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5380806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Apollonia | Santa Apollonia | Santa Apollonia may refer to:
Saint Apollonia
Santa Apollonia (Pisa), a church in Pisa, Italy
Réunion island, known as Santa Apollonia when it was ruled by the Portuguese |
5380808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20reliability | Data reliability | The term data reliability may refer to:
Reliability (statistics), the overall consistency of a measure
Data integrity, the maintenance of, and the assurance of the accuracy and consistency of, data over its entire life-cycle |
4043742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20beyond%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physics beyond the Standard Model | Physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) refers to the theoretical developments needed to explain the deficiencies of the Standard Model, such as the inability to explain the fundamental parameters of the standard model, the strong CP problem, neutrino oscillations, matter–antimatter asymmetry, and the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Another problem lies within the mathematical framework of the Standard Model itself: the Standard Model is inconsistent with that of general relativity, and one or both theories break down under certain conditions, such as spacetime singularities like the Big Bang and black hole event horizons.
Theories that lie beyond the Standard Model include various extensions of the standard model through supersymmetry, such as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) and Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM), and entirely novel explanations, such as string theory, M-theory, and extra dimensions. As these theories tend to reproduce the entirety of current phenomena, the question of which theory is the right one, or at least the "best step" towards a Theory of Everything, can only be settled via experiments, and is one of the most active areas of research in both theoretical and experimental physics.
Problems with the Standard Model
Despite being the most successful theory of particle physics to date, the Standard Model is not perfect. A large share of the published output of theoretical physicists consists of proposals for various forms of "Beyond the Standard Model" new physics proposals that would modify the Standard Model in ways subtle enough to be consistent with existing data, yet address its imperfections materially enough to predict non-Standard Model outcomes of new experiments that can be proposed.
Phenomena not explained
The Standard Model is inherently an incomplete theory. There are fundamental physical phenomena in nature that the Standard Model does not adequately explain:
Gravity. The standard model does not explain gravity. The approach of simply adding a graviton to the Standard Model does not recreate what is observed experimentally without other modifications, as yet undiscovered, to the Standard Model. Moreover, the Standard Model is widely considered to be incompatible with the most successful theory of gravity to date, general relativity.
Dark matter. Cosmological observations tell us the standard model explains about 5% of the mass-energy present in the universe. About 26% should be dark matter (the remaining 69% being dark energy) which would behave just like other matter, but which only interacts weakly (if at all) with the Standard Model fields. Yet, the Standard Model does not supply any fundamental particles that are good dark matter candidates.
Dark energy. As mentioned, the remaining 69% of the universe's energy should consist of the so-called dark energy, a constant energy density for the vacuum. Attempts to explain dark energy in terms of vacuum energy of the standard model lead to a mismatch of 120 orders of magnitude.
Neutrino masses. According to the standard model, neutrinos are massless particles. However, neutrino oscillation experiments have shown that neutrinos do have mass. Mass terms for the neutrinos can be added to the standard model by hand, but these lead to new theoretical problems. For example, the mass terms need to be extraordinarily small and it is not clear if the neutrino masses would arise in the same way that the masses of other fundamental particles do in the Standard Model.
Matter–antimatter asymmetry. The universe is made out of mostly matter. However, the standard model predicts that matter and antimatter should have been created in (almost) equal amounts if the initial conditions of the universe did not involve disproportionate matter relative to antimatter. Yet, there is no mechanism in the Standard Model to sufficiently explain this asymmetry.
Experimental results not explained
No experimental result is accepted as definitively contradicting the Standard Model at the 5 level, widely considered to be the threshold of a discovery in particle physics. Because every experiment contains some degree of statistical and systemic uncertainty, and the theoretical predictions themselves are also almost never calculated exactly and are subject to uncertainties in measurements of the fundamental constants of the Standard Model (some of which are tiny and others of which are substantial), it is to be expected that some of the hundreds of experimental tests of the Standard Model will deviate from it to some extent, even if there were no new physics to be discovered.
At any given moment there are several experimental results standing that significantly differ from a Standard Model-based prediction. In the past, many of these discrepancies have been found to be statistical flukes or experimental errors that vanish as more data has been collected, or when the same experiments were conducted more carefully. On the other hand, any physics beyond the Standard Model would necessarily first appear in experiments as a statistically significant difference between an experiment and the theoretical prediction. The task is to determine which is the case.
In each case, physicists seek to determine if a result is merely a statistical fluke or experimental error on the one hand, or a sign of new physics on the other. More statistically significant results cannot be mere statistical flukes but can still result from experimental error or inaccurate estimates of experimental precision. Frequently, experiments are tailored to be more sensitive to experimental results that would distinguish the Standard Model from theoretical alternatives.
Some of the most notable examples include the following:
Anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the muon – the experimentally measured value of the muon's anomalous magnetic dipole moment (muon ) is significantly different from the Standard Model prediction. Initial results from Fermilab's Muon g-2 experiment with a standard deviation σ of 4.2 "strengthen evidence of new physics".
B meson decay etc. – results from a BaBar experiment may suggest a surplus over Standard Model predictions of a type of particle decay . In this, an electron and positron collide, resulting in a B meson and an antimatter meson, which then decays into a D meson and a tau lepton as well as a tau antineutrino. While the level of certainty of the excess (3.4 in statistical jargon) is not enough to declare a break from the Standard Model, the results are a potential sign of something amiss and are likely to affect existing theories, including those attempting to deduce the properties of Higgs bosons. In 2015, LHCb reported observing a 2.1 excess in the same ratio of branching fractions. The Belle experiment also reported an excess. In 2017 a meta analysis of all available data reported a 5 deviation from SM.
Anomalous mass of the W boson - results from the CDF Collaboration, reported in April 2022, indicate that the mass of a W boson exceeds the mass predicted by the Standard Model with a significance of 7
Theoretical predictions not observed
Observation at particle colliders of all of the fundamental particles predicted by the Standard Model has been confirmed. The Higgs boson is predicted by the Standard Model's explanation of the Higgs mechanism, which describes how the weak SU(2) gauge symmetry is broken and how fundamental particles obtain mass; it was the last particle predicted by the Standard Model to be observed. On July 4, 2012, CERN scientists using the Large Hadron Collider announced the discovery of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson, with a mass of about . A Higgs boson was confirmed to exist on March 14, 2013, although efforts to confirm that it has all of the properties predicted by the Standard Model are ongoing.
A few hadrons (i.e. composite particles made of quarks) whose existence is predicted by the Standard Model, which can be produced only at very high energies in very low frequencies have not yet been definitively observed, and "glueballs" (i.e. composite particles made of gluons) have also not yet been definitively observed. Some very low frequency particle decays predicted by the Standard Model have also not yet been definitively observed because insufficient data is available to make a statistically significant observation.
Unexplained relations
Koide formula - an unexplained empirical equation remarked upon by Yoshio Koide in 1981, and later by others. It relates the masses of the three charged leptons: . The Standard Model does not predict lepton masses (they are free parameters of the theory). However, the value of the Koide formula being equal to 2/3 within experimental errors of the measured lepton masses suggests the existence of a theory which is able to predict lepton masses.
The CKM matrix, if interpreted as a rotation matrix in a 3-dimensional vector space, "rotates" a vector composed of square roots of down-type quark masses into a vector of square roots of up-type quark masses , up to vector lengths, a result due to Kohzo Nishida.
The sum of squares of the Yukawa couplings of all Standard Model fermions is approximately 0.98, which is very close to 1.
It is unclear if these empirical relationships represent any underlying physics; according to Koide, they "may be an accidental coincidence".
Theoretical problems
Some features of the standard model are added in an ad hoc way. These are not problems per se (i.e. the theory works fine with these ad hoc features), but they imply a lack of understanding. These ad hoc features have motivated theorists to look for more fundamental theories with fewer parameters. Some of the ad hoc features are:
Hierarchy problem – the standard model introduces particle masses through a process known as spontaneous symmetry breaking caused by the Higgs field. Within the standard model, the mass of the Higgs gets some very large quantum corrections due to the presence of virtual particles (mostly virtual top quarks). These corrections are much larger than the actual mass of the Higgs. This means that the bare mass parameter of the Higgs in the standard model must be fine tuned in such a way that almost completely cancels the quantum corrections. This level of fine-tuning is deemed unnatural by many theorists.
Number of parameters – the standard model depends on 19 numerical parameters. Their values are known from experiment, but the origin of the values is unknown. Some theorists have tried to find relations between different parameters, for example, between the masses of particles in different generations or calculating particle masses, such as in asymptotic safety scenarios.
Quantum triviality – suggests that it may not be possible to create a consistent quantum field theory involving elementary scalar Higgs particles. This is sometimes called the Landau pole problem.
Strong CP problem – theoretically it can be argued that the standard model should contain a term that breaks CP symmetry—relating matter to antimatter—in the strong interaction sector. Experimentally, however, no such violation has been found, implying that the coefficient of this term is very close to zero.
Grand unified theories
The standard model has three gauge symmetries; the colour SU(3), the weak isospin SU(2), and the weak hypercharge U(1) symmetry, corresponding to the three fundamental forces. Due to renormalization the coupling constants of each of these symmetries vary with the energy at which they are measured. Around these couplings become approximately equal. This has led to speculation that above this energy the three gauge symmetries of the standard model are unified in one single gauge symmetry with a simple gauge group, and just one coupling constant. Below this energy the symmetry is spontaneously broken to the standard model symmetries. Popular choices for the unifying group are the special unitary group in five dimensions SU(5) and the special orthogonal group in ten dimensions SO(10).
Theories that unify the standard model symmetries in this way are called Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), and the energy scale at which the unified symmetry is broken is called the GUT scale. Generically, grand unified theories predict the creation of magnetic monopoles in the early universe, and instability of the proton. Neither of these have been observed, and this absence of observation puts limits on the possible GUTs.
Supersymmetry
Supersymmetry extends the Standard Model by adding another class of symmetries to the Lagrangian. These symmetries exchange fermionic particles with bosonic ones. Such a symmetry predicts the existence of supersymmetric particles, abbreviated as sparticles, which include the sleptons, squarks, neutralinos and charginos. Each particle in the Standard Model would have a superpartner whose spin differs by 1/2 from the ordinary particle. Due to the breaking of supersymmetry, the sparticles are much heavier than their ordinary counterparts; they are so heavy that existing particle colliders may not be powerful enough to produce them.
Neutrinos
In the standard model, neutrinos have exactly zero mass. This is a consequence of the standard model containing only left-handed neutrinos. With no suitable right-handed partner, it is impossible to add a renormalizable mass term to the standard model. Measurements however indicated that neutrinos spontaneously change flavour, which implies that neutrinos have a mass. These measurements only give the mass differences between the different flavours. The best constraint on the absolute mass of the neutrinos comes from precision measurements of tritium decay, providing an upper limit 2 eV, which makes them at least five orders of magnitude lighter than the other particles in the standard model. This necessitates an extension of the standard model, which not only needs to explain how neutrinos get their mass, but also why the mass is so small.
One approach to add masses to the neutrinos, the so-called seesaw mechanism, is to add right-handed neutrinos and have these couple to left-handed neutrinos with a Dirac mass term. The right-handed neutrinos have to be sterile, meaning that they do not participate in any of the standard model interactions. Because they have no charges, the right-handed neutrinos can act as their own anti-particles, and have a Majorana mass term. Like the other Dirac masses in the standard model, the neutrino Dirac mass is expected to be generated through the Higgs mechanism, and is therefore unpredictable. The standard model fermion masses differ by many orders of magnitude; the Dirac neutrino mass has at least the same uncertainty. On the other hand, the Majorana mass for the right-handed neutrinos does not arise from the Higgs mechanism, and is therefore expected to be tied to some energy scale of new physics beyond the standard model, for example the Planck scale. Therefore, any process involving right-handed neutrinos will be suppressed at low energies. The correction due to these suppressed processes effectively gives the left-handed neutrinos a mass that is inversely proportional to the right-handed Majorana mass, a mechanism known as the see-saw. The presence of heavy right-handed neutrinos thereby explains both the small mass of the left-handed neutrinos and the absence of the right-handed neutrinos in observations.
However, due to the uncertainty in the Dirac neutrino masses, the right-handed neutrino masses can lie anywhere. For example, they could be as light as keV and be dark matter, they can have a mass in the LHC energy range and lead to observable lepton number violation, or they can be near the GUT scale, linking the right-handed neutrinos to the possibility of a grand unified theory.
The mass terms mix neutrinos of different generations. This mixing is parameterized by the PMNS matrix, which is the neutrino analogue of the CKM quark mixing matrix. Unlike the quark mixing, which is almost minimal, the mixing of the neutrinos appears to be almost maximal. This has led to various speculations of symmetries between the various generations that could explain the mixing patterns. The mixing matrix could also contain several complex phases that break CP invariance, although there has been no experimental probe of these. These phases could potentially create a surplus of leptons over anti-leptons in the early universe, a process known as leptogenesis. This asymmetry could then at a later stage be converted in an excess of baryons over anti-baryons, and explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe.
The light neutrinos are disfavored as an explanation for the observation of dark matter, due to considerations of large-scale structure formation in the early universe. Simulations of structure formation show that they are too hot—i.e. their kinetic energy is large compared to their mass—while formation of structures similar to the galaxies in our universe requires cold dark matter. The simulations show that neutrinos can at best explain a few percent of the missing dark matter. However, the heavy sterile right-handed neutrinos are a possible candidate for a dark matter WIMP.
Preon models
Several preon models have been proposed to address the unsolved problem concerning the fact that there are three generations of quarks and leptons. Preon models generally postulate some additional new particles which are further postulated to be able to combine to form the quarks and leptons of the standard model. One of the earliest preon models was the Rishon model.
To date, no preon model is widely accepted or fully verified.
Theories of everything
Theoretical physics continues to strive toward a theory of everything, a theory that fully explains and links together all known physical phenomena, and predicts the outcome of any experiment that could be carried out in principle.
In practical terms the immediate goal in this regard is to develop a theory which would unify the Standard Model with General Relativity in a theory of quantum gravity. Additional features, such as overcoming conceptual flaws in either theory or accurate prediction of particle masses, would be desired.
The challenges in putting together such a theory are not just conceptual - they include the experimental aspects of the very high energies needed to probe exotic realms.
Several notable attempts in this direction are supersymmetry, loop quantum gravity, and string theory.
Supersymmetry
Loop quantum gravity
Theories of quantum gravity such as loop quantum gravity and others are thought by some to be promising candidates to the mathematical unification of quantum field theory and general relativity, requiring less drastic changes to existing theories. However recent work places stringent limits on the putative effects of quantum gravity on the speed of light, and disfavours some current models of quantum gravity.
String theory
Extensions, revisions, replacements, and reorganizations of the Standard Model exist in attempt to correct for these and other issues. String theory is one such reinvention, and many theoretical physicists think that such theories are the next theoretical step toward a true Theory of Everything.
Among the numerous variants of string theory, M-theory, whose mathematical existence was first proposed at a String Conference in 1995 by Edward Witten, is believed by many to be a proper "ToE" candidate, notably by physicists Brian Greene and Stephen Hawking. Though a full mathematical description is not yet known, solutions to the theory exist for specific cases. Recent works have also proposed alternate string models, some of which lack the various harder-to-test features of M-theory (e.g. the existence of Calabi–Yau manifolds, many extra dimensions, etc.) including works by well-published physicists such as Lisa Randall.
See also
Antimatter tests of Lorentz violation
Beyond black holes
Fundamental physical constants in the standard model
Higgsless model
Holographic principle
Little Higgs
Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillations
Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
Neutrino Minimal Standard Model
Peccei–Quinn theory
Preon
Standard-Model Extension
Supergravity
Seesaw mechanism
Supersymmetry
Superfluid vacuum theory
String theory
Technicolor (physics)
Theory of everything
Unsolved problems in physics
Unparticle physics
References
Further reading
External resources
Standard Model Theory @ SLAC
Scientific American Apr 2006
LHC. Nature July 2007
Les Houches Conference, Summer 2005
Particle physics
Physical cosmology
Unsolved problems in physics |
5380820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment-specific%20technological%20progress | Investment-specific technological progress | Investment-specific technological progress refers to progress that requires investment in new equipment and structures embodying the latest technology in order to realize its benefits. To model the influence of technological change upon production the influence of a technological change upon the specific inputs (i.e. labor and capital) of a production model is assessed in terms of the resulting effect upon the final good of the model (i.e. goods and services).
To realize the benefits of such technological change for production a firm must invest to attain the new technology as a component of production. For example, the advent of the microchip (an important technological improvement in computers) will affect the production of Ford cars only if Ford Motor Co.'s assembly plants invest in computers with microchips (instead of computers with punched cards) and use them in the production of a product, i.e. Mustangs. Investment-specific technological progress requires investing in new production inputs which contain or embody the latest technology. Notice that the term investment can be general: not only must a firm buy the new technology to reap its benefits, but it also must invest in training its workers and managers to be able to use this new technology.
Significance
Identifying investment-specific technological progress within an economy will determine how an individual behaves in reaction to new technology, i.e. whether the individual will invest their savings. If "investment-specific" technological change is the main source of progress in an industry, then the individual would invest in firms to purchase and develop new capital, as technological improvements result in improvements to the goods available to consume. Firms may also choose to train current employees in the new technology or subsidize the education of new employees in the operation of the new technology. As such technological progress has an impact upon the labour market.
Technological progress has direct positive impacts upon human welfare. As a result of new technologies producers can produce a greater volume of product at a lower cost. The resulting reduction in prices benefits the consumer, who now can purchase more. Women have been able to break away from the traditional "housewife" role, join the labor-force in greater numbers and become less economically dependent on men. Further impacts include a reduction in child labor starting around 1900.
An example of investment-specific technological progress is the microwave oven. The first microwave oven cost between $2000 and $3000 US and was housed in refrigerator-sized cabinets. Through regular technological investment the microwave industry has developed into a competitive market, with small compact units in many households. Many industries have adopted the microwave through capital or research investment, applications outside the food industry include the iron and steel industry as a heating tool and the chemical industry as a tool for organic synthesis.
Measurement
There is no direct metric for measuring technological progress, as such workarounds based upon direct relationships between technological progress and recordable values are used. "'Investment-specific'" technological progress makes producing goods easier, as a result the price of the goods will decrease. In particular, "investment-specific" technological advance has affected the prices of two inputs into the production process: equipment and structures. If there is technological progress in the production of these goods, then it is expected the price will fall or the value of the good will rise relative to older versions of the same good.
Figure 2 (the pink line) shows how the price of new producer durables (such as equipment) in the United States relative to the price of new consumer nondurables has consistently declined over the past fifty years. To calculate the relative price of producer durables divide the price that firms pay (for the durable inputs of production) by the price that a consumer of the firms product pays. Relative prices are used to represent how many units of equipment can be bought in terms of the a single unit of consumer goods.As a result of technological development, firms have been able to buy comparitevly more units of equipment for each unit of consumption,
with the quality of the goods increasing while the cost of production decreases. When changes in quality are not taken into account the apparent price of equipment undergoes a smaller reduction (see the black line in Figure 2).
One approach to measuring the price of technologically improved structures is to assign newer building a higher value due to the embodyment of the new technology with the design. In particular, they should rent for more, i.e. renting a square foot in a new building is much more expensive than renting a square foot in a building forty years old.
Figures 2 and 3 suggest that investment-specific technological change is operating in the US. The annual rate of technological progress in equipment and structures has been estimated to be about 3.2% and 1%, respectively.
References
Economic growth
Technological change |
5380821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Magician%20%282005%20film%29 | The Magician (2005 film) | The Magician is a 2005 Australian film written and directed by Scott Ryan. The film was originally shot over 10 days with a budget of . Ryan edited a half-hour version of the film for screening at the St. Kilda Film Festival, where it was seen by stuntman and film producer Nash Edgerton (brother of Joel Edgerton), who took the project under his wing. After receiving A$330,000 in government grants, the film was re-released in 2005.
Plot
A mockumentary that follows the escapades of Ray Shoesmith, a Melbourne underworld hitman who hires a film student to document his life.
Cast
Scott Ryan as Ray Shoesmith
Ben Walker as Tony Richards
Massimiliano Andrighetto as Massimo "Max" Totti
Kane Mason as Benny
Nathaniel Lindsay as Edna
Box office
The Magician grossed $182,164 at the box office in Australia.
Reception
The film holds a 75% approval rating from critics based on 16 reviews at Rotten Tomatoes.
Awards and nominations
Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards
IF Awards
Melbourne Underground Film Festival
Spinoff series
A television spinoff based on the Ray Shoesmith character premiered on FX in 2018 titled Mr Inbetween. Ryan reprised his role, and served as writer and producer on the show. Nash Edgerton also served as producer and director.
See also
Cinema of Australia
Mr Inbetween
References
External links
The Magician at the National Film and Sound Archive
2005 films
Australian crime drama films
2000s crime drama films
Films shot in Melbourne
Films about contract killing
2005 drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s Australian films |
5380822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20destroyer%20Hatsuyuki%20%281928%29 | Japanese destroyer Hatsuyuki (1928) | was the third of twenty-four s built for the Imperial Japanese Navy following World War I. When introduced into service, these ships were the most powerful destroyers in the world. They served as first-line destroyers through the 1930s, and remained formidable weapons systems well into the Pacific War.
History
Construction of the advanced Fubuki-class destroyers was authorized as part of the Imperial Japanese Navy's expansion program from fiscal 1923, intended to give Japan a qualitative edge with the world's most modern ships. The Fubuki class had performance that was a quantum leap over previous destroyer designs, so much so that they were designated . The large size, powerful engines, high speed, large radius of action and unprecedented armament gave these destroyers the firepower similar to many light cruisers in other navies. Hatsuyuki, built at the Maizuru Naval Arsenal was laid down on 12 April 1926, launched on 29 September 1928 and commissioned on 30 March 1929. Originally assigned hull designation "Destroyer No. 37", she was completed as Hatsuyuki.
Operational history
On completion, Hatsuyuki was assigned to Destroyer Division 11 under the IJN 2nd Fleet. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Hatsuyuki helped cover landings of Japanese forces during the Battle of Shanghai in 1937, and subsequent landings of Japanese forces at Hangzhou in northern China. In 1940, she also participated in the Invasion of French Indochina.
World War II history
At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hatsuyuki was assigned to Destroyer Division 11 of Desron 3 of the IJN 1st Fleet, and had deployed from Kure Naval District to the port of Samah on Hainan Island. From 4 December 1941 to 30 January 1942 Hatsuyuki was part of the escort for the heavy cruisers , , and out of Samah and Camranh Bay, French Indochina in support of Malaya, Banka-Palembang and Anambas Islands invasion operations. On 18 February, she was credited with sinking or capturing two transports attempting to flee from Singapore.
On 27 February, Hatsuyuki was assigned to "Operation J", covering landings of Japanese forces in western Java in the Netherlands East Indies, and was in the Battle of Sunda Strait on 1 March, assisting in the sinking of the Australian cruiser and the American cruiser .
Hatsuyuki was part of the escort for Admiral Jizaburo Ozawa's cover force for "Operation T" (the invasion of northern Sumatra) on 12 March and the "Operation D", (the invasion of the Andaman Islands) on 23 March. She subsequently served patrol and escort duties out of Port Blair during the Japanese raids into the Indian Ocean. On 13–22 April she returned to Kure Naval Arsenal for maintenance.
On 4–5 June 1942, Hatsuyuki participated in the Battle of Midway as part of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's main fleet.
In July 1942, Hatsuyuki sailed from Amami-Ōshima to Mako Guard District, Singapore, Sabang and Mergui for a projected second Indian Ocean raid. The operation was cancelled due to the Guadalcanal campaign, and she was ordered to Truk instead. From August onward, she was used for "Tokyo Express" high speed transport missions in the Solomon Islands. On one of this missions, on 4–5 September, Hatsuyuki assisted in sinking the high-speed transports and .
During the Battle of Cape Esperance on 11–12 October, Hatsuyuki took 518 survivors off of the sinking cruiser , and two days later escorted the badly damaged to Truk. During the Battle of Santa Cruz on 26 October, she was on alert station at Shortland Island.
After helping evacuate surviving Japanese forces from Guadalcanal in early November, from 12–15 November, Hatsuyuki took part in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. Initially she escorted the Support Force commanded by Admiral Takeo Kurita, then joined the Emergency Bombardment Force of Admiral Nobutake Kondō. With the cruiser in the assault on enemy destroyers, Hatsuyuki assisted in sinking , , and and damaging . Hatsuyuki then returned to Truk on 18 November. After making one more transport run to Rabaul in December, Hatsuyuki was assigned to escort aircraft carrier back to Kure Naval Arsenal for repairs.
In January 1943, Hatsuyuki escorted a troop convoy from Pusan to Palau and on to Wewak. She continued to patrol and escort in the Solomon Islands until the end of February, when she was reassigned to the IJN 8th Fleet. In March, Hatsuyuki assisted the survivors of the Battle of Bismarck Sea, before returning to Kure for refit. In May, she escorted aircraft carrier from Yokosuka to Manila, Surabaya, Singapore, and back to Mako Guard District to Sasebo Naval District. In June, Hatsuyuki returned to Rabaul, and resumed "Tokyo Express" missions. In the Battle of Kula Gulf off of Kolombangara on 5 July, Hatsuyuki engaged a group of American cruisers and destroyers, and was hit by six dud shells, which damaged her steering and killed six crewmen.
On 17 July 1943, while docked at Shortlands unloading passengers at position , Hatsuyuki was attacked in an air strike by USAAF aircraft. A bomb exploded the after magazine, sinking her in shallow water, with 120 dead (including 38 passengers) and 36 wounded.
On 5 October 1943, Hatsuyuki was removed from the navy list.
Notes
References
External links
Muir, Dan Order of Battle – The Battle of the Sunda Strait 1942
http://www.pacificwrecks.com/ships/ijn/hatsuyuki.html location in doubt
Fubuki-class destroyers
Ships built by Maizuru Naval Arsenal
1928 ships
Second Sino-Japanese War naval ships of Japan
World War II destroyers of Japan
Destroyers sunk by aircraft
Shipwrecks in the Solomon Sea
World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Maritime incidents in July 1943
Ships sunk by US aircraft
Naval magazine explosions |
5380830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domeki | Domeki | Domeki may refer to:
Domeki Station, a railway station in Eiheiji, Fukui Prefecture, Japan
Masato Domeki (born 1983), Japanese ice hockey player
Shizuka Dōmeki, a fictional character in the manga series xxxHolic
Kai Domeki, a character in the Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan rhythm video game duology |
5380831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%20Spencer | Derek Spencer | Sir Derek Harold Spencer, KC (born 31 March 1936) is a British Conservative Party politician.
Education and career
Born in Clitheroe, Lancashire, he was educated at Clitheroe Royal Grammar School and Keble College, Oxford. He served as a lieutenant in the King's Own Regiment from 1954 to 1956. He became a barrister in 1961 and 'took silk' as a QC in 1980.
He is a Master of the Bench, Gray's Inn.
Political career
Spencer was elected councillor for the Highgate ward on Camden London Borough council in 1978 and was re-elected in 1982, this time for the Swiss Cottage ward. Spencer resigned from Camden council after he was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Leicester South constituency in the Conservative landslide of 1983, by just 7 votes — the smallest margin in the country. He lost the seat back to Labour in 1987.
He was elected for the marginal Brighton Pavilion seat in 1992, when he was knighted and appointed Solicitor-General.
As Solicitor General, he represented the government in several significant cases including Wingrove v UK (1997) about the application of blasphemy law under the Human Rights Act 1998.
In 1997, however, he was defeated by Labour's David Lepper by 13,181 votes on a 13.5% swing.
Memberships
Ex officio Bar Council, 1992–1997
Criminal Bar Association
Northern Ireland Bar
South Eastern Circuit
Family
Spencer has three sons (David, Andrew and Frederick) and one daughter (Caroline). His second wife, Caroline, died on 10 January 2003 of a heart attack.
References
External links
1936 births
British Queen's Counsel
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1992–1997
Solicitors General for England and Wales
Living people
Members of Gray's Inn
Queen's Counsel 2001–
Politicians from Brighton and Hove
Conservative Party (UK) councillors
Councillors in the London Borough of Camden |
5380838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20redundancy | Data redundancy | In computer main memory, auxiliary storage and computer buses, data redundancy is the existence of data that is additional to the actual data and permits correction of errors in stored or transmitted data. The additional data can simply be a complete copy of the actual data (a type of repetition code), or only select pieces of data that allow detection of errors and reconstruction of lost or damaged data up to a certain level.
For example, by including additional data checksums, ECC memory is capable of detecting and correcting single-bit errors within each memory word, while RAID 1 combines two hard disk drives (HDDs) into a logical storage unit that allows stored data to survive a complete failure of one drive. Data redundancy can also be used as a measure against silent data corruption; for example, file systems such as Btrfs and ZFS use data and metadata checksumming in combination with copies of stored data to detect silent data corruption and repair its effects.
In database systems
While different in nature, data redundancy also occurs in database systems that have values repeated unnecessarily in one or more records or fields, within a table, or where the field is replicated/repeated in two or more tables. Often this is found in unnormalized database designs and results in the complication of database management, introducing the risk of corrupting the data, and increasing the required amount of storage. When done on purpose from a previously normalized database schema, it may be considered a form of database denormalization; used to improve performance of database queries (shorten the database response time).
For instance, when customer data are duplicated and attached with each product bought, then redundancy of data is a known source of inconsistency since a given customer might appear with different values for one or more of their attributes. Data redundancy leads to data anomalies and corruption and generally should be avoided by design; applying database normalization prevents redundancy and makes the best possible usage of storage.
See also
Data maintenance
Data deduplication
Data scrubbing
End-to-end data protection
Redundancy (engineering)
Redundancy (information theory)
References
Computer memory
Data
Data modeling
Databases
Fault-tolerant computer systems |
5380840 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashaval | Ashaval | Ashaval or Ashapalli or Yashoval is the first name of Ahmedabad or Amdavad. Archaeological evidence suggests that the area around Ahmedabad in the state of Gujarat, India has been inhabited since the 11th century, when it was known as Yashoval or Ashapalli or Ashaval. The city of Ashaval was located on the east of River Sabarmati. Existence of Ashawal is traced way back in 9th - 10th century up till 13th century.
The Ahmedabad is a popular settlement near bank of Sabarmati river was earlier known as Ashaval or Ashapalli. In the tenth century Ashaval was one of the chief places in Gujarat as described by Al-Biruni. It was a well peopled, busy, trading, manufacturing and rich town around 1150.
Area
The estimated area of Ashawal was from Calico Mills via Jamalpur Darwaja up to Astodia Darwaja. The hillock near Astodia Darwaja (the present Dhal-ni-pol area) was known as 'Asha Bhil-no-Tekro'.
Rulers
Ashaval was originally ruled by a Bhil Maharaja, who was defeated by the Chaulukya(Solanki) king Karna (r. c. 1064–1092 CE). The 14th century chronicler Merutunga states that Karna established the city of Karnavati after this victory, which is identified with modern Ahmedabad by some scholars.
References
History of Gujarat
History of Ahmedabad |
5380841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan%20Holiness%20Church | Wesleyan Holiness Church | The Wesleyan Holiness Church, also known as the Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches, is a Methodist Christian denomination in the conservative holiness movement. It has congregations throughout Canada, the United States and missions in other parts of the world.
History
The formation of the Wesleyan Holiness Church is a part of the history of Methodism in the United States and Canada; it sits within the Holiness movement which emerged in Methodism during the nineteenth century. The church is a schism from the Bible Missionary Church that happened in 1959, the result of perceived overly-lenient views on divorce and remarriage within that group. Congregations that belong to the Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches joined it, such as that in Portage, which held its first service of worship was held on 18 March 1956.
General Conference, Annual conferences and Camp meetings
The Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches holds a General Conference.
The Central District of Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches holds its annual conference and camp meeting at the Orleans Wesleyan Campgrounds in Orleans, Indiana.
The Northeast District of Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches holds its annual conference and camp meeting at the Orleans Wesleyan Campgrounds in Clinton, Pennsylvania.
Publications
The official organ of the Wesleyan Association of Churches is the Eleventh Hour Messenger.
United Kingdom
In the UK, the British Isles District has 16 churches. The head office is at New Life Wesleyan Church in Handsworth, Birmingham. This District is associated with the Wesleyan Church and not the same as the denomination which left the Bible Missionary Church.
References
External links
http://www.wesleyanchurch.co.uk (Official website)
http://www.wesleyan.net/churches/uk/ (Unofficial website)
Methodist denominations
Christian denominations established in the 20th century
Holiness denominations
Evangelical denominations in North America |
5380845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apistinae | Apistinae | Apistinae, the wasp scorpionfishes, is a subfamily of venomous, marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes and related species. These fishes are native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.
Taxonomy
Apistinae, or Apsitidae, was first formally recognised as a taxononmic grouping in 1859 by the American ichthyologist Theodore Gill. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World treats this as a subfamily of the scorpionfish family Scorpaenidae, although other authorities treat it as a valid family, the Apistidae. The name of the subfamily is based on the genus name Apistus, which means "untrustworthy" or "perfidious", a name Cuvier explained as being due to the long and mobile spines around the eyes, which he described as “very offensive weapons that these fish use when you least expect it”.
A recent study placed the wasp scorpionfishes into an expanded stonefish clade (Synanceiidae) because all of these fish have a lachrymal saber that can project a switch-blade-like mechanism out from underneath their eye.
Genera
Apistinae contains the following 3 monotypic genera:
Apistops Ogilby, 1911
Apistus Cuvier, 1829
Cheroscorpaena Mees, 1964
Characteristics
Apistinae species have either 1 or 3 lower pectoral fin rays which are free of the fin membrane and a swimbladder with 2 lobes. They are fairly small fishes reaching lengths of TL in the humpback waspfish to TL in the ocellated waspfish.
Distribution and habitat
Apistinae species are found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans from the Red Sea and the eastern coast of Africa east in to the western Pacific Ocean, north to Japan and south to Australia. They are demersal species of the continental shelf and may be found over soft substrates or on reefs.
References
External links
Photos of Apistus carinatus (Bearded waspfish or Longfin waspfish)
Apistidae
Scorpaenidae
Ray-finned fish families |
5380862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packetized%20elementary%20stream | Packetized elementary stream | Packetized Elementary Stream (PES) is a specification in the MPEG-2 Part 1 (Systems) (ISO/IEC 13818-1) and ITU-T H.222.0 that defines carrying of elementary streams (usually the output of an audio or video encoder) in packets within MPEG program streams and MPEG transport streams. The elementary stream is packetized by encapsulating sequential data bytes from the elementary stream inside PES packet headers.
A typical method of transmitting elementary stream data from a video or audio encoder is to first create PES packets from the elementary stream data and then to encapsulate these PES packets inside Transport Stream (TS) packets or Program Stream (PS) packets. The TS packets can then be multiplexed and transmitted using broadcasting techniques, such as those used in an ATSC and DVB.
Transport Streams and Program Streams are each logically constructed from PES packets. PES packets shall be used to convert between Transport Streams and Program Streams. In some cases the PES packets need not be modified when performing such conversions. PES packets may be much larger than the size of a Transport Stream packet.
PES packet header
Optional PES header
While above flags indicate that values are appended into variable length optional fields, they are not just simply written out. For example, PTS (and DTS) is expanded from 33 bits to 5 bytes (40 bits). If only PTS is present, this is done by catenating 0010b, most significant 3 bits from PTS, 1, following next 15 bits, 1, rest 15 bits and 1. If both PTS and DTS are present, first 4 bits are 0011 and first 4 bits for DTS are 0001. Other appended bytes have similar but different encoding.
References
External links
http://www.bretl.com/mpeghtml/pespckt.HTM
http://dvd.sourceforge.net/dvdinfo/pes-hdr.html
ISO/IEC standard 13818-1 )
MPEG |
5380865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliverian%20Brook | Oliverian Brook | Oliverian Brook is a river in western New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound.
Oliverian Brook rises in the town of Benton, New Hampshire, on the western slopes of Mount Moosilauke on the northern outskirts of the village of Glencliff, at the juncture of Slide Brook and Still Brook. The brook flows south to near the center of Glencliff in the town of Warren before taking a sharp turn to the northwest and flowing through the center of Oliverian Notch, the westernmost of the major passes through the White Mountains.
The brook passes through a flood control reservoir known as Oliverian Pond before entering the town of Haverhill, where it passes through the villages of East Haverhill and Pike before reaching the Connecticut River near Haverhill village. New Hampshire Route 25 closely follows Oliverian Brook from Glencliff to NH 10 near the Connecticut River.
See also
List of New Hampshire rivers
References
Rivers of New Hampshire
Tributaries of the Connecticut River
Rivers of Grafton County, New Hampshire |
5380878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kori%20Bernards | Kori Bernards | Kori Bernards is the media strategist and trade and business press contact for Universal Pictures. Prior to being appointed to her position at Universal, Bernards was the Vice President of Corporate Communications for the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), headquartered in Los Angeles. She is the head of public relations and communications for the west coast and the principal spokeswoman in enforcing copyright protection for the MPAA. She is known to the public as a result of suing online copyright infringement hubs, including several popular BitTorrent trackers.
Career
Before working for the MPAA, Bernards worked in politics, most recently as the communications director for the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, (DCCC), in the 2004 elections cycle, spending the final months of the campaign traveling with Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi. Before that, she was press secretary to House Democratic Leader Richard A. Gephardt where she served as his spokeswoman and travelling press representative.
Before working for Gephardt, Bernards was communications director for Congressman David R. Obey of Wisconsin for four-and-a-half years, and as press secretary for the House Appropriations Committee Democrats. During that time, she volunteered, and was a board member for Horton's Kids Inc., where she worked with poor children from Anacostia, helping them obtain health care services.
In 1996, Kori Bernards worked for Secretary of Health and Human Services Donna Shalala as a political appointee to the Health Secretary's public affairs office. She was Shalala's radio press spokeswoman and travelling press coordinatrix. Bernard's first job in Washington was in the congressional office of Connecticut Representative Rosa L. DeLauro.
Personal life
Bernards is a native Californian who grew up in Orange County. Before going to Washington, D.C., she worked in Phoenix, Arizona, on several local and state campaigns, including the Clinton-Gore Arizona campaign in 1992. She has a Bachelor of Arts in political science degree from Regis University, Denver, Colorado.
References
1953 births
Living people
Regis University alumni |
5380880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%20laser | Mercury laser | The Mercury laser is a high-average-power laser system developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory as a prototype for systems to drive inertial confinement fusion. Like the National Ignition Facility, it is intended to produce narrow pulses of extremely high power, using diode-pumped solid-state lasers. Unlike the NIF system, the Mercury laser aims to achieve a high repetition rate: its goals are 10 pulses per second, each delivering 100 J with a 10% efficient conversion of electricity to laser light.
The active gain medium is Yb:SFAP (Ytterbium-doped Sr5(PO4)3), which is cooled by fast-flowing helium to allow high repetition rates. Infrared light at 900 nm from 8 arrays of laser diodes pumps the laser.
See also
Mercury-vapor lamp, a gas discharge lamp that uses the element mercury in an excited state to produce light
References
Inertial confinement fusion research lasers |
5380922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Russell | Edward Russell | Edward or Ted Russell may refer to:
Politics
Edward Russell (Maine politician) (1782–1835), secretary of state of Maine (1830–31), brigadier general in the militia
Lord Edward Russell (1805–1887), British Member of Parliament
Lord Edward Russell (1642–1714), English politician
Edward Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Liverpool (1834–1920), British journalist and Liberal politician
Edward Russell, 23rd Baron de Clifford (1824–1877), British Whig politician
J. Edward Russell (1867–1953), U.S. Representative from Ohio
Edward Russell (Australian politician) (1878–1925), senator
Ted Russell (Canadian politician) (1904–1977), Canadian politician and writer
Ted Russell (Irish politician) (1912–2004), Irish politician and company director
Other
Edward Russell, 3rd Earl of Bedford (1572–1627), Earl in the Peerage of England
Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford (1653–1727), Royal Navy officer, First Lord of the Admiralty under King William III
Edward Russell, 2nd Baron Russell of Liverpool (1895–1981), British soldier, lawyer and historian
Edward Russell, 26th Baron de Clifford (1907–1982), only son of Jack Southwell Russell, 25th Baron de Clifford
Edward Russell (trade unionist) (1867–1943), Australian trade unionist
Edward Russell (television presenter) (born 1989), British Singaporean television presenter and actor
E. John Russell (1872–1965), British agriculturalist
E. S. Russell (1887–1954), Scottish biologist and philosopher of biology
Edward Russell (cricketer) (1875–1940), English cricketer
Ted Russell (musician), Mississippi bandleader and conductor
See also
Theodore Russell (disambiguation) |
5380939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mink%20Brook | Mink Brook | Mink Brook is a stream in western New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound.
Mink Brook lies entirely in the town of Hanover. It rises on the western slopes of Moose Mountain and flows west, through the village of Etna, before reaching the Connecticut just north of the Hanover-Lebanon municipal boundary.
See also
List of rivers of New Hampshire
References
New Hampshire GRANIT geographic information system: 1:25,000-scale digital hydrographic data derived from U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps
Rivers of New Hampshire
Tributaries of the Connecticut River
Rivers of Grafton County, New Hampshire |
4043753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20of%20Cape%20Town | City of Cape Town | The City of Cape Town (; ) is the metropolitan municipality which governs the city of Cape Town, South Africa and its suburbs and exurbs. As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 3,740,026.
The remote Prince Edward Islands are deemed to be part of the City of Cape Town, specifically of ward 115. Cllr. Ian McMahon is the current ward councilor of ward 115.
History
Cape Town first received local self-government in 1839, with the promulgation of a municipal ordinance by the government of the Cape Colony. When it was created, the Cape Town municipality governed only the central part of the city known as the City Bowl, and as the city expanded, new suburbs became new municipalities, until by 1902 there were 10 separate municipalities in the Cape Peninsula. During the 20th century, many of the inner suburban municipalities became unsustainable; in 1913 the first major unification took place when the municipalities of Cape Town, Green Point and Sea Point, Woodstock, Mowbray, Rondebosch, Claremont, Maitland, and Kalk Bay were unified to create the first City of Cape Town. In 1927 the municipality of Wynberg was also merged with Cape Town, with the result that all of the Southern Suburbs were incorporated into the City.
Many new municipalities were established during the 20th century. Durbanville achieved municipal status in 1901, Goodwood in 1938, Parow in 1939, Bellville and Fish Hoek in 1940, Pinelands in 1948, Kuils River in 1950, Milnerton in 1955, Kraaifontein in 1957, Gordon's Bay in 1961, Brackenfell in 1970. In 1979 Bellville was upgraded to city status. The areas not included in a municipality were governed by divisional councils. Most of the Cape metropolitan area fell under the Divisional Council of the Cape, while the eastern parts around Brackenfell, Kuils River and the Helderberg area formed part of the Divisional Council of Stellenbosch, and an area in the northeast around Kraaifontein formed part of the Divisional Council of Paarl.
In earlier years the right to vote in local elections was not restricted by race (see Cape Qualified Franchise), but the policies of the apartheid government aimed for complete segregation of local government. A 1962 amendment to the Group Areas Act introduced management committees for the areas designated for coloured and Indian residents. These management committees were subordinate to the existing local authorityeither a municipality or the divisional council. From 1972 no new non-white voters could be registered as voters for municipal or divisional councils, and existing non-white voters lost their voting rights when a management committee was established for the area where they lived.
In 1982 the Black Local Authorities Act created elected town councils for black communities. Five such councils were established in the Cape metropolitan areas. They were generally regarded as under-resourced and unsustainable, and were opposed by the United Democratic Front and other civic organisations. Turnout in BLA elections was very low.
In 1987 the divisional councils of the Cape, Paarl and Stellenbosch were dissolved and the Western Cape Regional Services Council (RSC) was created in their place. The RSC councils were indirectly elected, consisting of representatives nominated by all the local authorities within its area, including municipalities, management committees and town councils. The Cape Rural Council represented the rural areas of the RSC that were not included in any local authority. Also in 1987, an act of the House of Assembly allowed the creation of local councils for white communities in peri-urban areas.
Thus at the end of apartheid in 1994, there were over 50 different local authorities in existence in the metropolitan area, listed below.
Western Cape Regional Services Council (RSC)
Cape Rural Council
Cities
City of Cape Town
City of Bellville
Municipalities
Brackenfell Municipality
Durbanville Municipality
Fish Hoek Municipality
Goodwood Municipality
Gordon's Bay Municipality
Kraaifontein Municipality
Kuils River Municipality
Milnerton Municipality
Parow Municipality
Pinelands Municipality
Simon's Town Municipality
Somerset West Municipality
Strand Municipality
Management Committees (indicating in brackets the local authority to which they were subordinated)
Athlone and District MC (City of Cape Town)
Atlantis MC (RSC)
Belhar MC (RSC)
Cravenby MC (RSC)
Elsie's River MC (RSC)
Grassy Park MC (RSC)
Kensington MC (City of Cape Town)
Kraaifontein MC (Kraaifontein Municipality)
Macassar MC (RSC)
Matroosfontein/Nooitgedacht MC (RSC)
Melton Rose/Blue Downs/Delft MC (RSC)
Mitchells Plain MC (City of Cape Town)
Morningstar MC (Durbanville Municipality)
Ocean View MC (RSC)
Proteaville MC (City of Bellville)
Ravensmead MC (Parow Municipality)
Retreat/Steenberg MC (City of Cape Town)
Rylands Estate MC (City of Cape Town)
Sarepta MC (Kuils River Municipality)
Schotschekloof MC (City of Cape Town)
Scottsdene MC (RSC)
Sir Lowry's Pass MC (RSC)
Strand MC (Strand Municipality)
Strandfontein MC (City of Cape Town)
Temperance Town MC (Gordon's Bay Municipality)
Wittebome/Wynberg MC (City of Cape Town)
Woodstock/Walmer Estate/Salt River MC (City of Cape Town)
Town Councils
Crossroads Town Council
iKapa Town Council (Langa, Gugulethu and Nyanga)
Lingelethu West Town Council (Khayelitsha)
Lwandle Town Council
Mfuleni Town Council
Local Councils
Atlantis Industria LC
Bloubergstrand LC
Constantia LC
Kommetjie LC
Llandudno LC
Melkbosstrand LC
Noordhoek LC
Ottery East LC
Scarborough LC
Mamre Board of Management
As part of the post-1994 reforms, municipal government experienced a complete overhaul. The existing local authorities, political parties, ratepayers' organisations, and community organisations were brought together into a negotiating forum. This forum agreed on the creation of a two-level local government system consisting of multiple transitional metropolitan substructures (TMSs), brought together in a transitional metropolitan council named the Cape Metropolitan Council (CMC). The CMC would replace the Regional Services Council and take over its responsibilities; it would also be responsible for metro-level planning and co-ordination, improving service delivery in disadvantaged areas, and cross-subsidization of poorer areas with revenue from affluent areas. Initially, in a period called the "pre-interim phase", the existing local authorities would become TMSs but their councils would be replaced by councillors nominated by the members of the negotiating forum. This agreement came into effect, and the pre-interim phase began, on 1 February 1995.
The second phase of the transformation, known as the "interim phase" began on 29 May 1996 when local elections were held. The pre-interim TMSs were dissolved, and six new TMSs were established covering the whole metropolitan area: City of Cape Town (Central), City of Tygerberg, South Peninsula Municipality, Blaauwberg Municipality, Oostenberg Municipality, and Helderberg Municipality. The Cape Metropolitan Council continued with its coordinating functions.
In 1998 Parliament enacted legislation (the Municipal Structures Act) determining the final form of local government in post-apartheid South Africa. This legislation determined that metropolitan areas would be governed by unified metropolitan municipalities. Local elections were held on 5 December 2000; the Cape Metropolitan Council and the six interim TMSs were dissolved and replaced by the unified City of Cape Town. It is for this reason that the City of Cape Town is sometimes referred to as the "Unicity". At the time of the 2000 election the northern boundary of the metropolitan area was also extended to include Philadelphia, Klipheuwel, and the surrounding farmland.
The current municipality covers Cape Point in the south-west, Gordon's Bay in the south-east, and Atlantis in the north, and includes Robben Island.
Politics and government
Council
Cape Town is governed by a 231-member city council elected in a system of mixed-member proportional representation. The city is divided into 116 wards, each of which elects a councillor by first-past-the-post voting. The remaining 115 councillors are elected from party lists so that the total number of councillors for each party is proportional to the number of votes received by that party.
The makeup of the council after the 2021 election is shown in the following table.
The speaker of the council is Felicity Purchase of the Democratic Alliance.
The council is divided into 24 subcouncils which deal with local functions for between three and six wards. A subcouncil consists of the ward councillors and a similar number of proportionally-elected councillors assigned to the subcouncil. A subcounil is chaired by one of the councillors and appoints a manager to run its day-to-day business. A subcouncil does not have any inherent responsibilities in law, but it is entitled to make recommendations to the City Council about anything that affects its area. The City Council may also delegate responsibilities to the subcouncils.
Executive
The executive authority for the city is vested in an Executive Mayor who is elected by the council. The mayor appoints a mayoral committee whose members oversee various portfolios. A City Manager is appointed as the non-political head of the city's administration.
