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5381761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20of%20Geierstein | Anne of Geierstein | Anne of Geierstein, or The Maiden of the Mist (1829) is one of the Waverley novels by Sir Walter Scott. It is set in Central Europe, mainly in Switzerland, shortly after the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Tewkesbury (1471). It covers the period of Swiss involvement in the Burgundian Wars, the main action ending with the Burgundian defeat at the Battle of Nancy at the beginning of 1477.
Composition and sources
In May 1823, when Scott had just finished Quentin Durward he expressed his intention to 'try in a continuation' the deaths of Charles of Burgundy & Louis XI. Five years later he began Anne of Geierstein, which ends with Charles's death at the battle of Nancy and Louis in the background picking up the territorial spoils. The novel was written between September 1828 and April 1829.
Scott was able to draw on his historical sources for Quentin Durward, notably the Mémoires of Philippe de Comines. He also made use of modern studies of Switzerland, Provence, and the Secret Tribunal, of the recently published history of the Dukes of Burgundy by Barante, and of manuscript material deriving from continental journeys by his friend James Skene of Rubislaw. For Margaret of Anjou and King René, Scott largely follows the Elizabethan Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Editions
The first edition was published in three volumes in Edinburgh by Cadell and Co. on 20 May 1829, and in London by Simpkin and Marshall on the 25th. The print run was probably 8000 or 8500 and the price was one and a half guineas (£1 11s 6d or £1.57½). Scott revised the text, concentrating on the earlier part of the novel, and provided it with an introduction and notes for the 'Magnum' edition where it appeared as Volumes 44 and 45 in January and February 1833, after his death.
The standard modern critical edition, by J. H. Alexander, was published as Volume 22 of the Edinburgh Edition of the Waverley Novels in 2000: this is based on the first edition; the 'Magnum' material appears in Volume 25b.
Plot introduction
Two exiled Lancastrians are on a secret mission to the court of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, hoping to gain his help in regaining the English crown from the Yorkist Edward IV. The two Englishmen get into difficulties in the Swiss mountains. They meet Countess Anne and her family, who are involved in the politics of the newly independent Swiss Confederation and plan to confront Charles with complaints about his conduct towards the Swiss nation. The two groups decide to travel together. Anne may have inherited magical skills from her grandmother, enabling her to perform feats which defy explanation. The travellers also encounter a shadowy organization known as the Vehmgericht or Secret Tribunal.
Plot summary
As the merchant John Philipson and his son Arthur were travelling towards Basel they were overtaken by a storm, and found themselves at the edge of a precipice caused by a recent earthquake. Arthur was making his way towards a tower indicated by their guide Antonio, when he was rescued from imminent danger by Anne, who conducted him to her uncle Biederman's mountain home. His father had already been brought there to safety by Biederman and his sons. During their evening games Rudolph, who had joined in them, became jealous of the young Englishman's skill with the bow, and challenged him; but they were overheard by Anne, and the duel was interrupted. The travellers were invited to continue their journey in company with a deputation of Switzers, commissioned to remonstrate with Charles the Bold respecting the exactions of Hagenbach; and the magistrates of Basel having declined to let them enter the city, they took shelter in the ruins of a castle. During his share in the night watches, Arthur fancied that he saw an apparition of Anne, and was encouraged in his belief by Rudolph, who narrated her family history, which implied that her ancestors had dealings with supernatural beings. Hoping to prevent a conflict on his account between the Swiss and the duke's steward, the merchant arranged that he and his son should precede them; but on reaching the Burgundian citadel they were imprisoned by the governor in separate dungeons. Arthur, however, was released by Anne with the assistance of a priest, and his father by Biederman, a body of Swiss youths having entered the town and incited the citizens to execute Hagenbach, just as he was intending to slaughter the deputation, whom he had treacherously admitted. A valuable necklace which had been taken from the merchant was restored to him by Sigismund, and the deputies having decided to persist in seeking an interview with the duke, the Englishman undertook to represent their cause favourably to him.
On their way to Charles's headquarters father and son were overtaken by Anne disguised as a lady of rank, and, acting on her whispered advice to Arthur, they continued their journey by different roads. The elder fell in with a mysterious priest who provided him with a guide to the "Golden Fleece," where he was lowered from his bedroom to appear before a meeting of the Vehmic court or holy tribunal, and warned against speaking of their secret powers. The younger was met and conducted by Annette to a castle, where he spent the evening with his lady-love, and travelled with her the next day to rejoin his father at Strassburg. In the cathedral there they met Margaret of Anjou, who recognised Philipson as John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, a faithful adherent of the house of Lancaster, and planned with him an appeal to the duke for aid against the Yorkists. On reaching Charles's camp the earl was welcomed as an old companion in arms, and obtained a promise of the help he sought, on condition that Provence be ceded to Burgundy. Arthur was despatched to Aix-en-Provence to urge Margaret to persuade her father accordingly, while the earl accompanied his host to an interview with his burghers and the Swiss deputies.
King René of Anjou's preference for the society of troubadours and frivolous amusements had driven his daughter to take refuge in a convent. On hearing from Arthur, however, the result of the earl's mission to the duke, she returned to the palace, and had induced her father to sign away his kingdom, when his grandson Ferrand arrived with the news of the rout of the Burgundian army at Neuchâtel, and Arthur learned from his squire, Sigismund, that he had not seen Anne's spectre but herself during his night-watch, and that the priest he had met more than once was her father, the Count Albert of Geierstein. The same evening Queen Margaret died in her chair of state; and all the earl's prospects for England being thwarted, he occupied himself in arranging a treaty between her father and the King of France. He was still in Provence when he was summoned to rouse the duke from a fit of melancholy, caused by the Swiss having again defeated him. After raising fresh troops, Charles decided to wrest Nancy from the young Duke of Lorraine, and during the siege Arthur received another challenge from Rudolph. The rivals met, and, having killed the Bernese, the young Englishman obtained Count Albert's consent to his marriage with Anne, with strict injunctions to warn the duke that the Secret Tribunal had decreed his death. On the same night, the Swiss won their decisive victory at Nancy, establishing their independence. Charles was slain in the battle, his naked and disfigured body only discovered some days afterward frozen into the nearby river. His face had been so badly mutilated by wild animals that his physician was only able to identify him by his long fingernails and the old battle scars on his body. Being still an exile, the earl accepted the patriot Biederman's invitation to reside with his countess at Geierstein, until the battle of Bosworth placed Henry VII on the throne, when Arthur and his wife attracted as much admiration at the English Court as they had gained among their Swiss neighbours.
Characters
Principal characters in bold
John Philipson, an English merchant, afterwards John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford
Arthur, his son
Antonio, their young Swiss guide
Arnold Biederman, a magistrate of Unterwalden
His three oldest sons: Rudiger, Ernest, and Sigismond
Anne of Geierstein, his niece
Count Albert of Geierstein, Anne's father (appearing as the Black Priest of Saint Paul's etc.)
Ital Schrekenwald, Albert's steward
Rudolph Donnerhugel, a Bernese gallant
Swiss deputies: Nicholas Bonstetten (Schwyz), Melchoir Sturmthal (Berne), and Adam Zimmerman (Soleure)
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy
Lord of Contay, his councillor
Archibald Hagenbach, Governor of La Ferette
Kilian, his steward
Francis Steinernherz, executioner at La Ferette
Dannischemend, a Persian sage
Hermione, his daughter
Brother Bartholomew, apparently a palmer
John Mengs, landlord of the 'Golden Fleece'
Margaret of Anjou, widow of Henry VI
King René of Provence, her father
Ferrand de Vaudemont, Duke of Lorraine, his grandson (appearing as the Blue Cavalier)
Thiebault, a Provençal
Count Campo Basso, commander of Italian mercenaries
Colvin, a Burgundian cannoneer
Chapter summary
Volume One
Ch. 1: John Philipson and his son Arthur, passing as merchants, and their Swiss guide lose their way in the mountains between Lucerne and Basel and are impeded by a landslip, but they catch sight of the castle of Geierstein.
Ch. 2: Arthur attempts to reach the castle but gets into difficulties and is helped to safety by Anne.
Ch. 3: Arthur and his father are reunited at Geierstein, where Anne's uncle Arnold Biederman welcomes them. Rudolph Donnerhugel brings a request for Arnold to join a Bernese delegation to the Duke of Burgundy seeking redress for attacks on Swiss commercial activities, and Philipson arranges to travel with them.
Ch. 4: Arthur wins an archery competition, prompting Rudolph to challenge him to a duel.
Ch. 5: Arnold tells Philipson how, unimpressed by the prestige of rank, he had agreed that his younger brother Albert should succeed as Count of Geierstein, and how after entrusting his daughter Anne to him for upwards of seven years Albert has now asked for her return.
Ch. 6: The duel between Arthur and Rudolph is interrupted by Arnold, alerted by Anne.
Ch. 7: The deputation assembles at Geierstein and makes its way to Basel.
Ch. 8: The deputation is refused entry to Basel for fear of Burgundian reprisals, but it is accommodated at a neighbouring pleasure-house.
Ch. 9: Arthur pities Anne when she shows signs of distress; mounting night guard at the pleasure-house he thinks he sees her walking into the forest.
Ch. 10: On patrol with Rudolph, Arthur thinks he sees Anne again, and Rudolph says there are strange stories afloat about her before introducing him to his associates, who will intervene if the Philipsons are mistreated by the Burgundian governor Hagenbach at La Ferette.
Ch. 11: Donnerhugel's Narrative: Rudolph tells Arthur the story of the supernatural origin of Anne's grandmother, Hermione of Arnheim.
Ch. 12: One of Arnold's sons, Sigismond, tells Rudolph and Arthur he has seen Anne returning from the forest. The Philipsons agree to travel separately from the delegation to lessen the danger at La Ferette.
Volume Two
Ch. 1 (13): Hagenbach and his squire Kilian prepare to plunder the Philipsons, but the influential Black Priest of Saint Paul's refuses to sanction this crime.
Ch. 2 (14): Hagenbach takes from Philipson a packet addressed to the Duke of Burgundy which he finds to contain a valuable diamond necklace. He commits the Philipsons to Kilian and the executioner Steinernherz.
Ch. 3 (15): Freed from prison by Anne and the Black Priest, Arthur appeals for help to Rudolph and then to Arnold.
Ch. 4 (16): The Swiss take La Ferette, and Hagenbach is executed. Sigismond restores to Philipson the necklace, which he has retrieved from Steinernherz.
Ch. 5 (17): As the Philipsons pursue their journey Anne (lightly disguised) warns Arthur that they face imminent danger under the guidance of Brother Bartholomew, and they agree to take separate routes.
Ch. 6 (18): The Black Priest sends Bartholomew packing and travels on with Philipson.
Ch. 7 (19): Philipson arranges to stay the night at a village inn recommend by the Black Priest, whose entry puts a sudden stop to the revelry of the guests.
Ch. 8 (20): At an underground meeting of the Secret Tribunal, Philipson is charged with having defamed it, but is acquitted on his appeal to the presiding Judge (the Black Priest).
Ch. 9 (21): [the narrative retrogrades] Annette Veilchen, Anne's attendant, conducts Arthur to Arnheim castle, where she presses his claims on her mistress.
Ch. 10 (22): In discussion Anne clears up the mysteries of her birth and conduct, and Arthur informs her of his noble status and current mission.
Volume Three
Ch. 1 (23): Warned by Albert's steward Schreckenwald that his soldiers have mutinied, Anne and Arthur leave for Strasburg where they split up.
Ch. 2 (24): Reunited, the Philipsons (revealed to be the Earl of Oxford and his son) encounter Margaret of Anjou in Strasburg Cathedral, where they agree to put to Charles of Burgundy her proposal to persuade her father King René to cede Provence to the Duke in return for his support for the Lancastrian cause.
Ch. 3 (25): At the Burgundian camp outside Dijon, Oxford secures Charles's agreement to Margaret's proposal, though René will also be required to disown his grandson Ferrand de Vaudemont. But first, Charles says, he will put down the Swiss, prompting Philipson to plead for their delegation's lives.
Ch. 4 (26): Charles reluctantly tells Oxford that he will hear the Swiss delegates.
Ch. 5 (27): Arthur leaves for Provence to convey the proposed agreement to René. After Charles's entry into Dijon, the Estates reject his demand for new taxation to fund his military schemes.
Ch. 6 (28): Charles rejects the Swiss overture and receives news of a treaty between Edward IV of England and Louis XI of France.
Ch. 7 (29): As they journey to Provence, Arthur's guide Thiebault provides information about the troubadours and King René.
Ch. 8 (30): After an encounter at Aix with René, by whom he is unimpressed, Arthur climbs to the monastery of Sainte Victoire to meet Margaret, who is now uncertain about her earlier proposal.
Ch. 9 (31): The next morning Margaret resolves to proceed with her proposal, and after three days spent in penitential exercise returns to Aix, telling Arthur that an unreliable Carmelite monk, who had mistakenly been entrusted with details of the proposed cession, had left the monastery without notice.
Ch. 10 (32): René abdicates, but refuses to disown Ferrand, who arrives with news of the defeat of the Burgundians at Granson. Sigismond gives Arthur an account of the battle and reveals that the Black Priest and the Carmelite were both Albert in disguise. Margaret tells Arthur she is giving up and expires.
Ch. 11 (33): After Margaret's funeral, Oxford helps to arrange the transfer of Provence to Louis.
Ch. 12 (34): The Burgundian cannoneer Colvin gives Oxford and his son an account of a second Burgundian defeat, at Murten, and of Charles's subsequent depression. They go to La Riviere, where Oxford revives the Duke's spirits.
Ch. 13 (35): The Burgundian forces arrive at Nancy, where Arthur kills Rudolph in single combat and is promised Anne's hand by Albert.
Ch. 14 (36): Fleeing from the victorious Swiss forces, Oxford and his son come across the corpses of Charles, Albert, and Schreckenwald. Sigismond takes the two of them into safe custody. Anne and Arthur are married and live near Geierstein until Arnold's death in 1482. Oxford and his son then re-enter the political arena and play a prominent part in the defeat of the last Yorkist king Richard III at Bosworth in 1485, using the necklace bequeathed to them by Margaret for funds to levy troops.
Reception
Anne of Geierstein met with an exceptionally favourable reception from its reviewers. Most of them were happy to detect no signs of declining powers, or of exhaustion in subject matter. The opening Alpine description attracted almost universal praise (The Westminster Review was alone in finding it exaggerated and improbable), as did the variety of incident throughout. Of the characters Arnold Biederman and Charles of Burgundy were considered particularly striking. Dissentient voices or comments found the relationship between history and plot unbalanced, 'not a novel but an ancient chronicle, with a love story worked in upon it' as The Examiner put it. The same critic joined two other unfavourably disposed colleagues in The Athenaeum and The Edinburgh Literary Gazette in judging most of the characters weak.
Anne of Geierstein and opals
In 1913, an American writer commented:
There is in fact little evidence that the superstition was common before the 1850s. A popular gift book of the 1840s was entitled The Opal, which would seem an unlikely title if the notion of the opal's unluckiness were well established. In 1875, less than fifty years after the publication of Scott's novel, Sir Henry Ponsonby felt compelled to write to Notes and Queries to ask for the foundation of the superstition, and received several different answers, none of which mention Anne of Geierstein. A brief assertion of such a connection is made by Sir John Piggot in an earlier issue, but it is hedged with a quotation from the gemmologist Charles Barbot (who ascribes it to the influence of Robert le Diable) and the scholars responding to Queen Victoria's secretary do not refer to it.
Adaptations
Between 1942 and 1944 the story was adapted into a newspaper comic strip by Rodolphe and Odette Vincent.
Notes
External links
Page on Anne of Geierstein at the Walter Scott Digital Archive
E-text at Arthur Wendover
1829 British novels
Novels by Walter Scott
Novels set in the 1470s
Historical novels
Novels set in Switzerland
Novels adapted into comics
Cultural depictions of Charles the Bold
Female characters in literature
Waverley Novels |
5381765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lay%20of%20the%20Last%20Minstrel | The Lay of the Last Minstrel | The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805) is a narrative poem in six cantos with copious antiquarian notes by Walter Scott. Set in the Scottish Borders in the mid-16th century, it is represented within the work as being sung by a minstrel late in the 1600s.
Background
Towards the end of 1802 Scott planned to include a long original poem of his own in the second edition of his edited collection Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border: it would be 'a sort of Romance of Border Chivalry & inchantment'. He owed the distinctive irregular accentual four-beat metre to Coleridge's Christabel, which he had heard recited by John Stoddart (it was not to be published until 1816). Scott tells how he showed the opening stanzas to his friends William Erskine and George Cranstoun, and believing that they had not approved, destroyed the manuscript. Some time later one of the friends indicated that they had been puzzled rather than disapproving and Scott proceeded, introducing the figure of the minstrel as intermediary between the period of the action and the present. The first canto was written while Scott was recovering from being kicked by a horse during a practice charge on Portobello sands. The figure of Gilpin Horner was included at the suggestion of the Countess of Dalkeith, though it is not certain at what stage. The third canto at least was finished by July 1803, and the whole poem was complete by August 1804.
Editions
The Lay of the Last Minstrel was published in Edinburgh by Archibald Constable and Co. on 12 January 1805, and by Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme in London on the 24th. The price was £1 5s (£1.25) and the print-run 750. A second edition of 1500 copies appeared in October and further editions individual and collected followed until 1830 when Scott provided a substantial new Introduction. In August and November 1806 he had made substantial additions for the fourth and fifth editions.
A critical edition will appear as Volume 1 of The Edinburgh Edition of Walter Scott's Poetry to be published by Edinburgh University Press.
Preface
"The Poem, now offered to the Public, is intended to illustrate the customs and manners which anciently prevailed on the Borders of England and Scotland. ...As the description of scenery and manners was more the object of the Author than a combined and regular narrative, the plan of the Ancient Metrical Romance was adopted, which allows greater latitude, in this respect, than would be consistent with the dignity of a regular Poem. ...For these reasons, the Poem was put into the mouth of an ancient Minstrel, the last of the race, who, as he is supposed to have survived the Revolution, might have caught somewhat of the refinement of modern poetry, without losing the simplicity of his original model. The date of the Tale itself is about the middle of the sixteenth century, when most of the personages actually flourished. The time occupied by the action is Three Nights and Three Days."
Plot
An aging minstrel seeks hospitality at Newark Castle and in recompense tells his hostess, Duchess of Buccleuch and her ladies a tale of a sixteenth-century Border feud. In the poem, Lady Margaret Scott of Buccleuch, the "Flower of Teviot" is beloved by Baron Henry of Cranstoun an ally of the Ker Clan, but a deadly feud exists between the two border clans of Scott and Carr/Ker, which has resulted in the recent murder of Lady Margaret's father, Sir Walter Scott of Buccleuch by the Kers on the High Street in Edinburgh. Margaret's widowed mother hates the Ker clan as a result, and is adamant in refusing her consent to any suggestion of marriage between the lovers until Henry's brave conduct results in the restoration of her young son from captivity and induces her to change her mind.
The poem is concerned with loyalty to one’s homeland, but also with the manner in which the poet draws his art from his connection to his country and traditions.
Canto summary
Introduction: At the end of the 17th century a destitute minstrel is offered hospitality by the Duchess of Buccleuch at Newark Tower and sings the following lay:
Canto 1: Lady Scott of Branksome, widow of Sir Walter Scott, dispatches the moss-trooper William of Deloraine to fetch a scroll or book from a tomb in Melrose Abbey.
Canto 2: Deloraine retrieves a mighty book from Michael Scott's tomb with the help of the monk who had buried it. Back at Branksome the Lady's daughter Margaret slips out at dawn to meet her beloved Henry of Cranstoun, with whose clan the Scotts are at feud. They part when Henry's goblin page Gilpin Horner warns of approaching danger.
Canto 3: Attacked by the returning Deloraine, Henry wounds him and asks Horner (who has taken possession of the magic book) to escort him to the castle for attention. Horner entices the Lady's young son into the woods before abandoning him: the boy is taken captive by Lord Dacre's men. The Lady tends Deloraine, and a lighted beacon warns of the approach of hostile forces.
Canto 4: The English forces under Dacre and Howard, arrive at Branksome with young Buccleuch. They demand that Deloraine be handed over to them to suffer for Border treason and agree with the Lady that her son's fate should be determined by single combat between Deloraine and his enemy Richard Musgrave.
Canto 5: A large Scottish force arrives and the two armies observe a truce in anticipation of the combat. Horner causes Henry to resemble a Scottish knight to facilitate a meeting with Margaret. Musgrave is killed in the combat, but it turns out that Henry has taken Deloraine's place. The Lady withdraws her opposition to the marriage of Henry and Margaret. Deloraine nobly laments Musgrave's death.
Canto 6: During the celebration of the marriage Horner creates mischief. Three minstrels entertain the company: Albert Græme from the Debateable Land sings of love fatally frustrated by national rivalry; the English Fitztraver recalls the fate of the Earl of Surrey, lover of Geraldine, at the hands of Henry VIII; and Harold from Orkney laments the loss at sea of lovely Rosabelle. Michael Scott reclaims Horner with apocalyptic fury, and the humbled company turn to penitence and prayers for the departed.
Reception
The critical reception of The Lay was almost entirely positive. Most of the reviewers praised Scott's choice of a picturesque subject and his authentic portrayal of 16th-century Border society. The minstrel's own interludes attracted favourable comment.
Cultural allusions
The lines that begin the final canto, "Breathes there the man, with soul so dead, Who never to himself hath said, / This is my own, my native land!", are cited in Edward Everett Hale's story "The Man Without a Country" (1863).
The title of the concert overture The Land of the Mountain and the Flood (1867) by Hamish MacCunn is also taken from Canto 6 (stanza 2).
Lord Peter Wimsey refers to the goblin page in Canto 6 ('The elvish page fell to the ground, And, shuddering, mutter’d, “Found! found! found!”') in Chapter III of Dorothy L.Sayers's Clouds of Witness (1926).
References
External links
The Lay of the Last Minstrel in The Poetical Works of Sir Walter Scott (1843), p. 1 (the famous Sixth Canto begins on p.78)
Poetry by Walter Scott
1805 poems |
5381772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Balch | Thomas Balch | Thomas Balch (Leesburg, Virginia, July 23, 1821 — Philadelphia, March 29, 1877) was an American historian, best known for his work on the American Revolutionary War, originally written in French and later translated into English as The French in America during the War of Independence of the United States, 1777-1783.
He was married to Emily Swift Balch (1832-1917) of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mrs. Balch was a member of the Acorn Club of Philadelphia, and the Colonial Dames of America.
Thomas Balch has been called the "father of international arbitration" for his work in popularizing this peaceful mechanism of international dispute resolution (see Thomas Balch Library).
Thomas Balch died March 29, 1877 in Philadelphia, and was buried at the Old Trinity Church.
Thomas Balch Library
In 1922, a library was constructed in Leesburg, Virginia as a memorial to Thomas Balch, a Leesburg native, and was named "The Thomas Balch Library." Thomas Willing Balch (1866-1927) and Edwin Swift Balch (1856-1927), sons of Thomas Balch, originally endowed the subscription library.
Bibliography
Balch, Thomas, and Thomas Willing Balch. International Courts of Arbitration. Philadelphia: Allen, Lane and Scott, 1915.
Balch, Thomas, Thomas Willing Balch, Edwin Swift Balch, and Elise Willing Balch. The French in America During the War of Independence of the United States, 1777-1783. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1891.
Balch, Thomas. Les Français en Amérique pendant la guerre de l'indépendance des États-Unis 1777-1783. This file was produced from images generously made available by gallica (Bibliothèque Nationale de France) at: http://gallica.bnf.fr.
Balch, Thomas, and Daniel McCurtin. Papers Relating Chiefly to the Maryland Line During the Revolution. Philadelphia: Seventy-Six Society, 1857.
Balch, Thomas, and Edward Shippen. Letters and Papers Relating Chiefly to the Provincial History of Pennsylvania: With Some Notices of the Writers. Philadelphia: Crissy and Markley, Printers, 1855.
Balch, Thomas, and Thomas Willing Balch. Free Coinage and a Self-Adjusting Ratio; A Paper Read Before the Philadelphia Social Science Association, February 23, 1877. Philadelphia: Press of Allen, Lane and Scott, 1908.
Balch, Thomas. Calvinism and American Independence. Richmond, Va: s.n, 1876.
Balch, Thomas. 1877. "Dr. William Shippen, the Elder". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 24: 212-216.
Balch, Thomas. The Alabama Arbitration. Philadelphia: Allen. Lanes Scott, 1900.
Thomas Balch Library. The Thomas Balch Chronicle. Leesburg, VA: Thomas Balch Library, 1996.
References
External links
and at Gallica
The Balch Family Papers, including correspondence and writings to and from Thomas Balch, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
1821 births
1877 deaths
19th-century American historians
19th-century American male writers
People from Leesburg, Virginia
American male non-fiction writers
Historians from Virginia |
5381773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir%20of%20Hermiston | Weir of Hermiston | Weir of Hermiston (1896) is an unfinished novel by Robert Louis Stevenson. It is markedly different from his previous works in style and has often been praised as a potential masterpiece. It was cut short by Stevenson's sudden death in 1894 from a cerebral haemorrhage. The novel is set at the time of the Napoleonic Wars.
Plot summary
The novel tells the story of Archie Weir, a youth born into an upper-class Edinburgh family. Because of his Romantic sensibilities and sensitivity, Archie is estranged from his father, who is depicted as the coarse and cruel judge of a criminal court. By mutual consent, Archie is banished from his family of origin and sent to live as the local laird on a family property in the vicinity of the Borders hamlet Hermiston.
While serving as the laird, Archie meets and falls in love with Kirstie (Christina). As the two are deepening their relationship, the book breaks off. Confusingly, there are two characters in the novel called Christina, the younger of whom is Archie's sweetheart.
Sequel
According to Sir Sidney Colvin, quoting Stevenson's stepdaughter, Stevenson intended the story to continue with the seduction of (young) Kirstie by Archie's dissolute friend Frank Innes. Kirstie's four brothers believe that Archie is the culprit and vow revenge on him. However, Archie has meanwhile confronted Frank and killed him, and is arrested for murder. He is tried for his life before his father (this is legally implausible, as Weir Snr. should have recused himself from presiding) and condemned to death. But the older Kirstie discovers the truth and tells the brothers, who break the jail and release Archie. Archie and his beloved Kirstie flee to America, presumably to live happily ever after.
This summary has much in common with the plot of Bulwer-Lytton's novel Paul Clifford (1830).
BBC adaptations
The BBC made a 4-part television series of the story in 1973, starring Tom Fleming and Edith MacArthur.
A radio play in 1992, dramatised by Robert Forrest and starring Forbes Masson.
A 2-part BBC Radio 4 adaptation in 2020 starring Jack Lowden and Phyllis Logan.
Cultural allusions
The 1969 Jack Bruce song "Weird of Hermiston" gets its name from the book, although the lyrics make no reference to the story.
In the movie version of Fahrenheit 451, one of the characters has memorized the book, and is teaching it to his nephew before he dies.
The Robert Louis Stevenson website maintains a complete list of derivative works.
The city of Hermiston, Oregon takes its name from the book.
The FX television show Archer makes humorous reference to the book in Season 9, Episode 5: "Danger Island: Strange Doings in the Taboo Groves."
Notes
External links
1896 British novels
19th century in Scotland
Novels by Robert Louis Stevenson
Unfinished novels
Scottish novels
Novels set in Edinburgh
Chatto & Windus books
British novels adapted into television shows
Novels adapted into radio programs
Novels published posthumously |
5381778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation%20of%20European%20Film%20Directors | Federation of European Film Directors | La Fédération Européenne des Réalisateurs de l'Audiovisuel (FERA) (Federation of European FIlm Directors in English) represents the interests of film and television directors in the European motion picture industry.
FERA speaks on behalf of professional film and television directors at the European level on issues of major importance in the creation and promotion of audiovisual works. The director is the creative decision maker in a process of artistic collaboration and takes final responsibility for the aesthetic cohesion and artistic integrity of the work. FERA is committed to safeguarding the craft, artistry and the creative and economic rights of the director as essential components to the diversity of audiovisual culture in Europe and beyond.
FERA is based in Brussels, Belgium and celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2020.
FERA |
5381783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chertsey%20railway%20station | Chertsey railway station | Chertsey railway station serves the town of Chertsey in the Runnymede District of Surrey, England. It is on the Chertsey Loop Line and is operated by South Western Railway.
The first station was opened by the London and South Western Railway, with the initial section of the Chertsey branch line, in 1848. The existing building, now a Grade II listed building, was opened on 1 October 1866. It comprises Up and Down platforms having brick buildings: the main building being on the Down side. There is a level crossing here. The platforms can hold ten carriage trains.
Local mythology ascribes the design of the existing station building to William Tite but, in fact, he had stopped all architectural work about 13 years previously. Historic England says, on this subject, "design thought to have been derived from earlier prototypes by Sir William Tite for L.S.W.R." citing, as its source, the book Victorian Stations: Railway Stations in England and Wales, 1836-1923 by Gordon Biddle 1973.
Original Station
Whereas the current station is about 40m to the north west of Guildford Street, the original 1848 station was on the other side of Guildford Street to the south east. At the time it opened and for 18 years thereafter, the line terminated at Guildford Street and the branch line ran only in a south easterly direction to Weybridge railway station. It was only with opening of the current station in 1866 that the line was completed north westwards to Virginia Water railway station in order to allow travel onward to Egham railway station and Reading railway station. The original station building was on the north eastern side of the tracks.
Plans showing the layout of both stations are available for viewing, by prior arrangement, in the research section of Chertsey Museum. An 1848 plan shows the original station at the time it was built. Plans from 1870-1880 show the current station with new buildings springing up around it but still using the sidings, goods warehouse and engine house on the other side of Guildford Street left over from the original station.
Services
The off peak, Monday to Saturday service is formed of:
2 trains per hour to via and
2 trains per hour to
On Sundays, there is an hourly service to/from calling at the same stations as far as , then & .
External links
Railway stations in Surrey
Former London and South Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1866
Railway stations served by South Western Railway
1866 establishments in England |
5381810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Oklahoma%20State%20University%20Olympians | List of Oklahoma State University Olympians | Since the 1924 Olympics, 68 Oklahoma State University Olympians have won a total of 30 medals, 21 gold, 4 silver, and 5 bronze. Oklahoma State University has been represented in every Olympics that the United States has competed in since 1924.
1924 - Paris
Guy Lookabaugh - wrestled at 158.5 and received 4th place
Orion Stuteville - wrestling participant
1928 - Amsterdam
Clarence Berryman - wrestled at 145 and received 6th place
George Rule - wrestling participant
Charles Strack - wrestling participant
Earl McCready - wrestling participant for Team Canada at Heavyweight
1932 - Los Angeles
Bobby Pearce - won gold medal at 123 in wrestling
Jack VanBebber - won gold medal at 158.5 in wrestling
Melvin Clodfelter - wrestling participant at 145
Conrald Caldwell - wrestling participant
1936 - Berlin
Frank Lewis - won gold medal at 158.5 in wrestling
Ross Flood - won silver medal at 123 in wrestling
Roy Dunn - wrestling participant at Heavyweight
Fred Parkey - wrestling participant
Harley Strong - wrestling participant at 145
George Chiga - wrestling participant for Team Canada at Heavyweight
Edward Clark Gallagher - honorary coach
Clarence Gallagher - trainer
1948 - London
Bob Kurland - won gold medal as member of USA Basketball Team
Jesse Renick - won gold medal as member of USA Basketball Team
Hal Moore - wrestled at 136.5 and received 6th place
William Jernigan - wrestling participant at 114.5
Richard Hutton - wrestling participant at Heavyweight
Art Griffith - coached the USA Wrestling Team
Cliff Keen - manager for USA Wrestling Team
1952 - Helsinki
Bob Kurland - won gold medal as a member of USA Basketball Team
J.W. Mashburn - participated in track and field
Raymond Swartz - coached the USA Wrestling Team
Buel Patterson - manager for USA Wrestling Team
1956 - Melbourne
J.W. Mashburn - won gold medal in the 1600 meter relay
Myron Roderick - wrestled at 136.5 and received 4th place
Dick Beattie - wrestling participant at 160.5
Dr. James Graham - track and field team (pole vault)
1960 - Rome
Doug Blubaugh - won gold medal in wrestling at 160.5
Shelby Wilson - won gold medal in wrestling at 147.5
1964 - Tokyo
Yojiro Uetake - won gold medal in wrestling at 125.5
Bobby Douglas - wrestled at 138.5 and received 4th place
Henry Iba - coached the USA Basketball Team
Rex Perry - coached the USA Wrestling Team
Myron Roderick - assistant coach for the USA Wrestling Team
Fendley Collins - manager for the USA Wrestling Team
1968 - Mexico City
Yojiro Uetake - won gold medal in wrestling at 125.5
James King - won gold medal as member of USA Basketball Team
Bobby Douglas - wrestling participant at 138.5
Henry Iba - coached the USA Basketball Team
Dr. Donald Cooper - physician for the USA Basketball Team
Tom Von Ruden - 1,500m, finished ninth
1972 - Munich
Gene Davis - wrestling participant at 136.5
J. Robinson - Greco-Roman wrestling participant at 180.5
Harry Geris - wrestled for Team Canada at Heavyweight
Henry Iba - coached the USA Basketball Team
1976 - Montreal
Gene Davis - won bronze medal in wrestling at 136.5
Jimmy Jackson - wrestling participant at Heavyweight
Harry Geris - wrestled for Team Canada at Heavyweight
Chris McCubbins - participated for Team Canada in track and field
1984 - Los Angeles
Gary Green - won gold medal as member of USA Baseball Team
Bruce Baumgartner, grad student and assistant coach - won gold medal in wrestling
Lee Roy Smith - wrestling participant at 136.5
Henry Iba - coach of USA Basketball Team
Bill McDaniel - doctor for USA Basketball Team
1988 - Seoul
John Smith - won gold medal in wrestling at 136.5
Kenny Monday - won gold medal in wrestling at 163
Robin Ventura - won gold medal as member of USA Baseball Team
Christine McMiken - participated in track and field for New Zealand
Joe Seay - assistant coach for USA Wrestling Team
1992 - Barcelona
John Smith - won gold medal in wrestling at 136.5
Kenny Monday - won silver medal in wrestling at 163
Kendall Cross - wrestling participant at 125.5
Lee Roy Smith - coach of the USA Wrestling Team
Bobby Douglas - coach of the USA Wrestling Team
1996 - Atlanta
Michele Mary Smith - won gold medal as member of USA Softball Team
Kendall Cross - won gold medal in wrestling at 125.5
Kenny Monday - wrestled at 163 and received 6th place
2000 - Sydney
Michele Mary Smith - won gold medal as member of USA Softball Team
John Smith - coach of the USA Wrestling Team
2004 - Athens
Daniel Cormier - wrestled
Eric Guerrero - wrestled
Jamill Kelly - won silver medal in wrestling
Mindaugas Pukstas - participated for Lithuania in the marathon
2008 - Beijing
Melanie Roche - Won Bronze Medal in Softball competing for Australia
Lauren Bay - Competed for Canada in Softball
Daniel Cormier - Wrestling
Steve Mocco - Advanced to the Quarterfinals in Wrestling
2012 - London
Coleman Scott - Won Bronze Medal in Wrestling at 60 kg
John Smith - Coached Team USA Wrestling
2016 - Rio de Janeiro
Rickie Fowler - Golf
References
http://okstate.com/sports/2015/3/17/GEN_2014010165.aspx
Oklahoma State
Oklahoma State University Olympians
Oklahoma State University
Oklahoma State |
5381821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipps | Lipps | Lipps may refer to:
Lipps, Virginia
Lipps Island
Lipps Inc
Lipps is the surname of:
Jere H. Lipps
Louis Lipps
Theodor Lipps |
5381823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow-me-down%20Brook | Blow-me-down Brook | Blow-me-down Brook is a long stream located in western New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound.
Blow-me-down Brook begins near the northeast border of the town of Cornish, New Hampshire, below Stowell Hill. It flows west, passing through the village of Cornish Flat, where it is joined by Notch Brook, then flows northwest into the town of Plainfield, where it takes a zig-zag course generally west, reentering Cornish shortly before its end at the Connecticut River. In Plainfield, it passes the villages of Hell Hollow and Mill Village and runs just east of Plainfield's town center. In its lower course in Cornish, the brook passes the village of Squag City and Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site. The Blow-Me-Down Covered Bridge crosses the brook at Squag City.
The watershed of Blow-me-down Brook extends to Croydon Mountain (sometimes known as Grantham Mountain and as Spruce Ball by most Cornish residents) in the northwestern corner of the town of Croydon, just east of the town's boundary with Cornish. The brook was dredged from a small dam at the northeastern edge of Cornish Flat to the bridge that crosses State Route 120. This was done sometime before 1945 in order to avoid flooding.
See also
List of rivers of New Hampshire
References
Rivers of New Hampshire
Tributaries of the Connecticut River
Rivers of Sullivan County, New Hampshire |
4044444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Ukraine | History of the Jews in Ukraine | The history of the Jews in Ukraine dates back over a thousand years; Jewish communities have existed in the territory of Ukraine from the time of the Kievan Rus' (late 9th to mid-13th century). Some of the most important Jewish religious and cultural movements, from Hasidism to Zionism, rose either fully or to an extensive degree in the territory of modern Ukraine. According to the World Jewish Congress, the Jewish community in Ukraine constitutes the third-largest in Europe and the fifth-largest in the world.
Whilst at times it flourished, at other times the Jewish community faced periods of persecution and antisemitic discrimination. In the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917-1920), Yiddish was declared a state language, along with Ukrainian and Russian. At that time, the Jewish National Union was created and the community was granted an autonomous status. Yiddish was used on Ukrainian currency in this same period, between 1917 and 1920. Before World War II, slightly less than one-third of Ukraine's urban population consisted of Jews; they were the largest national minority in Ukraine. Ukrainian Jews consist of a number of sub-groups with distinct characteristics, including Ashkenazi Jews, Mountain Jews, Bukharan Jews, Crimean Karaites, Krymchak Jews, and Georgian Jews.
In the westernmost area of Ukraine, Jews were mentioned for the first time in records in 1030. During the Khmelnytsky Uprising between 1648 and 1657, an army of Cossacks massacred and took into captivity large numbers of Jews, Roman Catholics and Uniate Christians. Recent estimates are that 15,000-30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were completely destroyed.
During the 1821 anti-Jewish riots in Odesa following the death of the Greek Orthodox patriarch in Constantinople, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first pogrom. At the start of 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued to occur, leading to large-scale emigration. When Ukraine was part of the Russian Empire, antisemitic attitudes were expressed in numerous blood libel cases between 1911 and 1913. In 1915, the Russian imperial government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas.
During the conflicts of the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War, an estimated 31,071 Jews were killed in pogroms between 1918 and 1920. During the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–21), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory. In Ukraine, the number of civilian Jews killed by Petliura's forces during the period was estimated at between 35,000 and 50,000 to 100,000
Pogroms erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of Volhynia and spread to many other regions of Ukraine. Massive pogroms continued until 1921. The actions of the Soviet government by 1927 led to a growing antisemitism in the area.
Total civilian losses during World War II and the German occupation of Ukraine are estimated at seven million. More than one million Soviet Jews, of them around 225,000 in Belarus, were shot and killed by the Einsatzgruppen and by their many local Ukrainian supporters. Most of them were killed in Ukraine because most pre-WWII Soviet Jews lived in the Pale of Settlement, of which Ukraine was the biggest part. The major massacres against Jews occurred mainly in the first phase of the occupation, although they continued until the return of the Red Army. In 1959 Ukraine had 840,000 Jews, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 totals (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population continued to decline significantly during the Cold War. In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it was thirty years earlier (in 1959). During and after the collapse of Communism in the 1990s, the majority of the Jews who remained in Ukraine in 1989 left the country and moved abroad (mostly to Israel). Antisemitic graffiti and violence against Jews are still problems in Ukraine.
Kievan Rus'
By the 11th century, Byzantine Jews of Constantinople had familial, cultural, and theological ties with the Jews of Kyiv. For instance, some 11th-century Jews from Kievan Rus participated in an anti-Karaite assembly held in either Thessaloniki or Constantinople. One of the three Kyivan city gates in the times of Yaroslav the Wise was called Zhydovski (Judaic).
Galicia-Volhynia
In Halychyna (Galicia), the westernmost area of Ukraine, Jews were mentioned for the first time in 1030. From the second part of the 14th century, they were subjects of the Polish kings and magnates. The Jewish population of Galicia and Bukovina, part of Austria-Hungary, was extremely large; it made up 5% of the global Jewish population.
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
From the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in the 10th century through the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, Poland was considered one of the most diverse countries in Europe. It became home to one of the world's largest and most vibrant Jewish communities. The Jewish community in the territory of Ukraine-proper during the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth became one of the largest and most important ethnic minority groups in Ukraine.
Cossack Uprising and the Deluge
The Ukrainian Cossack Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky led a Cossack uprising, known as Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1657), under the premise that the Poles had sold them as slaves "into the hands of the accursed Jews." At that time it is estimated that the Jewish population in Ukraine numbered 51,325. An army of Cossacks massacred and took into captivity numerous Jews, Roman Catholics and Uniates in 1648–49.
Recent estimates range from fifteen thousand to thirty thousand Jews killed or taken captive, and 300 Jewish communities totally destroyed.
Rise of Hasidism and internal struggles
The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge left a deep and lasting impression on the Jewish social and spiritual life.
In this time of mysticism and overly formal rabbinism came the teachings of Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov, or BeShT, (1698–1760), which had a profound effect on the Jews of Eastern Europe. His disciples taught and encouraged a new fervent brand of Judaism, related to Kabbalah, known as Hasidism. The rise of Hasidism had a great influence on the rise of Haredi Judaism, with a continuous influence through its many Hasidic dynasties.
A radically different movement was started by Jacob Frank in the middle of the 18th century. Frank's teachings were extremely unorthodox (such as purification through transgression, as well as adoption of elements of Christianity), and he was excommunicated along with his numerous followers. They eventually converted to Catholicism.
Russian Empire and Austrian rule
The traditional measures of keeping the Russian Empire free of Jews were hindered when the main territory of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was annexed during the partitions of Poland. During the second (1793) and the third (1795) partitions, large populations of Jews were taken over by the Russian Empire, and Catherine the Great established the Pale of Settlement that included Congress Poland and Crimea.
During the 1821 anti-Jewish riots in Odessa after the death of the Greek Orthodox patriarch in Constantinople, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first pogrom, while according to others (such as the Jewish Encyclopedia, 1911 ed.) say the first pogrom was the 1859 riot in Odessa. The term became common after a wave of large-scale anti-Jewish violence swept southern Russian Empire, including Ukraine, between 1881 and 1884, after Jews were blamed for the assassination of Alexander II.
In May 1882, Alexander III of Russia introduced temporary regulations called May Laws that stayed in effect for more than thirty years, until 1917. Systematic policies of discrimination, strict quotas on the number of Jews allowed to obtain education and professions caused widespread poverty and mass emigration. In 1886, an edict of Expulsion was applied to the Jews of Kyiv. In 1893–1894, some areas of Crimea were cut out of the Pale.
When Alexander III died in Crimea on 20 October 1894, according to Simon Dubnow: "as the body of the deceased was carried by railway to St. Petersburg, the same rails were carrying the Jewish exiles from Yalta to the Pale. The reign of Alexander III ended symbolically. It began with pogroms and concluded with expulsions."
Odessa became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to account for some 37% of the population.
Political activism and emigration
Persons of Jewish origin were over-represented in the Russian revolutionaries leadership. However, most of them were hostile to traditional Jewish culture and Jewish political parties, and were loyal to the Communist Party's atheism and proletarian internationalism, and committed to stamping out any sign of "Jewish cultural particularism".
Counter-revolutionary groups, including the Black Hundreds, opposed the Revolution with violent attacks on socialists and pogroms against Jews. There was also a backlash from the conservative elements of society, notably in spasmodic anti-Jewish attacks – around five hundred were killed in a single day in Odessa. Nicholas II of Russia himself claimed that 90% of revolutionaries were Jews.
Early 20th century
At the start of 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued to occur in cities and towns across the Russian Empire such as Kishinev, Kyiv, Odessa, and many others. Numerous Jewish self-defense groups were organized to prevent the outbreak of pogroms among which the most notorious one was under the leadership of Mishka Yaponchik in Odessa.
