention of adolescent pregnancy and strengthen support mechanisms to encourage pregnant girls and young mothers to continue their education during and after pregnancy, including by providing affordable childcare facilities, informing pregnant girls of their rights and imposing fines on educational institutions that expel pregnant girls and/or deny young mothers the opportunity to reintegrate into education; |
(c) 解决可能阻碍女童在中等教育之后继续深造的歧视性陈规定型和结构性障碍，并强化鼓励在传统上以男性为主的学科领域招收女童的举措，例如科学、技术、工程和数学； | (c) Address discriminatory stereotypes and structural barriers that may deter girls from progressing beyond secondary education and enhance initiatives that encourage the enrolment of girls in traditionally male-dominated fields of study, such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics; |
(d) 确保女童和男童接受适龄、循证和科学上准确的全面性教育； | (d) Ensure age-appropriate, evidence-based and scientifically accurate comprehensive sexuality education for girls and boys; |
(e) 采取措施预防、惩罚和根除公共教育机构中侵害妇女和女童的一切形式暴力。 | (e) Implement measures to prevent, punish and eradicate all formsof violence against women and girls in public educational institutions. |
39. 委员会欢迎缔约国持续努力促进妇女融入劳动力市场，包括通过修正《联邦劳动法》。但是，委员会对以下方面感到关切： | 39. The Committee welcomes the ongoing efforts to promote the integration of women into the labour market, including through amendments to the Federal Labour Act. It is concerned, however, about the following: |
(a) 缔约国的妇女经济参与率低(44%，而男子为 78%)； | (a) The low economic participation among women in the State party (44 per cent compared with 78 per cent of men); |
(b) 公共部门和私营部门性别工资差异持续存在(2017 年为 5.8%)； | (b) The persistent gender pay gap (5.8 per cent in 2017) in both the public and private sectors; |
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