With the Democratic Alliance (DA) having won an absolute majority of council seats in the election of 1 November 2021, its mayoral candidate Geordin Hill-Lewis, who had been a Member of Parliament since 2011, was elected.
The Mayoral Committee consists of 10 members who are appointed by the Executive Mayor. Each member manages a different area of the local government.
The current city manager is Lungelo Mbandazayo. He had been the acting city manager since the former city manager Achmat Ebrahim, who was appointed in April 2006, resigned in January 2018 amid misconduct allegations. He was formally appointed city manager in April 2018.
The local municipality was one of the four to have passed the 2009-10 audit by the Auditor-General of South Africa, who deemed it to have a clean administration.
Electoral history
The City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality in its present form took shape after the 2000 municipal elections. The old Central Cape Town MLC council had been governed by the New National Party (NNP), but they were losing support to the African National Congress (ANC) and the Democratic Party (DP). Fearing further losses, the NNP agreed to contest the upcoming local election in December 2000 together with the DP by forming the Democratic Alliance (DA), with DP and NNP members running as DA candidates. The DA won Cape Town with an outright majority, and Peter Marais, also a senior member of the provincial NNP, became mayor of the unicity. However, DA leader Tony Leon's attempt to remove Marais from his position in 2001 caused the disintegration of the alliance, and NNP came to ally with the ANC. Marais was replaced as mayor by Gerald Morkel, but Morkel was himself soon ousted during the October 2002 local floor crossing period after a large number of DA councillors had defected to the NNP. Nomaindia Mfeketo of the ANC became mayor supported by an ANC-NNP coalition. In 2004, after a dismal showing in the general elections that year, the NNP prepared for dissolution and merger with the ANC, and most of its councillors joined the governing party. This gave the ANC an outright majority on the council, which lasted until the next election.
In the 2006 local government election, the DA was the largest single party, ahead of the ANC, but with no party holding a majority. The new
Independent Democrats (ID) led by Patricia de Lille was in third place. The African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP) initiated negotiations with five other smaller parties who together formed a kingmaker block of fifteen councillors, collectively known as the Multi-Party Forum parties. Despite the ID voting with the ANC, Helen Zille of the DA was elected executive mayor on 15 March 2006 by a very narrow margin with the support of the Multi-Party Forum. Andrew Arnolds of the ACDP was elected executive deputy mayor and Jacob "Dirk" Smit of the Freedom Front Plus (FF+) was elected speaker. The initially fragile position of this new DA-led coalition, also known as the Multi-Party Government, was improved in January 2007 with the introduction of the ID following the expulsion of the small Africa Muslim Party for conspiring with the ANC. As a result of the ID's support, the coalition significantly increased its majority, resulting in a much more stable city government. The ID's Charlotte Williams became executive deputy mayor. However, she resigned just a few months later, and the post then went to Grant Haskin of the ACDP in late 2007. The DA would also bolster its position through by-election victories and floor crossing defections. With the ID and DA together holding a firm council majority, several of the smaller coalition partners were dropped from the city government by the time of the 2009 general elections, including the ACDP and FF+. The DA's Ian Neilson became deputy mayor, while Dirk Smit, who had defected to the DA, retained the position of speaker. Helen Zille left the mayorship the same year to take up the position of premier of the Western Cape, and Dan Plato became mayor.
In 2010, the DA and ID formalized an agreement in which the ID would merge into the DA by 2014. This was prompted in part by the ID's disappointing result in the 2009 general election. As per the agreement, ID ceased to exist at the local level after the 2011 municipal elections with ID members running as DA candidates. DA won a large outright majority in the election, and ID leader Patricia de Lille, who had defeated Plato in an earlier internal election, became the new mayor. The party extended its lead even further to win a two-thirds majority of the seats on the City of Cape Town council in the 2016 municipal elections, and De Lille was thus sworn in to serve a second term. It was however cut short following her resignation on 31 October 2018 after an extended battle with her party over accusations of covering up corruption, accusations she strongly denied. The previous mayor Dan Plato was chosen as her successor.
The DA's Geordin Hill-Lewis was voted in as mayor after the 2021 local government elections.
The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.
Demographics
Geography
The municipality has a total area of 2455 km2.
Subdivision varies according to purpose. Main places for census purposes may differ from planning districts.
Main places
The 2001 census divided the municipality into the following main places:
Planning districts
The planning districts are:
Blaauwberg, which includes subdistricts: Atlantis, Blouberg, Mamre, Melkboschstrand, Table View, and parts of Cape Farms, Goodwood, Milnerton, and Maitland.
Cape Flats, which includes subdistricts: Athlone, False Bay Coastal Park, Grassy Park, Guguletu, Hanover Park, Manenberg, Ottery, Pelican Park, and parts of Muizenberg, Retreat, and Rondebosch.
Helderberg, which includes subdistricts: Gordon's Bay, Macassar, Sir Lowry's Pass ,Somerset West, Stellenbosch Farms and Strand.
Khayelitsha/Mitchells Plain, which includes subdistricts: Blackheath, Blue Downs, Eerste River, Khayelitsha, Mitchell's Plain, and part of Guguletu
Northern, which includes subdistricts: Brackenfell, Durbanville, Eversdal, Joostenbergvlakte, Kenridge, Kraaifontein, Malmesbury Farms, Vredekloof, and Welgemoed.
Southern, which includes subdistricts: Bergvliet, Cape Point, Constantia, Fish Hoek, Hout Bay, Kalk Bay, Kommetjie, Newlands, Noordhoek, Ocean View, Plumstead, Simon's Town, Tokai, Wynberg, parts of Muizenberg, Retreat, Rondebosch, and Table Mountain.
Table Bay, which includes subdistricts: Camps Bay, Cape Town, Observatory, Pinelands, Robben Island, Sea Point, Signal Hill/Lion's Head, and parts of Epping, Goodwood, Langa, Maitland, and Table Mountain,
Tygerberg, which includes subdistricts: Airport, Bellville, Bishop Lavis, Delft, Elsies River, Kalsteenfontein, Kuils River, Parow, Plattekloof, and parts of Epping, Goodwood, and Milnerton.
Adjacent municipalities
Swartland Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality (north)
Drakenstein Local Municipality, Cape Winelands District Municipality (northeast)
Stellenbosch Local Municipality, Cape Winelands District Municipality (northeast)
Theewaterskloof Local Municipality, Overberg District Municipality (east)
Overstrand Local Municipality, Overberg District Municipality (southeast)
The City of Cape Town is also bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the south and west.
See also
References
External links
City of Cape Town official website
City of Cape Town on the Western Cape Government website
City of Cape Town
Metropolitan Municipalities of South Africa
Municipalities of the Western Cape
Districts of the Western Cape |
4043755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Town%20Square | Old Town Square | Old Town Square ( or colloquially ) is a historic square in the Old Town quarter of Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic. It is located between Wenceslas Square and Charles Bridge.
Buildings
The square features buildings belonging to various architectural styles, including the Gothic Church of Our Lady before Týn, which has been the main church of this part of the city since the 14th century. Its characteristic towers are 80 m high. The Baroque St. Nicholas Church is another church located in the square.
Prague Orloj is a medieval astronomical clock mounted on the Old Town Hall. The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest one still in operation. The tower of the Old Town Hall is open to the public and offers panoramic views of the Old Town.
An art museum of the Czech National Gallery is located in the Kinský Palace.
Statues and memorials
The square's centre is home to a statue of religious reformer Jan Hus, who was burned at the stake in Konstanz for his beliefs. This led to the Hussite Wars. The statue known as the Jan Hus Memorial was erected on 6 July 1915 to mark the 500th anniversary of his death.
In front of the Old Town Hall, there is also a memorial to the "martyrs" (including Jan Jesenius and Maxmilián Hošťálek) beheaded on that spot during the Old Town Square execution by Habsburgs, after the Battle of White Mountain. Twenty-seven crosses mark the pavement in their honour. The crosses were installed during the repairs of the Old Town Hall after the Second World War, while a nearby plaque which lists the names of all 27 victims dates from 1911. Orthodox Czechs do not trample these crosses out of respect.
On 3 November 1918, a Marian Column that had been erected in the square shortly after the Thirty Years' War was demolished in celebration of independence from the Habsburg empire. The column was re-erected in 2020.
Markets
At Christmas and Easter, markets are held on the square; they resemble medieval markets. A tall decorated tree and a musical stage are set up.
The Christmas Markets in Old Town Square are the largest Christmas markets in the Czech Republic and are visited by hundreds of thousands of visitors from the Czech Republic and abroad, primarily Germans, Russians, Italians and Britons. In 2016, CNN ranked Prague's Christmas Markets among the 10 best ones worldwide.
See also
Old Town Square execution
References
External links
Photos of Old Town Square and Background Information
Old Town Square Live WebCam
Execution sites
National Cultural Monuments of the Czech Republic
Squares in Prague |
5380942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigoni%20%28epic%29 | Epigoni (epic) | Epigoni (, Epigonoi, "Progeny") was an early Greek epic, a sequel to the Thebaid and therefore grouped in the Theban cycle. Some ancient authors seem to have considered it a part of the Thebaid and not a separate poem.
Contents
According to one source, the epic extended to 7,000 lines of verse. It told the story of the last battle for Thebes by the Epigoni, the children of the heroes who had previously fought for the city. Only the first line is now known:
Now, Muses, let us begin to sing of younger men ...
Additional references, without verbal quotations, suggest that the myth of the death of Procris and the story of Teiresias's daughter Manto formed part of the Epigoni.
The epic was sometimes ascribed to Homer, but Herodotus doubted this attribution. According to the Scholia on Aristophanes there was an alternative attribution to "Antimachus." This presumably means Antimachus of Teos (8th century BC), and for this reason another verse line attributed without title to Antimachus of Teos is conjecturally thought to belong to the Epigoni. An alternative explanation for the naming of Antimachus here would be that the later epic poet Antimachus of Colophon (4th century BC) had been accused of stealing the traditional Epigoni by incorporating its plot in his literary epic Thebais.
The story of the Epigoni was afterwards told again in the form of a tragedy by Sophocles, Epigoni.
References
Select editions and translations
Critical editions
.
.
.
.
Translations
. (The link is to the 1st edition of 1914.) English translation with facing Greek text; now obsolete except for its translations of the ancient quotations.
. Greek text with facing English translation
Bibliography
.
8th-century BC books
Ancient Greek epic poems
Homer
Lost poems
Sequels
Theban Cycle
Works of uncertain authorship |
5380946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20Trafford%20Metropolitan%20Borough%20Council%20election | 2002 Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council election | Elections to Trafford Council were held on 2 May 2002. One third of the council was up for election, with each successful candidate to serve a two-year term of office, expiring in 2004, due to the boundary changes and 'all-out' elections due to take place that year. The Labour Party retained overall control of the council. Overall turnout was 52.3%.
After the election, the composition of the council was as follows:
Summary
Ward results
2002 English local elections
2002
2000s in Greater Manchester |
5380960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20Live%20Gonzo%21 | Double Live Gonzo! | Double Live Gonzo! is a live album by the American hard rock guitarist Ted Nugent, released as a double LP in 1978. In addition to live versions of songs from previous albums, this double album also contains original material played live, including: "Yank Me, Crank Me" and "Gonzo". The album has reached 3× Platinum status in the United States.
Track listing
Personnel
Band members
Derek St. Holmes – rhythm guitar, lead and backing vocals
Ted Nugent – lead guitar, backing and lead vocals, arrangements
Rob Grange – bass
Cliff Davies – drums, backing vocals
Production
Lew Futterman, Tom Werman – producers
Ric Browde – assistant to the producers
Tim Geelan – engineer, mixing at CBS Studios, New York
Don Puluse – engineer
Chet Himes, Malcom Harper, Alex Kazanegas, Tom Arrison, Bob Dickson, Perry Cheatham – remote recorders personnel
Gerard Huerta – lettering
David Gahr – photography
John Berg, Paula Scher – design
Mark Wilder – digital remastering
Charts
Album
Singles
Certifications
References
Ted Nugent albums
1978 live albums
Epic Records live albums
Albums produced by Tom Werman |
5380973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%20Sacks | Leon Sacks | Leon Sacks (October 7, 1902 – March 11, 1972) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Early life
Leon Sacks was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Russian-Jewish immigrants. He graduated from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia in 1923, and from the law department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1926. He commenced the practice of law in Philadelphia in 1926. He was appointed deputy Attorney General of Pennsylvania in February 1935 and served until January 1937. He was elected as a member of the Democratic State committee in 1936 and served until 1942.
United States House of Representatives
He was elected in 1936 as a Democrat to the 75th United States Congress and to the two succeeding Congresses. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1942.
World War II and later life
Sacks served at Army Air Forces Eastern Flying Training Command, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, from January 4, 1943, to January 10, 1946, when resumed the practice of his profession. He was a member of State Veterans Commission from 1951 to 1969, and the chairman of the registration commission of Philadelphia from 1952 to 1965. He was a member of Military Reservations Commission from 1957 to 1967.
On March 11, 1972, Sacks died in Philadelphia at the age of 69.
See also
List of Jewish members of the United States Congress
References
The Political Graveyard
1902 births
1972 deaths
20th-century American politicians
Pennsylvania lawyers
Politicians from Philadelphia
Jewish American military personnel
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
United States Army Air Forces officers
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American Jews |
5380981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20destroyer%20Shirayuki%20%281928%29 | Japanese destroyer Shirayuki (1928) | was the second of twenty-four destroyers, built for the Imperial Japanese Navy following World War I. When introduced into service, these ships were the most powerful destroyers in the world. They served as first-line destroyers through the 1930s, and remained formidable weapons systems well into the Pacific War. Shirayuki was sunk in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea on 3 March 1943 while under attack by American and Australian aircraft.
History
Construction of the advanced Fubuki-class destroyers was authorized as part of the Imperial Japanese Navy's expansion program from fiscal 1923, intended to give Japan a qualitative edge with the world's most modern ships. The Fubuki class had performance that was a quantum leap over previous destroyer designs, so much so that they were designated . The large size, powerful engines, high speed, large radius of action and unprecedented armament gave these destroyers the firepower similar to many light cruisers in other navies. Shirayuki, built at the Yokohama Shipyards was laid down on 19 March 1927, launched on 20 March 1928 and commissioned on 18 December 1928. Originally assigned hull designation "Destroyer No. 36", she was completed as Shirayuki, after Emperor Shōwa's favorite white stallion.
Operational history
On completion, Shirayuki was assigned to Destroyer Division 11 under the IJN 2nd Fleet. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Shirayuki was assigned to patrols of the southern China coast, and participated in the Invasion of French Indochina in 1940.
World War II history
At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Shirayuki was assigned to Destroyer Division 11 of Desron 3 of the IJN 1st Fleet, and had deployed from Kure Naval District to the port of Samah on Hainan Island. From 4 December 1941 through February 1942, Shirayuki covered the landings of Japanese troops in Malaya, Anambas Islands and "Operation B" (the invasion of British Borneo). On 27 January, Shirayuki and her convoy were attacked by the destroyers and about north of Singapore in the Battle off Endau, and her torpedoes are credited with helping sink Thanet.
In February 1942, Shirayuki was part of the escort for the heavy cruiser during "Operation L" (the invasion of Banka and Palembang in the Netherlands East Indies), and was credited with sinking or capturing four transports attempting to flee from Singapore.
Shirayuki was subsequently assigned to "Operation J" (the invasion of Java), and was in the Battle of Sunda Strait on 1 March, assisting in the sinking of the Australian cruiser and the American cruiser . Shirayuki took a shell hit direct to her bridge during the battle, killing one crewman and injuring 11 others.
In early March, Shirayuki escorted a troop convoy from Singapore to Burma, and participated in "Operation D", the invasion of the Andaman Islands on 23 March. During the Indian Ocean raids, Shirayuki was assigned to patrols out of Port Blair. From 13–22 April, Shirayuki returned via Singapore and Camranh Bay to Kure Naval Arsenal, for maintenance.
On 4–5 June, Shirayuki participated in the Battle of Midway as part of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's main fleet. In July 1942, Shirayuki sailed from Amami-Oshima to Mako Guard District, Singapore, Sabang and Mergui for a projected second Indian Ocean raid. The operation was cancelled due to the Guadalcanal campaign, and she was ordered to Truk and Rabaul instead. From August through November, Shirayuki was used for numerous "Tokyo Express" high speed transport missions in the Solomon Islands. On 12 October, she rescued the survivors of her sister ship , which had been torpedoed.
On 14–15 November, Shirayuki was involved in the Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. She was initially attached to Admiral Kurita’s support force, and then joined Admiral Kondo’s emergency bombardment force. Together with the light cruiser , Shirayuki assisted in sinking two of the four American destroyers involved ( and ) mortally wounding (which was scuttled after the battle), and severely damaged , causing heavy American losses in the first phase of the battle.
Shirayuki returned briefly to Kure at the end of the year, as escort for the aircraft carrier .
In January 1943, Shirayuki returned to the Solomon Islands as part of a major reinforcement convoy from Shanghai, arriving with Rear Admiral Shintarō Hashimoto at Shortland Island at the end of January, and serving as the admiral’s flagship during the evacuation of Guadalcanal in February. Shirayuki was reassigned to the IJN 8th Fleet on 25 February .
During the Battle of the Bismarck Sea on 1–4 March, Shirayuki was flagship for Rear Admiral Masatomi Kimura, leading a troop convoy from Rabaul to Lae. In an Allied air attack on 3 March, a skip-bomb exploded in her aft magazine, severing her stern, and killing 32 crewmen. Shirayuki sank southeast of Finschhafen at position . The survivors, who included Admiral Kimura and her captain Commander Sugawara were rescued by .
On 1 April 1943, Shirayuki was removed from the navy list.
Notes
References
External links
Fubuki-class destroyers
Ships built in Japan
1928 ships
Second Sino-Japanese War naval ships of Japan
World War II destroyers of Japan
Destroyers sunk by aircraft
Shipwrecks in the Bismarck Sea
World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Maritime incidents in March 1943
Naval magazine explosions |
5380983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MagicDraw | MagicDraw | MagicDraw is a visual UML, SysML, BPMN, and UPDM modeling tool with team collaboration support. Designed for business analysts, software analysts, programmers, and QA engineers, this dynamic and versatile development tool facilitates analysis and design of object oriented (OO) systems and databases. It provides the code engineering mechanism (with full round-trip support for J2EE, C#, C++, CORBA IDL programming languages, .NET, XML Schema, WSDL), as well as database schema modeling, DDL generation and reverse engineering facilities.
Features
Domain specific language
The domain specific language (DSL) customization engine allows for adapting MagicDraw to a specific profile and modeling domain, thus allowing the customization of multiple GUIs, model initialization, adding semantic rules, and creating one’s own specification dialogs and smart manipulators. The ability to use multiple specific customizations helps to make MagicDraw better oriented to specific platforms, technologies or domains, and can even hide UML entirely. Active validation allows the checking of domain specific models in real time and suggests help and can even fix some issues. DSL elements can be converted to any subtype or a more general type using the “Convert to” function.
DSL allows custom derived properties to be created that allow extending a UML metamodel or its profile.
All DSL'ed elements can be numbered by using the generic numbering mechanism. The elements can be numbered in consecutive or multi-level style. The separator or prefix of number can be changed during the element numbering.
Model decomposition
Model Decomposition is a function which can split projects and other work into independent parts.
Lazy loading allows the specification of modules that should not be loaded into memory by default when a project is started. Module elements are only loaded as they are specifically requested.
Read-Write modules allow module editing of a fragmented model. It is also used during model refactoring.
Since MagicDraw has the ability to have flexible control over the dependencies between model parts, it is possible to continue working with the product without resolving dependencies between model parts.
Indexing – ability to create an index of an unloaded module. It allows using part of the elements of the module without loading it.
Template based documentation generation
Fully customizable templates can be created in the style and format preferred by the user. Reports can be exported into variety of file formats (OpenDocument (*.odt), RTF (*.rtf), Microsoft Word (*.docx), Microsoft Excel (*.xlsx), Microsoft PowerPoint (*.pptx), XML, HTML, XHTML). Reports can be personalized with characters, paragraphs, and fonts that are supported by a chosen file format. MagicDraw has the ability to import RTF documents or parts of them into reports (Import tool), to get Teamwork Project Information and upload reports to a remote location. It includes JavaScript Tool which enables report templates to evaluate or run JavaScript codes from templates and external JavaScript files. It also supports a rich set of image manipulation methods that enable image transformation during report generation.
MagicDraw supports MS Word and Open Document Format template.
Templates for SDD and UCS (Software Design Document and Use Case Specification), architectural templates: use case report, structural report, behavioral report, implementation report, environment report, Model Extension, Data Dictionary, Business Process Modeling Notation, Web publisher with collaboration ability for commenting on and editing report data through a web browser.
Analysis facilities
The following analysis facilities are available in MagicDraw:
The Dependency Matrix allows visualizing relationships of a large system in a compact way. Export to .csv is also available.
Traceability between different levels of abstraction which makes it possible to find more specific and realizing elements, usually not from the same view. This allows for handy specification and realization discovery, and navigation. Predefined traceability suites are customizable to customers’ needs.
Visual model differencing allows viewing the changes made between two different versions of a model.
Representation of the number of class and package dependencies is automatically generated after code is reverse engineered.
Usage in Diagrams allows viewing the diagrams on which a particular data element was represented.
Model refactoring
Model refactoring like code refactoring is the disciplined technique used for modifying or improving an existing model.
The following refactoring functions are available in MagicDraw:
Element conversion
Relationship direction reversion
Diagram extraction (this function is available only for the activity and composite structure diagrams)
Transformations
MagicDraw provides transformation of UML models to specific XML Schema and DB models (generic and Oracle DDL) and vice versa, and any to any transformation.
Also model-to-model transformations between the same or different meta-models can be defined and run directly in MagicDraw by using the QVT plugin. The QVT (Query/View/Transformation) is a standard defined by the Object Management Group.
Related products and plugins
Teamwork
The MagicDraw Teamwork Server allows simultaneous work by multiple users on the same project, since locking information is transferred quickly between the client and the server. Real time information is provided to all users about who is working on which part of the model. MagicDraw Teamwork Server stores and allows restoration of previous versions of projects and modules. The older project can be restored as current. MagicDraw Teamwork Server integrates with LDAP servers. This integration authenticates MagicDraw users against the LDAP Server using the Simple User + Password combination or SASL authentication as well as the SSL/TLS protocol.
Cameo Business Modeler
OMG BPMN 2.0 support with all three diagrams (Process, Collaboration and Choreography), model validation and reports are available with the Cameo Business Modeler plugin
SysML
The SysML plugin supports the latest OMG SysML Specification 1.3 version. The SysML plugin supports all SysML diagrams including Requirements, Block Definition, Internal Blocks, Parametric and other diagrams. Validation constraints actively check and validate user-created models against a set of constraints.
SysML provides support for analysis, design, and validation of a broad range of systems and system integrations.
UPDM
The UPDM plugin supports the latest OMG UPDM Specification 2.0 version. It unifies MoDAF 1.2, DoDAF 1.5 and DoDAF 2.0, NAF 3. It has support for all DoDAF and MoDAF modeling artifacts based on the DoDAF and MoDAF Architecture Frameworks, with reports, wizards, model correctness and completeness validation constraints, as well as usability features.
Cameo Simulation Toolkit
Cameo Simulation Toolkit provides the first in the industry extendable model execution framework based on OMG fUML and W3C SCXML standards. It extends MagicDraw to validate system behavior by executing, animating, and debugging UML 2.0 State machines and Activity models in the context of realistic mock-ups of the intended user interface.
References
External links
UML tools
Diagramming software
Enterprise architecture
Enterprise architecture frameworks
Systems Modeling Language |
5380995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor%20Park%2C%20Larchmont | Manor Park, Larchmont | Manor Park is a park in the village of Larchmont, New York. It consists of about of land (with a shoreline of more than ) that lies along the Long Island Sound and Larchmont Harbor. It is well known for its striated rocks, gazebos, scenic views and walking pathways.
The history of Manor Park goes back to 1614 when a Dutch ship captain "reported seeing campfires" belonging to the Siwanoy Indians in the area that now comprises the park. Within a century, British and Dutch settlers had purchased much of the land.
In 1661, John Richbell, a wealthy trader purchased "three necks" of land from "Chiefs Wappaquewam and Manhattan" with the "middle neck" consisting the land comprising Larchmont and Manor Park. Samuel Palmer purchased the "middle neck" in 1701. Afterwards he and his family resided in the area until 1790 when most of the land was purchased by Peter Jay Munro, a nephew of John Jay, one of the "Founding Fathers" and the first Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. Subsequent to Munro’s ownership, Thomas J.S. Flint purchased the property comprising Manor Park and much of the Village of Larchmont and established the Larchmont Manor Company with plans of "developing the [area] into a suburban community..." During the 1870s, he reserved of waterfront land and named it Larchmont Manor Park, which became the heart of today’s park.
Afterwards, the Larchmont Manor Park Society was established in 1892 to "maintain, preserve and protect the park" which also includes "nearby Fountain Square and four small traffic islands" and Manor Beach. The Society’s latest endeavors included a successful $1 million capital improvement campaign in 2003 to provide for seawall reinforcement and repairs, path curbing and repairs, landscaping, replacement of an old chain-link fence, and rebuilding of the west gazebo and a permanent endowment fund as well as an art show "Manor Park—In All Seasons" in May 2004.
Although Manor Park is privately owned, it is open to the public from dawn to dusk.
During Hurricane Sandy in 2012, much of the sea way was destroyed by storm surges, and a small part of the park was eroded into the water.
References
External links
Larchmont Manor Park Society, Inc. Larchmont Gazette.
Parks in the Village of Larchmont. Village of Larchmont: Parks. 2005.
LarchmontManorPark.org. Larchmont Manor Park Society: 2010.
Larchmont, New York
Parks in Westchester County, New York |
4043780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong%20Jian | Tong Jian | Tong Jian (; born August 15, 1979 in Harbin, Heilongjiang) is a Chinese retired pair skater. With his wife Pang Qing, he is the 2010 Olympic silver medalist, 2006 and 2010 World Champion, a five-time Four Continents champion (2002, 2004, 2008, 2009 and 2011) and the 2008 Grand Prix Final Champion.
Career
Tong was born into a Manchurian family in the city of Harbin, China, the home of Chinese pair skating. He began skating at age six. He originally competed as a single skater. He then competed as an ice dancer for two years because of his weak jumps. After his short ice dancing career, Tong switched to pairs. He previously competed with Zhang Xiwen. In 1993, coach Yao Bin teamed him up with Qing and they have been skating together ever since.
When Yao moved to Beijing, Pang and Tong trained without a coach until 1997, when they began training under Yao again.
Pang and Tong did not have a strong junior career, perhaps due to the fact that the Junior Grand Prix did not exist when they were skating at the junior level. They placed 14th, 9th, and 8th at the World Junior Championships between 1997 and 1999. After that, they went senior.
Pang and Tong won the silver medal at the 1997 Chinese national championships, but did not represent China at the World Championships until 1999. They are the 2000 Chinese national champions. At their first major senior international, the 1999 Four Continents Championships (the first Four Continents ever held), they placed 5th. They then went to their first Worlds, where they placed 14th.
In the 1999–2000 season, Pang and Tong made their Grand Prix debut. They placed 4th at Skate Canada and 5th at Cup of Russia. They slowly moved up the ranks over the years. At the 2002 Winter Olympics, coming in as the Four Continents Champions, they placed 9th.
Following the 2001–2002 season, Pang and Tong began to be contenders. They consistently placed on the podium at their Grand Prix events. They won their first World medal (a bronze) at the 2004 World Championships.
After their first world medal, they had a rough 2004–2005 season and a shaky start at the beginning of the 2005–2006 season. They recovered with consistency by the 2006 Olympics, where they placed a controversial 4th behind teammates Shen Xue & Hongbo Zhao and Zhang Dan & Zhang Hao. They went to the 2006 Worlds and won it.
In the 2006–2007 season, Pang and Tong were unable to defend their World title. They were forced to withdraw from Skate America due to injury. They won the silver medal at the Cup of China, the Asian Winter Games, and the Four Continents Championships. At Worlds, they placed second.
During the 2007–2008 season, Pang and Tong had a rough start, losing two out of their three Grand Prix events. They came back strong midseason by winning the bronze at the Grand Prix Final and their third Four Continents title. They ended their season with a disappointing 5th at the World Championships.
During the 2008–2009 season, Pang and Tong had another rough outing at their first event, the Cup of China. Despite this, they went on the two win their next Grand Prix events and the final. During that season, they made history, when they went on to win a record setting fourth Four Continents title and have now won more Four Continent titles than any other person. Despite the momentum they had built, they had another disappointing World Championships, where they were once again finished the podium.
During the 2009–2010 season, Pang and Tong won both of their Grand Prix events and a silver at the Grand Prix Final, defeating all the world medalists at the previous world championship.
In the 2010 Winter Olympics, Pang and Tong set a new World Record for the free skate with a score of 141.81 points. They placed second place behind Shen Xue and Hongbo Zhao thanks to their teammates world record-setting short program. The People's Republic of China broke Russia's 46-year twelve Olympic gold medal streak in pairs skating, sweeping gold and silver places. Pang and Tong became the 2010 World Champions in Turin, Italy.
For the 2010–2011 ISU Grand Prix season, Pang and Tong were assigned to the 2010 NHK Trophy and to the 2010 Cup of China. They won both of their Grand Prix assignments to qualify for the Grand Prix Final where they won silver. They won the bronze medal at the 2011 World Championships.
Pang and Tong withdrew from their assigned 2011–12 Grand Prix events, however, returned to
competition in January 2012, where they won gold at the Chinese National Winter Games. They earned first-place marks in the short program (70.24) and free skate (126.31). They competed at and finished fourth at the 2012 World Championships in what was their only ISU international event of the season.
For the 2012–13 season, Pang and Tong medaled at both their Grand Prix events, taking second at 2012 Skate America and first at 2012 Cup of China. They went on to win the bronze at the 2012–13 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final. They were fifth at the 2013 World Figure Skating Championships.
During the 2013–14 season, Pang and Tong finished second at 2013 Cup of China and first at 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard before winning bronze again at the 2013–14 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final. They went on to finish fourth at the 2014 Winter Olympics, their fourth consecutive Olympic Games.
For the 2014–15 season, Pang and Tong competed at the 2015 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships and 2015 World Figure Skating Championships, placing third at both events.
Personal life
Although they had not spoken about their personal lives, Pang and Tong revealed publicly in an issue of Vanity Fair during the 2010 Winter Olympics that they were romantically involved.
In June 2011, the pair became engaged after Tong proposed on-ice to Pang at a show in Shanghai. They got married on June 18, 2016.
Programs
Competitive highlights
(with Pang)
Detailed results
References
External links
Official website
1979 births
Chinese male pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters of China
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Living people
Olympic silver medalists for China
Figure skaters from Harbin
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Asian Games medalists in figure skating
Figure skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Figure skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Figure skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Medalists at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Manchu sportspeople
Universiade silver medalists for China
Competitors at the 1999 Winter Universiade |
5381007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Institute%20of%20Oncology | European Institute of Oncology | The European Institute of Oncology (, IEO) is a non-profit private-law comprehensive cancer centre located in Milan, Italy. It is a clinic, a research centre and a training institution. IEO is a member of EU-LIFE, an alliance of leading life science research centres in Europe.
The European Institute of Oncology works on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer by developing clinical and scientific research coupled with organisation and management. It provides a professional network for its members.
History
The European Institute of Oncology was conceived by Umberto Veronesi, who developed a new model for health and advanced research in the international oncology field. The institute was inaugurated in May 1994 and is today managed by Division and Unit Directors from eight European countries.
The Institute became a research hospital and treatment centre (IRCCS or “Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico”) through the Ministerial Decree issued in January 1996. The European Institute of Oncology provides services through agreements with Italy’s National Health Service. Professor Gordon McVie performs outreach activities on behalf of the IEO.
The Institute integrates various activities involved in the fight against cancer: prevention and diagnosis, health education and training, research and treatment.
At its centre in Via Ripamonti all clinical, research and training activities take place. In 2002 the institute opened IEO CENTRO, an integrated cancer diagnosis centre in downtown Milan.
Journal
ecancermedicalscience is the non-profit open-access journal of the European Institute of Oncology. Founded by Professors Umberto Veronesi and Gordon McVie in 2007, ecancermedicalscience is published by Cancer Intelligence and forms part of ecancer.org.
In 2014, Managing Editor Gordon McVie was accepted as a Scholar Member of the World Association of Medical Editors.
Business model
ecancermedicalscience is a non-profit journal supported by charitable funding. The key founding charities are The Umberto Veronesi Foundation, the European Institute of Oncology Foundation and Swiss Bridge.
In 2014, ecancermedicalscience became the first open-access journal to charge article fees based on a "pay what you can afford" model. Authors with access to publication funding may donate voluntarily to the journal to cover publication costs. Authors without access to funding do not have to pay any portion of the publishing costs.
In the news
In June 2014, a case report published in ecancermedicalscience received international media attention. The case report described a young Latin American girl whose fits of inappropriate laughter were mistakenly diagnosed as misbehavior or demonic possession, but were found to be Gelastic seizures caused by a brain tumor.
Abstracting and indexing
ecancermedicalscience is indexed in the following repositories:
Memberships
Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, of which ecancermedicalscience is a member
Committee on Publication Ethics, of which ecancermedicalscience is a member.
External links
European Institute of Oncology Website
ecancermedicalscience (Open Access journal of the European Institute of Oncology)
References
Hospitals established in 1994
Hospitals in Milan
Medical research institutes in Italy
Cancer organizations
International medical associations of Europe
International organisations based in Italy
1994 establishments in Italy |
4043787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua%20%28journal%29 | Lingua (journal) | Lingua: An International Review of General Linguistics is a peer-reviewed academic journal of general linguistics that was established in 1949 and is published by Elsevier. Its editor-in-chief is Marta Dynel (University of Lodz).
In October 2015 the editors and editorial board of Lingua resigned en masse to protest their inability to come to an agreement with Elsevier regarding fair pricing models for open access publishing. They subsequently started a new journal, Glossa. Since then, the majority of the linguistics community has supported Glossa and boycotted Lingua. As part of the boycott, the journal got the pejorative nickname Zombie Lingua.
References
External links
Linguistics journals
Elsevier academic journals
Publications established in 1949
English-language journals
Journals published between 13 and 25 times per year
Hybrid open access journals |
4043790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skydiggers/Cash%20Brothers | Skydiggers/Cash Brothers | Skydiggers/Cash Brothers is a CD by the Canadian bands Skydiggers and The Cash Brothers, released in 2006.
The CD evolved from a series of collaborative shows played by the two bands in the fall and winter of 2005 and 2006. The bands have had a long and extensive shared history — Peter Cash is a former member of Skydiggers, and Andrew Cash was a frequent collaborator with the band in their early years of performing.
Track listing
I Know You Lie Awake (A. Cash/P. Cash)
Smile Me Down (A. Cash)
Overcast and Grey (Finlayson/Maize/Jamieson)
Maybe Some Day (A. Cash/P. Cash)
I'm Coming Home (A. Cash/P. Cash)
Heart-a-Pounding (A. Cash/P. Cash)
Barely Made it Through (A. Cash/P. Cash)
Only Now (Finlayson/Maize)
Falling Down (A. Cash/P. Cash)
From Down the Line (Finlayson/Maize)
Nowhere to Go But Up (A. Cash/P. Cash)
An Honest Day's Work (Finlayson/Maize)
2006 albums
Skydiggers albums
The Cash Brothers albums |
4043791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahar%20Zoughari%20Stadium | Tahar Zoughari Stadium | Tahar Zoughari Stadium () is a multi-use stadium in Relizane, Algeria. It is mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 30,000 people. RC Relizane are tenants.
The stadium was opened on 18 March 1987.
References
Tahar Zoughari
Buildings and structures in Relizane Province |
5381010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch%20Murray | Mitch Murray | Mitch Murray (born Lionel Michael Stitcher; 30 January 1940) is an English songwriter, record producer and author. He has won two Ivor Novello Awards, including the Jimmy Kennedy Award. Murray has written, or co-written, songs that have produced five UK and three US chart-topping records. He has also been awarded the Gold Badge of Merit by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors.
Early life
He was born Lionel Michael Stitcher in Hove, Sussex, England. In 1968, he changed his legal name by deed poll to Mitch Murray.
Musical career
Murray's first major songwriting success was "How Do You Do It?" It was picked up by producer George Martin, who insisted that The Beatles record it as their first single. The recording remained officially unreleased until it appeared on Anthology 1 in 1995. Martin let them release "Love Me Do" instead, passing "How Do You Do It?" to another young Liverpool-based group, Gerry and the Pacemakers. Their version launched their career with a UK Number 1 single the following spring. Thus encouraged, Murray sent them another of his songs, "I Like It", which became their second single and also topped the UK Singles Chart.
He had further success throughout the next ten years, writing "You Were Made for Me" and "I'm Telling You Now" for Freddie and the Dreamers, the latter in collaboration with their frontman, Freddie Garrity; and "I Knew It All the Time" recorded in 1964 by The Dave Clark Five. Murray's 1964 book, How to Write a Hit Song, inspired Sting, then a 12-year-old schoolboy, to start writing songs. Sting now refers to Murray as "My Mentor", and wrote the foreword to Mitch Murray's Handbook for the Terrified Speaker (Valium in a Volume).
Most of Murray's subsequent hits were written with Peter Callander, among them "Even the Bad Times Are Good" (The Tremeloes), "The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde" (Georgie Fame), "Goodbye Sam, Hello Samantha" (Cliff Richard), "Ragamuffin Man" (Manfred Mann), "Hitchin' a Ride" (Vanity Fare), "Turn On The Sun" (Nana Mouskouri) and "Avenues and Alleyways", "Las Vegas", and "I Did What I Did for Maria" for Tony Christie.
Murray and Callander were also Christie's producers, and produced "Is This the Way to Amarillo?" (written by Neil Sedaka and Howard Greenfield). In an interview in The Times in which Christie described another Murray-Callander penned tune, "Las Vegas", he noted that the two "were the star songwriters of the day".
After writing many hits for other people, in October 1965 Murray had a hit single as a performer, with his humorous composition, "Down Came the Rain", issued on Fontana Records under the moniker Mister Murray, with "Whatever Happened to Music" on the B-side. It missed the Record Retailer Top 50, but reached number 30 in the NME chart. An Italian version of "Down Came the Rain", under the name "Una ragazza per due" ("A girl for two") and with totally rewritten lyrics (unrelated to the original ones), has been performed by various artists, among them I Giganti, Ornella Vanoni and Mina. Murray also wrote "My Brother" which became a children's favourite when recorded by Terry Scott.
Later, Murray and Callander formed their own record label, Bus Stop, through which they launched the career of Paper Lace. Their first two singles, released in 1974, were both written by Murray and Callander: "Billy Don't Be a Hero" (number one in the UK, with a cover version by Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods reaching number one in the US), and "The Night Chicago Died" (number one in the US). Another song Murray was involved in was "Sing Me", a UK Top Ten hit for one-hit wonders, The Brothers, in 1977.
In 1968, Murray became the youngest ever director of PRS for Music. In 1971, he conceived and founded the Society Of Distinguished Songwriters (SODS). Current members include Sir Tim Rice, Guy Chambers, Gary Barlow, David Arnold, Mike Batt, Justin Hayward, Don Black, Marty Wilde, Ricky Wilde, and more than thirty others. Bill Martin, who was also a founding member, died in April 2020.
Murray was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to music.
Comedy
In the mid-1980s, just before the privatisation of British Telecom, Murray wrote and starred in a series of comedy programmes, The Telefun Show, which were only available for listening via the telephone (by dialling 01-246 8070 in the UK) in a similar way to the contemporary Dial-A-Disc service, which he also presented and which attracted up to 300,000 calls per day.
After "Down Came The Rain", Murray built up a reputation for comedy in many areas, including voice characterisation for movies and radio commercials, as well as for after-dinner speaking.
Author and speechwriter
Murray is now regarded as one of Britain’s leading professional humorous speechwriters, and has written several best-selling books on the subject including Mitch Murray's One-Liners For Weddings (1994), Mitch Murray's One-Liners For Business and Mitch Murray's One-Liners for Speeches on Special Occasions (1997).
Personal life
Murray was married to the singer and actress Grazina Frame, but they were divorced in 1980. They have two daughters, Gina and Mazz. Mazz, who was Bob Monkhouse's god-daughter, starred for nine years as Killer Queen in the musical We Will Rock You. Gina starred in the West End productions of The Full Monty and Chicago. They are currently working together as two-thirds of 'Woman' The Band.
Murray currently resides in the Isle of Man.
References
External links
The Pirate Radio Hall of Fame
Mersey Beat
Chartwatch
1940 births
English songwriters
English record producers
People from Hove
Living people
English humorists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
it:Una ragazza in due/Lezione di ritmo#Una ragazza in due |
5381013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Gale | Terry Gale | Terry R. Gale (born 7 June 1946) is an Australian professional golfer.
Professional career
Gale had a successful amateur career before turning professional at a relatively advanced age in 1976. From the mid-1970s to the early 1990s he won regularly on the PGA Tour of Australasia, the Japan Golf Tour, and the Asia Golf Circuit. Since turning fifty he has been a member of the European Seniors Tour, where he has won seven tournaments. His best season on that tour was 2003, when he finished third on the Order of Merit. He also plays on the Japanese Seniors Tour.
Personal life
Gale originally worked as a sheep farmer.
Off the course, Gale was the second Chairman of the PGA Tour of Australasia. His son, Mark Gale was a professional Australian rules footballer. Gale was also a talented cricketer in his youth, representing his state on occasion, although never at First Class level.
Amateur wins
1969 Western Australian Amateur
1972 Western Australian Amateur
1974 Australian Amateur, Western Australian Amateur
1975 Western Australian Amateur
Professional wins (43)
Japan Golf Tour wins (2)
1Co-sanctioned by the Asia Golf Circuit
Japan Golf Tour playoff record (0–1)
PGA Tour of Australasia wins (16)
PGA Tour of Australasia playoff record (6–0)
Other Australian wins (10)
1969 Nedlands Masters (as an amateur)
1970 Nedlands Masters (as an amateur)
1971 Nedlands Masters (as an amateur)
1972 Western Australian Open (as an amateur)
1975 Western Australian Open (as an amateur)
1976 Nedlands Masters
1979 Mandurah Classic
1981 Western Australia PGA Championship
1990 Western Australian Open
1992 Nedlands Masters
Asia Golf Circuit wins (6)
1978 Singapore Open
1983 Malaysian Open
1984 Indonesia Open
1985 Benson & Hedges Malaysian Open
1987 Benson & Hedges Malaysian Open
1989 Dunlop International Open (also Japan Golf Tour event)
European Senior Tour wins (7)
European Senior Tour playoff record (0–2)
Australian senior wins (2)
1997 Australian PGA Seniors Championship
2006 Australian PGA Seniors Championship
Results in major championships
Note: Gale only played in The Open Championship.
CUT = missed the half-way cut (3rd round cut in 1980 and 1985 Open Championships)
"T" = tied
Team appearances
Amateur
Eisenhower Trophy (representing Australia): 1970, 1972, 1974
Commonwealth Tournament (representing Australia): 1971
Sloan Morpeth Trophy (representing Australia): 1969 (winners)
Professional
World Cup (representing Australia): 1983
Alfred Dunhill Challenge (representing Australasia): 1995 (non-playing captain)
References
External links
Profile on CricketArchive
Australian male golfers
PGA Tour of Australasia golfers
Japan Golf Tour golfers
European Senior Tour golfers
People educated at Scotch College, Perth
People from the Wheatbelt (Western Australia)
Golfers from Perth, Western Australia
1946 births
Living people |
5381021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benesch | Benesch | Benesch is a surname, a Germanized version of Czech surname Beneš. Notable people with the surname include:
Leonie Benesch, German actress
Lynn Benesch, American actress
Otto Benesch (1896–1964), Austrian historian
Reinhold and Ruth Benesch, American biochemists
Susan Benesch, American journalist and scholar
See also
Wilson Benesch, British audio equipment manufacturer
German-language surnames
Surnames of Czech origin |
4043799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic%20history%20of%20India | Linguistic history of India | The languages of India are divided into various language families, of which the Indo-Aryan and the Dravidian languages are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated language families such as Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan, spoken by smaller groups.
Indo-Aryan languages
Proto-Indo-Aryan
Proto-Indo-Aryan is a proto-language hypothesized to have been the direct ancestor of all Indo-Aryan languages. It would have had similarities to Proto-Indo-Iranian, but would ultimately have used Sanskritized phonemes and morphemes.
Old Indo-Aryan
Vedic Sanskrit
Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations, and religio-philosophical discussions which form the earliest religious texts in India and the basis for much of the Hindu religion. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda to be the earliest. The hymns preserved in the Rigveda were preserved by oral tradition alone over several centuries before the introduction of writing, the oldest Aryan language among them predating the introduction of Brahmi by as much as a millennium.
The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the Vedic corpus in the traditional compilations, dated to roughly 500 BCE. It is around this time that Sanskrit began the transition from a first language to a second language of religion and learning, marking the beginning of Classical India.
Classical Sanskrit
The oldest language surviving Sanskrit grammar is Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī ("Eight-Chapter Grammar") dating to c. the 5th century BCE. It is essentially a prescriptive grammar, i.e., an authority that defines (rather than describes) correct Sanskrit, although it contains descriptive parts, mostly to account for Vedic forms that had already passed out of use in Pāṇini's time.
Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment.
Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or "Paninian" Sanskrit, while broadly similar, are separate varieties, which differ in a number of points of phonology, vocabulary, and grammar.
Middle Indo-Aryan
Prakrits
Prakrit (Sanskrit prākṛta प्राकृत, the past participle of प्राकृ, meaning "original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual", i.e. "vernacular", in contrast to samskrta "excellently made", both adjectives elliptically referring to vak "speech") is the broad family of Indo-Aryan languages and dialects spoken in ancient India. Some modern scholars include all Middle Indo-Aryan languages under the rubric of "Prakrits", while others emphasise the independent development of these languages, often separated from the history of Sanskrit by wide divisions of caste, religion, and geography.
The Prakrits became literary languages, generally patronized by kings identified with the kshatriya caste. The earliest inscriptions in Prakrit are those of Ashoka, emperor of the Maurya Empire, and while the various Prakrit languages are associated with different patron dynasties, with different religions and different literary traditions.
In Sanskrit drama, kings speak in Prakrit when addressing women or servants, in contrast to the Sanskrit used in reciting more formal poetic monologues.
The three Dramatic Prakrits – Sauraseni, Magadhi, Maharashtri, as well as Jain Prakrit each represent a distinct tradition of literature within the history of India. Other Prakrits are reported in historical sources, but have no extant corpus (e.g., Paisaci).
Pali
Pali is the Middle Indo-Aryan language in which the Theravada Buddhist scriptures and commentaries are preserved. Pali is believed by the Theravada tradition to be the same language as Magadhi, but modern scholars believe this to be unlikely. Pali shows signs of development from several underlying Prakrits as well as some Sanskritisation.
The Prakrit of the North-western area of India known as Gāndhāra has come to be called Gāndhārī. A few documents are written in the Kharoṣṭhi script survive including a version of the Dhammapada.
Apabhraṃśa/Apasabda
The Prakrits (which includes Pali) were gradually transformed into Apabhraṃśas (अपभ्रंश) which were used until about the 13th century CE. The term apabhraṃśa, meaning "fallen away", refers to the dialects of Northern India before the rise of modern Northern Indian languages, and implies a corrupt or non-standard language. A significant amount of apabhraṃśa literature has been found in Jain libraries. While Amir Khusro and Kabir were writing in a language quite similar to modern Hindi-Urdu, many poets, especially in regions that were still ruled by Hindu kings, continued to write in Apabhraṃśa. Apabhraṃśa authors include Sarahapad of Kamarupa, Devasena of Dhar (9th century CE), Pushpadanta of Manikhet (9th century CE), Dhanapal, Muni Ramsimha, Hemachandra of Patan, Raighu of Gwalior (15th century CE). An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is in Vikramōrvaśīyam of Kalidasa, when Pururava asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared.
Modern Indo-Aryan
Hindustani
Hindustani is right now the most spoken language in the Indian subcontinent and the fourth most spoken language in the world. The development of Hindustani revolves around the various Hindi dialects originating mainly from Sauraseni Apabhramsha. A Jain text Shravakachar written in 933AD is considered the first Hindi book. Modern Hindi is based on the prestigious Khariboli dialect which started to take Persian and Arabic words too with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate; however, the Arabic-Persian influence was profound mainly on Urdu and to a lesser extent on Hindi.Khadiboli also started to spread across North India as a vernacular form previously commonly known as Hindustani. Amir Khusrow wrote poems in Khariboli and Brajbhasha and referred that language as Hindavi. During the Bhakti era, many poems were composed in Khariboli, Brajbhasa, and Awadhi. One such classic is Ramcharitmanas, written by Tulsidas in Awadhi. In 1623 Jatmal wrote a book in Khariboli with the name 'Gora Badal ki Katha'.