In 1905, a series of pogroms erupted at the same time as the Revolution against the government of Nicholas II. The chief organizers of the pogroms were the members of the Union of the Russian People (commonly known as the "Black Hundreds").
From 1911 to 1913, the antisemitic tenor of the period was characterized by a number of blood libel cases (accusations of Jews murdering Christians for ritual purposes). One of the most famous was the two-year trial of Menahem Mendel Beilis, who was charged with the murder of a Christian boy (Lowe 1993, 284–90). The trial was showcased by the authorities to illustrate the perfidy of the Jewish population.
From March to May 1915, in the face of the German army, the government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas, which coincide with the Pale of Settlement.
World War I aftermath
During the 1917 Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War, an estimated 70,000 to 250,000 Jewish civilians were killed in the atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire in this period. In the territories of modern Ukraine an estimated 31,071 died in 1918–1920.
Ukrainian People's Republic
During the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1921), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory. In the Ukrainian People's Republic, Yiddish was an official language, while all government posts and institutions had Jewish members. A Ministry for Jewish Affairs was established (it was the first modern state to do so). All rights of Jewish culture were guaranteed. All Jewish parties abstained or voted against the Tsentralna Rada's Fourth Universal of 25 January 1918 which was aimed at breaking ties with Bolshevik Russia and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state, since all Jewish parties were strongly against Ukrainian independence.
In Ukraine alone, the number of civilian Jews killed during the period was estimated to be between 35,000 and 50,000. Archives declassified after 1991 provide evidence of a higher number; in the period from 1918 to 1921, "according to incomplete data, at least 100,000 Jews were killed in Ukraine in the pogroms." The Ukrainian People's Republic did issue orders condemning pogroms and attempted to investigate them. But it lacked authority to stop violence. In the last months of its existence it lacked any power to create social stability.
Among the prominent Ukrainian statesmen of this period were Moisei Rafes, Pinkhas Krasny, Abram Revutsky, Moishe Zilberfarb, and many others. (see General Secretariat of Ukraine) The autonomy of Ukraine was openly greeted by the Ukrainian Jewish Volodymyr Zhabotinsky.
Between April and December 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic was non-existent and overthrown by the Ukrainian State of Pavlo Skoropadsky who ended the experiment in Jewish autonomy.
Provisional Government of Russia and Soviets
The February 1917 revolution brought a liberal Provisional Government to power in the Russian Empire. On 21 March/3 April, the government removed all "discrimination based upon ethnic religious or social grounds". The Pale was officially abolished. The removal of the restrictions on Jews' geographical mobility and educational opportunities led to a migration to the country's major cities.
One week after the 25 October / 7 November 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, the new government proclaimed the "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples [Nations] of Russia," promising all nationalities the rights of equality, self-determination and secession. Jews were not specifically mentioned in the declaration, reflecting Lenin's view that Jews did not constitute a nation.
In 1918, the RSFSR Council of Ministers issued a decree entitled "On the Separation of Church from State and School from Church", depriving religious communities of the status of juridical persons, the right to own property and the right to enter into contracts. The decree nationalized the property of religious communities and banned their assessment of religious tuition. As a result, religion could be taught or studied only in private.
On 1 February 1918 the Commissariat for Jewish National Affairs was established as a subsection of the Commissariat for Nationality Affairs. It was mandated to establish the "dictatorship of the proletariat in the Jewish streets" and attract the Jewish masses to the regime while advising local and central institutions on Jewish issues. The Commissariat was also expected to fight the influence of Zionist and Jewish-Socialist Parties. On 27 July 1918 the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree stating that antisemitism is "fatal to the cause of the ... revolution". Pogroms were officially outlawed. On 20 October 1918 the Jewish section of the CPSU (Yevsektsia) was established for the Party's Jewish members; its goals were similar to those of the Jewish Commissariat.
Pogroms in western Ukraine
The pogroms which erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of Volhynia spread during February and March to the cities, towns, and villages of many other regions of Ukraine. After Sarny it was the turn of Ovruch, northwest of Kyiv. In Tetiev on 25 March, approximately 4,000 Jews were murdered, half in a synagogue set ablaze by Cossack troops under Colonels Kurovsky, Cherkowsy, and Shliatoshenko. Then Vashilkov (6 and 7 April). In Dubovo (17 June) 800 Jews were decapitated in assembly-line fashion. According to David A. Chapin, the town of Proskurov (now Khmelnitsky), near the city of Sudilkov, "was the site of the worst atrocity committed against Jews this century before the Nazis." Massive pogroms continued until 1921.
Pogroms across Podolia
On 15 February 1919, during the Ukrainian-Soviet war, Otaman Ivan Semesenko initiated a pogrom Proskurov in which many Jews were massacred on Shabbat (parashah Tesaveh) from three p.m. until next Sunday (?Saturday). Semesenko claimed that the pogrom was in retaliation for a previous Bolshevik uprising, which he believed was led by Jews.
According to the pinqasim record books those murdered in the pogrom included 390 men, 309 women and 76 children. The number of wounded exceeded 500. Two weeks later Order 131 was published in the central newspaper by the head of Directorate of Ukraine. In it Symon Petliura denounced such actions and eventually executed Otaman Semesenko by firing-squad in November 1919. Semesenko's brigade was disarmed and dissolved. This event is especially remarkable for being used to justify Sholem Schwarzbard's assassination of the Ukrainian leader in 1926. Although Petliura's direct involvement was never proven, Schwartzbard was acquitted in light of revenge. The series of Jewish pogroms in various places around Ukraine culminated in the Kyiv pogroms of 1919 between June and October of that year.
Bolsheviks/USSR consolidation of power
In July 1919, the Central Jewish Commissariat dissolved the kehillot (Jewish Communal Councils). The kehillot had provided a number of social services to the Jewish community.
From 1919 to 1920, Jewish parties and Zionist organizations were driven underground as the Communist government sought to abolish all potential opposition. The Yevsektsiya Jewish section of the Soviet Communist party was at the forefront of the anti-religious campaigns of the 1920s that led to the closing of religious institutions, the break-up of religious communities and the further restriction of access to religious education. To that end a series of "community trials" against the Jewish religion were held. The last known such trial, on the subject of circumcision, was held in 1928 in Kharkiv. At the same time, the body also worked to establish a secular identity for the Jewish community.
In 1921 many Jews in the newly formed USSR emigrated to Poland, as they were entitled by a peace treaty in Riga to choose the country they preferred. Several hundred thousand joined the already numerous Jewish minority of the Polish Second Republic.
On 31 January 1924 the Commissariat for Nationalities' Affairs was disbanded. On 29 August 1924 an official agency for Jewish resettlement, the Commission for the Settlement of Jewish Toilers on the Land (KOMZET), was established. KOMZET studied, managed and funded projects for Jewish resettlement in rural areas. A public organization, the Society for the Agricultural Organization of Working Class Jews in the USSR (OZET), was created in January 1925 to help recruit colonists and support the colonization work of KOMZET. For the first few years the government encouraged Jewish settlements, particularly in Ukraine. Support for the project dwindled throughout the next decade. In 1938 OZET was disbanded, following years of declining activity. The Soviets set up three Jewish national raions in Ukraine as well as two in the Crimea – national raions occupied the 3rd level of the soviet system, but were all disbanded by the end of World War II.
The cities with the largest populations of Jews in 1926 were Odessa, 154,000 or 36.5% of the total population; Kyiv, 140,500 or 27.3%; Kharkiv, 81,500 or 19.5%; and Dnipropetrovsk, 62,000 or 26.7%. In 1931 Lviv's Jewish population numbered 98,000 or 31.9%, and in Chernivtsi, 42,600 or 37.9%.
On 8 April 1929 the new Law on Religious Associations codified all previous religious legislation. All meetings of religious associations were to have their agenda approved in advance; lists of members of religious associations had to be provided to the authorities. In 1930 the Yevsektsia was dissolved, and there was now no central Soviet-Jewish organization. Although the body had served to undermine Jewish religious life, its dissolution led to the disintegration of Jewish secular life as well; Jewish cultural and educational organizations gradually disappeared.
When the Soviet government reintroduced the use of internal passports in 1933, "Jewish" was considered an ethnicity for these purposes.
The Soviet famine of 1932–1933 affected the Jewish population, and led to a migration from the shtetls to the overcrowded cities.
As the Soviet government annexed territory from Poland, Romania (both would be incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR after World War II) and the Baltic states, roughly two million Jews became Soviet citizens. Restrictions on Jews that had existed in the formerly independent countries were now lifted. At the same time, Jewish organizations in the newly acquired territories were shut down and their leaders were arrested and exiled. Approximately 250,000 Jews escaped or were evacuated from the annexed territories to the Soviet interior prior to the Nazi invasion.
Jewish settlement in Crimea
In 1921, Crimea became an autonomous republic. In 1923, the All-Union Central Committee passed a motion to resettle a large number of the Jewish population from Ukrainian and Belarusian cities to Crimea, 570,400 families. The plan to further resettle Jewish families was again confirmed by the Central Committee of the USSR on 15 July 1926, assigning 124 million roubles to the task and also receiving 67 million from foreign sources.
The Soviet initiative of Jewish settlement in Crimea was opposed by Symon Petliura, who regarded it as a provocation. This train of thought was supported by Arnold Margolin who stated that it would be dangerous to set up Jewish colonies there.
The Soviets twice sought to establish Jewish autonomy in Crimea; once, in the 1920s, with the support of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, and secondly, in 1944, by the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee.
World War II
Total civilian losses during the war and German occupation in Ukraine are estimated at seven million, including over a million Jews shot and killed by the Einsatzgruppen and by local Ukrainian supporters in various regions of Ukraine.
Jewish Holocaust losses in Eastern Ukraine, or the Ukrainian SSR within its 1938 borders, are estimated as being slightly less than 700,000 out of a total pre-Holocaust Jewish population of slightly over 1.5 million. Within the borders of Modern Ukraine, the death toll is estimated to be around 900,000.
Post-war situation
Ukraine had 840,000 Jews in 1959, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population declined significantly during the Cold War. In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it was thirty years earlier (in 1959). The overwhelming majority of the Jews who remained in Ukraine in 1989 left Ukraine and moved to other countries (mostly to Israel) in the 1990s during and after the collapse of Communism.
Such new immigrants to Israel included artists, such as Marina Maximilian Blumin and street artist Klone, as well as activists, such as Gennady Riger and Lia Shemtov.
Independent Ukraine
In 1989, a Soviet census counted 487,000 Jews living in Ukraine. Although discrimination by the state all but halted very soon after Ukrainian independence in 1991, Jews were still discriminated against in Ukraine during the 1990s. For instance, Jews were not allowed to attend some educational institutions. Antisemitism has since declined. According to the European Jewish Congress, as of 2014, there are 360,000–400,000 Jews in Ukraine.
During the 1990s, some 266,300 Ukrainian Jews emigrated to Israel as part of a wave of mass emigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union to Israel in the 1990s. The 2001 Ukrainian Census counted 106,600 Jews living in Ukraine (the number of Jews also dropped due to a negative birthrate). According to the Public Diplomacy and Diaspora Affairs Minister of Israel, early 2012 there were 250,000 Jews in Ukraine, half of them living in Kyiv.
By 1999 there were various Ukrainian Jewish organizations who disputed each other's legitimacy.
In November 2007, an estimated 700 Torah scrolls previously confiscated from Jewish communities during the Soviet Union's Communist rule were returned to Jewish communes in Ukraine by the state authorities.
The Ukrainian Jewish Committee was established in 2008 in Kyiv with the aim of concentrating the efforts of Jewish leaders in Ukraine on resolving the community's strategic problems and addressing socially significant issues. The Committee declared its intention to become one of the world's most influential organizations protecting the rights of Jews and "the most important and powerful structure protecting human rights in Ukraine".
In the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary elections, All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda" won its first seats in the Ukrainian Parliament, garnering 10.44% of the popular vote and the fourth most seats among national political parties; This led to concern among Jewish organizations both inside and outside Ukraine who accused "Svoboda" of openly Nazi sympathies and being antisemitic. In May 2013, the World Jewish Congress listed the party as neo-Nazi. "Svoboda" itself has denied being antisemitic.
Antisemitic graffiti and violence against Jews are still a problem in Ukraine.
Since the February 2014 ending of the Euromaidan protests unrest has gripped southern and eastern Ukraine, and this escalated in April 2014 into the ongoing War in Donbas.
In April 2014, leaflets were distributed by three masked man as people left a synagogue in Donetsk (the biggest city in Donbas) ordering Jews to register to avoid losing their property and citizenship "given that the leaders of the Jewish community of Ukraine support the Banderite junta in Kyiv and are hostile to the Orthodox Donetsk Republic and its citizens". While many speak of a hoax (concerning the authorship of the tracts) which took on international proportions, the fact that these flyers were distributed remains undisputed.
Due to the growing 2014 Ukrainian unrest, Ukrainian Jews making aliyah from Ukraine reached 142% higher during the first four months of 2014 compared to the previous year. 800 people arrived in Israel over January–April, and over 200 signed up for May 2014. On the other hand, chief rabbi and Chabad emissary of Kyiv Rabbi Jonathan Markovitch claimed late April 2014 "Today, you can come to Kyiv, Dnipro or Odessa and walk through the streets openly dressed as a Jew, with nothing to be afraid of".
In August 2014, the Jewish Telegraphic Agency reported that the International Fellowship of Christians and Jews is organizing chartered flights to allow at least 150 Ukrainian Jews, to immigrate to Israel in September. Jewish organizations within Ukraine, as well as the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, the Jewish Agency for Israel and the Jewish community of Dnipropetrovsk, have arranged temporary homes and shelters for hundreds of Jews who fled the War in Donbas in eastern Ukraine. Hundreds of Jews have reportedly fled the cities of Luhansk and Donetsk, and Rabbi Yechiel Eckstein stated (in August 2014) that more Jews may leave for Israel if the situation in eastern Ukraine continues to deteriorate.
In 2014 the Jews Ihor Kolomoyskyi and Volodymyr Groysman were appointed Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast and Speaker of the Parliament respectively. Groysman became Prime Minister of Ukraine in April 2016.
Ukraine elected its first Jewish president in the 2019 presidential election where former comedian and actor of the TV series Servant of the People, Volodymyr Zelensky won over incumbent Petro Poroshenko.
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
In February 2022, when Russia invaded Ukraine, the Israeli Embassy stayed open on the Sabbath to facilitate the evacuation of an estimated 200,000 Jews from Ukraine. A total of 97 Jews chose to flee Ukraine for Israel. In addition, 140 Jewish orphans have fled from Ukraine to Romania and Moldova. 100 Jews fled from Ukraine to Belarus for eventual leaving for Israel On 2 March 2022, the Jewish Agency for Israel reported that hundreds of Ukrainian Jewish war refugees sheltering in Poland, Romania and Moldova were scheduled to leave for Israel by the following week. On March 13, 2022, 600 Jews fleeing from Ukraine went to Israel, and by March 21, 2022, the number was 12,000. As of 23 March, more than 15,200 Ukrainian refugees arrived in Israel, of whom only 4,200 would have otherwise been eligible for citizenship As of 7 April 2022 the number of Jews from Ukraine who have gone up to Israel is reported to be 10,000. As of 4 May 2022 12,500 Jews have been evacuated from Ukraine.
Jewish communities
As of 2012, Ukraine had the fifth-largest Jewish community in Europe and the twelfth-largest Jewish community in the world, behind South Africa and ahead of Mexico. The majority of Ukrainian Jews live in four large cities: Kyiv (about half of all Jews living in Ukraine), Dnipro, Kharkiv and Odessa. Rabbis Jonathan Markovitch of Kyiv and Shmuel Kaminetsky of Dnipro are considered to be among the most influential foreigners in the country. Opened in October 2012 in Dnipro, the multifunctional Menorah center is probably one of the biggest Jewish community centers in the world.
There is a growing trend among some Israelis to visit Ukraine on a "roots trip" to follow the footsteps of Jewish life there. Among the places of interest Kyiv is usually mentioned, where it is possible to trace the paths of Sholem Aleichem and Golda Meir; Zhytomyr and Korostyshiv, where one can follow the steps of Haim Nahman Bialik; Berdychiv, where one can trace the life of Mendele Mocher Sforim; Rivne, where one can follow the course of Amos Oz; Buchach – the path of S.Y. Agnon; Drohobych – the place of Maurycy Gottlieb and Bruno Schulz.
Notable Ukrainian Jews
See also
Antisemitism in Ukraine
Galician Jews
History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia
History of the Jews in Kyiv
History of the Jews in the Soviet Union
Israel–Ukraine relations
Janowska concentration camp
Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova
Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
Jewish gauchos
Jewish–Ukrainian relations in Eastern Galicia
List of Galician Jews
Lwów Ghetto
Lwów Uprising
Three hares
Wooden synagogue
Yerusalimka
Notes
References
Further reading
Velychenko, Stephen (2021) Ukraine's Revolutions and anti-Jewish Pogroms * (historians.in.ua).
External links
Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Ukraine
Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS
Jewish Agricultural Colonies, adjacent towns and villages in Southern Ukraine
Jewish Agricultural Colonies of South Ukraine and Crimea webpage with names and maps of Jewish settlements
Jewish Renaissance in Odessa
Video of Lecture on Jews of 17th-century Ukraine by Dr. Henry Abramson
Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova at Routes to Roots Foundation
Routes to Roots Foundation's Archive Database – search includes Ukraine and Moldova
Routes to Roots Foundation's Image Database – search includes Ukraine and Moldova
Ethnic groups in Ukraine
History of religion in Ukraine |
5381839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20Jupp | Miles Jupp | Miles Hugh Barrett Jupp (born 8 September 1979) is an English actor, singer and comedian. He began his career as a stand-up comedian before playing the role of the inventor Archie in the children's television series Balamory. He also played John Duggan in The Thick of It and Nigel in the sitcom Rev and has appeared on many comedy panel shows. In September 2015, Jupp replaced Sandi Toksvig as the host of The News Quiz on BBC Radio 4.
Early life and education
Jupp, the son of a minister in the United Reformed Church, was born on 8 September 1979 in Newcastle upon Tyne and spent most of his childhood in London. For much of his life, Jupp believed he was of Belgian stock, descended from 16th-century Huguenot immigrants. However, while creating a programme for BBC Radio 4 in 2015, he discovered his roots are actually in Sussex.
He was educated at three independent schools: The Hall School in Hampstead, North London; St George's School in Windsor; and Oakham School in Rutland. He studied Divinity at the University of Edinburgh. During his time at university he performed with improvised comedy troupe the Improverts and took part in pantomime productions with the Edinburgh University Theatre Company at Bedlam Theatre.
Career
Jupp won So You Think You're Funny?, Leicester Mercury Comedian of the Year in 2001 and was a Perrier Award "Best Newcomer" nominee in 2003 for his show Gentlemen Prefer Brogues. During his appearance on Celebrity Mastermind, and again in an appearance on Test Match Special in 2011, he claimed to have bluffed his way onto an England cricket tour to India as the cricket correspondent for both BBC Scotland and the Western Mail.
He wrote a book about his adventures as a cricket journalist in India titled Fibber in the Heat.
Television and film
Jupp played Archie the Inventor in CBeebies' Balamory. He also had a role in the BBC Scotland comedy programme Live Floor Show where he played an eccentric, foul mouthed comedian. In 2007, Jupp appeared fleetingly in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix as a television weatherman who complained about an incredibly hot drought.
Jupp appeared in Series 3 and 4 of political comedy The Thick of It as John Duggan, an incompetent press officer with a habit of making inappropriate comments, prompting the remark that his fringe is to "hide the lobotomy scars". Following this role he appeared in BBC Scotland's comedy Gary: Tank Commander as Captain Fanshaw. In 2009, he appeared briefly in the film Sherlock Holmes as a waiter. In the same year, he also appeared in Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle.
In 2010, Jupp appeared on Mock the Week, Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow, and as Nigel, a Church of England Lay Reader, in the BBC sitcom Rev. He also appeared as an under-secretary in the film Made in Dagenham (2010).
In January 2011, Jupp was a team member alongside Goldie and team captain Phill Jupitus on the music quiz Never Mind The Buzzcocks. In May and November 2011, and in April 2012, he appeared as a panellist on both Have I Got News for You and Would I Lie To You? (BBC). On 22 August 2011, he appeared as the lunchtime guest on Test Match Special where he revealed a love of cricket and that he had previously worked with the Test Match Special team, who had no idea who he was. This became the basis of the book Fibber in the Heat.
In October 2011, he again appeared in Mock the Week. Jupp had a cameo role in Johnny English Reborn in 2011 as an employee of MI7. He appeared in Series 4, Episode 4 of the comedy panel game Argumental, which aired on 24 November 2011. In 2012, he appeared again on Mock the Week.
In January 2012 he won an episode of Celebrity Mastermind. In February 2012 he appeared on BBC Let's Dance for Sport Relief and danced to The Prodigy's "Firestarter". In March 2012 he appeared in an episode of the specially televised 45th Anniversary series of BBC Radio 4's Just a Minute quiz show, alongside Paul Merton, Gyles Brandreth and Liza Tarbuck, and in July 2013 he appeared in an episode of I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, also on BBC Radio 4. He featured in the 2014 World War II film The Monuments Men as British officer Major Fielding. Jupp has also appeared eight times on 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown between 2014 and 2021.
During 2014, Jupp narrated for the BBC television documentary series, Building Dream Homes. He appeared in the film Grimsby as a police officer in 2016. On 27 April 2016, Jupp was announced to voice Blackberry in the forthcoming adaptation of Watership Down. In 2015, Jupp appeared as a team captain on The Really Welsh Christmas Quiz, alongside fellow comedians Chris Corcoran, Elis James and Omar Hamdi.
In October 2016 Jupp appeared as Giles, the chairman of the residents' committee, in the sitcom from BBC Three Josh. In 2017, he appeared as Hardy in the film Journey's End, and played auction house appraiser Winford Collins in "The Tanganyika Green", S5:E13 of Father Brown. In 2018 Jupp made guest appearances as Basil, an incompetent lawyer, in the television drama by ITV The Durrells.
Radio
Jupp was the narrator of the radio show The Penny Dreadfuls Present...The Brothers Faversham by the Penny Dreadfuls, which was broadcast at the beginning of 2008 on BBC Radio 7.
In 2009, Jupp became host of BBC Radio 7 satirical comedy series Newsjack as well as the host on BBC Radio Scotland comedy quiz show Swots. In February 2011, he appeared as a panellist on BBC Radio 4's panel show It's Your Round. Since February 2012, Jupp has hosted three series of a BBC Radio 4 panel show It's Not What You Know, based on his suggestion for a round on It's Your Round.
In 2011, he starred in the self-penned BBC Radio 4 comedy In and Out of the Kitchen, "the diary, written for publication, of a somewhat minor celebrity chef, Damien Trench", with a second series following in 2013, and continuing with a third series in 2014. The show also had a short-lived television version in 2015. A six part fourth series aired on BBC Radio 4 in August and September 2015.
Jupp first appeared as a contestant on BBC Radio 4's The News Quiz in April 2012 (Series 77; Episode 1). In June 2015 he was announced as the new presenter of the show, replacing Sandi Toksvig. He chaired the show for 12 series, with his last appearance on 31 May 2019 (Series 99; Episode 8).
Jupp appears as retired Prime Minister Henry Tobin in Party's Over in two series from 2019 to 2022 (12 episodes).
Live
In March 2008, Jupp performed his third solo show entitled Everyday Rage and Dinner Party Chit Chat, at the Etcetera Theatre in Camden. He presented the Live at the Gilded Balloon podcast for The Guardian newspaper's coverage of the 2008 and 2009 Edinburgh Fringe. In 2019 Jupp played the role of actor David Tomlinson in The Life I Live, a one-man show, which was performed at the Salisbury Playhouse and other theatres.
Personal life
Jupp and his wife Rachel met whilst studying in Edinburgh. They have five children. The family moved from Peckham, South London, to Monmouthshire, Wales.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
Stand-up shows
Gentlemen Prefer Brogues (2003–04) Edinburgh Festival
Young Man in a Huff (2005) Edinburgh Festival
Everyday Rage & Dinner Party Chit Chat (2007) Edinburgh Festival
Drifting (2008) Edinburgh Festival
Telling It Like It Might Be (2009) Edinburgh Festival
Fibber in the Heat (2010) Edinburgh Festival & National Tour
Miles Jupp Is the Chap You're Thinking Of (2014) United Kingdom Tour
Songs of Freedom (2016) stand up tour
References
External links
Miles Jupp at The Guardian
Miles Jupp entry at Who's Who
1979 births
Living people
20th-century English comedians
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English comedians
21st-century English male actors
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
English male comedians
English male film actors
English male television actors
English radio presenters
English stand-up comedians
People educated at Oakham School
People educated at St George's School, Windsor Castle
People educated at The Hall School, Hampstead |
4044459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Belarus | History of the Jews in Belarus | The history of the Jews in Belarus begins as early as the 8th century. Jews lived in all parts of the lands of modern Belarus. Jews were the third largest ethnic group in the country in the first half of the 20th century. In 1897, the Jewish population of Belarus reached 910,900, or 14.2% of the total population. Following the Polish-Soviet War (1919-1920), under the terms of the Treaty of Riga, Belarus was split into Eastern Belorussia (under Soviet occupation) and Western Belorussia (under Polish occupation), and causing 350,000-450,000 of the Jews to be governed by Poland. Prior to World War II, Jews remained the third largest ethnic group in Belarus and comprised more than 40% of the population in cities and towns. The population of cities such as Minsk, Pinsk, Mahiliou, Babrujsk, Viciebsk, and Homiel was more than 50% Jewish. In 1926 and 1939 there were between 375,000 and 407,000 Jews in Belarus (Eastern Belorussia) or 6.7-8.2% of the total population. Following the Soviet annexation of Eastern Poland in 1939, including Western Belorussia, Belarus would again have 1,175,000 Jews within its borders, including 275,000 Jews from Poland, Ukraine, and elsewhere. It is estimated 800,000 of 900,000 — 90% of the Jews of Belarus —were killed during the Holocaust. According to the 2019 national census, there were 13,705 self-identifying Jews in Belarus. The Jewish Agency estimates the community of Jews in Belarus at 20,000. However, the number of Belarusians with Jewish descent is assumed to be higher.
Early history
Throughout several centuries the lands of modern Belarus and the Republic of Lithuania were both parts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Therefore, the history of Belarusian Jews is closely related to the history of Jews in Lithuania and historically they could be seen as a subset of Lithuanian Jews.
As early as the 8th century Jews lived in parts of the lands of modern Belarus. Beginning with that period they conducted the trade between Ruthenia, Lithuania, and the Baltic, especially with Danzig, Julin (Vineta or Wollin, in Pomerania), and other cities on the Vistula, Oder, and Elbe.
The origin of Belarusian Jews has been the subject of much speculation. It is believed that they were made up of two distinct streams of Jewish immigration. The older and significantly smaller of the two entered the territory that would later become the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the east. These early immigrants spoke Judeo-Slavic dialects which distinguished them from the later Jewish immigrants who entered the region from the Germanic lands.
While the origin of these eastern Jews is not certain, historical evidence places Jewish refugees from Babylonia, Palestine, the Byzantine Empire and other Jewish refugees and settlers in the lands between the Baltic and Black Seas that would become part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The later and much larger stream of immigration originated in the 12th century and received an impetus from the persecution of the German Jews by the Crusaders. The traditional language of the vast majority of Lithuanian Jews, Yiddish, is based largely upon the Medieval German and Hebrew spoken by the western Germanic Jewish immigrants.
The peculiar conditions that prevailed in Belarus compelled the first Jewish settlers to adopt a different mode of life from that followed by their western ethnic brethren. At that time there were no cities in the western sense of the word in Belarus, no Magdeburg Rights or close guilds at that time.
Some of the cities which later became the important centers of Jewish life in Belarus were at first mere villages. Hrodna, one of the oldest, was first mentioned in the chronicles of 1128. Navahrudak was founded somewhat later by Yaroslav I the Wise; Kerlov in 1250; Voruta and Twiremet in 1252; Eiragola in 1262; Halshany and Kowno in 1280; Lida, Telšiai, Vilna and Troki in 1320.
Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432)
With the campaign of Hiedzimin and his subjection of Kiev and Volhynia (1320–1321) the Jewish inhabitants of these territories were induced to spread throughout the northern provinces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The probable importance of the southern Jews in the development of Belarus and Lithuania is indicated by their numerical prominence in Volhynia in the 13th century. According to an annalist who describes the funeral of the grand duke Vladimir Vasilkovich in the city of Vladimir (Volhynia), "the Jews wept at his funeral as at the fall of Jerusalem, or when being led into the Babylonian captivity." This sympathy and the record thereof would seem to indicate that long before the event in question the Jews had enjoyed considerable prosperity and influence, and this gave them a certain standing under the new régime. They took an active part in the development of the new cities under the tolerant rule of duke Hiedzimin.
Little is known of the fortunes of the Belarusian Jews during the troublous times that followed the death of Hiedzimin and the accession of his grandson Vitaut (1341). To the latter, the Jews owed a charter of privileges which was momentous in the subsequent history of the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania. The documents granting privileges first to the Jews of Brest (July 1, 1388) and later to those of Hrodna, Troki (1389), Lutsk, Vladimir, and other large towns are the earliest documents to recognize the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as possessing a distinct organization.
The gathering together of the scattered Jewish settlers in sufficient numbers and with enough power to form such an organization and to obtain privileges from their Lithuanian rulers implies the lapse of considerable time. The Jews who dwelt in smaller towns and villages were not in need of such privileges at this time, and the mode of life, as Abraham Harkavy suggests, "the comparative poverty, and the ignorance of Jewish learning among the Lithuanian Jews retarded their intercommunal organization." But powerful forces hastened this organization toward the close of the 14th century. The chief of these was probably the cooperation of the Jews of Poland with their brethren in the GDL. After the death of Casimir III (1370), the condition of the Polish Jews changed for the worse. The influence of the Roman Catholic clergy at the Polish court grew; Louis of Anjou was indifferent to the welfare of his subjects, and his eagerness to convert the Jews to Christianity, together with the increased Jewish immigration from Germany, caused the Polish Jews to become apprehensive for their future.
The Charter of 1388
On this account it seems more than likely that influential Polish Jews cooperated with the leading Belarusian and Lithuanian communities in securing a special charter from Vitaut (Witold). The preamble of the charter reads as follows:
In the name of God, Amen. All deeds of men, when they are not made known by the testimony of witnesses or in writing, pass away and vanish and are forgotten. Therefore, we, Alexander, also called Vitovt, by the grace of God Grand Duke of Lithuania and ruler of Brest, Dorogicz, Lutsk, Vladimir, and other places, make known by this charter to the present and future generations, or to whomever it may concern to know or hear of it, that, after due deliberation with our nobles we have decided to grant to all the Jews living in our domains the rights and liberties mentioned in the following charter.
The charter itself was modeled upon similar documents granted by Casimir the Great, and earlier by Boleslaw of Kalisz, to the Jews in Poland in 1084. Under the charter, the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed a class of freemen subject in all criminal cases directly to the jurisdiction of the grand duke and his official representatives, and in petty suits to the jurisdiction of local officials on an equal footing with the lesser nobles (szlachta), boyars, and other free citizens. The official representatives of the grand duke were the elder (starosta), known as the "Jewish judge" (judex Judæorum), and his deputy. The Jewish judge decided all cases between Christians and Jews and all criminal suits in which Jews were concerned; in civil suits, however, he acted only on the application of the interested parties. Either party who failed to obey the judge's summons had to pay him a fine. To him also belonged all fines collected from Jews for minor offenses. His duties included the guardianship of the persons, property, and freedom of worship of the Jews. He had no right to summon any one to his court except upon the complaint of an interested party. In matters of religion the Jews were given extensive autonomy.
Under these equitable laws the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania reached a degree of prosperity unknown to their Polish and German co-religionists at that time. The communities of Brest, Hrodna, Minsk, Troki and Lutsk rapidly grew in wealth and influence. Every community had at its head a Jewish elder. These elders represented the communities in all external relations, in securing new privileges, and in the regulation of taxes. Such officials are not, however, referred to by the title "elder" before the end of the 16th century. Up to that time the documents merely state, for instance, that the "Jews of Brest humbly apply," etc. On assuming office the elders declared under oath that they would discharge the duties of the position faithfully, and would relinquish the office at the expiration of the appointed term. The elder acted in conjunction with the rabbi, whose jurisdiction included all Jewish affairs with the exception of judicial cases assigned to the court of the deputy, and by the latter to the king. In religious affairs, however, an appeal from the decision of the rabbi and the elder was permitted only to a council consisting of the chief rabbis of the king's cities. The cantor, sexton, and shochet were subject to the orders of the rabbi and elder.
The goodwill and tolerance of Vitaut endeared him to his Jewish subjects, and for a long time traditions concerning his generosity and nobility of character were current among them. His cousin, the king of Poland Jagiello, did not interfere with his administration during Vitaut's lifetime.
Jagiellon rule
In 1569 Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were united. It was generally a time of prosperity and relative safety for the Jews of both countries (with the exception of the Chmielnicki Uprising in the 17th century). However, a few events, such as the expulsion of the Jews from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between 1495 and 1503 occurred just within the Grand Duchy.
Expulsion of the Jews in 1495 and return in 1503
Casimir was succeeded as king of Poland by his son John Albert, and on the Lithuanian throne by his younger son, Alexander Jagellon. The latter confirmed the charter of privileges granted to the Jews by his predecessors, and even gave them additional rights. His father's Jewish creditors received part of the sums due to them, the rest being withheld under various pretexts. The attitude toward the Jews which had characterized the Lithuanian rulers for generations was unexpectedly and radically changed by a decree promulgated by Alexander in April, 1495. By this decree all Jews living in Lithuania proper and the adjacent territories were summarily ordered to leave the country.
The expulsion was evidently not accompanied by the usual cruelties; for there was no popular animosity toward the Jews, and the decree was regarded as an act of mere willfulness on the part of an absolute ruler. Some of the nobility, however, approved Alexander's decree, expecting to profit by the departure of their Jewish creditors, as is indicated by numerous lawsuits on the return of the exiles to Lithuania in 1503. It is known from the Hebrew sources that some of the exiles migrated to the Crimea, and that by far the greater number settled in Poland, where, by permission of King John Albert, they established themselves in the towns situated near the boundary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This permission, given at first for a period of two years, was extended "because of the extreme poverty of the Jews on account of the great losses sustained by them." The extension, which applied to all the towns of the kingdom, accorded the enjoyment of all the liberties that had been granted to their Polish brethren (Kraków, June 29, 1498). The expelled Karaites settled in the Polish town of Ratno.
The causes of the unexpected expulsion were probably many, including religious reasons, the need to fill a depleted treasury by confiscating the Jews' money, personal animosity, and other causes.
Soon after Alexander's accession to the throne of Poland he permitted the Jewish exiles to return to Lithuania. Beginning in March, 1503, as is shown by documents still extant, their houses, lands, synagogues, and cemeteries were returned to them, and permission was granted them to collect their old debts. The new charter of privileges permitted them to live throughout Lithuania as before. The return of the Jews and their attempt to regain their old possessions led to many difficulties and lawsuits. Alexander found it necessary to issue an additional decree (April, 1503), directing his vice-regent to enforce the law. In spite of this some of the property was not recovered by the Jews for years.
The Act of 1566
The middle of the 16th century witnessed a growing antagonism between the lesser nobility and the Jews. Their relations became strained, and the enmity of the Christians began to disturb the life of the Litvak Jews. The anti-Jewish feeling, due at first to economic causes engendered by competition, was fostered by the clergy, who were then engaged in a crusade against "heretics," notably the Lutherans, Calvinists, and Jews. The Reformation, which had spread from Germany, tended to weaken the allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. Frequent instances occurred of the marriage of Catholic women to Jews, Turks, or Tatars. The Bishop of Wilno (Vilnius) complained to Sigismund August (Dec., 1548) of the frequency of such mixed marriages and of the education of the offspring in their fathers' faiths. The szlachta also saw in the Jews dangerous competitors in commercial and financial undertakings. In their dealings with the agricultural classes the lords preferred the Jews as middlemen, thus creating a feeling of injury on the part of the szlachta. The exemption of the Jews from military service and the power and wealth of the Jewish tax-farmers intensified the resentment of the szlachta. Members of the nobility, like Bardzo bogaty, Ród Zagórowskich, (Strzemie coat of arms) and others, attempted to compete with the Jews as leaseholders of customs revenues, but were never successful. Since the Jews lived in the towns and on the lands of the king, the nobility could not wield any authority over them nor derive profit from them. They had not even the right to settle Jews on their estates without the permission of the king; but, on the other hand, they were often annoyed by the erection on their estates of the tollhouses of the Jewish tax-collectors.
Hence when the strategic moment arrived, the Lithuanian nobility endeavored to secure greater power over the Jews. At the Diet of Vilna in 1551 the nobility urged the imposition of a special polltax of one ducat per head, and the Volhynian nobles demanded that the Jewish tax-collectors be forbidden to erect tollhouses or place guards at the taverns on their estates.
The opposition to the Jews was finally crystallized and found definite expression in the repressive Lithuanian statute of 1566, when the nobles of Belarus and Lithuania were first allowed to take part in the national legislation. Paragraph Twelve of this statute contains the following articles:
"The Jews shall not wear costly clothing, nor gold chains, nor shall their wives wear gold or silver ornaments. The Jews shall not have silver mountings on their sabers and daggers; they shall be distinguished by characteristic clothes; they shall wear yellow caps, and their wives kerchiefs of yellow linen, in order that all may be enabled to distinguish Jews from Christians."
Other restrictions of a similar nature are contained in the same paragraph. However, the king checked the desire of the nobility to modify essentially the old charters of the Jews.
Effect of the Cossacks' Uprising in Belarus
The fury of the 1648–1657 Cossack rebellion in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth destroyed the organization of the Jewish communities in Belarus. The survivors who returned to their old homes in the latter half of the 17th century were practically destitute. The wars which raged constantly in the Lithuanian territory brought ruin to the entire country and deprived the Jews of the opportunity to earn more than a bare livelihood. The intensity of their struggle for existence left them no time to reestablish the conditions which had existed up to 1648. John Casimir (1648–1668) sought to ameliorate their condition by granting various concessions to the Jewish communities of Lithuania. Attempts to return to the old order in the communal organization were not wanting, as is evident from contemporary documents. Thus in 1672, Jewish elders from various towns and villages in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania secured a charter from King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki (1669–1673), decreeing "that on account of the increasing number of Jews guilty of offenses against the Szlachta and other Christians, which result in the enmity of the Christians toward the Jews, and because of the inability of the Jewish elders to punish such offenders, who are protected by the lords, the king permits the kahals to summon the criminals before the Jewish courts for punishment and exclusion from the community when necessary." The efforts to resurrect the old power of the kahals were not successful. The impoverished Jewish merchants, having no capital of their own, were compelled to borrow money from the nobility, from churches, congregations, monasteries, and various religious orders. Loans from the latter were usually for an unlimited period and were secured by mortgages on the real estate of the kahal. The kahals thus became hopelessly indebted to the clergy and the nobility.
In 1792 the Jewish population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was estimated at 250,000 (as compared with 120,000 in 1569). The whole of the commerce and industries of the country, now rapidly declining, was in the hands of the Jews. The nobility lived for the most part on their estates and farms, some of which were managed by Jewish leaseholders. The city properties were concentrated in the possession of monasteries, churches, and the lesser nobility. The Christian merchants were poor. Such was the condition of affairs in Belarus at the time of the second partition of Poland (1793), when the Jews became subjects of Russia.
Jewish culture in Belarus
The founding of the yeshivas in Belarus was due to the Lithuanian-Polish Jews who studied in the west, and to the German Jews who migrated about that time to Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Very little is known of these early yeshivas. No mention is made of them or of prominent Lithuanian rabbis in Jewish writings until the 16th century. The first known rabbinical authority and head of a yeshiva was Isaac Bezaleel of Vladimir, Volhynia, who was already an old man when Solomon Luria went to Ostrog in the fourth decade of the 16th century. Another rabbinical authority, Kalman Haberkaster, rabbi of Ostrog and predecessor of Luria, died in 1559. Occasional references to the yeshiva of Brest are found in the writings of the contemporary rabbis Solomon Luria (d. 1585), Moses Isserles (d. 1572), and David Gans (d. 1589), who speak of its activity. Of the yeshiva of Ostrog and Vladimir in Volhynia it is known that they were in a flourishing condition at the middle of the 16th century, and that their heads vied with one another in Talmudic scholarship. Mention is also made by Gans of the head of the Kremenetz yeshiva, Isaac Cohen (d. 1573), of whom but little is known otherwise.
At the time of the Lublin Union, Solomon Luria was rabbi of Ostrog, and was regarded as one of the greatest Talmudic authorities in Poland and the GDL. In 1568 King Sigismund ordered that the suits between Isaac Borodavka and Mendel Isakovich, who were partners in the farming of certain customs taxes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, be carried for decision to Rabbi Solomon Luria and two auxiliary rabbis from Pinsk and Tiktin.
The far-reaching authority of the leading rabbis of Poland and Lithuania, and their wide knowledge of practical life, are apparent from numerous decisions cited in the responsa. They were always the champions of justice and morality. In the Eitan ha-Ezrachi (Ostrog, 1796) of Abraham Rapoport (known also as Abraham Schrenzel; d. 1650), Rabbi Meïr Sack is cited as follows: "I emphatically protest against the custom of our communal leaders of purchasing the freedom of Jewish criminals. Such a policy encourages crime among our people. I am especially troubled by the fact that, thanks to the clergy, such criminals may escape punishment by adopting Christianity. Mistaken piety impels our leaders to bribe the officials, in order to prevent such conversions. We should endeavor to deprive criminals of opportunities to escape justice." The same sentiment was expressed in the 16th century by Maharam Lublin (Responsa, § 138). Another instance, cited by Katz from the same responsa, likewise shows that Jewish criminals invoked the aid of priests against the authority of Jewish courts by promising to become converts to Christianity.
The decisions of the Polish-Lithuanian rabbis are frequently marked by breadth of view also, as is instanced by a decision of Joel Sirkes (Bayis Hadash, § 127) to the effect that Jews may employ in their religious services the melodies used in Christian churches, "since music is neither Jewish nor Christian, and is governed by universal laws."
Decisions by Luria, Meïr Katz, and Mordecai Jaffe show that the rabbis were acquainted with the Russian language and its philology. Jaffe, for instance, in a divorce case where the spelling of the woman's name as Lupka or Lubka was in question, decided that the word is correctly spelled with a "b," and not with a "p," since the origin of the name was the Russian verb = "to love," and not = "to beat" (Levush ha-Butz we-Argaman, § 129). Meïr Katz (Geburat Anashim, § 1) explains that the name of Brest-Litovsk is written in divorce cases "Brest" and not "Brisk," "because the majority of the Lithuanian Jews use the Russian language." It is not so with Brisk, in the district of Kujawa, the name of that town being always spelled "Brisk." Katz (a German) at the conclusion of his responsum expresses the hope that when Lithuania shall have become more enlightened, the people will speak one language only—German—and that also Brest-Litovsk will be written "Brisk."
Items from the Responsa
The responsa shed an interesting light also on the life of the Lithuanian Jews and on their relations to their Christian neighbors. Benjamin Aaron Solnik states in his Mas'at Binyamin (end of sixteenth and beginning of 17th century) that "the Christians borrow clothes and jewelry from the Jews when they go to church." Sirkes (l.c. § 79) relates that a Christian woman came to the rabbi and expressed her regret at having been unable to save the Jew Shlioma from drowning. A number of Christians had looked on indifferently while the drowning Jew was struggling in the water. They were upbraided and beaten severely by the priest, who appeared a few minutes later, for having failed to rescue the Jew.
Luria gives an account (Responsa, § 20) of a quarrel that occurred in a Lithuanian community concerning a cantor whom some of the members wished to dismiss. The synagogue was closed in order to prevent him from exercising his functions, and religious services were thus discontinued for several days. The matter was thereupon carried to the local lord, who ordered the reopening of the building, saying that the house of God might not be closed, and that the cantor's claims should be decided by the learned rabbis of Lithuania. Joseph Katz mentions (She'erit Yosef, § 70) a Jewish community which was forbidden by the local authorities to kill cattle and to sell meat—an occupation which provided a livelihood for a large portion of the Lithuanian Jews. For the period of a year following this prohibition the Jewish community was on several occasions assessed at the rate of three gulden per head of cattle in order to furnish funds with which to induce the officials to grant a hearing of the case. The Jews finally reached an agreement with the town magistrates under which they were to pay forty gulden annually for the right to slaughter cattle. According to Hillel ben Herz (Bet Hillel, Yoreh De'ah, § 157), Naphtali says the Jews of Vilna had been compelled to uncover when taking an oath in court, but later purchased from the tribunal the privilege to swear with covered head, a practise subsequently made unnecessary by a decision of one of their rabbis to the effect that an oath might be taken with uncovered head.
The responsa of Meïr Lublin show (§ 40) that the Lithuanian communities frequently aided the German and the Austrian Jews. On the expulsion of the Jews from Silesia, when the Jewish inhabitants of Silz had the privilege of remaining on condition that they would pay the sum of 2,000 gulden, the Lithuanian communities contributed one-fifth of the amount.
Belarusian Jews under the Russian Empire
Upon annexation of Belarusian lands, Russian czars included the territory into the so-called Pale of Settlement, a western border region of Imperial Russia in which the permanent residence of Jews was allowed. Though comprising only 20% of the territory of European Russia, the Pale corresponded to the historical borders of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and included much of present-day Belarus, Republic of Lithuania, Poland, Moldova, Ukraine, and parts of western Russia.
By the end of the 19th century, many Belarusian Jews were part of the general flight of Jews from Eastern Europe to the New World due to conflicts and pogroms engulfing the Russian Empire and the anti-Semitism of the Russian czars. Millions of Jews, including tens of thousands of Jews from Belarus, emigrated to the United States of America and South Africa. A small number also emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine.
After the October Revolution
Jewish political organizations, including the General Jewish Labour Bund, participated in the creation of the Belarusian People's Republic in 1918.
During the first years of Soviet power in Belarus, in the 1920s, Yiddish was an official language in East Belarus along with Belarusian, Polish and Russian. Yakov Gamarnik, a Ukrainian Jew, was First Secretary of the Communist Party of Belorussia (i.e. the de facto head of state) from December 1928 to October 1929. However, the Soviet policy later turned against the Jews (see Stalin's antisemitism).
World War II
Atrocities against the Jewish population in the German-conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of Einsatzgruppen (task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them. Local anti-semites were encouraged to carry out their own pogroms. By the end of 1941, there were more than 5,000 troops devoted to rounding up and killing Jews. The gradual industrialization of killing led to adoption of the Final Solution and the establishment of the Operation Reinhard extermination camps: the machinery of the Holocaust. Of the Soviet Jews who were killed in the Holocaust, 246,000 Jews were Belarusian: some 66% of the total number of Belarusian Jews.
Late 20th century to modern days
In 1968, several thousand Jewish youths were arrested for Zionist activity. In the second half of the 20th century, there was a large wave of Belarusian Jews immigrating to Israel (see Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s), as well as to the United States. In 1979, there were 135,400 Jews in Belarus; a decade later, 112,000 were left. The collapse of the Soviet Union and Belarusian independence saw most of the community, along with the majority of the former Soviet Union's Jewish population, leave for Israel (see Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s).
The 1999 census estimated that there were only 27,798 Jews left in the country, which further declined to 12,926 in 2009 and marginally rose to 13,705 in 2019. However, local Jewish organizations put the number at 50,000 in 2006. About half of the country's Jews live in Minsk. National Jewish organizations, local cultural groups, religious schools, charitable organizations, and organizations for war veterans and Holocaust survivors have been formed.
Since the mass immigration of the 1990s, there has been some continuous immigration to Israel. In 2002, 974 Belarusians moved to Israel, and between 2003 and 2005, 4,854 followed suit.
See also
List of Belarusian Jews
Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus
History of the Jews in Poland
Lithuanian Jews
History of the Jews during World War II
Gavriil of Belostok
Hasidic Judaism
Mir yeshiva (Belarus)
Belarus–Israel relations
References
Further reading
External links
Андрэй Шуман. Ашкеназскія габрэі як адзін з карэнных народаў Беларусі (Andrew Schumann. Ashkenazi Jews as one of the indigenous people of Belarus)
Иудейская Беларусь: из прошлого в настоящее, Interview with Jakau Hutman (Yakov Gutman) chairman of the World Association of Belarusian Jewry; English Translation
Union of Belarusian expatriates to Israel
Antisemitism in Twenty-First Century Europe
Belarusian Cemetery Index
Holocaust of the Soviet Jewry
A Demographic Profile of the Jews in Belorussia, 1939–1959
Shtetlinks
Brit Hadasha - Messianic Jewish Congregation in Minsk.
Jewish Outreach in Belarus. Travel Services and Record Searches
Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Belarus
Recollections of Those Rescued by the Bielski Partisans and Survived the Holocaust from Lida, Belarus Lida Memorial Society Homepage Stories and Pictures
Jewish Belarus
Belarus SIG at JewishGen |
4044465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20ABCs%20of%20Rock | The ABCs of Rock | The ABCs of Rock is a half-hour-long music program on the Canadian Music Video Channel MuchMoreMusic. The show picks a letter each episode and lists artists, albums, trivia questions and events in pop-culture, then lists them during the episode.
Episodes
Production crew
Producers: Jessica Capobianco, Greg Miller, Bob Pagrach
Editor: Michael Burshtyn
MuchMoreMusic original programming
Television series by Bell Media |
4044473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Andretti%20Racing | Mario Andretti Racing | Mario Andretti Racing is a video game that was released in 1994 on the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive. It was an early title in the newly created EA Sports line, and was developed by Stormfront Studios. The game was produced by famed sports game developer Scott Orr as part of his collaboration with Richard Hilleman in the creation of EA Sports. Race driver Mario Andretti personally guided the development of the AI used by the non-player drivers in stock cars, Indy style open wheel racing, and dirt track racing.
The game uses different physics and AI for three kinds of racing.
The success of Mario Andretti Racing led Orr and Hilleman to work with Stormfront to launch the highly successful NASCAR Racing series.
In 1996, EA Sports released another game starring Andretti, called Andretti Racing, for the Sega Saturn and PlayStation. A PC version for Microsoft Windows followed in 1997.
Reviews
FLUX (Apr, 1994)
Electronic Gaming Monthly (Jun, 1994)
Game Players (Jul, 1994)
GamePro (Aug, 1994)
Sega Force (Aug 10, 1994)
Aktueller Software Markt (Sep, 1994)
Mean Machines (Sep, 1994)
References
1994 video games
Electronic Arts games
Racing video games
Sega Genesis games
Sega Genesis-only games
Stormfront Studios games
Video games based on real people
Andretti
Andretti
Andretti
Video games developed in the United States |
4044479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Denmark | History of the Jews in Denmark | The history of the Jews in Denmark goes back to the 1600s. At present, the Jewish community of Denmark constitutes a small minority of about 6,000 persons within Danish society. The community's population peaked prior to the Holocaust at which time the Danish resistance movement (with the assistance of many ordinary Danish citizens) took part in a collective effort to evacuate about 8,000 Jews and their families from Denmark by sea to nearby neutral Sweden, an act which ensured the safety of almost all the Danish Jews.
Origins
Medieval Danish art contains depictions of Jews—visibly wearing pointed hats—but there is no evidence that any Jews actually lived in Denmark during that time. With the conclusion of the Danish Reformation in 1536, Jews along with Catholics were prohibited entry into Denmark.
The first known settlement on Danish territory was based on a royal dispensation. Industrious Christian IV founded Glückstadt on the river Elbe in today's German state of Schleswig-Holstein in 1616. When it initially threatened to founder, he decided in 1619 to allow Jewish merchant Albert Dionis to settle in the town. He thus hoped to ensure its success. This dispensation was extended to a few other Jews, and in 1628, their status was formalized by being promised protection, the right to hold private religious services, and maintain their own cemetery. Albert Dionis gained special status within the Danish royal court, apparently as a source of credit for ambitious projects. Gabriel Gomez, who also attained status, persuaded Frederik III to allow Sephardic Jews to reside in Denmark while conducting trade. At that time, Ashkenazi Jews, in contrast to the Sephardim, were forbidden to enter unless they were specifically granted letters of safe passage, and were subject to considerable fines if caught without the required documents; nevertheless, many of the Jews who settled in the kingdom in the coming years were Ashkenazi.
Establishment of permanent communities
Following the costly Thirty Years' War, which created a fiscal crisis for the Danish crown, Frederik III proclaimed absolute monarchy in Denmark. To improve trade, the king encouraged Jewish immigration. The first Jewish community was founded in the newly established town of Fredericia in 1682, and in 1684 an Ashkenazi community was founded in Copenhagen.
By 1780, there were approximately 1,600 Jews in Denmark, though all were admitted by special permission granted only on the basis of personal wealth. They were subject to social and economic discrimination, and for a brief period in 1782 they were forced to attend Lutheran services. But they were not required to live in ghettos and had a significant degree of self-governance.
Danish West Indies
Jews began settling in the Danish West Indies in 1655, and by 1796 the first synagogue was inaugurated. In its heyday in the mid-19th century, the Jewish community made up half of the white population. One of the earliest colonial governors, Gabriel Milan, was a Sephardic Jew.
Integration into Danish life
As the Jewish enlightenment reached Denmark in the late 18th century, the king instituted a number of reforms to facilitate integration of Jewish subjects into the larger Danish society. Jews were allowed to join guilds, study at the university, buy real estate, and establish schools.
The Napoleonic Wars and the disastrous Gunboat War brought about a complete emancipation of Danish Jews (while, in contrast, events in Norway resulted in a constitutional ban on Jews entering Norway). Still, there were severe antisemitic riots in Denmark in 1819 that lasted several months, though without any known fatalities.
On the other hand, the early 19th century saw a flourishing of Danish-Jewish cultural life. The Great Synagogue of Copenhagen is a landmark building, designed by the architect G. F. Hetsch. A number of Jewish cultural personalities (or persons of Jewish ancestry who did not necessarily regard themselves as Jews), among them the art benefactor and editor Mendel Levin Nathanson, the writer Meir Aron Goldschmidt, and founder of Politiken, Edvard Brandes, his brother literary critic Georg Brandes (who had a strong influence on Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen), Henri Nathansen, and others rose to prominence.
Growth and 20th century crises
As in many other societies, increasing integration accelerated assimilation of Jews into mainstream Danish society, including higher rates of intermarriage. In the early twentieth century, events such as the Kishinev pogrom in 1903, the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, and the series of Russian revolutions, led to an influx of approximately 3,000 Jewish refugees into Denmark.
The new arrivals changed the character of Danish Jewry significantly. More likely to be socialist Bundists than religious, they founded a Yiddish theater and several Yiddish newspapers. During World War I, in 1918, the World Zionist Organization set up a central office in Copenhagen in order to present the claims of the Jewish people at the Paris peace conference. These proved to be short-lived, however, and Denmark closed its door to further immigration in the early 1920s.
A notable Danish Jew from this period was Rabbi Dr. Mordecai Schornstein, one of the Chief Rabbis of Copenhagen, who, after immigrating to Eretz Israel, founded the Tel Aviv zoo.
The Nazi era
In April 1933, Christian X was scheduled to appear at the central synagogue in Copenhagen to celebrate its centennial anniversary. When Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in January 1933, the community leaders suggested that the king postpone his visit. The king insisted, however, and became the first Nordic monarch to visit a synagogue. Christian X also became the subject of a persistent urban legend according to which, during Nazi occupation, he donned the Star of David in solidarity with the Danish Jews. This is not true, as Danish Jews were not forced to wear the star of David. However, the legend likely stems from a 1942 British report that claimed he threatened to don the star if this was forced upon Danish Jews. He did, however, later on finance the transport of Danish Jews to unoccupied Sweden, where they would be safe from Nazi persecution. A period of tension ensued, for the Danish population in general and its Jewish citizens in particular. Danish policy sought to ensure its independence and neutrality by placating the neighboring Nazi regime. After Denmark was occupied by Germany following Operation Weserübung on April 9, 1940, the situation became increasingly precarious.
In 1943, the situation came to a head when Werner Best, the German plenipotentiary in Denmark, ordered the arrest and deportation of all Danish Jews, scheduled to commence on October 1, which coincided with Rosh Hashanah. The Jewish Danes were warned and only 202 were arrested initially. 7,550 fled to Sweden, ferried across the Øresund strait; 500 Jews were deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp. Danish authorities often interceded on their behalf (as they did for other Danes in German custody), sending food. Of the 500 Jews who were captured, approximately 50 died during deportation. Danes rescued the rest and they returned to Denmark in what was regarded as a patriotic duty against the Nazi occupation. Many non-Jewish Danes protected their Jewish neighbours' property and homes while they were gone. After the war, many Danish Jews migrated to Sweden, Israel, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Post-war era
In 2013, the officially recognized Jewish Community in Denmark religious organization had approximately 1900 members, according to Finn Schwarz, president of the community. Comparing to 1997, this number indicates a significant decrease in membership, which the Jewish community has explained partly by increasing antisemitic incidents. Research from Danish professor Peter Nannestad has shown that antisemitism in Denmark is confined to other minority groups and is not an issue in Danish society at large. Rather, the fact that Denmark has become increasingly secular in recent years might be a better explanation for why Jews and other groups with a strong religious heritage face difficulties in adapting to life in Denmark. Indeed, it has been suggested that non-orthodox Jews have little or no problems feeling at home in Denmark. Another sensitive topic for Jews in Denmark is the relatively strong support of Palestine in the country, which can create some tension if Danish Jews are vocal in their support of Israel during military actions in Gaza. According to the Jewish Community in Denmark, as of 2020, there were approximately 6,000 Jews in Denmark, of which 1,700 were card-carrying members of the organisation. The majority of Danish Jews are secular, but maintain a cultural connection to Jewish life. Almost all Jews are very integrated into mainstream Danish society.
Danish society has generally maintained a safe and friendly environment for its Jewish minority. There are three active synagogues in Denmark today, all in Copenhagen. The larger synagogue in Krystalgade is a Modern Orthodox-Conservative community and is inclusive of its members, though follows a traditional liturgy. The Machsike Hadas Synagogue is an Orthodox synagogue, and Chabad also has a presence in Copenhagen. Shir Hatzafon is a Reform Jewish synagogue and community in Denmark.
In addition, there are two Jewish periodicals published in Danish: Rambam, published by Selskabet for Dansk-Jødisk Historie; and Alef, a journal of Jewish culture.
Contemporary antisemitism
As of 2012, tolerance toward the Jewish population in Denmark has become more tenuous due to increasing anti-Israel sentiment and hostility from a growing Muslim immigrant population now numbering over 250,000.
In February 2014, the AKVAH (Section for Mapping and Sharing of Knowledge about antisemitic Incidents) published its Report on Antisemitic Incidents in Denmark 2013. The report described 43 antisemitic incidents that occurred in Denmark during the year, which included assault and physical harassment, threats, Antisemitic utterances and vandalism. According to the report, there was no change in the level of antisemitism in the country comparing to previous years.
The Jewish community in Denmark reported an increase in threatening messages and antisemitic assaults, caused by the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict,.
In August 2014, the "Carolineskolen", a Jewish school, kindergarten and daycare complex in Copenhagen was vandalized as windows were smashed and antisemitic graffiti was sprayed on the school walls. The graffiti was political in nature and referred to the ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza. Prior to this event, school officials advised parents not to allow their children to wear Jewish religious symbols in public as a result of rising reports of antisemitic harassments in Denmark. The Jewish community in Denmark reported 29 incidents in connection with the conflict in Gaza.
In September 2014, a Danish imam, Mohamad Al-Khaled Samha, at a mosque run by The Islamic Society in Denmark, said in a filmed lecture that the Jews are the "offspring of apes and pigs". In July 2014 Al-Khaled had stated “Oh Allah, destroy the Zionist Jews. They are no challenge for you. Count them and kill them to the very last one. Don’t spare a single one of them.”
On 15 February 2015, a shooting occurred outside the main synagogue in Copenhagen, and killed a Jewish man (who had been providing security during a bat mitzvah) and injured two police officers. Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt laid flowers at the synagogue, and stated "Our thoughts go to the whole of the Jewish community today. They belong in Denmark, they are a strong part of our community. And we will do everything we can to protect the Jewish community in our country." The synagogue's Rabbi, Jair Melchior, stated, "Terror is not a reason to move to Israel... Hopefully the [police] should do what they do, but our lives have to continue naturally. Terror’s goal is to change our lives and we won’t let it...We lost a dear member of the community and now we have to continue doing what he did, which was helping to continue regular Jewish lives in Denmark. This is the real answer to [this] vicious, cruel and cowardly act of terror." Two months later, a window at a local Kosher-food store was smashed and an anti-Semitic graffiti was scrawled on a wall.
A review study published in 2015 by the Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy revealed that in a survey conducted in Denmark the number of antisemitic stereotypes among immigrants of Turkish, Pakistani, Somali and Palestinian origin were significantly more common (up to 75 percent) than among ethnic Danes (up to 20 percent). The survey, managed by the Institute for Political Science at Aarhus University, consisted of interviews with 1,503 immigrants, as well as 300 ethnic Danes.
In the Kundby case a Danish teenager became an enthusiast admirer of ISIS, Islamism, and Jihad, converted to Islam, and was convicted of acquiring bomb-making materials for her plan to blow up a Jewish school in Copenhagen.
In September 2017, soldiers from the Royal Danish Army were deployed to guard synagogues in Copenhagen to relieve the Police of Denmark, which was increasingly occupied with gang-related shootings in the city.
References
External links
Conrad Kisch: The Jewish community in Denmark: history and present status – From all their habitations
Official website for the "Krystalgade" community in Denmark
Shir Hatzafon – Progressive Judaism in Denmark
Society for Danish-Jewish History/Rambam
Jewish Genealogical Society of Denmark
The Jews of Denmark – a Bibliography, website of The Royal Library, Denmark
Jews in Denmark |
4044490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda%20Ghost | Amanda Ghost | Amanda Louisa Gosein-Cameron (born 10 July 1974), known professionally as Amanda Ghost, is a British music executive, songwriter, singer, and former president of Epic Records (2009–10).
Career
Born in North London to a Gibraltarian mother and an Indo-Trinidadian father, Ghost was encouraged at an early age to play guitar. In 1997, she contributed a version of Gary Numan's "Absolution" to the tribute album Random; unlike the other tracks on the album, it was a song Numan had not released, and came out months before his own version. Her first recording contract was with Warner Bros. Records in Los Angeles, for whom she recorded her first album, Ghost Stories. Ghost's second album was released in autumn 2006 on her own record label, Plan A Records, and was preceded by a limited edition EP, Blood on the Line.
Ghost co-wrote James Blunt's "You're Beautiful", "Beautiful Liar" for Beyoncé and Shakira, and Jordin Sparks' first single "Tattoo". Amanda also co-wrote four songs for Beyoncé's third album, I Am… Sasha Fierce: "Disappear", "Satellites", "Ave Maria" and "Once in a Lifetime". She co-wrote and sang backing vocals on "Colours", which was on the Prodigy's 2009 album, Invaders Must Die. She also collaborated with John Legend on the lyrics for the track "Getting Nowhere" by Magnetic Man.
On 3 February 2009, Ghost was named the new president of Epic Records. She replaced Charlie Walk, who left at the end of 2008 to start his own company.
Ghost co-wrote, with Scott McFarnon and Ian Dench, "Red", a top-5 hit for Daniel Merriweather in the UK in May 2009, and "For the Glory" and "Vanity Kills" by Ian Brown, which she co-wrote with Ian and Dave McCracken. She also co-wrote and produced the Shakira multi-platinum-selling single "Gypsy", from the album She Wolf.
Amanda left her position as president of Epic Records in 2010. and is now the CEO of her own record label, Outsiders, a joint venture with The Universal Music Group. In 2011, she was executive producer for the Scissor Sisters album Magic Hour, and co-wrote the smash hit "Only The Horses", co-produced by Calvin Harris. She co-wrote two songs for the Florence and The Machine album Ceremonials, and has more recently collaborated with John Legend, Sub Focus and ASAP Rocky.
Ghost is a three-time Ivor Novello Award winner, a Golden Globe nominee, and has been nominated for three Grammy Awards. One of the latter was as co-producer of two tracks on Beyoncé's album, I Am... Sasha Fierce, which was nominated as Album of the Year, and the other for "Once in a Lifetime", which she co-wrote with Scott McFarnon, Ian Dench, Jody Street, James Dring and Beyoncé. The song was the title track from Beyoncé's film, Cadillac Records and was nominated for the Best Song Written for a Motion Picture Award.
Discography
Singles
"Idol" (2000) - UK #63
"Glory Girl" (2000)
"Filthy Mind" (2000) - only released in the U.S./Australia
"Break My World" (2004) - UK #52 †
"Feed" (2004) †
"Girls Like You" - digital only release (2005)
"Monster" - digital only release (2005)
"Blood on the Line" EP (2006)
"Time Machine" (featuring Boy George) (January 2007)
† Credited to Dark Globe featuring Amanda Ghost
Albums
Ghost Stories (2000)
Blood on the Line - The Download Collection (2008)
Songwriting credits
References
External links
Amanda Ghost's MySpace
1974 births
Living people
English dance musicians
English songwriters
English record producers
British music industry executives
Ivor Novello Award winners
Singers from London
English people of Indian descent
English people of Trinidad and Tobago descent
British people of Gibraltarian descent
People from Enfield, London
Ghost, Amanda |
4044494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome%20steel | Chrome steel | Chrome steel is one of a class of non stainless steels such as AISI 52100, En31, SUJ2, 100Cr6, 100C6, DIN 5401 which are used for applications such as bearings, tools, drills and utensils.
Popular culture
The term was used in both the original 1933 version, as well as the 2005 remake, of King Kong. When Kong is brought to New York City, he is chained with this metal on stage. The impression given by the film from Carl Denham to the audience is that the "chrome steel" has some unique properties of having a higher tensile strength than "normal steel" which is incorrect. Higher tensile strength steels are created by the addition of carbon. True to this deceptive description, King Kong breaks free anyway (in both versions).
The term was also used in the Star Trek episode "A Private Little War," where the guns introduced to the primitive villagers by the Klingons were fashioned with a chrome steel drill point.
Billy Joel used the term "chromium steel" in his song "Allentown" from "The Nylon Curtain" album (1982).
Steels |
4044501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah-Jane%20Mee | Sarah-Jane Mee | Sarah-Jane Mee (born 10 July 1978) is a Sky News presenter and the anchor of The Sarah-Jane Mee Show.
From October 2016 until October 2019, Mee anchored Sunrise. She is married to her long-term partner and fiancé Ben Richardson.
Career
After graduating from the University of Manchester, Mee joined Sky Sports as a runner, then moved to the planning desk before becoming a producer.
In October 2002, she joined ITV Central to present the sport on Central News West, and latterly the main news programme. She also anchored the pan-regional programme, Soccer Monday. She then became the face of sport for ITV in the Midlands. As well as presenting on the six o'clock news programme Central Tonight most evenings as Main and Sports Presenter, she was the main presenter of ITV Central's popular weekly Central Soccer Night show. She co-hosted the ITV Central and London football programme Hancock's Half-Time, along with Nick Hancock (which replaced Central Soccer Night).
The show was later given its original name of Central Soccer Night after Hancock departed, and Mee hosted the show into 2007, along with former Nottingham Forest, Aston Villa, Liverpool and Leicester striker Stan Collymore. She also co-presented the last series of ITV's Pulling Power with Mike Brewer and Edd China.
Her radio career began in 2006, when she stood in for Hellon Wheels on the Ed James Breakfast Show on 100.7 Heart FM, whilst Hellon had her first baby. After a successful three-month stint on the show over the Summer of 2006, she rejoined the show as a regular host in January 2007.
In January 2008, it was announced that she would leave both Central Television and Heart FM to rejoin Sky Sports. She left Central in January, and presented her last show for Heart in March. Mee became a part of Sky Sports' UEFA Champions League team on Wednesday evenings, alongside Richard Keys. Since May 2009, Mee has co-presented Cricket AM on Sky Sports. In August 2013, she started presenting a new weekly show on Sky Sports called What's The Story?
In June 2014 Mee cycled the 190 km leg of the upcoming Tour de France, from Leeds to Harrogate for the Sky Sports show Riding The Dales.
In July 2014, while attending the launch of French Connection's "Never Miss a Trick" collection at the brand's flagship Oxford Street store, Mee was sawed in half by magician Troy in a performance of his Clearly Impossible illusion in the store's main window.
From October 2019 Mee has been the presenting The Sarah-Jane Mee Show on Sky News, Monday to Thursday 2 pm – 5 pm.
Personal life
Mee completed her first London Marathon in 2015. In January 2020 it was announced that Mee and fiancé Ben Richardson are expecting their first child in the summer. Mee gave birth to a girl named Rae born in June 2020.
References
External links
Sarah-Jane Mee at Biogs.com
1978 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Manchester
English television personalities
English radio personalities
Sky News newsreaders and journalists |
4044513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch%20class%20space | Pitch class space | In music theory, pitch-class space is the circular space representing all the notes (pitch classes) in a musical octave.
In this space, there is no distinction between tones that are separated by an integral number of octaves. For example, C4, C5, and C6, though different pitches, are represented by the same point in pitch class space.
Since pitch-class space is a circle, we return to our starting point by taking a series of steps in the same direction: beginning with C, we can move "upward" in pitch-class space, through the pitch classes C♯, D, D♯, E, F, F♯, G, G♯, A, A♯, and B, returning finally to C. By contrast, pitch space is a linear space: the more steps we take in a single direction, the further we get from our starting point.
Tonal pitch-class space
, and Lerdahl and Jackendoff (1983) use a "reductional format" to represent the perception of pitch-class relations in tonal contexts. These two-dimensional models resemble bar graphs, using height to represent a pitch class's degree of importance or centricity. Lerdahl's version uses five levels: the first (highest) contains only the tonic, the second contains tonic and dominant, the third contains tonic, mediant, and dominant, the fourth contains all the notes of the diatonic scale, and the fifth contains the chromatic scale. In addition to representing centricity or importance, the individual levels are also supposed to represent "alphabets" that describe the melodic possibilities in tonal music . The model asserts that tonal melodies will be cognized in terms of one of the five levels a-e:
Note that Lerdahl's model is meant to be cyclical, with its right edge identical to its left. One could therefore display Lerdahl's graph as a series of five concentric circles representing the five melodic "alphabets." In this way one could unite the circular representation depicted at the beginning of this article with Lerdahl's flat two-dimensional representation depicted above.
According to David , "Harmonic space, or tonal space as defined by Fred Lerdahl, is the abstract nexus of possible normative harmonic connections in a system, as opposed to the actual series of temporal connections in a realized work, linear or otherwise."
See also
Pitch circularity
Pitch interval
Scientific pitch notation
Pitch constellation
Sources
Full Text
Further reading
Musical set theory
Pitch space |
5381842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton%20Light%20Rail%20Transit | Edmonton Light Rail Transit | Edmonton Light Rail Transit, commonly referred to as the LRT, is a light rail system in Edmonton, Alberta. Part of the Edmonton Transit Service (ETS), the system has 18 stations on two lines and of track. As of 2018, it is number seven on the busiest light rail transit systems in North America, with over 113,000 daily weekday riders.
The ETS started operation of the original LRT line in 1978, expanded by 2010 into the Capital Line, running between Clareview in Edmonton's northeast and Century Park in Edmonton's south end. The first phase of the newer Metro Line started service between the University of Alberta campus and hospital in Edmonton's southcentral and the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology northwest of downtown Edmonton in 2015, with further expansion to north Edmonton and neighbouring city of St. Albert planned into the future. Construction of the first phase of the Valley Line, from downtown Edmonton to Mill Woods in southeast Edmonton, began in spring 2016, and is expected to open to the public in the summer of 2022. Construction on the second phase of the Valley Line, connecting downtown to west Edmonton, began in fall 2021 and is scheduled for completion by 2027.
History
In 1962, Canadian Bechtel Ltd. was commissioned to develop a plan for Edmonton's rapid transit system. Construction began in 1974 with a budget of $65 million. Edmonton became the first city in North America with a metropolitan population of less than one million to build a modern light rail system. The population was just over 445,000 when construction started on the route in 1974. It also became the first city in Western Canada to operate a rapid transit system. Testing of the new line started in 1977 with regular service starting April 22, 1978, in time for the 1978 Commonwealth Games. The line followed a CN right-of-way from Belvedere Station to Stadium Station (near Commonwealth Stadium), via an intermediate stop at Coliseum Station (near Northlands Coliseum), and then continued in a tunnel under 99 Street to Central Station, at Jasper Avenue and 100 Street, including an intermediate stop at Churchill Station. The original line was 6.9 km long.
Planning influences included the rail systems of Toronto (for dimensions), Montreal (underground environment), Cleveland (reuse of existing rail right of way), as well as Netherlands and Germany (feeder bus routes with timed-transfers, and choice of rolling stock). Operating practices were influenced by the MBTA Green Line, British trams, and the Canadian National Railway.
When the line opened, fare collection was modelled on traditional rapid transit lines, with booth attendants. Low volumes of activity at some entrances led to weekend closures of alternate station entrances. In November 1980, Edmonton Transit (as it was then named) switched to a modified European-style "proof of payment" system, retaining the old turnstiles to issue the new receipts. Fares were now collected by automated ticket vending machines with irregular proof of payment inspectors, which permitted keeping all entrances open and required fewer staff.
Every station on the line built since 1983 has been built with full accessibility for persons with disabilities. The 1998 and 2001 upgrades to the Belvedere and Clareview stations involved installation of roofs and lengthening of platforms to accommodate five-car trains.
The LRT system had an estimated 18,220 weekday passenger boardings in 1978. 24 years later, after the completion of six new underground stations in the downtown and with a new terminus at the University of Alberta, boardings more than doubled to 39,550 in 2002. The LRT system continues to expand, and operated with 18 stations, of double track and ridership of 110,786 average weekday boardings in 2018. Extensions of the LRT system has resulted in significant increases in ridership; ridership increased nearly 78% in the first full year of the South Campus and Century Park extensions (2011 versus 2008), and increased 15% in the first full year of the NAIT extension (2016 versus 2014).
Network
The system has two lines. The Capital Line, runs from northeast Edmonton to south Edmonton via Downtown. A second line, the Metro Line, connecting Downtown with northwest Edmonton, began limited operations in September 2015. There are further projects to create a new 27-kilometre line that will extend to Mill Woods Town Centre in the southeast part of the city and to Lewis Farms in the west end of the city.
During construction, surface area was preserved (although costs increased) by tunnelling under the downtown core and the University of Alberta main campus. The underground portions of the LRT connect to the Edmonton Pedway system with links to many buildings. The LRT crosses the North Saskatchewan River between the Government Centre and University stations on the Dudley B. Menzies Bridge, a dedicated LRT and pedestrian bridge.
Storage, maintenance and operations of the LRT are controlled from the D.L. MacDonald Yard.
The LRT operates approximately between 5:00 a.m. and 1:00 a.m. daily. During peak-times, trains departing Clareview to Downtown run approximately every five to ten minutes, and run every 15 minutes during off-peak hours. Trains from Century Park to Downtown run on a five-minute frequency during peak-times and run every five to ten minutes during off-peak times. After 10 p.m. trains run every 15 minutes. Before the opening of the Metro Line, the city held a naming contest, to determine the names of the five current and future LRT lines. On January 31, 2013, the city announced the names: Capital Line, Metro Line, Valley Line, Energy Line, and Festival Line.
Stations
The Capital Line has 15 stations: Clareview, Belvedere, Coliseum, Stadium, Churchill, Central, Bay/Enterprise Square, Corona, Government Centre, University, Health Sciences/Jubilee, McKernan/Belgravia, South Campus/Fort Edmonton Park, Southgate, and Century Park stations. Of these, Churchill, Central, Bay/Enterprise Square, Corona, Government Centre, and University are underground. The three newest stations opened in September 2015 for the Metro Line: MacEwan, Kingsway/Royal Alex, and NAIT.
Another 12 stations will be built for the first phase of the Valley Line, which is planned to open in 2022.
All existing stations have a centre platform.
Rolling stock
The rolling stock of the Capital Line is composed of trains of either Siemens-Duewag U2 or Siemens SD-160 cars. ETS operates 37 U2 cars, some of which have been in operation since the system opened in 1978. ETS also operates 57 SD-160 cars, of which 37 were ordered between 2005 and 2007, with the first cars entering revenue service on January 27, 2009. An additional 20 cars were purchased in 2010 and 2011 for use in the Metro Line and were delivered from March 2012 to April 2013.
The Capital Line uses five-car trains during peak hours, four-car trains on weekends, and two-car trains are used for late night service. The Metro Line will operate three-car trains until the permanent NAIT station is opened, as the temporary NAIT station can only accommodate three-car trains. The permanent station will be 125 metres long to accommodate a five-car train. All other extensions to the Capital and Metro lines will have five-car platforms.
The future Valley Line (currently under construction) will initially use new low-floor Bombardier Flexity Freedom vehicles. Forty other new low-floor LRT vehicles were ordered in 2021 from Hyundai Rotem for the Valley Line, to be put in service when the West extension to Lewis Farms opens.
Safety and security
All LRT stations are monitored by CCTV cameras. All trains are equipped with operator alert systems which allow passengers to contact the train operator in the event of an emergency. Likewise, all stations are equipped with blue emergency help phones which connect with ETS Security. The stations are patrolled by transit peace officers.
Despite the security measures, there have been several incidents on trains or at stations. In 2008, there were 328 crimes against persons reported on transport property.
Some of the most serious incidents include:
In 1988, a woman was strangled to death in a Churchill Station washroom.
In 2010, a woman was shot and killed at Stadium Station.
In 2012, a man was beaten to death on board the LRT between Stadium and Belvedere Station.
In 2018, a man was stabbed at South Campus/Fort Edmonton Park station
In 2021, a male student was assaulted and stabbed at University Station.
In April 2022, an elderly woman was assaulted and pushed onto the tracks at Health Sciences/Jubilee
In June 2022 near Churchill Station, Edmonton Police Service officers fatally shot an armed suspect
Fares
The cash fare for passengers using ETS buses and the LRT, since 1 February 2019, is $3.50 for adults, seniors and youth. Children 12 and under ride free with fare-paying rider.
Passengers can also purchase books of transit tickets or monthly transit passes. Seniors can purchase an annual transit pass at a discounted rate.
Passengers paying a cash fare at a fare machine at an LRT station are issued a transit ticket, which is validated as an LRT ticket after being time-stamped. This ticket is valid both as proof of payment and as a transfer. Transfers allow the passenger to transfer from the LRT to a bus, from a bus to the LRT and between buses, and is valid for 90 minutes from the time it was stamped. Passengers paying a cash fare or validating a ticket on a bus obtain a transfer at the time the fare is paid. Transfers also serve as proof of payment for 90 minutes.
Passengers in an LRT proof-of-payment area must present proof of payment upon request by a transit peace officer. Proof of payment includes LRT tickets, transfers, validated transit tickets and transit passes. Failure to provide proof of payment can result in a $250 fine. Proof-of-payment areas include all LRT trains and LRT station platforms, unless the ticket vending machines are located on the platform itself.
In 2007, ETS, the University of Alberta (U of A), and MacEwan University partnered to provide students with a universal transit pass (U-Pass), which is valid on the LRT and all ETS buses as well as on Strathcona County and St. Albert Transit Systems. NAIT students voted to join the program in 2010. The U-Pass allows unlimited LRT and bus use. This service was temporarily suspended in fall 2020 through winter 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Expansion
Overview of future plans
The City of Edmonton prioritized completion of the Metro Line to NAIT for 2014, followed by expanding the system to the southeast and west. City council approved funding to begin preliminary engineering on the Valley Line from Mill Woods to Lewis Farms in June 2011.
Capital Line expansion
Future plans call for expanding the Capital Line to Gorman in the northeast and Heritage Valley in the south.
Metro Line expansion
NAIT to St. Albert
Beyond NAIT, the Metro Line will travel through Blatchford (the sustainable neighbourhood being developed on the grounds of the former City Centre Airport), go over the CN railway yard north of Yellowhead Trail, and continue north along 113A Street, and west along 153 Avenue. The City of St. Albert has also begun preliminary plans to extend the LRT line into their borders.
On May 19, 2010, the transportation department announced its recommendation for an extension of the Metro Line from NAIT station to St. Albert. This extension is expected to eventually serve 42,000 to 45,000 passengers daily.
Valley Line
The Valley Line is a proposed , low-floor urban line running southeast to west from Mill Woods to Lewis Farms, crossing through downtown. The line will be constructed in phases, with phase 1 being the , 12-station portion between Mill Woods and 102 Street (downtown) allowing passengers to connect with the Capital Line and Metro Line at Churchill. Construction started in 2016 with completion in late 2021.
Mill Woods to Downtown
In December 2009, the Edmonton city council approved a new low-floor train route that would leave a new ground-level station at Churchill Square on 102 Avenue between 100 and 99 streets before stopping in The Quarters redevelopment on 102 Avenue between 97 street and 96 street. From here the route enters a tunnel and travels beneath 95 street descending into the river valley to cross the North Saskatchewan River on the new Tawatinâ Bridge, which will be constructed east of Louise McKinney Park. The route then proceeds to climb the hill adjacent to Connors Road then proceed east along 95 Avenue and southbound at 85 Street. The route will travel southbound along 85 Street crossing the traffic circle and shifting to 83 Street, continuing south and east towards Wagner Road. Finally the line will proceed south along 75/66 Street until it reaches Mill Woods Town Centre. Within this line the proposed stations are: Quarters, Muttart, Strathearn, Holyrood, Bonnie Doon, Avonmore, Davies (to include a bus terminal and park & ride), Millbourne/Woodvale, Grey Nuns, and Mill Woods Town Centre. The maintenance and storage of vehicles for the line will be at the new Gerry Wright Operations and Maintenance Facility, at Whitemud Drive and 75 Street.
On February 15, 2012, city council approved the Downtown LRT concept plan. The Downtown LRT Project became part of the Southeast to West LRT project. The city hoped to have money in place by the end of 2013 for the $1.8-billion LRT line from downtown to Mill Woods to start construction in 2016. City council committed $800 million, the federal government invested $250 million, and $235 million would come from the provincial government, leaving a $515 million funding gap delaying the project. On March 11, 2014, it was announced that the project would be completely funded with an additional $150 million from the federal government and $365 million from the provincial government.
Downtown to Lewis Farms
A planned expansion to Lewis Farms, with the West Edmonton Mall en route, is in the engineering phase as part of the 27-kilometre Valley Line.
The option approved by Council in 2010 was to have the west LRT extension run from downtown, along 104 Avenue and Stony Plain Road before diverting south on 156 Street towards Meadowlark Health And Shopping Centre, then along an 87 Avenue alignment to West Edmonton Mall and beyond. Proponents of this route cited opportunities for transit-oriented development.
On November 1, 2018, the Government of Alberta announced a contribution of $1.04 billion towards the second phase of the Valley Line, extending it west to Lewis Farms with an estimated completion date of 2027-28.
Controversy
The Valley LRT to Mill Woods generated opponents particularly on the location of the route. The Edmonton Chinese community opposed the city's plan to lay the tracks on 102 Avenue as it is directly in front of a Chinese elderly care facility. Despite demands to relocate the route to 102a Avenue, the city council voted for the original proposal. Another group opposed the route saying that the new LRT bridge crossing the North Saskatchewan River will have a negative impact on the river valley and the removal of the existing footbridge during construction (to be replaced by pedestrian space on the LRT bridge) would temporarily displace an existing river crossing. The city states that impact is minimal, no other alternative routes were suitable, and has proceeded with construction.
Concerns in 2008 and 2009 over community impacts along the proposed west leg of the Valley Line and north leg of the Metro Line led to a larger debate over the vision guiding the various expansion plans, and the criteria used to select the routes.
The adoption of a new signalling system (see below) for the Metro Line pushed back the start date from April 2014 to September 2015, when the line finally began operation at a frequency of 15 minutes, rather than 5. Trains only ran at a maximum of between the Churchill and NAIT stations, creating passenger delays and traffic congestion. An independent safety auditor cleared trains to run at their full as of February 19, 2017.
Completed extensions
Capital line
On April 26, 1981, ETS opened a northeastern-bound extension of 2.2 km on the CN right-of-way to Clareview Station. In June 1983, the light rail tunnel downtown was extended by 0.8 km to Bay and Corona stations. The D.L. MacDonald Yard, between Belvedere and Clareview, opened in December 1983 to store and service the vehicles. The line was extended in September 1989 by 0.8 km to Grandin station (now Government Centre station, close to the Alberta Legislature). On August 23, 1992, the next extension opened from Grandin to University Station, partially via the Dudley B. Menzies Bridge, crossing the North Saskatchewan River with a lower level for pedestrians and cyclists, and partially via a tunnel into the station. Major upgrades to the Belvedere and Clareview stations were made in 1998 and 2001 respectively.
On January 1, 2006, the line was extended 0.6 km south through the University Campus to Health Sciences Station, which is located at street level. On April 25, 2009, McKernan/Belgravia and South Campus stations were opened as part of the south LRT expansion, with Southgate and Century Park opening on April 24, 2010. The first of the new Siemens SD-160 light rail vehicle train cars for the new extension were shipped by rail from Florin, California, on April 24, 2008, arriving in Edmonton on May 9, 2008 (37 vehicles in total).
The LRT expansion was developed entirely at surface level with several underpasses after 2006, one at Belgravia Road and the other under 111 Street south of 61 Avenue. A short busway has been constructed from the South Campus station roughly parallel to Belgravia Road in conjunction with the South LRT expansion.
Metro line
On April 27, 2007, the city began detailed planning of a new LRT line that will run north from Churchill Station, to the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT), and eventually beyond to north-end neighbourhoods with a terminal station south of St. Albert.
The Metro line branches off the Capital Line at Churchill Station, runs west along 105 Avenue to the MacEwan University City Centre Campus, then north along 105 Street, Kingsway (Avenue), and 106 Street, to Kingsway Mall and NAIT.
In April 2008, Edmonton City Council approved $45 million in funding to build a tunnel under the Epcor Tower site immediately, while it was still under construction, with the aim of saving $140 million more than would have been required to dig under the tower once it was completed. This step was taken even though the rest of the project had not yet been approved, because of the time constraint posed by the construction of the new tower. Construction on the tunnel began in August 2009 and was completed by approximately September 2010.
On July 2, 2009, the federal and provincial governments approved the reallocation of funding from the proposed Gorman Station extension to the Metro line as the city felt that NAIT was a higher priority.
The expansion added three stations to the system; MacEwan station at MacEwan University, Kingsway/Royal Alex station near Kingsway Mall and the Royal Alexandra Hospital, and NAIT station at the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology. MacEwan Station is located just east of the downtown MacEwan University campus, and west of the proposed downtown hockey arena, at 104 Street and 105 Avenue. The Kingsway/Royal Alex Station is located on the north side of Kingsway, to the south of the hospital. As part of the plan, the Kingsway Transit Centre was relocated to the southeast corner of 111 Avenue and 106 Street, to provide service to both Kingsway Mall and the LRT station. The NAIT Station is located north of Princess Elizabeth Avenue, on the south side of NAIT's swimming pool and hockey arena.
The Metro Line was completed at a cost $90 million under its estimated $755 million budget, with a total project cost of $665 million.
Signalling system
The Metro Line and the Capital Line use fixed block signalling. The new Metro Line was originally built to use only CBTC, but was converted to the fixed block system after the City fired Thales, the contractor originally chosen to install the CBTC system. The Metro Line's fixed block system was provided by Alstom. The fixed-block system became active in March 2021, allowing trains to run at full speed along the metro line track for the first time since the line opened. The city claims that frequencies in the downtown core will reach 2.5 minutes with the fixed-block system, but the current schedule is for 5-minute headways.
The signalling system divides the track into sections called blocks protected by signals that maintain at least one empty fixed block between trains. The CBTC system was supposed to use computer control to maintain a fixed distance of empty space (a moving block) between trains. This would have allowed trains to operate closer together, which increases the frequency of trains arriving at stations and increases an LRT system's overall capacity for ridership.
The CBTC uses computers on trains that report into a central controller to pinpoint the exact location of each train and constantly adjust the speed, spacing and routing of trains to keep trains safe and on schedule. It safely tightens up the spacing between trains so that Metro Line and Capital Line trains can share the same tracks between Health Sciences/Jubilee station and Churchill station. Edmonton Transit runs peak-time trains every 5 minutes through downtown, but this frequency could have been increased to every 2.5 minutes when the Metro Line originally intended to be operational. This goal was abandoned by the City after August 2021, having restored 5 minute frequency on the Capital Line. The Metro Line continues to operate on a 15 minute frequency.