The establishment of British rule in the subcontinent saw the clear division of Hindi and Urdu registers. This period also saw the rise of modern Hindi literature starting with Bharatendu Harishchandra. This period also shows further Sanskritization of the Hindi language in literature. Hindi is right now the official language in nine states of India— Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh—and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Post-independence Hindi became the official language of the Central Government of India along with English. Urdu has been the national and official language of Pakistan as well as the lingua franca of the country.
Outside the India, Hindustani is widely understood in other parts of the Indian subcontinent and also used as a lingua franca, and is the main language of Bollywood.
Marathi
Marathi is one of several languages that further descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Further change led to the Apabhraṃśa languages like Old Marathi, however, this is challenged by Bloch (1970), who states that Apabhraṃśa was formed after Marathi had already separated from the Middle Indian dialect. The earliest example of Maharashtri as a separate language dates to approximately 3rd century BCE: a stone inscription found in a cave at Naneghat, Junnar in Pune district had been written in Maharashtri using Brahmi script. A committee appointed by the Maharashtra State Government to get the Classical status for Marathi has claimed that Marathi existed at least 2300 years ago alongside Sanskrit as a sister language. Marathi, a derivative of Maharashtri, is probably first attested in a 739 CE copper-plate inscription found in Satara After 1187 CE, the use of Marathi grew substantially in the inscriptions of the Seuna (Yadava) kings, who earlier used Kannada and Sanskrit in their inscriptions. Marathi became the dominant language of epigraphy during the last half century of the dynasty's rule (14th century), and may have been a result of the Yadava attempts to connect with their Marathi-speaking subjects and to distinguish themselves from the Kannada-speaking Hoysalas.
Marathi gained prominence with the rise of the Maratha Empire beginning with the reign of Shivaji (1630–1680). Under him, the language used in administrative documents became less persianised. Whereas in 1630, 80% of the vocabulary was Persian, it dropped to 37% by 1677 The British colonial period starting in early 1800s saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary William Carey. Carey's dictionary had fewer entries and Marathi words were in Devanagari. Translations of the Bible were first books to be printed in Marathi. These translations by William Carey, the American Marathi mission and the Scottish missionaries led to the development of a peculiar pidginized Marathi called "Missionary Marathi” in the early 1800s.
After Indian independence, Marathi was accorded the status of a scheduled language on the national level. In 1956, the then Bombay state was reorganized which brought most Marathi and Gujarati speaking areas under one state. Further re-organization of the Bombay state on 1 May 1960, created the Marathi speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati speaking Gujarat state respectively. With state and cultural protection, Marathi made great strides by the 1990s.
Dravidian languages
The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages that are mainly spoken in southern India and northeastern Sri Lanka, as well as certain areas in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and eastern and central India, as well as in parts of southern Afghanistan, and overseas in other countries such as the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Malaysia and Singapore.
The origins of the Dravidian languages, as well as their subsequent development and the period of their differentiation, are unclear, and the situation is not helped by the lack of comparative linguistic research into the Dravidian languages.
Many linguists, however, tend to favor the theory that speakers of Dravidian languages spread southwards and eastwards through the Indian subcontinent, based on the fact that the southern Dravidian languages show some signs of contact with linguistic groups which the northern Dravidian languages do not. Proto-Dravidian is thought to have differentiated into Proto-North Dravidian, Proto-Central Dravidian and Proto-South Dravidian around 1500 BCE, although some linguists have argued that the degree of differentiation between the sub-families points to an earlier split.
It was not until 1856 that Robert Caldwell published his Comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages, which considerably expanded the Dravidian umbrella and established it as one of the major language groups of the world. Caldwell coined the term "Dravidian" from the Sanskrit drāvida, related to the word 'Tamil' or 'Tamilan', which is seen in such forms as into 'Dramila', 'Drami˜a', 'Dramida' and 'Dravida' which was used in a 7th-century text to refer to the languages of the southern India. The Dravidian Etymological Dictionary was published by T. Burrow and M. B. Emeneau.
History of Tamil
Linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the 6th millennium BCE. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were the culture associated with the Neolithic complexes of South India. The next phase in the reconstructed proto-history of Tamil is Proto-South Dravidian. The linguistic evidence suggests that Proto-South Dravidian was spoken around the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE and Old Tamil emerged around the 6th century BCE. The earliest epigraphic attestations of Tamil are generally taken to have been written shortly thereafter. Among Indian languages, Tamil has one of the ancient Indian literature besides others.
Scholars categorise the attested history of the language into three periods, Old Tamil (400 BCE – 700 CE), Middle Tamil (700–1600) and Modern Tamil (1600–present).
Old Tamil
The earliest records in Old Tamil are short inscriptions from around the 6th century BCE in caves and on pottery. These inscriptions are written in a variant of the Brahmi script called Tamil Brahmi. The earliest long text in Old Tamil is the Tolkāppiyam, an early work on Tamil grammar and poetics, whose oldest layers could be as old as the 2nd century BCE. A large number of literary works in Old Tamil have also survived. These include a corpus of 2,381 poems collectively known as Sangam literature. These poems are usually dated to between the 1st and 5th centuries CE, which makes them the oldest extant body of secular literature in India. Other literary works in Old Tamil include two long epics, Cilappatikaram and Manimekalai, and a number of ethical and didactic texts, written between the 5th and 8th centuries.
Old Tamil preserved some features of Proto-Dravidian, including the inventory of consonants, the syllable structure, and various grammatical features. Amongst these was the absence of a distinct present tense – like Proto-Dravidian, Old Tamil only had two tenses, the past and the "non-past". Old Tamil verbs also had a distinct negative conjugation (e.g. (காணேன்) "I do not see", (காணோம்) "we do not see"). Nouns could take pronominal suffixes like verbs to express ideas: e.g. (பெண்டிரேம்) "we are women" formed from (பெண்டிர்) "women" + - (ஏம்) and the first person plural marker.
Despite the significant amount of grammatical and syntactical change between Old, Middle and Modern Tamil, Tamil demonstrates grammatical continuity across these stages: many characteristics of the later stages of the language have their roots in features of Old Tamil.
Middle Tamil
The evolution of Old Tamil into Middle Tamil, which is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century, was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme, the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals, and the transformation of the alveolar plosive into a rhotic. In grammar, the most important change was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb (கில்), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall". In Old Tamil, this verb was used as an aspect marker to indicate that an action was micro-durative, non-sustained or non-lasting, usually in combination with a time marker such as (ன்). In Middle Tamil, this usage evolved into a present tense marker – (கின்ற) – which combined the old aspect and time markers.
Middle Tamil also saw a significant increase in the Sanskritisation of Tamil. From the period of the Pallava dynasty onwards, a number of Sanskrit loan-words entered Tamil, particularly in relation to political, religious and philosophical concepts. Sanskrit also influenced Tamil grammar, in the increased use of cases and in declined nouns becoming adjuncts of verbs, and phonology. The Tamil script also changed in the period of Middle Tamil. Tamil Brahmi and Vaṭṭeḻuttu, into which it evolved, were the main scripts used in Old Tamil inscriptions. From the 8th century onwards, however, the Pallavas began using a new script, derived from the Pallava Grantha script which was used to write Sanskrit, which eventually replaced Vaṭṭeḻuttu.
Middle Tamil is attested in a large number of inscriptions, and in a significant body of secular and religious literature. These include the religious poems and songs of the Bhakthi poets, such as the Tēvāram verses on Saivism and Nālāyira Tivya Pirapantam on Vaishnavism, and adaptations of religious legends such as the 12th-century Tamil Ramayana composed by Kamban and the story of 63 shaivite devotees known as Periyapurāṇam. Iraiyaṉār Akapporuḷ, an early treatise on love poetics, and Naṉṉūl, a 12th-century grammar that became the standard grammar of literary Tamil, are also from the Middle Tamil period.
Modern Tamil
The Nannul remains the standard normative grammar for modern literary Tamil, which therefore continues to be based on Middle Tamil of the 13th century rather than on Modern Tamil. Colloquial spoken Tamil, in contrast, shows a number of changes. The negative conjugation of verbs, for example, has fallen out of use in Modern Tamil – negation is, instead, expressed either morphologically or syntactically. Modern spoken Tamil also shows a number of sound changes, in particular, a tendency to lower high vowels in initial and medial positions, and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic.
Contact with European languages also affected both written and spoken Tamil. Changes in written Tamil include the use of European-style punctuation and the use of consonant clusters that were not permitted in Middle Tamil. The syntax of written Tamil has also changed, with the introduction of new aspectual auxiliaries and more complex sentence structures, and with the emergence of a more rigid word order that resembles the syntactic argument structure of English. Simultaneously, a strong strain of linguistic purism emerged in the early 20th century, culminating in the Pure Tamil Movement which called for removal of all Sanskritic and other foreign elements from Tamil. It received some support from Dravidian parties and nationalists who supported Tamil independence. This led to the replacement of a significant number of Sanskrit loanwords by Tamil equivalents, though many others remain.
Literature
Tamil literature has a rich and long literary tradition spanning more than two thousand years. The oldest extant works show signs of maturity indicating an even longer period of evolution. Contributors to the Tamil literature are mainly from Tamil people from Tamil Nadu, Sri Lankan Tamils from Sri Lanka, and from Tamil diaspora. Also, there have been notable contributions from European authors. The history of Tamil literature follows the history of Tamil Nadu, closely following the social and political trends of various periods. The secular nature of the early Sangam poetry gave way to works of religious and didactic nature during the Middle Ages. Jain and Buddhist authors during the medieval period and Muslim and European authors later, contributed to the growth of Tamil literature.
A revival of Tamil literature took place from the late 19th century when works of religious and philosophical nature were written in a style that made it easier for the common people to enjoy. Nationalist poets began to utilize the power of poetry in influencing the masses. With the growth of literacy, Tamil prose began to blossom and mature. Short stories and novels began to appear. The popularity of Tamil Cinema has also provided opportunities for modern Tamil poets to emerge.
History of Kannada
Kannada is one of oldest languages in South India. The spoken language is said to have separated from its proto-language source earlier than Tamil and about the same time as Tulu. However, archaeological evidence would indicate a written tradition for this language of around 1600–1650 years. The initial development of the Kannada language is similar to that of other south Indian languages.
Stages of development
By the time Halmidi shasana (stone inscription) Kannada had become an official language. Some of the linguistics suggest that Tamil & HaLegannada are very similar or might have same roots. Ex: For milk in both languages it is 'Haalu', the postfix to the names of elders to show respect is 'avar / avargaL'.
600 – 1200 AD
During this era, language underwent a lot of changes as seen from the literary works of great poets of the era viz Pampa, Ranna, Ponna.
1400 – 1600 AD
Vijayanagar Empire which is called the Golden era in the history of medieval India saw a lot of development in all literary form of both Kannada and Telugu. During the ruling of the King Krishnadevaraya many wonderful works. Poet Kumaravyasa wrote Mahabharata in Kannada in a unique style called "shatpadi" (six lines is a stanza of the poem). This era also saw the origin of Dasa Sahitya, the Carnatic music. Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa wrote several songs praising Lord Krishna. This gave a new dimension to Kannada literature.
Stone inscriptions
The first written record in the Kannada language is traced to Emperor Ashoka's Brahmagiri edict dated 200 BCE. The first example of a full-length Kannada language stone inscription (shilashaasana) containing Brahmi characters with characteristics attributed to those of protokannada in Hale Kannada (Old Kannada) script can be found in the Halmidi inscription, dated c. 450, indicating that Kannada had become an administrative language by this time. Over 30,000 inscriptions written in the Kannada language have been discovered so far. The Chikkamagaluru inscription of 500 CE is another example. Prior to the Halmidi inscription, there is an abundance of inscriptions containing Kannada words, phrases and sentences, proving its antiquity. Badami cliff shilashaasana of Pulakeshin I is an example of a Sanskrit inscription in Hale Kannada script.
Copper plates and manuscripts
Examples of early Sanskrit-Kannada bilingual copper plate inscriptions (tamarashaasana) are the Tumbula inscriptions of the Western Ganga Dynasty dated 444 AD The earliest full-length Kannada tamarashaasana in Old Kannada script (early 8th century) belongs to Alupa King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu, South Kanara district and displays the double crested fish, his royal emblem. The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript is in Old Kannada and is that of Dhavala, dated to around the 9th century, preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, Dakshina Kannada district. The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written in ink.
History of Telugu
Origins
Telugu is hypothesised to have originated from a reconstructed Proto-Dravidian language. It is a highly Sanskritised language; as Telugu scholar C.P Brown states in page 266 of his book A Grammar of the Telugu language: "if we ever make any real progress in the language the student will require the aid of the Sanskrit Dictionary". Prakrit Inscriptions containing Telugu words dated around 400–100 BCE were discovered in Bhattiprolu in District of Guntur. English translation of one inscription as reads: "Gift of the slab by venerable Midikilayakha".
Stages
From 575 CE, we begin to find traces of Telugu in inscriptions and literature, it is possible to broadly define four stages in the linguistic history of the Telugu language:
575 –1100
The first inscription that is entirely in Telugu corresponds to the second phase of Telugu history. This inscription, dated 575, was found in the districts of Kadapa and Kurnool and is attributed to the Renati Cholas, who broke with the prevailing practice of using Prakrit and began writing royal proclamations in the local language. During the next fifty years, Telugu inscriptions appeared in Anantapuram and other neighboring regions. The earliest dated Telugu inscription from coastal Andhra Pradesh comes from about 633 .
Around the same time, the Chalukya kings of Telangana also began using Telugu for inscriptions. Telugu was more influenced by Sanskrit than Prakrit during this period, which corresponded to the advent of Telugu literature. One of the oldest Telugu stone inscriptions containing literature was the 11-line inscription dated between 946 and 968 found on a hillock known as Bommalagutta in Kurikyala village of Karimnagar district, Telangana. The sing-song Telugu rhyme was the work of Jinavallabha, the younger brother of Pampa who was the court poet of Vemulavada Chalukya king Arikesari III. This literature was initially found in inscriptions and poetry in the courts of the rulers, and later in written works such as Nannayya's Mahabharatam (1022 ). During the time of Nannayya, the literary language diverged from the popular language. This was also a period of phonetic changes in the spoken language.
1100 – 1400
The third phase is marked by further stylization and sophistication of the literary language. Ketana (13th century CE) in fact prohibited the use of the vernacular in poetic works. During this period the divergence of the Telugu script from the common Telugu-Kannada script took place. Tikkana wrote his works in this script.
1400–1900
Telugu underwent a great deal of change (as did other Indian languages), progressing from medieval to modern. The language of the Telangana region started to split into a distinct dialect due to Muslim influence: Sultanate rule under the Tughlaq dynasty had been established earlier in the northern Deccan during the 14th century CE. South of the Krishna River (in the Rayalaseema region), however, the Vijayanagara Empire gained dominance from 1336 CE until the late 17th century, reaching its peak during the rule of Krishnadevaraya in the 16th century, when Telugu literature experienced what is considered to be its golden age. Padakavithapithamaha, Annamayya, contributed many atcha (pristine) Telugu Padaalu to this great language. In the latter half of the 17th century, Muslim rule extended further south, culminating in the establishment of the princely state of Hyderabad by the Asaf Jah dynasty in 1724 CE. This heralded an era of Persian/Arabic influence on the Telugu language, especially on that spoken by the inhabitants of Hyderabad. The effect is also felt in the prose of the early 19th century, as in the Kaifiyats.
1900 to date
The period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the influence of the English language and modern communication/printing press as an effect of the British rule, especially in the areas that were part of the Madras Presidency. Literature from this time had a mix of classical and modern traditions and included works by scholars like Kandukuri Viresalingam, Gurazada Apparao, and Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao.
Since the 1930s, what was considered an elite literary form of the Telugu language has now spread to the common people with the introduction of mass media like movies, television, radio and newspapers. This form of the language is also taught in schools as a standard. In the current decade the Telugu language, like other Indian languages, has undergone globalization due to the increasing settlement of Telugu-speaking people abroad. Modern Telugu movies, although still retaining their dramatic quality, are linguistically separate from post-Independence films.
At present, a committee of scholars have approved a classical language tag for Telugu based on its antiquity. The Indian government has also officially designated it as a classical language.
Carnatic music
Though Carnatic music, one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music that evolved from ancient Hindu traditions, has a profound cultural influence on all of the South Indian states and their respective languages, most songs (Kirtanas) are in Kannada and Telugu. Purandara Dasa, said to have composed at least a quarter million songs and known as the "father" of Carnatic music composed in Kannada.
The region to the east of Tamil Nadu stretching from Tanjore in the south to Andhra Pradesh in the north was known as the Carnatic region during 17th and 18th centuries. The Carnatic war in which Robert Clive annexed Trichirapali is relevant. The music that prevailed in this region during the 18th century onwards was known as Carnatic music. This is because the existing tradition is to a great extent an outgrowth of the musical life of the principality of Thanjavur in the Kaveri delta. Thanjavur was the heart of the Chola dynasty (from the 9th century to the 13th), but in the second quarter of the 16th century a Telugu Nayak viceroy (Raghunatha Nayaka) was appointed by the emperor of Vijayanagara, thus establishing a court whose language was Telugu. The Nayaks acted as governors of what is present-day Tamil Nadu with their headquarters at Thanjavur (1530–1674 CE) and Madurai(1530–1781 CE). After the collapse of Vijayanagar, Thanjavur and Madurai Nayaks became independent and ruled for the next 150 years until they were replaced by Marathas. This was the period when several Telugu families migrated from Andhra and settled down in Thanjavur and Madurai. Most great composers of Carnatic music belonged to these Telugu families.
Telugu words end in vowels which many consider a mellifluous quality and thus suitable for musical expression. Of the trinity of Carnatic music composers, Tyagaraja's and Syama Sastri's compositions were largely in Telugu, while Muttuswami Dikshitar is noted for his Sanskrit texts. Tyagaraja is remembered both for his devotion and the bhava of his krithi, a song form consisting of pallavi, (the first section of a song) anupallavi (a rhyming section that follows the pallavi) and charanam (a sung stanza which serves as a refrain for several passages in the composition). The texts of his kritis are almost all in Sanskrit, in Telugu (the contemporary language of the court). This use of a living language, as opposed to Sanskrit, the language of ritual, is in keeping with the bhakti ideal of the immediacy of devotion. Sri Syama Sastri, the oldest of the trinity, was taught Telugu and Sanskrit by his father, who was the pujari (Hindu priest) at the Meenakshi temple in Madurai. Syama Sastri's texts were largely composed in Telugu, widening their popular appeal. Some of his most famous compositions include the nine krithis, Navaratnamaalikā, in praise of the goddess Meenakshi at Madurai, and his eighteen krithi in praise of Kamakshi. As well as composing krithi, he is credited with turning the svarajati, originally used for dance, into a purely musical form.
History of Malayalam
Malayalam is thought to have diverged from Middle Tamil approximately the 6th century in the region coinciding with modern Kerala. The development of Malayalam as a separate language was characterized by a moderate influence from Sanskrit, both in lexicon and grammar, which culminated in the Aadhyaathma Ramayanam, a version of the Ramayana by Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan which marked the beginning of modern Malayalam. Ezhuthachan's works also cemented the use of the Malayalam script, an alphabet blending the Tamil Vatteluttu alphabet with elements of the Grantha script resulting in a large number of letters capable of representing both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian sounds. Today, it is considered one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was declared a classical language by the Government of India in 2013.
Sino-Tibetan languages
Sino-Tibetan languages are spoken in the western Himalayas (Himachal Pradesh) and in the highlands of Northeast India. The Sino-Tibetan family includes such languages as Meitei (officially known as Manipuri), Tripuri, Bodo, Garo and various groups of Naga languages. Some of the languages traditionally included in Sino-Tibetan may actually be language isolates or part of small independent language families.
Meitei
Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language) was the ancient court language of Manipur Kingdom (), which was used with honour before and during the kingdom's Durbar (court) sessions, until Manipur was merged into the Republic of India on 21 September 1949.
Besides being the native tongue of the Meiteis, Meitei language was and is the lingua franca of all the ethnic groups living in Manipur.
The ancestor of the present day Meitei language is the Ancient Meitei (also called Old Manipuri).
Classical Meitei (also called Classical Manipuri) is the standardised form of Meitei and is also the liturgical language of Sanamahism (traditional Meitei religion), serving as the medium of thoughts on the Puya (Meitei texts).
Padma Vibhushan awardee Indian Bengali scholar Suniti Kumar Chatterji wrote about Meitei language:
"The beginning of this old Manipuri literature (as in the case of Newari) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now."
Meitei language has its own script, the Meitei script (), often but not officially referred to as the Manipuri script. The earliest known coin, having the script engraved on it, dated back to the 6th century CE. Renowned Indian scholar Kalidas Nag, after observing the Meitei writings on the handmade papers and agar pieces, opined that the Manipuri script belongs to the pre-Ashokan period. Ancient and medieval Meitei literature are written in this script.
According to the "Report on the Archaeological Studies in Manipur, Bulletin No-1", a Meitei language copper plate inscription was found to be dated back to the 8th century CE. It is one of the preserved earliest known written records of Meitei language.
In the 18th century CE, the usage of Meitei script was officially replaced by the Bengali script for any forms of writings in Meitei language right from the era of Meitei King Gharib Niwaj () (1690–1751), the Maharaja of Manipur kingdom. It was during his time Kangleipak, the Meitei name of the kingdom, was renamed with the Sanskrit name Manipur, thereby creating the mythical connecting legends with that of the Manipur (Mahabharata), which is clarified by the modern Indian Hindu scholars as a coastal region in Odisha, though eponymous with the Meitei kingdom.
In modern era, the "Manipur State Constitution Act 1947" of the once independent Manipur Kingdom accords Meitei language as the court language of the kingdom (before merging into the Indian Republic).
In the year 1972, Meitei language was given the recognition by the National Sahitya Akademi, the highest Indian body of language and literature, as one of the major Indian languages.
On the 20th August 1992, Meitei language was included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and made one of the languages with official status in India. The event was commemorated every year as the Meitei Language Day (officially called Manipuri Language Day).
Starting from the year 2021, Meitei script (officially known as Meetei Mayek) was officially used, along with the Bengali script, to write the Meitei language, as per "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". It was declared by the Government of Manipur on 10 March 2021.
In September 2021, the Central Government of India released as the first instalment for the development and the promotion of the Meitei language and the Meitei script in Manipur.
Languages of other families in India
Austroasiatic languages
The Austroasiatic family spoken in East and North-east India. Austroasiatic languages include the Santal and Munda languages of eastern India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, and the Mon–Khmer languages spoken by the Khasi and Nicobarese in India and in Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and southern China. The Austroasiatic languages arrived in east India around 4000-3500 ago from Southeast Asia.
Great Andamanese and Ongan languages
On the Andaman Islands, language from at least two families have spoken: the Great Andamanese languages and the Ongan languages. The Sentinelese language is spoken on North Sentinel Island, but contact has not been made with the Sentinelis; thus, its language affiliation is unknown. While Joseph Greenberg considered the Great Andamanese languages to be part of a larger Indo-Pacific family, it was not established through the comparative method but considered spurious by historical linguists. Stephen Wurm suggests similarities with Trans-New Guinea languages and others are caused by a linguistic substrate.
Juliette Blevins has suggested that the Ongan languages are the sister branch to the Austronesian languages in an Austronesian-Ongan family because of sound correspondences between protolanguages.
Isolates
The Nihali language is a language isolate spoken in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Affiliations have been suggested to the Munda languages but they have yet to be demonstrated.
Scripts
Indus
The Indus script is the short strings of symbols associated with the Harappan civilization of ancient India (most of the Indus sites are distributed in present-day Pakistan and northwest India) used between 2600 and 1900 BCE, which evolved from an early Indus script attested from around 3500–3300 BCE. Found in at least a dozen types of context, the symbols are most commonly associated with flat, rectangular stone tablets called seals. The first publication of a Harappan seal was a drawing by Alexander Cunningham in 1875. Since then, well over 4000 symbol-bearing objects have been discovered, some as far afield as Mesopotamia. After 1500 BCE, coinciding with the final stage of Harappan civilization, use of the symbols ends. There are over 400 distinct signs, but many are thought to be slight modifications or combinations of perhaps 200 'basic' signs. The symbols remain undeciphered (in spite of numerous attempts that did not find favour with the academic community), and some scholars classify them as proto-writing rather than writing proper.
Brāhmī
The best-known inscriptions in Brāhmī are the rock-cut Edicts of Ashoka, dating to the 3rd century BCE. These were long considered the earliest examples of Brāhmī writing, but recent archaeological evidence in Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu suggest the dates for the earliest use of Tamil Brāhmī to be around the 6th century BCE, dated using radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dating methods.
This script is ancestral to the Brahmic family of scripts, most of which are used in South and Southeast Asia, but which have wider historical use elsewhere, even as far as Mongolia and perhaps even Korea, according to one theory of the origin of Hangul. The Brāhmī numeral system is the ancestor of the Hindu-Arabic numerals, which are now used worldwide.
Brāhmī is generally believed to be derived from a Semitic script such as the Imperial Aramaic alphabet, as was clearly the case for the contemporary Kharosthi alphabet that arose in a part of northwest Indian under the control of the Achaemenid Empire. Rhys Davids suggests that writing may have been introduced to India from the Middle East by traders. Another possibility is with the Achaemenid conquest in the late 6th century BCE. It was often assumed that it was a planned invention under Ashoka as a prerequisite for his edicts. Compare the much better-documented parallel of the Hangul script.
Older examples of the Brahmi script appear to be on fragments of pottery from the trading town of Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, which have been dated to the early 400 BCE. Even earlier evidence of the Tamil -Brahmi script has been discovered on pieces of pottery in Adichanallur, Tamil Nadu. Radio-carbon dating has established that they belonged to the 6th-century BCE.
The origin of the script is still much debated, with most scholars stating that Brahmi was derived from or at least influenced by one or more contemporary Semitic scripts, while others favor the idea of an indigenous origin or connection to the much older and as yet undeciphered Indus script of the Indus Valley civilisation.
Kharosthi
The Kharoṣṭhī script, also known as the Gāndhārī script, is an ancient abugida (a kind of alphabetic script) used by the Gandhara culture of ancient northwest India to write the Gāndhārī and Sanskrit languages. It was in use from the 4th century BCE until it died out in its homeland around the 3rd century CE. It was also in use along the Silk Road where there is some evidence it may have survived until the 7th century CE in the remote way stations of Khotan and Niya.
Scholars are not in agreement as to whether the Kharoṣṭhī script evolved gradually, or was the work of a mindful inventor. An analysis of the script forms shows a clear dependency on the Aramaic alphabet but with extensive modifications to support the sounds found in Indian languages. One model is that the Aramaic script arrived with the Achaemenid conquest of the region in 500 BCE and evolved over the next 200+ years to reach its final form by the 3rd century BCE. However, no Aramaic documents of any kind have survived from this period. Also intermediate forms have yet been found to confirm this evolutionary model, and rock and coins inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE onward show a unified and mature form.
The study of the Kharoṣṭhī script was recently invigorated by the discovery of the Gandhāran Buddhist texts, a set of birch-bark manuscripts written in Kharoṣṭhī, discovered near the Afghan city of Haḍḍā (compare Panjabi HAḌḌ ਹੱਡ s. m. "A bone, especially a big bone of dead cattle" referring to the famous mortuary grounds if the area): just west of the Khyber Pass. The manuscripts were donated to the British Library in 1994. The entire set of manuscripts are dated to the 1st century CE making them the oldest Buddhist manuscripts in existence.
Gupta
The Gupta script was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of India which was a period of material prosperity and great religious and scientific developments. The Gupta script was descended from Brahmi and gave rise to the Siddham script and then Bengali–Assamese script.
Siddhaṃ
Siddhaṃ (Sanskrit, accomplished or perfected), descended from the Brahmi script via the Gupta script, which also gave rise to the Devanagari script as well as a number of other Asian scripts such as Tibetan script.
Siddhaṃ is an abugida or alphasyllabary rather than an alphabet because each character indicates a syllable. If no other mark occurs then the short 'a' is assumed. Diacritic marks indicate the other vowels, the pure nasal (anusvara), and the aspirated vowel (visarga). A special mark (virama), can be used to indicate that the letter stands alone with no vowel which sometimes happens at the end of Sanskrit words. See links below for examples.
The writing of mantras and copying of Sutras using the Siddhaṃ script is still practiced in Shingon Buddhism in Japan but has died out in other places. It was Kūkai who introduced the Siddham script to Japan when he returned from China in 806, where he studied Sanskrit with Nalanda trained monks including one known as Prajñā. Sutras that were taken to China from India were written in a variety of scripts, but Siddham was one of the most important. By the time Kūkai learned this script the trading and pilgrimage routes overland to India, part of the Silk Road, were closed by the expanding Islamic empire of the Abbasids. Then in the middle of the 9th century, there were a series of purges of "foreign religions" in China. This meant that Japan was cut off from the sources of Siddham texts. In time other scripts, particularly Devanagari replaced it in India, and so Japan was left as the only place where Siddham was preserved, although it was, and is only used for writing mantras and copying sutras.
Siddhaṃ was influential in the development of the Kana writing system, which is also associated with Kūkaiwhile the Kana shapes derive from Chinese characters, the principle of a syllable-based script and their systematic ordering was taken over from Siddham.
Nagari
Descended from the Siddham script around the 11th century.
See also
Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit
Persian language in the Indian subcontinent
Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil
Linguistic Survey of India
Notes
References
Sources
Steve Farmer, Richard Sproat, and Michael Witzel, The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization, EVJS, vol. 11 (2004), issue 2 (Dec)
Scharfe, Harmut. Kharoṣṭhī and Brāhmī. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 122 (2) 2002, p. 391–3.
Stevens, John. Sacred Calligraphy of the East. [3rd ed. Rev.] (Boston : Shambala, 1995)
Further reading
A Database of G.A. Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India (1904–1928, Calcutta).
Gramophone recordings from the Linguistic Survey of India (1913–1929), Digital South Asia Library
External links
Omniglot alphabets for Kharoṣṭhī, Brahmi, Siddham, Devanāgarī.
Indian Scripts and Languages
Linguistic history of Pakistan |
4043805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somhlolo%20National%20Stadium | Somhlolo National Stadium | Somhlolo National Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Lobamba, Eswatini. Built in 1968, it has artificial turf and holds 20,000 fans (all standing). It is used for football and rugby matches.
The stadium is named for King Somhlolo, who had moved his people into the region that is now Eswatini (Swaziland) about 200 years ago, and is considered the father of the country.
References
External links
Stadium Pictures
Photos of the stadium
Football venues in Eswatini
Athletics (track and field) venues in Eswatini
Eswatini
Multi-purpose stadiums |
4043813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade%20de%20K%C3%A9gu%C3%A9 | Stade de Kégué | Stade de Kégué is a multi-use stadium in Lomé, Togo. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 40,000 people and opened in 2000. It was designed by Chinese architect Yang Zhou. The stadium was the main host of the 2007 African U-17 Championship, in March 2007.
History
In 2004, the stadium saw an incident following a match between Togo and Mali in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. The lights on Stade de Kégué went down, and while the panicking crowd tried to leave the stadium, three people were killed and eight injured in the ensuing stampede. On 19 October 2007 the Confederation of African Football placed an indefinite ban on the stadium after an African Nations Cup qualifier between ended in violence which saw Malian players and fans injured. Over 118 million CFA francs were spent in renovations aiming for a higher security during the ban. Kégué went back to hosting international games in 2009, where Togo lost 2-1 to Morocco in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers.
References
External links
Photo at cafe.daum.net/stade
Photo at worldstadiums.com
Football venues in Togo
Athletics (track and field) venues in Togo
Togo
Buildings and structures in Lomé |
5381036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornwestheim | Kornwestheim | Kornwestheim (Swabian: ) is a town in the district of Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated about north of Stuttgart, and south of Ludwigsburg.
History
Origins and Development
Kornwestheim can look back at a history of more than 1200 years. It was first mentioned in official documents as "Westheim" around 780 AC, within the interest register of the Lorsch monastery. The name form "Kornwestheim" appeared much later; for the first in 1472, which became common in the 17th century and has been in use ever since.
Archeological findings furnish evidence for the populating of the area in already prehistorical times. There was a Roman road that lead through the Kornwestheim urban area, which has been partially preserved as dirt road. Part of it was restored in Kornwestheim-Ost near the Theodor-Heuss-Realschule. In the western part of the city there was an even older road from the Bronze Age running towards what today is a highway.
It is assumed that the original Westheim is a western settlement, in contrast to the eastern settlement of Ostheim. For centuries, Kornwestheim was a prosperous and wealthy farming village that benefited from the fertility of its farmland and active trade. In 1303, the counts of Asperg sold Kornwestheim to the Dukes of Württemberg. At first, it belonged to the bureau of Cannstatt and since 1719 to the bureau of Ludwigsburg out of which emerged the county in 1938 and in 1973 the larger district of Ludwigsburg.
Urbanization in the mid-19th century
With the construction of the railroad line Stuttgart - Ludwigsburg - Heilbronn in 1846 the era of Industrialization began and the construction of the national switch yard in Kornwestheim in the years of 1913-1919 made Kornwestheim the railway road node in Southern Germany, creating ideal conditions for the future growth and development of the city. This infrastructure improvements and the convenient location of the city as well as several factory foundations contributed to a large increase in population in the late 19th century. The shoemaker Jakob Sigle, who had already opened his workshop in 1885, founded the shoe factory J. Sigle & Cie. together with his merchant partner Max Levi, which later became nationally known as the Salamander AG. In 1898, the machine factory A. Stotz Albert Stotz followed as well as the iron foundry firm Kreidler, opening operations in 1939.
As of April 1, when the population had nearly within the last three decades, Kornwestheim eventually received the official municipal law in 1931.
As part of the rearmament of the German re-armament, starting in 1934 the Hindenburg barracks and the Ludendorff barracks were built as tank units and Kornwestheim became a garrison town in 1935/36. The Second World War demanded numerous victims: allied air raids killed 162 people and destroyed 160 buildings. At the military front 478 resident soldiers were killed. On April 21 in 1945, the US troops took over the occupation using the existing barracks until 1993 and renamed the Hindenburg barracks into Wilkin Barracks. Since the Second World War the population has doubled due to the influx of exiles and guest workers. This resulted in an increased growth and designation of new living and commercial districts. On April 1, 1956, Kornwestheim became a large district town. Due to its location between the cities of Stuttgart and Ludwigsburg, the city was unable to incorporate neighboring communities during the 1973 regional reform. Only the restructuring undertaken by the US Army in 1954 added a new district called Pattonville to the city, although the eastern, larger part of Pattonville now belongs to the town of Remseck am Neckar.
Today
Today Kornwestheim presents itself as modern and amiable town that has preserved its individual character in the heart of the Stuttgart region. With its more than 30,000 inhabitants it offers a high degree of quality of life and recreational value.
Mayor
At the head of the municipality Kornwestheim was a Schultheiß. Since 1930 he is called mayor and since 1956 Lord mayor.
1793-1814: Johann Georg Sigle
1815-1823: Jakob Friedrich Sigle
1823-1840: Jakob Friedrich Ergenzinger
1841-1855: Christoph Richt
1855-1877: Thomas Hofmann
1877-1887: Georg Mayer
1887-1892: Karl Sigle
1892-1902: Adolf Voelmle
1902-1930: Friedrich Siller
1930-1931: Theodor Steimle
1931-1933: Friedrich Siller, temporary administrator
1933-1945: Alfred Kercher, 1933 initially as temporary administrator
1945: Gotthilf Küntzle,
1945-1948: Friedrich Warthmann, 1945-1946
1948-1954: Nathanael Schulz
1954-1962: Alfred Kercher
1962-1982: Siegfried Pflugfeld
1982-1999: Ernst Fischer
1999-2007: Ulrich Rommelfanger
Since 2007: Ursula Keck (re-elected on 21 June 2015, 54.44% of the vote)
Transport
At the western edge of Kornwestheim is the Kornwestheim classification yard. Up to 1600 freight cars are daily put together to freight trains. This is the second largest classification yard of Baden-Württemberg.
Media
As newspaper appears in Kornwestheim the Kornwestheimer Zeitung.
Local Authorities and Councils
Kornwestheim has a notary.
In the city is the Landesamt für Flurneuordnung und Landesentwicklung Baden-Württemberg. On the former Salamander area is since March 21, 2012, the Baden-Württemberg Grundbuchzentralarchiv.
Entertainment
The Kornwestheim Drive-In Cinema is the only drive-in cinema in Baden-Wuerttemberg. It lies in the town of the same name in the Ludwigsburg district and is well known outside the region. It has two projection walls; these are high by wide, and high by wide. For sound, the Kornwestheim Drive-In Cinema has two FM-transmitters which work on 89 MHz for the sound of the film shown on the big projection wall, and on 91.3 MHz for the sound of the film shown on the small projection wall. The light intensity of the projectors used is 6 Kilowatts.
Local Companies
Kreidler Werke GmbH
The well known small motorcycle and moped manufacturer Kreidler was situated here. It was founded in 1903 by Anton Kreidler and was at first a metalworking factory. Later in the 1950s they started producing small motorcycles with an engine capacity of 50 cc. In the later 1970s they became successful in Grand Prix motorcycle racing. Riders such as Jan de Vries and Henk van Kessel won world championships and set speed records with these machines.
Twin towns – sister cities
Kornwestheim is twinned with:
Eastleigh, England, United Kingdom
Kimry, Russia
Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, France
Weißenfels, Germany
Notable people
Jakob Vogel (born 1584), physician and writer
Jakob Sigle (1861–1935), founder of the shoe factory Salamander AG
Walter Maier-Kößler (1914–1994), painter
Günther C. Kirchberger (1928–2010), painter
Georg Utz (born 1935), wrestler
Roland Geiger (born 1941), screen printers, publishers and art gallery owner
Anneke Dürkopp (born 1979), presenter
Honorary citizens
The town Kornwestheim has conferred to the following persons the honorary citizenship:
1896: Hugo von Baur, Colonel and commander of the Landwehr District Ludwigsburg
1916: Jakob Sigle, Privy Councillor of Commerce, Founder of Salamander AG
1916: Max Levi, Consul, co-founder of Salamander AG
1927: Ernst Sigle, Honorary Chairman of Salamander AG
1927: Isidor Rothschild (1860–1929), the Management and Supervisory Board of Salamander AG
1930: Friedrich Siller, Schultheiss
1950: Karl Joos, founder of the District Cooperative Altwürttemberg
1963: Alfred Kercher, Mayor retired
1970: Marius Faisse, mayor of the twin town Villeneuve-Saint-Georges
1989: Siegfried Pflugfelder, Mayor ret.
2004: Ernst Fischer, Mayor ret.
2011: Siegbert Hörer, local politician
References
Citations
Towns in Baden-Württemberg
Ludwigsburg (district)
Württemberg |
5381042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Daniels%20%28disambiguation%29 | William Daniels (disambiguation) | William Daniels (born 1927) is an American actor.
William Daniels may also refer to:
William Daniels (artist) (born 1976), British painter
William Daniels (automotive engineer) (1912–2004), British car engineer
William Daniels (cinematographer) (1901–1970), American cinematographer
William Antonio Daniels or Kiing Shooter (1992–2020), American rapper
William B. Daniels (1817–1894), pioneer in Oregon Territory, and in Idaho Territory
William Henry Daniels (1855–1897), Hawaiian judge and politician
William Randall Daniels or Billy Dee (born 1951), American pornographic actor
See also
Will Daniels (born 1986), American basketball player
Bill Daniels (disambiguation)
William Daniel (disambiguation) |
5381049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Peters | Samuel Peters | Reverend Samuel Andrew Peters (1735–1826) was a Connecticut Anglican clergyman and historian. A nephew, John Samuel Peters (1772–1858), served as Governor of Connecticut 1831–33. Another nephew, John Thompson Peters (1765–1834) served as Justice of the Supreme Court of Connecticut 1818–1834.
Biography
Samuel Peters was born December 1, 1735, in Hebron Connecticut Colony, being third youngest of twelve children of John Peters (1695–1754) and Mary Marks (1698–1784).
In 1757 he graduated from Yale College and was elected Rector of St. Peter's Church, Hebron, Connecticut. In 1758 he sailed to England where he was ordained Deacon in March 1759, before being advanced to the Anglican Priesthood a month later. In the following year he returned to America and took charge of St. Peter's Church parish at Hebron, Connecticut. in 1763 he climbed Killington Peak, and allegedly named the area Verd Mont giving the state its future name.
In August 1774 Peters fled to England after several visits from the "Sons of Liberty" because of his Loyalist sympathies. In 1781 he published, under a pseudonym, "General History of Connecticut, from its first settlement under George Fenwick, to its latest period of amity with Great Britain prior to the Revolution; including a description of the country, and many curious and interesting anecdotes. With an appendix, pointing out the causes of the rebellion in America; together with the particular part taken by the people of Connecticut in its promotion. By a Gentleman of the Province". This work is noted for its unflattering descriptions of the colonists and for its misrepresentation of the Connecticut Blue Laws. The work was negatively received. In February 1794 he was nominated Anglican Bishop-elect of Vermont but was never consecrated.
Peters returned to America in 1805. In 1817 he visited the Saint Anthony Falls, taking up a large claim there, but again settled in New York in 1818. He died in poverty in New York City on April 19, 1826.
Marriages and issue
February 14, 1760 : First marriage to Hannah Owen (1740–1765) who bore him three daughters.
June 25, 1769 : Second marriage to Abigail Gilbert (1751–1769).
April 20, 1773 : Third marriage to Mary Birdseye (1750- ) who bore him two sons.
References
Resources
Baker, Mark. Connecticut Families of the Revolution, American Forebears from Burr to Wolcott, The History Press, 2014
Cameron, Kenneth W., ed. The Works of Samuel Peters of Hebron, Connecticut, New England Historian..., Hartford: Transcendental Books, 1967
Cohen, Sheldon S. "Connecticut's Loyalist Gadfly: The Reverend Samuel Andrew Peters", American Revolution Bicentennial Commission of Connecticut Pamphlet XVII (1976)
Cohen, Sheldon S. "Yale's Peripatetic Loyalist: Samuel Andrew Peters", Journal of the New Haven Colony Historical Society (NHCHS) 25 (Summer 1977) 1:3-7
Metz, Wayne Normile. "The Reverend Samuel Peters (1735-1826): Connecticut Anglican, Loyalist Priest", Doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University, 1974
Middlebrook, Samuel. "Samuel Peters: A Yankee Munchausen", New England Quarterly 20 (March, 1947) 1:75-87
O'Neil, Maud. "Samuel Andrew Peters: Connecticut Loyalist", Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1947
Peters, Samuel Andrew. "The Frogs of Windham" a popular chapter from Peters' History of Connecticut... (1781)
Rourke, Constance. See first section of Chapter II in American Humor: A Study of the National Character University of Virginia (2001)
Trumbull, The Reverend Samuel Peters; His Defenders and Apologists (Hartford, 1877)
Avery, Joshua M., "Subject and Citizen: Loyalty, Memory and Identity in the Monographs of the Reverend Samuel Andrew Peters", M.A. Thesis, Miami University, 2008
External links
The True-blue laws of Connecticut and New Haven : and the false blue-laws invented by the Rev. Samuel Peters : to which are added specimens of the laws and judicial proceedings of other colonies and some blue-laws of England in the reign of James I / edited by J. Hammond Trumbull, Hartford, Conn, American Pub. Co., 1876
1735 births
1826 deaths
People of colonial Connecticut
People from Hebron, Connecticut
18th-century American Episcopal priests
Yale College alumni |
5381052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20C.%20Ransley | Harry C. Ransley | Harry Clay Ransley (February 5, 1863 – November 7, 1941) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, serving eight terms from 1921 to 1937.
Early life and career
Harry Ransley was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He served in the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives from 1891 to 1894. He was a member of the Select Council of Philadelphia for sixteen years and president for eight years. He was a delegate to the 1912 Republican National Convention. He served as sheriff of Philadelphia County from 1916 to 1920. He was chairman of the Republican city committee 1916 to 1919.
Congress
Running as a Republican, in 1920, he sought election to the 66th United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of J. Hampton Moore. He won, and he was subsequently re-elected to the next seven sessions of Congress, serving from 1921 to 1937. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1936, losing to Democrat Leon Sacks.
Death
He died on November 7, 1941 and was interred Interment at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.
Sources
The Political Graveyard
External links
Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Philadelphia City Council members
1863 births
1941 deaths
19th-century American Episcopalians
20th-century American Episcopalians
Sheriffs of Philadelphia
Politicians from Philadelphia
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania |
5381053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran%20State%20Park | Moran State Park | Moran State Park is a public recreation area on Orcas Island in Puget Sound's San Juan Islands in the state of Washington, United States. The state park encompasses over 5,000 acres of various terrain including forests, wetlands, bogs, hills, and lakes. It is the largest public recreation area in the San Juan Islands and the fourth largest state park in the state. A park focal point is the observation tower atop Mount Constitution, the highest point in San Juan County at 2,407 feet.
History
The park was originally the estate of Seattle mayor and shipbuilder Robert Moran. Due to poor health, Moran moved to Orcas Island and between 1906 and 1909 built his estate, which included a large mansion named Rosario. Wood and stone material found on the island were used to construct the estate's houses and buildings. In 1921, Moran gave a large portion of his property to the state of Washington for the creation of Moran State Park. The mansion and its grounds remain in private hands, operated as Rosario Resort and Spa.
In August 1935, 28 men from the 4768th Company of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) began constructing a stone observation tower atop Mount Constitution. Designed by noted Seattle architect Ellsworth Storey, the tower became the literal and figurative high point of eight years of work by crews from the CCC's Camp Moran. The state park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.
Activities and amenities
The park has more than of trails for hiking, biking and horseback riding, non-motorized boating from two boat ramps, and year-round camping in five camping areas. The Mount Constitution observation tower commands sweeping marine views from the highest point in the San Juan Islands.
Friends of Moran raise money for park needs through fundraising and by operating a small gift shop at the top of the mountain. The volunteer group organizes park cleanups and improvement events.
References
External links
Moran State Park Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission
Moran State Park Map Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission
Moran State Park Orcas Online
State parks of Washington (state)
Parks in San Juan County, Washington
Protected areas established in 1921
Civilian Conservation Corps in Washington (state)
National Park Service rustic in Washington (state) |
5381055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redefine%20the%20Enemy%20%E2%80%93%20Rarities%20and%20B-Side%20Compilation%201992%E2%80%931999 | Redefine the Enemy – Rarities and B-Side Compilation 1992–1999 | Redefine the Enemy! Rarities and B-Sides Compilation 1992–1999 is a B-side compilation of rare and live recordings by the seminal digital hardcore band Atari Teenage Riot.
Track listing
"No Remorse" (Live in NY '99) - 5:37 (taken from Too Dead for Me EP)
"Revolution Action" (Live in San Fran '99) - 4:44 (taken from Too Dead for Me EP)
"Paranoid" (7" Remix) - 3:06
"Sick to Death" (Remix '97) - 5:55
"Deutschland (Has Gotta Die!)" (Remix) - 2:50
"You Can't Hold Us Back" (Instrumental) - 3:58
"Death of a President - DIY" (A Capella '99) - 0:27 (taken from Too Dead for Me EP)
"We've Got the Fucking Power" (Original '97) - 4:42
"Not Your Business" (Radio Version '95) - 2:30
"No Success" (hardbase Remix '99) - 4:18
"Midijunkies" (Remix '93) - 5:19
"Waves of Disaster" (Instrumental '97) - 5:08
"Waves of Disaster" (A Capella '97) - 4:19
"Redefine the Enemy" ('97) - 3:53
"Destroy 2000 Years of Culture" (Remix '97) - 4:22
"Sex" (Original Full Length Version '93) - 14:25
References
External links
Atari Teenage Riot albums
2002 compilation albums |
4043825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence%20Stadium%20%28Zambia%29 | Independence Stadium (Zambia) | Independence Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Lusaka, Zambia. It was originally built in the mid-1960s for use in hosting the country's independence celebrations. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 30,000 people. It is located adjacent to the National Heroes Stadium.
In 2004, the stadium was closed by the then national sports minister citing safety concerns due to the age and status of the building. The order was repealed in 2005, though safety concerns remained. As of 2007, the aging stadium is slated to undergo renovations to bring its structure and facilities up to internationally accepted standards as well as deal with its various safety issues. The stadium's west grandstand was demolished in late 2007.
A new 70,000-seat stadium, currently referred to as New Lusaka Stadium, would have been built next to the Independence Stadium for Lusaka's hosting of the 2011 All-Africa Games before Lusaka withdrew its hosting duties due to lack of funds. The games were given to Maputo.
References
Football venues in Zambia
Zambia
Multi-purpose stadiums in Zambia
Buildings and structures in Lusaka
Sport in Lusaka
Sports venues completed in 1964
1964 establishments in Zambia |
4043836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler%20RFE%20transmission | Chrysler RFE transmission | The RFE is an automatic transmission family from Chrysler. The name refers to its Rear wheel drive design and Full Electronic control system.
45RFE and 545RFE
The 45RFE was introduced in the Jeep Grand Cherokee in 1999, it is notable for including three planetary gearsets rather than the two normally used in a 4-speed automatic. It also features three multiple disc input clutches, three multiple disc holding clutches, and a dual internal filter system (one primary filter for transmission sump, one for the fluid cooler return system). In the 45RFE applications four gears are utilized. In the 545RFE four gears are used on the upshift and a new "gear", 2nd Prime, was used with a different (1.50:1 rather than 1.67:1) ratio to increase versatility when downshifting. Although, with some tuning, you can get the 545RFE to upshift into 2nd Prime.
The 45RFE was produced at the Indiana Transmission plant in Kokomo, Indiana. It was normally paired with the 4.7 L PowerTech V8.
The 45RFE later became the 5-speed 545RFE.
Gear Ratios:
1st 3.00:1
2nd 1.67:1
2nd Prime 1.50:1 (Only used when a kickdown acceleration)
3rd 1.00:1
4th 0.75:1
5th 0.67:1 (545RFE only and 45RFE reprogrammed)
Reverse 3.00:1
Applications:
45RFE
1999–2000 Jeep Grand Cherokee (4.7L)
2002–early 2003 Jeep Liberty (3.7L)
2000–2002 Dodge Dakota (4.7L) and "(3.9L) Sport Edition Dakota"
2000–2002 Dodge Durango (4.7L)
2002 Dodge Ram 1500 (3.7L and 4.7)
545RFE
2001–2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee (4.7L, 4.7L H.O.,5.7L Hemi)
2005–2006 Jeep Liberty (Diesel applications)
2003–2011 Dodge Ram (4.7L, 5.7L Hemi)
2005–2011 Dodge Power Wagon
2003–2011 Dodge Dakota (4.7L, 4.7L H.O.)
2003–2011 Dodge Durango (4.7L, 5.7L)
2006–2010 Jeep Commander (4.7L, 5.7L Hemi)
2007–2010 Jeep Wrangler (2.8 L CRD)
2007–present LTI/London Taxi Company TX4
2007-2009 Chrysler Aspen (4.7L, 5.7L Hemi)
68RFE
The 68RFE was introduced in 2007 Ram 2500 and 3500 Pickups with the 6.7L Cummins ISB Diesel engine.
The basic design and operation is the same or similar to the 45 and 545RFE counterparts with the following exceptions:
larger bellhousing with different bolt pattern and cutout to accommodate diesel engine
modified internal components to handle increased torque of diesel engine
revised gear ratios and Transmission Controller programming for larger application
no 2nd gear prime for downshifting like the 45RFE and 545RFE transmissions
Gear Ratios:
1st 3.23:1
2nd 1.83:1
3rd 1.41:1
4th 1.00:1
5th 0.81:1
6th 0.62:1
Reverse 4.44:1
Applications:
2007–present Dodge Ram 2500 and 3500 Pickup (6.7L Cummins ISB Diesel)
65RFE and 66RFE
For the 2012 model year, the 545RFE was recalibrated and introduced as the 65RFE in 1500 Ram models. With the exception of an improved torque converter, it is physically the same as its predecessor. The key difference in the 65RFE is the ability to use all six forward gears in sequence when using Electronic Range Select mode. In normal drive mode, however, the 65RFE uses the shift pattern of the 545RFE; thus never using 2nd and 3rd gears in succession. 2500 and 3500 models with gas engines received the 66RFE, a hybrid of 68RFE internals (including the gearset) packaged in a 545RFE case.
Gear Ratios:
65RFE
1st 3.00:1
2nd 1.67:1
3rd 1.50:1
4th 1.00:1
5th 0.75:1
6th 0.67:1
Reverse 3.00:1
66RFE
1st 3.231:1
2nd 1.837:1
3rd 1.410:1
4th 1.000:1
5th 0.816:1
6th 0.625:1
Reverse 4.444:1
Applications:
65RFE
2012 Dodge Durango (5.7L)
2012-2013 Jeep Grand Cherokee (5.7L)
2012 Ram 1500 (4.7L, 5.7L)
66RFE
2012-2018 Ram 2500 (5.7L)
2012-2018 Ram Chassis Cab 3500 (5.7L)
2012-2018 Dodge Power Wagon
2014-2018 Ram 2500 (6.4L)
Basic RFE operation
The fully electronic control is accomplished by the Transmission Control Module (TCM). Depending on year and application, it can either be a stand-alone module or integrated with the Powertrain Control Module (PCM). The TCM uses data from various transmission and engine sensors to control transmission shifting. The TCM operates the solenoid pack to change hydraulic flow through the valve body to various clutches in the transmission. The solenoid pack is mounted directly to the valve body; its connector protrudes from a hole on the left side of the transmission.
On the 45 and 545RFE the hydraulic control system design (without electronic assist) provides the transmission with PARK, REVERSE, NEUTRAL, SECOND, and THIRD gears, based solely on driver shift lever selection. This design allows the vehicle to be driven (in “limp-in” mode) in the event of an electronic control system failure, or a situation that the Transmission Control Module (TCM) recognizes as potentially damaging to the transmission. On the 68RFE, fourth gear is used for limp-in instead of second and third.
All RFE transmissions use Mopar ATF +4. Service fill is 6–8 quarts + transmission filter.
References
http://hotrodlane.cc/New%20HEMI%20Tech/2004%2057%20hemi%20trans.pdf
See also
List of Chrysler transmissions
45RFE |
4043843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Chrysler%20transmissions | List of Chrysler transmissions | Chrysler produces a number of automobile transmissions in-house.
Semi-automatic
1941–1942 M4 Vacamatic — 4-speed (2-range manual control with automatic 2-speed shift vacuum operated) with clutch and fluid coupling (Fluid Drive); also known as Simplimatic, Powermatic
1946–1953 M5/M6 Presto-Matic — 4-speed (2 gear manual with electric overdrive) with clutch and fluid coupling (Fluid Drive) or torque converter (Fluid Torque Drive); also known as Tip-Toe Shift, Gyro-Matic, Fluid-Matic, Gyro-Torque
1953–1954 Hy-Drive — 3-speed manual transmission behind a torque converter
Automatic
1954–1961 PowerFlite — 2-speed automatic
1956–2007 TorqueFlite
1956–1961 A466 — 3-speed automatic
1962–1994 A727 (36RH/37RH) — 3-speed automatic
1960–2002 A904 (30RH) — 3-speed automatic
A998 (31RH) — 3-speed automatic
A999 (32RH) — 3-speed automatic
1988–2004 A500 (40RH/42RH/40RE/42RE/44RE) — 4-speed automatic
1992–2003 A518 (46RH/46RE) — 4-speed automatic
1994–2003 A618 (47RH/47RE) — 4-speed heavy-duty automatic
2003–2007 A818 (48RE) — 4-speed heavy-duty automatic
1978–1983 A404 — 3-speed front-wheel drive transaxle
1981–2001 A413 (31TH)
1981–1987 A470
1987–2000 A670
1989–present Ultradrive
1989–2010 A604 (40TE/41TE) — 4-speed transverse front-wheel drive automatic
1991–2004 A604 (41AE) — 4-speed transverse all-wheel drive automatic
1993–2004 A606 (42LE) — 4-speed longitudinal front-wheel drive automatic
2003–2012 42RLE — 4-speed longitudinal rear-wheel drive automatic
2007–present 40TES/41TES — 4-speed transverse front-wheel drive automatic
2007–present 62TE — 6-speed transverse front-wheel drive automatic
2007–present 62TEA — 6-speed transverse all-wheel drive automatic
1999–present RFE — longitudinal rear-wheel drive
1999–2003 45RFE — 4-speed (5 gear) automatic
2001–2011 545RFE — 5-speed (6 gear) automatic
2012–2017 65RFE — 6-speed automatic
2012–present 66RFE — 6-speed heavy-duty automatic
2007–present 68RFE — 6-speed heavy-duty automatic
2005-2019 Chrysler A580 / W5A580, 5-speed automatic. This was a Chrysler adaptation of the Mercedes (known as 722.6) 5G-Tronic assembly, which was first labelled as the NAG1. Commonly found in the 300, Magnum, Charger, Challenger, Wrangler, and some Dodge Ram pickups, the A580 was last used in the 2020 Dodge Charger Pursuit models.
Model number conventions
Newer Chrysler automatic transmissions follow standard model number conventions. Below are the available values and some example transmission models:
Manual
1960–1972 Chrysler A903 — 3-speed manual for 6-cyl and low power V8s. 1st gear, no synchromesh
1961–1971 Chrysler A745 — 3-speed manual for V8s
1964–1974 Chrysler A833 — 4-speed manual manufactured by New Process Gear
1970–1981 Chrysler A230 — 3-speed manual, all-synchromesh
1973–1974 Chrysler A250 — 3-speed manual, 1st gear no synchromesh
1975–1978 Chrysler A390 — 3-speed manual, all-synchromesh
1976–1980 Chrysler A833 — 4-speed manual overdrive (NPG)
1981–1986 Chrysler A460 — 4-speed manual transaxle
1983–1984 Chrysler A465 — 5-speed manual transaxle
1984–1990 Chrysler A525 — 5-speed manual transaxle
1987–1989 Chrysler A520 — 5-speed manual transaxle
1987–1989 Chrysler A555 — 5-speed manual transaxle, Chrysler-built (NPG) with Getrag-sourced gearset
1990–1994 Chrysler A523 — 5-speed manual transaxle
1990–1994 Chrysler A543 — 5-speed manual transaxle
1990–1993 Chrysler A568 — 5-speed manual transaxle, Chrysler-built (NPG) with Getrag-sourced gearset
1995–2005 New Venture Gear T350 (also known as A578 and F5MC1) — 5-speed manual transaxle for the Dodge and Plymouth Neon and various GM subcompacts
2001–2007 New Venture Gear T850 — 5-speed manual transaxle
2005–present Chrysler NSG370 transmission — 6-speed longitudinal manual
1962–1993 New Process Gear NP435 — 4-speed longitudinal manual
1987–1991 New Process Gear NP535 (also known as New Venture Gear NV2500) — 5-speed longitudinal manual
New Venture Gear NV1500 — 5-speed longitudinal manual
1994–2004 New Venture Gear NV3500 — 5-speed longitudinal manual
2000–2004 New Venture Gear NV3550
1992–2005 New Venture Gear NV4500 — 5-speed longitudinal manual
1999–2005 New Venture Gear NV5600 — 6-speed longitudinal manual
Non-Chrysler Transmissions used on Chrysler vehicles
Automatic
Aisin-Warner AW4 — 4-speed longitudinal
1987–2001 Jeep Cherokee
1987–1992 Jeep Comanche
1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee (with 6-cylinder engine)
Aisin AS66RC — 6-speed longitudinal with PTO capability
2014–present Ram Chassis Cab 3500/4500/5500 (6.4L V8)
Aisin AS68RC — 6-speed longitudinal with PTO capability
2007–2012 Dodge Ram Chassis Cab 3500/4500/5500
Aisin AS69RC — 6-speed longitudinal with PTO capability
2013–present Ram Chassis Cab 3500/4500/5500 (6.7L diesel)
Aisin AW6F25 (AW60T) — 6-speed transaxle
2017–present Jeep Compass
Powertech 6F24 — 6-speed transverse front-wheel drive
2012–2016 Dodge Dart
2014–2016 Jeep Compass
2014–2017 Jeep Patriot
ZF 8HP (also branded as TorqueFlite 8 by Chrysler) — 8-speed longitudinal
8HP45 (replaced by 845RE)
2011–2013 Chrysler 300 V6
2011–2013 Dodge Charger (LD) V6 Retail
2013 Ram 1500 (3.6L V6)
845RE (Chrysler-built version of 8HP45)
2013–present Chrysler 300 V6
2013–present Dodge Charger (LD) V6 Retail
2014–present Dodge Durango V6
2015–present Dodge Challenger V6
2014–present Ram 1500 (3.6L V6)
2014–2016 Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) (3.6L V6)
850RE (Chrysler-built version of 8HP50)
2017–present Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) (3.6L V6)
2018–present Jeep Wrangler (JL)
2021-present Dodge Charger V6 AWD Pursuit (LD)
8HP70
2013–present Ram 1500 (5.7L V8, 3.0L V6 diesel)
2014–present Dodge Durango V8 Retail
2015–present Dodge Charger (5.7L & 6.4L V8)
2021-present Dodge Charger Pursuit RWD V8 (LD)
2015–present Dodge Challenger (5.7L & 6.4L V8)
2014–present Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) (5.7L & 6.4L V8, 3.0L V6 diesel)
2015–present Chrysler 300 V8
8HP90
2015–present Dodge Challenger (6.2L V8 s/c)
2015–present Dodge Charger (LD) (6.2L V8 s/c)
8HP95
2018–present Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) (6.2L V8 Supercharged)
2021-present Ram 1500 TRX (6.2L V8 Supercharged)
ZF 9HP — 9-speed transverse
9HP48
2015–2017 Chrysler 200 (3.6L V6)
2017–present Jeep Compass
948TE (Chrysler-built version of 9HP48)
2014–present Jeep Cherokee (KL)
2014–present Jeep Renegade
2015–2017 Chrysler 200 (2.4L)
2015–present Ram ProMaster City
2017–present Chrysler Pacifica
Manual
Aisin AX5 — 5-speed longitudinal
1984–2000 Jeep Cherokee
1986–1992 Jeep Comanche
1987–2002 Jeep Wrangler
Aisin AX15 — 5-speed longitudinal
1989–1999 Jeep Cherokee
1989–1992 Jeep Comanche
1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee
1989–1999 Jeep Wrangler
Aisin BG6 — 6-speed transaxle
2007–2010 Chrysler Sebring (diesel engine)
2006–2011 Dodge Caliber (diesel engine)
2007–2010 Dodge Avenger (diesel engine)
2008–2010 Dodge Journey (diesel engine)
2006–2016 Jeep Compass (diesel engine)
2006–2017 Jeep Patriot (diesel engine)
Aisin AL6 (D478) — 6-speed longitudinal
2018–present Jeep Wrangler (JL)
Borg-Warner T-10 — 4-speed longitudinal
1963 Dodge and Plymouth V8, except Hemi
Borg-Warner T-56 (also known as Tremec T-56) — 6-speed longitudinal
2004–2006 Dodge Ram SRT10
1992–2002 Dodge Viper RT/10
1996–2002 Dodge Viper GTS
2003–2007 Dodge Viper SRT-10
Fiat C510 — 5-speed transaxle
2014–present Jeep Renegade (1.6L E.torQ)
Fiat C635 — 6-speed transaxle
2011–present Dodge Journey/Fiat Freemont (2.0L MultiJet)
2012–2016 Dodge Dart (1.4L turbo)
2014–present Jeep Renegade (1.4L turbo, 1.6L-2.0L MultiJet)
2017–present Jeep Compass
Getrag 360 5 speed longitudinal 1989-1993 w/d 250 250 cummins diesel
Getrag 238 — 6-speed longitudinal
2005–2008 Dodge Ram
2005–2009 Dodge Dakota
Getrag 288 — 5-speed transaxle
2003–2008 Chrysler PT Cruiser GT
Getrag DMT6 — 6-speed transaxle
2008–2009 Dodge Caliber SRT4
Magna Driveline T355 — 5-speed transaxle
2006–2011 Dodge Caliber
2008–2010 Dodge Journey
2006–2016 Jeep Compass
2006–2017 Jeep Patriot
Mercedes-Benz G56 — 6-speed longitudinal
2005–present Dodge Ram 2500/3500/4500/5500
Mitsubishi F5 — 5-speed transaxle
F5M22
1989–1994 Plymouth Laser (1.8L - 2.0L n/a)
F5M33
1991–1996 Dodge Stealth (3.0L V6 n/a)
1989–1994 Plymouth Laser (2.0L turbo)
F5M42
2000–2006 Dodge Stratus (2.4L - 2.7L)
F5M51
2000–2006 Chrysler Sebring (3.0L V6)
2001–2006 Dodge Stratus (3.0L V6)
Peugeot BA10/5 - 5-speed longitudinal
1987-mid-1989 YJ Wrangler, XJ Cherokee and MJ Commanche
Tremec TR-6060 — 6-speed longitudinal
2008–2010 Dodge Viper SRT-10
2009–present Dodge Challenger
2012–present SRT and Dodge Viper
Volkswagen 020 — 4-speed transaxle adopted as Chrysler A412
1978–1982 Dodge Omni 1.7L
1978–1982 Plymouth Horizon 1.7L
Dual clutch
Fiat C635 DDCT
2012–2016 Dodge Dart (1.4L turbo)
2014–present Jeep Renegade
Fiat C725 DDCT
2016–present Jeep Renegade (China)
2017–present Jeep Compass (China)
Getrag MPS6 (6DCT450)
2009–2010 Chrysler Sebring (diesel engine)
2009–2010 Dodge Avenger (diesel engine)
2009–2010 Dodge Journey (diesel engine)
Continuously variable
Jatco JF011E
2007-2012 Dodge Caliber
2006–2016 Jeep Compass
2006–2017 Jeep Patriot
See also
List of AMC Transmission Applications (for list of transmission used in AMC vehicles before Chrysler buyout)
References
Chrysler transmissions
Lists of automobile transmissions |
4043844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprarenal | Suprarenal | Suprarenal is an adjective that may refer to:
Adrenal gland
Suprarenal veins
Suprarenal impression |
4043853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20detector | Heat detector | A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond when the convected thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the element. All heat detectors have this thermal lag. Heat detectors have two main classifications of operation, "rate-of-rise" and "fixed temperature". The heat detector is used to help in the reduction of property damage.
Fixed temperature heat detectors
This is the most common type of heat detector. Fixed temperature detectors operate when the heat sensitive eutectic alloy reaches the eutectic point changing state from a solid to a liquid. Thermal lag delays the accumulation of heat at the sensitive element so that a fixed-temperature device will reach its operating temperature sometime after the surrounding air temperature exceeds that temperature. The most common fixed temperature point for electrically connected heat detectors is 58°C (136.4°F).
Rate-of-rise heat detectors
Rate-of-Rise (ROR) heat detectors operate on a rapid rise in element temperature of 6.7° to 8.3°C (12° to 15°F) increase per minute, irrespective of the starting temperature. This type of heat detector can operate at a lower temperature fire condition than would be possible if the threshold were fixed. It has two heat-sensitive thermocouples or thermistors. One thermocouple monitors heat transferred by convection or radiation while the other responds to ambient temperature. The detector responds when the first sensing element's temperature increases relative to the other.
Rate of rise detectors may not respond to low energy release rates of slowly developing fires. To detect slowly developing fires combination detectors add a fixed temperature element that will ultimately respond when the fixed temperature element reaches the design threshold.
Heat detector selection
Heat detectors commonly have a label on them that reads "Not a life safety device". That is because heat detectors are not meant to replace smoke detectors in the bedrooms or in the hallway outside of the bedrooms. A heat detector will nonetheless notify of a fire in a kitchen or utility area, e.g., laundry room, garage, or attic, where smoke detectors should not be installed as dust or other particles would affect the smoke detector and cause false alarms. This will allow extra time to evacuate the building or to put out the fire, if possible.
Mechanical heat detectors are independent fire warning stations that — unlike smoke detectors — can be installed in any area of a home. Portability, ease of installation, and excellent performance and reliability make this a good choice for residential fire protection when combined with the required smoke detectors. Because the detectors are not interconnected, heat activation identifies the location of the fire, facilitating evacuation from the home.
Each type of heat detector has its advantages, and it cannot be said that one type of heat detector should always be used instead of another. If one were to place a rate-of-rise heat detector above a large, closed oven, then every time the door is opened a nuisance alarm could be generated due to the sudden heat transient. In this circumstance the fixed threshold detector would probably be best. If a room filled with highly combustible materials is protected with a fixed heat detector, then a fast-flaming fire could exceed the alarm threshold due to thermal lag. In that case the rate-of-rise heat detector may be preferred.
See also
Aspirating smoke detector
Automatic fire suppression
Carbon monoxide detector
Fire alarm system
Fire sprinkler
Flame detector
Gaseous fire suppression
Manual fire alarm activation
Passive infrared sensor
Smoke detector
Active fire protection
Safety equipment
Fire detection and alarm
Firefighting equipment
Detectors
ja:自動火災報知設備#感知器 |
4043858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Boston | Bruce Boston | Bruce Boston (born 1943) is an American speculative fiction writer and poet.
Early years
Bruce Boston was born in Chicago and grew up in Southern California. He received a B.A. in economics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1965, and an M.A. in 1967. He lived in the San Francisco Bay Area from 1961 to 2001, where he worked in a variety of occupations, including computer programmer, college professor (literature and creative writing, John F. Kennedy University, Orinda, California, 1978–82), technical writer, book designer, gardener, movie projectionist, retail clerk, and furniture mover.
According to Boston, he meant to major in math at university and write on the side, but soon found that he was more interested in writing. After being advised by a friend that he should not major in English to become a writer, he decided on economics instead.
Writing career
Boston has won the Rhysling Award for speculative poetry a record seven times, and the Asimov's Readers' Award for poetry a record seven times. He has also received a Pushcart Prize for fiction, 1976, a record four Bram Stoker Awards for solo poetry collections, and the first Grand Master Award of the Science Fiction Poetry Association, 1999. His collaborative poem with Robert Frazier, "Return to the Mutant Rain Forest," received first place in the 2006 Locus Online Poetry Poll for Best All-Time Science Fiction, Fantasy, or Horror Poem.
Boston has also published more than a hundred short stories and the novels Stained Glass Rain and The Guardener's Tale (the latter a Bram Stoker Award Finalist and Prometheus Award Nominee). His work has appeared widely in periodicals and anthologies, including Asimov's SF Magazine, Amazing Stories Magazine, Analog, Realms of Fantasy, Science Fiction Age, Weird Tales, Strange Horizons, Year's Best Fantasy and Horror, and the Nebula Awards Showcase. Writing in The Washington Post, Paul Di Filippo described his collection Masque of Dreams as containing "nearly two dozen brilliant stories ranging across all emotional and narrative terrains."
Boston has chaired the Nebula Award Novel Jury (SFWA), the Bram Stoker Award Novel Jury, and the Philip K. Dick Award Jury, and served as Secretary and Treasurer of the Science Fiction Poetry Association. He has served as fiction and/or poetry editor for a number of publications, including Occident, The Open Cell, Berkeley Poets Cooperative, City Miner, Star*Line and The Pedestal Magazine.
He was the poet guest of honor at the World Horror Convention in 2013.
Personal life
As of 2022 Boston was living in Ocala, Florida, with his wife, writer-artist Marge Simon, whom he married in 2001.
Bibliography
Novels
El Guardián de Almas, Spanish-language edition of The Guardener's Tale, La Factoria de Ideas, 2009
Novelettes
After Magic. Eotu, 1990, Dark Regions, 1999
Houses. Talisman, 1991
Fiction and poetry collections
The Complete Accursed Wives, Talisman/Dark Regions, 2000
Masque of Dreams, Wildside, 2001, 2009
Bruce Boston: Short Stories, Volume 1 (ebook), Fictionwise, 2003
Bruce Boston: Short Stories, Volume 2 (ebook), Fictionwise, 2003
Visions of the Mutant Rain Forest (with Robert Frazier), Crystal Lake Publishing, 2017
Fiction collections
Jackbird. BPW&P, 1976
She Comes When You're Leaving. BPW&P, 1982
Skin Trades, Chris Drumm, 1988
Hypertales & Metafictions. Chris Drumm, 1990
All the Clocks Are Melting (single story booklet), Pulphouse Publishing, 1991
Night Eyes. Chris Drumm, 1993
Dark Tales & Light. Dark Regions, 1999
Flashing the Dark. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2006
Gallimaufry. Plum White Press, 2021
Poetry
Collections
XXO. Maya Press, 1969
Potted Poems. Maya Press, 1970
All the Clock Are Melting. Velocities, 1984
Alchemical Texts. Ocean View, 1985
Nuclear Futures. Velocities, 1987
Time. Titan, 1988
The Nightmare Collector. 2AM Publications, 1989
Faces of the Beast. Starmont House, 1990
Other Voices, Other Worlds (audio tape, music by Jack Poley). Chris Drumm, 1990, (MP3 audio) Telltale Weekly, 2004
Short Circuits (prose poems). Ocean View, 1991
Cybertexts. Talisman, 1991
Accursed Wives. Night Visions, 1993
Specula: Selected Uncollected Poems, 1968-1993. Talisman, 1993
Sensuous Debris: Selected Poems, 1970-1995. Dark Regions, 1995
Conditions of Sentient Life. Gothic Press, 1996
Cold Tomorrows. Gothic Press, 1998
Pavane for a Cyber-Princess (single poem chapbook). Miniature Sun, 2001
White Space. Dark Regions, 2001
Quanta: Award Winning Poems. Miniature Sun, 2001
Night Smoke (ebook, with Marge Simon), Miniature Sun & Quixsilver, 2002
She Was There for Him the Last Time (single poem chapbook). Miniature Sun, 2002
Head Full of Strange (ebook). CyberPulp, 2003
Pitchblende. Dark Regions, 2003
Etiquette with Your Robot Wife. Talisman, 2005
Shades Fantastic. Gromagon Press, 2006
Night Smoke (with Marge Simon, expanded print edition of 2002 ebook). Kelp Queen Press, 2007
The Nightmare Collection. Dark Regions, 2008
Double Visions (collaborative poems). Dark Regions, 2009
North Left of Earth. Sam's Dot, 2009
Dark Matters. Bad Moon Books, 2010
Surrealities. Dark Regions, 2011
Anthropomorphisms. Elektrik Milk Bath Press, 2012
Notes from the Shadow City (with Gary William Crawford). Dark Regions, 2012
Dark Roads: Selected Long Poems 1971-2012. Dark Renaissance Books, 2013
Resonance Dark & Light. Eldritch Press, 2015
Sacrificial Nights (with Alessandro Manzetti). Kipple Officina Libraria, 2016
Brief Encounters with My Third Eye: Selected Short Poems 1975-2016. Crystal Lake Publishing, 2016, Korean-language edition, Philyohanchaek, 2021
Artifacts. Independent Legions, 2018
Spacers Snarled in the Hair of Comets. Mind's Eye Publications, 2022
Broadsides
Musings. Eldritch Emu Press, 1988
The Last Existentialist. Chris Drumm, 1993
Confessions of a Body Thief. Talisman, 1998
The Lesions of Genetic Sin. Miniature Sun, 2000
In Far Pale Clarity. Quixsilver, 2002
The Crow Is Dismantled in Flight (ebroadside). Miniature Sun, 2003
Major awards and honors
Bram Stoker Award for Poetry Collection
2003 Pitchblende, Dark Regions Press
2006 Shades Fantastic, Gromagon Press
2008 The Nightmare Collection, Dark Regions Press
2010 Dark Matters, Bad Moon Books
Asimov’s Readers Award for Poetry
1989 Old Robots Are the Worst
1993 Curse of the Shapeshifter's Wife
1997 Curse of the SF Writer's Wife
2003 Eight Things Not to Do or Say When a Mad Scientist Moves into Your Neighborhood
2005 Heavy Weather
2007 The Dimensional Rush of Relative Primes
2014 In the Quiet Hour
Rhysling Award for Speculative Poetry (SFPA)
1985 For Spacers Snarled in the Hair of Comets, short
1987 The Nightmare Collector, short
1988 In the Darkened Hours, long
1994 Spacer's Compass, short
1995 Future Present: A Lesson in Expectation, short
1999 Confessions of a Body Thief, long
2001 My Wife Returns as She Would Have It, short
Others
1976 Pushcart Prize for Fiction for “Broken Portraiture”
1999 Grandmaster Award, Science Fiction Poetry Association
2006 Winner of Locus Poll for Favorite SF, Fantasy, Horror Poem -- "Return to the Mutant Rain Forest" with Robert Frazier
2013 Poet Guest of Honor, World Horror/Bram Stoker Awards Convention, New Orleans
References
External links
Bruce Boston's website
Interview by John Amen at The Pedestal Magazine
Interview by JoSelle Vanderhooft at Strange Horizons
Bruce Boston at Smashwords
Songs of the Stars, Songs of the Dark Retrospective essay on Boston's poetry by Gary William Crawford
1943 births
Living people
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
John F. Kennedy University faculty
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
Analog Science Fiction and Fact people
Asimov's Science Fiction people
Projectionists
Retail clerks
Rhysling Award for Best Long Poem winners
Rhysling Award for Best Short Poem winners
Writers from California
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area |
5381096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20reflection%20group | Complex reflection group | In mathematics, a complex reflection group is a finite group acting on a finite-dimensional complex vector space that is generated by complex reflections: non-trivial elements that fix a complex hyperplane pointwise.
Complex reflection groups arise in the study of the invariant theory of polynomial rings. In the mid-20th century, they were completely classified in work of Shephard and Todd. Special cases include the symmetric group of permutations, the dihedral groups, and more generally all finite real reflection groups (the Coxeter groups or Weyl groups, including the symmetry groups of regular polyhedra).
Definition
A (complex) reflection r (sometimes also called pseudo reflection or unitary reflection) of a finite-dimensional complex vector space V is an element of finite order that fixes a complex hyperplane pointwise, that is, the fixed-space has codimension 1.
A (finite) complex reflection group is a finite subgroup of that is generated by reflections.
Properties
Any real reflection group becomes a complex reflection group if we extend the scalars from
R to C. In particular, all finite Coxeter groups or Weyl groups give examples of complex reflection groups.
A complex reflection group W is irreducible if the only W-invariant proper subspace of the corresponding vector space is the origin. In this case, the dimension of the vector space is called the rank of W.
The Coxeter number of an irreducible complex reflection group W of rank is defined as where denotes the set of reflections and denotes the set of reflecting hyperplanes.
In the case of real reflection groups, this definition reduces to the usual definition of the Coxeter number for finite Coxeter systems.
Classification
Any complex reflection group is a product of irreducible complex reflection groups, acting on the sum of the corresponding vector spaces. So it is sufficient to classify the irreducible complex reflection groups.
The irreducible complex reflection groups were classified by . They proved that every irreducible belonged to an infinite family G(m, p, n) depending on 3 positive integer parameters (with p dividing m) or was one of 34 exceptional cases, which they numbered from 4 to 37. The group G(m, 1, n) is the generalized symmetric group; equivalently, it is the wreath product of the symmetric group Sym(n) by a cyclic group of order m. As a matrix group, its elements may be realized as monomial matrices whose nonzero elements are mth roots of unity.
The group G(m, p, n) is an index-p subgroup of G(m, 1, n). G(m, p, n) is of order mnn!/p. As matrices, it may be realized as the subset in which the product of the nonzero entries is an (m/p)th root of unity (rather than just an mth root). Algebraically, G(m, p, n) is a semidirect product of an abelian group of order mn/p by the symmetric group Sym(n); the elements of the abelian group are of the form (θa1, θa2, ..., θan), where θ is a primitive mth root of unity and Σai ≡ 0 mod p, and Sym(n) acts by permutations of the coordinates.
The group G(m,p,n) acts irreducibly on Cn except in the cases m = 1, n > 1 (the symmetric group) and G(2, 2, 2) (the Klein four-group). In these cases, Cn splits as a sum of irreducible representations of dimensions 1 and n − 1.
Special cases of G(m, p, n)
Coxeter groups
When m = 2, the representation described in the previous section consists of matrices with real entries, and hence in these cases G(m,p,n) is a finite Coxeter group. In particular:
G(1, 1, n) has type An−1 = [3,3,...,3,3] = ...; the symmetric group of order n!
G(2, 1, n) has type Bn = [3,3,...,3,4] = ...; the hyperoctahedral group of order 2nn!
G(2, 2, n) has type Dn = [3,3,...,31,1] = ..., order 2nn!/2.
In addition, when m = p and n = 2, the group G(p, p, 2) is the dihedral group of order 2p; as a Coxeter group, type I2(p) = [p] = (and the Weyl group G2 when p = 6).
Other special cases and coincidences
The only cases when two groups G(m, p, n) are isomorphic as complex reflection groups are that G(ma, pa, 1) is isomorphic to G(mb, pb, 1) for any positive integers a, b (and both are isomorphic to the cyclic group of order m/p). However, there are other cases when two such groups are isomorphic as abstract groups.
The groups G(3, 3, 2) and G(1, 1, 3) are isomorphic to the symmetric group Sym(3). The groups G(2, 2, 3) and G(1, 1, 4) are isomorphic to the symmetric group Sym(4). Both G(2, 1, 2) and G(4, 4, 2) are isomorphic to the dihedral group of order 8. And the groups G(2p, p, 1) are cyclic of order 2, as is G(1, 1, 2).
List of irreducible complex reflection groups
There are a few duplicates in the first 3 lines of this list; see the previous section for details.
ST is the Shephard–Todd number of the reflection group.
Rank is the dimension of the complex vector space the group acts on.
Structure describes the structure of the group. The symbol * stands for a central product of two groups. For rank 2, the quotient by the (cyclic) center is the group of rotations of a tetrahedron, octahedron, or icosahedron (T = Alt(4), O = Sym(4), I = Alt(5), of orders 12, 24, 60), as stated in the table. For the notation 21+4, see extra special group.
Order is the number of elements of the group.
Reflections describes the number of reflections: 26412 means that there are 6 reflections of order 2 and 12 of order 4.
Degrees gives the degrees of the fundamental invariants of the ring of polynomial invariants. For example, the invariants of group number 4 form a polynomial ring with 2 generators of degrees 4 and 6.
For more information, including diagrams, presentations, and codegrees of complex reflection groups, see the tables in .
Degrees
Shephard and Todd proved that a finite group acting on a complex vector space is a complex reflection group if and only if its ring of invariants is a polynomial ring (Chevalley–Shephard–Todd theorem). For being the rank of the reflection group, the degrees of the generators of the ring of invariants are called degrees of W and are listed in the column above headed "degrees". They also showed that many other invariants of the group are determined by the degrees as follows:
The center of an irreducible reflection group is cyclic of order equal to the greatest common divisor of the degrees.
The order of a complex reflection group is the product of its degrees.
The number of reflections is the sum of the degrees minus the rank.
An irreducible complex reflection group comes from a real reflection group if and only if it has an invariant of degree 2.
The degrees di satisfy the formula
Codegrees
For being the rank of the reflection group, the codegrees of W can be defined by
For a real reflection group, the codegrees are the degrees minus 2.
The number of reflection hyperplanes is the sum of the codegrees plus the rank.
Well-generated complex reflection groups
By definition, every complex reflection group is generated by its reflections. The set of reflections is not a minimal generating set, however, and every irreducible complex reflection groups of rank has a minimal generating set consisting of either or reflections. In the former case, the group is said to be well-generated.
The property of being well-generated is equivalent to the condition for all . Thus, for example, one can read off from the classification that the group is well-generated if and only if p = 1 or m.
For irreducible well-generated complex reflection groups, the Coxeter number defined above equals the largest degree, . A reducible complex reflection group is said to be well-generated if it is a product of irreducible well-generated complex reflection groups. Every finite real reflection group is well-generated.
Shephard groups
The well-generated complex reflection groups include a subset called the Shephard groups. These groups are the symmetry groups of regular complex polytopes. In particular, they include the symmetry groups of regular real polyhedra. The Shephard groups may be characterized as the complex reflection groups that admit a "Coxeter-like" presentation with a linear diagram. That is, a Shephard group has associated positive integers and such that there is a generating set satisfying the relations
for ,
if ,
and
where the products on both sides have terms, for .
This information is sometimes collected in the Coxeter-type symbol , as seen in the table above.
Among groups in the infinite family , the Shephard groups are those in which . There are also 18 exceptional Shephard groups, of which three are real.
Cartan matrices
An extended Cartan matrix defines the unitary group. Shephard groups of rank n group have n generators.
Ordinary Cartan matrices have diagonal elements 2, while unitary reflections do not have this restriction.
For example, the rank 1 group of order p (with symbols p[], ) is defined by the matrix .
Given: .
References
Hiller, Howard Geometry of Coxeter groups. Research Notes in Mathematics, 54. Pitman (Advanced Publishing Program), Boston, Mass.-London, 1982. iv+213 pp. *
Coxeter, Finite Groups Generated by Unitary Reflections, 1966, 4. The Graphical Notation, Table of n-dimensional groups generated by n Unitary Reflections. pp. 422–423
External links
MAGMA Computational Algebra System page
Reflection groups
Geometry
Group theory |
4043859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Botts | Mike Botts | Michael Gene Botts (December 8, 1944 – December 9, 2005) was an American drummer, best known for his work with 1970s soft rock band Bread, and as a session musician. During his career, he recorded with Linda Ronstadt, Karla Bonoff, Andrew Gold, Olivia Newton-John, Peter Cetera, Anne Murray, Warren Zevon and Dan Fogelberg, among many others. He also contributed to several soundtracks for films, and to albums released under the name of The Simpsons. Although known primarily as a drummer, Botts also contributed backing vocals to some Bread songs.
Career
Born in Oakland, California, Botts grew up in nearby Antioch before moving to Sacramento. While in college, he began playing with a band called The Travellers Three and working as a studio musician. Eventually, the group disbanded, but not before recording some songs with producer David Gates.
While working with Bill Medley, Botts was invited to join Gates's band, Bread, for its second album, On the Waters. He accepted the offer and worked as a full-time member of Bread from 1970 to 1973, when the band went on hiatus. At that point, Botts began working with Linda Ronstadt, and recorded and toured with her for over two years. Botts reunited with the other members of Bread in 1976 for one final album and tour, before disbanding again in 1978.
He then worked with Karla Bonoff and Andrew Gold, playing on Gold's 1977 hit "Lonely Boy", and continued to work in the studio as a player, singer, writer, and producer. In 1989, he toured Japan with Richard Carpenter. Two years later, he began touring and recording with Dan Fogelberg while continuing his session work, and also writing jingles and music for children's albums. In 1996, the members of Bread again reunited for a world tour that ran until the fall of 1997. Botts then recorded his only solo album, Adults Only, released in 2000.
Botts died in Burbank, California, one day after his 61st birthday, having suffered from colon cancer.
Discography
Joshua Fox – Joshua Fox (1968)
Tommy Flanders – Moonstone (1969)
Glenda Griffith – Glenda Griffith (1969)
Mary McCaslin – Goodnight Everybody (1969)
Dick Rosmini – A Genuine Rosmini (1969)
Bread – On the Waters (1970)
Johnny Darrell – California Stop-Over (1970)
Ananda Shankar – Ananda Shankar (1970)
Bread – Manna (1971)
Cyrus Faryar – Cyrus (1971)
Bread – Baby I'm-a Want You (1972)
Bread – Guitar Man (1972)
Malvina Reynolds – Malvina (1972)
Linda Ronstadt – Linda Ronstadt (1972)
Stephen Cohn – Stephen Cohn (1973)
Cyrus Faryar – Islands (1973)
David Gates – First (1973)
Richard Ruskin – Richard Ruskin (1973)
Andrew Gold – Andrew Gold (1975)
Malvina Reynolds – Held Over (1975)
Rick Ruskin – Microphone Fever (1975)
Hoyt Axton – Fearless (1976)
Andrew Gold – What's Wrong with This Picture? (1976)
Linda Ronstadt – Hasten Down the Wind (1976)
J. D. Souther – Black Rose (1976)
Wendy Waldman – Main Refrain (1976)
Hoyt Axton – Road Songs (1977)
Joan Baez – Blowin' Away (1977)
Karla Bonoff – Karla Bonoff (1977)
Bread – Lost Without Your Love (1977)
Chi Coltrane – Road to Tomorrow (1977)
Peter McCann – Peter McCann (1977)
Eric Carmen – Change of Heart (1978)
Kerry Chater – Love on a Shoestring (1978)
David Gates – Goodbye Girl (1978)
Jimmy Griffin – James Griffin (1978)
Michael Murphey – [[Lone Wolf (Michael Martin Murphey album)|Lone Wolf]] (1978)
Olivia Newton-John – Totally Hot (1978)
Shawn Phillips – Transcendence (1978)
Barry Volk – Do What You Like (1978)
Hoyt Axton – A Rusty Old Halo (1979)
David Gates – Falling in Love Again (1979)
Andrew Gold – Whirlwind (1979)
Peter McCann – One on One (1979)
Michael Murphey – Peaks, Valleys, Honky Tonks & Alleys (1979)
Dan Peek – All Things Are Possible (1979)
J. D. Souther – You're Only Lonely (1979)
John Stewart – Bombs Away Dream Babies (1979)
Coast to Coast – Original Soundtrack (1980)
John Farrar – John Farrar (1980)
Johnny Lee – Lookin' for Love (1980)
Mary MacGregor – Mary MacGregor (1980)
The Ozark Mountain Daredevils – Ozark Mountain Daredevils (1980)
Urban Cowboy – Original Soundtrack (1980)
Peter Cetera – Peter Cetera (1981)
The Chipmunks – Urban Chipmunk (1981)
Rita Coolidge – Heartbreak Radio (1981)
Albert Hammond – Your World and My World (1981)
Dan Hill – Partial Surrender (1981)
Quarterflash – Quarterflash (1981)
Hoyt Axton – Pistol Packin' Mama (1982)
Nicolette Larson – All Dressed Up and No Place to Go (1982)
Moon Martin – Mystery Ticket (1982)
Michael Martin Murphey – Michael Martin Murphey (1982)
Glenn Shorrock – Villain of the Peace (1982)
Warren Zevon – The Envoy (1982)
Eddie Money – Where's the Party? (1983)
Sharon O'Neill – Foreign Affairs (1983)
Brock Walsh – Dateline: Tokyo (1983)
Footloose – Original Soundtrack (1984)
Mickey Gilley – Too Good to Stop Now (1984)
Air Supply – Hearts in Motion (1986)
Eikichi Yazawa – Flash in Japan (1987)
The Simpsons – The Simpsons Sing the Blues (1990)
Dan Fogelberg – Dan Fogelberg Live: Greetings from the West (1991)
Parachute Express – Circle of Friends (1991)
Parachute Express – Sunny Side Up (1991)
Parachute Express – Happy to Be Here (1991)
Rox Diamond – Rox Diamond (1992)
Dan Fogelberg – River of Souls (1993)
Alvin and the Chipmunks – A Very Merry Chipmunk (1994)
Kermit & Friends – Kermit Unpigged (1994)
Maureen McCormick – When You Get a Little Lonely (1995)
Nelson – Because They Can (1995)
Eliza Gilkyson – Redemption Road (1997)
The Simpsons – The Yellow Album (1998)
Batman Beyond – TV Soundtrack (1999)
Mike Botts – Adults Only (2000)
Dan Fogelberg – Live: Something Old New Borrowed & Some Blues (2000)
References
External links
Mike Botts official site
1944 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
American rock musicians
Musicians from Oakland, California
Deaths from cancer in California
American rock drummers
American session musicians
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American male musicians |
5381102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20ferric%20citrate | Ammonium ferric citrate | Ammonium ferric citrate (also known as Ferric Ammonium Citrate or Ammoniacal ferrous citrate) has the formula (NH4)5[Fe(C6H4O7)2]. A distinguishing feature of this compound is that it is very soluble in water, in contrast to ferric citrate which is not very soluble.
In its crystal structure each moiety of citric acid has lost four protons. The deprotonated hydroxyl group and two of the carboxylate groups ligate to the ferric center, while the third carboxylate group coordinates with the ammonium.
Uses
Ammonium ferric citrate has a range of uses, including:
As a food ingredient, it has an INS number 381, and is used as an acidity regulator. Most notably used in the Scottish beverage Irn-Bru.
Water purification.
As a reducing agent of metal salts of low activity like gold and silver.
With potassium ferricyanide as part of the cyanotype photographic process.
Used in Kligler's Iron Agar (KIA) test to identify enterobacteriaceae bacteria by observing their metabolism of different sugars, producing hydrogen sulfide
In medical imaging, ammonium ferric citrate is used as a contrast medium.
As a hematinic.
See also
Food additive
List of food additives
References
Ammonium compounds
Citrates
Iron(III) compounds
MRI contrast agents
Photographic chemicals
Double salts |
4043861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal%20forebrain | Basal forebrain | The basal forebrain structures are located in the forebrain to the front of and below the striatum. They include the ventral basal ganglia (including nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum), nucleus basalis, diagonal band of Broca, substantia innominata, and the medial septal nucleus. These structures are important in the production of acetylcholine, which is then distributed widely throughout the brain. The basal forebrain is considered to be the major cholinergic output of the central nervous system (CNS) centred on the output of the nucleus basalis. The presence of non-cholinergic neurons projecting to the cortex have been found to act with the cholinergic neurons to dynamically modulate activity in the cortex.
Function
Acetylcholine is known to promote wakefulness in the basal forebrain. Stimulating the basal forebrain gives rise to acetylcholine release, which induces wakefulness and REM sleep, whereas inhibition of acetylcholine release in the basal forebrain by adenosine causes slow wave sleep. The nucleus basalis is the main neuromodulator of the basal forebrain and gives widespread cholinergic projections to the neocortex. The nucleus basalis is an essential part of the neuromodulatory system that controls behaviour by regulating arousal and attention. The nucleus basalis is also seen to be a critical node in the memory circuit.
The importance of non-cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain structures has been shown in working together with the cholinergic neurons in a dynamically modulatory way. This is seen to play a significant role in cognitive functions.
Adenosine acts on A1 receptors of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. This results in hyperpolarization of cholinergic neurons, which inhibits the release of acetylcholine.
Nitric oxide production in the basal forebrain is both necessary and sufficient to produce sleep.
Clinical significance
Acetylcholine affects the ability of brain cells to transmit information to one another, and also encourages neuronal plasticity, or learning. Thus, damage to the basal forebrain can reduce the amount of acetylcholine in the brain and impair learning. This may be one reason why basal forebrain damage can result in memory impairments such as amnesia and confabulation. One common cause of basal forebrain damage is an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery.
It is thought that damage to the nucleus basalis and its cortical projections are implicated in forms of dementia, notably Alzheimer's dementia and Parkinson's disease dementia. There have been studies on the use of deep brain stimulation to the nucleus basalis, in the treatment of dementia, and while giving some positive results trials are still being undertaken.
References
Rostral basal ganglia and associated structures |
5381116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANcouver | LANcouver | LANcouver was a LAN party first hosted on the North Shore of Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was started in January 2004 and has hosted seven successful events, with the last event in July 2011. The event has attracted an average of approximately 50–120 attendees per event. LANcouver is a BYOC (Bring Your Own Computer) event, which means that everyone attending brings their own PC desktop or laptop. Network resources (such as switches and network cable) and power connections are supplied and connected by the administrators on-site during the event, who also host the various servers required for playing LAN based games such as Team Fortress 2, Counter-Strike: Source, and Unreal Tournament. LANcouver organizers have also been responsible for running tournaments at other events such as GottaCon 2012.
2006 World Cyber Games event
LANcouver 6 was a registered World Cyber Games qualifying event, and hosted qualifying tournaments for the national championships. The qualifying matches hosted at LANcouver events were:
Warcraft III: Frozen Throne
Starcraft: Brood War
Counter Strike 1.6
FIFA 2006 (PC)
LANcouver 2011
In late 2010, LANcouver founders announced that an event was in the works for some time in 2011. In early 2011, that year's LANcouver event was announced, making it the first time that a year was given to the title rather than a number. LANcouver 2011 was the 7th event and was planned to be much larger than all previous events, while also incorporating other game types not played on computers such as Xbox 360 tournaments, Warhammer 40,000 events, and Magic: The Gathering and other TCG (trading card game) events.
LANcouver 2011 was held at the Great Northern Way Campus. For the first time the event was hosted in the City of Vancouver proper and not a suburb.
The main PC gaming events for LANcouver 2011 were StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty, Counter-Strike: Source, and League of Legends. Console events were held as well, with the following main tournaments: Marvel vs Capcom 3, Call of Duty: Black Ops, and Super Smash Bros. Brawl.
LANcouver 2012 presented by ASUS
LANcouver 2012 was announced in late March 2012 and was held at the Richmond Olympic Oval, just outside Vancouver in neighboring Richmond, BC. Sponsors included ASUS (Presenting), NCIX (Retail Sponsor), Kingston Technology, Antec, Shaw Cablesystems, Compu2000, ROCCAT, and more.
The event was host to three major tournaments: League of Legends (5v5), StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty (1v1), and Counter-Strike Global Offensive (5v5). The top Canadian StarCraft II player received a trip to Toronto for 2012's World Championship Series qualifier, and competed to win a spot on Team Canada for the World Finals later that year, in addition to a top-end ASUS gaming notebook.
Attendance was approximately 175 out of 200 BYOC spots, and over 150 spectators attended throughout the weekend.
LANcouver 2013 presented by NCIX
In March 2013, LANcouver organizers revealed that the 9th event would be held at the NCIX Warehouse in Richmond, BC, and that the event would also be title sponsored by NCIX. The departure from the Richmond Olympic Oval allows for several key factors from 2012 to be addressed, such as the lack of darkness during nighttime hours. It was also announced that NCIX would be holding a Warehouse Sale simultaneously, with early ticket purchasers for LANcouver getting early access to the NCIX sale.