Notes
References
External links
Edmonton Transit Service (Official website)
Edmonton Transit Service–Future LRT
- Published by the City of Edmonton; illustrates motorman procedures
Railway lines opened in 1978
600 V DC railway electrification
Railway companies established in 1978
Electric railways in Canada
Standard gauge railways in Canada
1978 establishments in Alberta |
5381854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer%20Children%27s%20Hospital | Meyer Children's Hospital | The Meyer Children Hospital () is a pediatric hospital located in Florence, Italy.
The hospital is an official member of the European Network of Health Promoting Hospitals of the World Health Organization and the personnel are involved in prevention and health promotion programs for the Regional and National Health Departments.
References
External links
Meyer Pediatric Hospital website
https://www.esmo.org/for-patients/esmo-designated-centres-of-integrated-oncology-palliative-care/esmo-accredited-designated-centres/anna-meyer-children-s-university-hospital-department-of-hematology-and-oncology
Hospitals established in 1884
Education in Florence
Anshen and Allen buildings
Hospitals in Florence
Children's hospitals in Italy |
4044516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20currency | World currency | In international finance, a world currency, supranational currency, or global currency is a currency that would be transacted internationally, with no set borders.
History
First European Banknotes (17th century)
The first European banknotes were issued in 1661 by Stockholms Banco. Founded by Johan Palmstruch, it was a predecessor of Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank.
Spanish dollar (17th – 19th centuries)
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the use of silver Spanish dollars or eight-real coins, also known as "pieces of eight" extended from the Spanish territories in the Americas westwards to Asia and eastwards to Europe. This then formed the first worldwide currency. Spain's political supremacy on the world stage, the importance of Spanish commercial routes across the Atlantic and the Pacific, and the coin's quality and purity of silver helped it become internationally accepted for about three centuries. It was legal tender in Spain's Pacific territories of Philippines, Guam and Micronesia, and later in China and other Southeast Asian countries, until the mid-19th century. In the Americas it was legal tender in all of South and Central America (except Brazil) and in the US and Canada until the 19th century. The Spanish dollar was legal tender in the United States until the Coinage Act of 1857. In Europe it was legal tender in the Iberian Peninsula as well as most of Italy including: Milan, the Kingdom of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia, in the Franche-Comté (France), and in the Spanish Netherlands. It was also used in other European states including the Austrian Habsburg territories.
After Mexican Independence in 1821, the Spanish dollar continued to be used in many parts of the Americas, together with the Mexican Peso from the 1860s onward. The Mexican peso, the US dollar, and the Canadian dollar all trace their origins back to the Spanish dollar. The trace also included the use of the caduceus sign ($), also known as the dollar sign.
Sterling
Before 1944, the world reference currency was the United Kingdom's, sterling. The transition between sterling and United States dollar and its impact for central banks was described recently.
U.S. dollar
In the period following the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944, exchange rates around the world were pegged to the United States dollar, which could be exchanged for a fixed amount of gold. This reinforced the dominance of the US dollar as a global currency.
Since the collapse of the fixed exchange rate regime and the gold standard and the institution of floating exchange rates following the Smithsonian Agreement in 1971, most currencies around the world have no longer been pegged to the United States dollar. However, as the United States has the world's largest economy, most international transactions continue to be conducted with the United States dollar, and it has remained the de facto world currency. According to Robert Gilpin in Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order (2001): "Somewhere between 40 and 60 percent of international financial transactions are denominated in dollars. For decades the dollar has also been the world's principal reserve currency; in 1996, the dollar accounted for approximately two-thirds of the world's foreign exchange reserves", as compared to about one-quarter held in euros (see Reserve Currency).
Some of the world's currencies are still pegged to the dollar. Some countries, such as Ecuador, El Salvador, and Panama, have gone even further and eliminated their own currency (see dollarization) in favor of the United States dollar.
Only two serious challengers to the status of the United States dollar as a world currency have arisen. During the 1980s, the Japanese yen became increasingly used as an international currency, but that usage diminished with the Japanese recession in the 1990s. More recently, the euro has increasingly competed with the United States dollar in international finance.
Euro
The euro inherited its status as a major reserve currency from the German mark (DM) and its contribution to official reserves has increased as banks seek to diversify their reserves and trade in the eurozone expands.
As with the dollar, some of the world's currencies are pegged against the euro. They are usually Eastern European currencies like the Bulgarian lev, plus several west African currencies like the Cape Verdean escudo and the CFA franc. Other European countries, while not being EU members, have adopted the euro due to currency unions with member states, or by unilaterally superseding their own currencies: Andorra, Monaco, Kosovo, Montenegro, San Marino, and Vatican City.
, the euro surpassed the dollar in the combined value of cash in circulation. The value of euro notes in circulation has risen to more than €610 billion, equivalent to US$800 billion at the exchange rates at the time. A 2016 report by the World Trade Organisation shows that the world's energy, food and services trade are made 60% with US dollar and 40% by euro.
Recent proposals (21st century)
Governmental
On 16 March 2009, in connection with the April 2009 G20 summit, the Kremlin called for a supranational reserve currency as part of a reform of the global financial system. In a document containing proposals for the G20 meeting, it suggested that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (or an Ad Hoc Working Group of G20) should be instructed to carry out specific studies to review the following options:
Enlargement (diversification) of the list of currencies used as reserve ones, based on agreed measures to promote the development of major regional financial centers. In this context, we should consider possible establishment of specific regional mechanisms which would contribute to reducing volatility of exchange rates of such reserve currencies.
Introduction of a supra-national reserve currency to be issued by international financial institutions. It seems appropriate to consider the role of IMF in this process and to review the feasibility of and the need for measures to ensure the recognition of SDRs as a "supra-reserve" currency by the whole world community."
On 23 March 2009, Zhou Xiaochuan, then-President of the People's Bank of China, called for a replacement of the US dollar with a different standard using "creative reform of the existing international monetary system towards an international reserve currency," believing it would "significantly reduce the risks of a future crisis and enhance crisis management capability." Zhou suggested that the IMF's special drawing rights (a currency basket then comprising dollars, euros, sterling and yen) could serve as a super-sovereign reserve currency, saying that it would not be easily influenced by the policies of individual countries. Then-US President Barack Obama, however, rejected China's call for a new global currency. He stated, "As far as confidence in the US economy or the dollar, I would just point out that the dollar is extraordinarily strong right now."
At the G8 summit in July 2009, Dmitry Medvedev expressed Russia's desire for a new supranational reserve currency by showing off a coin minted with the words "unity in diversity". The coin, an example of a future world currency, emphasized his call for creating a mix of regional currencies as a way to address the global financial crisis.
On 30 March 2009, at the second South America-Arab League Summit in Qatar, Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez proposed the creation of a petro-currency. It would be backed by the huge oil reserves of oil-producing countries. Chavez's successor, Nicolás Maduro, in 2018 announced the Petro cryptocurrency, but it does not appear to be used as a currency.
Single world currency
An alternative definition of a world or global currency refers to a hypothetical single global currency or supercurrency, as the proposed terra or the DEY (acronym for Dollar Euro Yen), produced and supported by a central bank which is used for all transactions around the world, regardless of the nationality of the entities (individuals, corporations, governments, or other organizations) involved in the transaction. No such official currency currently exists.
Advocates, notably Keynes, of a global currency often argue that such a currency would not suffer from inflation, which, in extreme cases, has had disastrous effects for economies. In addition, many argue that a single global currency would make conducting international business more efficient and would encourage foreign direct investment (FDI).
There are many different variations of the idea, including a possibility that it would be administered by a global central bank that would define its own monetary standard or that it would be on the gold standard. Supporters often point to the euro as an example of a supranational currency successfully implemented by a union of nations with disparate languages, cultures, and economies.
A limited alternative would be a world reserve currency issued by the International Monetary Fund, as an evolution of the existing special drawing rights and used as reserve assets by all national and regional central banks. On 26 March 2009, a UN panel of expert economists called for a new global currency reserve scheme to replace the current US dollar-based system. The panel's report pointed out that the "greatly expanded SDR (special drawing rights), with regular or cyclically adjusted emissions calibrated to the size of reserve accumulations, could contribute to global stability, economic strength and global equity."
Another world currency was proposed to use conceptual currency to aid the transaction between countries. The basic idea is to utilize the balance of trade to cancel out the currency actually needed to trade.
In addition to the idea of a single world currency, some evidence suggests the world may evolve multiple global currencies that exchange on a singular market system. The rise of digital global currencies owned by privately held companies or groups such as Ven suggest that multiple global currencies may offer wider formats for trade as they gain strength and wider acceptance.
WOCU currency, based on the WOCU synthetic global currency quotation derived from a weighted basket of currencies of fiat currency pairs covering the top 20 economies of the world, is planned to be issued and distributed by Unite Global a centralised platform for global real-time payments and settlement.
Difficulties
Limited additional benefit with extra cost
Some economists argue that a single world currency is unnecessary, because the U.S. dollar is providing many of the benefits of a world currency while avoiding some of the costs However, this de facto situation gives the U.S. government additional power over other countries (see for example the Iraq war when Iraq wanted to switch to the Euro for oil pricing). If the world does not form an optimum currency area, then it would be economically inefficient for the world to share one currency.
Economically incompatible nations
In the present world, nations are not able to work together closely enough to be able to produce and support a common currency. There has to be a high level of trust between different countries before a true world currency could be created. A world currency might even undermine national sovereignty of smaller states.
Wealth redistribution
The interest rate set by the central bank indirectly determines the interest rate customers must pay on their bank loans. This interest rate affects the rate of interest among individuals, investments, and countries. Lending to the poor involves more risk than lending to the rich. As a result of the larger differences in wealth in different areas of the world, a central bank's ability to set interest rates to make the area prosper will be increasingly compromised, since it places wealthiest regions in conflict with the poorest regions in debt.
Usury
Usury – the accumulation of interest on loan principal – is prohibited by the texts of some major religions. In Christianity and Judaism, adherents are forbidden to charge interest to other adherents or to the poor (Leviticus 25:35–38; Deuteronomy 23:19). Islam forbids usury, known in Arabic as riba.
Some religious adherents who oppose the paying of interest are currently able to use banking facilities in their countries which regulate interest. An example of this is the Islamic banking system, which is characterized by a nation's central bank setting interest rates for most other transactions.
See also
Bancor
Currency substitution
Dollar hegemony
Digital currency
List of currencies
List of circulating currencies
Monetary hegemony
Special drawing rights (SDRs)
Wocu
World currency unit
Synthetic currency pair
Money
References
External links
Global Imbalances and Developing Countries: Remedies for a Failing International Financial System, Jan Joost Teunissen and Age Akkerman (eds.), 2007, downloadable pdf book
World Currency site .
Foreign exchange market
Economic integration
Economic globalization
International finance
Monetary hegemony
World government |
5381857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Corinthian%20Yacht%20Club | Royal Corinthian Yacht Club | The Royal Corinthian Yacht Club is a watersports organisation based at Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex.
History
Early history
The club was founded at Erith, Kent in 1872 and moved to Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex in 1892. The Club provided the crew for the Endeavour in Thomas Sopwith's America's Cup Challenge in 1934 after a strike of Sopwith's professional crew.
Five members of the club crewed the boat Lalage in the 1936 Summer Olympic Games, winning the gold medal in the 6 metre class.
Burnham-on-Crouch
In 1931 Tiny Mitchell became Commodore of the club where he was responsible for completing the new clubhouse at Burnham-on-Crouch. The Grade II* listed building was designed by Joseph Emberton and represented Britain's contribution to the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1932. The building is one of the few examples of the International style of architecture in Britain.
Cowes
In 1948, the club established its southern branch at Cowes in the present clubhouse. It was operated by Rosa Lewis, a hotelier from London to provide a retreat and entertainment for gentlemen visiting the Royal Yacht Squadron. In 1988 the clubhouse was sold to commercial interests. However the buyer went into receivership in 1991. In 1993 the clubhouse was re-purchased from the receiver by a small group of members for the benefit of the club.
See also
Crouch Yacht Club
Royal Burnham Yacht Club
References
External links
Official website of The Royal Corinthian Yacht Club at Burnham
Official website of The Royal Corinthian Yacht Club at Cowes
Royal yacht clubs
Coastal Essex
Sports clubs in Essex
Royal Corinthian Yacht Club (Burnham)
Royal Corinthian Yacht Club (Burnham)
Yacht clubs in England
Royal Corinthian Yacht Club (Cowes)
1872 establishments in England
Burnham-on-Crouch
Cowes |
4044517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explore%20%28TV%20series%29 | Explore (TV series) | Explore was a 1980s PBS TV show based upon the film footage filmed by explorer Douchan Gersi over the previous 20 years. The show was hosted by popular actor James Coburn.
Series Episodes
Once Upon A Time In Afghanistan (Afghanistan)
In The Foot Steps Of Genghis Khan (Afghanistan)
Land of the Living Gods
Kingdom Beneath The Sky
Lost Road To Nubia (Ethiopia)
Bodies of Art, Bodies of Pandora
Sanctuaries of Stone (Ethiopia)
Land of Sheba (Ethiopia)
Orphans of the Sun
Magic Healing, Magic Death
Wolves of Freedom
Puppets of God
And The Gods Moved to Taiwan
Between Gods & Men
Journal from India
In The Wheels Of Karma
the Last Empire of Sailing
Festival of Tears
Dancers of Evil (Sri Lanka)
Tooth of Buddha (Sri Lanka)
Blue Men of the Sahara
From Timbuktu To The Stars (Burkina Faso)
Kaaba Center of the Universe
Bandits, Pirates, Flying Carpets
Jungles of Borneo (Indonesia)
Headhunters of Borneo (Indonesia)
External links
Douchan Gersi - Documentary films
Episode list from LocateTV.com
PBS original programming |
4044521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Idol%203%3A%20The%20Final%2013%20%E2%80%93%20Australian%20Made%3A%20The%20Hits | Australian Idol 3: The Final 13 – Australian Made: The Hits | Australian Made: The Hits is the compilation cast album of cover songs released by the finalists of Australian Idol 2005. The songs were chosen based on the first Australian Idol 3 liveshow theme on 11 September 2005, which was Australian Hits, there was also a corresponding DVD featuring the performances from this particular show.
Track listing
"Ready" by the Australian Idol 3 Top 13
"Cry in Shame" by Dan England
"I Don't Want To Be With Nobody But You" by Anne Robertson
"The Day You Went Away" by James Kannis
"Absolutely Everybody" by Natalie Zahra
"Throw Your Arms Around Me" by Chris Luder
"Please Don't Ask Me" by Kate DeAraugo
"Holy Grail" by Lee Harding
"Playing To Win" by Milly Edwards
"Buses & Trains" by Emily Williams
"Forever Now" by Roxane LeBrasse
"Tucker's Daughter" by Daniel Spillane
"You're My World" by Laura Gissara
"(Baby I've Got You) On My Mind" by Tarni Stephens
External links
Australian Idol
Pop albums by Australian artists
Compilation albums by Australian artists
2005 compilation albums |
5381862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%20of%20South%20Africa | Children of South Africa | Children Of South Africa (CHOSA) is a nonprofit charity that locates and supports community-based organizations (CBOs) in South Africa that reach out and take care of orphans and other vulnerable children in South Africa. It is a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization in the United States of America.
Partners
As of 2013, the charity has supported a number of organizations including Baphumelele Children's Home in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, Emasithandane Children's Project in Nyanga, Cape Town, Ubuhle Babantwana in Mfuleni, Cape Town, QQ Section Children's Committee in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, Mandela Park Children's Committee in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, and Abaphumeleli Place of Safety in Khayelitsha, Cape Town.
On 30 March 2012, a CHOSA partner, the QQ Section Community Creche, burned down for the second time. Community members came together and, with the help of CHOSA, donated money out of their own pockets to rebuild it.
Other programs
CHOSA has also started a house-building program for vulnerable families called the Philani Family Fund which works in conjunction with Philani Nutrition Centres, helped start the Desiree Ellis Soccer League which is now known as Amandla Edufootball, has provided seed funding to the Philippi Township Baseball Academy and runs a volunteer and mentoring program for the children of many of these projects.
CHOSA is a member of the Coalition for a Sustainable Africa, a consortium of organizations advancing locally led holistic solutions in Africa. It has been supporter by a number of organisations including Kids First. Its outreach initiative which teaches critical thinking through photography has been featured on National Public Radio (NPR).
See also
CHOSA is a Non-governmental organization and a Private voluntary organization.
References
External links
Children Of South Africa
CHOSA Blog
CHOSA Facebook
Baphumelele Children’s Home
Emasithandane Children's Project
Building a New Life
Charities based in the United States
Foreign charities operating in South Africa |
5381866 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.%20Dale%20Mitchell%20Baseball%20Park | L. Dale Mitchell Baseball Park | The L. Dale Mitchell Baseball Park is home to the University of Oklahoma Sooners baseball team.
About
Mitchell Park was named after Dale Mitchell, a mid-1940s Sooner letterman who holds OU's career and single-season batting records. The park was originally constructed at a cost of $1.27 million and was dedicated in 1982.
Renovations
Renovations during the 1998 season included an upper concourse plus additional rest rooms and concession stands. The locker room, training room and equipment room were also updated. Prior to the 2002 season, the press box and broadcast booths were significantly expanded and an elevator and VIP suites were added.
OU added a practice facility prior to the 2009 season including a regulation-size natural grass infield and a 5,160 square-foot indoor hitting facility. The building contains three full-size pitching and hitting lanes and is heated and air conditioned. The addition covered 22,500 square feet of existing ground down the left-field line adjacent to the Sooner bullpen.
The ballpark received a new video and scoreboard in left field in 2009, and new chair back seats were added prior to the 2011 and 2012 seasons. Also in 2012, a new warning track was installed as well as field turf in the foul territory around the infield.
Attendance
In 2011, the Sooners ranked 42nd in Division I college baseball in attendance, averaging 1,305 per home game.
See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball venues
References
External links
SoonerSports.com - OU Baseball Photo Gallery
Oklahoma Sooners baseball
Sports in Oklahoma City
Sports venues in Oklahoma
College baseball venues in the United States
Baseball venues in Oklahoma
University of Oklahoma campus
1982 establishments in Oklahoma
Sports venues completed in 1982 |
5381873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%20Mashiba | Mari Mashiba | is a Japanese voice actress affiliated with Production Baobab. Her best-known role is voice acting a major character from Crayon Shin-Chan, Kazama Tōru.
Voice roles
Anime television series
Osomatsu-kun (1988) (Hata-bou, Karamatsu)
Unknown date
21 Emon (Rigel)
Bonobono (Mari Mashiba)
Crayon Shin-chan (Tōru Kazama, Shiro)
Detective Conan (Suzuko Tanaka)
Idol Angel Yokoso Yoko (Mario)
Master Keaton (Victor (young))
Miracle Girls (Takae Matsunaga)
Mister Ajikko (Kōji Nakada)
Anime OVAs
Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory (1991) (Cima Garahau)
Tenchi Muyo! (1992) (Tenchi Masaki (child))
Anime films
Doraemon: Nobita and the Birth of Japan (1989)(Boy)
Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: The Last Blitz of Zeon (xxxx) (Cima Garahau)
Video games
Natsuki Crisis Battle (xxxx) (Akira Kandori)
Magical Drop F (xxxx) (Hierophant, Sun)
Mobile Suit Gundam: Gihren's Ambition (xxxx) (Cima Garahau)
Mobile Suit Gundam: Encounters in Space (xxxx) (Cima Garahau)
SD Gundam G Generation (xxxx) (Cima Garahau)
Super Robot Wars (xxxx) (Cima Garahau)
Tales of Rebirth (xxxx) (Zilva Madigan)
External links
Mari Mashiba at Production Baobab (Japanese)
1959 births
Living people
Voice actresses from Gunma Prefecture
Japanese voice actresses
20th-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese actresses
Production Baobab voice actors |
5381882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot%20in%20Mouth%20Disease | Foot in Mouth Disease | Foot In Mouth Disease is the fourth studio album by Canadian punk rock band Gob, released on April 1, 2003 in Canada by Nettwerk, internationally by Arista Records, and in Japan by BMG. Four singles were released from the album: "Give Up the Grudge", "Oh! Ellin", "Ming Tran" (which previously appeared on the F.U. EP), and "This Evil World".
Three of the album's tracks have been featured in many Electronic Arts video games. The album's second track "I've Been Up These Steps" was in NHL 2003, "Oh! Ellin" was in NHL 2004, and "Give Up the Grudge" was in Madden NFL 2004 and the 2003 film American Wedding.
It is the band’s final album with longtime bassist Craig Wood, as he left the band in 2004.
The song "Ming Tran" was featured in the Being Ian episode, "Band 'o' Bruthaz", which features Gob as guest stars.
Track listing
"Lemon-Aid" – 2:45
"I've Been Up These Steps" – 2:48
"Oh! Ellin" – 3:59
"I Cut Myself, Too" – 3:13
"Fed Up" – 4:18
"Ming Tran" – 2:34
"When Life Gets Boring..." – 3:06
"Give Up the Grudge" – 2:57
"Bones" – 2:12
"This Evil World" - 3:22
"I Hear You Calling" (American Edition Only) – 3:10
"Bully" – 3:31
"Cold Feet" – 2:48
"Everybody's Getting Hooked Up" – 3:23
Japanese bonus tracks
"My New Favorite Shoplifter" – 3:00
"Heavy Metal Shuffle" (Kick Axe Cover) – 2:55
Bonus DVD
Audio Tracks
What To Do
Beauville
L.A. Song
For The Moment
Sick With You
No Regrets
On These Days...
Soda
Marching Song
Marching Song (Pointed Sticks)
Custers Last 1 Nite Stand (live)
Heavy Metal Shuffle
Self Appointed Leader
Videos from The World According to Gob
I Hear You Calling
For The Moment
No Regrets
Band
Theo Goutzinakis - Backing vocals (lead vocals on "Bully"), guitar
Tom Thacker - Lead vocals (backing vocals on "Bully"), guitar
Craig Wood - Bass, vocals
Gabe Mantle - Drums, vocals
Charts
References
2003 albums
Gob (band) albums
Arista Records albums
Albums produced by Mark Trombino |
4044528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany%20Scott | Tiffany Scott | Tiffany Scott (born May 1, 1977) is an American figure skater.
Scott was born in Hanson, Massachusetts. She skated with Philip Dulebohn until 2005. They competed at the 2002 Olympic Games and won the pairs title at the 2003 U.S. Championships. In 2005, Dulebohn retired from competition and Scott teamed up with Rusty Fein. Dulebohn was one of the pair's coaches during their brief partnership. Scott and Fein finished 4th at their first and only U.S. Figure Skating Championships in 2006.
Away from the ice, Scott married Brian Pryor in 2005. In May 2006, Scott announced her retirement from competitive skating. In March 2012, the couple had a son.
In the 2007 film Blades of Glory, Scott served as Amy Poehler's stunt double.
Programs
(with Dulebohn)
(with Fein)
Results
With Dulebohn
With Fein
References
External links
1977 births
American female pair skaters
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Living people
Olympic figure skaters of the United States
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
21st-century American women
20th-century American women |
5381884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba%20Deep%20Singh | Baba Deep Singh | Baba Deep Singh (26 January 1682 – 13 November 1757) is revered among Sikhs as one of the most hallowed martyrs in Sikhism. He is remembered for his sacrifice and devotion to the teachings of the Sikh Gurus. Baba Deep Singh was the first head of Misl Shaheedan Tarna Dal – an order of the Khalsa military established by Nawab Kapur Singh, the then head of Sharomani Panth Akali Buddha Dal. The Damdami Taksal also state that he was the first head of their order.
Early life
Baba Deep Singh Ji was born on 26 January 1682 to his father Bhagta, and his mother Jioni. He lived in the village of Pahuwind in Amritsar district. He was born into a Sandhu Jat Sikh family.
He went to Anandpur Sahib on the day of Vaisakhi in 1700, where he was baptised into Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh Ji, through the Khande di Pahul or Amrit Sanchar (ceremonial initiation into Khalsa). As a youth, he spent considerable time in close companionship of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, learning weaponry, riding and other martial skills. From Bhai Mani Singh, he learnt reading and writing Gurmukhi and the interpretation of the Gurus' words. After spending two years at Anandpur, he returned to his village in 1702, before he was summoned by Guru Gobind Singh Ji at Talwandi Sabo in 1705, where he helped Bhai Mani Singh Ji in making copies of the scripture Guru Granth Sahib.
Warrior
Misldar
In 1709, Baba Deep Singh joined Banda Singh Bahadur during the Battle of Sadhaura and the Battle of Chappar Chiri. In 1733, Nawab Kapur Singh appointed him a leader of an armed squad (jatha). On the Vaisakhi of 1748, at the meeting of the Sarbat Khalsa in Amritsar, the 65 jathas of the Dal Khalsa were reorganized into twelve Misls. Baba Deep Singh was entrusted with the leadership of the Shaheed Misl.
The Demolition of the Harmandir Sahib
In April 1757, Ahmad Shah Durrani raided Northern India for the fourth time. While he was on his way back to Kabul from Delhi with young men and women as captives, the Sikhs made a plan to relieve him of the valuables and free the captives. The squad of Baba Deep Singh was deployed near Kurukshetra. His squad freed a large number of prisoners and raided Durrani's considerable treasury. On his arrival in Lahore, Durrani, embittered by his loss, ordered the demolition of the Harmandir Sahib (the "Golden Gurudwara"). The shrine was blown up and the sacred pool filled with the entrails of slaughtered animals. Durrani assigned the Punjab region to his son, Prince Timur Shah, and left him a force of ten thousand men under General Jahan Khan.
Baba Deep Singh, 75 years old, felt that it was up to him to atone for the sin of having let the Afghans desecrate the shrine. He emerged from scholastic retirement and declared to a congregation at Damdama Sahib that he intended to rebuild the temple. Five hundred men came forward to go with him. Baba Deep Singh offered prayers before starting for Amritsar: "May my head fall at the Darbar Sahib." As he went from hamlet to hamlet, many villagers joined him. By the time baba Deep Singh reached Tarn Taran Sahib, ten miles from Amritsar, over five thousand Sikhs armed with hatchets, swords, and spears accompanied him.
Death
Baba Deep Singh had vowed to avenge the desecration of the Golden Temple by the Afghan army. In 1757, he led an army to defend the Golden Temple. The Sikhs and the Afghans clashed in the Battle of Amritsar on 13 November 1757, and in the ensuing conflict Baba Deep Singh was decapitated.
There are two accounts of Baba Deep Singh's death. According to one popular version, Baba Deep Singh continued to fight after having been completely decapitated, slaying his enemies with his head in one hand and his sword in the other. In this version, only upon reaching the sacred city of Amritsar did he stop and finally die. According to the second version, he was mortally wounded with a blow to the neck, but not completely decapitated. After receiving this blow, a Sikh reminded Baba Deep Singh, "You had resolved to reach the periphery of the pool." On hearing the talk of the Sikh, he held his head with his left hand and removing the enemies from his way with the strokes of his Khanda "with his right hand, reached the periphery of Harmandir Sahib where he breathed his last. The Singhs celebrated the Bandhi-Sor Divas of 1757 A.D. in Harmandir Sahib".
The Sikhs recovered their prestige by defeating the Afghan army and the latter were forced to flee.
The spot where Baba Deep Singh's head fell is marked in the Golden Temple complex, and Sikhs from around the world pay their respects there. Baba Deep Singh's Khanda (double-edged sword), which he used in his final battle, is still preserved at Akal Takht, first of the five centers of temporal Sikh authority.
In popular culture
Anokhe Amar Shaheed Baba Deep Singh Ji, an Indian historical biographical film by Jaswinder Chahal was released in 2006.
References
Further reading
External links
History of Punjab
Sikh Empire
Indian Sikhs
Sikh martyrs
Sikh warriors
Military personnel from Amritsar
1757 deaths
1682 births |
5381892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WildCat%20%28Cedar%20Point%29 | WildCat (Cedar Point) | WildCat was a steel roller coaster located at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio. Designed by Werner Stengel and manufactured by Anton Schwarzkopf, the ride opened to the public in 1979. Cedar Point made the decision in 2012 to remove WildCat to allow for expansion of the Celebration Plaza, also citing that the coaster had reached the end of its service life. It was dismantled and scrapped.
History
WildCat opened at Cedar Point in 1979. It was the 65m variant of the Schwarzkopf Wildcat model where small cars (each holding four passengers) take many tight turns and small hills that produce negative g-forces as well as strong lateral forces. Riders were required to be at least 48" tall and be able to climb down vertical ladders in the case of an emergency evacuation. Riders were secured by a seatbelt and lap bar. At the end of the ride, riders were given a visual signal by the operator to extend their arms and hold on, as the train stops extremely quickly. It was the second Cedar Point ride to use the WildCat name following the 1970 installation, Wildcat, which was an identical 65m Schwarzkopf Wildcat.
WildCat is the only roller coaster in Cedar Point that has been relocated since being built. WildCat had been in two previous places before settling in its final location, across from Iron Dragon. WildCat gave more than 25 million rides since its debut. Although this figure-8 designed coaster was a park favorite, ridership declined over the years from over 500,000 riders in 1996 down to 300,000 riders in 2008.
On May 2, 2012, Cedar Point announced the permanent removal and dismantling of the WildCat roller coaster prior to the opening of the 2012 season for the expansion of Celebration Plaza. WildCat was demolished and scrapped before the season started.
Incidents
On May 16, 2008 during the opening weeks of the season, WildCat suffered a "roll back". A car traveling up the lift hill did not make it all the way up and rolled back down, hitting another car. This incident injured nine guests, of which eight were treated at the first aid station in the park, and one was treated and released at Firelands Memorial Hospital. Due to this accident, the ride was closed for a month. It reopened late June 2008 after a section of track was replaced.
In the evening of June 5, 2011, two cars of WildCat collided, injuring seven people, none seriously. Three people were taken to Firelands Regional Medical Center as a precaution and four were released from the first aid station without further treatment. The crash was classified as an "incident" by the US Department of Agriculture.
See also
2011 in amusement parks
References
External links
WildCat Photo Gallery
Cedar Point
Roller coasters operated by Cedar Fair
Former roller coasters in Ohio
1979 establishments in Ohio
2011 disestablishments in Ohio |
5381902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20Union%20%E2%80%93%20New%20Forces | Centre Union – New Forces | Centre Union – New Forces (EK-ND, Greek: Ένωσις Κέντρου-Νέες Δυνάμεις (Ε.Κ. – Ν.Δ.), Enosi Kentrou-Nees Dynameis) was the continuation of the Centre Union party of George Papandreou after the military junta. It was the merger of a Centre Union fraction led by Georgios Mavros and the Movement of New Political Forces (KNPD).
History
In the elections of 1974, the party became the second largest of the country, after the conservative New Democracy. It obtained about 20% of the vote and 60 seats in the Hellenic Parliament. On February 5, 1976, the Centre Union – New Forces merged into the Union of the Democratic Centre led by veteran centrist politician George Zigdis.
Their program for the elections of 1974 did not differ significantly from that of New Democracy; it included slogans concerning "participatory democracy", "checks imposed on capital (Greek or foreign) by the people", and so on. With the death of the old centrist leader George Papandreou in 1968, who achieved massive support for his centre party Center Union before the coup, and the creation by Andreas Papandreou of socialist PASOK, the old center had lost its appeal to both new and old voters. Also, the abolition of the Greek monarchy in 1974, through a referendum proclaimed by Constantine Karamanlis, deprived the anti-royalist center parties of a popular cause and an issue which had defined their identity.
Political parties established in 1974
Liberal parties in Greece
Defunct liberal political parties
Centrist parties in Greece |
5381904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipson%20%28disambiguation%29 | Lipson (disambiguation) | Lipson is a ward in the city of Plymouth, England.
Lipson may also refer to:
Lipson, South Australia, a locality
Lipson Cove, a bay in South Australia
Lipson Island, an island in South Australia
Lipson Island Conservation Park, a protected area in South Australia
People with the surname
D. Herbert Lipson, American magazine publisher
Ephraim Lipson (1888–1960), British economic historian
Henry Lipson (1910–1991), British physicist
Hod Lipson, American robotics researcher
Stephen Lipson, music producer and guitarist
Thomas Lipson (ca.1784-1863), Royal Navy officer and South Australian government official
See also
Lipton (surname) |
4044541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon%20clownfish | Maroon clownfish | Premnas biaculeatus, commonly known as spine-cheeked anemonefish or the maroon clownfish, is a species of anemonefish found in the Indo-Pacific from western Indonesia to Taiwan and the Great Barrier Reef. They can grow up to be about . Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict size-based dominance hierarchy; the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male nonbreeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends. They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male changes to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest nonbreeder becoming the breeding male. The fish's natural diet includes algae and zooplankton.
Description
The characteristic that defines this genus is the spine on the cheek. The colors of the body and bars vary according to sex and geographic location. Despite the common name maroon clownfish, only some females have a maroon body color, with a range of color to dark brown. Juveniles and males are bright red-orange. The fish has three body bars which may be white, grey, or yellow. Where the female bars are grey, they can be "switched" rapidly to white if fish is provoked. The size-based dominance hierarchy means in any group of anemonefish, the female is always larger than the male. A significant difference in size is seen in this species, with females being one of the largest anemonefish, growing up to while males are much smaller, usually being .
Color variations
The significant color variations for fish in this species are related to sex and geographic location. Male and juvenile fish are bright red-orange which darkens on the fish changing to female, ranging from maroon to dark brown. The body bars of the female are narrower and the body bars reportedly all but disappear in older females. At least three geographic variations in the color of females are found, with fish from East Timor to Australia retaining white body bars. In the central Malay Archipelago, the head bar tends towards a dull yellow, with the other two body bars being grey. In Sumatra and Andaman Islands, all three body bars are yellow for both male and female, and the female body color can range from a dull maroon to a dark brown. While other species have a blue tinge to their body bars, Amphiprion chrysopterus and A. latezonatus, this geographic variety, is the only anemonefish to have yellow or gold body bars.
Central Malay Archipelago
The female in the Central Malay Archipelago, from North Sulawesi and the Philippines in the north to Komodo Island in the south, has a dull-yellow head bar and grey body bars. Male and juvenile fish are bright red-orange with white bars.
East Timor to Australia
In the area from East Timor through New Guinea and Australia, the female has white or grey head and body bars. Male and juvenile fish are bright red-orange with white bars.
Sumatra
Fish from Sumatra, the Andaman Islands, and Nicobar Islands have yellow body bars on both males and females. This distinctive feature meant they were previously considered a separate species.
Similar species
No similar species are seen because the cheek spine is distinctive of the genus and presently all geographic variations of the fish are considered to be the one species. Genetic analysis has shown that it is closely related to A. percula and A. latezonatus.
Distribution and habitat
P. biaculeatus is found in the Malay Archipelago and Western Pacific Ocean north of the Great Barrier Reef.
Host anemones
The relationship between anemonefish and their host sea anemones is not random and instead is highly nested in structure. P. biaculeatus is highly specialised with only one species anemone host, Entacmaea quadricolor bubble-tip anemone, predominantly with the solitary form. The fish chooses the host and one of the primary drivers for host selection is thought to be competition. E. quadricolor is highly generalist, hosting at least 14 species, around half of all species of anemonefish. With such competition, P. biaculeatus is considered to be the most territorial of all anemonefish. Competition alone, though, does not explain the preference of P. biaculeatus for the solitary form of E. quadricolor.
Taxonomy
P. biaculeatus is currently the only member of the genus Premnas. Historically, anemonefish have been identified by morphological features and color pattern in the field, while in a laboratory, other features such as scalation of the head, tooth shape, and body proportions are used. The spine on the cheek of the fish is the characteristic that distinguishes the genus Premnas from the closely related Amphiprion. P. biaculeatus has been thought to have a monospecific lineage, however genetic analysis has shown that it is closely related to A. percula and A. latezonatus.
Genetic analysis suggests P. biaculeatus is monophyletic with Amphiprion, closely related to A. ocellaris and A. percula. This would make Premnas a synonym of Amphiprion.
The taxon epigrammata from Sumatra probably should be recognized as a distinct species, Premnas epigrammata (Fowler, 1904). The recent precedents of the recognition of A. barberi as a distinct species from A. melanopus and A. pacificus being distinguished from A. akallopisos demonstrate the need to show not only geographic and morphological differences, but also genetic data to confirm the separation of the proposed species.
In 2021 an expansive phylogenetic analysis of the damselfishes has reclassified the Maroon Clownfish from the monotypic genus Premnas to a junior synonym of Amphiprion. The species name remains unchanged, thus the Maroon Clownfish is now Amphiprion biaculeatus. Reef fish taxonomist Yi-Kai Tea agrees, based on DNA studies, "Premnas has been refuted for ages."
In the aquarium
The fish has successfully bred in a home aquarium. Being one of the larger anemonefish and the most aggressive, these characteristics need to be accommodated in any aquarium setup.
Selective breeding
P. biaculeatus has been subject to selective breeding in captivity. One of the more prominent traits is the "lightning" morph which is characterized by broken, jagged white body bars that have a honeycomb appearance. One of the first times this trait was observed was in a wild-caught pair from Fisherman's Island near Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
Hybridization
The maroon clownfish has been successfully crossbred with A. ocellaris to create the hybrid named the "blood orange clownfish" by the Florida aquaculture company, Oceans, Reefs and Aquariums. The body of this hybrid more closely resembles A. ocellaris, but possesses a darker orange hue, grows larger, and has a more fiery temperament, features characteristic of its P. biaculeatus genes.
Gallery
References
External links
Fenner, Bob. 2005. Premnas biaculeatus - The Maroon Clownfish. SeaScope, Aquarium Systems, Inc. 22(1): 1-3.
Pomacentridae
Monotypic fish genera
Fish described in 1790 |
5381912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupleridae | Eupleridae | Eupleridae is a family of carnivorans endemic to Madagascar and comprising 10 known living species in seven genera, commonly known as euplerids, Malagasy mongooses or Malagasy carnivorans. The best known species is the fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), in the subfamily Euplerinae. All species of Euplerinae were formerly classified as viverrids, while all species in the subfamily Galidiinae were classified as herpestids.
Recent molecular studies indicate that the 10 living species of Madagascar carnivorans evolved from one ancestor that is thought to have rafted over from mainland Africa 18–24 million years ago. This makes Malagasy carnivorans a clade. They are closely allied with the true herpestid mongooses, their closest living relatives. The fossa and the Malagasy civet (Fossa fossana) are each evolutionarily quite distinct from each other and from the rest of the clade.
All Eupleridae are considered threatened species due to habitat destruction, as well as predation and competition from non-native species.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
Historically, the relationships of the Madagascar carnivorans have been contentious, but molecular evidence suggests that they form a single clade, now recognized as the family Eupleridae. The hyena family, Hyaenidae, is a sister taxon of the euplerid and herpestid clade, and when grouped together with the viverrids and felids, as well as some smaller groups, forms the feliform (cat-like carnivores) clade.
The evolutionary divergence between the herpestids and the euplerids dates back to the Oligocene. At that time, feliforms shared many similarities, particularly between the cats and the viverrids. Palaeoprionodon (within the clade Aeluroidea), found in Europe and Asia from the late Eocene or early Oligocene, looked similar to the modern fossa, while Proailurus, an extinct form of cat, exhibited many viverrid-like characteristics. Despite these similarities in the fossil record, the modern Malagasy carnivores are distinctly different, with the Euplerinae and Galidiinae subfamilies bearing similarities with civets and mongooses, respectively. Species in Euplerinae (including the fossa, falanouc, and Malagasy civet) have auditory regions similar to those of viverrids, while those in Galidiinae have auditory regions similar to those of herpestids. Based on this trait, Robert M. Hunt Jr. proposed in 1996 that Madagascar was colonized twice, once by viverrids and once by herpestids. However, the genetic studies by Yoder and colleagues in 2003 suggested that a single colonization event occurred by a primitive herpestid ancestor, which was quickly followed by adaptive radiation. The common ancestor arrived from Africa, probably by rafting, during the late Oligocene or early Miocene (24–18 Mya), though Philippe Gaubert and Veron estimated a divergence date of 19.4 Mya (16.5–22.7 Mya).
Classification
Phylogenetic tree
The phylogenetic relationships of Malagasy carnivorans (Eupleridae) are shown in the following cladogram:
See also
List of mammals of Madagascar
References
External links
Mammal families
Extant Chattian first appearances
Taxa named by Jean-Charles Chenu |
5381942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima%20Peru%20Temple | Lima Peru Temple | The Lima Peru Temple is the 38th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
History
Due to growth in Peru, church leaders announced in 1981 that a temple would be built in the city of Lima. The six-spired Lima Peru Temple was constructed on of undeveloped area. Gordon B. Hinckley, then a counselor in the church's First Presidency, dedicated the Lima Peru temple on January 10, 1986.
The Lima Peru Temple serves more than four hundred thousand Latter-day Saints in the country. The temple has a total floor area of , four ordinance rooms, and three sealing rooms.
On April 3, 2016, church president Thomas S. Monson announced the intent to construct a second temple in the city. This temple will be called the Lima Peru Los Olivos Temple. Upon completion of this second temple, Lima will be the third city (and first outside of Utah) to have more than one temple, following the Utah cities of South Jordan and Provo.
In 2020, the Lima Peru Temple was closed temporarily during the year in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
See also
Dean L. Larsen, a former temple president
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Peru
Pachacamac, ancient temple site southeast of Lima
References
External links
Lima Peru Temple Official site
Lima Peru Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
20th-century Latter Day Saint temples
Buildings and structures in Lima
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1986
Temples (LDS Church) in Peru
1986 establishments in Peru |
4044542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Glenn%20%28American%20football%29 | Joe Glenn (American football) | Joseph Cassidy Glenn (born March 7, 1949) is a former American football coach and former player. He was the head football coach at the University of South Dakota, his alma mater, from 2012 to 2015. He was named head coach on December 5, 2011 after the school's athletic director, David Sayler, fired Ed Meierkort. Glenn served as the head football coach at Doane College (1976–1979), the University of Northern Colorado (1989–1999), the University of Montana (2000–2002), and the University of Wyoming (2003–2008). He won two NCAA Division II Football Championships at Northern Colorado, in 1996 and 1997, and an NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship at Montana in 2001.
Coaching career
Early coaching career
Glenn served as backfield coach at the University of South Dakota in 1974. He was also a backfield coach at Northern Arizona University in 1975.
Glenn's first head coaching job was at Doane College in Crete, Nebraska. There he was the youngest head college football coach at 27 years of age. While at Doane he compiled a 21–18–1 record over four seasons. After Doane, Glenn made his first stint at the University of Montana as a quarterbacks and wide receivers coach and offensive coordinator from 1980 to 1985. He was out of coaching in 1986. In 1987, he joined the staff at University of Northern Colorado (UNC) as quarterbacks and kicking coach. He was named head coach of UNC for the 1989 season.
Prior to coaching at Montana, Glenn led the Division II University of Northern Colorado to two NCAA Division II Football Championships in 1996 and 1997. Glenn spent eleven seasons at UNC, with a 98–35 record.
Montana
Glenn coached at Montana for three seasons, from 2000 to 2002, and compiled a 39–6 record. In 2001, the Grizzlies won the NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship, defeating Furman in the title game. The year before, the Grizzlies finished as the NCAA Division I-AA runner-up, losing to Georgia Southern in the championship game. In 2002, Montana finished in the quarterfinals of the NCAA Division I-AA playoffs.
Wyoming
Over a three-year period, Glenn and his staff took a team that won only five games in the three previous seasons to a Las Vegas Bowl win in two seasons. The 24–21 victory over UCLA on December 23, 2004 marked the first bowl appearance for Wyoming in 11 years and their first bowl victory in 38 years. In 2005, after starting 4–1, including a victory over the Ole Miss, the Cowboys went on a six-game losing skid, finishing 4–7.
The 2006 season was one which saw the Cowboys picked to finish last in the conference. After an opening day victory over Utah State, the Cowboys suffered four losses, two of them in overtime. Then the Cowboys fortunes began to shift. The team enjoyed a four-game winning streak, all against conference opponents. The Cowboys next two games were both road losses, the first against TCU, in which they managed only a field goal. The next game was on the road against than #25 BYU. The Cougars trounced the Cowboys, 55–7. The Cowboys fell to 5–6. The Cowboys won their final game against UNLV, moving them to a 6–6 record, and making them bowl eligible but the team did not receive an invitation.
The 2007 Cowboys season started off with a 23–3 victory over Atlantic Coast Conference-member Virginia. By the end of October, Wyoming was 5–3 and needed only one win in its last four games to become bowl-eligible. However, the Cowboys lost all four games to finish 5–7, including a 50–0 thrashing at the hands of Utah on November 10.
Offensive coordinator Billy Cockhill was fired at the end of the 2007 season and replaced by Bob Cole, formerly of Florida A&M in an attempt to improve the Cowboy's anemic offense. Junior college signal caller Dax Crum came to the Laramie campus from the Mesa Community College in Arizona to compete for the starting quarterback job, which he won over junior Karsten Sween.
The 2008 Cowboys opened the season with a win over Mid-American Conference-member 2008 Ohio Bobcats football team (21-20), a loss to Air Force (23-3) and a win over FCS North Dakota State (16–13). Wyoming followed up that victory with five straight losses: to BYU (44–0), Bowling Green (45–16), New Mexico (24–0), Utah (40-7), and TCU (54–7). On November 1, the Pokes beat San Diego State, 35-10, at home and then followed with a win over Tennessee, 13–7, on the road a week later. Five days later, on Thursday, Wyoming lost to UNLV, 22–14, on the road. Wyoming finished the season by losing to arch rival Colorado State, 31–20, at home in the 100th Border War. The following day, November 23, 2008, Glenn was fired. Glenn finished his career at Wyoming with an overall record of 30–41 (.423), and 15–31 (.326) versus Mountain West opponents.
Glenn joined the Mtn. as a game-day analyst in 2009. In 2010, he left the Mtn. and joined the WAC Sports Network as a color commentator.
South Dakota
Glenn was named USD's 29th head football coach on December 5, 2011. Glenn started coaching the Coyotes during the 2012 season as they started their first season as a full-fledged member in Division I-FCS football, competing in the Missouri Valley Football Conference.
Controversy
During the week before their game against Utah in 2007, Glenn "guaranteed" a victory at a luncheon for University of Wyoming students. However, this ended up motivating Utah as they beat Wyoming that day, 50-0. In the third quarter, with the Utes up 43-0, Utah attempted an onside kick. After the play, a furious Glenn was caught giving the middle finger in the direction of the Utah sidelines on national television. The Mountain West Conference reprimanded Glenn, who would later apologize for the obscene gesture and regretted the "guarantee." Utah Head Coach Kyle Whittingham later admitted calling for an onside kick in that situation was a "bad decision" and regretted the play call.
Personal life
Glenn graduated from the University of South Dakota in 1971. While there, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in health, physical education, recreation and athletics. He played quarterback and wide receiver for the Coyotes, and was selected a team captain as a senior. During college, he completed Army ROTC and upon graduation was commissioned as a second lieutenant serving two-years of active duty as an MP at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. In 1975, he received a master's degree in education from South Dakota. In 2006, Glenn was inducted into the university's Hall of Fame.
Glenn and his wife, Michele, are both natives of Lincoln, Nebraska. They have two adult children: a daughter, Erin, and a son, Casey. Casey was an All-American offensive lineman at Carroll College in Helena, Montana, concluding his playing career in 2002 when Carroll won their first of five NAIA National Championships. After coaching at Idaho State, South Dakota and Oklahoma, he served as tight ends and fullbacks coach after serving as Director of Football Operations for Wyoming under his father.
Head coaching record
See also
List of college football coaches with 200 wins
References
External links
South Dakota profile
Wyoming profile
Northern Colorado profile
1949 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Lincoln, Nebraska
Players of American football from Nebraska
American football quarterbacks
American football wide receivers
South Dakota Coyotes football players
Coaches of American football from Nebraska
South Dakota Coyotes football coaches
Northern Arizona Lumberjacks football coaches
Doane Tigers football coaches
Northern Colorado Bears football coaches
Montana Grizzlies football coaches
Wyoming Cowboys football coaches |
5381954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20for%20Local%20Self-Reliance | Institute for Local Self-Reliance | The Institute for Local Self-Reliance (ILSR) is a nonprofit organization and advocacy group that was founded in 1974. The organization provides technical assistance to communities about local solutions for sustainable community development in areas such as banking, broadband, energy, independent business, and waste. ILSR has three main offices, one in Washington, D.C., Portland, Maine, and Minneapolis, Minnesota.
History
1980s
In the 1980s, ILSR worked with community organizations to halt a plan for six waste incineration plants in Los Angeles. With ILSR's assistance, the Los Angeles groups then formed a coalition throughout Southern California that campaigned to have 15 additional mass burn plants cancelled between 1985 and 1988 in favor of recycling technologies.
2000s
In October 2007, Booklist named ILSR Senior Researcher Stacy Mitchell's book Big-Box Swindle as one of the top ten business books of the year. Reminiscent of ILSR's early work on the economic impact of fast-food chains, this book details the largely negative economic and environmental impacts of big box stores and how ILSR is helping dozens of communities around the county buck this trend.
In April 2008, ILSR's Healthy Building Network (HBN) program was spun off as an independent nonprofit organization. HBN is a network of green building professionals, environmental and health activists, socially responsible investment advocates and others who promote healthier building materials as a means of improving public health and preserving the global environment.
2010–present
In August 2019, ILSR's Brenda Platt and Neil Seldman were profiled in Biocycle Magazine about their history of work on zero waste and community-scaled composting.
In February 2020, ILSR Co-Director Stacy Mitchell appeared in PBS Frontline's documentary, Amazon: The Rise and Reign of Jeff Bezos.
In April 2020, ILSR Co-Director Stacy Mitchell was profiled in the New York Times by David Streitfeld. The article primarily focuses on her work and efforts to oppose Amazon's growing monopoly power.
In 2021, Politico called the organization "one of the most prominent critics of the tech industry in Washington."
References
External links
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
Grassroots Recycling Network
Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Organizations established in 1974 |
5381956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavignano | Gavignano | Gavignano is a town in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Lazio, central Italy. Gavignano is approximately 50 km south east of Rome, on a hill in the Lepini Mountains.
The name of the town is believed to be derived from the Roman consul and general Aulus Gabinius, a friend of Pompey and ally of Julius Caesar.
The nearest train station is located in the town of Colleferro. Nearby, within the communal territory, is an archaeological site of a Roman villa from the Republican era, the villa "Rossilli", believed to be a country home of the Julii family. At Rossilli there is also a historical abbey, built by the Benedictines in the 12th century.
Pope Innocent III was born there in 1160.
References
Cities and towns in Lazio |
4044544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF%204HP14%20transmission | ZF 4HP14 transmission | The ZF 4HP14 is a four-speed automatic transmission for passenger cars from ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Introduced in 1984, and produced through 2001, it was used in Citroën, Peugeot, and Daewoo front-wheel drive cars.
Specifications
Technical data
Applications
1984–1993 Citroën BX 1.6
1985–1993 Citroën BX 1.9
1987–1993 Peugeot 205 1.6
1987–1993 Peugeot 205 1.9
1987–1989 Peugeot 305 1.5
1987–1996 Peugeot 309 1.6
1987–1996 Peugeot 309 1.9
1987–1997 Peugeot 405 1.6
1987–1997 Peugeot 405 1.8
1987–1997 Peugeot 405 1.9
1990–1996 Volvo 400 series
1991–1998 Rover 800 (XX/R17)
1992–1993 Citroën ZX 1.6
1992–1998 Citroën ZX 1.8
1993–1998 Citroën Xantia 1.8
1993–1998 Citroën Xantia 2.0
1993–2001 Peugeot 306 1.8
1993–2001 Peugeot 306 2.0
1996–1997 Daewoo Nubira 1.5
1996–1997 Daewoo Nubira 1.8
1996–1997 Daewoo Leganza 1.8
1996–1997 Daewoo Leganza 2.0
See also
list of ZF transmissions
References
4HP14 |
5381963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution%20independence | Resolution independence | Resolution independence is where elements on a computer screen are rendered at sizes independent from the pixel grid, resulting in a graphical user interface that is displayed at a consistent physical size, regardless of the resolution of the screen.
Concept
As early as 1978, the typesetting system TeX due to Donald Knuth introduced resolution independence into the world of computers. The intended view can be rendered beyond the atomic resolution without any artifacts, and the automatic typesetting decisions are guaranteed to be identical on any computer up to an error less than the diameter of an atom. This pioneering system has a corresponding font system, Metafont, which provides suitable fonts of the same high standards of resolution independence.
The terminology device independent file format (DVI) is the file format of Donald Knuth's pioneering TeX system. The content of such a file can be interpreted at any resolution without any artifacts, even at very high resolutions not currently in use.
Implementation
macOS
Apple included some support for resolution independence in early versions of macOS, which could be demonstrated with the developer tool Quartz Debug that included a feature allowing the user to scale the interface. However, the feature was incomplete, as some icons did not show (such as in System Preferences), user interface elements were displayed at odd positions and certain bitmap GUI elements were not scaled smoothly. Because the scaling feature was never completed, macOS's user interface remained resolution-dependent.
On June 11, 2012, Apple introduced the 2012 MacBook Pro with a resolution of 2880×1800 or 5.2 megapixels – doubling the pixel density in both dimensions. The laptop shipped with a version of macOS that provided support to scale the user interface twice as big as it has previously been. This feature is called HighDPI mode in macOS and it uses a fixed scaling factor of 2 to increase the size of the user interface for high-DPI screens. Apple also introduced support for scaling the UI by rendering the user interface on higher or smaller resolution that the laptop's built-in native resolution and scaling the output to the laptop screen. One obvious downside of this approach is either a decreased performance on rendering the UI on a higher than native resolution or increased blurriness when rendering lower than native resolution. Thus, while the macOS's user interface can be scaled using this approach, the UI itself is not resolution-independent.
Microsoft Windows
The GDI system in Windows is pixel-based and thus not resolution-independent. To scale up the UI, Microsoft Windows has supported specifying a custom DPI from the Control Panel since Windows 95. (In Windows 3.1, the DPI setting is tied to the screen resolution, depending on the driver information file.) When a custom system DPI is specified, the built-in UI in the operating system scales up. Windows also includes APIs for application developers to design applications that will scale properly.
GDI+ in Windows XP adds resolution-independent text rendering however, the UI in Windows versions up to Windows XP is not completely high-DPI aware as displays with very high resolutions and high pixel densities were not available in that time frame. Windows Vista and Windows 7 scale better at higher DPIs.
Windows Vista also adds support for programs to declare themselves to the OS that they are high-DPI aware via a manifest file or using an API. For programs that do not declare themselves as DPI-aware, Windows Vista supports a compatibility feature called DPI virtualization so system metrics and UI elements are presented to applications as if they are running at 96 DPI and the Desktop Window Manager then scales the resulting application window to match the DPI setting. Windows Vista retains the Windows XP style scaling option which when enabled turns off DPI virtualization (blurry text) for all applications globally.
Windows Vista also introduces Windows Presentation Foundation. WPF applications are vector-based, not pixel-based and are designed to be resolution-independent.
Windows 7 adds the ability to change the DPI by doing only a log off, not a full reboot and makes it a per-user setting. Additionally, Windows 7 reads the monitor DPI from the EDID and automatically sets the DPI value to match the monitor's physical pixel density, unless the effective resolution is less than 1024 x 768.
In Windows 8, only the DPI scaling percentage is shown in the DPI changing dialog and the display of the raw DPI value has been removed. In Windows 8.1, the global setting to disable DPI virtualization (only use XP-style scaling) is removed. At pixel densities higher than 120 PPI (125%), DPI virtualization is enabled for all applications without a DPI aware flag (manifest) set inside the EXE. Windows 8.1 retains a per-application option to disable DPI virtualization of an app. Windows 8.1 also adds the ability for each display to use an independent DPI setting, although it calculates this automatically for each display. Windows 8.1 prevents a user from forcibly enabling DPI virtualization of an application. Therefore, if an application wrongly claims to be DPI-aware, it will look too small on high-DPI displays in 8.1, and a user cannot correct that.
Windows 10 adds manual control over DPI for individual monitors. In addition, Windows 10 version 1703 brings back the XP-style GDI scaling under a "System (Enhanced)" option. This option combines GDI+'s text rendering at a higher resolution with the usual scaling of other elements, so that text appears crisper than in the normal "System" virtualization mode.
Android
Since Android 1.6 "Donut" (September 2009) Android has provided support for multiple screen sizes and densities. Android expresses layout dimensions and position via the density-independent pixel or "dp" which is defined as one physical pixel on a 160 dpi screen. At runtime, the system transparently handles any scaling of the dp units, as necessary, based on the actual density of the screen in use.
To aid in the creation of underlying bitmaps, Android categorizes resources based on screen size and density:
X Window System
The Xft library, the font rendering library for the X11 system, has a dpi setting that defaults to 75. This is simply a wrapper around the FC_DPI system in fontconfig, but it suffices for scaling the text in Xft-based applications. The mechanism is also detected by desktop environments to set its own DPI, usually in conjunction with the EDID-based family of Xlib functions. The latter has been rendered ineffective in Xorg Server 1.7; since then EDID information is only exposed to XRandR.
In 2013, the GNOME desktop environment began efforts to bring resolution independence ("hi-DPI" support) for various parts of the graphics stack. Developer Alexander Larsson initially wrote about changes required in GTK+, Cairo, Wayland and the GNOME themes. At the end of the BoF sessions at GUADEC 2013, GTK+ developer Matthias Clasen mentioned that hi-DPI support would be "pretty complete" in GTK 3.10 once work on Cairo would be completed. As of January 2014, hi-DPI support for Clutter and GNOME Shell is ongoing work.
Gtk supports scaling all UI elements by integer factors, and all text by any non-negative real number factors. As of 2019, Fractional scaling of the UI by scaling up and then down is experimental.
Other
Although not related to true resolution independence, some other operating systems use GUIs that are able to adapt to changed font sizes. Microsoft Windows 95 onwards used the Marlett TrueType font in order to scale some window controls (close, maximize, minimize, resize handles) to arbitrary sizes. AmigaOS from version 2.04 (1991) was able to adapt its window controls to any font size.
Video games are often resolution-independent; an early example is Another World for DOS, which used polygons to draw its 2D content and was later remade using the same polygons at a much higher resolution. 3D games are resolution-independent since the perspective is calculated every frame and so it can vary its resolution.
See also
Adobe Illustrator
CorelDRAW
Direct2D
Display PostScript
Himetric
Inkscape
Page zooming
Responsive Web Design
Retina display
Scalable Vector Graphics
Synfig
Twips
Vector-based graphical user interface
Vector graphics
References
External links
Declaration of resolution-independence by John Siracusa
Digital imaging |
5381964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cento%20%28poetry%29 | Cento (poetry) | A cento is a poetical work wholly composed of verses or passages taken from other authors, especially the Greek poet Homer and the Roman poet Virgil, disposed in a new form or order.
Etymology
The Latin term cento derives from Greek (gen. ), meaning "'to plant slips' (of trees)". A later word in Greek, , means "patchwork garment". According to Hugh Gerard Evelyn-White, "A cento is therefore a poem composed of odd fragments".
History
The cento originated in the 3rd or 4th century A.D. The first known cento is the Medea by Hosidius Geta, composed out of Virgilian lines, according to Tertullian. However, an earlier cento might be present in Irenaeus's late-2nd century work Adversus Haereses. He either cites or composes a cento as a demonstration of how heretical Christians modify canonical Gospels.
Ausonius (310–395) is the only poet from Antiquity to comment on the form and content of the Virgilian cento; his statements are afterward regarded as authoritative. The pieces, he says, may be taken either from the same poet, or from several. The individual fragments of poetry used should be no shorter than one half-line (one hemistich) and no longer than a full line and a half. In accordance with these rules, he made a cento from Virgil, the Cento Nuptialis.
Faltonia Betitia Proba wrote a Cento Vergilianus de laudibus Christi, in which she details the life of Jesus and deeds of the Old and New Testaments; it was written entirely in centos taken from Virgil.
In the Greek World, centos, such as those by Aelia Eudocia, are mainly composed by verses taken from Homer.
The Politics of Justus Lipsius (Politicorum Libri Sex, 1589) consists only of centos, there being nothing of his own but conjunctions and particles. Etienne de Pleure did the same as Proba in Sacra Aeneis (1618). Alexander Ross did the same thing in his Virgilii Evangelisantis Christiados (1634), his most celebrated work of poetry.
Example
The following is a sample from the cento Sacra Aeneis (1618), by Etienne de Pleure, on the adoration of the Magi. The lines of Vergil used, from his Aeneid and Georgics, are indicated on the left (e.g. 6.255 points to book 6, line 255); or, if changed in the middle of a line, an asterisk separates the new quotation with its source indicated on the right.
{|cellspacing="10"
!align="center" colspan="3"|Adoratio Magorum (Gospel of Matthew 2)
|-
|Aeneid 6.255
|Ecce autem primi sub lumina solis, et ortus,
|
|-
|Aeneid 2.694
|Stella facem ducens multa cum luce cucurrit :
|
|-
|Aeneid 5.526
|Signavitque Viam * coeli in regione serena.
|Aeneid 8.528.
|-
|Aeneid 8.330
|Tum Reges * (credo quia sit divinitus illis
|Georgics 9.415.
|-
|Georgics 1.416.
|Ingenium, et rerum fato prudentia major)
|
|-
|Aeneid 7.98.
|Externi veniunt * quae cuique est copia laeti
|Aeneid 5.100
|-
|Aeneid 3.464.
|Dona dehinc auro gravia, * Regumque Parentem.
|Aeneid 6.548.
|-
|Georgics 1.418.
|Mutavere vias, * perfectis ordine votis :
|Aeneid 10.548.
|-
|Aeneid 6.16.
|Insuetum per iter, * spatia in sua quisque recessit.
|Aeneid 12.126.
|}
The following is an example in English, taken from The Dictionary of Wordplay (2001) by Dave Morice:
See also
Found poetry
References
Further reading
James P. Holoka, review of Homeric Stitchings: The Homeric Centos of the Empress Eudocia, in Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1999.09.08.
Oscar Prieto Domínguez, De Alieno Nostrum: el Centón profano en el mundo griego. Estudios Filológicos, 328. Salamanca: 2011. .
External links
CENTONES: Recycled Art or the Embodiment of Absolute Intertextuality? by Marie Okáčová (Brno) with many examples of classical centones
Genres of poetry
Latin poetry |
5381981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Ames%20Blood | Henry Ames Blood | Henry Ames Blood (June 7, 1836 – December 30, 1900) was an American civil servant, poet, playwright and historian. He is chiefly remembered for The History of Temple, N. H.
Life
Blood was born in Temple, New Hampshire, the son of Ephraim Whiting and Lavinia (Ames) Blood. Due to his father's death on December 29, 1837, when he was a year and a half old, his childhood years were spent with his mother's family in New Ipswich, New Hampshire. When his mother remarried on February 9, 1842, he acquired a stepfather, Samphson Fletcher. He was educated at the New Ipswich Academy in New Ipswich, and Dartmouth College, from which he graduated in 1857. Afterwards he was a school teacher for a few years in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Paris, Tennessee.
About 1861 he moved to Washington, D.C., where he was employed for most of his adult life, to accept a clerkship in the Internal Revenue Department. After a short service there he was transferred to the Department of State, in the employ of which he long remained. He also worked for the Bureau of the Census and the Department of the Treasury.
As a young government worker in Washington, D.C., Blood was in the city at the time of Abraham Lincoln's assassination. His letters to his mother on the aftermath of the assassination and the trial of the conspirators were discovered in 2005 in one of the homes of Robert Todd Lincoln, and reveal an interesting impression of contemporary public sentiment concerning the events.
He was married twice, first, October 15, 1862, to Mary Jeannie Marshall, daughter of Orlando and Eliza Cunningham (Mansur) Marshall of New Ipswich, New Hampshire, and second, October 19, 1880, to Mary E. Miller, daughter of Col. Ephraim F. and Catherine (Seymour) Miller. From his second marriage he had one son, Royal Henry Blood, born July 29, 1884, who died young in 1892.
Blood died at his home in Washington, D.C. and was buried with his son in New Ipswich, New Hampshire. His widow married again after his death, on February 11, 1902, to Col. Royal E. Whitman. On August 7, 1905, during a visit by the Whitmans to Portland, Maine, Mary was stricken with apoplexy, dying peacefully on August 8. Her funeral was held August 10 in New Ipswich, New Hampshire. She bequeathed to the Public Library of New Ipswich $10,000 to establish The Henry Ames Blood and Royal Henry Blood Memorial Fund for the maintenance of the library, and another $10,000 to the town of Temple, New Hampshire, $8,000 for the erection of a schoolhouse, to be known as the "Henry Ames Blood and Mary Miller Blood School," and $2,000 for the care and maintenance of the town common. These bequests were to be paid after the death of Col. Whitman.
Works
Blood's The History of Temple, N. H. (1860) is still considered an important resource for the history of that region.
His poetry was highly regarded and anthologized in his own day, when he was considered in the first rank of American poets, but has been dismissed as overly-sentimental by later critics. Among the periodicals and newspapers in which his verse appeared were Boston Advertiser, The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, Christian Union, Dollar Monthly Magazine, Flag of Our Union, Harper's Weekly, The Independent, The Knickerbocker Monthly, The Magazine of Poetry and Literary Review, New England Magazine, New York Observer, New York Post, New York Tribune, Scribner's Magazine, The Home Journal, and The Youth's Companion.
Blood's dramatic works appear never to have made much of an impression, either in his own lifetime or since. At least one of them (How Much I Loved Thee! (1884)) was published under the pseudonym of Raymond Eshobel, which is an anagram of the author's name.
Bibliography
Nonfiction
The History of Temple, N. H. (1860) (Google Books e-text)
"Germany" (article) (1872)
Proceedings in the Internal Revenue Office Commemorative of the Late Judge Israel Dille (1874)
Drama
The Emigrant (1874)
Lord Timothy Dexter, or, The Greatest Man in the East (1874) (Google Books e-text)
The Spanish Mission, or, The Member from Nevada (1874)
How Much I Loved Thee! A Drama (1884) (Google Books e-text)
The Return of Ulysses
Poetry
Dates are of first publication if known; an "a." before a date indicates the poem appeared in an anthology or collection of that date (original publication was likely earlier); an asterisk indicates the piece was collected in Blood's Selected Poems.
Selected Poems of Henry Ames Blood (collection, 1901) (Google Books e-text) (Internet Archive e-text)
"At the Door" (ca. 1860)
"The Chimney-nook" * (The Home Journal, May 5, 1860)
"Pro Mortuis" * (New York Post, Jul. 15, 1862)
"Sighs in the South" * (New York Weekly Tribune, Oct. 13, 1862)
"May Flowers" * (New York Weekly Tribune, Apr. 26, 1863)
"The Sale of the Picture" (Dollar Monthly Magazine, Jul. 1863)
"The Last War of the Dryads" * (Knickerbocker Magazine, Jul. 1863)
"Fantasie" * (Knickerbocker Magazine, [Jan. 1864)
"The Masque in Fantasie" * (Knickerbocker Magazine, Feb. 1864)
"The Astrologers" (Flag of Our Union, Jan. 7, 1865)
"The Death of the Old Year" * (The Independent, Dec. 28, 1871)
"The Grand Orchestra" * (The Independent, Jan. 11, 1872)
"The Departure of the Gods from Greece" (The Independent, Mar. 28, 1872)
"The Song of the Savoyards" * (Scribner's Monthly, Jun. 1875)
"Jeannette" * (Harper's Weekly, May 19, 1879)
"The Invisible Piper" * (a.1882)
"Yearnings" * (a.1882)
"The Two Enchantments" * (The Century Magazine, Jan. 1883)
"The Rock in the Sea" * (The Century Magazine, Sep. 1883)
"Webster" * (New York Observer, Jun. 17, 1886)
"At the Grave: In Memory of A.M." * (The Century Magazine, Feb. 1887)
"Comrades" * (The Century Magazine, Dec. 1887)
"Ad Astra" * (The Century Magazine, Dec. 1888)
"Old Friends" * (Boston Advertiser, Nov. 15, 1889)
"The Fighting Parson" * (The Century Magazine, May 1890)
"Margie" * (Youth's Companion, May 21, 1891)
"The Drummer" * (The Century Magazine, Jul. 1891)
"Thoreau: In Memoriam" * (AKA "From a Poem on Thoreau," Library of the World's Best Literature, a.1896)
"Shakespeare" * (New York Tribune, date unknown (a.1891))
"The Byles Girls" (The New England Magazine, Aug. 1897)
"Great Expectations of the House of Dock" (a.1897)
"The Last Visitor" * (a.1895)
"The Fairy Boat" * (a.1901)
"A Midnight Chorus" * (a.1901)
"The Serene Message" * (The Century Magazine, date unknown (a.1901))
"Saint Goethe's Night" * (a.1901)
Notes
References
Bisbee, Marvin Davis. Dartmouth College Necrology, 1898-99. Hanover, N.H., Dartmouth Press, 1899, p. 26. [provides erroneous death date]
Blood, Henry Ames. The History of Temple, N. H. Boston, Geo. C. Rand & Avery, 1860.
Blood, Henry Ames. Selected Poems of Henry Ames Blood. Washington, D.C., The Neale Publishing Co., 1901.
Chapin, Bela, ed. The Poets of New Hampshire. Claremont, N.H., C.H. Adams, 1883, p. 559.
Chapman, George T. Sketches of the Alumni of Dartmouth College. Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1867, p. 425.
The Library Journal, v. 31 (Jan.-Dec., 1906). New York, 1906, p. 246.
The Magazine of Poetry and Literary Review, v. 7. Buffalo, The Peter Paul Book Company, 1895, p. 69.
Sladen, Douglas, ed. Younger American Poets, 1830-1890. London, Griffith, Farran, Okeden & Welsh, 1891, p. 66.
1836 births
1900 deaths
People from Temple, New Hampshire
Writers from New Hampshire
19th-century American historians
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male non-fiction writers |
4044551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronological%20summary%20of%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Chronological summary of the 2006 Winter Olympics | This article contains a chronological summary of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Highlights
Opening ceremony – February 10
Opening ceremony Stefania Belmondo lit the Olympic flame. Actresses Susan Sarandon and Sophia Loren (along with some other famous women) carried a flag into the stadium while Laura Bush and Cherie Blair watched from special seats in the audience. Luciano Pavarotti, in his final performance, sang Nessun Dorma.
Day 1 – February 11
Biathlon Michael Greis of Germany wins the first gold medal of the 2006 Winter Olympics, with a victory in the individual 20 km race.
Figure skating Russian pair Tatiana Totmianina and Maxim Marinin lead after the short program.
Freestyle skiing Jennifer Heil becomes the first Canadian woman to win a medal in moguls. Norwegian Kari Traa wins the silver and Sandra Laoura of France wins the bronze.
Ice hockey The Canadian women's hockey team sets an Olympic record for the most lopsided win, beating their Italian hosts 16–0.
Nordic combined German Georg Hettich picks up the gold medal in Nordic combined.
Speed skating American Chad Hedrick wins the 5000 m long-track event.
Day 2 – February 12
Alpine skiing Antoine Dénériaz of France wins gold in the men's downhill event.
Cross-country skiing Estonian Kristina Šmigun wins the women's 7.5 + 7.5 km double pursuit event; a few hours later, Yevgeniy Dementiev secures gold for Russia on the men's 15 km + 15 km distance.
Figure skating Michelle Kwan of the United States withdraws from the Olympics following a groin injury in practice. Emily Hughes is named her replacement.
Ice hockey Canada defeats Russia 12–0 in the women's competition. United States defeats Germany.
Luge Armin Zöggeler of Italy wins the gold in men's singles. Mārtiņš Rubenis of Latvia won his country's first ever Winter Olympic medal, a bronze.
Short track speed skating Ahn Hyun-soo of South Korea wins gold in the men's 1500 m. His compatriot, Lee Ho-Suk wins silver and Chinese veteran Li Jiajun earns bronze.
Snowboarding Shaun White of the U.S. team takes the gold medal at the men's snowboarding halfpipe event.
Speed skating 19-year-old Ireen Wüst of the Netherlands wins gold at the women's 3000 m long-track event.
Ski jumping Lars Bystøl from Norway wins the gold medal at the men's normal hill K95 ski jumping event.
Day 3 – February 13
Biathlon Russian Svetlana Ishmuratova wins the women's 15 km biathlon.
Figure skating Russian pair Tatiana Totmianina and Maxim Marinin beat two Chinese pairs to take home the gold, posting the only composite score over 200. Chinese pair Zhang Dan and Zhang Hao finish their free skate and win the silver medal, despite a fall and injury to Zhang Dan after their attempt at a quadruple throw.
Snowboarding Hannah Teter of the U.S. team takes the gold medal at the women's snowboarding halfpipe event. American teammate Gretchen Bleiler wins the silver, with Kjersti Buaas of Norway taking the bronze.
Speed skating Joey Cheek of the United States wins the gold medal at the 500 m long track event, skating both runs in less than 35 seconds; the fastest time of any other competitor was that of silver medalist Dmitry Dorofeyev, with a 35.17. Lee Kang-seok of Korea wins a bronze medal, the first Korean medal in (long track) speed skating in 14 years.
Day 4 – February 14
Alpine skiing Ted Ligety wins gold for the United States in the men's Combined. Then-leader Bode Miller was disqualified for straddling a gate in the first slalom section; in addition, the leader after the first slalom section, Benjamin Raich, skied off-course in the second section and was also disqualified. Ivica Kostelić of Croatia was second and Rainer Schönfelder of Austria took the bronze.
Biathlon Sven Fischer of Germany wins the 10 km sprint race.
Cross-country skiing Sweden's first medal in the 2006 Winter Olympics was brought home by Lina Andersson and Anna Dahlberg, who won the gold medal in women's team sprint, classical style. Minutes later Thobias Fredriksson and Björn Lind did the same in men's team sprint, giving the Swedes a sweep of the event. These were Sweden's first Winter Olympic gold medals since 1994.
Figure skating Russian Evgeni Plushenko leads after the men's short program. Plushenko's score of 90.66 was the highest for any short program since the current scoring system was adopted in 2003.
Ice hockey In the women's competition, Canada defeats Sweden 8–1 and will face Finland in the semi-final. USA defeats Finland and will face Sweden in the other semi-final match.
Luge Germany's Sylke Otto wins gold in the injury-plagued women's luge event while countrywomen Silke Kraushaar and Tatjana Huefner complete the podium.
Speed skating Svetlana Zhurova of Russia takes gold in the women's 500 m event. Wang Manli and Ren Hui of China win the other two (2) medals.
Day 5 – February 15
Alpine skiing Michaela Dorfmeister of Austria won the women's downhill. Martina Schild of Switzerland and Anja Pärson of Sweden completed the podium.
Freestyle skiing Dale Begg-Smith of Australia won the men's moguls. Mikko Ronkainen of Finland and Toby Dawson of the United States won silver and bronze, respectively.
Ice hockey On the first day of men's competition, Canada defeated host Italy 7–2. In upsets, Latvia tied with the USA 3–3 and Slovakia defeated Russia 5–3.
Luge Austrian brothers Andreas and Wolfgang Linger won the doubles competition. Teams from Germany and Italy took the silver and bronze.
Nordic combined High winds in the ski jumping hill forced the jury to abandon the team competition midway through the second round. The teams resumed the next day. The Norwegians withdrew due of illness.
Speed skating Both Canadian men's and ladies' team pursuit teams set new Olympic records, the first of the 2006 Olympic Games. In the men's competition the record was subsequently broken by the Netherlands, and then by Italy.
Short track China's Wang Meng won her country's first gold at Turin in the women's individual 500 m. Bulgaria's Evgenia Radanova took the silver, while Canada's Anouk Leblanc-Boucher claimed the bronze.
Day 6 – February 16
Biathlon Florence Baverel-Robert of France wins the women's biathlon 7.5 km sprint. Anna Carin Olofsson of Sweden and Lilia Efremova of Ukraine complete the podium. Also, Olga Pyleva of Russia, who placed second at the 15 km on day 3, has been disqualified from the Games following a positive test for carphedon. She has been stripped of her medal.
Cross-country skiing Kristina Šmigun wins her second gold medal of the Games with a victory in the women's 10 km classical and remains the only Estonian to medal.
Curling In men's action, Great Britain edges Germany 7–6, Switzerland keeps New Zealand winless by winning 9–7, Canada edges Norway 7–6, and the United States defeats Sweden, 10–6.
Figure skating Evgeni Plushenko of Russia dominates the competition and takes gold in the men's competition ahead of Switzerland's Stéphane Lambiel and Canada's Jeffrey Buttle. Plushenko sets a world record for the highest score in the free skate since the new scoring system was adopted in 2003.
Ice hockey The upsets in the men's tournament continue as Switzerland defeats the Czech Republic 3–2.
Nordic combined Austria wins the men's team competition after Mario Stecher catches up with Germany's Jens Gaiser on the final 5 km leg. Finland wins bronze, finishing nearly a minute ahead of the rest of the field.
Snowboarding Seth Wescott of the United States wins the inaugural men's snowboard cross competition. Radoslav Židek of Slovakia is second and Paul-Henri de Le Rue of France is third.
Speed skating The German team of Daniela Anschütz-Thoms, Anni Friesinger and Claudia Pechstein defeats the Canadian team to win gold in the final of the women's team pursuit. Italy wins its first ever Olympic speed skating gold in the men's team pursuit event. The Italians beat the favored Dutch team in the semifinals after Sven Kramer suffers a costly fall. In the final, Italy defeats Canada, which took its second silver in the Oval Lingotto.
Skeleton Maya Pedersen-Bieri of Switzerland wins gold in the women's final. Shelley Rudman of Great Britain earns silver, the only medal of the games for Great Britain. Mellisa Hollingsworth-Richards of Canada claims bronze.
Day 7 – February 17
Cross-country skiing Estonia gains another gold as Andrus Veerpalu wins the 15 km classical cross-country race ahead of Lukáš Bauer and Tobias Angerer.
Curling In the men's competition, Great Britain makes short work of Sweden 8–2, while the United States defeats Switzerland 7–4. Finland edges Canada, 6–5.
Figure skating In the ice dancing competition, the Italian team of Barbara Fusar-Poli and Maurizio Margaglio lead after the compulsory dance, with Russians Tatiana Navka and Roman Kostomarov in second place.
Ice hockey Sweden scores a victory against the United States in the women's hockey semi-finals after a 3–2 penalty shootout win to advance to the gold medal game. There, they will face Canada, who shut out Finland in the other semi-final.
Snowboarding Tanja Frieden of Switzerland takes the gold in women's snowboarding cross after Lindsey Jacobellis of the United States falls on the second-to-last jump while performing an unnecessary method grab to give up the largest lead of the entire tournament. Jacobellis settles for silver, while Canada's Dominique Maltais takes bronze after recovering from a crash.
Skeleton Duff Gibson of Canada takes gold, just ahead of fellow Canadian Jeff Pain. Swiss slider Gregor Stähli wins the bronze. The 39-year-old Gibson becomes the oldest individual gold medalist in Winter Olympics history.
Day 8 – February 18
Alpine skiing Croatian Janica Kostelić takes gold in the women's combined. Austria's Marlies Schild wins the silver and Anja Pärson of Sweden finishes third.
Kjetil André Aamodt wins gold for Norway in the men's Super G, beating Hermann Maier of Austria. Ambrosi Hoffmann takes bronze for the Swiss.
Biathlon Germans Kati Wilhelm and Martina Glagow finish first and second in the 10 km pursuit; Albina Akhatova of Russia takes bronze.
Vincent Defrasne wins gold for France in the 12.5 km pursuit event, followed closely by Ole Einar Bjørndalen of Norway. Germany's Sven Fischer takes bronze.
Cross-country skiing Russia wins the 20 km women's relay handily, finishing 10 seconds ahead of silver medalists Germany and 11 seconds ahead of bronze winners Italy.
Curling In the men's competition, Italy shocks Canada 6–5, while the United States beats Germany 8–5. Great Britain edges Switzerland, 6–5, and Finland takes out Norway 7–3.
Ice hockey Switzerland stuns Canada 2–0 in the men's competition. Swiss goaltender Martin Gerber has 49 saves in the win. Slovakia defeats the United States 2–1.
Short track speed skating Jin Sun-Yu and Choi Eun-Kyung of South Korea take gold and silver in the women's 1500 m. China's Wang Meng takes bronze, after the disqualification of third-finished Byun Chun-Sa of Korea.
In the men's 1000 m, Ahn Hyun-soo and Lee Ho-Suk of South Korea take gold and silver with the United States' Apolo Anton Ohno taking the bronze.
Speed skating The United States takes gold and silver in the men's 1000 m with Shani Davis outskating Joey Cheek for first. Erben Wennemars of the Netherlands receives bronze. Davis' victory makes him the first black person to win an individual gold medal in the history of the Winter Olympics.
Ski jumping After a disappointing performance on the K90 hill, Austrian ski jumpers Thomas Morgenstern and Andreas Kofler take gold and silver on the large hill, with the smallest possible margin of 0.1 points between them. Norwegian Lars Bystøl, winner of gold on the normal hill, places third, rather far behind the Austrians.
Day 9 – February 19
Bobsleigh The German bob driven by André Lange wins gold in the men's 2-man event 0.21 seconds ahead of the Canadian bob of Pierre Lueders and Lascelles Brown and 0.35 seconds ahead of Martin Annen's Swiss sled. Brown becomes the first Jamaican-born competitor to win a Winter Olympic medal.
Cross-country skiing Italy takes the gold in the men's 4x10 km relay, with Italian anchor Cristian Zorzi crossing the finish line 15 seconds ahead of the German team. Sweden takes the bronze.
Curling In the men's competition, the United States surprises Great Britain, 9–8.
Figure skating In an evening of ice dancing marred by mistakes and falls by other pairs, Russians Tatiana Navka and Roman Kostomarov move into first place during the ice dancing original dance phase. Americans Tanith Belbin and Benjamin Agosto are in second and Ukrainians Elena Grushina and Ruslan Goncharov are in third.
Ice hockey Finland defeats Canada 2–0 in the men's competition. Slovakia defeats Kazakhstan 2–1, securing the top spot in Group B.
Speed skating Marianne Timmer of the Netherlands wins the women's 1000 m in 1.16.05, 8 years after winning in Nagano. Cindy Klassen of Canada comes in second and favorite Anni Friesinger of Germany wins the bronze, 0.06 seconds behind Timmer.
Day 10 – February 20
Alpine skiing Benjamin Raich of Austria comes from fifth place in the first run to win the men's giant slalom event after two runs. Joël Chenal of France takes silver, and Hermann Maier of Austria gets another medal with his bronze.Two hours later, Michaela Dorfmeister wins the women's super-g event and grabs her second gold medal of the Games and giving the Austrians their second gold of the day. Austria also gets its second bronze of the day, as Alexandra Meissnitzer comes in third, behind Croatian powerhouse Janica Kostelić.
Curling After downing Denmark 8–1, Norway becomes the third team to qualify for the semi-finals in the women's competition, joining Sweden and Switzerland. Canada beats Denmark 9–8, occupying the fourth playoff spot.In the men's competition, Canada defeats the United States 6–3 to qualify for the semi-finals, and will play the USA again in the first game of the medal round.
Figure skating Russia continues to dominate on the ice as Tatiana Navka and Roman Kostomarov win the gold in the Ice Dancing competition. Americans Tanith Belbin and Benjamin Agosto win the first U.S. medals in this event since 1976, taking home the silver. Elena Grushina and Ruslan Goncharov of Ukraine earn bronze.
Ice hockey Canada wins the gold in the women's tournament, defeating Sweden 4–1. The United States shuts out Finland 4–0 in the bronze medal game.
Ski jumping Austria wins the team event for the first time. Finland takes the silver, while Norway takes the bronze.
Day 11 – February 21
Biathlon The German team takes gold in the men's 4 x 7.5 km relay while teams from Russia and France take silver and bronze, respectively.
Bobsleigh The German team of Sandra Kiriasis and Anja Schneiderheinze win gold in the women's event ahead of teams from the United States (Shauna Rohbock and Valerie Fleming) and Italy (Gerda Weissensteiner and Jennifer Isacco).
Figure skating Sasha Cohen of the United States leads after the women's short program, with Russian Irina Slutskaya three-hundredths of a point behind. Shizuka Arakawa of Japan is third.
Ice hockey Slovakia defeats Sweden 3–0, winning every match in Group B and moving on to the quarterfinals, along with Russia, Sweden and the United States. In Group A, Finland, Switzerland, Canada and the Czech Republic all move on to the quarterfinals.
Nordic combined Felix Gottwald of Austria wins gold in the LH Sprint competition while Norway's Magnus Moan and Germany's Georg Hettich finish in the silver and bronze positions.
Speed skating Italian Enrico Fabris wins gold in the men's 1500 m ahead of feuding American teammates Shani Davis and Chad Hedrick, who take silver and bronze.
Day 12 – February 22
Alpine skiing Anja Pärson of Sweden wins her first Olympic gold medal in the women's slalom; her fifth career medal. Austrians Nicole Hosp and Marlies Schild take silver and bronze.
Cross-country skiing Chandra Crawford of Canada wins a gold medal in her Olympic debut in the women's 1.1 km sprint. Germany's Claudia Künzel edges out Russia's Alena Sidko to earn the silver.
Björn Lind of Sweden claims the gold medal in the men's sprint in a rout. Frenchman Roddy Darragon edges out Swede Thobias Fredriksson to earn the silver.
Curling In the men's semifinals, Canada earns 5 points against the United States team in the 9th end, securing it a place in the final against Finland, who beat Great Britain 4–3. In the women's semi-finals. Sweden edges out Norway 5–4, while Switzerland beats Canada 7–5.
Freestyle skiing In the women's aerials Evelyne Leu of Switzerland wins the gold medal, ahead of Li Nina of China and Australian Alisa Camplin.
Ice hockey Russia defeats Canada 2–0, moving on to the semi-finals to play the Fins, who beat the United States 4–3. The Czech Republic defeats Slovakia 3–1 and will play Sweden, who beat Switzerland 6–2, in the quarter-finals.
Short track speed skating South Korea wins the gold medal in the women's 3,000 m relay, while Canada takes silver, and Italy bronze.
Snowboarding Philipp Schoch of Switzerland bests his older brother Simon Schoch in the final of the men's parallel giant slalom to successfully defend his Olympic gold medal. Siegfried Grabner of Austria takes bronze.
Speed skating Canadians Cindy Klassen and Kristina Groves finish one-two in the women's 1,500 m competition, with Klassen winning by 1.47 seconds. Ireen Wüst of the Netherlands takes bronze.
Day 13 – February 23
Biathlon Despite missing veteran Olga Pyleva, who failed an anti-doping test earlier in these Games, the Russian team of Albina Akhatova, Anna Bogaliy, Svetlana Ishmuratova and Olga Zaitseva leads from start to finish in the 4x6 km relay, posting a gold medal-winning time of 1:16:12.5. Two-time defending gold medalists from Germany finish 50.7 seconds behind for the silver. The French team take the bronze, more than two minutes back.
Curling The Swedish women's team skipped by Anette Norberg win the gold medal match against Switzerland with a 7–6 double take out on the hammer of the 11th end. Canada defeats Norway in the bronze medal match 11–5.
Figure skating Shizuka Arakawa of Japan performs a conservative but clean free skate to defeat Sasha Cohen of the United States and Irina Slutskaya of Russia, who both suffer falls and take silver and bronze, respectively. Arakawa's win gives Japan their first medal in Turin, as well as Japan's first figure skating gold.
Freestyle skiing China's Han Xiaopeng wins gold in men's aerials by a little more than two points over Dmitri Dashinski of Belarus. Vladimir Lebedev of Russia wins bronze.
Snowboarding Defending World Cup champion Daniela Meuli of Switzerland wins gold in the women's parallel giant slalom, with Germany's Amelie Kober taking the silver and American Rosey Fletcher the bronze.
Day 14 – February 24
Alpine skiing American Julia Mancuso captures gold in the women's giant slalom. Finland's Tanja Poutiainen wins the silver, the country's first Olympic medal in the sport and Swede Anna Ottosson wins the bronze.
Cross-country skiing Kateřina Neumannová of the Czech Republic wins the 30 km freestyle event. Russian Julija Tchepalova claims the silver and Pole Justyna Kowalczyk gets the bronze.