Tournaments in 2013 included League of Legends, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, StarCraft, and others. New for 2013 were VIP seats, advertised as being in a "special seating area" and with features like privacy curtains, reduced noise, better seating and complementary refreshments. Other new features included a live broadcast of the LANcouver University panel sessions, improved networking, and an increase in prizing for the entire event. Nvidia's Shield Portable handheld gaming system had its Western Canada debut at LANcouver, and attendees were able to try the new system before it went on sale.
LANcouver 2014 and 2015
In April 2014, rumours surfaced that LANcouver organizers had been planning a special 10th anniversary for 2014. The event would also be the 10th since founding. Speculations included a 350-seat BYOC, multi-genre gaming, console tournament, or even live finals for a major international eSports event. In late 2014 it was revealed that LANcouver would miss out on hosting an event for that year, with a followup to be provided in 2015. In Spring of 2015 it was revealed that a 10th LANcouver event is in full planning for late 2015. Several reasons were given for the lack of an event in 2014, mainly concerning the organizer's personal schedule (LANcouver is run by one person) as well as difficulty securing an adequate venue within budget requirements.
LANcouver Event Listing
External links
LANcouver Tournament
Events in Vancouver
LAN parties |
5381123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation%20of%20Separate%20Amenities%20Act%2C%201953 | Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, 1953 | Separate Amenities Act, Act No 49 of 1953, formed part of the apartheid system of racial segregation in South Africa.
The Act legalized the racial segregation of public premises, vehicles and services. Only public roads and streets were excluded from the Act.The Section 3b of the Act stated that, the facilities for different races did not need to be equal, while Section 3a, made it legal not only to supply segregated facilities, but also to completely exclude people, based on their race, from public premises, vehicles or services. In practice the best facilities were reserved for whites while those for other races were inferior.
Municipalities quickly made use of the Act to pass by-laws that reserved certain areas for whites only.
On 20 June 1990, the South African Parliament voted to repeal the Act, and on 15 October 1990, it was finally repealed by the Discriminatory Legislation regarding Public Amenities Repeal Act.
A notable exception to the segregation that was implemented following the Act was the Johannesburg Zoo and Zoo Lake. Due to requirements in the "Deed of Gift", under which the land for the zoo and lake was acquired, segregation was not permitted and consequently the zoo and public park where the lake is located was open to all races from the time they were established.
References
External links
Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, 1953 on Wikisource
Apartheid laws in South Africa
1953 in South African law |
5381129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary | Ordinary | Ordinary or The Ordinary often refer to:
Music
Ordinary (EP) (2015), by South Korean group Beast
Ordinary (Every Little Thing album) (2011)
"Ordinary" (Two Door Cinema Club song) (2016)
"Ordinary" (Wayne Brady song) (2008)
"Ordinary", song by Train from Alive at Last (2004)
Religion
Ordinary (Catholic Church), a supervisor, typically a bishop, in charge of a territory comparable to a diocese, or a major superior of a religious institute
Ordinary (church officer), an officer of a church or civic authority who by reason of office has ordinary power to execute laws
Ordinary (liturgy), a set of texts in Roman Catholic and other Western Christian liturgies that are generally invariable
Ordinary (lecture), a type of lecture given in universities of the Middle Ages
Other
An archaic usage meaning tavern
Ordinary (film), a 2012 Malayalam-language film
Ordinary (heraldry), a simple geometrical figure displayed on a shield
Ordinary of arms, a roll or register of coats of arms, arranged systematically by design
Ordinary, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
Ordinary, Virginia, an unincorporated community
The Ordinary, novel by Jim Grimsley
The Ordinary, play by William Cartwright
The Ordinary, Canada-based skincare brand founded by Brandon Truaxe
Ordinary bicycle, the original type, the penny-farthing |
5381134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%20Blake | Rod Blake | Rod Blake (born 15 June 1952) is a former Australian rules football ruckman whose career spanned a thirteen-year period beginning in 1971. He played a total of 176 games in the Victoria Football League (VFL), kicking 113 goals.
History and Achievements
Blake began his career with Geelong in the VFL in 1971 after being recruited from local Geelong & District Football League (GDFL) club Inverleigh. Blake did not truly cement his spot in the first eighteen however until 1979, when he took over from Sam Newman as the number one ruckman.
Blake was considered a lightweight at 93.5 kg (206 lbs); however, Blake compensated for this potential disadvantage with agility and height – towering over his peers at 199 cm (6 ft 6.5in). In 1980 he won the club's best and fairest award, the Carji Greeves Medal and started out as a favourite for the Brownlow Medal, but fell just short – finishing on 19 votes, four behind the winner Kelvin Templeton of Footscray.
Blake retired following the conclusion of the 1983 VFL season. During his career Blake represented the Victorian state side three times. He is the father of former Geelong player Mark Blake.
External links
Player profile at the Geelong Football Club
The Age: Cats want AFL rethink on father-son rule revamp
1952 births
Living people
Carji Greeves Medal winners
Geelong Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Sportspeople from Geelong |
5381140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo%20Diogo | Paulo Diogo | Paulo da Cruz Diogo (born 21 April 1975) is a Swiss former professional footballer of Portuguese descent. He played much of his professional career in the Swiss first division.
He is now manager of ES FC Malley which he joined in July 2021.
Career
On 5 December 2004, playing for Servette FC in an away game against FC Schaffhausen, Diogo set up a goal for Jean Beausejour in the 87th minute of the game. By way of celebration, he jumped up on the metal perimeter fence separating the fans from the pitch. Unnoticed by him, his wedding ring caught in the barrier (Diogo had married not long before). As he jumped off the fence, much of his finger tore off along with the ring.
To add insult to injury, referee Florian Etter then penalized him with a yellow card for excessive time-wasting with his "celebrations". In fact, the match stewards were searching for his finger. Later that night, Diogo was taken to a Zürich hospital, but the doctors failed to re-attach the severed part of the finger and advised that the remaining part of his finger be amputated to the first joint. He has continued to play football since the accident. The event generated international commotion, and served as a warning of the danger of hanging on places or objects while using any type of ring, such as the wedding ring.
After being released by Sion, he signed for FC Schaffhausen on 28 January 2006.
References
External links
weltfussball.de profile
Lausanne Sport profile
Swiss footballers
Swiss amputees
1975 births
Living people
Swiss people of Portuguese descent
FC Lausanne-Sport players
Servette FC players
Grenoble Foot 38 players
FC Schaffhausen players
FC Sion players
Yverdon-Sport FC players
Association football midfielders
Sportspeople from the canton of Vaud |
5381161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowcraft%20Amusement%20Park | Bowcraft Amusement Park | Bowcraft Amusement Park or Bowcraft Playland was a small amusement park located on U.S. Route 22 West in Scotch Plains, New Jersey. At the time of its closing, it contained 21 rides appropriate for both children and adults. Bowcraft Amusement Park was open weekends from May through October and daily June through Labor Day.
The park's history dates to 1946, when an archery and skiing enthusiast named Ted Miller opened a small archery and ski equipment store, complete with a small ski slope on-site, and named it Bowcraft Park.
In the 1980s, the park included a miniature golf course, which was eventually removed to make room for an overall expansion of both the park itself and the parking area.
The park offered a choice between purchasing tickets for individual rides, or an all-inclusive "Fun-Pass" which gives the ticket holder unlimited riding.
In 2016, a developer purchased the property with plans to demolish the park and build 190 apartments and 10 townhomes. The town of Scotch Plains scheduled a hearing to discuss the application for the planned property development on September 26, 2016. The park owners issued a statement saying that despite the planned development, closure was not imminent, and the park would open for the 2017 season in April as always.
The park permanently ceased operations in October 2018 and in the following month, all official park websites and social media pages were deactivated, and the park's rides were put up for sale on various websites.
Former Attractions/Rides
Kiddie Rides
Merry Go Round
Frog Hopper
Helicopters
Big Trucks
Motorcycle Jump
Kiddie Boats
Family Rides
Balloon Ride
Drop Zone
Super Slide
Train Xpress
Speedway
Popp
Dragon Coaster (sold to Clementon Park and Splash World)
Tilt A Whirl
Bumper Cars
Thrill Rides
Galleon Pirate Ship (sold to Alabama Splash Adventure)
Muzik Express
Paratrooper
Scrambler
Crossbow roller coaster
Other Attractions
Other attractions in the park included a children's play area, arcade, and midway carnival games.
Film appearances
The conclusion of the 1991 film Mortal Thoughts was filmed there, and the park is featured on the film's poster.
The opening scene from the 1994 movie North was filmed at Bowcraft.
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Union County, New Jersey
Amusement parks in New Jersey
1970 establishments in New Jersey
Tourist attractions in Union County, New Jersey
Scotch Plains, New Jersey
Defunct amusement parks in New Jersey |
5381171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%20Him%20Back | Get Him Back | "Get Him Back" is a song written by American singer Fiona Apple and produced by Mike Elizondo and Brian Kehew for her third album Extraordinary Machine (2005). It was released as a promotional CD single only to triple-A radio as the album's fourth single on February 6, 2006 (see 2006 in music).
In 2003 Extraordinary Machine, which was originally produced by Jon Brion, was submitted to Sony Music executives, who were reportedly unenthusiastic about the finished product and shelved it. On February 26, 2005 radio DJ Andrew Harms at 107.7 The End in Seattle began playing previously unheard tracks from a bootleg copy of Extraordinary Machine, and before long, poor quality copies of "Not about Love", "Get Him Back" and "Used to Love Him" were circulating on the internet. Soon after, CD-quality versions of all the tracks were released through the BitTorrent website TorrentBox. An extensively reworked version of Extraordinary Machine, co-produced by Mike Elizondo and Brian Kehew, was released in October 2005.
The Chicago Tribune published a track-by-track comparison of the leaked and official versions of the album, and wrote of "Get Him Back": "Brion's drum fills are more pronounced and strings underscore the vocals, while the Roots' Ahmir Thompson gives the Elizondo-Kehew version a more linear groove." Blender magazine ranked the official version of the song at number thirty-five on its list of "The 100 Greatest Songs of 2005", and a "205 Best Songs to Download from 2005" article in the New York Post placed it at number thirty.
Formats & track listing
Acetate promo CD single:
1. Get Him Back (Radio Edit)
2. Get Him Back (Album Version)
Personnel
Piano by Fiona Apple
Drums by Ahmir "Questlove" Thompson
Moog bass by Mike Elizondo
Keyboards by Keefus Ciancia
Notes
External links
Lyrics
2006 singles
Fiona Apple songs
2005 songs
Songs written by Fiona Apple
Song recordings produced by Mike Elizondo
Epic Records singles |
5381177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTYM | KTYM | KTYM (1460 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Spanish language Catholic radio format from ESNE Radio. Licensed to Inglewood, California, United States, the station serves the Los Angeles area. KTYM is owned by El Sembrador Ministries of Chatsworth, California.
History
Early years
Albert John Williams obtained the construction permit for a new daytime-only radio station on 1460 kHz in Inglewood on August 1, 1957. The station signed on February 14, 1958, airing a format of popular and semi-classical music; the same day, KTYM-FM 103.9 debuted as a simulcast. It had a policy of no back-to-back commercials. The FM was known for its programming for the Black community in southern California at night; by 1964, KTYM-AM-FM was just one of five racially integrated radio stations in the region. Meanwhile, the AM added several foreign-language programs. The station increased its power to 5,000 watts directional in 1962, having been approved for the upgrade the year before.
At the end of 1963, Williams transferred the KTYM stations to the Trans America Broadcasting Corporation, wholly owned by Williams.
Anti-Semitism inquiry
In June 1966, the Federal Communications Commission renewed the license of KTYM by a 5–1 vote. The decision was contentious because of a program that the station aired, "Richard Cotten's Conservative Viewpoint". The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) took umbrage with two airings of this program in October 1964 and May 1965, claiming that they linked Jews to communism and included personal attacks on the league. However, the commissioners said that, despite their "strongest personal feelings" against the content of the programs, they could not intervene in the matter without becoming "the censor of broadcasting" and cited that KTYM had offered the group air time under the Fairness Doctrine. The decision was decried by local labor groups and Jewish organizations.
The ADL would appeal the case to the Supreme Court of the United States, which declined to take it up in 1969. That same year, Williams bought Fresno television station KAIL-TV for $236,500.
Later years and sale to ESNE
Williams reached a deal in 1971 to sell KTYM-FM to the Black-owned Avant Garde Broadcasting, headed by Clarence Avant. He spent much of the decade starting up KDWN, a 50,000-watt AM station in Las Vegas. The station was approved for 500 watts at night in 1979. Personalities that hosted programs on KTYM included Stewart Alexander and Earl Ofari Hutchinson.
Williams died in 2005.
KTYM primarily aired a mix of religious talk shows and paid programming. On March 17, 2014, Trans America reached a deal to sell KTYM to IHR Educational Broadcasting, operator of the Immaculate Heart Radio network. However, the KTYM purchase was put on hold. On July 22, 2014, Immaculate Heart Radio announced the purchase of Spanish-language KHJ, which switched formats to Catholic religious programming. In March 2015, the sale of KTYM to Immaculate Heart Radio was approved by the FCC; six months later, KTYM was instead sold to El Sembrador Ministries, which operates six other radio stations in California and Mexico and one station in Chicago.
References
External links
TYM
TYM
1958 establishments in California
Radio stations established in 1958 |
4043864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20and%20capital%20punishment | Religion and capital punishment | The major world religions have taken varied positions on the morality of capital punishment and as such, they have historically impacted the way in which governments handle such punishment practices. Although the viewpoints of some religions have changed over time, their influence on capital punishment generally depends on the existence of a religious moral code and how closely religion influences the government. Religious moral codes are often based on a body of teachings, such as the Old Testament or the Qur'an.
Many Islamic nations have governments that are directly run by the code of Sharia law. The Qur'an explicitly states that the taking of a life results in the taking of ones own. There are certain actions in Islam, such as adultery, that are recognized to result in the death penalty. However, not all Islamic nations have the death penalty, for example Djibouti is an Islamic abolitionist nation. Tazir is an Islamic principle whereby the courts and the rulers can apply discretion in the way a certain crime is punished.
Christianity has changed its perspective on the death penalty over time and different Christian denominations have different teachings on it. Many early Christians were strongly opposed to the death penalty and magistrates who enforced it could be excommunicated. Attitudes gradually began to relax in the fifth century. In the thirteenth century, Thomas Aquinas argued that capital punishment was a form of "lawful slaying", which became the standard Catholic teaching on the issue for centuries. During the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther and John Calvin defended the death penalty, but Quakers, Brethren, and Mennonites have opposed it since their founding. Since the Second Vatican Council, the Roman Catholic Church has generally opposed the death penalty and, in August 2018, Pope Francis revised the Catechism of the Catholic Church to explicitly condemn it in all cases, as an inadmissible attack on the inviolability and dignity of the person.
Buddhism has a strong belief in compassion for the lives of others, as stated in the panca-sila (five precepts). There is an understanding of healing people who have committed crimes rather than retaliation against them. For these reasons, Buddhism has generally opposed the death penalty. China and Japan, both historically Buddhist countries, continue to practise the death penalty.
Judaism has a history of debate over the death penalty but it generally disagrees with the practice. Although the Torah describes over 30 situations where the death penalty would be appropriate, there are many limitations that have made it difficult to implement. Since 1954, Israel has outlawed the use of the death penalty, except in cases of genocide and treason.
Hinduism has historically not taken a stance on the death penalty and has little influence on the governments opinion of it, but India (an 80% Hindu nation) has the lowest rate of execution of any other country. This is likely due to the belief in Ahimsa, or non-violence, which became very apparent during Gandhi's time and was supported by India's ancient Buddhist emperor Ashoka, who is the only leader in the country's history to openly oppose the death penalty.
Baháʼí Faith
The Baháʼí Faith prescribes the death penalty, or life in prison, for murder and arson. Those punishments are intended for a future society and have never been implemented by Baháʼís. Details left up to the supreme governing institution, the Universal House of Justice, to clarify at some future date.
Buddhism
Although the death penalty is generally opposed in Buddhist nations, it is difficult to identify a specific Buddhist opinion on capital punishment because some countries that are majority Buddhist do not follow religious principles. Buddhist principles may not carry much weight, even in the case of a Buddhist ruler, because there is no direct effort of Buddhist followers to encourage pacifism in their country. The five precepts are not a divine order from god, they are merely a set of ethical guidelines to live by. For this reason, rulers do not necessarily have to worry about being punished by god for not following them, and some leaders may choose to simply ignore these guidelines when trying to run a country.
Buddhist opposition to capital punishment
The first of the Five Precepts (Panca-sila) is to abstain from destruction of life. Chapter 10 of the Dhammapada states:
Everyone fears punishment; everyone fears death, just as you do. Therefore do not kill or cause to kill. Everyone fears punishment; everyone loves life, as you do. Therefore do not kill or cause to kill.
This concept is meant to encourage compassion (karuna) and that everyone has the opportunity to reach enlightenment. Buddhism retains the idea that all life should be valued and valuing the life of someone who does not necessarily value the life of others shows great compassion and non-violence (ahimsa). The concept of ahimsa also includes Karma, which recognizes that killing is an example of bad karma and that killing for revenge is seen as counterproductive. It is believed that even the lives of murderers have value. There is a strong focus on rehabilitation and killing people takes away their opportunity be helped. Killing for revenge is seen as counterproductive.
Chapter 26, the final chapter of the Dhammapada, states, "Him I call a brahmin who has put aside weapons and renounced violence toward all creatures. He neither kills nor helps others to kill." The story of the Jhanasanda-Jataka contains a similar message in talking about a prince who gets rid of all places of execution. Similarly, the Rajaparikatha-ratnamala contains advice given by the Buddhist Philosopher Nagarjuna and states that people should have compassion even for murderers and that banishment should be utilized as opposed to killing. This strong emphasis on compassion, in relation to capital punishment, is also evident in the story of Angulimala. Angulimala was a murderer that everyone in the village feared but despite this, the Buddha headed down the road to where Angulimata is rumored to live. Out of compassion, the Buddha finds him and teaches him how to be a monk. This exemplifies the Buddhist concept of rehabilitation, however, Angulimata had built up too much bad karma previously and died a painful death as a result.
Historically, many Buddhist Kings in India did not impose the death penalty. They charged fines instead and cut off a hand at worst. Some people view this as surprising because many pre-modern societies used capital punishment often. Many places used banishment instead and sent murders off to mountains in the desert with just enough food to survive. Both the current Dalai Lama and his immediate predecessor have openly opposed the death penalty. The previous Dalai Lama (1879-1933) abolished the death penalty in an attempt to reform Tibet's feudal system after he had previously avoided cases involving capital punishment because of his focus on being a religious figure.
Actions of Buddhist countries
Bhutan, Cambodia, and Thailand all recognize Buddhism as a state religion and use a Buddhist approach to address the issue of capital punishment. Cambodia is the only nation to have officially outlawed the use of the death penalty, though neither Thailand nor Bhutan have utilized capital punishment in many years.
Thailand is home to about 63 million people, 95% of these people follow Theravada Buddhism and it has become central to the culture and identity of Thailand. Thailand's war on drugs may potentially explain its current retention of the death penalty. The manufacture and distribution of drugs is considered an offense in which the death penalty is mandatory. There were no executions in Thailand, however, between the years of 1988-1995 and 2004–2007.
Sri Lanka also recognizes Buddhism as its official state religion but appears to be moving toward an increase in its use of capital punishment. It is unclear, however, if this anything to do with its Buddhist beliefs. Unlike Thailand, Sri Lanka has had a long history of political and religious tension due to its history of being ruled by various countries. Its Buddhist influence was weakened by foreign rulers that believed in a suppression of Buddhist culture. A Buddhist monk was sentenced to death after his assassination of Prime Minister Bandaranaike in 1959 because he felt that he had not lived up to his political promises of promoting Buddhist culture within politics. There has not been an execution in Sri Lanka since 1977.
Although it is communist, Laos has a much less intense commitment to capital punishment than other nearby communist nations. This is likely due to the strong influence of Theravada Buddhism. Myanmar also has a strong Theravada Buddhism influence in its country and has not carried out any government ordered executions since 1989.
Christianity
Christian tradition from the New Testament have come to a range of conclusions about the permissibility and social value of capital punishment. While some hold that a strict reading of certain texts forbids executions, others point to various verses of the New Testament which seem to endorse the death penalty's use.
Many early Christians were strongly opposed to the death penalty. A church order from Rome dated to around 200 AD forbids any Christian magistrate from carrying out a death sentence under pain of excommunication. It was also forbidden for any Christian to accuse a person of a crime if that accusation might result in the person being put to death or beaten with lead-weighted leather thongs. In the fifth century, Christian attitudes towards the death penalty gradually became less stringent. In 405, Pope Innocent I ruled that magistrates who enforced the death penalty could not be excommunicated, although the custom was probably still regarded as immoral.
Roman Catholic Church
Historically and traditionally, the Church has classed capital punishment as a form of "lawful slaying", a view defended by theological authorities such as Thomas Aquinas. (See also Aquinas on the death penalty). At various times in the past, the Church has held that, in certain cases, a legal system may be justified in levying a death sentence, such as in cases where the sentence may deter crime, may protect society from potential future acts of violence by an offender, may bring retribution for an offender's wrongful acts, and may even help the offender to move closer to reconciliation with God in the face of death. The 1566 Roman Catechism states this teaching thus:
Another kind of lawful slaying belongs to the civil authorities, to whom is entrusted power of life and death, by the legal and judicious exercise of which they punish the guilty and protect the innocent. The just use of this power, far from involving the crime of murder, is an act of paramount obedience to this Commandment which prohibits murder. The end of the Commandment is the preservation and security of human life. Now the punishments inflicted by the civil authority, which are the legitimate avengers of crime, naturally tend to this end, since they give security to life by repressing outrage and violence. Hence these words of David: In the morning I put to death all the wicked of the land, that I might cut off all the workers of iniquity from the city of the Lord.
This teaching was evident in the writings both of Pope Innocent I and Pope Innocent III, with the latter stating that "the secular power can without mortal sin carry out a sentence of death, provided it proceeds in imposing the penalty not from hatred but with judgment, not carelessly but with due solicitude." More recently, the 1911 edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia suggested that Catholics should hold that "the infliction of capital punishment is not contrary to the teaching of the Catholic Church, and the power of the State to visit upon culprits the penalty of death derives much authority from revelation and from the writings of theologians", but that the matter of "the advisability of exercising that power is, of course, an affair to be determined upon other and various considerations." In an address given on 14 September 1952, Pope Pius XII stated that the Church does not regard the execution of criminals as a violation by the State of the universal right to life, declaring: "When it is a question of the execution of a condemned man, the State does not dispose of the individual's right to life. In this case it is reserved to the public power to deprive the condemned person of the enjoyment of life in expiation of his crime when, by his crime, he has already disposed himself of his right to live.”
In the later twentieth century, however, the Catholic Church began to generally move away from condoning the death penalty and instead began to increasingly adopt a more disapproving stance on the issue. Many modern Church figures such as Pope John Paul II, Pope Francis, and the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops have actively discouraged the death penalty or advocated its outright abolition. For example, in his 1995 Evangelium Vitae, Pope John Paul II suggested that capital punishment should be avoided unless it is the only way to defend society from the offender in question, opining that:
[T]he nature and extent of the punishment must be carefully evaluated and decided upon, and ought not go to the extreme of executing the offender except in cases of absolute necessity: in other words, when it would not be possible otherwise to defend society. Today however, as a result of steady improvements in the organisation of the penal system, such cases are very rare, if not practically non-existent." The 1999 edition of the Catechism of the Catholic Church restated this view, and further stated that:
Assuming that the guilty party’s identity and responsibility have been fully determined, the traditional teaching of the Church does not exclude recourse to the death penalty if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor. If, however, non-lethal means are sufficient to defend and protect people’s safety from the aggressor, authority will limit itself to such means, as these are more in keeping with the concrete conditions of the common good and more in conformity to the dignity of the human person.
However, in 2004, Cardinal Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) suggested that the assessment of the contemporary situation advanced by John Paul II was not necessarily binding on the faithful, arguing that:
if a Catholic were to be at odds with the Holy Father (i.e., the Pope) on the application of capital punishment or on the decision to wage war, he would not for that reason be considered unworthy to present himself to receive Holy Communion. While the Church exhorts civil authorities to seek peace, not war, and to exercise discretion and mercy in imposing punishment on criminals, it may still be permissible to take up arms to repel an aggressor or to have recourse to capital punishment. There may be a legitimate diversity of opinion even among Catholics about waging war and applying the death penalty, but not however with regard to abortion and euthanasia.
Some Catholic writers, such as the late Cardinal Joseph Bernadin of Chicago, have argued against the use of the death penalty in modern times by drawing on a stance labelled the "consistent life ethic". Characteristic of this approach is an emphasis on the sanctity of human life, and the responsibility on both a personal and social level to protect and preserve life from "womb to tomb" (conception to natural death). This position draws on the conviction that God has "boundless love for every person, regardless of human merit or worthiness." Other Catholic writers, such as Joseph Sobran and Matt Abbott, have criticised this approach, contending that it minimises the issue of abortion by placing it on the same level as the death penalty – the latter of which the Church does not consider intrinsically immoral.
In 2015, Pope Francis stated in an address to the International Commission against the Death Penalty that: "Today the death penalty is inadmissible, no matter how serious the crime committed." Francis argued that the death penalty is no longer justified by a society's need to defend itself and has lost all legitimacy due to the possibility of judicial error. He further stated that capital punishment is an offense "against the inviolability of life and the dignity of the human person, which contradicts God's plan for man and society" and "does not render justice to the victims, but rather fosters vengeance." In the address, Francis further explained:
In certain circumstances, when hostilities are underway, a measured reaction is necessary in order to prevent the aggressor from causing harm, and the need to neutralize the aggressor may result in his elimination; it is a case of legitimate defence (cf. Evangelium Vitae, n. 55). Nevertheless, the prerequisites of legitimate personal defence are not applicable in the social sphere without the risk of distortion. In fact, when the death penalty is applied, people are killed not for current acts of aggression, but for offences committed in the past. Moreover, it is applied to people whose capacity to cause harm is not current, but has already been neutralized, and who are deprived of their freedom. [...]
For a constitutional State the death penalty represents a failure, because it obliges the State to kill in the name of justice [...] Justice is never reached by killing a human being. [...] The death penalty loses all legitimacy due to the defective selectivity of the criminal justice system and in the face of the possibility of judicial error. Human justice is imperfect, and the failure to recognize its fallibility can transform it into a source of injustice. With the application of capital punishment, the person sentenced is denied the possibility to make amends or to repent of the harm done; the possibility of confession, with which man expresses his inner conversion; and of contrition, the means of repentance and atonement, in order to reach the encounter with the merciful and healing love of God. Furthermore, capital punishment is a frequent practice to which totalitarian regimes and fanatical groups resort, for the extermination of political dissidents, minorities, and every individual labelled as “dangerous” or who might be perceived as a threat to their power or to the attainment of their objectives. As in the first centuries and also in the current one, the Church suffers from the application of this penalty to her new martyrs.
The death penalty is contrary to the meaning of humanitas and to divine mercy, which must be models for human justice. It entails cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment, as is the anguish before the moment of execution and the terrible suspense between the issuing of the sentence and the execution of the penalty, a form of “torture” which, in the name of correct procedure, tends to last many years, and which oftentimes leads to illness and insanity on death row.
Shortly prior to Francis's address, the Vatican had officially given support to a 2015 United Nations campaign against the death penalty. During a U.N. Human Rights Council meeting concerning the abolishment of capital punishment, Archbishop Silvano Tomasi declared that "The Holy See Delegation fully supports the efforts to abolish the use of the death penalty." The Archbishop stated:
Considering the practical circumstances found in most States ... it appears evident nowadays that means other than the death penalty 'are sufficient to defend human lives against an aggressor and to protect public order and the safety of persons [...] We should take into account that no clear positive effect of deterrence results from the application of the death penalty and that the irreversibility of this punishment does not allow for eventual corrections in the case of wrongful convictions.
On 2 August 2018, Pope Francis changed Catechism of the Catholic Church 2267 to the following:
Recourse to the death penalty on the part of legitimate authority, following a fair trial, was long considered an appropriate response to the gravity of certain crimes and an acceptable, albeit extreme, means of safeguarding the common good.
Today, however, there is an increasing awareness that the dignity of the person is not lost even after the commission of very serious crimes. In addition, a new understanding has emerged of the significance of penal sanctions imposed by the state. Lastly, more effective systems of detention have been developed, which ensure the due protection of citizens but, at the same time, do not definitively deprive the guilty of the possibility of redemption.
Consequently, the Church teaches, in the light of the Gospel, that “the death penalty is inadmissible because it is an attack on the inviolability and dignity of the person”, and she works with determination for its abolition worldwide”.
Eastern Orthodox
Various Eastern Orthodox churches have issued statements opposing capital punishment, including the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, the Orthodox Church in America, the Greek Orthodox Church, and the Georgian Orthodox Church.
Coptic Orthodox
The Coptic Orthodox Church approves of fair capital punishment. They believe that the new testament has spoken about grace, love and justice, while at the same time suggesting that capital punishment is justifiable as God's justice for people who take the life of others.
Methodists
In 1956, the United Methodist Church was one of the first Protestant Christian denomination to make a statement opposing capital punishment. At the United Methodist General Council, church leaders released a statement saying, "We stand for the application of the redemptive principle to the treatment of offenders against the law, to reform of penal and correctional methods, and to criminal court procedures. We deplore the use of capital punishment." The church stands by this statement today.
The Salvation Army
In the positional statement, it states that The Salvation Army does not support death penalty:
Anglican and Episcopalian
Article 37 of the Thirty-Nine Articles states that
The Lambeth Conference of Anglican and Episcopalian bishops condemned the death penalty in 1988:
Before that date, Anglican Bishops in the House of Lords had tended to vote in favour of the retention of capital punishment.
The Southern Baptist Convention
In 2000 the Southern Baptist Convention updated Baptist Faith and Message. In it the convention officially sanctioned the use of capital punishment by the State. This was an extension of earlier church sentiment. It said that it is the duty of the state to execute those who are guilty of murder and God established capital punishment in the Noahic Covenant (Genesis 9:6).
Other Protestants
Several key leaders early in the Protestant Reformation, including Martin Luther and John Calvin, followed the traditional reasoning in favour of capital punishment, and the Lutheran Church's Augsburg Confession explicitly defended it. Some Protestant groups have cited Genesis 9:5–6, Romans 13:3–4, and
Leviticus 20:1–27 as the basis for permitting the death penalty. However, Martin Luther thought it was wrong to use the death penalty against heretics. This was one of the specific issues he was asked to recant on in 1520 and excommunicated when he did not in 1521. Furthermore, some verses can be cited where Jesus seems to be a legalist by advocating respect for religious and civil laws: Matthew 5:17-22, 22:17-21 (the famous phrase ″Give therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's″, separating religion and civil law) and John 8:10-11.
Mennonites, Church of the Brethren and Friends have opposed the death penalty since their founding, and continue to be strongly opposed to it today. These groups, along with other Christians opposed to capital punishment, have cited Christ's Sermon on the Mount (transcribed in Matthew Chapter 5–7) and Sermon on the Plain (transcribed in Luke 6:17–49). In both sermons, Christ tells his followers to turn the other cheek and to love their enemies, which these groups believe mandates nonviolence, including opposition to the death penalty.
Mormonism
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) presently takes no position on capital punishment. There are statements from church officials on blood atonement. This belief held that the blood of Jesus' Atonement could not remit certain serious sins, and that the only way a Mormon sinner could pay for committing such sins would be to have his own blood spilled on the ground as an atonement. This doctrine was never held by the church or practised by clergy in their official capacity. The doctrine has no relation as to the reason why, until recently, Utah gave convicts sentenced to death a choice to be executed by firing squad rather than other methods such as lethal injection. This issue received significant public attention when Ronnie Lee Gardner, who was convicted of robbery, murder, and escaping from jail, chose to die by firing squad, citing the blood atonement as the reason for his decision. On the night of Ronnie's execution, the LDS Church released a statement that it did not support blood atonement of individuals as a doctrine of salvation.
Islam
Many Islamic governments support capital punishment. Many Islamic nations have governments that are directly run by the code of Sharia and, therefore, Islam is the only known religion which has a direct impact on governmental policies with regard to capital punishment in modern times. Islamic law is often used in the court system of many Islamic countries where there is no separation of church and state. The Quran is viewed as the direct word of Allah and going against its teachings is seen as going against the whole basis of the law. The Quran states "Do not kill a soul which Allah has made sacred except through the process of due law," which means that the death penalty is allowed in certain cases where the law says it is necessary. The Quran explicitly states that the taking of a life results in the taking of ones own. According to the Quran, the death penalty is recognized as a necessary form of punishment for some "Hudud" crimes in Islam because it is believed that these acts go directly against the word of god and are seen as a threat to society. However, in pre-modern Islam, capital punishments for these crimes were rarely enforced because the evidentiary standards were so high as to make convictions more difficult to obtain. At times the enforcement of these laws by modern Islamic governments has been a source of minor controversy within Muslim communities.
Islamic nations
Islamic nations generally agree that the death penalty should be retained but they differ on how to impose it, which indicates that there is still disagreement on the issue even within the religion of Islam. Iran and Iraq, for example, are very open about their frequent imposition of the death penalty, while the Islamic nation of Tunisia only imposes it in extremely rare cases. Sudan imposes the death penalty on those who are under the age of eighteen, while Yemen has taken a stand against the imposition of the death penalty on minors. Exceptionally, Djibouti is an Islamic nation which prohibits the death penalty in all situations. Although formerly under France and French law, the French code penal still imposed the death penalty for several offences upon Djibouti independence in June 1977.
The UN has voiced concern about the sudden increase in death sentences in Iran since 2014. Although Iran has been called upon to stop utilizing the death penalty so frequently multiple times, a total of 625 executions were carried out in 2013 alone. Many of these executions were for drug related crimes, "enmity against god", and threatening national security. In a controversial case, an Iranian woman named Reyhaneh Jabbari was hanged in Tehran in October 2014 for the murder of a man who she claimed attempted to rape her. Her sentence was supported by the concept of qisas which is found in the Quran. The term qisas is translated as "equality in retaliation," meaning that any injury inflicted on another should be compensated for by punishing the perpetrator with the same injury.
Fatwas and Jihad
A fatwa is translated as a legal ruling that is issued by an Islamic legal expert that addresses the allowance or prohibition of a certain act. Fatwas promoting violence, in which the government allows an individual or a group of people to kill, is found only in Islam. Some fatwas are based on the concept of jihad, which is defined by radicals as a military conflict that must be waged on an individual basis by all healthy adult males. This idea becomes relevant in military struggles between Muslims and non-believers in which Muslims are not permitted to flee. The necessity to fight is viewed as an act of faith to Allah and those who remain loyal to Allah are rewarded. Ancient Islamic law lays out 36 conditions under which jihads can be waged and around 10-14 of those 36 conditions are military related. Other forms of jihad include personal struggles with the evil implications of ones soul or wealth. Current military motivations for Jihad might originate with the idea that Islam can only be spread through violence although the modern world includes other methods by which Islam can be spread such as the mass media and the internet
Traditionally, fatwas must identify the legal problem which is being addressed, consider other rulings regarding the issue, and lay out a clear guidelines on how to solve the problem. Fatwas need to be based on many sources such as the Qur'an, the sunnah, logical analogies, public interest, and necessity. Questions have been raised about a Muslim who follows a fatwa that causes him to sin, particularly in cases of violence. This falls back on the cleric who issued the fatwa and the person who committed the potential crime. This has led to radical interpretations that legitimize killing in order to fulfill a fatwa. An example of this includes Islamic terrorism which is based on the belief that "the meaning of jihad is to strive to liberate Muslim lands from the grip of kuffars who usurped them and imposed their own laws on them instead of the laws of Allah." Fatwas have been issued against the West by radicals within the Muslim community who claim that the West's governments practice heresy and world domination. An example of this is the fatwa issued by Sheikh Abdallah 'Azzam who called for an ongoing jihad "until all of mankind worships Allah." This resulted in a fatwa which ruled that the killing of all non-believers was a duty that must be fulfilled by all Muslims as a response to the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Another example is a fatwa which the Well-known Islamic religious leader Yusuf al-Qaradawi issued against the Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi in February 2011. In his fatwa which he issued on Al-Jazeera television, he stated that "whoever in the Libyan army is able to shoot a bullet at Mr Gaddafi should do so".
Judaism
The teachings of Judaism approve the death penalty in principle but the standard of proof required for application of death penalty is extremely stringent, and in practice, it has been abolished by various Talmudic decisions, making the situations in which a death sentence could be passed effectively impossible and hypothetical. "Forty years before the destruction" of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, i.e. in 30 CE, the Sanhedrin effectively abolished capital punishment, making it a hypothetical upper limit on the severity of punishment, fitting in finality for God alone to use, not fallible humans.
While allowing for the death penalty in some hypothetical circumstances, scholars of Judaism are broadly opposed to the death penalty as practised in the modern world. The Jewish understanding of Biblical law is not based on a literal reading of the Bible, but rather through the lens of Judaism's oral law. These oral laws were first recorded around 200 CE in the Mishnah and later around 600 CE in the Babylonian Talmud. The laws make it clear that the death penalty was used only rarely. The Mishnah states:
A Sanhedrin that puts a man to death once in seven years is called destructive. Rabbi Eliezer ben Azariah says: a Sanhedrin that puts a man to death even once in seventy years. Rabbi Akiba and Rabbi Tarfon say: Had we been in the Sanhedrin none would ever have been put to death. Rabban Simeon ben Gamaliel says: they would have multiplied shedders of blood in Israel. (Mishnah, Makkot 1:10).
Rabbinic tradition describes a detailed system of checks and balances to prevent the execution of an innocent person. These rules are so restrictive as to effectively legislate the penalty out of existence. The law requires that:
There must have been two witnesses to the crime, and these must conform to a prescribed list of criteria. For example, females and close relatives of the criminal are precluded from being witnesses according to Biblical law, while full-time gamblers are precluded as a matter of rabbinical law.
The witnesses must have verbally warned the person seconds before the act that they were liable for the death penalty
The person must then have verbally acknowledged that he or she was warned and that the warning would be disregarded, and then have gone ahead and committed the sin.
No individual was allowed to testify against him or herself.
The 12th-century Jewish legal scholar Maimonides famously stated that "It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent one to death." Maimonides argued that executing a defendant on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing burdens of proof, until we would be convicting merely "according to the judge's caprice." Maimonides was concerned about the need for the law to guard itself in public perceptions, to preserve its majesty and retain the people's respect. On the other hand, he allowed for the possibility of imposing capital punishment on circumstantial evidence alone when warranted
Today the State of Israel only uses the death penalty for extraordinary crimes, and only two people have ever been executed in Israel's history. The only civil execution ever to take place in Israel was of convicted Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in 1962. The other execution was of Meir Tobianski, an army major court-martialled and convicted of treason during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and posthumously exonerated. However, Israeli employment of the death penalty has little to do with Jewish law.
Orthodox Judaism
In Orthodox Judaism it is held that in theory the death penalty is a correct and just punishment for some crimes. However, in practice the application of such a punishment can only be carried out by humans whose system of justice is nearly perfect, a situation which has not existed for some time.
Orthodox Rabbi Yosef Edelstein writes
"So, at least theoretically, the Torah can be said to be pro-capital punishment. It is not morally wrong, in absolute terms, to put a murderer to death ...However, things look rather different when we turn our attention to the practical realisation of this seemingly harsh legislation. You may be aware that it was exceedingly difficult, in practice, to carry out the death penalty in Jewish society ...I think it's clear that with regard to Jewish jurisprudence, the capital punishment outlined by the Written and Oral Torah, and as carried out by the greatest Sages from among our people (who were paragons of humility and humanity and not just scholarship, needless to say), did not remotely resemble the death penalty in modern America (or Texas). In theory, capital punishment is kosher; it's morally right, in the Torah's eyes. But we have seen that there was great concern—expressed both in the legislation of the Torah, and in the sentiments of some of our great Sages—regarding its practical implementation. It was carried out in ancient Israel, but only with great difficulty. Once in seven years; not 135 in five and a half." (Rabbi Yosef Edelstein, Director of the Savannah Kollel)
Orthodox Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan writes:
"In practice, however, these punishments were almost never invoked, and existed mainly as a deterrent and to indicate the seriousness of the sins for which they were prescribed. The rules of evidence and other safeguards that the Torah provides to protect the accused made it all but impossible to actually invoke these penalties...the system of judicial punishments could become brutal and barbaric unless administered in an atmosphere of the highest morality and piety. When these standards declined among the Jewish people, the Sanhedrin...voluntarily abolished this system of penalties" (Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan in Handbook of Jewish Thought, Volume II, pp. 170–71).
On the other hand, Rabbi Moshe Feinstein, in a letter to then New York Governor Hugh Carey states:
"One who murders because the prohibition to kill is meaningless to him and he is especially cruel, and so too when murderers and evil people proliferate they [the courts] would [should?] judge [capital punishment] to repair the issue [and] to prevent murder – for this [action of the court] saves the state."
Conservative Judaism
In Conservative Judaism the death penalty was the subject of a responsum by its Committee on Jewish Law and Standards:
"The Talmud ruled out the admissibility of circumstantial evidence in cases which involved a capital crime. Two witnesses were required to testify that they saw the action with their own eyes. A man could not be found guilty of a capital crime through his own confession or through the testimony of immediate members of his family. The rabbis demanded a condition of cool premeditation in the act of crime before they would sanction the death penalty; the specific test on which they insisted was that the criminal be warned prior to the crime, and that the criminal indicate by responding to the warning, that he is fully aware of his deed, but that he is determined to go through with it. In effect this did away with the application of the death penalty. The rabbis were aware of this, and they declared openly that they found capital punishment repugnant to them... There is another reason which argues for the abolition of capital punishment. It is the fact of human fallibility. Too often we learn of people who were convicted of crimes and only later are new facts uncovered by which their innocence is established. The doors of the jail can be opened, in such cases we can partially undo the injustice. But the dead cannot be brought back to life again. We regard all forms of capital punishment as barbaric and obsolete..."
Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism has formally opposed the death penalty since 1959, when the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (now the Union for Reform Judaism) resolved “that in the light of modern scientific knowledge and concepts of humanity, the resort to or continuation of capital punishment either by a state or by the national government is no longer morally justifiable.” The resolution goes on to say that the death penalty “lies as a stain upon civilization and our religious conscience.” In 1979, the Central Conference of American Rabbis, the professional arm of the Reform rabbinate, resolved that, “both in concept and in practice, Jewish tradition found capital punishment repugnant” and there is no persuasive evidence “that capital punishment serves as a deterrent to crime.”
Hinduism
Although Hinduism has historically not taken a stance on the death penalty and has little influence on the governments opinion of it, India (an 80% Hindu nation) has the lowest rate of execution of any other country. A basis can be found in Hindu teachings, such as the Mahabharata, for opposing the death penalty, even though it has historically been implemented by Hindu leaders. Hinduism preaches ahimsa (or ahinsa, non-violence), but also teaches that the soul cannot be killed and death is limited only to the physical body, explaining the difficulty in choosing an exact position on capital punishment.
Hinduism's belief that life in this world is more of an illusion greatly decreases the religious impact on governments in majority Hindu nations. Use of the death penalty has not faced much opposition by Indian citizens historically, with the exception of some recent backlash. Hinduism's belief in karma may explain why there is no strong support or opposition to capital punishment because it is believed that if someone commits a crime in this life, they will pay for it in another life. It is also believed that the soul comes back many times after death to be purified by good karma and a persons destiny determines when they die.
Evidence in support of the death penalty
Historically, The Laws of Manu, or manusmriti, state that the king should be the one to decide on appropriate punishments. The king has the right to do whatever needs to be done in order to protect his people. He is given the right to punish criminals by placing them in shackles, imprisoning them, or sentencing them to death. It was observed in the 5th century that death sentences were related to caste. For example, If a Sudra insulted a priest they were sentenced to death but if a priest were to kill a sudra it was the equivalent of killing a dog or a cat and their only punishment would be to pay a fine. Other crimes worthy of capital or corporal punishment, according to the Laws of Manu, include when a lower caste man makes love to a woman of the highest caste, a Sudra slandering a Kshatriya, when men and women are stolen from the most noble family, and when a woman is violated without consent. With a history of rulers who favored capital punishment, Ashoka is the only known ruler to openly oppose its use.
In the 1980s parliament expanded punishment by death to offenses such as terrorism and kidnapping for ransom. This decision was supported by the public and a survey conducted in the 1980s solidified this support in finding that teachers, doctors, and lawyers all favored the death penalty. Currently, the Indian Penal Code (IPC) recognizes legitimacy of the death penalty in cases of murder, waging war against the government, encouraging suicide, fabricating false evidence, kidnapping, and murder as part of a robbery. Today, It is common to find people in support of the death penalty such as Kiran Bedi, Police Advisor to the UN, who says that "the death penalty is necessary in certain cases to do justice to society's anger against the crime." An example of recent capital punishment in India includes Mohammad Afzal Guru, who was sentenced to death in 2013 after attacking the Indian Parliament in December 2001.
Evidence opposing the death penalty
Emperor Ashoka, being a Buddhist himself, was one of the first rulers to completely outlaw the use of capital punishment. This was because of Buddhism's large emphasis on ahimsa, or nonviolence. In Buddhism, and also in Hinduism, the concept of ahimsa bans the killing of any living being, no matter how small. Many people who oppose the death penalty go back to the beliefs of their enlightened ancestors who preached non-violence and that we should respect human rights and the gift of life. Gandhi also opposed the death penalty and stated that "I cannot in all conscience agree to anyone being sent to the gallows. God alone can take life because he alone gives it. In 1980, the Indian Supreme Court made it very clear that it does not take capital punishment lightly and as a result of Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab ruled that the death penalty should only be utilized in the "rarest of rare cases." Currently, it is mainly only human rights activists that take a stand against the death penalty. This is because they believe that the only people being sentenced to death are "the poor, the sick, and the ignorant." Also vulnerable are the non-Hindu minorities, who feel threatened by the idea of the death penalty and oppose it Although it is unclear whether a sample of Indian college students is representative of the whole population, Lambert found that when asked their opinion of the death penalty 44% of college students opposed it. However, when taking into account the importance of religion in their lives there was a significant relationship between religious affiliation and support for the death penalty.
Summary of worldwide denominational positions
See also
Death penalty in the Bible
Notes
References
References
For a detailed discussion on the Roman Catholic Church's view on capital punishment see chapter 3 of Pope John Paul II's encyclical, Evangelium Vitae.
Religion and politics |
5381180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasmosauridae | Elasmosauridae | Elasmosauridae is an extinct family of plesiosaurs, often called elasmosaurs. They had the longest necks of the plesiosaurs and existed from the Hauterivian to the Maastrichtian stages of the Cretaceous, and represented one of the two groups of plesiosaurs present at the end of the Cretaceous alongside Polycotylidae. Their diet mainly consisted of crustaceans and molluscs.
Description
The earliest elasmosaurids were mid-sized, about . In the Late Cretaceous, elasmosaurids grew as large as , such as Styxosaurus, Albertonectes, and Thalassomedon. Their necks were the longest of all the plesiosaurs, with anywhere between 32 and 76 (Albertonectes) cervical vertebrae. They weighed up to several tons.
Classification
Early three-family classification
Though Cope had originally recognized Elasmosaurus as a plesiosaur, in an 1869 paper he placed it, with Cimoliasaurus and Crymocetus, in a new order of sauropterygian reptiles. He named the group Streptosauria, or "reversed lizards", due to the orientation of their individual vertebrae supposedly being reversed compared to what is seen in other vertebrate animals. He subsequently abandoned this idea in his 1869 description of Elasmosaurus, where he stated he had based it on Leidy's erroneous interpretation of Cimoliasaurus. In this paper, he also named the new family Elasmosauridae, containing Elasmosaurus and Cimoliasaurus, without comment. Within this family, he considered the former to be distinguished by a longer neck with compressed vertebrae, and the latter by a shorter neck with square, depressed vertebrae.
In subsequent years, Elasmosauridae came to be one of three groups in which plesiosaurs were classified, the others being the Pliosauridae and Plesiosauridae (sometimes merged into one group). In 1874 Harry Seeley took issue with Cope's identification of clavicles in the shoulder girdle of Elasmosaurus, asserting that the supposed clavicles were actually scapulae. He found no evidence of a clavicle or an interclavicle in the shoulder girdle of Elasmosaurus; he noted that the absence of the latter bone was also seen in a number of other plesiosaur specimens, which he named as new elasmosaurid genera: Eretmosaurus, Colymbosaurus, and Muraenosaurus. Richard Lydekker subsequently proposed that Elasmosaurus, Polycotylus, Colymbosaurus, and Muraenosaurus could not be distinguished from Cimoliasaurus based on their shoulder girdles, and advocated their synonymization at the genus level.