Curling Canada defeats Finland 10–4 in the gold medal match to win the nation's first gold medal in men's curling after winning silver in Nagano and Salt Lake City. The United States men's team defeats Great Britain by a score of 8–6 to take the bronze medal, America's first medal in curling.
Figure skating Traditional gala evening at Palavela to conclude the figure skating events. Russian pair Tatiana Totmianina and Maxim Marinin and Evgeni Plushenko skate accompanied by Edwin Marton at the violin, playing from the ice.
Ice hockey In the men's competition, Sweden defeats the Czech Republic 7–3 to advance to the gold medal game. In the other semifinal, Finland beats Russia 4–0. Sweden and Finland will face off in the gold medal game, while the Czech Republic will face Russia in the bronze medal game.
Speed skating Bob de Jong of the Netherlands, the reigning world champion, sets the winning time at 13:01.57 for the gold medal in the 10000 m event. American Chad Hedrick skates to a silver medal, and the bronze goes to Carl Verheijen, also of the Netherlands.
Day 15 – February 25
Alpine skiing An Austrian team sweep in the men's slalom with gold for Benjamin Raich, silver for Reinfried Herbst, bronze for Rainer Schönfelder.
Biathlon Michael Greis of Germany wins the men's 15 km free gold medal. Tomasz Sikora of Poland wins the silver and Ole Einar Bjørndalen the bronze.
Anna Carin Olofsson of Sweden wins the women's 12.5 km free gold with Kati Wilhelm of Germany taking the silver and her compatriot Uschi Disl capturing the bronze.
Bobsleigh The German bob driven by André Lange wins gold in the 4-man event 0.13 seconds ahead of the Russian bob driven by Alexandre Zoubkov and 0.41 seconds ahead of Martin Annen's Swiss sled.
Ice hockey In the men's competition, the Czech Republic defeats Russia 3–0 to win the bronze medal game.
Short track speed skating
American Apolo Anton Ohno wins the men's 500 m, earning his second career gold medal. Canada's François-Louis Tremblay wins the silver, while Ahn Hyun-soo of South Korea wins bronze, earning his third individual medal of the Olympics.
South Korea's Jin Sun-Yu wins her third gold of the Games in the women's 1000 m. Chinese women Wang Meng and Yang Yang (A) take the silver and bronze respectively after 1500 m silver medalist Choi Eun-Kyung, who originally finished third, is disqualified.
South Korea wins the gold medal in the men's 5000 m relay, Canada takes the silver, while the United States gets bronze. Ahn Hyun-soo wins his third gold medal of the Games, medaling in every men's short track event and bringing his total number of medals in Torino to four. Ahn and Jin become the first Korean athletes to win three gold medals in a single Olympics.
Speed skating Clara Hughes of Canada sets the winning time at 6:59.07 for the gold medal in the 5000 m event. German Claudia Pechstein skates to a silver medal, and the bronze goes to another Canadian, Cindy Klassen, who wins her fifth medal of these Games.
Day 16 – Closing ceremony – February 26
Cross-country skiingGiorgio Di Centa of Italy wins the 50 km freestyle event. Russian Yevgeny Dementyev claims the silver and Austrian Mikhail Botvinov gets the bronze. The medals are presented during the closing ceremony.
Ice hockey Sweden defeats Finland 3–2 to take the men's ice hockey gold medal, with Nicklas Lidström scoring the deciding goal in the final. The Czech Republic takes the bronze after beating Russia.
Closing ceremony Manuela Di Centa gives the gold medal to her brother Giorgio.
See also
Chronological summary of the 2010 Winter Olympics
References
Highlights
2006 |
4044554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheepeater%20Indian%20War | Sheepeater Indian War | The Big Horned Sheepeater Indian War of 1879 was the last Indian war fought in the Pacific Northwest portion of the United States; it took place primarily in central Idaho. A high mountain band of approximately 300 Shoshone people, the Tukudeka, were known as the "Big Horned" Game Hunters because they ate Big Horn Game like Rocky Mountain sheep akin to other bands of Shoshone who were known by those sacred foods they lived amongst and ate by hunting, fishing, and gathering them, such as: the Agaideka; Salmoneaters, Tukadeka; Bighorn Game Eaters (Sheepeaters was the name given by settlers, as TukuDeka is translated as Big-Horned Game by Shoshone TukuDeka). The word "eater" used amongst the different bands across Shoshone homelands can be also translated into nourishment.. Tukadeka bands were proficient at hunting. Their Big Horned Sheep Bow and other Big Horned Bows were sought after by both settlers and other tribes. They were the last Tribe living Traditionally on the American Rocky Mountains they were known as 'Sheepeaters' as Bighorn Sheep were a main staple of food, clothing, and tools. The TukuDeka have become part of the Salmon Eater Shoshones after the war. They were being pushed from their homelands for settlers. The TukuDeka did not call this a war as it started with the brutal killing and attack of a small family in the Yellowstone area. Their Primary home was the Yellowstone Park.
Background
Leading up to the war, European-American settlers accused the Shoshone of stealing horses (which they were known for being the horse people of these west) in Indian Valley and killing three settlers near present-day Cascade, Idaho during the pursuit. In August, the Shoshone were accused of killing two prospectors in an ambush at Pearsall Creek, five miles from Cascade. By February 1879 they were accused of the murders of five Chinese miners at Oro Grande, murders at Loon Creek, and finally the murders of two ranchers in the South Fork of the Salmon River in May. There was no evidence for these accusations.
Campaign
United States troops were ordered into action based on the settler's complaints. Heading the campaign against the Sheepeaters was Troop G of the 1st Cavalry led by Captain Reuben Bernard, Company C and a detachment of Company K from the 2nd Infantry Regiment under the command of First Lieutenant Henry Catley, and 20 Indian scouts commanded by Lieutenant Edward Farrow of the 21st Infantry. The troops were all heading toward Payette Lake, near present-day McCall. Bernard headed North from Boise barracks, Catley headed South from Camp Howard, and Farrow headed East from the Umatilla Agency.
Throughout the campaign, the troops faced difficulty traveling through the rough terrain. The first segment of the campaign, from May 31 to September 8, was through the Salmon River, dubbed the "River of No Return" because it was barely navigable. By August 20, a Sheepeater raiding party of ten to fifteen Indians attacked the troops as they guarded a pack train at Soldier Bar on Big Creek. Those who defended the pack train included Corporal Charles B. Hardin along with six troopers and the chief packer, James Barnes. They managed to drive the Sheepeaters off with only one casualty, Private Harry Eagan of the 2nd Infantry. By October, the campaign ended once Lieutenants W.C. Brown and Edward S. Farrow, along with a group of twenty Umatilla scouts, negotiated the surrender of the Sheepeaters.
See also
List of U.S. military history events
Idaho
Indian Wars
Notes
References
Parker, Aaron. The Sheepeater Indian Campaign (Chamberlin Basin Country). Idaho Country Free Press, c1968.
External links
Something About Everything Military: Indian Wars
Winning the West the Army in the Indian Wars, 1865-1890
Shoshone
Conflicts in 1879
Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America
Pre-statehood history of Idaho
Native American history of Idaho
Indian wars of the American Old West
Wars between the United States and Native Americans |
4044559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Argentina | Islam in Argentina | Argentina is a predominantly Christian country, with Islam being a minority religion. Due to secular nature of the Argentine constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country. Although accurate statistics on religion are not available (because the national census does not solicit religious data) the actual size of Argentina's Muslim community is estimated around 1% of the total population (400,000 to 500,000 members) according to the International Religious Freedom Report 2010. The Pew Research Centre estimates about 1,000,000 Muslims in Argentina in the year 2010. The Association of Religion Data Archives however approximates that 1.9% of the population profess Islam as their faith.
Early Muslim immigration
There are some indications that the Muslim presence within present day Argentinian territory dates back to the time of the Spanish exploration and conquest. The first mentioned Muslim settlers were the 15th century's Moorish-Morisco (Muslims of the Iberian peninsula of North African and Spanish descent) who explored the Americas with Spanish explorers, many of them settling in Argentina who were fleeing from persecution in Spain such as the Spanish Inquisition.
However, in the 19th century Argentina saw the first real wave of Arabs to settle within its territory, mostly from Syria and Lebanon. It is estimated that today there are about 3.5 million Argentinians of Arab descent, most of whom are Christian.
Islamic institutions in Argentina
The first two mosques in the country were built in Buenos Aires in the 80s: At-Tauhid Mosque was opened in 1983 by the shia community of Buenos Aires and with the support of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran to Argentina, while Al Ahmad Mosque was opened in 1985 for the sunni Muslims and is the first building with Islamic architecture in the country. There are also several mosques in other cities and regions throughout the country, including two in Córdoba, two in Mar del Plata and the southernmost Sufi mosque in the world, in El Bolsón.
The King Fahd Islamic Cultural Centre, the largest mosque in Argentina, was completed in 1996 with the help of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, the then King of Saudi Arabia, Fahd, on a piece of land measuring 20,000 m². The total land area granted by the Argentine government measures 34,000 m², and was offered by President Carlos Menem following his visit to Saudi Arabia in 1992. The project cost around US$30 million, and includes a mosque, library, two schools, a park, is located in the middle-class district of Palermo, Buenos Aires.
The Islamic Organization of Latin America (IOLA), headquartered in Argentina, is considered the most active organization in Latin America in promoting Islamic affiliated endeavors. The IOLA holds events to promote the unification of Muslims living in Latin America, as well as the propagation of Islam.
See also
Arab Argentines
Religion in Argentina
List of mosques in Argentina
Morisco
Mudéjar
Moors
References
Further reading
KUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, "ISLAM EN AMERICA LATINA Tomo I: La expansión del Islam y su llegada a América Latina (Spanish Edition)"
KUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, "ISLAM EN AMÉRICA LATINA Tomo II: Migración Árabe a América Latina y el caso de México (Spanish Edition)"
KUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, "ISLAM EN AMÉRICA LATINA Tomo III: El Islam hoy desde América Latina (Spanish Edition)"
External links
Islam in the Americas by Florida International University research-led team
Argentina |
4044562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom%20and%20Gomorrah%20%28disambiguation%29 | Sodom and Gomorrah (disambiguation) | Sodom and Gomorrah were infamous Biblical cities.
Sodom and Gomorrah may also refer to:
Sodom and Gomorrah (1922 film), an Austrian silent movie
Sodom and Gomorrah (1962 film), a Franco-Italian film co-production.
Sodom and Gomorrah: The Last Seven Days, a 1975 pornographic movie by the Mitchell Brothers
Sodom and Gomorrah (play), a play by Jean Giraudoux
Sodom and Gomorrah, volume four in the Marcel Proust novel In Search of Lost Time
"Sodom and Gomorrah", a disco song by Village People on Macho Man
"Sodom & Gomorra", a heavy metal song by Accept on Death Row
"Sodom & Gomorrah", a heavy metal song by Sodom on Genesis XIX
Sodom and Gomorrah, ring names of the professional wrestling team Mark Jindrak and Matt Morgan
Sodom and Gomorrah (comics), fictional characters from DC Comics
See also
Sodom (disambiguation)
Gomorrah (disambiguation) |
4044565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20George%20%28band%29 | Jimmy George (band) | Jimmy George is a Canadian folk rock band from Ottawa, Canada, who combine Celtic folk with rock influences and formed in 1991.
History
The line-up through the majority of the Duke of Somerset years, recording of both albums and all videos was Eric Altman (drums, management), Joel Carlson (mandolin), Michael Eady (fiddle), Steve Donnelly (bass), Jeff Kerr (banjo), Michael "Spike" Lawson (guitar), J Todd (main vocals, acoustic guitar) and Mickey Vallee (accordion). While Todd took the majority of singing duties, other members sang harmonies and most sang lead on a song or two. The original, short-lived lineup consisted of Michael Lawson (electric guitar), Joel Carlson (mandolin), Steve Barry (vocals), Duncan Gillis (acoustic guitar/penny whistle), Rob Porter (drums), Michael Eady (fiddle) and Colin Burns (bass).
At the end of their nine-year run as house band at the Duke of Somerset pub, the band consisted of J Todd, electric guitarist Steve Donnelly, bassist George Jennings, Joel Carlson on mandolin, Jeff Kerr on banjo, Mickey Vallee on accordion, and Tom Werbowetski on drums. Other members at various times included Christine Chesser (fiddle, vocals, 1991-1992), and Vitas Paukstitis (bass, 1991).
In 1993, the band was asked to open for Spirit of the West in Peterborough and at Carleton University's Porter Hall in Ottawa. Bill Stunt, producer of CBC Radio's All In A Day program, was at the show in Ottawa and approached the band afterwards, offering to record the band's material using funding from the CBC development budget. Recording took place over the next few months at Ottawa's Sound of One Hand studio, and the album A Month of Sundays was released on Montreal's now-defunct Cargo Records later that year, with national distribution by MCA Records. Two years later the band released their follow-up record Hotel Motel, produced by Marty Jones (Furnaceface), and recorded at Sound of One Hand and Raven Street Studios.
The band toured Canada twice and also played occasional shows in the United States. Most of the band also visited England and Ireland in July, 1992, busking in the streets of London and Dublin including Temple Bar.
Jimmy George was the house band at the basement Duke of Somerset pub in downtown Ottawa for a nine-year period, playing every Sunday night and one Thursday-Saturday weekend a month, sometimes playing the "Duke" up to 10 times in a month, as well as other shows around town. They played over 500 shows at the pub which was usually packed with revellers, including several St. Patrick's Days and New Year's Eves.
As the Duke of Somerset underwent renovations and crowds thinned, the band ceased recording and playing, playing a "final" show in 1997. They played regular "reunion" shows in Ottawa to celebrate St. Patrick's Day or over the Christmas holidays for several years. In 2001, on the occasion of a reunion show at Barrymore's Music Hall in Ottawa, the band released the CD Same Sh!t Different Day, a collection of songs from their previous releases, plus some live recordings including the previously unreleased song "Where You Bleed". In April 2002, the band headlined Ottawa's Tulip Festival Concert Series and played a headline show at Ottawa's Barrymore's Music Hall.
On October 7, 2007, the former owners and staff of the Duke of Somerset pub organized a reunion event at local pub The Heart and Crown. Jimmy George played two sets with the line-up of J (vocals/acoustic guitar), Jeff (banjo), Mike (electric guitar), Joel (mandolin/bass), Rob (drums), Steve (bass/mandolin/accordion) and guest appearances by Angela McFall (Fairytale of New York) and Madeleine Giguere (Rock and Roll Thing) on vocals and Colin Burns on bass for a few songs.
On March 17, 2008, the band played a St. Patrick's Day show at Zaphod Beeblebrox in Ottawa. The lineup for this show consisted of J Todd (vocals, acoustic guitar), Joel Carlson (mandolin), Rob Porter (drums), Steve Donnelly (bass, electric guitar, accordion) and Colin Burns (bass on a few songs).
In December 2011 the band celebrated their 20th anniversary with 3 shows at Kaffe 1870 (Wakefield, QC) and Elmdale House Tavern (Ottawa, ON). Altman flew in from Japan and Vallee returned from Alberta for the occasion. The band played to capacity audiences for three nights; the second night featured all three drummers from the band's history, Altman, founding member Rob Porter and Tom Werbowetski. The band has since played occasional St. Patrick's Day shows at House of Targ in Ottawa. In 2018 the band also played the Grey Cup festivities in Ottawa in Aberdeen Pavilion at Lansdowne Park.
The members continue to perform in bands including Bible All-Stars (Carlson); The Kingmakers, Ray Harris, Sean Oliver, KJ Thomas bands (Donnelly); Mike McDonald Broadband (Vallee). Several of the band's songs have been performed by other bands, including "Breakfast With St. Swithin", which appeared on Vancouver band The Town Pants' CD. Other bands have performed the band's "Token Celtic Drinking Song". Their songs have been featured in several television programs including MTV Live, American Restoration, Toddlers and Tiaras, The Willis Family, Southbound, Still Standing and Southie Rules.
TV appearances
The band has made several TV appearances, including The Tom Green Show, Rita & Friends (CBC), and Lunch TV (CITY TV Toronto).
Festivals
The band played at festivals including Northern Lights (Sudbury), Ottawa Folk Festival (Ottawa), Tulip Festival (Ottawa), Mariposa (Toronto), Music West (Vancouver), North By Northeast (NXNE) (Toronto), Canadian Music Week (Toronto) and Riverfest (Deep River).
Videos
One Convention (1995)
Four Feet From Shore (1993)
Discography
A Month of Sundays (1993)
Hotel Motel (1995)
Same #$%! Different Day (2001)
External links
Jimmy George at BandCamp.com
Canadian folk rock groups
Celtic fusion groups
Musical groups from Ottawa
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in Ontario
Canadian Celtic music groups |
4044566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Y.%20McCollister | John Y. McCollister | John Yetter McCollister (June 10, 1921 – November 1, 2013) was an American Republican politician.
He was born to John M. McCollister and Ruth Yetter McCollister in Iowa City, Iowa. In 1939 he graduated from Washington High School in Sioux Falls, South Dakota and in 1943 he graduated from the University of Iowa in Iowa City. He married Nanette Stokes on August 22, 1943.
Career
McCollister was a lieutenant in United States Naval Reserve from 1943 to 1946. From 1960 to 1971 and again from 1979 to 1986 he was president of McCollister & Co.
For two terms from 1965 to 1970, he was the Douglas County Commissioner. He was a delegate to the Nebraska State Republican conventions from 1960 to 1970, and delegate to the 1968 Republican National Convention. He was elected as a Republican to the Ninety-second United States Congress, defeating incumbent Glenn Cunningham in the Republican primary. He was reelected to the Ninety-third United States Congress and Ninety-fourth United States Congress serving from January 3, 1971 to January 3, 1977. In 1976, he decided to run instead for the U.S. Senate but was unsuccessful, losing to Omaha Mayor Edward Zorinsky by a 53% to 47% margin. He was a presidential elector for Nebraska in 2000.
Personal life
McCollister was a resident of Omaha, Nebraska.
McCollister died of cancer in November 2013.
McCollister is the father of John S. McCollister, current state senator from district 20 in Omaha.
References
Sources
American Presbyterians
County supervisors and commissioners in Nebraska
Politicians from Iowa City, Iowa
Politicians from Sioux Falls, South Dakota
University of Iowa alumni
1921 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Nebraska
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy officers
United States Navy reservists
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
20th-century American politicians
Military personnel from Iowa |
4044587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF%204HP18%20transmission | ZF 4HP18 transmission | The ZF 4HP18 is a four-speed automatic transmission for passenger cars from ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Introduced in 1987, and produced through 1998, it was used in a variety of cars from Alfa Romeo, Audi, Citroën, Dodge, Eagle, Fiat, Lancia, and Saab.
Specifications
Technical data
Applications
4HP18FL
front wheel drive longitudinal engine
1988–1992 Renault 25 V6 2.8
1988–1992 Eagle Premier/Dodge Monaco V6 3.0
4HP18FLA (Audi Quattro 4x4)
Audi version: longitudinal engine, quattro four-wheel drive
1992–1994 Audi S4 (C4) 5-cyl 2.2 Turbo
1992–1994 Audi 100 (C4) CS 2.8 V6
1995–1997 Audi A6 (C4) quattro 2.8 V6
1995–1997 Audi S6 (C4) quattro 5-cyl 2.2 Turbo
4HP18FLE (Audi FWD)
longitudinal engine (non-quattro)
1991–1994 Porsche 968 4-cyl 3.0
1992–1993 Audi 100 2.8 V6
1992–1994 Audi 100 CS 2.8 V6
1992–1994 Audi 100 S 2.8 V6
1995–1997 Audi A6 2.8 V6
1995–1997 Audi A6 2.5 TDI (AEL) (AAT)
4HP18Q
front wheel drive transverse engine
1987–1989 Fiat 2000 2.0
1987–1989 Fiat 2500 2.5
1987–1998 Saab 9000
1989–1993 Alfa Romeo 164 V6 3.0
1989–1998 Citroën XM 2.0
1989–1998 Citroën XM V6 3.0
1989–1994 Fiat Croma 2.0
1989–1994 Lancia Thema 2.0
1989–1992 Lancia Thema V6 3.0
1989–1999 Peugeot 605 2.0
1989–1999 Peugeot 605 V6 3.0
4HP18QE
front wheel drive transverse engine
1993–1997 Alfa Romeo 164 V6 3.0
1993–1994 Lancia Thema V6 3.0
4HP18EH
front wheel drive transverse engine
1994–1998 Lancia Kappa V6 3.0
See also
list of ZF transmissions
References
4HP18 |
4044610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Captive | The Captive | The Captive may refer to:
Films
The Captive (1915 film), a 1915 drama film directed by Cecil B. DeMille
The Captive, the English title of La Prisonnière, a 1968 film, the final work of French director Henri-Georges Clouzot
La Captive (The Captive), a 2000 drama film directed by Chantal Akerman
The Captive (2014 film), a 2014 film directed by Atom Egoyan
Literature
The Captive (1769 play), a work by the Irish writer Isaac Bickerstaffe
The Captive, the English title of La Prisonnière, part of In Search of Lost Time, a 1927 novel in seven volumes by Marcel Proust
The Captive (play), a 1926 English-language adaptation by Arthur Hornblow, Jr. of the play La prisonnière by Édouard Bourdet
Other arts, entertainment, and media
The Captive (album), an album by former Dispatch member Braddigan
The Captive (painting), by Joseph Wright of Derby
See also
Captive (disambiguation)
Captivity (disambiguation) |
4044623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20McCollister | John McCollister | John McCollister may refer to:
John Y. McCollister (1921–2013), Nebraska politician, member of U.S. House of Representatives
John S. McCollister (b. 1947), Nebraska politician, son of John Y. McCollister |
4044625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Frontiers%20program | New Frontiers program | The New Frontiers program is a series of space exploration missions being conducted by NASA with the purpose of furthering the understanding of the Solar System. The program selects medium-class missions which can provide high science returns.
NASA is encouraging both domestic and international scientists to submit mission proposals for the program. New Frontiers was built on the innovative approach used by the Discovery and Explorer Programs of principal investigator-led missions. It is designed for medium-class missions that cannot be accomplished within the cost and time constraints of Discovery, but are not as large as Large Strategic Science Missions (Flagship missions).
There are currently three New Frontiers missions in progress and one in development. New Horizons, which was launched in 2006 and reached Pluto in 2015, Juno, which was launched in 2011 and entered Jupiter orbit in 2016, and OSIRIS-REx, launched in September 2016 towards asteroid Bennu for detailed studies from 2018 to 2021 and a sample return to Earth in 2023.
On June 27, 2019, Dragonfly was selected to become the fourth mission in the New Frontiers program.
History
The New Frontiers program was developed and advocated by NASA and granted by Congress in CY 2002 and 2003. This effort was led by two long-time NASA executives at headquarters at that time: Edward Weiler, Associate Administrator of Science, and Colleen Hartman, Solar System Exploration Division Director. The mission to Pluto had already been selected before this program was successfully endorsed and funded, so the mission to Pluto, called New Horizons, was "grandfathered" into the New Frontiers program.
The 2003 Planetary Science Decadal Survey from the National Academy of Sciences identified destinations that then served as the source of the first competition for the New Frontiers program. The NASA program name is based on President John F. Kennedy's "New Frontier" political agenda speech in 1960, in which he constantly used the words "New Frontier" to describe a variety of social issues and noted how pioneer exploration did not end with the American West as once thought. As President, Kennedy would also invest heavily in funding for NASA.
Examples of proposed mission concepts include three broad groups based on Planetary Science Decadal Survey goals.
From New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy
Kuiper Belt Pluto Explorer (realized in New Horizons)
Jupiter Polar Orbiter with Probes (led to Juno)
Venus In Situ Explorer
Lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin Sample Return Mission
Comet Surface Sample Return Mission: Comet Astrobiology Exploration Sample Return (CAESAR) (see also the similar OSIRIS-REx, which targeted a near-Earth object, not a comet.)
From Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013–2022
Io Volcano Observer
Lunar Geophysical Network
Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe
Trojan Tour and Rendezvous
From Origins, Worlds, and Life: A Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023-2032
Centaur Orbiter and Lander
Ceres Sample Return
Enceladus Multiple Flyby
Titan Orbiter
Missions in progress
New Horizons (New Frontiers 1)
New Horizons, a mission to Pluto, was launched on January 19, 2006. After a Jupiter gravity assist in February 2007 the spacecraft continued towards Pluto. The primary mission flyby occurred on July 14, 2015, and the spacecraft was then targeted toward one Kuiper Belt object called 486958 Arrokoth for a January 1, 2019 flyby. Another mission that was considered with this mission was New Horizons 2.
Juno (New Frontiers 2)
Juno is a Jupiter exploration mission which launched on August 5, 2011, and arrived in July 2016. It is the first solar-powered spacecraft to explore an outer planet. The craft was placed into a polar orbit in order to study the planet's magnetic field and internal structure.
NASA's Galileo mission to Jupiter provided extensive knowledge about its upper atmosphere, however, further study of Jupiter is crucial not only to the understanding of its origin and nature of the Solar System, but also of giant extrasolar planets in general. The Juno spacecraft investigation is intended to address the following objectives for Jupiter:
Understand Jupiter's gross dynamical and structural properties through determination of the mass and size of Jupiter's core, its gravitational and magnetic fields, and internal convection;
Measure the Jovian atmospheric composition, particularly the condensable-gas abundances (H2O, NH3, CH4 and H2S), the Jovian atmospheric temperature profile, wind velocity profile, and cloud opacity to greater depths than achieved by the Galileo entry probe with a goal of 100 bar at multiple latitudes; and
Investigate and characterize the three-dimensional structure of Jupiter's polar magnetosphere.
OSIRIS-REx (New Frontiers 3)
OSIRIS-REx stands for "Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer", and was launched on 8 September 2016. This mission plan is to orbit an asteroid, at the time named (now 101955 Bennu), by 2020. After extensive measurements, the spacecraft will collect a sample from the asteroid's surface for return to Earth in 2023. The mission, minus the cost of the launch vehicle ($183.5 million), is expected to cost approximately $800 million. The returned sample will help scientists answer long-held questions about the formation of the Solar System and the origin of complex organic molecules necessary for the origin of life.
Asteroid Bennu is a potential future Earth impactor and is listed on the Sentry Risk Table with the third highest rating on the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale (circa 2015). In the late 2100s there is a cumulative chance of about 0.07% it could strike Earth, therefore there is a need to measure the composition and Yarkovsky effect of the asteroid.
Planned missions
Dragonfly (New Frontiers 4)
Dragonfly will send a mobile robotic rotorcraft to Saturn's biggest moon Titan and will make use of Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (MMRTG) for power to navigate through the atmosphere of Titan. The development cost cap is approximately $1 billion. As of May 2021, Dragonfly is scheduled for launch in June 2027.
The competition for the fourth mission began in January 2017. Per recommendation by the Decadal Survey, NASA's announcement of opportunity was limited to six mission themes:
Comet Surface Sample Return - a comet nucleus lander and sample return mission
Lunar South Pole Sample Return - a mission to land at the Moon's South Pole–Aitken basin and return samples to Earth
Ocean Worlds (Titan and/or Enceladus)
Saturn Probe - an atmospheric probe
Trojan Tour and Rendezvous - a mission to fly by two or more Trojan asteroids
Venus Lander
NASA received and reviewed 12 proposals:
Comet Surface Sample Return
Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return (CONDOR), to retrieve a sample from 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.
Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return (CORSAIR) would sample comet 88P/Howell.
Comet Astrobiology Exploration Sample Return (CAESAR) to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Lunar South Pole Sample Return
MoonRise, a sample return mission to explore the lunar South Pole–Aitken basin
Ocean Worlds
Oceanus, an orbiter to investigate Titan's potential habitability.
Dragonfly, a rotorcraft that would fly over the landscape and oceans of Titan to study prebiotic chemistry.
Enceladus Life Finder (ELF), an astrobiology orbiter to Enceladus.
Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability (ELSAH)
Saturn Probe
Saturn PRobe Interior and aTmosphere Explorer (SPRITE), an atmospheric probe to investigate Saturn's atmosphere and composition.
Trojan Tour and Rendezvous
None
Venus Lander
Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer (VISAGE), a Venus atmospheric probe and lander.
Venus In situ Composition Investigations (VICI), a lander.
Venus Origins Explorer (VOX), a Venus orbiter.
Out of 12 initial proposals, NASA selected two for additional concept studies on 20 December 2017, including Dragonfly.
The two finalists, CAESAR and Dragonfly, each received $4 million funding through the end of 2018 to further develop and mature their concepts. On June 27, 2019, NASA announced the selection of Dragonfly as the New Frontiers 4 mission for a launch in 2026, later delayed to June 2027.
New Frontiers 5
The Decadal Survey recommends that two New Frontiers missions be selected per decade. The 2018 Midterm Review of the 2013–2022 Decadal Survey found that NASA is falling behind on this cadence, and recommends the release of the New Frontiers 5 Announcement of Opportunity no later than December 2021. Thomas Zurbuchen, Associate Administrator for the Science Mission Directorate, responded positively to the Midterm Review's recommendation, stating that NASA is "committed to conducting two New Frontiers competitions per decade" and currently plans to release the Announcement of Opportunity in 2021 or 2022, though the Midterm Review estimates a release date as late as 2023.
The Decadal Survey recommended the Io Observer and Lunar Geophysical Network proposals for New Frontiers 5, in addition to the previous recommendations.
As of May 2021, NASA plans to release the New Frontiers 5 Announcement of Opportunity in 2024.
See also
Cosmic Vision, ESA program that has several mission classes
Notes
References
External links
New Frontiers Program website
NASA programs |
4044629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF%204HP20%20transmission | ZF 4HP20 transmission | The ZF 4HP20 is a four-speed automatic transmission for passenger cars from ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Introduced in 1995, it remains in production, and has been used in a variety of cars from Citroën, Lancia, Mercedes-Benz, Peugeot, and Renault.
Applications
1996–2004 Peugeot 406 V6 3.0
1996–2003 Mercedes-Benz Vito
1996–2003 Mercedes-Benz V-Class
1997–2001 Citroën Xantia V6 3.0
1997–2001 Citroën XM V6 3.0
1997–1999 Peugeot 605 V6 3.0
1998–2002 Alfa Romeo 166 V6 2.5, V6 3.0
1998–2005 Lancia Kappa, Phedra V6 3.0
1998–2008 Renault Laguna 3.0
1998–2002 Renault Espace V6 3.0
1999–2000 Renault Safrane V6 3.0 24V
2001–2008 Citroën C5 and Citroën C8, Peugeot 807 and Peugeot 607 with DW12 2.2 HDi
2004–2010 Peugeot 407 with DW12 2.2 HDi
2003–2006 Fiat Ducato 2.8 JTD(244 Baumuster)
See also
List of ZF transmissions
The maximum torque capacity is 330 Nm.
References
4HP20 |
4044633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebae%20anemone | Sebae anemone | The sebae anemone (Heteractis crispa), also known as leathery sea anemone, long tentacle anemone, or purple tip anemone, is a species of sea anemone belonging to the family Stichodactylidae and native to the Indo-Pacific area.
Description
The sebae anemone is characterized by a flared oral disc which reaches between 20 and 50 cm in diameter and with multiple and long tentacles measuring 10 to 15 cm. These tentacles have rounded tip and the end is often colored with a purple or blue spot. The column, external structure of an anemone visible when the animal is closed, is gray in color and dotted with sticky whitish "warts". The sea anemone, being member of the Hexacorallia, usually carries a number of tentacles multiple of six and they are positioned in concentric circles. These are light beige to purple.
Distribution and habitat
The sebae anemone is widespread throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific area from the eastern coasts of Africa, Red Sea included, to Polynesia and from south Japan to Australia and New-Caledonia.
This sea anemone prefers hard base substrates slightly covered with sand but it can also cling to branching corals from the surface to 40 meters deep.
Biology
The sebae anemone has two ways to feed. The first one is through the inside via photosynthesis of its symbiotic hosts zooxanthellae, living in its tissues. And the second one is through a normal way by capturing its preys via its tentacles that allow it to immobilize its prey (small invertebrates, fry, or juvenile fish).
Its reproduction can be sexual by simultaneous transmission of male and female gametes in the water or asexual by scissiparity; the anemone divides itself into two separate individuals from the foot or the mouth.
The relationship between anemonefish and their host sea anemones is highly nested in structure. With 15 species of hosted anemonefish, the sebae anemone is highly generalist, and mostly hosts generalist anemonefish. A. latezonatus, the wide-band anemonefish, is a specialist only hosted by H. crispa.. In the Red Sea, it is considered a nursery anemone as sexually mature fish are rarely hosted by H. crispa. A study in the northern Red Sea found anemone density affected whether H. crispa hosted anemonefish, with clusters of juvenile fish only found at low-density sites, while either one or no juvenile anemonefish were found in H. crispa at the high-density site. The authors theorised that H. crispa was a nursery anemone due to being unable to adequately protect adult anemonefish from predation, active emigration of fish to Entacmaea quadricolor and/or environmentally controlled cessation of fish growth. Why this would be so in the Red Sea is not clear, when in the western Pacific, adult pairs are found in individuals of H. crispa.
The anemone fish hosted by the sebae anemone are:
Amphiprion akindynos (Barrier Reef anemonefish)
A. barberi (Barber's anemonefish)
A. bicinctus (two-band anemonefish)
A. chrysopterus (orange-fin anemonefish)
A. clarkii (Clark's anemonefish)
A. ephippium (red saddleback anemonefish)
A. latezonatus (wide-band anemonefish)
A. leucokranos (white-bonnet anemonefish)
A. melanopus (red and black anemonefish)
A. omanensis (Oman anemonefish)
A. percula (clown anemonefish)
A. perideraion (pink skunk anemonefish)
A. polymnus (saddleback anemonefish)
A. sandaracinos (orange anemonefish)
A. thiellei
A. tricinctus (three-band anemonefish)
Juveniles of Dascyllus trimaculatus are also associated with H. crispa''.
Gallery
Anemonefish in H. crispa
Notes
References
External links
Stichodactylidae
Cnidarians of the Indian Ocean
Cnidarians of the Pacific Ocean
Marine fauna of Asia
Marine fauna of Oceania
Marine fauna of Southeast Asia
Anthozoa of Australia
Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
Animals described in 1834 |
4044636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple%20River%20%28Iowa%29 | Maple River (Iowa) | The Maple River is a river in the United States. It flows through western Iowa and is long. The Maple River rises in Buena Vista County, and flows generally southwest through Ida Grove, Battle Creek, Danbury, and Mapleton finally joining with the Little Sioux River near Turin. Much of the river has been channelized.
The Maple River was named from the soft maple trees along its banks.
See also
List of Iowa rivers
References
Rivers of Iowa
Rivers of Buena Vista County, Iowa
Rivers of Ida County, Iowa
Rivers of Woodbury County, Iowa
Rivers of Monona County, Iowa |
4044641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Jevne%20State%20Park | Franz Jevne State Park | Franz Jevne State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA. It is located on the Rainy River (which demarks the Canada–United States border) between International Falls and Baudette in Koochiching County.
Mammalian species of beaver, timber wolf, and moose roam in this park. Many birds are found along the Rainy River by visitors such as various songbirds, woodpeckers, pelicans, and bald eagles.
The land for the park was donated to the state by the Franz Jevne family; the park was created in 1967 by the Minnesota Legislature. By area, it is the smallest of Minnesota's state parks.
References
External links
Franz Jevne State Park
1967 establishments in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1967
Protected areas of Koochiching County, Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota |
4044649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20process%20variation | Natural process variation | Natural process variation, sometimes just called process variation, is the statistical description of natural fluctuations in process outputs.
Equations
The following equations are used for an x-bar-control chart:
In the example, with n = 10 samples, the targeted mean, , and standard error of the mean, are:
That is, independent 10-sample means should themselves have a standard deviation of 0.0316. It is natural that the means vary this much, for by the central limit theorem the means should have a normal distribution, regardless of the distribution of the samples themselves.
The importance of knowing the natural process variation becomes clear when we apply statistical process control. In a stable process, the mean is on target; in the example, the target is the filling, set to 1 litre. The variation within the upper and lower control limits (UCL and LCL) is considered the natural variation of the process.
Usage
When a sample average (size n = 10 in this case) is located outside the control limits, then this is an indication that the process is out of (statistical) control. To be more specific:
The Western Electric rules conclude that the process is out of control if:
One point plots outside the 3σ-limits (the UCL and LCL).
Two out of three consecutive points plot beyond a 2σ-limit.
Four out of five consecutive points plot at a distance of 1σ or beyond from the centerline.
Eight consecutive points plot on one side of the center line.
Goal
The most important goal of understanding the principle of natural process variation is to consider the natural variance in the output before we make any changes to the process. Since SPC tends to minimize the process variations in time, as we better understand the process and have more experience with running it, we try to reduce the variation of it. The knowledge of the principle of natural variance helps us avoid making any unnecessary changes to the process, which might add variance to the process, instead of removing it.
References
Douglas C. Montgomery, George C. Runger. Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 4/e. Wiley, 2006. .
An Introduction to Understanding Variation
Respecting Natural Variation
Statistical process control |
4044658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF%204HP22%20transmission | ZF 4HP22 transmission | The 4HP 22 is a four-speed automatic transmission from ZF Friedrichshafen AG for passenger cars with rear wheel drive or 4X4 layout. Introduced in 1980, it was produced through 2003, and has been used in a variety of cars from BMW, General Motors, Jaguar, Land Rover, Maserati, Peugeot, Porsche, and Volvo.
Specifications
Torque
The ZF 4HP 22 can handle from 100 to 380 NM of input torque.
Technical data
Applications
4HP 22
BMW
E30
1984–1988 316 M10/B18
1987–1988 316i M10/B18
1988–1994 316i M40/B16
1984–1987 318i M10/B18
1987–1994 318i M40/B18
1982–1993 320i M20/B20
1982–1986 323i M20/B23
1985–1990 324d M21/D24
1987–1990 324td M21/D24
1983–1988 325e M20/B27: Type A
1985–1993 325i M20/B25: Type A
1986–1992 325ix M20/B25: Type A
E28
1981–1987 518i M10/B18: Type B
1981–1987 520i M20/B20: Type B
1986–1988 524d M21/D24: Type B
1983–1987 524td M21/D24: Type B
1983–1988 525e M20/B27: Type A
1981–1987 525i M30/B25: Type A
1981–1987 528e M20/B27
1981–1987 528i M30/B28: Type A
1983–1984 533i M30/B32
1984–1988 535i M30/B34: Type A
E24
1983–1989 633CSi M30/B32
1983–1987 635CSi M30/B34
E23
1983–1984 733i M30/B32
1984–1987 735i M30/B34: Type A
1984–1987 745i (South African version) M88/3: Type A
E34
1988–1992 520i M20/B20: Type A
1988–1992 524td M21/D24: Type B
1988–1990 525i M20/B25 : Type A
1988–1992 530i M30/B30 : Type A
1988–1993 535i M30/B35: Type A
E32
1986–1994 730i M30/B30: Type A
1986–1992 735i M30/B35: Type A
1986–1992 735iL M30/B35: Type A
Chevrolet
Opala
1988–1992 2.5 (151): Type A
1988–1992 4.1 (250): Type A
Jaguar
XJ40
1987–1993 3.6
X300
1994–1997 3.2
XJS
1987–1991 3.6
Land Rover
Defender
1997 90 V8 4.0L North America Spec
1998 90 V8 4.0L Defender 50th Special Edition
Discovery (Series I)
1992–1999 V8 3.9L
Discovery (Series II)
1999–2002 V8 4.0L
Range Rover
1987–2002 (except 4.6)
Lincoln
Continental
1984–1985 2.4 litre (BMW-Steyr turbodiesel)
Lotus
Lotus Excel
Excel SA 1986 –1991 Twin Cam 4 Cyl Lotus 2.2L 180bhp
Maserati
Biturbo
1988–1997 2.5 V6
1988–1997 2.8 V6
Quattroporte
1994–1998 2.8 V6
Peugeot
505
1986–1997 2.0 (XN,): Type A
1986–1997 2.0 (ZEJ): Type A
1986–1997 2.2 (N9T,): Type A
1986–1997 2.2 (ZDJ): Type A
1986–1997 2.5 (XD3): Type A
1986–1997 2.8 (ZN3J): Type A
604
1987–1989 2.5
Volvo
740
pre–1985 GL, GLE 2.3 (non turbo) B230F: Type B
1986–after GL, GLE 2.3 (non turbo) B230F: Type A
1984–1986 2.4L TD (ZF 4HP 22L)
760
1986–1991 2.3L
1983–1986 GLE 2.4 Turbo Diesel D24T: Type B
940
1991–1995 2.3
4HP 22EH
Four-wheel drive configuration
Land Rover
Discovery (Series II)
1999–2004 TD5 Diesel
4HP 22HL
Rear-engine design rear-wheel drive configuration
Porsche
1989–1993 Porsche 911 Carrera II 3.6
1993–1998 Porsche 993 3.6
See also
List of ZF transmissions
References
4HP 22 |
4044662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilonis%20%28daughter%20of%20Leotychidas%29 | Chilonis (daughter of Leotychidas) | Chilonis () was a Spartan princess, daughter of Leotychidas, wife of Cleonymus, then Acrotatus, with whom she had Areus II. She is known from Plutarch's "Life of Pyrrhus".
Biography
Her much older husband Cleonymus, a son of Cleomenes II, had not been allowed to succeed to his father's throne because of his violent and tyrannical behaviour, and had spent many years away from Sparta as a soldier of fortune. Chilonis was unfaithful to him with Acrotatus, son of the king Areus I. Areus was away with his army in Gortyn, Crete (272 BC) when Cleonymus attacked his homeland with the help of Pyrrhus of Epirus.
Chilonis preferred death to a return to her husband; in Plutarch's account of the battle, she kept a rope tied around her neck ready to commit suicide in the case of defeat. With the help of their women, the Spartans, led by Acrotatus, were able to withstand the attack, until the return of the king from Gortyn. He was able to defeat Pyrrhus and Cleonymus decisively.
Chilonis and Acrotatus had a child, who later ruled as Areus II, Agiad King of Sparta.
Notes
References
Plutarch, Parallel Lives, Pyrrhus
Smith, William "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities edited",Little, Brown Co, 1870
Sarah B. Pomeroy, Spartan Women, Oxford University Press, 2002
Spartan princesses
Spartan women in ancient warfare
3rd-century BC Spartans
3rd-century BC Greek women |
4044685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyle%20%28electoral%20district%29 | Argyle (electoral district) | Argyle is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada which existed between 1981 and 2013 and since 2021. It elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. It was created in 1981 when the district of Yarmouth was split into two separate districts. The district comprises most of the Municipality of the District of Argyle, an Acadian area occupying the eastern half of Yarmouth County.
The electoral district was abolished following the 2012 electoral boundary review and was largely replaced by the new electoral district of Argyle-Barrington. It was re-created following the 2019 electoral boundary review out of Argyle-Barrington.
Geography
The riding of Argyle has of landmass.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
The electoral district was represented by the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:
Election results
2021 general election
2017 general election (transposed)
2009 general election
2006 general election
2003 general election
1999 general election
1998 general election
1993 general election
1988 general election
1984 general election
1981 general election
References
Former provincial electoral districts of Nova Scotia |
4044691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF%204HP24%20transmission | ZF 4HP24 transmission | The ZF 4HP24 is a four-speed automatic transmission for passenger cars from ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Introduced in 1987, it was used in a variety of cars from Audi, BMW, Jaguar, and Land Rover.
Applications
4HP24
1986–1994 BMW E32 750i M70/B50
1986–1994 BMW E32 750iL M70/B50
1986–1994 Jaguar XJ40
1989–1994 BMW E31 850Ci M70/B50
1989–1994 BMW E31 850i M70/B50
1989–1996 Jaguar XJS 4.0
1995–1997 Jaguar XJ6 (X300) 4.0
1994–2002 Range Rover V8 4.6L
1999–2002 Range Rover V8 4.0L
2003–2004 Land Rover Discovery V8 4.6L
4HP24A
Audi version
1990–1991 Audi V8 3.6 V8
1992–1994 Audi V8 4.2 V8
1994–1996 Audi D2 A8 4.2 V8 quattro
1995–1997 Audi S6 4.2 V8 C4 100
See also
List of ZF transmissions
References
4HP24 |
4044698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbled%20green | Marbled green | The marbled green (Cryphia muralis) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Johann Reinhold Forster in 1771. It is found in Europe. Its wings are white with several shades of green. However, the green fades.