Seeley noted in 1892 that the clavicle was fused to the coracoid by a suture in elasmosaurians, and was apparently "an inseparable part" of the scapula. Meanwhile, all plesiosaurs with two-headed neck ribs (the Plesiosauridae and Pliosauridae) had a clavicle made only of cartilage, such that ossification of the clavicle would turn a "plesiosaurian" into an "elasmosaurian". Williston doubted Seeley's usage of neck ribs to subdivide plesiosaurs in 1907, opining that double-headed neck ribs were instead a "primitive character confined to the early forms". Charles Andrews elaborated on differences between elasmosaurids and pliosaurids in 1910 and 1913. He characterized elasmosaurids by their long necks and small heads, as well as by their rigid and well-developed scapulae (but atrophied or absent clavicles and interclavicles) for forelimb-driven locomotion. Meanwhile, pliosaurids had short necks but large heads, and used hindlimb-driven locomotion.
Refinement of plesiosaur taxonomy
Although the placement of Elasmosaurus in the Elasmosauridae remained uncontroversial, opinions on the relationships of the family became variable over subsequent decades. Williston created a revised taxonomy of plesiosaurs in a monograph on the osteology of reptiles (published posthumously in 1925). He provided a revised diagnosis of the Elasmosauridae; aside from the small head and long neck, he characterized elasmosaurids by their single-headed ribs; scapulae that meet at the midline; clavicles that are not separated by a gap; coracoids that are "broadly separated" in their rear half; short ischia; and the presence of only two bones (the typical condition) in the epipodialia (the "forearms" and "shins" of the flippers). He also removed several plesiosaurs previously considered to be elasmosaurids from this family due to their shorter necks and continuously meeting coracoids; these included Polycotylus and Trinacromerum (the Polycotylidae), as well as Muraenosaurus, Cryptoclidus, Picrocleidus, Tricleidus, and others (the Cryptoclididae).
In 1940 Theodore White published a hypothesis on the interrelationships between different plesiosaurian families. He considered Elasmosauridae to be closest to the Pliosauridae, noting their relatively narrow coracoids as well as their lack of interclavicles or clavicles. His diagnosis of the Elasmosauridae also noted the moderate length of the skull (i.e., a mesocephalic skull); the neck ribs having one or two heads; the scapula and coracoid contacting at the midline; the blunted rear outer angle of the coracoid; and the pair of openings (fenestrae) in the scapula–coracoid complex being separated by a narrower bar of bone compared to pliosaurids. The cited variability in the number of heads on the neck ribs arises from his inclusion of Simolestes to the Elasmosauridae, since the characteristics of "both the skull and shoulder girdle compare more favorably with Elasmosaurus than with Pliosaurus or Peloneustes." He considered Simolestes a possible ancestor of Elasmosaurus. Oskar Kuhn adopted a similar classification in 1961.
Welles took issue with White's classification in his 1943 revision of plesiosaurs, noting that White's characteristics are influenced by both preservation and ontogeny. He divided plesiosaurs into two superfamilies, the Plesiosauroidea and Pliosauroidea, based on neck length, head size, ischium length, and the slenderness of the humerus and femur (the propodialia). Each superfamily was further subdivided by the number of heads on the ribs, and the proportions of the epipodialia. Thus, elasmosaurids had long necks, small heads, short ischia, stocky propodialia, single-headed ribs, and short epipodialia. Pierre deSaint-Seine in 1955 and Alfred Romer in 1956 both adopted Welles' classification. In 1962 Welles further subdivided elasmosaurids based on whether they possessed pelvic bars formed from the fusion of the ischia, with Elasmosaurus and Brancasaurus being united in the subfamily Elasmosaurinae by their sharing of completely closed pelvic bars.
Persson, however, considered Welles' classification too simplistic, noting in 1963 that it would, in his opinion, erroneously assign Cryptoclidus, Muraenosaurus, Picrocleidus, and Tricleidus to the Elasmosauridae. Persson refined the Elasmosauridae to include traits such as the crests on the sides of the neck vertebrae; the hatchet-shaped neck ribs at the front of the neck; the fused clavicles; the separation of the coracoids at the rear; and the rounded, plate-like pubis. He also retained the Cimoliasauridae as separate from the Elasmosauridae, and suggested, based on comparisons of vertebral lengths, that they diverged from the Plesiosauridae in the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous. However, D.S. Brown noted in 1981 that the variability of neck length in plesiosaurs made Persson's argument unfeasible, and moved the aforementioned genera back into the Elasmosauridae; he similarly criticized Welles' subdivision of elasmosaurids based on the pelvic bar. Brown's diagnosis of elasmosaurids included the presence of five premaxillary teeth; the ornamentation of teeth by longitudinal ridges; the presence of grooves surrounding the occipital condyles; and the broad-bodied scapulae meeting at the midline.
Modern phylogenetic context
Carpenter's 1997 phylogenetic analysis of plesiosaurs challenged the traditional subdivision of plesiosaurs based on neck length. He found that Libonectes and Dolichorhynchops shared characteristics such as an opening on the palate for the vomeronasal organ, the plate-like expansions of the pterygoid bones, and the loss of the pineal foramen on the top of the skull, differing from the pliosaurs. While polycotylids had previously been part of the Pliosauroidea, Carpenter moved polycotylids to become the sister group of the elasmosaurids based on these similarities, thus implying that polycotylids and pliosauroids evolved their short necks independently.
F. Robin O'Keefe likewise included polycotylids in the Plesiosauroidea in 2001 and 2004, but considered them more closely related to the Cimoliasauridae and Cryptoclididae in the Cryptocleidoidea. Some analyses continued to recover the traditional groupings. In 2008 Patrick Druckenmiller and Anthony Russell moved the Polycotylidae back into the Pliosauroidea, and placed Leptocleidus as their sister group in the newly named Leptocleidoidea; Adam Smith and Gareth Dyke independently found the same result in the same year. However, in 2010 Hilary Ketchum and Roger Benson concluded that the results of these analyses were influenced by inadequate sampling of species. In the most comprehensive phylogeny of plesiosaurs yet, they moved the Leptocleidoidea (renamed the Leptocleidia) back into the Plesiosauroidea as the sister group of the Elasmosauridae; subsequent analyses by Benson and Druckenmiller recovered similar results, and named the Leptocleidoidea–Elasmosauridae grouping as Xenopsaria.
The content of Elasmosauridae also received greater scrutiny. Since its initial assignment to the Elasmosauridae, the relationships of Brancasaurus had been considered well supported, and it was recovered by O'Keefe's 2004 analysis and Franziska Großmann's 2007 analysis. However, Ketchum and Benson's analysis instead included it in the Leptocleidia, and its inclusion in that group has remained consistent in subsequent analyses. Their analysis also moved Muraenosaurus to the Cryptoclididae, and Microcleidus and Occitanosaurus to the Plesiosauridae; Benson and Druckenmiller isolated the latter two in the group Microcleididae in 2014, and considered Occitanosaurus a species of Microcleidus. These genera had all previously been considered to be elasmosaurids by Carpenter, Großmann, and other researchers.
Within the Elasmosauridae, Elasmosaurus itself has been considered a "wildcard taxon" with highly variable relationships. Carpenter's 1999 analysis suggested that Elasmosaurus was more basal (i.e. less specialized) than other elasmosaurids with the exception of Libonectes. In 2005 Sachs suggested that Elasmosaurus was closely related to Styxosaurus, and in 2008 Druckenmiller and Russell placed it as part of a polytomy with two groups, one containing Libonectes and Terminonatator, the other containing Callawayasaurus and Hydrotherosaurus. Ketchum and Benson's 2010 analysis included Elasmosaurus in the former group. Benson and Druckenmiller's 2013 analysis (below, left) further removed Terminonatator from this group and placed it as one step more derived (i.e., more specialized). In Rodrigo Otero's 2016 analysis based on a modification of the same dataset (below, right), Elamosaurus was the closest relative of Albertonectes, forming the Styxosaurinae with Styxosaurus and Terminonatator. Danielle Serratos, Druckenmiller, and Benson could not resolve the position of Elasmosaurus in 2017, but they noted that Styxosaurinae would be a synonym of Elasmosaurinae if Elasmosaurus did fall within the group. In 2021 a new topology placed Cardiocorax as a sister taxon of Libonectes, representing an older lineage of elasmosaurids in the Maastrichtian.
Topology A: Benson et al. (2013)
Topology B: Otero (2016)
The family Elasmosauridae was erected by Cope in 1869, and anchored on the genus Elasmosaurus.
References
External links
"Lepidosauromorpha: Elasmosauridae." Palaeos.com
Plesiosaurs
Cretaceous plesiosaurs
Hauterivian taxonomic families
Barremian taxonomic families
Aptian taxonomic families
Albian taxonomic families
Cenomanian taxonomic families
Turonian taxonomic families
Coniacian taxonomic families
Santonian taxonomic families
Campanian taxonomic families
Maastrichtian taxonomic families
Maastrichtian extinctions
Prehistoric reptile families |
5381186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Daniels%20%28automotive%20engineer%29 | William Daniels (automotive engineer) | William John Daniels, "Jack" Daniels, (8 February 1912 – 27 November 2004) was a British car engineer who worked directly with Sir Alec Issigonis for 35 years and was associated with such projects as the 1948 Morris Minor and the 1959 Mini.
He was an invited guest at the 1999 awards ceremony in Las Vegas when the Mini was voted the second most influential car of the 20th century.
His working life from 1926-1977 was spent as a draughtsman, designer and development engineer for William Morris's 'ever evolving' Morris Motors; Morris Garages (MG Cars); British Motor Corporation; British Motor Holdings; British Leyland. His project involvement included the 1935 MG R-type racing car; the 1962 Morris 1100; the 1969 Austin Maxi; the 1973 Austin Allegro and the 1971 Morris Marina.
Early life and education
Daniels was born into a farming family in New Marston, a once rural area now engulfed by Oxford city. He was educated at the now defunct 'Oxford Central school for Boys' in Gloucester Green where he excelled at woodwork and technical drawing and the school recommended him to Morris Garages. Thus in 1927, aged 16, he joined as their first unindentured apprentice engineering draughtsman, and by 1929 he was attached to Hubert Charles, MG's Chief Draughtsman, who he described as "my real tutor".
Career
The MG operation was moved to Abingdon, where Daniels formed the working partnership with Issigonis that would last for 35 years. He converted the freehand ideas sketches, sometimes on table-cloths etc, into working technical drawings.
After apprenticeship he worked on various projects for Morris Garages (M.G.), including the advanced MG R-type racing car, which had fully independent suspension. Around 1936 he moved to the new factory in Cowley.
Morris Minor
During World War II the factory designed military vehicles, but from 1942 he was already working, with Issigonis, on a secret new Morris car, codenamed "Mosquito" after the warplane. It was launched in 1948 as the Morris Minor. Issigonis described Daniels as "the best all-round draughtsman in the country".
Mini
After Issigonis' departure in 1952, Daniels completed the task of turning a groundbreaking idea into reality - a front-drive, transverse engined, 'Minor' prototype, which he used from February 1956 to commute to the new BMC engineering centre at Longbridge, Birmingham. He called it the company's "safest car" because of its outstanding roadholding.
In 1955 Issigonis returned, and the front wheel drive Minor was key to the Mini project which was launched in 1959. Jack Daniels characterised their relationship as "90 per cent his perspiration versus the 10 per cent inspiration" of Issigonis "We got on well together, but he was the gaffer."
Legacy
Rob Oldaker, product development director of MG Rover, originally a trainee under Daniels at British Leyland, said "Jack will be remembered for his pragmatic input to many cars. He guided many towards successful careers in the industry."
Personal life
Daniels was married to Mabel, with whom he had one son, one daughter, and one son deceased. In 1956 he moved with his wife and family to King's Norton, Birmingham.
Later life
Daniels died near Bournemouth after suffering from cancer for two years.
References
External links
Jack Daniels interviewed on YouTube The Story of the Mini Cooper
1912 births
2004 deaths
British automotive engineers
Deaths from cancer in England |
5381189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin%20Rattner | Justin Rattner | Justin R. Rattner is a retired Intel Senior Fellow, Corporate Vice President and former director of Intel Labs. Previously, he served as the corporation's Chief Technology Officer, where he was responsible for leading Intel's microprocessor, communications and systems technology labs and Intel Research.
In 1989, Rattner was named Scientist of the Year by R&D Magazine for his leadership in parallel and distributed computer architecture. In December 1996, Rattner was featured as Person of the Week by ABC World News for his visionary work on the Department of Energy ASCI Red System, the first computer to sustain one trillion operations per second (one teraFLOPS) and the fastest computer in the world between 1996 and 2000. In 1997, Rattner was honored as one of the Computing 200, the 200 individuals having the greatest impact on the U.S. computer industry today, and subsequently profiled in the book Wizards and Their Wonders from ACM Press.
Rattner has received two Intel Achievement Awards for his work in high performance computing and advanced cluster communication architecture. He was a longstanding member of Intel's Research Council and Academic Advisory Council. He previously served as the Intel executive sponsor for Cornell University on the External Advisory Board for the College of Engineering. Rattner joined Intel in 1973. He was named its first Principal Engineer in 1979, its fourth Intel Fellow in 1988, and one of the first four Senior Fellows in 2002.
Prior to joining Intel, Rattner held positions with Hewlett-Packard Company and Xerox Corporation. He received bachelor's and master's degrees from Cornell University in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in 1970 and 1972, respectively. In 2012, Rattner was bestowed an Honorary Doctor of Science from Willamette University in Salem, Oregon where he delivered the commencement address to the Atkinson Graduate School of Management (AGSM).
Rattner lives near Portland, Oregon where he and his three children own and operate a large equestrian competition and training facility.
Honors/Achievements
Awarded Honorary Doctor of Science by Willamette University, May 2012
ABC World News Person of the Week, December 1996
World's Fastest Computers 1996-2000
R&D Magazine Scientist of the Year 1989
Received two Intel Achievement Awards
Globe Award by the Oregon Center for Advanced Technology Education 1989
Patents
, 7 February 1989
, 30 August 1983
, 7 June 1983
, 13 April 1982
References
External links
Justin Rattner's Blog on ZDNet
Biography as given by Intel.com
Most of this information was taken from the Intel website (see external links)
Living people
Intel people
Xerox people
Hewlett-Packard people
American computer businesspeople
American chief technology officers
Computer designers
Computer hardware engineers
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Businesspeople from Portland, Oregon
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5381198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotalus%20viridis%20nuntius | Crotalus viridis nuntius | Common names: Hopi rattlesnake, Arizona prairie rattlesnake, prairie rattlesnake.
Crotalus viridis nuntius is a venomous pit viper subspecies native primarily to the desert plateau of the northeastern portion of the American state of Arizona, but also ranges into northwestern New Mexico. Named for the Native American Hopi tribe, which inhabits the region, its range overlaps that of the nominate subspecies and some interbreeding is believed to occur. The taxonomy of the C. viridis group is a matter of debate, many considering the various subspecies to be nothing more than locality variations.
Description
Smaller than other subspecies of C. viridis, this subspecies generally does not generally grow much beyond two feet in length. They are typically pink, to gray, to orange-brown in color, reflecting the color of the soil and rocks of their natural range for camouflage, with darker brown blotching down the back.
The scalation consists of 21-27 (usually 25) midbody dorsal scales, 169-184 ventral scales in females and 162-178 in males, 14-22 subcaudal scales in females and 21-28 in males. The color pattern includes 33-53 dorsal body blotches. According to Douglas et al. (2002), it is not possible to reliably distinguish C. v. nuntius from C. v. viridis.
Like other rattlesnakes, they have eyes with vertical pupils, and their tail has a rattle on it. The rattle is composed of keratin. Each time the snake sheds its skin, a new segment is added to the rattle, but the rattle is fragile and may break off, and the frequency of shedding can vary, so the snake's age cannot be determined by its length or number of segments.
Geographic range
Found in northeast Arizona (United States) at elevations of 1372–2134 m. The type locality is listed as "Canyon Diablo, Coconino County, Arizona" (USA).
Behavior
These are generally nocturnal and secretive snakes, spending their days in rock crevices or other animal's burrows to avoid the desert heat, emerging in the early day to feed on rodents, birds, lizards, and sometimes frogs.
While not typically aggressive, they will often coil up and rattle their tail if disturbed, striking only if harassed or handled. Their venom is primarily hemotoxic, causing swelling and necrosis, but many populations of C. viridis are known to have a potent neurotoxic effect as well, resulting in muscle paralysis and possibly respiratory failure. They are capable of delivering what is known as a "dry bite", in which no venom is injected at all, but a bite from any venomous snake should be considered serious, and immediate treatment sought.
Reproduction
These snakes are ovoviviparous, breeding in the spring and giving birth to small clutches of 4-6 young in the early fall. The young are colored almost identically to the adults, and are approximately in length. The young are typically more nervous than the adults, and will often strike repeatedly if harassed. They reach maturity between two and three years of age.
Captivity
C. v. nuntius is not commonly kept in captivity. Due to its relatively small range it is not often collected from the wild. Captive breeding is not unknown, but is not commonplace. It is well represented in zoos throughout the United States, but other subspecies of C. v. viridis is more often kept.
Mythology
See main article: Snakes in mythology
In Hopi tradition, snakes are the guardians of springs. A traditional dance is done as a prayer to bring the rain. Snakes, though not exclusively the Hopi rattlesnake, are used in the ceremony and are released afterwards with the belief that they carry the prayers of the dancers with them.
References
Further reading
Douglas, Douglas, Schuett, Porras, Holycross. 2002. Phylogeography of the western rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) complex, with emphasis on the Colorado Plateau. p11-50. In Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. .
Pook, Wüster, Thrope. 1999. Historical Biogeography of the Western Rattlesnake: Crotalus viridis, Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Information. Molecular Phylogenics and Evolution, vol 15(2). pp 269–282.PDF at Wolfgang Wüster home page, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor (UK). Accessed 9 January 2006.
External links
Crotalus viridis at Discover Life. Accessed 9 January 2007.
viridis nuntius
Taxa named by Laurence Monroe Klauber |
4043894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang%20Qing | Pang Qing | Pang Qing (; born December 24, 1979 in Harbin, Heilongjiang) is a Chinese retired pair skater. With her husband Tong Jian, she is the 2010 Olympic silver medalist, the 2006 and 2010 World Champion, a five-time Four Continents champion (2002, 2004, 2008, 2009 & 2011) and the 2008 Grand Prix Final Champion.
Career
Pang was born in Harbin, the home of Chinese pair skating. She began skating at age six. She originally competed as a single skater. In 1993, coach Yao Bin teamed her up with Tong and they have been skating together ever since.
When Yao moved to Beijing, Pang and Tong trained without a coach until 1997, when they began training under Yao again.
Pang and Tong did not have a strong junior career, perhaps due to the fact that the Junior Grand Prix did not exist when they were skating at the junior level. They placed 14th, 9th, and 8th at the World Junior Championships between 1997 and 1999. After that, they went senior.
Pang and Tong won the silver medal at the 1997 Chinese national championships, but did not represent China at the World Championships until 1999. They are the 2000 Chinese national champions. At their first major senior international, the 1999 Four Continents Championships (the first Four Continents ever held), they placed 5th. They then went to their first Worlds, where they placed 14th.
In the 1999–2000 season, Pang and Tong made their Grand Prix debut. They placed 4th at Skate Canada and 5th at Cup of Russia. They slowly moved up the ranks over the years. At the 2002 Winter Olympics, coming in as the Four Continents Champions, they placed 9th.
Following the 2001–2002 season, Pang and Tong began to be contenders. They consistently placed on the podium at their Grand Prix events. They won their first World medal (a bronze) at the 2004 World Championships.
After their first world medal, they had a rough 2004–2005 season and a shaky start at the beginning of the 2005–2006 season. They recovered with consistency by the 2006 Olympics, where they placed a controversial 4th behind teammates Shen Xue & Hongbo Zhao and Zhang Dan & Zhang Hao. They went to the 2006 Worlds and won it.
In the 2006–2007 season, Pang and Tong were unable to defend their World title. They were forced to withdraw from Skate America due to injury. They won the silver medal at the Cup of China, the Asian Winter Games, and the Four Continents Championships. At Worlds, they placed second.
During the 2007–2008 season, Pang and Tong had a rough start, losing two out of their three Grand Prix events. They came back strong midseason by winning the bronze at the Grand Prix Final and their third Four Continents title. They ended their season with a disappointing 5th at the World Championships.
During the 2008–2009 season, Pang and Tong had another rough outing at their first event, the Cup of China. Despite this, they went on to win their next Grand Prix events and the final. During that season, they made history, when they went on to win a record setting fourth Four Continents title and have now won more Four Continent titles than any other team. Despite the momentum they had built, they had another disappointing World Championships, where they were once again off the podium.
During the 2009–2010 season, Pang and Tong won both of their Grand Prix events and a silver at the Grand Prix Final, defeating all the world medalists at the previous world championship.
In the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, Pang and Tong set a new World Record for the free skate with a score of 141.81 points. They placed second place behind Shen Xue & Hongbo Zhao thanks to their teammates' world record-setting short program. The People's Republic of China broke Russia's 46-year twelve Olympic gold medal streak in pairs skating, sweeping gold and silver places.
They became the 2010 World Champions in Turin, Italy.
For the 2010–2011 ISU Grand Prix season, Pang and Tong were assigned to the 2010 NHK Trophy and to the 2010 Cup of China. They won both of their Grand Prix assignments to qualify for the Grand Prix Final where they won silver. They won the bronze medal at the 2011 World Championships.
Pang and Tong withdrew from their assigned 2011–12 Grand Prix events, however, returned to competition in January 2012, where they won gold at the Chinese National Winter Games. They earned first-place marks in the short program (70.24) and free skate (126.31). They competed at and finished fourth at the 2012 World Championships in what was their only ISU international event of the season.
For the 2012–13 season, Pang and Tong medaled at both their Grand Prix events, taking second at 2012 Skate America and first at 2012 Cup of China. They went on to win the bronze at the 2012–13 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final. They were fifth at the 2013 World Figure Skating Championships.
During the 2013–14 season, Pang and Tong finished second at 2013 Cup of China and first at 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard before winning bronze again at the 2013–14 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final. They went on to finish fourth at the 2014 Winter Olympics, their fourth consecutive Olympic Games.
For the 2014–15 season, Pang and Tong competed at the 2015 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships and 2015 World Figure Skating Championships, placing third at both events.
Coaching career
In June 2016, Pang began working as a coach for Chinese single skaters, Li Zijun and Yan Han.
Personal life
Although they had not spoken about their personal lives, Pang and Tong revealed publicly in an issue of Vanity Fair during the 2010 Winter Olympics that they were romantically involved.
In June 2011, the pair became engaged after Tong proposed on-ice to Pang at a show in Shanghai. They got married on June 18, 2016. Pang gave birth to their son on November 27, 2016.
Programs
Competitive highlights
(with Tong)
Detailed results
References
External links
Official website
1979 births
Chinese female pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters of China
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Living people
Olympic silver medalists for China
Figure skaters from Harbin
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Asian Games medalists in figure skating
Figure skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Figure skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Figure skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Universiade silver medalists for China
Competitors at the 1999 Winter Universiade |
5381204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20Allison | Ray Allison | Raymond Peter Allison (born March 4, 1959) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward who played seven seasons in the National Hockey League for the Hartford Whalers and Philadelphia Flyers. Allison was born in Cranbrook, British Columbia.
Playing career
Following a phenomenal junior career, Allison became the first ever draft pick in the history of the Hartford Whalers/Carolina Hurricanes franchise. He was expected to be a franchise player but failed to impress during his rookie season. A year later, Allison was traded in a ten player deal to Philadelphia. There he would develop into a scoring forward but suffered a broken ankle during the 1982–83 season. He never regained a regular spot on the Flyers roster, and played his last few seasons in the AHL and Swiss leagues.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards
WCHL Second All-Star Team – 1978
WHL First All-Star Team – 1979
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
Binghamton Whalers players
Brandon Travellers players
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey centres
EHC Bülach players
EHC Olten players
Hartford Whalers draft picks
Hartford Whalers players
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Maine Mariners players
National Hockey League first round draft picks
Philadelphia Flyers players
SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers players
Sportspeople from Cranbrook, British Columbia
Springfield Indians players |
5381218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Smarr | Larry Smarr | Larry Lee Smarr is a physicist and leader in scientific computing, supercomputer applications, and Internet infrastructure from Missouri. He currently works at the University of California, San Diego. Smarr has been among the most important synthesizers and conductors of innovation, discovery, and commercialization of new technologies – including areas as disparate as the Web browser and personalized medicine. In his career, Smarr has made pioneering breakthroughs in research on black holes, spearheaded the use of supercomputers for academic research, and presided over some of the major innovations that created the modern Internet. For nearly 20 years, he has been building a new model for academic research based on interdisciplinary collaboration.
Education
Larry Smarr received his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Science degrees from the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri and received a PhD in physics from the University of Texas at Austin in 1975.
Research
After graduating, Smarr did research at Princeton, Yale, and Harvard, and then joined the faculty of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1979. He is a professor of Computer Science and Information Technologies at the University of California, San Diego.
While at Illinois, Larry Smarr wrote an ambitious proposal to address the future needs of scientific research. Seven other University of Illinois professors joined as co-Principal Investigators, and many others provided descriptions of what could be accomplished if the proposal were accepted. Formally titled A Center for Scientific and Engineering Supercomputing but known as the Black Proposal (after the color of its cover), it was submitted to the National Science Foundation in 1983. A scant 10 pages long, it was the first unsolicited proposal accepted and approved by the NSF, and resulted in the charter of four supercomputer centers (Cornell, Illinois, Princeton, and San Diego), with a fifth (Pittsburgh) added later. In 1985 Smarr became the first director of the Illinois center, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications.
Smarr continued to promote the benefits of technological innovation to scientific research, such as his advocacy of a high-speed network linking the national centers, which became the NSFNET, one of the significant predecessors of today's Internet. When the NSF revised its funding of supercomputer centers in 1997, Smarr became director of the National Computational Science Alliance, linking dozens of universities and research labs with NCSA to prototype the concept of grid computing.
In 2000, Larry Smarr moved to California and proposed the creation of the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2), linking departments and researchers at UCSD and UC Irvine. Smarr served as Institute Director of Calit2 from its founding until his retirement in 2020.
As part of the work of Calit2, he is Principal Investigator on the NSF OptIPuter LambdaGrid project, an "optical backplane for planetary scale distributed computing" and the CAMERA Project, a high-performance computing resource for genomic research.
He attended the Beyond Belief symposium in November 2006 and presented at the 2010 and 2012 Life Extension Conferences.
Since 2012, Larry Smarr has been engaged in a computer-aided study of his own body.
Awards and honors
Larry Smarr has received numerous honors and awards, including:
Member of the National Academy of Engineering
Fellow of the American Physical Society
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Franklin Institute's Delmer S. Fahrney Medal for Leadership in Science or Technology (1990)
Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology (2005)
Golden Goose Award for his work involving black holes and supercomputering. (2014)
Member of the San Diego Science Festival's Nifty Fifty, a collection of the most influential scientists in the San Diego area.
References
Living people
21st-century American physicists
Physicists from Missouri
Scientists from Missouri
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
University of Missouri alumni
University of Texas at Austin College of Natural Sciences alumni
Harvard University staff
Fellows of the American Physical Society
1948 births |
5381226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KKDD | KKDD | KKDD (1290 AM) is a radio station in San Bernardino, California. The station is owned by Relevant Radio, Inc. It airs a Catholic talk format for the Inland Empire region of Southern California including Riverside and San Bernardino.
History
In 1947, the radio station first signed on as KITO, owned by the San Bernardino Broadcasting Company. It was a network affiliate of ABC, carrying its schedule of dramas, comedies, news, sports, soap operas and big band broadcasts during the Golden Age of Radio. In the 1950s, it changed its network affiliation to the Mutual Broadcasting System and Don Lee Network.
In 1962, the station was bought by Radio Associates, Inc., which switched it to a Top 40 sound as KMEN, known on the air as K/men 129. In the competitive Top 40 format, K/men 129 battled crosstown rival AM 590 KFXM (now KTIE) for youthful ratings. As Top 40 listening shifted to FM radio in the 1980s, KMEN tried a variety of formats, including middle of the road, oldies and talk. While the Las Vegas Raiders football team played in Los Angeles, KMEN was the Inland Empire affiliate.
In 1997, Chancellor Broadcasting, bought KMEN, flipping the format to adult standards. In September 1998, The station call sign was changed to KKDD, which refers to KiDs, and the station switched to a children's radio format, featuring music and programming from the Radio Disney network. In 2000, Chancellor Broadcasting merged with Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia).
On April 3, 2012, ERC Media signed a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Clear Channel, allowing the company to program the station with a mix of Contemporary Christian music and brokered religious teaching programs. During this time, the station's programming originated from the Orange County studios of 107.9 KWVE-FM, a longtime Christian radio station.
On April 11, 2014, ERC Media's LMA expired and Clear Channel resumed programming KKDD, this time with a Spanish-language adult hits format branded as "La Preciosa 1290."
On May 15, 2017, 1290 KKDD swapped formats with sister station KFNY in Riverside. 1290 KKDD became a talk station, while KFNY became "La Presciosa 1440."
On October 1, 2020, iHeartMedia and Immaculate Heart Media announced a swap in which KKDD, along with W292DH in Pittsburgh, would be acquired by Immaculate Heart in exchange for WZAB in Miami; the swap saw KKDD join the Relevant Radio network which broadcast Catholic oriented religious programming.
References
External links
FCC History Cards for KKDD
KDD
Mass media in San Bernardino, California
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in California
Relevant Radio stations
KDD |
5381237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20of%20the%20Democratic%20Centre%20%28Greece%29 | Union of the Democratic Centre (Greece) | The Union of the Democratic Centre (, Enosi Dimokratikou Kentrou, EDIK) is a centrist, liberal political party in Greece.
The party was founded on 5 February 1976, two years after the end of the Greek military junta of 1967–74, asserting itself to be the ideological successor of the pre-1967 Centre Union party. EDIK was the result of the merger of Centre Union – New Forces and the Democratic Centre Union of Ioannis Zidgis. Its party leader at the time was George Mavros who earlier led the Center Union – New Forces; Mavros, though, would join the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) a couple of years later. The party was led by Zidgis in the early 1980s, and has since adopted more social-democratic positions.
With the Greek political spectrum shifting to the left, EDIK was increasingly marginalized, with PASOK replacing it as the country's second major party. The party's support collapsed in the elections of 1981, when it gained 0.7% of the vote and was shut out of Parliament. However, George Mavros was elected as an independent on a PASOK ticket, and again in 1985, when EDIK and PASOK officially co-operated. In 1989, EDIK ran independently and did not elect any representatives in parliament.
From 1998 to 2011, the party president was Neoklis Sarris, and the party operated mostly as a forum of political analysis and public, ideological debates. In the 2009 legislative elections Neoklis Sarris ran for Democratic Revival. In 2012 the Union of the Democratic Centre was reconstructed. Stavros Karabelas was elected new president of the party and shifted the political characteristics of the party to the left. Consequently, in the May 2012 election the party participated as part of the Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA).
Leaders
George Mavros
Ioannis Zidgis
Neoklis Sarris
Stavros Karabelas
Elections
1977 – 12 seats
1981 – 1 seat
1985 – 1 seat
External links
EDIK movement
Liberal parties in Greece
Social democratic parties in Greece
Radical parties
Social liberal parties
Political parties established in 1976
Centrist parties in Greece
Components of Syriza |
4043899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20vineyards%20and%20wineries | List of vineyards and wineries | The following is a non-exhaustive list of vineyards and wineries from around the world.
Argentina
Adrianna Vineyard, Mendoza
Bodega Catena Zapata, Mendoza
Australia
New South Wales
Botobolar Vineyard
De Bortoli Wines
Wyndham Estate
South Australia
Tasmania
Bruny Island Premium Wines
Moorilla Estate
Victoria
Brown Brothers Milawa Vineyard
De Bortoli Wines
Tahbilk
Western Australia
Bulgaria
Winery Balar AD, Upper Thracian Plain
Villa Melnik Winery
Canada
Colio Estate Wines
Diamond Estates Wines & Spirits Ltd.
Gaspereau Vineyards
Haywire Winery
Pelee Island Winery
Prince Edward County Wine
Strewn Winery
Vignoble Carone
Chile
Concha y Toro Winery
France
Château Branaire-Ducru
Château Brane-Cantenac
Château de Camensac
Château Cheval Blanc
Château de Curton
Château Ducru-Beaucaillou
Château Figeac
Chateau Haut-Bages Liberal
Château Haut-Bailly
Château Haut-Brion
Château Haut-Marbuzet
Château Lafite Rothschild
Château Lascombes
Château Latour
Château Leoville Las Cases
Château Lynch-Moussas
Château Margaux
Château Montrose
Château Mouton Rothschild
Château Pétrus
Château de Pommard
Château Pontet-Canet
Château Rauzan-Gassies
Château Suau (Capian)
Domaine Henri Milan
Domaine Laroche
Germany
Mosel
Rheingau
New Zealand
Cloudy Bay Vineyards
Grove Mill
Montana Wines
Pegasus Bay Vineyards
Two Paddocks
Villa Maria Estates
Yealands Estate
Romania
Băbească neagră
Busuioacă de Bohotin
Cotnari
Dealing Mare
Fetească albă
Fetească neagră
Fetească regală
Grasă de Cotnari
Halewood
Jidvei
Murfatlar
Tămâioasă Românească
South Africa
United States
Chalone Vineyard
Chateau Montelena
Chateau Morrisette Winery
Clos Du Val Winery
David Bruce Winery
E & J Gallo Winery
Freemark Abbey Winery
Grgich Hills Estate
Heitz Wine Cellars
Inglenook Winery
Kendall-Jackson
Louis M. Martini Winery
Mayacamas Vineyards
Messina Hof
Opus One Winery
Remick Ridge Vineyards
Ridge Vineyards
Kedem Winery
Rubicon Estate Winery
Silverado Vineyards Winery
Spring Mountain Vineyard
Stag's Leap Wine Cellars
Stags' Leap Winery
Sterling Vineyards
Trefethen Vineyards
The Williamsburg Winery
See also
List of wine-producing countries
List of wine-producing regions
Lists of vineyards and wineries
Outline of wine
Wine
References
Lists of companies by industry
Agriculture-related lists |
4043909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collie%20eye%20anomaly | Collie eye anomaly | Collie eye anomaly (CEA) is a congenital, inherited, bilateral eye disease of dogs, which affects the retina, choroid, and sclera. It can be a mild disease or cause blindness. CEA is caused by a simple autosomal recessive gene defect. There is no treatment.
Affected breeds
It is known to occur in Collies (smooth and rough collies), Shetland Sheepdogs, Australian Shepherds, Border Collies, Lancashire Heelers, and Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers. Frequency is high in Collies and Shetland Sheepdogs, and low in Border Collies and NSDTRs. In the United States, incidence in the genotype of collies has been estimated to be as high as 95 percent, with a phenotypic incidence of 80 to 85 percent.
Pathogenesis
CEA is caused by improper development of the eye. Failure of the cells of the posterior portion of the optic vesicles to express growth hormone affects the differentiation of other cells of the eye. The choroid, especially lateral to the optic disc, is hypoplastic (underdeveloped). A coloboma, or hole, may form in or near the optic disc due to a failed closure of embryonic tissue. The degree of these abnormalities varies between individual dogs, and even between the same dog's eyes. CEA is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait that has a penetrance reaching 100 percent, and has been localized to canine chromosome 37.
Signs
The most common sign of CEA is the presence of an area of undeveloped choroid (appearing as a pale spot) lateral to the optic disc. The choroid is a collection of blood vessels supplying the retina. CEA can also cause retinal or scleral coloboma, coloboma of the optic disc, retinal detachment, or intraocular hemorrhage. It can be diagnosed by fundoscopy by the age of six or seven weeks. Severe cases may be blind.
Breeding and testing
Controversies exist around eliminating this disorder from breeding Collies. Some veterinarians advocate only breeding dogs with no evidence of disease, but this would eliminate a large portion of potential breeding stock. Because of this, others recommend only breeding mildly affected dogs, but this would never completely eradicate the condition. Also, mild cases of choroidal hypoplasia may become pigmented and therefore undiagnosable by the age of three to seven months. If puppies are not checked for CEA before this happens, they may be mistaken for normal and bred as such. Checking for CEA by seven weeks of age can eliminate this possibility. Diagnosis is also difficult in dogs with coats of dilute color because lack of pigment in the choroid of these animals can be confused with choroidal hypoplasia. Also, because of the lack of choroidal pigment, mild choroidal hypoplasia is difficult to see, and therefore cases of CEA may be missed.
Until recently, the only way to know if a dog was a carrier was for it to produce an affected puppy. However, a genetic test for CEA became available at the beginning of 2005, developed by the Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, and administered through OptiGen. The test can determine whether a dog is affected, a carrier, or clear, and is therefore a useful tool in determining a particular dog's suitability for breeding.
References
External links
Informational website for CEA
Optigen: Collie Eye Anomaly / Choroidal Hypoplasia (CEA) Test
Dog diseases |
5381246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton%20Lazars | Burton Lazars | Burton Lazars is a village south-east of Melton Mowbray in Leicestershire having a population of c.450 in 2015. It is the site of the remains of the English headquarters of the military and hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus. The official population as taken at the 2011 census is included in the civil parish of Burton and Dalby
Village history
The village's name means 'farm/settlement with a fortification'. The name 'Lazars' derives from St Lazarus, and was added after the Leprosy Hospital was opened by the Order of Saint Lazarus in the 12th century.
It was originally an Anglo-Saxon village which was listed under the simple name of 'Burtone' at the time of William the Conqueror's Domesday Book in 1086. Before the conquest it was held by Leofric (the noble) son of Leofwin, but was given to Geoffrey of la Guerche once the Normans had taken control of England. It consisted of of meadow and two mills and had a population made up of 30 villagers, 27 smallholders, 4 slaves, 100 freemen, 2 priests and had a value of £23.5.
Burton's name was changed to Burton St Lazarus when the Order of Saint Lazarus opened a Leper Hospital on a hill next to the village during the Crusades of the 12th century. The hospital became the Order's headquarters for the whole of its English estates and raised large amounts of money to fund the Order's activities (both military and hospitalary) in the Holy Land. The village's name quickly became abbreviated to Burton Lazars.
The village has a natural sulphurous spring which was probably a major reason for the location of the hospital. A more recent attempt to use this for bathing was made in 1760 when a bath house was built but this did not achieve commercial success.
The graves of the racing driver Eliot Zborowski and his son Louis Zborowski, also a racing driver, lie in the parish churchyard.
In the early 1900s the village was famous for a steeplechase racecourse and grandstand just east of the village.
Hospital of Burton St Lazarus
Early history
The hospital at Burton Lazars was founded between 1135 and 1138 and is thought to have been financed by subscriptions from throughout England. It was flourishing by 1146 when it started to found cells in other parts of the country to cope with the spread of leprosy brought back by soldiers and pilgrims returning from the crusades.
The largest donor is supposed to have been the Norman landowner Roger de Mowbray who himself took part in the Second Crusade from 1147 to 1148; his lion rampant coat of arms was adopted by the hospital alongside the Order of St Lazarus' normal green cross. He made a generous donation of two carucates of land (c.), a house and two mills to the Order in 1150 and his family continued their support for many generations.
Burton St Lazarus was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin and St Lazarus and consisted of a Master and eight brethren, who all followed the Augustinian rule, and varying numbers of lepers and injured knights. The brethren (and sisters) wore habits and were not afraid to beg for alms. They had the use of a chapter house, a burial ground and were assisted by lay priests and servants.
Other early donors include Simon, Earl of Huntingdon and his wife Alice daughter of Gilbert de Gant, Earl of Lincoln who gave the churches of Great Hale, Heckington, and Threckingham; William Burdett of Loseby who gave the churches of Haselbech in Northamptonshire and Loseby and Galby in Leicestershire; William de Ferrers, 3rd Earl of Derby who gave Spondon in Derbyshire; and Henry de Lacy who gave the church of Castleford in Yorkshire.
In 1180 King Henry II confirmed the above grants by charter and gave the hospital 40 marks per annum of his own. Subsequent Kings and Popes granted further privileges such as exemption from royal and papal taxes and the right to sell indulgences for the profit of the Order.
The Hospital survived a great fire in the 1300s caused by a plumber.
General Commander of the Order of St. Lazarus in England
The Master of the hospital was not only in charge of the hospital at Burton but also of the Order's lands and hospitals throughout the entirety of England and was known as "General Commander of the Order of St. Lazarus in England". He was answerable to no-one but the Master of the Order at Jerusalem. The Master of Burton Lazars travelled throughout the country visiting other Lazarite houses performing administrative duties and correcting faults.
Although the Order's main purpose was to provide protection and hospice for both healthy and leprous pilgrims and knights in the Holy Land, its function in England was primarily a fund-raising one. The Master was responsible for managing its English estates and was involved in frequent territorial disputes. Methods of debt recovery employed by the Leicestershire gentry included kidnapping and theft and the Masters of Burton Lazars were not afraid to use such vigilante practices.
The Order also saw internal conflict with two notable disputes between its brethren. The first concerned Nicholas de Dover who claimed to be Master of the Order in 1364, despite Geoffrey de Chaddesden already being recognised as master and not having resigned. Dover took his case to the Pope and on his return procured a mandate ordering the arrest of Chaddesden, calling him a "vagabond" and dismissing him by referring to him as just a lowly "brother of the Order". Four years later Chaddesden complained that he had been imprisoned by "evil-doers" at Burton St Lazars and that his life was in danger. Luckily for him he had some powerful friends and in 1372 a compromise agreement was reached whereby Geoffrey de Chaddesden gave up command of the order in return for a pension of forty marks a year for the rest of his life.
The second dispute was triggered in 1389 when Richard II appointed two of his own clerks to run Burton Lazars and St Giles Hospital, London, another of the possessions of the Order of St Lazarus. The Order itself had appointed Walter Lynton as its Master and conflict broke out in 1391 when the Abbot of St Mary Graces, Tower Hill seized St Giles Hospital for himself and removed stock and furniture worth £1000. Lynton responded by leading a group of armed men to St Giles and recapturing it using force. The dispute was finally settled in court with the King claiming he had been misled about the ownership of St Giles and recognising Lynton as legal Master of both hospitals.
To avoid further ownership disputes Lynton created the Cartulary of Burton St Lazars to fully document the Order's rights to its lands.
Confraternity of Burton Lazars
The Fall of Acre in 1291 marked the end of the crusades and pilgrimages to the Holy Land and the role of the Order of St Lazarus changed to one of confraternity as Leprosy
slowly died out in England. Wealthy donations to the order were rewarded with membership and prayers for the souls of the donors and their families to help in their purification. Elderly relatives of members were also offered accommodation at Burton in their retirement.
Membership was not just restricted to the local gentry; it also boasted wealthy patrons such as Lady Margaret Beaufort, Sir Henry Stafford and Henry VII and also entire villages such as East and West Hagbourne, Berkshire and Tredington, Gloucestershire. It seems to have been a large business and agents were used to recruit new members in areas far away from the immediate vicinity of Burton.
In 1422 the confraternity of Burton Lazars was granted the older Leper Hospital of the Hospital of the Holy Innocents, Lincoln
A large number of seals have been found in various parts of England that belonged to the Confraternity of Burton St Lazarus.
Demise
The hospital survived the initial Dissolution of the Monasteries but was surrendered to the crown on 4 May 1544 when it was valued at £265 10s 2.5d. This figure places Burton St Lazars as being wealthier than other hospitals but not as prosperous as monasteries.
Remains
The hospital has become buried but its presence can still be seen today in the shape of earthworks and ponds. In 1913 the Marquis of Granby, later the 9th Duke of Rutland, began excavations and uncovered baking ovens and 100 clay tiles (now kept by the British Museum), some bearing the Coats of Arms of families such as the Ferrers, Astleys and Bassets who were patrons or members of the Hospital. The excavation was interrupted by the onset of war and so was not completed.
Aerial photography and fieldwork have subsequently helped make more sense of the layout of the site but, as of yet, no further excavations have been made which would reveal more of its history.
References
External links
Domesday Book entry for Burton
William Page, "The Victoria history of the county of Leicester, Volume 2", A. Constable, 1954, p. 36
Historic England Archive information about the site of Burton Lazars Hospital
Military and Hospitaller Order of St Lazarus of Jerusalem, Grand Priory of England and Wales
Burton Lazars Welcomes Careful Drivers - Track by instrumental Post-Punk band, family of noise
Villages in Leicestershire
English medieval hospitals and almshouses
Hospitals established in the 12th century
Order of Saint Lazarus
Leper hospitals
History of Leicestershire
Archaeological sites in Leicestershire
Defunct horse racing venues in England
Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910)
Borough of Melton |
4043934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandrau%20State%20Park | Flandrau State Park | Flandrau State Park is a state park of Minnesota, United States, on the Cottonwood River adjacent to the city of New Ulm. Initially called Cottonwood River State Park, it was renamed in 1945 to honor Charles Eugene Flandrau, a leading citizen of early Minnesota who commanded defenses during the Battles of New Ulm in the Dakota War of 1862. The park was originally developed in the 1930s as a job creation project to provide a recreational reservoir. However the dam was repeatedly damaged by floods and was removed in 1995.
Along with the dam, crews from the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress Administration (WPA) built several structures in the National Park Service rustic style. In a unique twist on the mandate to harmonize with the local environment, the buildings were designed to reflect the ethnic German heritage of New Ulm. The WPA barracks were reused during World War II as Camp New Ulm, housing German prisoners of war. All of these structures are listed as a district on the National Register of Historic Places.
Natural history
Geography
Flandrau State Park lies in a small valley carved by the east-flowing Cottonwood River. Marshy oxbow lakes mark the river's former courses along the valley floor. The steep valley walls rise . The Cottonwood joins the Minnesota River just east of the park. It originates west of the park in Lyon County, Minnesota.
The park boundary largely follows the valley rim. Trees on the slopes generally screen the adjacent development. The northern end of the park, including the campground, is within the city limits of New Ulm. No bridges cross the river within Flandrau, so the parkland on the south bank is not readily accessible. The only development there, the group center, is at the end of a gated road.
Geology
Flandrau State Park lies atop a bedrock of shale, sandstone, and conglomerate. These sediments accumulated at the bottom of the Western Interior Seaway 100 million years ago during the late Cretaceous period. The fine-grained sandstone is white with bands of orange from iron oxide, and contains fossilized plant material. The conglomerate contains pebbles of granite that had formed 3,000–2,500 million years ago and later eroded into the seaway.
Lying directly atop the Cretaceous rocks is till just a few thousand years old. All intermediate rock had eroded away before the till was deposited in a ground moraine by continental glaciers. Within Flandrau State Park this glacial debris is thick. While the till contains some rock from Canada and northern Minnesota, most is from the local region. Numerous springs emerge at the base of the till slopes, especially at the western end of the park.
As the northern glaciers melted, the massive Glacial River Warren carved a deep channel for itself. The modern Minnesota River follows the same course, but occupies only a fraction of the former riverbed. Its tributaries must drop from the surrounding plains into the broad valley to reach their base level. This is why the Cottonwood River, a placid prairie stream for most of its length, plunges into such a deep valley near its mouth. The Cottonwood's downcutting has carved all the way through the thick glacial till and a few feet into the Cretaceous bedrock below. There may once have been a waterfall on the Cottonwood River, which eroded into rapids before achieving the steady gradient of modern times.
Flora
The vegetation of Flandrau State Park is representative of the Upper Minnesota River Country Biocultural Region. Although the surrounding tallgrass prairie is gone, the forested river valley remains similar to times before European settlement.
The valley floor supports marshes and wet prairie interspersed with bottomland hardwood forest of willow, eastern cottonwood, American elm, silver maple, and green ash. The steep valley walls bear northern hardwood forest, although the cooler, moister north-facing slopes favor sugar maple, basswood, and common hackberry while the drier south slopes are characterized by bur oak, eastern red cedar, and aspen. A few dry, sunny knolls support prairie characterized by big bluestem and indian grass.
The park's plant communities have been altered since Euro-American settlement. Without periodic wildfires to thin woody plants, the valleyside forests have gotten denser and many prairie openings have filled in with sumac. Many elm trees were lost to Dutch elm disease. The valley floor is largely secondary forest, having been cleared for agriculture and then submerged under a reservoir.
Fauna
Surrounded by human development, Flandrau is an important refuge for local wildlife. The 25 species of mammals seen in the park include white-tailed deer, coyotes, gray foxes, raccoons, beavers, skunks, opossums, and minks. Over 168 species of birds have been documented in the park. Many of these are birds migrating through rather than nesting. These include many warblers, flycatchers, vireos, and thrushes.
The Cottonwood River supports a few game fish — notably northern pike and smallmouth bass — and a greater variety of rough fish.
Cultural history
Archaeological evidence found outside the park confirms that prehistoric Native Americans inhabited the Cottonwood River valley. A few sites were as much as 7,000 years old, though most were 2,000 years old or less. At the time of European contact in the mid-17th century the area was home to the Dakota. Pioneers began settling the Cottonwood Valley in the 1830s. In less than a century, though, the valley floor was largely abandoned due to the periodic flooding.
State park creation
To help combat unemployment during the Great Depression, federal funding was dedicated to park development throughout the United States. The Cottonwood River valley was selected as it was in a well-populated region with no other large recreational area or lakes. Moreover, the land was largely abandoned and seemingly in need of flood control structures. The state of Minnesota purchased the property in 1934. The first Works Progress Administration (WPA) enrollees arrived in September, living in tents while they built bunkhouses, a mess hall, and an administrative building over the winter. Mostly middle-aged skilled workers, the WPA men quarried stone and constructed three park buildings: a beachhouse, a manager's residence, and a garage.
A second workforce arrived in June 1935, establishing its own camp in the southwest corner of the park. These were less-skilled workers hired through the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). They built the dam and its earthen dikes, constructed a kitchen shelter, landscaped, planted trees, and blazed trails. WPA and CCC workers cleared trees out of the lakebed. For the first year the laborers were World War I veterans from the Veterans Conservation Corps (VCC). In July 1936 they transferred to other Minnesota state parks and were replaced with the unemployed young men more typical of CCC projects.
The dam, completed in 1937 after two years of work, impounded a reservoir of . The WPA continued to work in the park until 1941 and the CCC until 1942. As planned, the WPA camp was converted to a group center while the CCC camp was razed.
The stone structures built by the WPA have been called " the most unusual architectural designs in the state park system" by the Minnesota Historical Society. A principle of the rustic style was to harmonize with the local environment, generally by using local materials. In this case, however, architect Edward W. Barber chose to reflect local culture as well, honoring the strong German heritage of New Ulm. The park buildings evoke the architecture of Germany with steeply pitched roofs, dormers, chimneys, casement windows with small panes, and fine nonlinear stonework. The beachhouse is also one of the largest New Deal structures in the Minnesota state park system.
Camp New Ulm
During World War II, the empty group camp built by the WPA was used to house German prisoners of war in the United States. Late in the war, Great Britain was short on space and resources to provide for captured enemy combatants; meanwhile, much of the U.S. labor force was off serving in the military. The U.S. established camps throughout the country from which 450,000 POWs were employed in non-defense industries. Nine POW camps were established in Minnesota — including one other state park, Whitewater — all managed from a regional headquarters in Algona, Iowa.
About 160 German POWs arrived at Camp New Ulm in June 1944. Mostly members of the Luftwaffe (the German Air Force), they ranged in age from 18 to 25. Twelve men from the U.S. Army served as their guards.
The POWs primarily worked in the nearby town of Sleepy Eye at a cannery, which paid the rent on the camp. After the harvest season, prisoners worked at brick and tile factories and a poultry processing plant. Ochs Brick in Springfield was one. Small groups were hired out to local farms, unguarded, as short-term farmworkers. The POWs spent the winter at the regional main camp in Algona and returned in spring 1945. That year their use on farms expanded considerably, encompassing worksites in eight counties, while prisoners at the cannery were instrumental in packing Sleepy Eye's largest-ever pea crop.
The location of Camp New Ulm outside a town with a strong German heritage was a lucky break for the POWs. Many locals still spoke German and were sympathetic toward the prisoners (and hoping in many cases for news of relatives and the old country). German-speaking church officials held Lutheran and Catholic services in the camp and gathered donations of reading material. Although the guards warned civilians that they were not to have contact with the POWs, food was slipped over the fence, cannery workers shared ice cream and beer, and young women waded across the river at night to flirt at the camp's edge. POWs out on weeklong farm details fared best of all, often receiving full home-cooked meals at the family dinner table.
Prisoner Helmut Lichtenberg, who had become friendly with a farm family he'd worked for, arranged to slip out of camp and spend much of a weekend with them. Mindless of the severity of the infraction, the farmer and his mother-in-law drove Lichtenberg into camp Sunday afternoon, where they were stopped by guards. Lichtenberg was punished with solitary confinement; the Americans were ultimately both fined $300 and lectured by the judge. Their testimony indicated that other prisoners undertook such forays, but this was the camp's only documented escape incident.
For recreation the POWs had a clubhouse with a fireplace and library, a camp store, a sport field, and a workshop where they made their own furniture and sporting equipment. They were allowed to swim and fish in part of Cottonwood Lake. Further entertainments included newspapers, radios, and weekly movie screenings. Some musical instruments were gathered, and locals came to listen and sing along to Sunday afternoon concerts.
Camp New Ulm closed in December 1945 and all of the internees were eventually repatriated to Germany. One of the former prisoners later immigrated to the United States, settling in Wisconsin. The camp remains in use as the state park's group center, one of the country's few World War II POW camps that are still maintained. When the camp is not occupied, visitors can ask at the park office to access the grounds.
Recent history
By World War II, sentiment developed for renaming the park after Charles Flandrau (1828–1903), a notable figure in early Minnesota history. A lawyer, Indian agent, and statesman, Flandrau served on the territorial supreme court, presided over the first court session in Brown County, and led the military defense of New Ulm during the Dakota War of 1862. The name was changed in March 1945.
Two years later the Cottonwood Lake Dam was overtopped and seriously damaged by a flood. It was reconstructed at great expense, but damaged again by flooding in spring 1965. This time federal funds were denied, and the state opted for a shorter dam and a separate swimming pool. However a third damaging flood swept through in 1969. With local opinion divided about reestablishing the recreational lake, the state commissioned an independent study. The engineering consultants reported that, although a restored dam would improve habitat for panfish and block upstream movement of undesirable species such as carp, it would not provide effective flood control. The capacity of the lake basin was too small compared to the watershed, exacerbated by increased agricultural drainage and wetland loss since the original damming in the 1930s. Nor would a new dam be cost-effective for generating hydroelectricity, and the lake would be prone to heavy sedimentation and periods of poor water quality.
The director of the state parks division recommended against rebuilding the dam. Some structures remained for several years; full dam removal took place in 1995 and the Cottonwood River is again free-flowing through the park. As an interpretive sign reads, "the dam that took almost 200 men nearly two years to build was demolished by four men and heavy equipment in five months."
Recreation
Flandrau State Park has of trails for hiking, walking, and running. Many connect to city streets such as Indian Point Dr. and Summit Ave., so the park experiences significant walk-in traffic. In winter 6 miles of the trails are groomed for cross-country skiing and 2 miles for snowshoeing.
The park maintains three campgrounds with 92 sites total, 34 of which have electrical hookups. There are also three secluded walk-in sites. Visitors can rent two camper cabins or the historic group center, which sleeps up to 110 in eight bunkhouses.
The popular day-use area centers around a unique sand-bottomed, chlorinated swimming pool. This is adjacent to the historic beachhouse and a picnic area with a playground, volleyball and horseshoes facilities, and a reservable shelter.
Most fishing is done at the downstream end of the Cottonwood River, near the park's eastern edge, where the riverbank is most easily accessed.
Flandrau is adjacent to Nehls City Park, the private New Ulm Country Club, and the August Schell Brewing Company. The Hermann Heights Monument and Martin Luther College are within blocks of the park entrance.
References
External links
Official Flandrau State Park website
1937 establishments in Minnesota
Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota
German-American culture in Minnesota
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Brown County, Minnesota
New Ulm, Minnesota
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1937
Protected areas of Brown County, Minnesota
Rustic architecture in Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota
Works Progress Administration in Minnesota
World War II prisoner of war camps in the United States |
4043945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Night%20on%20Earth | A Night on Earth | A Night On Earth is the name of a Crazy Penis album produced in 2005.
Track listing
"Lady T"
"Can't Get Down"
"Bumcop"
"A Night on Earth"
"Turnaway"
"Music's My Love"
"Life Is My Friend"
"Cruising"
"Kicks"
"In Deep"
"Sweet Feeling"
"Sun-Science"
"Warm on the Inside"
The cover design was done by Gregory McKneally and David Vigh.
Charts
References
2005 albums |
5381254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn%20Anderson | Shawn Anderson | Shawn Stephen Anderson (born February 7, 1968) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played eight seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Buffalo Sabres, Quebec Nordiques, Washington Capitals and Philadelphia Flyers.
As a youth, he played in the 1980 and 1981 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with a minor ice hockey team from LaSalle, Quebec.
Career statistics
References
External links
1968 births
Augsburger Panther players
Baltimore Skipjacks players
Buffalo Sabres draft picks
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Halifax Citadels players
Hershey Bears players
Iserlohn Roosters players
Kalamazoo Wings (1974–2000) players
Living people
Maine Black Bears men's ice hockey players
Manitoba Moose (IHL) players
Milwaukee Admirals (IHL) players
National Hockey League first round draft picks
Nürnberg Ice Tigers players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Quebec Nordiques players
Revier Löwen players
Rochester Americans players
Sportspeople from Montreal
Utah Grizzlies (IHL) players
Washington Capitals players
Wedemark Scorpions players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States |
5381298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolas%20criollas | Bolas criollas | Bolas criollas is a traditional team sport from Venezuela, very popular in the Llanos and most rural regions. It is one of the most representative icons of Llanero culture. Its origins can be traced back to traditional European boules sports, such as bocce and pétanque.
Objective
Two teams of two participants equipped with eight heavy balls throw in turns and attempt to place them as close as possible to a much smaller metal ball. The team that reaches a maximum of 100 points in several attempts wins the match.
Description
It is played in a court shaped as a large level rectangle, built of flattened earth (typically rich in sand or clay), clear of trees or visible obstacles. The court must keep a 3:2 proportion ratio and its actual dimensions may vary, but an approximate size of is preferred.
The court is usually enclosed with logs, wooden boards or concrete slabs. On occasion an internal string perimeter fitted at no more than from the enclosure signals valid gaming ground. The solid balls (roughly diameter, made of synthetic material) are coloured red and green respectively to separate each team. The small steel or iron ball called mingo has a diameter no greater than and is used as a marker. At the beginning of a match, a previously drawn member of either team throws the mingo from one established end of the court (called the calzador) to the opposite end. If the mingo rests in the opposite half of the court, the toss is valid. From then, participants of each team alternatively toss one ball each from the calzador attempting to make their balls rest as close to the mingo as possible (or touching it). After all balls have been thrown, a designated judge awards points to the winning team based on their balls' proximity to the mingo. If the match is not ended by a winning score, the whole routine is repeated from the alternate end (for ease, as there is no need to carry the heavy balls back to the original place). A valid toss in bolas criollas is done with the palm of the hand facing downward (in opposition to bowling, for example), and the arm must swing in a graceful arc, body resting on one flexed leg and the other leg extended. Running to gain momentum is allowed, as long as the player does not overshoot the calzador.
Scoring
Points are awarded in the following fashion: the judge identifies the winning colour as the ball that is closest to the mingo. An imaginary circle with the mingo in the center is drawn, its radius being the center of the first ball of the opposite colour. Any balls of the winning colour that fall within this circle are counted as points. A maximum of eight and minimum of zero (a draw) can be counted by each "set". As measurements can be imprecise and somewhat subjective in loose soil, discussions frequently arise. The judge may require a bit of string (to use as a "ruler") or other tools, and more than one judge may be required for unbiased decisions. When not officially competing, participants may use steps (counting the number of steps placed in front of the other - tip to heel to the mingo), outstretched hands, twigs or whatever means available, giving rise to somewhat hilarious situations.
Tricks and moves
Though a simple game, experienced bolas criollas players display great skill at their throws. Several valid moves and tricks are commonly exploited that completely alter the course of a game.
Arrime - When a player throws a ball in a gentle calculated arc and it lands just beside the mingo.
Boche - A difficult move where a skilled thrower hits the winning ball of an opponent with his own, displacing the opponent's ball and leaving the thrower's team in a winning position. An alternative version of this move is hitting the mingo itself, thus changing completely the geometry of the game.
Clavao - A Boche with effect, that leaves the "aggressive" ball in the exact position of the original ball as if "nailed".
History
The first report about the arrival of this game to Venezuela mention that Spanish monks brought it with the conquistadores. Since 1930, it has become widely popular, and during the first National Sports Games event in 1956, it was elevated to a sport, and official rules were set. Since then, it has been one of the most popular attractions in this event. The National Bolas Criollas Championship takes place every year during the months of August and September. The game is also very popular in Colombia (mostly in the city of Cúcuta) and in Cuba.
Boules
Team sports
Sports originating in Venezuela |
4043949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marge%20Simon | Marge Simon | Marge Baliff Simon (born 1942) is an American artist and a writer of speculative poetry and fiction.
Biography
Early life
Marge Simon was born in Bethesda, Maryland, but grew up in Boulder, Colorado.
Education and career
She received her BA and MA degrees from the University of Northern Colorado, and then continued her studies at the Art Center College of Design. Deciding against a career as a commercial artist, she began working as an art teacher in elementary schools instead.
In the mid-1980s, Simon began writing and illustrating for the small press and went on to become an award-winning writer. Simon's poems, short fiction, and illustrations have appeared in hundreds of publications, including Amazing Stories, Nebula Awards 32, Strange Horizons, The Pedestal Magazine, Chizine, Niteblade, Vestal Review, and Daily Science Fiction.
Simon is a former president of the Small Press Writers and Artists Organization and of the Science Fiction & Fantasy Poetry Association (SFPA). She is additionally a former editor of Star*Line, the SFPA's bimonthly journal.
In 2013, Simon began editing the column "Blood and Spades: Poets of the Dark Side" for the monthly newsletter of the Horror Writers Association (HWA). She serves as the Chair of the HWA Board of Trustees.
Marriage
Simon lives in Ocala, Florida, with her husband, writer Bruce Boston, with whom she sometimes collaborates.
Published works
Poetry collections
Poets of the Fantastic (co-ed. with Steve Eng). AE Press, 1993
Eonian Variations. Dark Regions, 1995
Night Smoke with Bruce Boston, ebook. Miniature Sun/Quixsilver, 2003 (Bram Stoker Award finalist)
Artist of Antithesis, ebook. Miniature Sun, 2004 (Bram Stoker Award finalist)
Vectors: A Week in the Death of a Planet with Charlee Jacob. Dark Regions, 2007 (Bram Stoker Award winner)
Night Smoke with Bruce Boston, expanded print edition of the 2003 ebook. Kelp Queen Press, 2007
Uneathly Delights. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2011
The Mad Hattery. Elektrik Milk Bath Press, 2011
The Four Elements with Linda Addison, Rain Graves, and Charlee Jacob. Bad Moon Books, 2012
Dangerous Dreams with Sandy DeLuca. Elektrik Milk Bath Press, 2013
Vectors: A Week in the Death of a Planet with Charlee Jacob
Vampires, Zombies, and Wanton Souls
Sweet Poison with Mary A. Turzillo
Small Spirits: Dark Dolls
Satan's Sweethearts with Mary A. Turzillo
War with Alessandro Manzetti
Poetry and fiction collections
Dragon Soup with Mary Turzillo. vanZeno Press, 2008
Legends of the Fallen Sky with Malcolm Deeley. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2008
City of a Thousand Gods with Malcolm Deeley. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2010
Fiction collections
Like Birds in the Rain. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2007
Christina's World. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2008
The Dragon's Dictionary with Mary Turzillo. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2010
Art
Gallery of color art at Strange Horizons.
Soho Galleries, black and white art.
Recognition
Simon's poem "Variants of the Obsolete" won the 1996 Rhysling Award for speculative poetry in the Long category. Her poems “Shutdown” and “George Tecumseh Sherman’s Ghosts” placed first in the Short category of the Rhyslings in 2015 and 2017, respectively.
Simon's short-form poem "Blue Rose Buddha" won the 2012 Dwarf Stars Award.
Vectors: A Week in the Death of a Planet, written by Simon in collaboration with Charlee Jacob, won the Bram Stoker Award for best horror poetry collection in 2008. In 2012, Simon's collection Vampires, Zombies, and Wanton Souls was a recipient of the same award.
Sweet Poison, co-written with Mary A. Turzillo, won the 2015 Elgin Award for best full-length speculative poetry collection. Simon's Small Spirits: Dark Dolls placed second in the full-length book category of the 2017 Elgins, and Satan's Sweethearts, another collaborative work with Turzillo, placed second in the 2018 Elgins. War, written by Simon in collaboration with Alessandro Manzetti, won the 2019 Elgin for full-length book.
In 2015, Simon was created a Grand Master of the Science Fiction & Fantasy Poetry Association in recognition of more than twenty years of contributions to the field of speculative verse.
References
External links
Marge Simon's website
Interview at Fear and Trembling
1942 births
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American short story writers
American science fiction writers
American women novelists
American women poets
American women short story writers
Living people
Rhysling Award for Best Long Poem winners
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers |
4043953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/98%20B-Line | 98 B-Line | The 98 B-Line was a bus rapid transit line in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It linked Richmond to Downtown Vancouver, with a connection to Vancouver International Airport. It travelled mainly along Granville Street in Vancouver and a dedicated bus lane on No. 3 Road in Richmond. It was operated by Coast Mountain Bus Company and was funded by TransLink. The route was long. The line carried over 18,000 passengers daily. It was discontinued on September 7, 2009, two and a half weeks after the opening of the Canada Line, which replaced it.
History
Prior to the introduction of the 98 B-Line, most bus routes in Richmond travelled into Downtown Vancouver during rush hours. These routes served all stops along their routes in Richmond, then would operate along Granville Street in Vancouver as express services.
Although the idea of a rapid bus line from Richmond to Vancouver had been discussed for decades, it was first proposed by BC Transit in 1994. In 1995, Vancouver city council approved a southbound high-occupancy vehicle lane for the evening peak hours in the Marpole neighbourhood in preparation for an express bus service. In 1997, the idea of a rapid transit line was re-introduced with the objective of providing the express service at regular fares. A study determined that the best route for the line would be via Granville Street in Vancouver.
The project cost approximately to build; this included the price of new vehicles, the construction of a dedicated bus lane in Richmond, installing new bus shelters, automated on-board announcements and similar technology, transit priority systems for traffic lights and a share of the new Richmond bus depot, as the old Vancouver Oakridge depot could not accommodate the longer articulated buses used on the route. The line opened as far as Sea Island on September 4, 2000, later extending from Airport Station into central Richmond in August 2001.
The introduction of the B-Line eliminated most other local bus services that travelled between Richmond and Vancouver, requiring a transfer between buses for most commuters. As a result of the added transfer and quicker travel times of the B-Line that did not materialize, commute times for passengers increased even though a commute time savings of several minutes had been promised. Within a few years, this prompted improved rush hour services on remaining Richmond to Vancouver routes.
The B-line was one of the most used routes in the TransLink system. In early 2001, the Richmond/Airport-Vancouver Rapid Transit Project feasibility study, which examined replacing the 98 B-Line with light rail, held open houses. This proposed line's working name was the "RAV Line" (Richmond–Airport–Vancouver). The estimated cost of $1.72billion generated much controversy. Richmond city council, which favoured an at-grade line within the city limits for aesthetic reasons, also threatened the project. However, the city backed down because an elevated line was both preferred by the public, and offered faster trip times and lower operating costs. The TransLink board twice rejected the project because board members representing the northeast areas of Greater Vancouver wanted a line built to Coquitlam. The "RAV Line" project was saved after the board agreed to build both lines by 2010. While not part of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, the Canada Line, completed in August 2009, replaced the 98 B-Line.
Beginning in February 2008, 98 B-Line route passengers with valid proof of payment were permitted to board using any of the three doors at any stop. To facilitate this, the bus driver controlled the operation of all three doors at each of the stops. Passengers paying cash or validating FareSavers had to board through the front door.
The 98 B-Line was discontinued on September 7, 2009, two and a half weeks after the Canada Line opened. Afterwards, the #10 Hastings/Downtown/Granville bus began running more frequently along Granville street to compensate.
Features
The 98 featured GPS technology, automated stop announcements, specialized bus stop displays that showed the amount of time until the next bus arrives, and special traffic light signals that sustained green lights long enough for buses to pass through.
In Richmond, the 98 B-Line followed a dedicated bus lane separated from mainstream traffic on No. 3 Road, between the Lansdowne and Sea Island Way stops. On February 13, 2006, the 98 B-Line's bus lane in Richmond was closed as utility crews prepared for the construction of the Canada Line along No. 3 Road. Between February 2006 until its discontinuation in September 2009, the 98 B-Line travelled with regular traffic.
98 B-Line stops and transfer points
Downtown Vancouver
Seymour & Davie – Served the upscale Yaletown neighbourhood. (Note: The bus's destination sign changes to "98 B-Line: Richmond Centre" at this point.)
Seymour & Smithe – Served the nightclub area on Granville Street, a block to the west. It is also the stop for street youth hostels in the area and the Orpheum Theatre.
Granville Station – Transfer point to the SkyTrain system and suburban routes to North Vancouver and West Vancouver. Also served Pacific Centre, Hudson Bay Company, and major commercial district as well as the Vancouver Public Library, which is several blocks to the east.
Waterfront Station – Transfer point to the SkyTrain terminus for both the Expo and Millennium Lines, as well as the SeaBus to Lonsdale Quay in North Vancouver. It is also the western terminus of the West Coast Express.
Burrard Station – This was the Vancouver terminus for the 98 B-Line, though it did not make a layover. Located in the middle of the financial district. Transfer point to the SkyTrain system as well as to suburban routes to Burnaby, North Vancouver, Surrey, Delta, White Rock, Coquitlam and Port Moody.
Burrard & Robson – Served the Robson Street shopping district.
Nelson & Hornby – Formerly known as Nelson & Howe, before the stop was moved. Stopped in front of One Wall Centre. Also served the provincial law courts.
Howe & Davie – Served the hospitality district near False Creek. Also a transfer point to buses and community shuttles to Davie Village.
Vancouver
5th Avenue – Served the southern False Creek area as well as Granville Island.
Broadway – Transfer point to the 99 B-Line as well as many trolley routes. It is a short distance away from Vancouver General Hospital and is also the transfer point for those going to Kitsilano.
King Edward – Transfer point to the #25 bus, which served the affluent Shaughnessy area, University, and North Burnaby. B.C. Children's Hospital and B.C. Women's Hospital were a short distance away from the stop
41st Avenue – Transfer point to the #41 bus, which served the Kerrisdale area, particularly the shopping district, and the Oakridge area. Also served as transfer point to the #43 bus, which is an express version of the #41, but only runs during peak hours, and the #480, which is an express bus from Richmond Centre to UBC Loop.
49th Avenue – Transfer point to the #49 bus, which operates eastbound to nearby Langara College and terminating at Metropolis at Metrotown, the biggest shopping mall in the province. During peak hours, the route's western terminus is at University of British Columbia, instead of Dunbar Loop.
70th Avenue – Served the Marpole neighbourhood and acts as a transfer point to the #100 bus (which travels along Marine Drive).
Richmond
Airport Station – Transfer point to the #424 bus, which was a shuttle to Vancouver International Airport's main terminal. Also served the Burkeville neighbourhood of Sea Island, and was a transfer point to the #620 bus to the Tsawwassen ferry terminal. Airport Station was closed the same day the 98 B-Line was discontinued.
Sea Island Way – Served River Rock Casino, the largest casino in Metro Vancouver.
Capstan Way – Served Yaohan Centre, Union Square Shopping Centre, and also the Asian shopping district along Capstan Way itself.
Aberdeen – Served the main Golden Village Asian shopping district, including Aberdeen Centre, Empire Centre, Parker Place, President Plaza, and south side of Yaohan Centre.
Alderbridge – Served the northern part of the Lansdowne Centre shopping mall as well as the Alexandra Road restaurant district.
Lansdowne – Served the southern part of Lansdowne Centre and the Richmond campus of Kwantlen Polytechnic University
Westminster Highway – Popular transfer point to the #401 and #407 buses to Steveston along No. 1 Road and Gilbert Road, respectively. Many passengers used those routes to reach Richmond Hospital and the headquarters of WorkSafe B.C., the workers' compensation and safety board.
Richmond Centre – The unofficial terminus of the line (owing to the fact that the bus's destination signs read "98 RICHMOND CENTRE"). Stops outside of the Richmond Centre shopping mall and is the main transfer point to almost all of the bus routes in Richmond.
Brighouse – The southern terminus of the line. Served the Richmond City Hall and the Brighouse area (particularly the Minoru cultural centre, which is home to the Richmond Public Library, the local skating rink and the local swimming pool.)
Route notes
For early morning and late evening trips, the 98 B-Line provided local non-express service between the Brighouse stop and the Richmond Transit Centre, along No. 3 Road (south of Granville Avenue) and Steveston Highway (until Shell Road). The buses going back to Richmond Transit Centre were signed "98 To Steveston & Shell B-Line".
On Mondays to Fridays, during peak hours, 98 B-Line service between Vancouver and Airport Station was supplemented by the #496 Railway/Burrard Station and #491 One Road/Burrard Station express routes. The #490 Steveston/Burrard Station express route also did this but went to Highway 99 via Marpole Loop instead of Airport Station.
Non-express service was also provided along some of the 98 B-Line's corridors, via the #10 Granville/Downtown (along Granville Street) and #410 Railway/22nd Street Station (between the Aberdeen and Brighouse stops) routes in Vancouver and Richmond, respectively.
See also
Canada Line
Millennium Line
Expo Line
R1 King George Blvd (formerly 96 B-Line)
R4 41st Ave
R5 Hastings St (formerly 95 B-Line)
97 B-Line
99 B-Line
List of bus routes in Metro Vancouver
References
External links
TransLink
Federal Transit Administration (US) – Overview of the 98 B-Line's technologies
Transport Canada: Urban Transportation Showcase Program
Novax B-Line Study Report
2001 establishments in British Columbia
2009 disestablishments in British Columbia
B-Line (Vancouver)
Transport in Richmond, British Columbia |
4043958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis%20Driskill | Travis Driskill | Travis Corey Driskill (born August 1, 1971) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He is 6 feet tall and weighs 215 pounds. He bats and throws right-handed. He attended Texas Tech University, where he played for the Red Raiders, and is currently the pitching coach for the Corpus Christi Hooks.
Career
Driskill was drafted in 1990 and 1992 by the Houston Astros and California Angels, respectively, but did not sign. He was drafted again in the fourth round of the 1993 draft by the Cleveland Indians and this time he did sign. Driskill played in the Indians minor league system for the next five years, advancing as high as Triple-A before his contract was purchased by the Yakult Swallows on January 6, 1998. Driskill appeared in seven games as a reliever for the Swallows before he was released and signed back with the Indians in August.
A minor league free agent after the season, Driskill signed with the Houston Astros, and played the next two seasons in their minor league system. On November 15, 2001, Driskill signed with the Baltimore Orioles. He made his MLB debut with the Orioles in , appearing in 29 games including 19 starts, the most games appeared in for a single season for Driskill's entire major league career. Driskill appeared in 20 more games for the Orioles in and became a free agent at the end of the season. On November 20, 2003, Driskill signed with the Colorado Rockies. He played only one season in Colorado, appearing in five games.
On November 11, 2004, Driskill signed with the Houston Astros and became a free agent after the season. On December 9, 2005, he signed with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, but was released on April 2, 2006; on April 14 he resigned with the Astros. Driskill played the next two seasons for Houston's Triple-A affiliate, the Round Rock Express, except for a callup in August , appearing in two games. Driskill retired after the season and accepted an offer from the Astros to become the pitching coach of their Rookie League team, the Greenville Astros.
References
External links
Travis Driskill at Baseball Gauge
Nippon Professional Baseball
Venezuela Winter League
1971 births
Living people
Akron Aeros players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball coaches from Nebraska
Baseball players from Nebraska
Blinn Buccaneers baseball players
Blinn College alumni
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Canton-Akron Indians players
Caribes de Anzoátegui players
Colorado Rockies players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Columbus RedStixx players
Houston Astros players
Kinston Indians players
Leones del Caracas players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minor league baseball coaches
Naranjeros de Hermosillo players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Ottawa Lynx players
Rochester Red Wings players
Round Rock Express players
Sportspeople from Omaha, Nebraska
Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball players
Texas Tech University alumni
Yakult Swallows players |
5381305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael%20Andersson%20%28ice%20hockey%2C%20born%201966%29 | Mikael Andersson (ice hockey, born 1966) | Mikael Bo Andersson (born 10 May 1966) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey forward who played 15 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Buffalo Sabres, Hartford Whalers, Tampa Bay Lightning, Philadelphia Flyers, and New York Islanders. Andersson is now serving as a scout for the Tampa Bay Lightning. He is the older brother of former hockey player Niklas Andersson.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
External links
1966 births
Buffalo Sabres draft picks
Buffalo Sabres players
Frölunda HC players
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Living people
National Hockey League first round draft picks
New York Islanders players
Olympic ice hockey players of Sweden
Philadelphia Flyers players
Rochester Americans players
Sportspeople from Malmö
Springfield Indians players
Swedish ice hockey right wingers
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Tampa Bay Lightning scouts
Swedish expatriate ice hockey people |
5381309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20Library%20Consortium | Michigan Library Consortium | On February 15, 2010, the Michigan Library Consortium (MLC) merged with INCOLSA to form the Midwest Collaborative for Library Services (MCLS). MCLS is a non-profit membership organization composed of various types of libraries from Indiana and Michigan. MCLS provides libraries a convenient, single point of contact for training, group purchasing and technical support for electronic resources.
For further information, see the Midwest Collaborative for Library Services (MCLS) website.
Libraries in Michigan
Library consortia
Library consortia in Michigan |
4043961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei%20Slavnov | Sergei Slavnov | Sergei Gennadyevich Slavnov (; born 11 March 1982) is a Russian pair skater. He is best known for his partnership with Julia Obertas, with whom he competed from 2003 to 2007. Together, they are the 2005 European silver medalists. Previously, Slavnov competed with Julia Karbovskaya, with whom he is the 2002 World Junior silver medalist.
Career
Sergei Slavnov began skating at age 5, originally as a single skater, and switched to pair skating at age 16. Slavnov originally skated with Julia Karbovskaya and won silver at the 2002 World Junior Championships. They were coached by Nikolai Velikov at the Yubileyny rink in Saint Petersburg.
In 2002, Slavnov began dating Julia Obertas, who trained at the same rink, and in August 2003 they decided to skate together and to switch coaches to Tamara Moskvina, who also worked at Yubileyny.
At the 2004 Skate America, shortly after Tatiana Totmianina's accident, Obertas fell out of an overhead lift, a hand-to-hand lasso lift, but Slavnov managed to catch her to prevent her head hitting the ice. The pair won silver at the 2005 European Championships and were fifth at the World Championships. During the 2005-06 season, they were fourth at Europeans, and then finished eighth at both the Olympics and Worlds.
At the start of the 2006-07 season, Obertas / Slavnov decided to return to the Velikovs, with Ludmila Velikova as their main coach. The pair won bronze at 2006 Trophée Eric Bompard and finished 6th at 2006 NHK Trophy. At the 2007 Russian Championships, they won the silver medal and were sent to the 2007 European Championships where they finished 4th. They did not compete at Worlds.
The pair announced they would miss the 2007-08 season as the result of an injury to Obertas. In summer 2008, they said they would miss the start of the 2008-09 season, but might compete at Russian Nationals. In autumn 2008, Slavnov participated in the Russia 1 ice show Star Ice (Звёздный лёд), skating with the Russian actress Anastasia Zadorozhnaya. Obertas / Slavnov did not compete at Russian Nationals and ended their career.
Obertas / Slavnov performed some quadruple twists in competition.
Slavnov joined the Russian Ice Stars company in 2011.
Programs
With Obertas
With Karbovskaya
Results
With Obertas
With Karbovskaya
References
External links
1982 births
Russian male pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters of Russia
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Living people
Figure skaters from Saint Petersburg
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists |
5381332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown%20High%20School%20%28New%20Jersey%29 | Williamstown High School (New Jersey) | Williamstown High School is a four-year comprehensive community public high school located in the Williamstown section of Monroe Township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades as the lone secondary school of the Monroe Township Public Schools. The school was established in 1958.
As of the 2020–21 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,837 students and 129.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.2:1. There were 418 students (22.8% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 110 (6.0% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
Construction
The high school was designed to handle an initial enrollment of 800 students when it was to open for the 1958-59 school year and was constructed at a cost of $1.3 million (equivalent to $ million in ). Prior to the opening of the high school, students from Monroe Township had attended Glassboro High School. The ending of the sending/receiving relationship with the Glassboro Public Schools was expected to cut the cost of educating high-school students by almost 25%.
Construction on the current school building began in 1994 and was completed in 1997. Prior to 1997, Williamstown High School was located in what is currently Williamstown Middle School. The school mascot is a Brave and the school colors are Royal Blue and White.
Construction began again during the 2007-2008 school year on the high school to build an additional two wings because of overcrowding and to build a new auxiliary gym/dance studio. A few renovations in the existing building were also done to replace some old piping, wiring, and the gym and stage floor. The construction was completed between December 2008 and January 2009.
Awards, recognition and rankings
The school was the 257th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 295th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 270th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 259th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 248th out of 316 public high schools in New Jersey in the magazine's 2006 rankings. Schooldigger.com ranked the school 194th out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (a decrease of 29 positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the two components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA), mathematics (79.6%) and language arts literacy (91.4%).
Athletics
The Williamstown High School Braves compete as one of the member schools in the Tri-County Conference, which is comprised of public and private high schools located in Camden, Cape May, Cumberland, Gloucester and Salem counties. The conference is overseen by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 1,426 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group IV for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 1,060 to 5,049 students in that grade range. The football team competes in the American Division of the 95-team West Jersey Football League superconference and was classified by the NJSIAA as Group V South for football for 2022–2024.
Sports offered at the school include:
Fall Sports: Cheerleading, Cross Country, Football, Field Hockey, Boys' Soccer, Girls' Soccer, Girls' Tennis, Girls' Volleyball
Winter Sports: Wrestling, Track, Swimming and Diving, Ice Hockey, Basketball, Cheerleading (Note: Ice Hockey is a separate club sport. Williamstown is a member of the South Jersey High School Ice Hockey League, and competes in Varsity Tier I)
Spring Sports: Girls' and Boys' Spring Track, Boys' Baseball, Girls' Softball, Golf, Boys' Tennis and Boys' Volleyball, Girls' and Boys' Lacrosse
The girls team won the NJSIAA spring / outdoor track Group II title in 1981 and 1982, and won the Group III title in 1995 and 1996.
The boys track team won the Group III spring / outdoor track state championship in 1984 (as co-champion).
The girls volleyball team won the Group III state championship in 2006 (defeating West Morris Central High School in the final match) and won the Group IV title in 2010 (vs. Livingston High School), 2012 (vs. Hunterdon Central Regional High School) and 2019 (vs. North Hunterdon High School) The team won the 2006 Group III state championship, two games to none (25-20 and 26-24) over West Morris Central High School. Their victory was the team's first State title and made them only the third South Jersey team to win a girl's state title in the sport, joining Eastern High School and Cherry Hill High School East. The girls team finished the 2010 season with a record of 30-2, capped off by winning the Group IV title in two games, defeating Livingston High School to earn the program's second state title. The 2019 team won the Group III title in two games against North Hunterdon (25-17 and 30-28) and advanced to the Tournament of Champions as the second seed, falling in the semifinals to third-seeded West Morris Mendham High School in two games (25-17 and 27-25) to finish the season with a record of 30-3.
The softball team won the Group IV state championship in 2008 (defeating Ridgewood High School in the final round of the tournament) and 2009 (vs. Union High School). The 2008 team defeated Toms River High School East to win the South Jersey, Group IV state sectional championship, with a 2-0 win in the tournament final. The team won the Group IV title with a 1-0 win over Old Bridge High School in the semifinals and finished the season with a 26-1 record after a 2-0 win against Ridgewood in the finals. Williamstown was ranked as the number one softball team in New Jersey and number 25th ranked team in the nation in the USA Today final 2008 rankings. NJ.com / The Star-Ledger ranked Williamstown as their number-one softball team in the state in 2008. In spring 2009 the Williamstown softball team again defeated Toms River High School East to win the South Jersey, Group IV state sectional championship, with a three-run walk-off home run in the bottom of the eleventh inning. The team repeated as Group IV State Champions when they defeated Union High School by a final score of 3-0, allowing only one hit.
The girls' spring track team won Tri-County Championships in 2009.
The football team won the South Jersey Group V state sectional championship in 2012, 2018 and 2019. The team won the 2018 South Jersey Group V state sectional title with a 56-20 win against Rancocas Valley Regional High School. The team won the 2019 South Jersey Group V title with a 14-10 win against Lenape High School with a 14-10 win in the championship game and went on to win the South /Central Group V championship against Lenape High School by a score of 30-14 in the bowl game.
In 2015, the Williamstown baseball team defeated Cherokee High School by a score of 4-1 in the tournament final to win the South Jersey Group IV state sectional championship
Marching band
The school's marching band was Tournament of Bands Chapter One Champions in 2003 and 2007 (Group 1) and 2005-06 (Group 2). The band was the 2003 Atlantic Coast Champion in Group 1 and the 2000 Atlantic Coast Invitational Champion in Group 2. The Band was 2010 USSBA "National" Champions, winning best percussion, effect, visual, and music. Since the change of director in 2012, the Williamstown Marching Braves has been on a steady increase. The Marching Braves' Percussion Section won the USBands "National" Championship in 2014 and the band placed 2nd overall, missing first place by only .063 points. The Williamstown Indoor Percussion Ensemble which competes in the TIA (Tournament of Bands) indoor percussion circuit was promoted to the National A Class during their 2015 season after their performance at Avon Grove High School March 14, 2015 and their performance at the WGI (Winter Guard International) regional at Unionville High School (Unionville, PA).
Administration
The school's principal is Angelo DeStefano. His administration team includes four assistant principals.
Notable alumni
Raymond Arvidson (class of 1965), Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, best known for his contributions to NASA missions to Mars, including as deputy director of the Mars Exploration Rovers.
Jullian Taylor (born 1995), American football defensive end who played in the NFL for the San Francisco 49ers.
Leroy Thompson (born 1971), former fullback / linebacker who played in the Arena Football League for 13 seasons.
References
External links
Williamstown High School snapshot
Monroe Township Public Schools
School Data for the Monroe Township Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics
Monroe Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey
1958 establishments in New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 1958
Public high schools in Gloucester County, New Jersey |
4043970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne%20Dankers | Arne Dankers | Arne Dankers (born June 1, 1980) is a Canadian speed skater.
Dankers was a member of the Canadian team that set the team pursuit world record of 3:39.69 in Calgary, Canada on November 12, 2005. The Canadian team, of which Dankers was a part, was not able to duplicate this performance at the 2006 Turin Olympics. The Italian team now holds the Olympic team pursuit record of 3:43.64.
2006 Winter Olympics
At the 2006 Olympics he participated in the following events:
Speed Skating, Men's 1500 m
Speed Skating, Men's 5000 m – 5th place
Speed Skating, Men's 10000 m – 9th place
Speed Skating, Men's Team Pursuit – Silver
Dankers placed 5th place in the 5000m men's speed skating final and his team won a silver medal in Men's team pursuit speed skating. His parents, Peter Dankers and Marja Verhoef, are both Dutch. Arne Dankers moved to Canada when he was two years old. Arne Dankers graduated from the University of Calgary with a master's degree in Electrical Engineering and later completed a PhD at the Delft University of Technology.
External links
References
1980 births
Living people
Canadian male speed skaters
Speed skaters from Calgary
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Olympic speed skaters of Canada
Canadian people of Dutch descent
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics |
5381333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sante%20Uberto%20Barbieri | Sante Uberto Barbieri | Sante Uberto Barbieri was a bishop of The Methodist Church, elected in 1949. A native of Italy, he was elected Bishop by the Latin American Central Conference of the Church. He was assigned the work of the Church in Argentina, Bolivia and Uruguay.
Barbieri held bachelor's, master's and divinity degrees from Southern Methodist University. He also held a master's degree from Emory University. Prior to his election to the episcopacy, Rev. Barbieri served in Brazil and Argentina. In 1954 Bishop Barbieri also was one of six presidents elected to seven-year terms in the World Council of Churches.
Life
Bishop Sante Uberto Barbieri was born in Dueville, Province of Vicenza, North of Italy, in 1902. His parents were Sante Barbieri and María Luigia Zanzotto. In his childhood he lived in Switzerland and in Germany; when he was 9 years old, his parents moved to Brazil. There he attended elementary and high school. His passion for freedom guided him to get in touch with the Methodists. When he was 20 years old, he joined the Methodist Church as one of its members, in Passo Fundo, RGS.
In 1923 at the tie of the Meeting of the Annual Conference of the Methodist Church, he was accepted as pastor of the Annual Conference of the Southern Methodist Church in Brazil.
In 1924 he married Odette de Oliveira, from Minas Gerais; they became the parents of four children: 1 daughter and 3 sons.
The same year he married Ms. de Oliveira, he started studies at the Theological Methodist Seminary in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
In 1929, in company of his wife and his two elder children, he travelled to the US for postgraduate studies at the So. Methodist University of Dallas, TX and at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, obtaining B.A., MA. and B.D. degrees.
In addition to the academic degrees he obtained at the mentioned Universities, he was awarded with the Distinguished Alumni Award and the LLD Honorary degrees from the Southern Methodist University as well as Doctor of Human Letters Honorary degree by Emory University.
He returned to Brazil in 1933 where he was appointed pastor of the Central Methodist Church in Porto Alegre as well as Professor and Dean of the Theological Methodist Seminary of Southern Brazil in the same city, and afterwards, when the Seminary was transferred, to Passo Fundo.
In 1939 he was transferred to the River Plate region (Argentina and Uruguay) to teach at the Theological Seminary in the city of Buenos Aires. In 1942 he was appointed pastor of the Central Methodist Church of Buenos Aires; in 1948 he was elected as Dean of the Methodist Seminary of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
He was elected Bishop of the Methodist Church by the Latin American Central Conference, celebrated in Buenos Aires, in 1949.
As his Bishop, he had to supervise the religious Methodist undertaking in 3 Latin American countries: Argentina, Bolivia and Uruguay; so he frequently travelled from one church to another all over that vast region of Latin America.
He was re-elected Bishop for four consecutive 4-year periods. He was invited by the Council of Bishops of the United Methodist Church to continue to exercising the Episcopal activity for another year. After that, he was appointed the Bishop of the Methodist Church in Peru.
Between 1969 and 1973 he presided over the organization of the Methodist Churches in Argentina, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Panama, Peru and Uruguay to become autonomous Methodist Churches.
Due to his Episcopal work in Bolivia for so many years, the Bolivian Government awarded him with “The Order of the Condor of Los Andes” in Cochabamba in 1969.
Bishop Barbieri was Vice President of the World Churches of Christian Education and Sunday School from NY until its fusion with the World Council of Churches. He was also President of the First Assembly of the Protestant Churches of Latin America (1949).
He served as Chaplain to the Meetings of the enlarged Committee of the International Missionary Council at Willingen, Germany, in 1952. He also attended many ecumenical and missionary Assemblies as Delegate as well as delivering lectures at Colleges and Universities, mainly in the U.S.A.
In 1950 he delivered lectures at the Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX at Randolph Macon College, Ashland, VA and at the Union Theological Seminary in Cuba.
At the Assembly of the World Council of Churches which met in Evanston, Illinois in 1954, he was elected one of the six Presidents of the World Council of Churches. Bishop Barbieri was the first Latin American man elected to fulfil this great responsibility. It was a job he held till the Third Assembly met in India in 1961. At this Assembly, he was elected as a member of the Executive Committee and of the Central Committee of the World Council of Churches until 1968.
In connection with this work, he travelled a great deal all over the five continents, preaching and lecturing. He was one of the pioneers from Latin America to open the road for other Latin Americans to participate actively in the mission of the World Council of Churches. The Central Office of the World Council of Churches has his headquarters at Geneva, Switzerland.
In 1969 Bishop Barbieri presided the First Sessions of Delegates from the Methodist Churches in Latin America to constitute the Council of Evangelical Methodist Churches in Latin America (Consejo de Iglesias Evangélicas Metodistas de América Latina). At this time, he was elected its First Executive Secretary, a post he served in until 1978.
Since 1938, Bishop Barbieri was a member of the Academy of Letters of Rio Grande, Brazil.
Up to 1983, he wrote about 45 volumes of Christian commentaries, poetry, drama and religious stories in Portuguese, Spanish, Italian and English. Among his literary works in English, it is worth mentioning: “Spiritual currents in Latin America” and “Land of El Dorado”.
A group of Brazilian friends interested in Bishop Barbieri's literary works, created in 1978 the “Sante Uberto Barbieri Editorial Fund” with the intention of publishing his books. The first one published was Coloquios Intimos which was inspired by the Gospel of Mark; it contains 365 devotional poems. It as published in Portuguese and in Spanish.
In April 1982 he was awarded “The 1982 Upper Room Citation” at a ceremony which took place at the Central Methodist Church of Porto Alegre, Brazil. At that occasion, the “Anthology of Poems and Prose” was launched in English. The publication is available in Spanish, too.
He retired as an active Bishop in 1970, but his spiritual activity never ended. Afterwards he dedicated himself to lecturing, preaching and writing. In 1987 he received an award for his participation in a poetical contest in his own country. He presented a handful of poems under the title of “Pinceladas Poéticas”
His first wife, Odette de Oliveira died on July 24, 1983. On August 3, 1984 Bishop Barbieri married Delina Diaz, former Deaconess of the Methodist Church in Argentina and his devoted secretary for more than 50 years, who accompanied him till February 13, 1991 when he was called to the Eternal Life by God, his Master and Savior.
Bishop Barbieri fixed his residence at Ciudad Jardín Lomas del Palomar in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, since 1953.
His three sons are: Stelvio (Buenos Aires), Livio (Los Angeles, CA) and Flavio (Porto Alegre, Brasil). His only daughter, Laura, died July 2, 1989.
At the time he died, Dr Barbieri had 14 grandchildren and 12 great grandchildren.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
Obituary in The New York Times
The Council of Bishops of the United Methodist Church
InfoServ, the official information service of The United Methodist Church.
Year of birth missing
1991 deaths
Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA)
Emory University alumni
Italian emigrants to Brazil
Italian expatriates in Argentina
Southern Methodist University alumni
20th-century Methodist bishops |
5381342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency%20escape | Emergency escape | Emergency escape can refer to:
Fire escapes in buildings
Emergency exits in vehicles |
4043974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WODA | WODA | WODA is a radio station in Bayamon, Puerto Rico. The station airs at 94.7 FM and it is known commercially as La Nueva 94 FM or La 94. It has a sister station, WNOD airing at 94.1 FM in Mayaguez, covering the western part of Puerto Rico and retransmitting WODA programming.
The station is relayed through booster station, WODA-FM1 in Ceiba, also operating at 94.7 FM.
History
The station was founded in 1959 as WBYM, and broadcast its Beautiful music format. The station operates at 94.7 FM, and was assigned to Radio Aeropuerto, Inc, the owners of WRAI-AM.
WEYA, Radio Femenina
Originally this radio station was owned and operated by Carlos Pirallo and was named WEYA which means "Ella" or "She", Radio Femenina and it was playing Beautiful Music with an automated system. Then in the early 1980s changed its call letters to WGSX with the "g" forming a 9 and S like a 5 and it was called 95X, with soft rock format.
WGSX, 95X
During the 1980s the station was branded as 95X and its format was CHR/pop airing music from the 1980s pop and rock top stars. WGSX was an affiliate of Casey Kasem's American Top 40 throughout the 1980s.
WLDI, Oldies 94.7
In 1992, the station changed to an Oldies music format airing Top 40 music from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. The station was known commercially as Oldies 94.7. also changing the call letters to WLDI.
Cosmos 94 FM/Onda 94
WNOD began transmissions in early 1960s as WOYE-FM and was owned by Pepino Broadcasters, Inc. managed by the Bonnet Alvarez family. In the 1970s the station was acquired by Prime Time Radio Corporation, and was changed to a Spanish Variety format branded as Cosmos 94, La Estácion Espacial Musical. The programs that made history at the station was, El Meneo de la Mañana, La Hora del Rocheo, Astro Rock, Enlace Romántico and La Movida en Diez.
In 1995, the station was acquired by Primedia Broadcasting, Inc. and once again changed format and brand name, expanding the Cosmos 94 name across Puerto Rico. Originally geared toward an ever-growing group of underground rap followers, the station was branded as Cosmos 94 FM, Tu Emisora Radioactiva. However the underground rap music format lasted just for a month and was changed to a CHR/Latin pop format. It was then sold to the Spanish Broadcasting System in 1998. The new owners turned it into a Rock en Español station, a format that lasted until 2002. Before changing the brand to "Onda 94" the last words spoken by the DJ was a quote that says "The human spirit does not die when it's defeated, it dies when it surrenders". During the last couple of hours of transmission as "Cosmos 94" various artists took part of the live broadcast as a sort of tribute to it. After that, it was rebranded as Onda 94, changing again to a Top 40 format.
Reggaeton 94
On May 1, 2005, The station changed the format and now plays a reggaeton format branded as Reggaeton 94 FM. El Despelote was moved from La Mega to Reggaeton 94 in 2008.
La Nueva 94
In June 2012, WODA changed its current reggaeton format and now still plays an Urban AC format branded as La Nueva 94 FM. Some of the programming on WODA can be also listen via LaMusica App.