Technical description and variation
The wingspan is 27–34 mm. The length of the forewings is 12–15 mm. Forewing smooth, unspeckled green, the markings black and prominent: the claviform (club-shaped) and orbicular (round) stigmata coalescing to form a blotch; ab. par Hbn. is grey green, with darker green dusting; the black markings obsolete. — ab. impar Warr. is green dusted with black or rufous; the lines more or less obsolete: the green colour fades more quickly than in typical muralis; this form occurs only at Cambridge, where the type form is nonexistent. Four further aberrations have been differentiated; ab. viridis Tutt, rich green, without black or grey dusting; ab. flavescens Tutt, like the type, but with the green changed to yellow, even in bred specimens; ab. pallida Tutt, with typical markings on a whitish-grey ground colour; and ab. obscura Tutt, dull brownish grey, with the markings obscured and without any trace of green; all these forms are found on the coast of Kent and at Queenstown in Ireland.
Biology
The moth flies from June to September depending on the location.
Larva dark grey with a greenish tinge: dorsal line broadly white, sometimes interrupted; a pale line above feet.
greenish tinge: dorsal line broadly white, sometimes interrupted; a pale line above feet. The larvae feed on various lichen.
References
External links
Fauna Europaea. syn.
Lepiforum e. V.
De Vlinderstichting. syn.
Cryphia
Moths described in 1771
Moths of Europe
Taxa named by Johann Reinhold Forster |
4044720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Bergen%20Interscholastic%20Athletic%20League | North Bergen Interscholastic Athletic League | The North Bergen Interscholastic Athletic League, abbreviated NBIL or NBIAL, was an athletic conference of twelve high schools located in the northern part of Bergen County, New Jersey. Wayne Hills High School, located in Wayne, Passaic County, New Jersey, was the only school not located in Bergen County.
Member schools
There are twelve member NBIAL schools, which are split up into two divisions. Division 1 is made up of all Group III schools, while Division 2 is made up of Group II schools. Group is a classification of the school size as determined by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). The bigger the Group, the more students that go to that school.
The league had originally eight members, but added Westwood and Wayne Hills in the mid-1970s. It expanded further, adding Bergenfield and Fair Lawn in the early 1990s, and split into two divisions for most sports. Mahwah replaced Westwood when the latter left the league, and Ramsey replaced longtime league member River Dell.
After the original NJSIAA realignment in 2009, Paramus Catholic High School was added to the NBIL while Wayne Hills and Fair Lawn left to join the North Jersey Tri-County Conference. The NBIL ceased to exist following the 2009–10 seasons, and its remaining member institutions joined with most of the NJTCC schools to form the Big North Conference. Pascack Hills, who participated in the NBIL in every sport except for football (where they were a member of the Bergen County Scholastic League), was the only school that did not and followed its football conferencemates to the North Jersey Interscholastic Conference; they eventually reconsidered and moved to the Big North in 2012.
Division 1
(Note: Wayne Valley High School, despite belonging to the same school district as Wayne Hills High School, is not part of the NBIL.)
Division 2
(Note: Pascack Hills High School did not participate in the NBIL for football.)
League sports
The North Bergen Interscholastic Athletic League allows member schools to compete with each other in many sports spread out among three seasons. Although the league does not have a cheerleading division, many member schools have their own cheerleading teams. Other sports, such as fencing, are offered by some schools, but like cheerleading, are not included as part of the NBIL.
The following is a list of the sports that the NBIL offers. Some sports do not have a team from every school, while other sports have teams from all twelve schools. Each bullet is technically an individual team, but in sports marked with an asterisk (*), these two teams usually practice together (depending on the school and sport) and have almost every if not all of their meets, games, matches, competitions, and other events at the same time. (For example, although the boys and girls track teams from a single school usually practice together and have meets at the same time, there are separate events at their meets for boys and for girls; therefore, the teams compete and score separately.)
Fall sports
Cross Country (Boys)*
Cross Country (Girls)*
Football - NOTE: Pascack Hills plays football in the Carpenter Division of the Bergen-Passaic Scholastic League.
Soccer (Boys)
Soccer (Girls)
Tennis (Girls)
Volleyball (Girls)
Winter sports
Basketball (Boys)
Basketball (Girls)
Bowling (Boys)*
Bowling (Girls)*
Fencing*
Ice Hockey
Swimming (Boys)*
Swimming (Girls)*
Winter Guard
Winter Track (Boys)*
Winter Track (Girls)*
Wrestling
Spring sports
Baseball
Golf (Boys)*
Golf (Girls)*
Lacrosse
Softball
Tennis (Boys)
Track and Field (Boys)*
Track and Field (Girls)*
Volleyball (Boys)
League Code of Conduct
The NBIL encourages parents and spectators to support good sportsmanship and to be positive role models to student athletes. Smoking is not allowed (per NBIL rules, some local laws, and state legislation) at NBIL events. Spectators are asked to "enthusiastically encourage" their own teams, to refrain from booing and using negative remarks, and to applaud "outstanding play" by any team. State and NBIL regulations prohibit noisemakers, signs, and banners at competitions.
External links
North Bergen Interscholastic Athletic League Website (Site not regularly maintained)
Education in Bergen County, New Jersey
New Jersey high school athletic conferences |
4044727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20George%27s%20Church%2C%20Portobello | St George's Church, Portobello | St George's Church, Portobello, is a former Church of England parish church in the City of Sheffield, England. It is now part of the University of Sheffield and is a lecture theatre and student housing.
St George's is the first of three Commissioners' churches to have been built in Sheffield under the Church Building Act 1818. The other two are St Mary's Church, Bramall Lane and St Philip's Church, Netherthorpe (demolished 1951). St George's is a Gothic Revival building designed by the architects Woodhead and Hurst in a Perpendicular Gothic style. It was built at a cost of £15,181 (), the whole cost being met by the Church Building Commission.
The building is long and wide, and consisted of a flat-ceilinged nave with six bays, a single-bay chancel, and a -high tower. Galleries extended the length of the north and south walls, and there was a two-tiered gallery on the west wall. In total the church could seat 380 people. The foundation stone was laid on 19 July 1821, and the church was consecrated by Archbishop Vernon Harcourt on 29 June 1825.
The church was declared redundant and closed in 1981. It stood unused for a number of years until the University of Sheffield acquired it and in 1994 had it converted into a lecture theatre and student accommodation. Prior to this it had been the last of the Commissioners' churches in Sheffield to retain its original form. It is a Grade II listed building.
In 2010 a nest-box was placed on the church rooftop, which is now home to a breeding pair of peregrine falcons that can be seen via live stream webcam.
See also
Listed buildings in Sheffield
List of Commissioners' churches in Yorkshire
References
19th-century Church of England church buildings
Churches completed in 1825
Saint George
Church of England church buildings in South Yorkshire
Commissioners' church buildings
Former Church of England church buildings
Gothic Revival church buildings in England
Grade II listed buildings in Sheffield
Grade II listed churches in South Yorkshire
Halls of residence in the United Kingdom
Sheffield University buildings and structures |
4044730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug%20In%20and%20Hang%20On%3A%20Live%20in%20Tokyo | Plug In and Hang On: Live in Tokyo | Plug In and Hang On: Live in Tokyo is a live album by heavy metal band Vicious Rumors, released in 1992.
The material for this CD was recorded in Kawasaki, Japan at Club Citta.
Track listing
"Abandoned"
"Savior from Anger"
"Down to the Temple"
"Ship of Fools"
"Lady Took a Chance"
"When Love Comes Down"
"March or Die"
"Don't Wait for Me"
Personnel
Geoff Thorpe: Guitars
Mark McGee: Guitars
Carl Albert: Vocals
Dave Starr: Bass
Larry Howe: Drums
1992 live albums
Vicious Rumors albums |
4044756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Molinos | Los Molinos | Los Molinos may refer to:
Los Molinos, California, a census-designed place (CDP) in Tehama County, California
Los Molinos, Chile, coastal village and harbour near Valdivia, Chile
Los Molinos, Spain, a municipality in Community of Madrid, Spain
Los Molinos, La Rioja, a municipality in La Rioja Province, Argentina
Los Molinos, Lanzarote, a village in the Canary Islands
Los Molinos Dam, dam over the course of the Los Molinos River in the province of Córdoba, Argentina
San José de los Molinos District, district of the province Ica, Peru
Calzada de los Molinos, a municipality in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain
Rancho Rio de los Molinos, a 22,172-acre (89.73 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Tehama County, California
Rancho El Molino, a 17,892-acre (72.41 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Sonoma County, California
See also
Molinos (disambiguation) |
4044762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempegowda%20International%20Airport | Kempegowda International Airport | Kempegowda International Airport is an international airport serving Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka, India. Spread over , it is located about north of the city near the suburb of Devanahalli. It is owned and operated by Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL), a public–private consortium. The airport opened in May 2008 as an alternative to increased congestion at HAL Airport, the original primary commercial airport serving the city. It is named after Kempe Gowda I, the founder of Bangalore. Kempegowda International Airport became Karnataka's first fully solar powered airport developed by CleanMax Solar.
Kempegowda International Airport is the third-busiest airport by passenger traffic, air traffic movements and domestic and total cargo handled in India, behind the airports in Delhi and Mumbai, and is the 29th busiest airport in Asia. In the FY 2021–22, the airport handled around 16.2 million passengers and of cargo.
The airport has a single passenger terminal that handles both domestic and international operations, and two runways, the second of which was commissioned on 6 December 2019. A second terminal (Phase-1) is in the final stages of construction. Also, there is a cargo village and three cargo terminals. The airport serves as a hub for AirAsia India, Alliance Air, Go First, IndiGo, Star Air and DHL Aviation and is a focus city for Air India and SpiceJet. The airport was recognised as the best airport (25 to 40 million passengers per annum) in Asia-Pacific in 2020 by Airports Council International.
Kempegowda International Airport connects 27 international destinations across the globe, the highest in South India.
History
Planning (1991–2004)
The original airport serving Bangalore was HAL Airport, located from the city centre. It was the primary airport serving Bangalore city until 2008. Originally established in 1942 for military and defence purposes, HAL began domestic operations for the first time in the late 1970s. The unexpected popularity of the newly offered domestic flights encouraged rapid expansion of the airport. In the late 1990s, the first international flights started. Air India was the first airline to offer international flights, flying to Singapore. In 2000, the first foreign airline started operations from HAL Airport, with Royal Nepal Airlines to Kathmandu, followed by Lufthansa's A340 a year later from Germany. Several other major international carriers such as British Airways and Air France were already serving the old airport by 2005.
However, as Bangalore grew into the Silicon Valley of India and passenger traffic to the city rose, HAL Airport with a single runway and limited aircraft parking space was unable to cope with this increased traffic. In 2007 it saw a footfall of 8 million passengers, more than double its original capacity of 3.6 million. There was no room for expansion and the airport apron could only park six aircraft. In March 1991, former chairman of the National Airports Authority of India (NAAI) S. Ramanathan convened a panel to select the site for a new airport. The panel decided on Devanahalli, a village about north of Bangalore. The State Government made a proposal to build the airport with private assistance, which the Union Government approved in 1994. Finally in 1995, Airports Authority of India (AAI) and Government of Karnataka decided to call for international consortia to own, build and operate the new Greenfield airport of the city.
In December 1995, a consortium of Tata Group, Raytheon and Singapore Changi Airport signed a memorandum of understanding with the State Government regarding participation in the project. In June 1998, however, the consortium announced it was pulling out of the project due to delays in government approval. These included disputes over the location of the airport and the fate of HAL Airport.
In May 1999, the Airports Authority of India (AAI) and the Karnataka State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation (KSIIDC) of the State Government signed a memorandum of understanding regarding the nature of the project. It would be a public–private partnership, with AAI and KSIIDC having a 26% share and private companies having the remaining 74%. In January 2001, the State Government created the company Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL) as a special purpose entity and began searching for partners. By November, the project had attracted Unique Zürich Airport, Siemens Project Ventures and Larsen & Toubro. Construction was expected to begin in October 2002; however, governmental delays persisted. The concession agreement between the State Government, the Union Government and BIAL was signed in July 2004. In it, BIAL required the closure of HAL Airport.
It took nearly a decade from the initial stage of land allocation and acquisition, to signing of shareholder agreements in 2002 and until start of construction.
During the formation of legal framework, BIAL's main observation was the unprecedented growth that aviation industry faced.
Designing
BIAL, when the project was first designated, had anticipated traffic of approximately 5 million in the first year of operations in 2008. However, HAL Airport had handled over 8 million passengers by the time the construction of the new greenfield airport started. It took more than nine months to redesign the process along with gaining the necessary approvals, and when the approval for increased project was sanctioned, the construction was half done. The project was well on track despite the challenge and was expected to be ready by its initial given open date.
The revised increased capacity project was constructed to cater to eleven million passengers per annum, up from the previous plan of 5 million passengers per annum. BIAL increased project had plans to build a terminal with eight passengers boarding bridges, one double arm aerobridge, nine remote bus gates and a runway measuring 4,000 metres with efficient taxiways. BIAL also planned to build an apron with 42 Code-C aircraft stands (with eight contact stands) as well as an air- and land-side road system. The estimated cost for the entire project was Rs 1,930 crore (approximately US$430 million).
Construction and opening (2005–2008)
Construction finally commenced on 2 July 2005. When a study predicted the airport would receive 6.7 million passengers in 2008, the airport was redesigned from its initial capacity of 4.5 million passengers to 11 million, with the terminal size expanded and the number of aircraft stands increased. The cost of the airport rose to . Construction was completed in 32 months, and BIAL set the launch date for 30 March 2008. However, due to delays in establishing air traffic control services at the airport, the launch date was pushed to 11 May and finally 24 May 2008.
As the opening date for the airport approached, public criticism arose, mainly directed toward the closure of HAL Airport. In March 2008, AAI employees conducted a massive strike against the closure of HAL Airport along with Begumpet Airport in Hyderabad, fearing they would lose their jobs. The Bangalore City Connect Foundation, a group of citizens and businessmen, staged a rally in mid-May, claiming the new airport was too small for the latest demand projections. On 23 May, a hearing was held at the Karnataka High Court over poor connectivity between the city and the airport. Ultimately, the State Government decided to go ahead with inaugurating the new airport and closing HAL Airport.
The first flight to the airport, Air India Flight 609 from Mumbai, was allowed to land the previous night as it would be continuing to Singapore shortly after midnight. The aircraft touched down at 10:40 pm on 23 May. The airport became the third greenfield airport under a public–private partnership to open in India, after Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad and Cochin International Airport.
Renaming and expansion (2009–present)
The original name of the airport was Bengaluru International Airport. In February 2009, the State Government sent a proposal to the Union Government to rename the airport after the founder of Bangalore, Kempe Gowda I. When no action was taken, the State Government passed a resolution for the name change in December 2011. The Union Government accepted the proposal in 2012 and formally approved it in July 2013. The airport was officially renamed Kempegowda International Airport on 14 December 2013 amid the inauguration of the expanded terminal building.
Kingfisher Airlines once operated a hub and was one of the largest airlines at the airport. Following its collapse in October 2012, other airlines stepped in to fill the gap in domestic connectivity by adding more flights. In addition, Air Pegasus and AirAsia India launched hub operations at the airport in 2014.
The first phase of expansion was launched in June 2011 and finished in December 2013. The project doubled the size of the passenger terminal to , involving the construction of additional facilities for check-in, immigration, security and baggage reclaim. One domestic gate and three international gates were added as well. A large, sweeping roof connects the original building with the expanded areas. The expanded terminal, dubbed "Terminal 1A", has raised the annual passenger capacity of the airport to 25 million.
Ethiopian Airlines began the first and only flights between Bangalore and the African continent in 2019, linking the city to its hub in Addis Ababa. Two years later, on 9 January 2021, an Air India Boeing 777-200LR arrived from San Francisco, marking the first direct service between the United States and Bangalore, as well as South India as a whole. The flights were operated under a temporary arrangement between the Indian and American governments that facilitates non-stop air travel between the two countries during the COVID-19 pandemic called "Air Bubble". United Airlines is scheduled to initiate non-stop flights from San Francisco in last quarter of 2022.
Qantas, in April 2022, announced the first ever direct flight between Bangalore and Sydney, Australia. This will also be the first nonstop service between Australia and South India. Qantas expects to begin flying to Bangalore from 14 September 2022. From then, the airport will have non-stop flights to 5 continents around the world.
Ownership
The airport is owned and operated by Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL), a public limited company. The Government of India has granted BIAL the right to operate the airport for 30 years, with the option to continue for another 30 years. The company is a public–private consortium venture. GVK initially owned 43% of the shares in Bangalore Airport. In 2016, GVK decided to divest its 33% share of in BIAL to Fairfax Financial for ₹2149 cr. In March 2017, GVK confirmed having done so.
Finally, in January 2018, GVK decided to sell the remaining 10% shares to Fairfax Financial for ₹1,290 crore and exit Bangalore Airport completely.
26% is held by government entities Karnataka State Industrial Investment and Development Corporation (13%) and Airports Authority of India (13%), and 74% is held by private companies Fairfax Financial (54%) and Siemens Project Ventures (20%).
In March 2021 the Airports Authority of India announced their plans to sell their 13% stake in order to raise funds. Between FY 2022–2025, the Government aims to raise as much as ₹20,782 crore through aviation. The process will start with the selling of stakes of Bangalore Airport followed by Hyderabad, Mumbai and Delhi.
Facilities
Runways
Kempegowda International Airport has two runways in use.
Runway 09L/27R: , CAT I, ILS equipped.
Runway 09R/27L: , CAT III, ILS equipped.
Four years after it was laid, the first runway (now designated 09L/27R) was entirely resurfaced because of a serious decline in quality. From 11 March to 3 April 2012, it was closed daily between 10:30 am and 5:30 pm. As a result, BIAL accused construction company Larsen & Toubro of building the runway poorly. South of runway 09L/27R are a full-length parallel taxiway and the apron, which extends from the Blue Dart/DHL terminal to the passenger terminal.
The construction of the second runway at the airport is now complete, and was officially in use from 6 December 2019, when an IndiGo airlines flight (6E 466) to Hyderabad took off from runway 09R. The runway will cater to all types of aircraft including Code-F aircraft like Airbus A380 and Boeing 747-8 and will be equipped with CAT IIIB ILS. The runway also features an associated parallel taxiway and two cross-field taxiways on the east linking the new runway to the existing north runway and the aprons at Terminal 1 and the upcoming Terminal 2. The first runway (09L/27R) was also upgraded as part of the expansion work.
The old runway (Runway 09L/27R) was closed from 22 June 2020 for nine months for rehabilitation and strengthening. The runway was opened for service again on 31 March 2021 and put into service with the south runway, making KIA the first airport in South India to have parallel runway operations.
Terminals
A single integrated passenger terminal accommodates both domestic and international operations. It covers and can handle 20 million passengers annually. Check-in and baggage reclaim are situated on the lower floor, while departure gates are located on the first floor. Gates 1, 2, 12–18, 28–30 on the first floor are used for domestic departures, gates 31–42 on the first floor are used for international departures, gates 3–9 and gates 19–25 form the Western and Eastern bus gates respectively. Gate 41–42 is equipped to serve the world's largest passenger aircraft, the Airbus A380. Lounges are provided by Travel Food Services, which also operates a transit hotel in the terminal. For VIPs there is a separate lounge.
Expansion
Under the second phase of the airport's expansion, a new terminal called Terminal 2 is being built. The new terminal has been designed by architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and is being built by Larsen & Toubro.
Aviation fuel services
The airport has a fuel farm, spread over west of the cargo village and passenger terminal. It was built by IndianOil SkyTanking Ltd (IOSL) but is shared by multiple oil companies. In October 2008, Indian Oil commissioned a fuel pipeline between its storage terminal in Devanagonthi and Kempegowda Airport. Previously, jet fuel had to be transported to the airport by tank trucks, which created traffic and pollution problems.
Cargo facilities
Kempegowda Airport has three cargo terminals. One is operated by AISATS Ltd and has a capacity for of cargo; it includes a facility for storing pharmaceuticals.
DHL and Blue Dart Aviation jointly operate a terminal.
BIAL inaugurated a separate cargo village in December 2008. The village is spread over and includes office space, conference rooms, a cafeteria for staff and parking space for nearly 80 trucks. It did not open for occupation until 2010 and initially suffered low occupancy, which some cargo agents attributed to the opening delay, high rent and limited infrastructure.
Transit Hotel
The 080 Transit Hotel, a niche boutique hotel, was created to provide a comfortable and convenient accommodation option for transit passengers. It offers a flexible hourly rate, which can be used by travelers between long layovers. Located within Terminal 1, the transit hotel is operated by Travel Food Services.
Airport Hotel
Taj Hotels operates Taj Bangalore, which is located 500m away from Terminal 1. Taj Bangalore offers a range of luxurious rooms, restaurants and banquet facilities.
Lounges
There are two lounges in the Airport, the 080 Domestic and the 080 International lounges. Named "080" after the trunk dial code of the city of Bengaluru, the lounges aim to pay an ode to the Garden City of Bengaluru with local artistry, culture inspired interiors and botanical elements, each zone in the lounge is carefully crafted to bring alive the stories of the city it’s inspired by. Both the lounges are operated by Travel Food Services.
Central Kitchen
Food services provider SATS proposed to setup their first central kitchen, a 14,000sqm facility with an investment of Rs. 210 crore to cater to the demand in the region. SATS already has a long standing partnership with the airport through its aviation catering associate Taj SATS and ground handling associate AISATS. The facility will be located at the Kempegowda International Airport and is expected to be operational in the year 2022.
Other facilities
AirAsia India has its head office on the ground floor of the Alpha 3 building on the airport property.
IndiGo Ifly Training Academy
On 4 September 2019, India's leading airline, IndiGo announced that it will extend its learning academy, ifly to Bangalore, its 2nd such facility in India. The facility will be built in the Airport campus.
Starting 6 September 2019, ifly facilitated training to the airline employees. With over 27,000 employees, there are over 100 instructors in the academy, who conducts workshops on regular basis.
The Ifly learning academy of IndiGo Airlines facilitates special trainings throughout the year to its employees including required skills for job performance, customer services, ramp and marshalling training, safety and emergency procedures, departure control system, communication and leadership training and e-learning to name the few.
IndiGo Maintenance Repair and Overhaul Facility
Interglobe Aviation Ltd., which operates India's largest airline IndiGo opened their second facility to service their fleet of predominantly Airbus aircraft. The facility, which has a volume of around 218,000 ft.², will have capacity for narrow-body aircraft and house a single bay catering for widebody aircraft.The MRO is completed and is operational since August 2022.
Future plans
The second phase of expansion is underway, which encompasses the construction of a second runway and passenger terminal. When complete, Kempegowda International Airport will be able to handle 55 million passengers per year. The estimated project received clearance from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in September 2014.
Ground work on the second runway began in February 2016 and the runway opened in December 2019. Located south of the original terminal, it is parallel to runway 09/27 and measures , wider than the original runway so it can accommodate larger aircraft. The new runway is also CAT III certified, allowing for landings in fog and other low visibility conditions.
A second terminal is being constructed to meet the airport's expected growth, and it will be constructed in two phases. This terminal has been designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, and the construction contract has been awarded to Larsen & Toubro. In the first phase, the terminal will cater to 25 million passengers annually. Terminal 2 is estimated to cost . Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused a shortage of manpower and resulted in delays of work, Terminal 2 is now expected to be completed by October 2022. All international flights will be operated from the new terminal.
A third runway, north of the current runway is being planned to cater to the growth of air traffic in the airport which will be situated 1500 meters north of the current runway. Dubbed as the "New North Parallel Runway", the officials hope to ease air traffic congestion with the third runway.
Statistics
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Cargo
Connectivity
Road
Kempegowda Airport is connected to the city of Bangalore by National Highway 44 (NH 44). In January 2014, a six-lane flyover was completed over NH 44 between Hebbal and the airport, helping to reduce travel time to and from the city. Two alternative routes are under construction and will be completed by March 2017, one through Thanisandra and the other through Hennur. The airport car park is located at ground level and can hold 2,000 vehicles. The airport is served by several taxi and rental car companies. In addition, ride-sharing companies Ola Cabs and Uber have their own pick-up zones outside the terminal.
The Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) provides bus transportation to major parts of the city through the Vayu Vajra (Kannada for "Diamond in the Air") service. It is operated using a fleet of Volvo B7RLE buses. In addition, the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) operates a nonstop bus service called "Flybus" between Kempegowda Airport and Mysore, as well as a route to Manipal via Mangalore.
Rail
A halt at the KIA boundary commenced operations in January 2021. The train halt is connected to the airport terminal via short five-minute shuttle busses. Every day five trains from the city towards Devanahalli stop at the KIA halt and five trains head back. Future plans include electrification of the route to introduce comfortable MEMU trains to the airport. MEMU trains from Mysore that terminate at Yelahanka could be extended up to Devanahalli via the KIA halt station, benefitting airport-bound passengers from Mysore, Channapatna, Ramanagaram and Bidadi.
Metro
The plan to build a metro link between Bangalore and the airport with two stations at the airport was revived in 2020 and is now under construction. In January 2019, Karnataka Government approved the Bangalore Airport Metro line. The project which is envisioned to link Bangalore City with the airport is under Phase 2B of Namma Metro, and is 37 km long. The blue line also known as Line-5 (KR Puram-Hebbal-Kempegowda International Airport) will have 17 stations as an extension of Line-5 (ORR Line) via KR Puram, Nagawara, Hebbal And Yelahanka. The project is estimated to be completed by December 2024.
There are two metro stops being built in the airport campus, one near the upcoming Airport City, which will be partly elevated and the other one in the Multi Modal Transport Hub opposite the upcoming Terminal 2. The cost of building these two stations is estimated to be Rs 800 crore. The total cost of the project is expected to be Rs14,788 Crores.
To ensure last-mile connectivity for passengers, a service road will be provided around the Metro Stations in the Airport premises, for integration with BMTC buses. Plans are to build a 6m wide road.
High Speed Rail Link (HSRL)
In August 2021, Karnataka Chief Minister Basavaraj Bommai declared plans of building a High Speed Rail Link (HSRL) connecting the airport and the city. If constructed, the airport will be connected by three different railway lines: the Metro, Suburban rail and High-speed rail, making it a distinctive airport connected with all three (modes of transportation).
This is not the first time this is planned. Plans to build an HSRL was earlier planned in 2001 and was revived again in 2013, but was shelved both times due to issues in land acquisition and high costs involved. More recently, the plan has been revived, as the Chief Minister believes that this has been their dream and they are going to get it done as no international airport in the world has got all three (modes of transportation).
See also
List of airports in India
List of airports in Karnataka
List of busiest airports in India
References
External links
Vayu Vajra Bus Timings to and from BIAL
Airports in Bangalore
Airports in Karnataka
2008 establishments in India
Airports established in 2008
Fairfax Financial |
4044763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Serranos | Los Serranos | Los Serranos (Valencian: Serrans) is a comarca in the province of Valencia, Valencian Community, Spain. It is part of the Spanish-speaking area in the Valencian Community.
Geographically and historically Chera (Xera) was part of this comarca. Nowadays, according to the current administrative division pattern of the Valencian Community, Chera is officially part of the Requena-Utiel comarca.
Municipalities
Alcublas
Alpuente
Andilla
Aras de los Olmos
Benagéber
Bugarra
Calles
Chelva
Chulilla
Domeño
Gestalgar
Higueruelas
Losa del Obispo
Pedralba
Sot de Chera
Titaguas
Tuéjar
Villar del Arzobispo
La Yesa
See also
Requena-Utiel
References
External links
Institut Valencià d'Estadística
Comarques of the Valencian Community
Geography of the Province of Valencia |
5381994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20globular%20clusters | List of globular clusters | This is a list of globular clusters. The apparent
magnitude does not include an extinction correction.
Milky Way
These are globular clusters within the halo of the Milky Way galaxy. The diameter is in minutes of arc as seen from Earth. For reference, the J2000 epoch celestial coordinates of the Galactic Center are right ascension , declination . A high proportion of globular clusters are located in the Ophiuchus and Sagittarius constellations, both of which lie in the direction of the galactic core.
Local Group
See also
Lists of astronomical objects
References
Galactic Globular Clusters Database, from Marco Castellani (Astronomical Observatory of Rome, Italy)
VizieR VII/202 – Globular Clusters in the Milky Way (Harris, 1997)
An Atlas of the Universe, Richard Powell
ARVAL Catalog of Bright Globular Clusters, Andrés Valencia and Arnaldo Arnal
Djorgovski, S., and Meylan, G. 1993, in "Structure and Dynamics of Globular Clusters", ASP Conf. Ser. vol. 50, p. 325
External links
LMC Clusters database, University of Cambridge.
Catalog of Variable Stars in Galactic Globular Clusters, Christine Clement, University of Toronto.
Globular clusters
List
Globular |
5382007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erpobdella%20obscura | Erpobdella obscura | Erpobdella obscura is a freshwater ribbon leech common in North America. It is a relatively large leech and is commonly used as bait by anglers for walleye and other sport fish. In Minnesota, live bait dealers annually harvest over 45,000 kg of bait-leeches, raising concerns of over-harvest.
Description
Erpobdella obscura is a large leech growing to a length of about . The mouth is large, occupying almost the whole of the anterior sucker, but there are no jaws. The dorsal surface is irregularly marked with dark blotches but it does not have the two longitudinal rows of black spots characteristic of Erpobdella punctata, another common North American species.
Morphology & Reproduction
Erpobdella obscura is a sequential hermaphrodite when it first starts reproducing. There is a short period of overlap while it changes from producing male gametes to female gametes. In its second cycle of gametogenesis, it becomes a simultaneous hermaphrodite and both sperm and eggs are produced at the same time. As in other species of leech, a cocoon is secreted by the clitellum, a thickened glandular section of the body wall behind the head, and this moves forwards over the head, receiving fertilised eggs from the gonopore on the way.
In some areas, Erpobdella obscura has a semelparous life history, i.e., the leech dies after reproduction. Generation length is from 12 to 24 months, with spring and summer generations occurring in some ponds. It is not a blood-sucking leech but is a predator on a range of other invertebrates including amphipods, water fleas, copepods, worms and gastropod molluscs.
References
Leeches
Animals described in 1872 |
5382008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim%20Lipson | Ephraim Lipson | Ephraim Lipson, or E. Lipson (1 September 1888, in Sheffield – 22 April 1960) was a British economic historian.
The son of a Jewish furniture dealer, Lipson attended Sheffield Royal Grammar School followed by Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a First class degree in History.
He taught at Oxford University (as private tutor, independent researcher) Cambridge University (1921–1931), Boston University (1932–1933), University of California (1933–).
Literary works
editor of the "Economic History Review" (1921–1934) (with Richard Henry Tawney (1880–1962), Michael Moïssey Postan (1899–1981), H. J. Habbakuk, Economic History Society)
The economic history of England, 3 Vols., 1915–1931
Europe in the nineteenth century, 1916
The history of the English woollen and worsted industries, 1921
Increased production, 1921
The inventions, 1934
Europe, 1914–1939
A planned economy and free enterprise, 1944
References
Who was Who
Encyclopaedia Judaica
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
External links
THE ECONOMIC HISTORY SOCIETY (DOC; English)
(about publishings; English)
(publishing catalogue search; English)
(about publishings; Spanish)
1888 births
1960 deaths
British economists
British Jews
Jewish historians
Economic historians
People educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
20th-century British historians |
5382018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeb | Galeb | Galeb is Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian and Slovenian word for "seagull". It can refer to any of the following:
Galeb-class minelayer which saw service with Yugoslav navies between 1921 and 1962
Yugoslav Navy Yacht Galeb, presidential yacht used by Josip Broz Tito
Series of Yugoslavian trainer/attack jet aircraft designs two of which entered production:
Soko G-2 Galeb, first flown in 1961
Soko G-4 Super Galeb, first flown in 1978
Galeb (computer) - a Yugoslav-made home computer from the early 1980s
Unrelated to south Slavs, there are also:
Galeb duhr, a creature in Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game
Yacin Yabeh Galeb, former chief of staff of Force Nationale de Police of Djibouti |
5382027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos%20Aires%20Argentina%20Temple | Buenos Aires Argentina Temple | The Buenos Aires Argentina Temple is the 39th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), located in Ciudad Evita, near Buenos Aires, Argentina.
History
LDS Church leaders announced plans to build a temple in Buenos Aires in April 1980. Three years later, ground was broken and the site was dedicated by Bruce R. McConkie. After the building's completion an open house was held from December 17–24, 1985. Because of the location, visitors traveling from the airport to downtown Buenos Aires drive right past the temple.
Thomas S. Monson presided over the temple dedication on January 17, 1986. The Buenos Aires Argentina Temple has a total of , four ordinance rooms, and three sealing rooms.
The temple closed for a renovation and expansion that added two smaller wings to the temple, set at angles to the existing structure. The renovated temple was rededicated September 9, 2012 by Henry B. Eyring, First Counselor in the church's First Presidency. It reopened September 11, 2012.
In 2020, the Buenos Aires Argentina Temple was temporarily closed temporarily during the year in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
See also
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Argentina
References
External links
Buenos Aires Argentina Temple Official site
Buenos Aires Argentina Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
20th-century Latter Day Saint temples
Buildings and structures in Buenos Aires Province
La Matanza Partido
Religious buildings and structures in Argentina
Christianity in Buenos Aires
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1986
Temples (LDS Church) in Latin America
Temples (LDS Church) in Argentina
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Argentina
1986 establishments in Argentina |
5382033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvon%20Cormier | Yvon Cormier | Yvon Cormier (November 3, 1938 – March 4, 2009) was a Canadian professional wrestler. Competing primarily under the ring name The Beast, he and his three wrestling brothers made up the Cormier wrestling family. He wrestled in many countries but regularly returned to Canada, where he competed for the Eastern Sports Association (ESA) and the ESA-promoted International Wrestling (IW). He also competed in the Calgary, Alberta-based Stampede Wrestling for many years.
Early life
Cormier was born into a family of thirteen children, of which four of the brothers became professional wrestlers, and another became a referee. His wrestling brothers were Leo Burke (Leonce Cormier), Bobby Kay (Romeo Cormier) and Rudy Kay (Jean-Louis Cormier). The oldest brother, Malcolm, worked as a referee under the name Mel Turnbow.
As a teenager, he worked in the woods, shoed horses, and drove heavy equipment.
Professional wrestling career
Cormier met Emile Dupré in 1957, who told him to consider a career in professional wrestling. Cormier began training, and later moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, to continue his preparation under trainer Les Ruffen, and made his debut in 1963. At first, he used the ring name Pierre Lebelle before switching to Ivan the Lumberjack. In Texas, he was known as Joe Gump. When he later ventured to the Mid-Atlantic territory, Jim Crockett, Sr. named him The Beast. At that time, he had thick, untamed hair and a large, curly beard.
The Beast spent part of his early career competing for Stampede Wrestling, where he faced such wrestlers as Stu Hart. He won his first championship there in 1966. He defeated Stampede veteran Dave Ruhl to win the Calgary version of the NWA Canadian Heavyweight Championship. Later that year, he dropped the title to Ruhl. He gained a different title the following year, however, when he teamed with Bob Sweetan to defeat the Christy Brothers (Bobby and Jerry) for the Calgary version of the NWA International Tag Team Championship on July 12, 1967.
In 1969, The Beast became the first holder of the IW North American Heavyweight Championship. On August 5, he gained a second title when he teamed with his brother Rudy Kay to defeat The Fabulous Kangaroos (Al Costello and Don Kent) to win the ESA International Tag Team Championship. Three weeks later, he dropped the North American title to The Stomper (Archie Gouldie), who became his longtime rival. He then began competing for the Amarillo, Texas-based territory of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). He won the NWA Western States Heavyweight Championship and held it for several months before losing it in a match against Ricky Romero on February 2, 1970.
Two months later, on April 4, The Beast teamed with Bull Ramos to win the NWA Western States Tag Team Championship by defeating Terry Funk and Romero. They continued to face Funk and Romero and dropped the title to them later that year. On July 27, The Beast regained the IW North American Heavyweight Championship from The Stomper and held it for over two months. He lost the championship to Eric Pomeroy that October. While competing in the ESA, The Beast also had another reign as International Tag Team Champion, this time while teaming with his brother Leo Burke. They held the title until dropping it on August 3, 1971, to The Beast's former partner Freddie Sweetan and former rival Eric Pomeroy. The Beast had two more reigns with the ESA International Tag Team Championship that year, however. Four weeks after dropping it to Sweetan and Pomeroy, he regained the title from them with the help of his new partner Archie Gouldie, with whom The Beast had once feuded over the North American Heavyweight Championship. The title reign lasted for a little over a month before Pomeroy and Sweetan regained the championship trophy. Pomeroy and Sweetan held the title for only one week, however, as The Beast recruited his brother Rudy Kay to help him win the championship back on October 12. This time, the brothers' reign lasted for just over seven months. Sweetan eventually regained the title while teaming with Mike Dubois on May 16 the following year.
Over a year passed before The Beast won another championship. In the summer of 1973, Sweetan was holding the ESA Tag Team Championship with Kurt von Steiger when The Beast teamed with Bobby Kay, the only one of his brothers with whom he had not held a tag team championship, and regained the trophy. Once again, however, Sweetan won the title back on July 31 along with partner Mr. X. During the ESA off-season, The Beast returned to Texas and reformed his tag team partnership with brother Leo Burke. In January 1974, the brothers defeated Don Fargo and Hank James to win the NWA Western States Tag Team Championship. Within two months, however, they lost the title to long-time rival Romero and his partner Dory Funk, Jr. Returning to the ESA, The Beast and Bobby Kay defeated Sweetan and Dubois to win the vacant Tag Team Championship. The reign lasted for less than one week before Sweetan and Dubois won the trophy in a rematch. The following month, The Beast had another short reign with the IWA North American Heavyweight Championship, winning the title and losing it back to Great Kuma in less than two weeks. He followed this with a victory for the Tag Team Championship with Burke on July 13, once again winning the title from Sweetan and Dubois. By early August, the brothers had dropped the title to Kuma and Geto Mongol.
The Beast and Rudy Kay had one last reign as ESA International Tag Team Champions together. They defeated Bob Brown and The Patriot during the autumn of 1975 to win the trophy. They held the title until the end of the ESA's 1975 season. The Beast's final title reign began in Texas on February 20, 1976. He and Leo Burke won a tournament for the vacant NWA Western States Tag Team Championship, defeating Romero and his son Silver Streak to win the title. They held it for one week before dropping it to Romero and Silver Streak on February 27.
During his career he wrestled seven different world champions, including six time limit draws. At one point, he wrestled Giant Baba in Japan in front of a crowd of 45,000 people. He also participated in numerous chain matches, in which he and an opponent were joined together by a steel chain attached to their wrists.
Personal life
Cormier was known for his physical strength and intense exercise regimen. He was known to bench press 450 pounds with ease, and he was once recorded as bench pressing 527 pounds. During one photo session, Cormier lifted a telephone pole from the ground and carried it around while posing for pictures. According to one story, he once got upset with a horse that refused to cooperate and knocked it down with one punch.
Like his brothers, Cormier was a lifelong ice hockey fan. He also trained horses for harness racing and had six of his own Percheron horses. He had four sons, all of whom are being trained to wrestle, as well as one daughter. He was married to his wife, Doris, for 44 years until his death.
In May 2008, Cormier was diagnosed with lymphoma. He underwent treatment but suffered a heart attack soon after beginning. Doctors later determined that the cancer had moved into his bone marrow. He died on March 4, 2009, at a hospital in Moncton, New Brunswick.
Championships and accomplishments
Cauliflower Alley Club
Men’s Wrestling Award (2009)
Eastern Sports Association
ESA International Tag Team Championship (8 times) - with Rudy Kay (3), Leo Burke (1), Archie Gouldie (1), and Bobby Kay (3)
IW North American Heavyweight Championship (4 times)
Stampede Wrestling
NWA Canadian Heavyweight Championship (Calgary version) (1 time)
NWA International Tag Team Championship (Calgary version) (1 time) - with Bob Sweetan
Western States Sports
NWA Western States Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
NWA Western States Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Leo Burke (2) and Bull Ramos (1)
References
External links
SLAM! Wrestling Canadian Hall of Fame: The Beast
Profile at Online World of Wrestling
1938 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from cancer in New Brunswick
Deaths from multiple myeloma
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from New Brunswick
Stampede Wrestling alumni
20th-century professional wrestlers
NWA United States Heavyweight Champions (Toronto version)
NWA Canadian Heavyweight Champions (Calgary version)
Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Champions |
5382050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20World%20According%20to%20Gob | The World According to Gob | The World According To Gob is the third studio album by Canadian punk rock band Gob, and was released in Canada on October 10, 2000. It includes the singles "I Hear You Calling", "For The Moment", "No Regrets" and radio only single "That's The Way". The album was certified Gold in Canada on May 2, 2002. "I Hear You Calling" was re-recorded for the band's next album Foot in Mouth Disease which was released three years later.
Track listing
"For the Moment" - 3:29
"I Hear You Calling" - 3:12
"No Regrets" - 2:34
"Everyone Pushed Down" - 3:07
"Pinto" - 2:38
"Looking for California" - 3:59
"Sleepyhead" - 4:01
"Ex-Shuffle" - 2:42
"That's the Way" - 2:45
"Been So Long" - 3:14
"144" - 3:17
"Can I Resist" - 2:30
"Desktop Breaking" - 3:02
"Perfect Remedy" - 7:37 (Includes hidden track)
Personnel
Theo - Guitar, Lead Vocals on tracks 3, 8, 9, 12 and Backing Vocals
Tom - Guitar, Lead Vocals on tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14 and Backing Vocals
Craig - Bass, Backing Vocals
Gabe - Drums, Backing Vocals
Vasilis - Backing vocals
Neill King - Producer, engineer, mixing, backing vocals
Blair Calibaba - Engineer, mixing
Sheldon Zaharko - 2nd engineer
Stephanie Hill - 2nd engineer
Shaun Thingvold - 2nd engineer
Eddy Schreyer - Mastering
Trivia
The album's title alludes to The World According to Garp, a novel by John Irving.
References
2000 albums
Gob (band) albums
Nettwerk Records albums |
5382058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastbourne%20Buses | Eastbourne Buses | Eastbourne Buses was a bus operator running within the Borough of Eastbourne and into the surrounding area, including Pevensey, Hailsham, Tunbridge Wells, Uckfield, and East Grinstead, with a fleet of around 50 vehicles. Eastbourne Buses was sold to the Stagecoach Group on 18 December 2008 for £3.7 million, beating Go-Ahead to the ownership.
History
Formed in April 1903, Eastbourne Buses claimed to be the first and oldest municipally owned motor bus operator in the world; the first bus service operated between Eastbourne railway station and Old Town.
In 2007, the company was fined over £25,000 for two accidents involving employees, one of which was fatal.
At the beginning of 2008, the traffic commissioner fined the company for failing to run services on time.
June 2008 reports had announced Eastbourne Council's intention to sell its majority shareholding in the company.
Sale to Stagecoach
In early November 2008, local press reports had indicated that the company was to be sold by the end of the year to either the Go-Ahead Group or Stagecoach Group. The employees' trade union, Unite, wrote to Eastbourne Borough Council to ask the Council to sell to the Go-Ahead Group, because of work conditions and a superior fleet.
On 25 November 2008, it was announced that Stagecoach was the preferred bidder. On 18 December 2008, Stagecoach took control of the Birch Road Depot.
It is not the first time Stagecoach have run services in Eastbourne. They had run services until late in 2000 before they were withdrawn. They still operate services to Hastings and Bexhill from Eastbourne.
The sale has caused considerable controversy, with MPs criticising the secrecy surrounding the sale and blaming each other's parties for the state the Eastbourne Buses got into, the Liberal Democrats claiming the Conservatives "failed to support Eastbourne Buses".
There has also been criticism of the low sale price for the company – revealed at £3.7 million, lower than the original report of 4 - and criticism of Stagecoach, one MP saying that the company has effectively been "given away for nothing". However, it was revealed that Go-Ahead had bid much lower at £2.85 million, so the council was forced to sell to Stagecoach, despite the union's calls.
In April 2007 the company nearly had to close as it was unable to pay for fuel. At that stage it was inevitable that the company would soon have to be sold.
In January 2009, rival company Cavendish Motor Services was also bought by the Stagecoach Group, making both companies one.
The Eastbourne Buses name was discontinued on 8 March 2009, with operations rebranded as Stagecoach in Eastbourne, which is now under the East Sussex operations of Stagecoach UK Bus.