Translator stations
Logos
WODA Branding
Radio Femenina 94.7 (1970s to 1980s)
95X (1980s to 1990s)
Oldies 94.7 (1990 to 1995)
Cosmos 94 (1995 to 2002)
Onda 94 (2002 to 2005)
Reggaeton 94 (2005 to 2012)
La Nueva 94 (2012 to present)
WNOD Branding
Oye FM (1967 to 1975)
Cosmos 94 (1975 to 2002)
Onda 94 (2002 to 2005)
Reggaeton 94 (2005 to 2012)
La Nueva 94 (2012 to present)
External links
WODA
ODA
Radio stations established in 1959
Latin rhythmic radio stations
Spanish Broadcasting System radio stations |
4043986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Logan%20%28poet%29 | William Logan (poet) | William Logan (born 1950) is an American poet, critic and scholar.
Life
Logan was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to W. Donald Logan, Jr. and Nancy Damon Logan. He lives in Gainesville, Florida and Cambridge, England with his wife, the poet and artist, Debora Greger. Educated at Yale (BA, 1972) and the Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa (MFA, 1975), he has authored eight books of poetry as well as five books of criticism.
Work
He is a professor of creative writing at the University of Florida. Logan's poetry reviews have appeared in the New York Times Book Review. Many of these reviews have been quite controversial, leading Slate magazine to call him "the most hated man in American poetry... [and] its guiltiest pleasure". Logan's own poetry has received generally positive reviews. The poet Richard Tillinghast wrote, "when he manages to avoid obscurity, Mr. Logan writes with vigor, almost classical restraint and a fine sense of musicality." Logan's work has also received positive notices from The New York Times Book Review, Poetry and Publishers Weekly. In a review in Poetry magazine, Michael Scharf favorably compared the poetry from Logan's 1999 collection Night Battle with the work of the poet Geoffrey Hill.
Reviews
Being a formalist poet himself, Logan's handful of positive reviews tend to go to well-established, conservative poets (usually deceased) who were/are masters of formal verse like Geoffrey Hill, Frederick Seidel, Robert Lowell, and Elizabeth Bishop. But he has also fiercely criticized other formalist poets like Les Murray and Derek Walcott and praised a few free verse poets like Louise Gluck and Anne Carson. Logan has been especially critical of popular free verse poets like Mary Oliver, Billy Collins, and Sharon Olds as well as more experimental poets like Jorie Graham and Rae Armantrout. Although he's best known for his often extreme reviews of poets, Logan has written some mixed reviews of poets like Kay Ryan, John Ashbery, and Frank O'Hara whom he has judged to be flawed but admirable.
Awards
National Book Critics Circle award for criticism
Citation for Excellence in Reviewing from the National Book Critics Circle
Peter I.B. Lavan Award from the Academy of American Poets
John Masefield and Celia B. Wagner Awards from the Poetry Society of America
J. Howard and Barbara M. J. Wood Prize from Poetry
John William Corrington Award for Literary Excellence
Amy Lowell Poetry Travelling Scholarship
Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry 2013
Bibliography
Poetry
"Christ Among the Moneychangers, 1929", Poetry Foundation
"from Punchinello in Chains: VI. Punchinello Dreams of Escape", Poetry Foundation
"The Other Place", Poetry, April 2005
"To a Wedding", Poetry, November 2008
Sad-faced Men (1982)
Difficulty (1985)
Sullen Weedy Lakes (1988)
Vain Empires (1998), a New York Times "notable book of the year"
Night Battle (1999)
Macbeth in Venice (2003)
The Whispering Gallery (2005)
Strange Flesh (2008)
Madame X (2012)
Rift of Light (2017)
Criticism
All the Rage (1998)
Reputations of the Tongue (1999)
Desperate Measures (2002)
The Undiscovered Country (2005)
Our Savage Art (2009)
Guilty Knowledge, Guilty Pleasure: The Dirty Art of Poetry (2014)
Dickinson's Nerves, Frost's Woods: Poetry in the Shadow of the Past (2018)
Broken Ground: Poetry and the Demon of History (2021)
References
External links
University of Florida Biography
Logan's review of The Oxford Book of American Poetry in The New York Times, April 16, 2006
Review of Geoffrey Hill
1950 births
Living people
American male poets
Formalist poets
University of Florida faculty
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni |
4043989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewitt%20Quadrangle | Hewitt Quadrangle | Hewitt University Quadrangle, commonly known as Beinecke Plaza, is a plaza at the center of the Yale University campus in New Haven, Connecticut. It is the home of the university's administration, main auditorium, and dining facilities. The quadrangle was created with the construction of the university's Bicentennial Buildings and Woodbridge Hall in 1901. Until 1917, it was known as University Court. The completion of the Beinecke Library created subterranean library facilities beneath the courtyard, establishing the present appearance of the paved plaza and sunken courtyard.
Buildings
Bicentennial Buildings
The Bicentennial Buildings–University Commons, the Memorial Rotunda, and Woolsey Hall–were the first buildings constructed for Yale University as opposed to one of its constituent entities (Yale College, Sheffield Scientific School, or others), reflecting a greater emphasis on central administration initiated by Presidents Timothy Dwight and Arthur Twining Hadley. Constructed in 1901-2 for the University's bicentennial, the limestone Beaux-Arts buildings linked the College buildings on the Old Campus with the Sheffield Scientific buildings on Hillhouse Avenue. They were designed by John M. Carrère and Thomas Hastings of Carrère and Hastings.
The University Commons, simply known as "Commons" on campus, is a timber-trussed banqueting hall. It served as the university-wide dining hall until the completion of the residential colleges, Sterling Law Building, and Hall of Graduate Studies in the 1930s.
Woolsey Hall was the University's first large secular assembly hall, with 2,691 seats. It holds one of the largest organs in the world: the Newberry Memorial Organ, a 1928 Skinner organ.
The Rotunda, with tablets on the walls commemorating Yale's war dead is a double-sized, domed, colonnaded version of Bramante's Tempietto built in 1502 on the site of St. Peter's martyrdom in Rome. Above the memorial is the President's Room, used for donor and ceremonial receptions.
Woodbridge Hall
Also completed in 1901, Woodbridge Hall is the main administrative building of the university. The Office of the President of the University has been stationed on the building's second floor since the administration of Arthur Twining Hadley. Adjacent is the Corporation Room, the boardroom of Yale's governing body. The building is named for Timothy Woodbridge, one of the ten founding ministers of the school, whose names of are engraved on the building's facade.
Beinecke Library
The visible portion of Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, on the east side of the plaza, designed by Gordon Bunshaft, is like the visible portion of an iceberg. With three underground levels extending under the plaza, most of the library is hidden.
Sculpture
Before the colonnade of the Commons is a memorial cenotaph. Its inscription reads:
Behind the cenotaph, one can see inscribed the names of World War I battles of Cambrai, Argonne, Somme, Chateau-Thierry, Ypres, St. Mihiel and Marne. Woodbridge Hall, located on the west side of the plaza, was designed by the firm of Howells & Stokes and is French Renaissance in style. It contains the central administration of the University. The building was named for Reverend Timothy Woodbridge, one of the founders of Yale College.
The Beinecke Library's sunken courtyard, visible but not accessible from the plaza, contains Isamu Noguchi's sculpture The Garden (Pyramid, Sun, and Cube). The three marble sculptures represent time, the sun, and chance. Alexander Calder's sculpture Gallows and Lollipops stands on the plaza. The Claes Oldenburg sculpture Lipstick Ascending on a Caterpillar Tread (now located in Morse College) was once on the plaza.
Use
As the symbolic heart of the university—and as the space in front of the administration building—Beinecke Plaza is occasionally the site of rallies and protests. These have included labor rallies held by the Federation of Hospital and University Employees and their supporters. Student protests have included a 16-day occupation of the plaza by Students Against Sweatshops in support of an ethical licensing policy (spring 2002). Most notable was the 1986 construction of a shanty-town erected to demand Yale's divestment from apartheid South Africa. After students erected the shanty-town, designed to mimic a Soweto shanty and named after Winnie Mandela, the university administration ordered its removal and demolished it. The destruction of the shanty-town, which required the arrest of dozens of protesters, unleashed an outpouring of anger and demands that the shanty-town be recreated. Eventually the university relented and the town was resurrected, only to be burned down by an irate alumnus two years later and replaced by a "memorial wall".
References
Bibliography
Yale University |
5381346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishkill%20Creek | Fishkill Creek | Fishkill Creek (also Fish Kill, from the Dutch vis kille, for "fish creek") is a tributary of the Hudson River in Dutchess County, New York, United States. At it is the second longest stream in the county, after Wappinger Creek. It rises in the town of Union Vale and flows generally southwest to a small estuary on the Hudson just south of Beacon. Part of its watershed is in Putnam County to the south. Sprout Creek, the county's third-longest creek, is its most significant tributary. Whaley and Sylvan lakes and Beacon Reservoir, its largest, deepest and highest lakes, are among the bodies of water within the watershed.
While the creek is not impounded for use in any local water supply, it remains a focus of regional conservation efforts as a recreational and aesthetic resource, especially since the lower Fishkill watershed has been extensively developed in the last two decades. It flows through several local parks and is a popular trout stream. Industries and mills along it helped spur the settlement of the region.
Course
Clove and Sweezy brooks, themselves fed by tributaries named and unnamed draining the steep slopes on either side of the narrow upper Clove Valley in the town of Union Vale, drain the swamps of the valley into Pray Pond just north of the hamlet of Clove. Fishkill Creek is the pond's outflow.
It follows Clove Valley Road (County Route 9) closely at first, flowing almost due south alongside it, then swings westward into woods after receiving Christie Pond's outlet brook opposite Clove Cemetery. At a short loop in a swampy area where Bruzgul Road (County Route 21) crosses twice, it receives another tributary, doubles back to the north around a hill to receive another one and then returns to its southward course to widen into McKinney Pond. Once it crosses Bruzgul Road again, it is in Tymor Park, Union Vale's major community center.
At the park's south end it flows into Furnace Pond, named for an iron mine that was once nearby, and then into the town of Beekman. It returns to the side of County Route 9, now Clove Valley Road, and crosses under the NY 55 state highway just west of its intersection with Route 9. As that road climbs the side of a hill, Fishkill Creek crosses to its east side.
It continues past Beekman's main park to the hamlet of Beekman, then is impounded into a new, unnamed lake near Green Haven Correctional Facility. Shortly afterwards it crosses into the town of East Fishkill. At the town line, south of the hamlet of Stormville, it receives the Whaley Lake outlet brook. It flows westerly through more woods and swamps to where it receives the Sylvan Lake outlet brook just east of the Taconic State Parkway. After crossing underneath, it parallels the parkway south on its west side, then turns west again and makes a northward bend around another hill to once again parallel County Route 9, now Beekman Road, for a short distance, then follows the hill's base to the south. From here it meanders under the Metro-North Beacon Line south of Hopewell Junction where it receives Whortlekill Creek. It passes the Hopewell Recreation Center and then flows under NY 376.
It parallels another state road, NY 82, through a wooded, undeveloped area for several miles to where it receives its longest tributary, Sprout Creek, at the Fishkill town line. It widens into a series of large pools south of Brinckerhoff, at the foot of Honness Mountain where NY 52 crosses.
From here it flows more to the west-southwest, a wide stream paralleling Route 52 and the Beacon Line. It crosses under US 9 in a developed area just south of the village of Fishkill. It then turns to the southwest again and receives Clove Creek, a tributary that rises in Fahnestock State Park to the south and drains the Putnam County portion of the Fishkill watershed, just before it flows under Interstate 84.
Beyond the interstate it continues southwest alongside the base of the northern slopes of Fishkill Ridge, the northernmost end of the Hudson Highlands. It detours slightly to the north near Glenham and then resumes its southwesterly course as it flows into the city of Beacon, where it passes through the eastern section of the city in a narrow valley with the Beacon Line running along its shore. There are many rapids and waterfalls as it descends more sharply to the Hudson. Here it receives its last tributary, Dry Brook, which drains Beacon Reservoir on the ridgetop.
South of the Wolcott Avenue (NY 9D) bridge, the shores become wooded again as it flows over Tioronda Dam and under the remains of Tioronda Bridge. Below here the creek's estuary opens up, and after being split by a small island it flows under a causeway carrying Metro-North's Hudson Line and empties into the Hudson south of Denning Point.
Watershed
Fishkill Creek's watershed is the second largest in Dutchess County after Wappinger Creek to the north. It includes almost the entire towns of Beekman and Union Vale, large portions of East Fishkill and Fishkill, sections of LaGrange and Wappinger and small areas in Pleasant Valley and Washington. The Whaley Lake basin, which also includes Little Whaley and Nuclear lakes, is in Pawling. In Putnam County the largest town represented is Philipstown, whose northwestern section (the Clove Creek watershed) drains into the Fishkill. A small portion is in Kent, with an even smaller portion in Putnam Valley marking the watershed's southernmost point.
To the north is the Wappinger Creek watershed. The Ten Mile River basin, the only portion of New York that drains into the Housatonic River, is to the east. On the southeast are the headwaters of the Croton River, an important part of New York City's water supply, with smaller tributaries of the Hudson like Melzingah Brook and Surprise Brook rising on the southeast.
The creek's valley is mostly low-lying level land, with the exception of the area above its headwaters in Union Vale. Most of its descent takes place either in its uppermost 10 miles (16 km), above Poughquag, or its lowermost 5 miles (8 km), below the village of Fishkill, both stretches of which account for each of its total drop. The average elevation within the watershed is above sea level. To the south and east are hiller regions of the Taconic Mountains, part of the Highlands Province physiographic region of the Appalachian Mountains. The highest point in the Fishkill's watershed is South Beacon Mountain, also the highest peak of the Hudson Highlands, a few miles from the creek's estuary, which is almost at sea level. In Union Vale, near the creek's source, Clove Mountain rises to .
There are of tributaries within the watershed. The longest is Sprout Creek, which flows south from Millbrook to Hopewell Junction. Within the watershed, there are also around of ponds or lakes. The largest of these is Whaley Lake, at also the largest lake in the county. The next-largest lake in the watershed, Sylvan Lake, is the county's deepest.
Water bodies and wetlands cover about 9.8% of the total watershed area. Forests cover 50%, the largest land use category in it. Most are concentrated in the northern, eastern and southern extremes. Residential and agricultural uses account for 21% and 10% respectively. Residential use is heaviest along the lower Sprout Creek and the lower section of Fishkill Creek from Fishkill to Beacon. Agricultural use is most common on the fringes of the more developed areas near the streams.
There are many parks and protected areas within the watershed. The largest is Clarence Fahnestock State Park in Putnam County; however only a portion of that park is within the Fishkill Creek basin. The largest protected area entirely within the watershed is the Sharpe Reservation straddling the county line. The Fishkill Ridge Conservation Area, on that mountain, is the largest within the area open to the public. Publicly protected areas in the watershed include James Baird State Park off the Taconic Parkway and the Taconic-Hereford Multiple Use Area nearby. Union Vale's Tymor Park near the creek's source is the largest local park. The Innisfree Garden landscape in Pleasant Valley, near the north end of the watershed, is irrigated with water pumped from Tyrrell Lake. In addition, of the Appalachian Trail runs along the southern fringe of the watershed, much of it on other protected lands or corridor owned by the National Park Service.
Of the municipalities predominantly within the watershed, East Fishkill is the most populous, with more than 25,000 residents as of the 2000 census. The town and village of Fishkill are the next largest with almost 22,000. Beacon, the third-most populous community in the watershed at almost 14,000, has the highest population density in the watershed with 2,892 people per square mile.
Climate
Based on weather reports from the Institute of Ecosystem Studies (IES) near Millbrook and Dutchess County Airport in Wappinger, both just outside it to the north and west respectively, the watershed has the humid continental climate typical of much of the Northeast. Temperatures tend to vary considerably over the year, with periods of unusual extremes of heat or cold possible.
The average annual temperature recorded over a 30-year period at the airport is . Monthly means range from in January to in July. Average annual precipitation is , with minimum monthly means varying from in February to in May. An average of of snow falls in the watershed each year, with January's snowfall being the highest monthly mean. There are 6,267 annual heating degree days and 645 cooling degree days.
IES has measured precipitation acidity in the area since 1984. Rainfall in the area has an average pH of 4.27, with averages falling to 4.00 in July but rising to 4.54 in November. This means the rain in Dutchess County and the watershed is ten times more acidic than the natural 5.2 reading for precipitation.
River modifications
There are 13 dams along the creek. Five are located in Beacon, most built to serve past industry there (one is still used for hydroelectric power generation. The highest, near the city's downtown section, is tall.
Three are in Beekman and two are in Fishkill, the latter built by Texaco for a research facility it ran in the area from 1931 to 2003. The dams along the upper Fishkill impound the stream into old mill ponds, such as Furnace Pond in Tymor Park, just above the site of an old iron smelter, giving the pond its name. The dams prevent the upstream movement of fish at all stages of the creek.
The oldest extant bridge over the creek is Tioronda Bridge, just above its estuary in Beacon. It was an iron bowstring truss bridge built shortly after the Civil War that carried South Avenue across the Fishkill.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, but it had deteriorated so much that by the end of the 20th century it had been closed even to pedestrians. In 2006 the city dismantled it, preserving the bowstring trusses for possible reuse on a rebuilt bridge. The abutments remain in the stream, carrying some utility pipes only.
Wildlife
The creek and its watershed support a great diversity of species. As a fishery, it is stocked with brown trout, and has a significant brook trout population as well. The estuary supports a largemouth and smallmouth bass population.
Some plant and animal species found near the creek and in its watershed are on the state list of endangered or threatened species. The former include the bog turtle, wild hydrangea and live-forever. Threatened species in the creek and watershed include the bald eagle, Blanding's turtle, least bittern, pied-billed grebe, stiff-leaf goldenrod, swamp cottonwood and blazing star. Several salamander and turtle species are also species of concern. Eurasian watermilfoil, an invasive species, has been seen in some areas.
Geology
The creek flows through two distinct geological regions within the Highlands: the Mid-Hudson Valley and the Hudson Highlands. Both have different types of bedrock, impacting the nature of the stream and allowing for differences in aquifer development.
The Mid-Hudson Valley region underlying most of Fishkill Creek consists of sedimentary rocks such as shales, sandstones, siltstones and dolomitic limestones that formed during the Cambrian and Ordovician periods of the Paleozoic Era, roughly 450–540 million years ago. These rocks become modified into metamorphic equivalents as a result of the formation of the Appalachian Mountains, which left large thrust faults in the area, the further east one gets from the Hudson. Shales become schists, limestones become marbles, and sandstone become quartzites in the eastern regions of Dutchess County. These rocks create better aquifers than their sedimentary counterparts.
In the Hudson Highlands, the stream's bedrock is primarily metamorphic gneiss, with some granite and amphibolite. These are older rocks, formed in high temperatures and pressures more than a billion years ago in the Pre-Cambrian. These generally make poor aquifers, although individual houses can use one if they overlie a fault where groundwater collects.
History
The Iroquois tribes of the area called the stream Tioronda: "Little stream that flows into big water". Dutch settlers called it Vis Kill (Dutch for "fish creek") for the abundant fish in the stream. When control of the area passed to the English, it was Anglicized to Fishkill Creek (the addition of "Creek" creates a bilingual tautology, as kill is the Dutch word for creek, though this is not common knowledge to English speakers).
In the late 17th century, two New York City merchants, Francis Rombout and Gulian Verplanck, bought , most of it in the creek's watershed, from the local Indians. Verplanck died before the transaction could be finished, and with his share divided among his heirs the land became known as the Rombout Patent. In 1709 his daughter Catheryna and her husband Roger Brett became the first European settlers in the Fishkill valley. She administered the subdivision and sale of the patent lands from her house, which still stands near downtown Beacon, the oldest continuously occupied house in Dutchess County. They also built the first mill on the creek in 1717.
The upper Fishkill was settled around the same time. Henry Beekman, after boundary disputes with the Rombout patentees were resolved in their favor, obtained a crown grant of his own in 1703 for the lands now in the towns of Beekman and Union Vale. In 1710 the first settlers put down roots. One of them, six years later, was Zacharias Flagler, ancestor of Henry Morrison Flagler.
During the Revolutionary War, the Fishkill south of the village of Fishkill was a key location for the Continental Army. Troops were on continuous alert should the British Army try to push up through the Highlands to the south and retake the Hudson Valley, a move that could have cut the colonies in half. At the junction of two major overland routes, it was also the site of a key supply depot, and a large encampment of soldiers was located on on the south of the creek, about where the interchange of Interstate 84 and US 9 is located now. George Washington passed through the area frequently. In 2009 the graves of as many as 700 soldiers were discovered at the site.
As industrialization began in the 19th century, factories joined the mills in tapping the Fishkill for waterpower. They also discharged their wastes into the stream. In 1853 businessmen in Matteawan, now part of Beacon, dammed Whaley Lake to control water levels downstream, expanding the lake to its present size.
In the early 20th century the watershed was among the many considered by a state commission for an expansion of the New York City water supply system, which was being strained by the city's rapid growth. The commission postulated that a reservoir near Stormville could be built for a cost of $17.4 million ($ in contemporary dollars) and provide storage capacity of . The Fishkill had the advantage of being immediately to the north of the Croton River watershed in Putnam and Westchester counties already tapped by the city, so it would not be necessary to build a long aqueduct to bring water to the city from the new reservoir.
"[I]ts waters can be secured more quickly than those of any other supply of equal amount" in the state, the commission wrote in its 1904 report. The city ultimately decided not to use the Fishkill and instead acquired the land to build Ashokan Reservoir on Esopus Creek in Ulster County, across the Hudson.
In the later 20th century, after the industrial use of the lower watershed had declined somewhat, the area saw explosive population growth. Former farmlands were redeveloped as residential subdivisions, and southeastern Dutchess County became an exurban area of New York City. This increased runoff and other discharges into the stream.
Conservation
The main stem of the Fishkill is not used as a water supply, although some of its tributaries are, such as Beacon's Dry Brook, impounded by the city for Beacon Reservoir. Nor is it navigable due to its many dams. It has nevertheless been a focus of local conservation efforts both as a local scenic and recreational resource and as an indicator of the health of the aquifers around it.
In 1975, just as development of the lower watershed was beginning to accelerate, the United States Geological Survey closed the Hopewell Junction stream gauge. The Beacon stream gauge had already been shut down in 1967. There has thus been no consistent data on streamflow, a frequent measure of development's impact on a stream, since then. At the time of their respective closures, the Beacon station showed a slow decline in discharge, while the Hopewell Junction station showed an increase. A 1992 study predicted that if current demographic and hydrologic trends continue both the Fishkill and Sprout could expect to have an annual weeklong dry period by 2035.
Recent biological and chemical testing indicates water quality has been improving in the upper watershed (above the village of Fishkill) but remains low below it, particularly in the creek within the city of Beacon, with an improvement just above the estuary. There are 25 State Pollution Discharge Elimination System (SPDES) permits issued by the state Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) within the watershed, four of which are on the Fishkill itself. A further 64 permits have been issued for groundwater discharge.
The largest facilities to have SPDES permits on the Fishkill itself are the former Texaco facility at Glenham, between Beacon and the village of Fishkill, and Green Haven. Chevron, which took over the former from Texaco, closed it in 2003. The Environmental Protection Agency has been monitoring cleanup efforts of the volatile organic compounds at the site and considers them to be progressing according to schedule.
An ongoing concern is the IBM facility in East Fishkill, which dumps its wastewater into Gildersleeves Brook, a tributary of Wiccopee Creek. In 2002, the company introduced a new method of chip manufacture on 300 mm silicon wafers. Within four years the plant had become the state's top water polluter by pounds of pollutants in the the plant releases into the creek every day, as production expanded due to demand for the chips, which power the PlayStation 3 video game console, primarily copper, lead and nitrates. In 2004 the company settled a suit brought by local residents who argued that a contractor's dumping of perchloroethylene had led to an increase in cancer and other diseases. Researchers have so far been unable to determine if some phenomena reported downstream, such as increased lead levels in crustaceans, are the result of the IBM discharges.
In 2005 the Fishkill Creek Watershed Committee, in partnership with the Dutchess County Environmental Management Council, inventoried the natural resources of the stream and watershed to produce a management plan. It focused on protecting groundwater, which many residents surveyed had expressed the greatest level of concern about. Recommendations made were to expand and maintain riparian buffer along the stream while protecting it against encroaching land use, and to find a way to balance groundwater withdrawals and discharges. It also called for research into alternatives to the use of impervious surfaces, such as asphalt, which increased runoff at the expense of groundwater.
Lists
Bridges
Communities
City of Beacon
Town of Fishkill
Glenham
Village of Fishkill
Brinckerhoff
Town of East Fishkill
Hopewell Junction
Stormville
Town of Beekman
Poughquag
Town of Union Vale
Dams
Tioronda Dam
Wolcott Avenue Dam
New York Rubber Company Dam
Braendly Fishkill Dam
Glenham Dam
Texaco Dam
Sydeman Dam
Greenburg Henderson Dam
McKinney Dam
Furnace Pond Dam
Pray Pond Dam
There are also two unnamed dams in the town of Beekman.
Tributaries
Left
Dry Brook
Clove Creek
Wiccopee Creek
Whaley Stream
Right
Sprout Creek
Whortlekill Creek
See also
List of rivers of New York
References
External links
Fishkill Creek Watershed Committee
Rivers of New York (state)
Tributaries of the Hudson River
Rivers of Dutchess County, New York
Rivers of Putnam County, New York |
5381363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%20Carlqvist | Per Carlqvist | Per Carlqvist (born 25 July 1938 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish plasma physicist with an interest in astrophysical applications. In 1963, he received the degree of civilingenjör from the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, in 1970 the Tekn. lic., and in 1980 the Tekn. D.
He is currently affiliated with the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, at the School of Electrical Engineering in the department of Space & Plasma Physics.
He is the author of several papers on astrophysical plasmas, from the formation of stars, double layers, the Bennett Pinch, to interstellar helical filaments.
The Carlqvist Relation
Carlqvist lends his name to the "Carlqvist Relation", a formula used in plasma physics to describe how an electrically conducting plasma filament is compressed by magnetic forces to form a "plasma pinch". Carlqvist noted that by using his relation, and a derivative, it is possible to describe the Bennett pinch, the Jeans criterion (for gravitational instability, in one and two dimensions), force-free magnetic fields, gravitationally balanced magnetic pressures, and continuous transitions between these states.
Notes
External links
Articles on NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) by Per Carlqvist
All articles | With Abstracts | With Full text
1938 births
Swedish physicists
KTH Royal Institute of Technology faculty
Living people |
4044008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnitger%20organ%20%28Hamburg%29 | Schnitger organ (Hamburg) | The organ of the St. Jacobi Church (St. James' Church) in Hamburg, was built from 1689 to 1693 by the most renowned organ builder of his time, Arp Schnitger. The organ boasts four manuals and pedal with 60 stops, 15 of which are reeds – and has approximately 4000 sounding pipes. All in all, from the organ's original installation and its condition today (despite the partial destruction during World War II) not much of its conception has changed. The old pipework and the prospect pipes have been preserved in almost original format. It is the largest organ in existence from before 1700 and is one of the most eminent Baroque instruments that have been preserved.
Building history
Preceding instruments
It is not yet documented when the very first organ at St. Jacobi was built. Nevertheless, it can be attested to that there was a certain organist at St. Jacobi named "Meister Rudolf" around 1300. It is known that from 1512 – 1516 a two-manual instrument was built by Jacob Iversand and Harmen Stüven. A Rückpositiv (positive organ division) was added before 1543. Further refurbishments followed in the 16th and 17th centuries by several builders. Among them were Jacob Scherer (from 1551), his son-in-law Dirk Hoyer (1577–1578) who built a new Rückpositiv and two new pedal towers; also Hans Bockelmann (1588–1589) and Hans Scherer the Elder (1588–1592) who provided a new Oberwerk (upper division). Scherer's sons Hans and Fritz refurbished the organ in 1606/7. At the end of the 16th century, musician Hieronymus Praetorius thus ended up having one of the most impressive and large instruments in the country at his disposal. The earlier disposition of 1592 with 53 stops and 3 manuals is provided by Michael Praetorius in his treatise, Syntagma Musicum:
Disposition of 1592
Annotations
Between 1635 and 1636, Gottfried Fritzsche greatly expanded the instrument from its previous Renaissance keyboard range. It was enlarged to span four octaves and four manuals. Ulrich Cernitz, St. Jacobi organist of the time (who had studied with Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck) reported extensively on these expansions which led to the instrument having more than 56 registers. Renovations were also made by his son, Hans Christoph Fritzsche, in 1655.
New build by Schnitger in 1693
Arp Schnitger used the existing instrument and kept 27 of the stops (including some of the oldest pipes of the original 1516 organ) for his project. Schnitger built the rest of the stops himself. He then expanded the four-manual instrument to 60 stops. Despite the advice of one of the most prominent organists at the church of St. Katharinen in Hamburg, Johann Adam Reincken, Schnitger installed both a Principal 32' and Posaune 32' into the pedal. This brought a tremendous prestige factor to the instrument. The total costs for this project was 29.108 Marks. The different divisions have the following (German) names: Werck (Hauptwerk), Rückpositiv, Oberpositiv, Brustpositiv and Pedal. The prospect of the Schnitger organ in St. Jacobi is the largest existing example of the so-called "Hamburg Prospects": those having many-tiered divisional structures that was developed by the organ builder family Scherer in Hamburg around 1600. Typical for these fronts are the symmetrical case with the large pedal towers at each side and the staggered arrangement of the manual divisions, although the Oberpositiv did not appear in these frontal prospects. Instead, it was located in a higher position behind the Great (having no back panel). The directness of the sound is in part created by the wide downward shaping arches of the building. These create excellent acoustics. The figures on the prospect were cut by Christian Precht and belong to his latest known works.
In 1720, Johann Sebastian Bach applied for the position of organist at St. Jacobi. However Bach, despite being a famed organist, did not get the position. Instead it was awarded to Johann Joachim Heitmann, who was able to pay the required high sum of 4000 Mark into the church fund and also marrying the pastor's daughter.
In the records of Johann Mattheson we find part of a rather severe sermon by the pastor of St. Jacobi at the time, Erdmann Neumeister: "He believed with certainty that – if one of the angels were to descend from heaven and, wanting to become an organist of St. Jacobi, played divinely – but if this angel from Bethlehem had no money, they would simply have to fly away again."
It is confirmed that Bach also played the organ in the neighbouring church of St. Katharinen. Apparently the condition of the St. Jacobi instrument was (temporarily) not very good. He therefore left before playing the official audition for the post.
The disposition of 1721 was notated by organbuilder Otto Diedrich Richborn:
Disposition of 1721
2 tremulants
Zimbelstern, Trommel
5 stop valves, 1 main valve
Later work
In 1722 Otto Diedrich Richborn made a small change in the organ's disposition. Later, in 1761, organ builder Johann Jacob Lehnert from Hamburg also slightly changed the disposition. From 1774 to 1775, Johann Paul Geycke renewed the console. Further renovations were carried out in 1790 by Johann Daniel Kahl; then once again in 1836 and 1846 by Johann Gottlieb Wolfsteller. In 1866, new wind channels and compensatory bellows were built. Jürgen Marcussen made a further disposition change by installing an additional pneumatic system with five registers in 1890.
Restorations
In 1917 there was a serious invasion of the tonal quality of the instrument. This happened when the tin prospect pipes had to be taken down and handed over to the army administration's metal collection during the First World War. After World War I, Hans Henny Jahnn and Gottlieb Harms discovered and realized the value of this instrument. They advocated for the repair and replacement of the missing front pipes. Substantial funds were raised for this purpose with a series of benefit concerts (called Ugrino concerts) in 1922. Jahnn managed to secure Günther Ramin, organist of the Leipzig Thomaskirche, for these concerts. Ramin brought back compositions of Hamburg organists of the 17th century alongside works of Buxtehude and Bach to the concert space for the first time in a long while. At the organ convention, initiated by Jahnn in Hamburg and Lübeck in July 1925, the Schnitger organ in St. Jacobi became a great focus of interest in the organ scene of Northern Europe. It became known as a model instrument for Baroque and pre-Baroque organ music.
Because the wind chests, pipework and carvings were removed in 1942, this prevented these sound-producing parts of the organ from being destroyed in World War II. When the church completely burned down, Schnitger's case, the bellow enclosure and the console of 1774 were lost. The southern nave was only slightly destroyed, and after its restoration in 1950 the Lübeck organ workshop Kemper made a provisional installation. Kemper had already carried out the restoration work of previous decades under the direction of and cooperation with Hans Henny Jahnn.
Another step along the way towards restoration was at the old site in the west of the main nave, completed in 1961. It included a new case for the old divisions, a new console with carved heads for register knobs (1950), an extension of the keyboard ranges with the necessary technical adjustments and an extremely stiff action by Kemper.
This effort resulted in a sound that was phonetically uneven, and an action that was unsatisfactory. The use of different wind pressures in the manual divisions and the pedal did not correspond to historical building practice. The pipework had been shortened in different ways during the course of the 19th and 20th centuries to emulate modern pitch. Many pipes on the wind chests became displaced. The sound of the principal choir was too similar to that of the flutes. The reeds had no stability. Furthermore, the proportions of the case were incorrect, because the keyboard extensions led to many additional large pipes that had to be considered. Despite all this, the sound quality of the instrument was still recognizable and continued to fascinate listeners.
The push for a fundamental restoration of the organ came from St. Jacobi organist Rudolf Kelber in 1982. He wanted to get rid of all the technical defects and problems in sound quality. A consensus was reached to restore it to the old state i.e. that of the Jacobi organ as it was in the late 18th century, with all its surviving components. These included the registers by Johann Jacob Lehnert from the year 1761 (the Viola di Gamba 8 'in the Werck and the Trommet 8' in the Rückpositiv). No attempt was made to reconstruct the console from 1774. Instead it made more sense to return to the concept of Schnitger, with the short octave in the manual keyboards. This was done according to the model of the Schnitger console received from the Lübeck Dom organ. The recovery of the original case proportions with original Schnitger wind chest dimensions was essential. A compromise here was the addition of the note D sharp (or E flat) in the bass octave of the pedal. This was placed on an auxiliary chest outside the case. The wind supply was set up with six wedge bellows located in the upper area of the tower space, behind the organ.
Jürgen Ahrend, regarded as a connoisseur of Schnitger organs (and who had all the resources needed for this project in his workshop) was commissioned for this project. The materials included a provision of wood that had been stored up for decades. Three hundred years after the completion of the organ built by Arp Schnitger, the restored instrument was inaugurated in 1993. Cornelius H. Edskes, the leading Dutch organologist and Schnitger specialist, made sure the restoration was done as fundamentally secure as possible by creating the meticulous documentation needed. The result was a collection of more than 60,000 pieces of data.
The discussion regarding the tuning of the organ led to the decision for modified mean tone temperament. It is a compromise between the standard pure thirds of the mean tone tuning and the requirements for playing organ literature from the 17th and 18th centuries in keys that contain multiple sharps/ flats. The discovery of the mean tone temperament was read off of the pipe lengths of the inner pipes of the Principal 32' in the pedal.
The Schnitger organ in Hamburg's main church of St. Jacobi has become one of the most influential models for organ building in the last 100 years.
Disposition
Today's disposition dates back to the restoration of 1993, which in effect restored the state of 1762.
Couplers: IV/II, II/III
Two tremulants
Zimbelstern
Trommel (Drum)
Sch = Scherer (16th/17th century)
F = Gottfried Fritzsche (1636)
S = Arp Schnitger (1693)
L = Johann Jakob Lehnert (1761)
A = Jürgen Ahrend (1993)
Technical data
60 stops, about 4000 pipes
Wind supply:
12 wind chests (Schnitger)
One main valve, five stop valves (Ahrend)
6 wedge bellows (Ahrend)
Wind pressure: 80 mm
Tuning:
Pitch: a1 = 495.45 Hz at 18 degrees Celsius
Modified meantone (−1/5 syntonic comma)
Bibliography
Cornelius H. Edskes, Harald Vogel, translated by Joel Speerstra (2016): Arp Schnitger and His Work. Bremen: Edition Falkenberg. , pp. 66–69, 178–179.
Cornelius H. Edskes (1996): Über die Stimmtonhöhe und Temperatur der Arp-Schnitger-Orgel von St. Jacobi in Hamburg. In: Hans Davidsson (ed.): Cornelius H. Edskes doctor honoris causa. Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet, Depart. of Musicology. , .
Gustav Fock (1974): Arp Schnitger und seine Schule. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Orgelbaues im Nord- und Ostseeküstengebiet. Kassel: Bärenreiter. , pp. 240–241.
Ibo Ortgies (2007): Die Praxis der Orgelstimmung in Norddeutschland im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert und ihr Verhältnis zur zeitgenössischen Musikpraxis. Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet (gbv.de online).
Heimo Reinitzer (ed.) (1995): Die Arp-Schnitger-Orgel der Hauptkirche St. Jacobi in Hamburg. Hamburg: Christians. .
References
External links
St James' Church
Arp Schnitger Organ Database
Page of NOMINE
Page of Hans-Werner Coordes
www.arpschnitger.nl Link to the specification and history of the organ
Discography of Arp Schnitger organs
Culture in Hamburg
Individual pipe organs |
5381367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn%20Antoski | Shawn Antoski | Shawn Antoski (born March 25, 1970) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger who played eight seasons in the National Hockey League in the 1990s.
Shawn Antoski has two sons.
Playing career
Antoski played minor hockey for the Don Mills Flyers Midgets of the MTHL in 1986-87 and was drafted in the fourth round (59th overall) of the 1987 OHL priority selection.
Antoski played his junior hockey in the Ontario Hockey League with the North Bay Centennials, and was selected by the Vancouver Canucks in the first round (18th overall) of the 1990 NHL Entry Draft, just ahead of future superstars Keith Tkachuk and Martin Brodeur.
Although his role was primarily that of an enforcer, Antoski was noted for his skating ability, which was exceptional for a player of his size. While his offensive ability was very limited, his speed and size made him a fearsome forechecker and a heavy bodychecker. He was also an able fighter.
Antoski turned professional in 1990 and was assigned to the Milwaukee Admirals, Vancouver's IHL farm team. He spent most of the next three season toiling in minor pro, although he received a brief callup each year, playing in a total of eight NHL games. He finally established himself as an NHL regular in the 1993–94, appearing in 55 games for the Canucks and recording three points and 190 penalty minutes. The highlight of his career came in that year's playoffs, as Vancouver reached the Stanley Cup finals. Playing on a gritty fourth line with Tim Hunter and John McIntyre, Antoski was a physical catalyst for the team and played probably the best hockey of his career.
Early in the 1994–95 season, Antoski was dealt to the Philadelphia Flyers for Josef Beranek, and again participated in a lengthy playoff run as Philadelphia reached the conference finals. In 1995–96, he set career highs by appearing in 64 games and recording 204 PIM, and scored his first career playoff goal.
Antoski signed as a free agent with the Pittsburgh Penguins for the 1996–97 season, but only appeared in 13 games for the Penguins before being dealt to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, and only appeared in two games for the Mighty Ducks before his season was ended due to injury. He returned to the Ducks the following season, but on November 24, 1997, he was involved in a serious car accident which left him with a compressed skull fracture. While he recovered fully, it marked the end of his hockey career.
Antoski appeared in 183 NHL games, recording three goals and eight points, along with 599 PIM. He also suited up for 36 playoff games, recording four points and 74 PIM.
His younger brother Shayne, at 6' 4 200 lbs, was a teammate in North Bay, and also went on to a brief pro career, playing two seasons in the ECHL.
Shawn resides in the rural community of Madoc, Ontario, and is the president of the Belleville Minor Hockey Association.
Career statistics
Fights
One of Antoski's most famous fights was on January 5, 1992, when he took on Steve Martinson during a Milwaukee Admirals-San Diego Gulls game. Martinson and Antoski went to the penalty box, then started yelling at each other until Martinson launched his water bottle at Antoski. Antoski climbed over the glass into Martinson's penalty box and proceeded to pummel him until referees could break up the fight.
Transactions
On June 16, 1990, the Vancouver Canucks selected Shawn Antoski in the first round (No. 18 overall) of the 1990 NHL draft.
On February 15, 1995, the Vancouver Canucks traded Shawn Antoski to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Josef Beranek.
On July 31, 1996, the Pittsburgh Penguins signed free agent Shawn Antoski.
On November 19, 1996, the Pittsburgh Penguins traded Shawn Antoski and Dmitri Mironov to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in exchange for Alex Hicks and Fredrik Olausson.
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Hamilton Canucks players
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim players
Milwaukee Admirals (IHL) players
National Hockey League first round draft picks
North Bay Centennials players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Vancouver Canucks draft picks
Vancouver Canucks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Brantford |
5381375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton%20Trail | Carlton Trail | The Carlton Trail was the primary land transportation route in the Canadian Northwest for most of the 19th century, connecting Fort Carlton to Edmonton along a line of intermediate places. It was part of a trail network that stretched from the Red River Colony through Fort Ellice and today's Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. From there the trail ran north and crossed the South Saskatchewan River near Batoche, Saskatchewan and reached Fort Carlton on the North Saskatchewan River. From there, it ran west along the northside of the river to Fort Edmonton at what is now Edmonton, Alberta. The distance in total the trail traveled between Fort Garry (Winnipeg) to Upper Fort des Prairies (Edmonton) was approximately . Many smaller trails jutted off from the main trail, such as the Fort à la Corne Trail in the Saskatchewan Valley.
Connecting the west, the trail was of great importance during the 19th century as a highway for the inhabitants. Different sections of the trail were known by many different names in different eras, including The Company, Saskatchewan, Fort Ellice Trail, Winnipeg Trail, Edmonton Trail, and Victoria Trail. It is said that if one were to travel the Carlton Trail by Red River Ox Cart it would take about two months.
The main mode of transport along the trail was by horse-drawn Red River Cart. It was an integral route for Métis freighters, and Hudson's Bay Company employees as well as the earliest white settlers. With the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the late 1880s across the southern Prairies, and the numerous branch lines that followed, such as the Calgary and Edmonton Railway, the trail decreased in importance. By the early 1900s many portions of its length had been fenced off where it bisected plots of agricultural land, but sections of the trail, such as Victoria Trail in Edmonton and a length near Victoria Settlement, remain in use to this day.
The use of the trail was designated an Event of National Historic Significance in 1972.
See also
Carlton Trail Regional Park
Transportation in Saskatchewan
Red River cart
Red River Trails
References
External links
Carlton Trail
MHS Transactions: The Red River Cart and Trails: The Fur Trade
Fort Garry-Fort Edmonton Trail Commemorated as National Historic Site
A Line Through the Wilderness
Canadian folklore
Historic trails and roads in Alberta
Historic trails and roads in Saskatchewan
Historic trails and roads in Manitoba
Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Fort Qu'Appelle |
5381394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasta%20travel%20trailers | Shasta travel trailers | Shasta travel trailers were recreational vehicles originally built between 1941 and 2004. Founded by industry pioneer Robert Gray, the firm was originally situated in a small factory in Los Angeles, California to provide housing for members of the US Armed Forces. With the growth in sales over the following 30 years, the "home" factory in L.A. moved to three steadily larger facilities in Southern California, in addition to six other factories established across the country to better serve the regional markets. At the time of its purchase by the W.R. Grace Company in 1972, Shasta was the largest seller of recreational vehicles in the United States (also including motorhomes in its inventory). Coachmen Industries, Inc. bought the firm from Grace in 1976.
The high quality and low price of Shastas made them a favorite with campers all over the United States.
The "wings" on the rear sides were a visible identifier in the 1960s and beyond. The name was sold to Coachmen Industries. Coachmen marketed Shasta branded travel trailers until 2004. Only vintage trailers were available until 2008 when the brand was reintroduced complete with its identifying wings. The new trailers have updated art deco interiors and are all electric. Their features include stainless steel microwaves, stainless steel sinks and mini blinds, hot plate cooktops, wet baths and entertainment features - including a 19" LCD television.
In 2010, Shasta RV re-emerged as a division of Forest River Inc. In March 2012, Mark Lucas became the president and general manager of Shasta RV. The company has grown to include a sales office, multiple production facilities and a finished goods staging area.
In 2015, Lucas introduced the 1961 Airflyte re-issue with production limited to 1,941 units, honoring the company's first year in business. Re-issues were available in 16-foot and 19-foot floorplans and in three two-tone colors: Matador Red, Seafoam Green and Butternut Yellow, all with Polo White. These models included the signature "Z" stripe and the iconic wings. However, Shasta ended up recalling 1,736 of the re-issued Trailers for window and tire issues.
Shasta RV currently builds the Oasis, Revere and Flyte lines of travel trailers and the Phoenix line of fifth wheel travel trailers.
References
External links
VintageShasta.net
Official Website
Caravan and travel trailer manufacturers
Companies based in Elkhart County, Indiana |
4044009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Beauchamp%2C%20Countess%20of%20Shrewsbury | Margaret Beauchamp, Countess of Shrewsbury | Margaret Beauchamp (1404 – 14 June 1467) was the eldest daughter of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick and his first wife Elizabeth de Berkeley. As the eldest child of a family without male issue, Margaret was expected to inherit from her father until her stepmother Isabel le Despenser gave him a son.
Ancestry
She was the granddaughter and heir-general of Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley; however, the Barony and castle of Berkeley had passed to his nephew James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley on his death in 1417. These lands were also claimed by her mother, to whom she and her two sisters were coheirs.
Her paternal grandfather was Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, who fought for John of Gaunt in Spain and imprisoned in the Tower of London by Richard II and pardoned by Henry IV. However he died 3 years before Margaret was born.
Marriage
On 6 September 1425 she had married John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury; he and her two brothers-in-law, the Duke of Somerset and the Baron Latimer, vigorously maintained the claim to the Berkeley lands. However, Latimer's claim was possessed by his brother, the Earl of Salisbury, as Latimer had been declared insane.
By Talbot, she had five children:
John Talbot, 1st Viscount Lisle (1426 – 17 July 1453)
Sir Louis Talbot (c. 1429)
Sir Humphrey Talbot (before 1434 – c. 1492)
Lady Eleanor Talbot (c. February/March 1436 – 30 June 1468), married to Sir Thomas Butler and alleged mistress to King Edward IV.
Lady Elizabeth Talbot (c. December 1442/January 1443 – 6 November 1506/10 May 1507), married to John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk.
Lord and Lady Talbot were distantly related to each other, having a shared ancestor in King Edward I and both being descendants of the houses of Clare and Despenser. She received the title of Countess of Clermont through the bravery of her husband during the wars with France.
Wars of the Roses
During the troubled years of the Wars of the Roses, the dispute frequently passed from litigation to actual violence.
Lord Berkeley sacked Margaret's manor at Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, in return for which her son, the Viscount Lisle, stormed Berkeley Castle (1452) and took him prisoner.
Margaret also succeeded in having Lord Berkeley's wife, Lady Isabel Mowbray, committed to prison, where she died that year.
Litigation from her deathbed
Lord Berkeley married Lady Joan Talbot, Margaret's stepdaughter, in 1457, temporarily quelling the feud. It broke out again in 1463, when William Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley, acceded. Litigation continued, and on her death in 1467, she left her claims to her grandson Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle. She was buried in St Faith under St Paul's at London.
Ancestry
Notes
References
Camden, William. "Of the Antiquity of Epitaphs in England." A Collection of Curious Discourses. Vol. 1, Ed. Thomas Hearne, Benjamin White, at Horace's Head, London, 1775.
External links
Margaret Beauchamp
1404 births
1467 deaths
15th-century English women
15th-century English people
Shrewsbury
Daughters of British earls
Margaret |
4044014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CipSoft | CipSoft | CipSoft GmbH is a German video game developer based in Regensburg. Founded in 2001, it is the developer of Tibia. As of April 2021, the company employs 95 people.
History
CipSoft was founded on 8 June 2001 by Guido Lübke, Stephan Payer, Ulrich Schlott, and Stephan Vogler. The four had developed the game Tibia during their time at university and released it in 1997. After completing their studies, they founded CipSoft to continue the development of the game.
Games
Tibia
Tibia is one of the first online role-playing games (MMORPG) ever created. It is the main product of CipSoft GmbH. On the islands of Tibia players discover a fantastic 2D world where they can go on virtual adventures. The main intention of the game is for the player to develop the character and to prove oneself as a knight, paladin, sorcerer or druid. The fact that Tibia is still based on 2D has never influenced the growth of the number of players. In 2008, Tibia was seen as one of the "8 best MMORPGs for Linux"
TibiaME
TibiaME is the first online role playing game for mobile phones. The story of TibiaME is inspired by the PC game Tibia. As a knight or a sorcerer, the players develop the skills of their selected characters. By exploring large varieties of areas, they will come upon exciting quests and dangerous dungeons where hundreds of players can set their forces together. Communicating and interacting with other players in a diplomacy is only one attractive aspect of TibiaME. The player can log out at any moment of the game and log in later.
Fiction Fighters
Fiction Fighters was a new product, which became available in 2011, but was discontinued during its beta release due to massive lack of player's staying interest - despite a massive marketing campaign. It was an interactive 3D comic, where players entered a parallel comic universe. The players acted and interacted only in comic strips.
Panzer League
Panzer League is mobile multiplayer online battle arena for tanks. To win the game you have to destroy your opponents and defense systems before blowing up. Matches last 5 to 10 minutes. The game is available for the Android and iOS devices.
References
External links
Companies based in Regensburg
Software companies of Germany
Video game companies established in 2001
Video game companies of Germany |
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