Routes
Eastbourne Buses operated a number of different service types, including local services around Eastbourne town, as well as long-distance routes.
Town services
Eastbourne Buses ran five in-town services.
Long-distance services
There were 3 long-distance services.
School services
There were 2 school services.
Fleet
The Eastbourne bus fleet comprised a number of different vehicle types, of both older and new vehicles. Twelve new vehicles joined the fleet in January 2009 as part of the Stagecoach takeover, the majority of which were Alexander Dennis Enviro200 Darts.
Fleet before takeover:
Single decker
3 Dennis Dart SLF/Marshall
3 Dennis Dart SLF/Plaxton
1 Dennis Dart SLF/Caetano
8 DAF SB220/Ikarus
5 DAF SB220/Northern Counties
6 DAF SB120/Wright Cadet
10 MAN 14.220/MCV Evolution
Double decker
- Leyland Atlantean
2 Leyland Olympian/Alexander
1 DAF DB250/Northern Counties
6 DAF DB250/Optare Spectra
4 DAF DB250/Alexander ALX400
Trivia
One of the company's buses featured in the 2008 film Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging.
See also
List of bus operators of the United Kingdom
Brighton & Hove
Cavendish Motor Services
Stagecoach in Hastings
Stagecoach Group
References
External links
History of Eastbourne
Former bus operators in East Sussex
Former bus operators in West Sussex
Former bus operators in Kent
Stagecoach Group bus operators in England |
5382059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar%20River%20%28New%20Hampshire%29 | Sugar River (New Hampshire) | The Sugar River is a river located in western New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound.
The Sugar River begins at the outlet of Lake Sunapee in the town of Sunapee, New Hampshire. The river flows west through the town of Newport and the city of Claremont, reaching the Connecticut across from the village of Ascutney, Vermont. Numerous falls and steep drops on the Sugar River have led to hydro-powered industrial development. Besides the large mill towns of Claremont and Newport, hydro-related developments occur in the villages of Sunapee, Wendell, Guild, and West Claremont. An inactive railroad known as the Concord to Claremont Line follows the Sugar River from Wendell to the river's mouth.
Tributaries of the Sugar River include the South Branch, entering in Newport, and the North Branch, entering between Newport and North Newport.
In popular culture
In the 1906 best-selling novel Coniston, "Coniston Water" was based on the Sugar River.
See also
List of rivers of New Hampshire
References
Rivers of New Hampshire
Tributaries of the Connecticut River
Rivers of Sullivan County, New Hampshire |
4044766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Breton%20Centre-Whitney%20Pier | Cape Breton Centre-Whitney Pier | Cape Breton Centre-Whitney Pier, formerly Cape Breton Centre is a provincial electoral district in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.
Its Member of the Legislative Assembly is Kendra Coombes. The district consists of the area around New Waterford, including Dominion, Grand Lake Road, Reserve Mines, Gardiner Mines, Lingan Road, Lingan, River Ryan, Scotchtown, New Victoria, Victoria Mines, South Bar.
It was created in 1925 when the counties of Cape Breton and Richmond were divided into three electoral districts. In 2003, it expanded west to include New Victoria. In 2013, it gained South Bar, Lingan Road, and part of Grand Lake Road from Cape Breton Nova.
It was re-named Cape Breton Centre-Whitney Pier for the 2021 Nova Scotia general election.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:
Single-member district (1933-present)
Dual-member district (1925-1933)
Election results
1925 general election
1928 general election
1933 general election
1937 general election
1941 general election
1945 general election
1949 general election
1953 general election
1956 general election
1960 general election
1963 general election
1967 general election
1970 general election
1974 general election
1978 general election
1981 general election
1984 general election
1988 general election
1993 general election
1998 general election
1999 general election
2003 general election
2006 general election
2009 general election
2013 general election
|New Democratic Party
|Frank Corbett
|align="right"|3,440
|align="right"|45.29
|align="right"|-33.25
|-
|Liberal
|David Wilton
|align="right"|3,282
|align="right"|43.21
|align="right"|+30.71
|-
|Progressive Conservative
|Edna Lee
|align="right"|873
|align="right"|11.49
|align="right"|+4.14
|}
2015 by-election
2017 general election
2020 by-election
2021 general election
References
Elections Nova Scotia, Summary Results from 1867 to 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (October 30, 1956). Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (June 7, 1960). Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (October 8, 1963). Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (May 30, 1967). Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (October 13, 1970). Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (April 2, 1974). Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (September 19, 1978). Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (October 6, 1981). Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (November 6, 1984). Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (September 6, 1988). Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Return of By-Elections for the House of Assembly 1989 and 1990. Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (May 25, 1993). Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (March 24, 1998). Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (July 27, 1999). Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (August 5, 2003). Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (June 13, 2006). Retrieved June 28, 2014
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Poll by Poll Results (June 9, 2009). Retrieved June 28, 2014
External links
Electoral history for Cape Breton Centre
2013 riding profile
Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts
Politics of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality |
5382064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20N.%20Silvestri | Peter N. Silvestri | Peter N. Silvestri (born January 12, 1957) is a Canadian-American attorney and politician serving as member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners from the 9th district, which includes the Norwood Park and Dunning areas of the City of Chicago as well as the surrounding suburbs of Des Plaines, Elmwood Park, Harwood Heights, Morton Grove, Mount Prospect, Niles, Norridge, Park Ridge, River Forest, River Grove, Rosemont and Schiller Park. During part of his tenure as Cook County Commissioner, he was also the Village President of Elmwood Park, Illinois from 1989 to 2013.
In January 2022, Silvestri announced his retirement from the Cook County Board of Commissioners.
Early life and education
Silvestri was born in Brantford, Canada. As a child, Silvestri lived with his parents in Chicago and Italy. Silvestri has lived in Elmwood Park since 1971, and is a graduate of Elmwood Park High School. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from DePaul University and a Juris Doctor from the DePaul University College of Law.
Career
In 1977, at the age of twenty, Silvestri became the then-youngest person in Illinois elected to a local school board when he won a seat on the Elmwood Park Community Unit School District 401. He served on that board for two years, and was president of the board when he left to serve in other offices. Following Silvestri's exit from the school board, he served on the Zoning Board, Plan Commission, Civic Foundation, and as village trustee before his election to village president.
Village president of Elmwood Park
Silvestri succeeded Richard G. Torpe as Village President, defeating Jo Ann Serpico and Jeanne Ohr. While village president, Silvestri oversaw numerous beautification projects in the village, as well as efforts to modernize the police, fire, and public works departments. Silvestri also holds a good financial track record with the village, which is seen through the village's high bond rating, minimal debt and a reduced tax levy during his final year. Other accomplishments while in office include an expanded recreation center, the creation of Mills, Torpe and Central Parks and an expanded Bambi Park.
Cook County Commissioner
In 1993, the Cook County Board of Commissioners announced a move from two multi-member districts that elect ten members from Chicago and seven from the suburbs to seventeen single member districts. Silvestri was first elected to the Cook County Board of Commissioners in November 1994 over Commissioner Marco Domico who had been elected as part of the at-large election in 1990. As a member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners he serves as the chair for the Finance-Litigation and Zoning & Building committees. He is the vice chair of the committees for Contract Compliance, Human Relations and Law Enforcement as well as a member of the committees for Capital Improvements, Environmental Control, Rules & Administration and Technology. Additionally, like all commissioners, he is a member of the board for the Forest Preserve District of Cook County which is responsible for the management of 68,000 acres of forest preserves.
In January 2022, Silvestri announced his retirement from the Cook County Board of Commissioners.
References
External links
Official website
1957 births
Canadian emigrants to the United States
DePaul University College of Law alumni
Illinois lawyers
Illinois Republicans
Living people
Members of the Cook County Board of Commissioners
People from Elmwood Park, Illinois |
5382070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Reid%20%28Canadian%20politician%29 | James Reid (Canadian politician) | James Reid (August 2, 1839 – May 3, 1904) was a Canadian entrepreneur and parliamentarian from British Columbia.
Reid was born in Wakefield, Lower Canada, the son of James Reid and Ann Maxwell, and was educated in Hull, Quebec and Ottawa. He moved to British Columbia in 1862, with a cousin, nearly perishing on the trip to the northern Cariboo region. Reid eventually prospered as a miner and established his own business empire in Quesnellemouth (now Quesnel). In 1883, he married Charlotte Clarke. Reid's business included saw and flour mills, mining operations, riverboat construction and the main general store in Quesnel. Reid owned his own riverboat, the Charlotte which was one of the main supply vessels into the area.
Reid was elected to Member of Parliament for Cariboo as a Liberal-Conservative in an 1881 by-election on the death of incumbent MP Joshua Spencer Thompson. He was acclaimed in the following federal election and re-elected in 1887. Prime Minister Macdonald appointed Reid to the Senate in 1888. He held that office until his death in Vancouver in 1904.
References
External links
Photograph of Reid’s general store from virtualmuseum.ca
Photograph of Reid’s flour mill from virtualmuseum.ca
1839 births
1904 deaths
Canadian senators from British Columbia
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) senators
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia |
5382090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA%20Rock%20Paper%20Scissors%20League | USA Rock Paper Scissors League | The United States of America Rock Paper Scissors League was a national competition league for the hand game rock paper scissors. The first national champion was crowned on April 9, 2006, at the USARPS League Championship, which was held at the Mandalay Bay Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada and televised by the A&E Network on June 12. Mario Anastasov (The champion) was awarded a $50,000 cash prize.
The 2007 USARPS League National Championship aired on ESPN2 on July 7. Trey Wingo and "Master Roshambollah" (Jason Simmons) hosted, Leeann Tweeden was the tableside reporter, and Phil Gordon was the head referee. Michael Federico, of Las Vegas, NV, beat David Borne in the final match to win first place and the $50,000 grand prize. Contestants came from across the nation to compete in Las Vegas.
The league was developed by marketer Matti Leshem, who remained the league's commissioner.
A 2014 web article quoted Simmons as saying the League was defunct.
References
Sources
Citations
External links
USARPS on Myspace
Rock paper scissors
2006 establishments in Nevada |
4044776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendalough%20State%20Park | Glendalough State Park | Glendalough State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, in Otter Tail County near Battle Lake close to Minnesota State Highway 78. It is named after Glendalough in Ireland. The park was once used as a resort and game farm by the owners of Cowles Media Company, owner of what is today the Star Tribune newspaper. The park contains on land and on the water. Cowles Media Company transferred title to Glendalough to the Nature Conservancy in 1990, and the Nature Conservancy transferred title to the State of Minnesota in 1992. Glendalough was officially declared a state park with a celebration on Earth Day, April 22, 1992.
History
In 1903, Ezra G. Valentine developed that land into a summer retreat called Valentine's Camp. In 1905 the park was left to Valentine's children, John Alden and Miss Blanche, who later sold the land to Fred A. Everts. Everts sold the Valentine camp to F.E. Murphy who owned and operated the Minneapolis Tribune. Murphy renamed the land Glendalough, after a monastery in Ireland. With the depression in the 1930s and land becoming available for purchase, Murphy expanded the camp and started a game farm. In 1941, Glendalough, along with the Minneapolis Tribune, was purchased by Cowles Media Company, which was partially owned by John Cowles, Sr. Glendalough Game Farm hosted important individuals such as President Dwight D. Eisenhower, President Richard Nixon and Vice President Walter Mondale during its time. On Earth Day in 1990, the land was donated to The Nature Conservancy by Cowles Media Company, and in 1992 the title was transferred to the State of Minnesota. While that transfer took place in June, celebrations of the park's anniversary are held around Earth Day.
2004 and 2005 blowdown
In August 2004, a severe thunderstorm with straight-line winds came through the area, causing severe damage to the landscape. As a result of this devastating incident, the park was closed to the public for a week to clean up debris left by the storm. Less than ten months later, in 2005, Glendalough State Park was hit by another thunderstorm resulting in damage. Following the 2005 storm, the state park was able to remain open with aid from the staff and volunteers of the park. The staff and volunteers used signs and notices warning park visitors of hazards of downed trees throughout the park.
Recreation
Glendalough State Park has many forms of recreation facilities that are provided to park visitors, including fishing, camping, hiking, birding, picture taking, boating, kayaking and canoeing. The park has a Historic Lodge where former Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon, and former Vice President Walter Mondale stayed when they visited Glendalough State Park. While camping at Glendalough State Park, it is highly advised that any food be stored into a food locker that the park provides with the site. The park discourage visitors from storing their food in the tents because the wildlife can easily tear open the tents and get to the food.
Lodging
Glendalough State Park has the historic Glendalough Lodge at the park. The lodge is rented out to parties for tours or family gatherings. The state park also has the Trail Center near the Glendalough Lodge.
Camping
At Glendalough State Park, there are three sites designated for camping. The west shore of Annie Battle Lake, between south Annie Battle Lake and North of Molly Stark Lake and on the Southeast corner of Annie Battle Lake.
Picnicking and swimming
Glendalough offers picnicking and swimming areas, often with solitude. Glendalough has two swimming areas for the visitors: on the north shore of Annie Battle Lake near the historic Lodge and Trail Center, and on the north shore of Molly Stark Lake near the Picnic Shelter.
Cart-in site
The campsite along the west side of Annie Battle Lake is designated as a cart-in campground. The state park wants the park visitors to have a primitive setting while camping. This location has four cabins; four electric cabins with one of the cabins being designated as handicapped accessible for the park visitors who need these accommodations.
Group camp
There is one group camp site in the state park: along the creek that flows from Molly Stark Lake to Annie Battle Lake. The group camp is designated for more than seven people for a regular site but no more than 45.
Canoe-in campground
The canoe-in campsites is one of the primitive settings that Glendalough State Park has to offer. Over at the canoe-in sites are three tent sites and two yurts. Glendalough State Park is one of three state parks in Minnesota to have yurts available for campers to stay in.
Rustic camping
Between Labor Day and Memorial Day, the facility at the main campground shuts down for the season for a more rustic style of living.
Biology and ecology
Plant life
Glendalough State Park has a few restored acres of land designated as prairie restoration. Within this restoration land, prairie plants such as Big Bluestem, Pasque Flower, and Pussy toe may be found.
Wildlife
Wildlife at Glendalough State Park consists of red-winged blackbirds, white-tailed deer, bald eagles, ospreys, turtles, Canada geese, wood ducks, pied-billed grebes, barred owls, red foxes, blue-winged teals, beavers, raccoons and snakes.
References
Further reading
Glendalough State Park pamphlet handout 2008
Otter Tail County Recorder's Office
External links
Glendalough State Park
1992 establishments in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1992
Protected areas of Otter Tail County, Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota |
5382091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollandsbanen | Lollandsbanen | A/S Lollandsbanen was a Danish railway company operating the Nykøbing F–Nakskov line mostly on the island of Lolland. Established in 1954, it was based on the remains of Det Lolland-Falsterske Jernbane-Selskab (LFJS). The company received funding from the now defunct Storstrøm County and from the central government.
The company was merged with Vestsjællands Lokalbaner A/S and Østbanen into a new company, Regionstog A/S, on 1 January 2009 and then on 1 July 2015 into Lokaltog A/S.
See also
Regionstog
Rail transport in Denmark
References
External links
Official website
Photos
LJ at The Railfaneurope.net Picture Gallery
Railway companies established in 1954
Railway companies disestablished in 2009
Defunct railway companies of Denmark |
4044779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekend%20Live | Weekend Live | Weekend Live is an American news/talk television program on Fox News Channel.
The program featured live news story updates from correspondents, analysis from a number of different regular contributors, interviews with newsmakers of the week, and regular subject specific segments. Compared to other programming on the network, it didn't feature a commentary segment, but does have regular one-minute "Fox Real Time" news recaps.
Broadcast live from the network's Washington, D.C. studios from 2:00-4:00 p.m. Saturday and 12:00–2:00 p.m. Sunday ET, the show was hosted by Bret Baier. The show had been previously hosted by Tony Snow from 2002 until 2003 on both ends of the weekend, and from 2003 until his departure to join the White House, on Saturdays, followed by Brian Wilson. Correspondents such as Catherine Herridge and Molly Henneberg served as hosts during its later run.
In March 2008, the program was rebranded as America's Election Headquarters during the 2008 presidential election campaign. It was rebranded as America's News Headquarters after the election.
External links
Weekend Live on FoxNews.com
Brian Wilson's Bio on FoxNews.com
Fox News original programming
2002 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
2000s American television talk shows |
5382112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Albert%2C%20Ontario | St. Albert, Ontario | St. Albert is a small town in The Nation Township in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is located on the South Nation River, about southeast of Ottawa.
St. Albert has a few streets, along with a community centre, a church, a primary school, a woodshop, a hardware shop. It also has two old age residences. It is surrounded by farmland. The town is known for the St. Albert brand of cheese, made by the local cheese factory. It also hosts an annual Curd Festival. The cheddar cheese curd has won many awards in various competitions. St-Albert is looking to expand its population with a new street opening soon, giving homeowners a choice of single-family homes, duplexes and an apartment buildings.
On February 3, 2013, a fire destroyed the St. Albert Cheese Factory, leaving 125 factory workers and 50 producers (roughly one fifth of the town’s population) unemployed for the foreseeable future. The cause of the fire is still under investigation. The damage was estimated to be $25 million, though no one was injured. The NHL's Ottawa Senators donated a pair of tickets to a future game to each employee affected by the fire on behalf of player André Benoit, who worked at the factory as a teenager.
See also
The Nation Municipality
Embrun
Casselman
References
The Cornwall Daily
Ottawa Citizen
CBC News
CTV News
National Post
The Globe and Mail
Saint Albert, Ontario |
4044783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20the%20Mississippi | Miss the Mississippi | Miss the Mississippi is an album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released in September 1979, it peaked at #3 on the Billboard Country Albums chart.
The album was her first album for Columbia Records, and contained three Country top ten hits; "Half the Way" (#2), "It's Like We Never Said Goodbye" (#1) and "The Blue Side" (#8). "Half the Way" also reached #15 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart.
The album was certified gold by the RIAA in 1980.
Track listing
Personnel
Gene Chrisman, Kenny Malone (tracks: A4, A5) – drums, percussion
Joe Allan (track: B2), Joe Osborn (tracks A3 to A5), Spady Brannan (tracks A1, A2, B1, B3, B4), Bob Moore (track B5) – bass guitar
Charles Cochran, Hargus "Pig" Robbins, Bobby Wood – keyboards
Chris Leuzinger, Jerry McEwen, Billy Sanford, Rod Smarr, Barry "Byrd" Burton – guitars
Lloyd Green – dobro on (track B5)
Billy Puett, Denis Solee – saxophone
Roger Bissell, Dennis Good, Rex Peer, Terry Williams – trombone
Terry McMillan – harmonica (track: B3)
Crystal Gayle - backing vocals (tracks A2 to A4, B4)
Crystal Gayle, Garth Fundis, Allen Reynolds - backing vocals (track B1)
Allen Reynolds, Crystal Gayle, Garth Fundis, Frank Saulino, Jennifer Kimball, Jim Valenti, Spady Brannan - backing vocals (track A1)
Vickie Carrico, Pebble Daniel, Allen Reynolds, Marcia Routh, Crystal Gayle – backing vocals (track A5)
Pebble Daniel, Marcia Routh, Crystal Gayle, Vickie Carrico - backing vocals (track B4)
Cover photographs by Francesco Scavullo
Production
Produced by Allen Reynolds
Recorded and engineered by Garth Fundis
References
External links
Crystal Gayle albums
1979 albums
Albums produced by Allen Reynolds
Columbia Records albums |
4044789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Breton%20Nova | Cape Breton Nova | Cape Breton Nova is a former provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada which existed between 1956 and 2013. It elected one member to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. In its last configuration, the district included the northern parts of Sydney including Whitney Pier, as well as a small area of Cape Breton County, all within the Cape Breton Regional Municipality.
The district was created in 1956. In 1993, it gained the Ashby area between Welton Street and Ashby Road from Cape Breton South and the Grand Lake Road area from Cape Breton West. It lost the Scotchtown and River Ryan/Lingan areas to Cape Breton Centre. In 2003, it lost the New Victoria area and gained part of northern Sydney. In 2013, Cape Breton Nova was absorbed by Cape Breton Centre, Sydney River-Mira-Louisbourg, and Sydney-Whitney Pier.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
The electoral district was represented by the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:
Election results
1956 general election
1960 general election
1963 general election
1967 general election
1970 general election
1974 general election
1978 general election
1981 general election
1984 general election
1988 general election
1993 general election
1998 general election
1999 general election
2003 general election
2006 general election
2009 general election
References
External links
riding profile
June 13, 2006 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election Poll By Poll Results
Former provincial electoral districts of Nova Scotia
Politics of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality |
4044797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Breton%20South | Cape Breton South | Cape Breton South may refer to either of two ridings in Nova Scotia, Canada:
Cape Breton South (federal electoral district), a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 1911 and from 1925 to 1968
Cape Breton South (provincial electoral district), a provincial electoral district from 1933 to 2013 |
4044802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Should%20Be%20Together%20%28album%29 | We Should Be Together (album) | We Should Be Together is an album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Allen Reynolds returned to produce this album, and released on June 19, 1979, it was her sixth and final album for United Artists Records. It peaked at #9 on the Billboard Country Albums chart, with two of its tracks reaching the Top Ten Country Singles chart: "Your Kisses Will" (#7) and "Your Old Cold Shoulder" (#5). The album title comes from the album's last song, written by Allen Reynolds, and which was previously a hit single for Don Williams in 1974.
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle
Chris Leuzinger, David Kirby, Jimmy Colvard, Ray Edenton, Rod Smarr, Sonny Curtis - guitar
Lloyd Green - steel guitar
Buddy Spicher - fiddle
Bob Moore, Joe Allen, Spady Brannan - bass
Bobby Wood, Dwight Scott, Hargus "Pig" Robbins - keyboards
Charles Cochran - keyboards, string and horn arrangements
Gene Chrisman, Jimmy Isbell, Kenny Malone, Steve Krawczyn - drums
Dennis Good, Don Sheffield - horns
Allen Reynolds, Garth Fundis - backing vocals
The Shelly Kurland Strings - strings
References
1979 albums
Crystal Gayle albums
Albums produced by Allen Reynolds
United Artists Records albums |
4044806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Jangueo | El Jangueo | El Jangueo (Hanging) was a popular radio morning talk show. It was hosted by entertainers Jimmy Nieves (Puerto Rican) and Frederick Martinez, "El Pacha" (Dominican). "El Jangueo" aired from La Kalle 105.9 FM, New York's official Reggaeton station. The show is no longer on the air.
Some of their comments could be seen to include bigoted, and misogynistic remarks about various religious groups and genders - though one of their trademarks was that they made fun of everybody equally, even themselves. They were believed to be two of the highest-paid Hispanic radio personalities in the United States.
El Jangueo was a high energy show full of jokes, pranks, news, and interviews. Almost every major Latino celebrity and personality had been a guest on the show. The show was from 3:00 to 7:00 p.m. when first launched on Latino Mix 105.9, and became the number one Spanish show, dominating one of the most significant demographics (18-34 Arbitron), even against English-language stations. "El Jangueo", changed to the morning 6:00 to 10:00 am slot, after Latino Mix switched format to La Kalle 105.9.
External links
La Kalle 105.9 FM
Radio Notas
Radio Al Aire
DondeJangueo.com
Jangueo, El
Spanish-language radio in the United States |
4044824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Breton%20South%20%28provincial%20electoral%20district%29 | Cape Breton South (provincial electoral district) | Cape Breton South is a former provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada which existed from 1933 to 2013. It elected one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. In its last configuration, the district included Sydney and its western suburbs until the North West Arm and south along the Sydney River until Blacketts Lake.
In 1933, the County of Cape Breton was divided into five electoral districts, one of which was named Cape Breton South. In 2003, it lost part of the Ashby area to Cape Breton Nova and gained Balls Creek and the Coxheath area. Following the 2012 electoral boundary review, the district was dissolved into Northside-Westmount, Sydney-Whitney Pier and Sydney River-Mira-Louisbourg.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
The electoral district was represented by the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:
Election results
1933 general election
1937 general election
1941 general election
1945 general election
1949 general election
1953 general election
1956 general election
1960 general election
1963 general election
1967 general election
1970 general election
1974 general election
1978 general election
1981 general election
1984 general election
1988 general election
1993 general election
1998 general election
1999 general election
2003 general election
2006 general election
2009 general election
References
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Poll by Poll Results (June 9, 2009). Retrieved August 5, 2009
External links
riding profile
June 13, 2006 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election Poll By Poll Results
Former provincial electoral districts of Nova Scotia
Politics of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality |
4044830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Black%20Star%20Project | The Black Star Project | Founded by Phillip Jackson in 1996, the Black Star Project is an educational nonprofit reform organization located in the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago. Its focus is to eliminate the racial academic achievement gap by improving the lives of those living in African American and Latino communities. By providing mentoring and tutoring services, the Black Star Project ensures that students, parents, and community members become productive citizens in their neighborhoods. The project focuses on one-on-one interactions with students; but also involves parents so that they can have positive influences on their children's education. The Black Star Project provides a range of activities including parent and mentoring programs, school outreach programs, special events and national initiatives.
Programs
The Black Star Project has a selection of diverse programs for children, parents, and community members listed on the Black Star Project's official website. The academic programs that are offered for African American youth include Saturday University, Math Boot Camp, Private Tutoring and reading academy. There are also parent programs like the Million Father's March, Father's Club and Parent University. The mentoring programs and special events are put in place in order to bring the African American and Latino communities together.
In the end, the organization hopes to improve the lives of African American youth by focusing on education reform and fair discipline policies. On June 24th, 2017, the Black Star Project started their fourth annual ceremony for black males’ graduation. At a Mass Black Male Graduation and a Transition to Manhood Ceremony, Philip Jackson outlines the Black Star Project's vision "To improve violence in Chicago, the best way to improve our city, is to improve these young men."
Academic programs
The academic programs include Saturday University, Math Boot Camp, Private Tutoring and a reading academy for youth. All the students must register online. The academic programs are free except for private tutoring.
Saturday University
Saturday University launched in the Spring of 2011, consists of voluntary tutors, workers and organizers. It focuses on improving academic performance for African American youths through offering free math, reading and writing sessions. The program is based on a network of Saturday schools and completely free for children of all races to join for 10 weeks.The class sizes usually have 15-20 students ranged from kindergarteners to high schoolers. The session holds at The Black Star Project's headquarters at 3509 D Martin Luther King DR, but the locations have extended to the communities that far from the headquarter, in a purpose to benefit more kids.
Math Boot Camp
The 2013 National Assessment for Educational Progress (NAEP) reports that, in Chicago, African American children are below a basic level in mathematics performing. Math Boot Camps focuses on 5th through 8th grade students for math tutoring in order strengthen basic math conception and problem solving.
Private tutoring
Private tutoring is focused on asessing the areas that students need help in, and matching students with specialized tutors. This is a charged one-on-one private tutoring program for students in kindergarten through 12 grade. Students must available to schedule as low as one hour each week.
Black Male Reading Academy
This program is targeted toward elementary school children who are in 1st to 4th grade. Reading academy focuses on developing comprehension and vocabulary. The National Assessment for Educational Progress report shows that reading proficiency is below a basic level in 8th grade, within Chicago's African American community. The Black Males Reading Academy aims to build a positive life and hopeful future.
Parent Programs
The parent programs include Million Father's March, Father's Club.
Million Father's March
One of the Black Star Project's national initiative is the Million Father March that started in 2004. In this program fathers, uncles, grandfathers, and father figures accompany children on their first day of school. Due to this initiative, an increase was seen in 2004 and in 2007 on the first-day of school attendance. It went up from 86% to 93%.
Fathers Club
This club strives to create affordable events for fathers to spend quality time with their children. Philip Jackson, the founder, and executive director created this program because of the recognition of the importance of a male figure in a child's life. The Black Star Project holds events around the Chicago area to build bonding experience for father to children relationships. Different events that have been held were at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) Pavilion, Brookfield Zoo, Shedd Aquarium.
References
Educational organizations based in the United States |
4044832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikarian | Hikarian | , also called Hikarian: Great Railroad Protector, is a Japanese anime and toy franchise by Tomy.
The first television series, , is about a series of bullet trains that are turned into robots. The robots, along with two humans named Tetsuyuki Shinbashi (新橋 テツユキ Shinbashi Tetsuyuki) and Minayo Kanda (神田 ミナヨ Kanda Minayo), have to stop an alien invasion. Some of the OVAs even appeared after Tomica VHS tapes.
A second television series, , was later created. The new series stars a new Hikarian, Lightning West, and a new human lead, Kenta Hijiribashi (聖橋 ケンタ Hijiribashi Kenta).
Enoki Films has licensed the series for an English release. The company has suggested name changes (e.g. Tetsuyuki becomes Terry and Minayo becomes Mina), but the series is not yet available in English, and Enoki may sublicense the series to another company who may decide to keep the original Japanese names, use Enoki's suggested English names, or use original English names.
Characters
The main characters in Hikarian are the Hikarians who fight against the Blatcher gang and their plan operation Darkness.
All of the characters, except the Black Express, are based on real life trains. The series depicts them operating as normal trains during times of peace.
Hikarians
Nozomi: The most dynamic hero of the entire Hikarian members. He is full of fighting spirit. He uses a shield and sword.
Tsubasa: He is very sharp and agile even in narrow places or on highlands.
Max: The biggest Hikarian. He has strong muscles and uses a huge hammer.
Hikari: The Captain of Hikarians. Always resourceful and calm.
Windash: She is a test car called "Win 350." She possesses the power to see the future.
E2 Jet: He flies at tremendous speed. He scrambles to rescue friends like fighter planes. He uses turbine lasers that pack a punch.
Police-Win: Patrol Train of the Railroad Police. He uses a laser that helps him in sticky situations.
Fire N'ex: Fire Engine of the Railroad.
Sniper Sonic: Defense Force of railroad. He has a big cannon.
Dr. 300X: A test car. He is a very intelligent scientist and invents special cars.
Nankai Lapito: A ninja Hikarian. He uses a ninja sword with a shuriken shield. His attacks are super fast and ninja style.
Azusa: The rescue car of the railroad.
Lighting West: A most advanced super express. She runs on rails at the highest speed in the world. The wing sensor on her back gives her the power to search the time tunnel. Main character of the second series. Can combine with Sky Garuda to form Lightning Garuda.
Doctor Yellow: An engineer of Hikarian Headquarters. He assists Dr. 300X.
E3 Racer: Unlike other Hikarians he has got wheels on feet. E2 Jet's friend.
E4 Power: Max's friend. Loves to clean with his broom used also as weapon.
Yamabiko
K-kun: Youngest of the Hikarians.
Kodama: Oldest of the Hikarians.
STAR21: Experimental engineer
Seven
Eurostar Blue Euro: Eurostar only appears in the series twice. After one fight, he is so badly damaged that he has to undergo a treatment that will eventually become the Blue Euro. (The treatment was in the background so only the creators knew how it was).
Hitachi Brothers: There are four in total.
Odakyū Romancecar
Skyliner
Rescue: American Hikarian Road Fire Engine.
Hikarian X/Shadow X: Combines with Sphinx and Nazca to form God X.
Humans
Tetsuyuki Shinbashi (新橋 テツユキ Shinbashi Tetsuyuki) / Terry : Friends with the Hikarians and a lover of trains.
Minayo Kanda (神田 ミナヨ Kanda Minayo) / Mina : Terry's girlfriend.
Blatcher Gang
Black Express: The boss of the Blatcher Gang. He uses an electric maces and most times hides in black smoke.
Dozilas: The henchmen of Black Express. They have a mild heart and like to play with children.
Wookary: A careless and daydreaming guy.
Silver Express Mastermind of the Blatcher Gang.
Smoke Jo: The gigantic locomotive made by the Blatchers. When it passes by, everything will turn totally black.
Baron Euro
Star: Black Express' daughter (probably)
Ukkari: The Streamlined locomotive that does the budget cuts.
Chinese CGI knockoff
In January 2011, it was announced Pat Lee would be working with Carloon Animation to create a CGI cartoon about trains called (高铁侠). In July 2011, Chinese viewers of previews were shocked that it was a shot-for-shot knockoff of Hikarian. After Pat Lee was sued by TV Tokyo & Takara Tomy when they found out about the cartoon being a rip-off of Hikarian, Pat Lee created a revised version called Train Heroes (トレインヒーロー) which began airing in Japan in April 2013.
References
External links
Toho Amusement Park Hikarian website
- Enoki Films USA
1996 anime OVAs
1997 anime television series debuts
2002 anime television series debuts
Mecha anime and manga
TV Tokyo original programming
Takara Tomy franchises |
4044836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mad%20Ghoul | The Mad Ghoul | The Mad Ghoul is a 1943 American horror film directed by James Hogan and starring Turhan Bey, Evelyn Ankers, and David Bruce, and featuring George Zucco, Robert Armstrong, and Milburn Stone. The film is about the scientist Dr. Alfred Morris and his assistant Ted Allison. Morris, who is obsessed with an ancient Mayan life-preserving process to the point of madness, has fallen in love with Allison's girlfriend, the concert singer Isabel Lewis. Morris decides to use Allison for his eternal-life experiments, transforming him into a zombie who slowly recalls his past life, but is unaware of his undead status.
The Mad Ghoul was developed at Universal Pictures in February 1943 under the title The Mystery of the Mad Ghoul. Filming was completed in May for a release on November 12.
Plot
Dr. Alfred Morris (Zucco) is curious about the effects of an ancient nerve gas, used by the Mayans during rituals of human dissection to appease their gods. He takes medical student Ted Allison (David Bruce) under his wing to assist him with his experiments in using the gas on modern animals. Despite Ted's enthusiasm for the success of their effort to revive Morris's dead monkey Choco (who was earlier exposed to the gas and died) by using a fluid from the heart of another creature, Ted also has on his mind his girlfriend Isabel Lewis (Evelyn Ankers), of whom Morris has also become enamored.
Later, on the night of the duo's first experiment, Ted brings Isabel to Morris's house, where Morris notices Isabel's discomfort about her relationship with Ted. He confers with Isabel, saying that she does indeed need a man more involved with her love of music, secretly meaning himself. Isabel, however, is afraid of hurting Ted's feelings and getting him to understand what she wants, but Morris promises to take care of the situation himself. Unbeknownst to Isabel, Morris's evil plan involves destroying Ted by exposing him to the lethal Mayan gas the next day, and in effect, making him a mindless ghoul who, like Choco, must continually rely on the fluid of human hearts to survive (obtained by performing cardioectomies on freshly dead persons). This sets Ted and Morris on a grave-robbing spree through several towns where Isabel is also performing on her tour. Morris tries to get Ted to return home, but Ted is committed to being with Isabel whenever possible, whenever he is not in his unknowing ghoulish state. But, when Ted does become a ghoul again, Morris once more uses him to try to kill off the one person Isabel truly seems to love—Eric Iverson (Turhan Bey), her partner and pianist. Although his attempt is unsuccessful, Ted is able to obtain another heart, keeping himself alive.
Eventually the police, aided by ace reporter "Scoop" McClure (Robert Armstrong), realize that the mysterious "ghoul"-style killings are on the same route of Isabel's tour. McClure tries to set a trap in Scranton, the last city of Isabel's tour, by making it seem to the public that he is someone else who has recently died, and, by waiting in a coffin for the ghoul, nearly captures Ted and Morris once they arrive to perform another cardioectomy. However, Morris distracts McClure as Ted comes into view and kills him.
With Isabel back home, the police attempt to question her about why the killings were made in the same cities she performed in, but even though she claims to know nothing, she thinks for a moment how Ted and Dr. Morris are the only people associated with her that also have a knowledge of how to perform cardioectomies. She later performs for her home crowd, and Morris, in a last attempt to get Isabel for himself, sends Ted to kill "First Eric, then myself", as he constantly repeats under his spell. Before Ted becomes a ghoul, he is able to write a letter to Isabel that explains what happened to him and who did all of the killings. Plus, he exposes Morris to the gas just before he reverts to his ghoul state, and leaves to fulfill Morris's final bidding. Upon entering the stage where. Isabel is, he is promptly dispatched by detectives, just as he is about to shoot Eric, who read the note to Isabel that Ted left in his hands. She and Eric hold each other, knowing that Ted always intended the best for them, and that Morris was behind all of the trouble with which Ted and many others were involved.
Morris, meanwhile, being drained of nearly all life by the gas, almost succeeds in getting fluid from another heart for himself, but fatally collapses by the grave he is digging up. In the end, words that Ted said earlier to Morris are repeated: "It's all over, Doctor. There's nothing left of it now but you, and me, and... death!"
Cast
Cast is sourced from the book Universal Horrors.
Production
The Mad Ghoul was developed to support Son of Dracula as a double feature. It began development in February 1943 with a script by Paul Gangelin and Brenda Weisberg based on a story by Hans Kraly. It was developed under the title The Mystery of the Mad Ghoul. The director assigned to the film was James Hogan who had just signed to Universal Studios in April after seven years working at Paramount. He died of a heart attack on November 4, one week before The Mad Ghoul was released.
Among the cast was David Bruce who appeared in minor roles in Warner Bros. films in the late 1930s and early 1940s. After a role in Republic films Flying Tigers, he signed on for a three-year contract with Universal. Bruce was cast as the walking corpse of Ted Allison in the film. In the film, his make-up effects by Jack Pierce has degenerative effect to represent a corpse in an accelerated state of decomposition. Bruce recalled that his make-up was green and his hair was made bright red, and applied "false skin" to him, a process he described as "absolute murder". Bruce wore the effects for three days and when it was removed it caused him to bleed as they had to peel off the make-up. According to a 1995 interview with Bruce's daughter, he would return home from filming and scaring her mother with his make-up and that Bruce had a very pleasant experience on the set, specifically getting along very well with George Zucco. Also among the cast was Turhan Bey, who recalled that director Hogan was "very matter-of-fact, but an excellent craftsman. And a craftsman was what you had to be when you made B pictures". The film began shooting on May 13, 1943 and finished shooting before the end of May. Initially, Universal had planned for Evelyn Ankers to perform her own songs in the film, but the idea was scrapped at the last moment. Library recordings of Lillian Cornell singing were used as a replacement.
Release
The Mad Ghoul was distributed theatrically by Universal Pictuers Company on November 12, 1943. On June 7, a film titled Chamber of Horrors was announced by The Hollywood Reporter, noting that the cast would include a cast of Boris Karloff, Lon Chaney, Jr., Bela Lugosi, Peter Lorre, Claude Rains, George Zucco and James Barton as well as including the characters The Invisible Man, The Mad Ghoul, The Mummy and "other assorted monsters". Chambers of Horror never went into production.
It was released for the first time on DVD by Willette Acquisition Corporation on October 7, 2014. Along with Murders in the Zoo, The Mad Doctor of Market Street and The Strange Case of Doctor Rx, The Mad Ghoul was released on blu ray as part of Scream! Factory's Universal Horror Collection Volume 2 on July 23, 2019.
Reception
From contemporary reviews, Wanda Hale of The New York Daily News said the film "you'll get your creeps and chills in abundance at what George Zucco, making with his evil yes does to corpses and a human being [...] Enough occurs to prevent the chills from leaving you until it's over". Floy Stone of The Motion Picture Herald declared the film as "well done, but just that. Zucco's performance is the only one which will command audience attention". Frank Quinn of the New York Daily Mirror found the film was a "reash of Frankenstein, while finding the film "interesting enough to whet the appetite". John T. McManus declared that along with Captive Wild Woman, Son of Dracula and Phantom of the Opera were "unaccountable cinemisdeeds". Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called The Mad Ghoul "definitely a second-rate ghoul. And if anyone is privileged enough to be crazy, it's us poor folks who have to look at such thing".
From retrospective reviews, Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide awarded the film two and a half out of four stars, noting that the strong cast helped buoy the film's grim story.
See also
List of horror films of the 1940s
List of Universal Pictures films (1940–1949)
References
Sources
External links
1943 horror films
1943 films
American black-and-white films
Mad scientist films
Films directed by James Patrick Hogan
1940s science fiction horror films
Universal Pictures films
1940s English-language films |
4044859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Gelb | Peter Gelb | Peter Gelb (born 1953) is an American arts administrator. Since August 2006, he has been General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.
Career
Early career
While in high school, Gelb began his association with the Metropolitan Opera as an usher. At age 17, Gelb began his career in classical music as office boy to impresario Sol Hurok.
Gelb managed the Boston Symphony Orchestra’s 1979 tour to China at the end of the Cultural Revolution. The following year Gelb became Vladimir Horowitz's manager. Gelb assisted the pianist in the revival of his performing career, and managed his return to Russia in 1986. In partnership with the Chinese government, Gelb commissioned the premiere of Tan Dun's Symphony 1997, featuring Yo-Yo Ma, which was performed at the handover of Hong Kong to China.
In 1982, Gelb founded, and served as president of, CAMI Video, a division of Columbia Artists Management. In this capacity, he served for six years as executive producer of "The Metropolitan Opera Presents", the Met's series of televised opera broadcasts. Gelb produced 25 televised productions for the Met, including the 1990 telecast of Richard Wagner’s complete Der Ring des Nibelungen, conducted by James Levine. While at CAMI, Gelb produced and occasionally directed more than 50 programs for television featuring such artists as Herbert von Karajan and Mstislav Rostropovich.
In 1992, Gelb produced both the stage and film versions of Julie Taymor’s first opera production, Oedipus Rex, for Seiji Ozawa’s Saito Kinen Festival. Also for that Japanese festival, in 1994 he commissioned an early opera staging by Robert Lepage, La Damnation de Faust. A re-conceived version of that production was later presented at the Met in the 2008–09 season.
Sony Classical
From 1995 until joining the Met, Gelb was president of Sony Classical Records. Gelb pursued a strategy of emphasizing crossover music over mainstream classical repertoire. Examples include cellist Yo-Yo Ma, who was encouraged to record Americana, including an album with fiddler and composer Mark O'Connor and double-bassist and composer Edgar Meyer, Appalachia Waltz; electronic composer Vangelis, who recorded the choral symphony Mythodea; and Charlotte Church, a pop artist who started her career as a classical singer.
Gelb expanded the focus of recording projects to include film music, among them the Academy Award-winning scores for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon by Tan Dun, The Red Violin by John Corigliano, and Titanic, by James Horner, while preserving the label’s tradition of recording Broadway musicals and maintaining a catalogue of classical works. Gelb also initiated Sony Classical’s program of commissioning new music.
Metropolitan Opera
Gelb became the 16th General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera, taking over from Joseph Volpe, on August 1, 2006. He launched the beginning of his tenure with several new productions, including Madama Butterfly directed by Anthony Minghella; The Barber of Seville by Bartlett Sher; and of Tan Dun's new opera The First Emperor directed by Zhang Yimou.
Gelb launched a number of new ventures for the Met, capitalizing on new media technology to distribute Met performances to a wider global audience. This became The Met: Live in HD series, the Met becoming the first performing arts company to offer live high definition broadcasts of its operas to cinemas and other performing arts centres in many countries of the world. The series gained both a Peabody and an Emmy Award. Several digitally-recorded performances are later offered on public television stations and released on DVDs for purchase.
In September 2006, Sirius Satellite Radio (now SiriusXM) launched Metropolitan Opera Radio, broadcasting live performances each week as well as historic performances from the Met’s radio archive. The Met also presents free, live audio streaming of performances from its website once a week. Other initiatives launched by Gelb include a commissioning program for new operas; free dress rehearsals for the public; a free live transmission of the opening-night performance onto screens at Times Square and Lincoln Center Plaza; a rush tickets program that offers select orchestra seats for weekday and weekend performances at reduced prices; and the Arnold and Marie Schwartz Gallery Met, a contemporary art exhibition space in the Met lobby that presents new work connected to Met productions by artists that have included John Currin, William Kentridge, Julie Mehretu, Elizabeth Peyton, Julian Schnabel, and Dana Schutz.
Gelb asserted the importance of his combining the roles of financial and general management with that of being overall creative director. He described plans to stage more productions each year but in an era of computer-generated visual effects, possibly no longer needing "tons of scenery" built and retained for each new production. These were among other plans for drawing in new (and younger) audiences without deterring the older opera lovers, the wealth and patronage of some of whom sustains the most lavish privately financed opera house in the world.
During his tenure at the Met, Gelb has spearheaded the production of contemporary works, including the staging of two of John Adams's operas, Doctor Atomic and Nixon in China, with a third, The Death of Klinghoffer, planned for autumn 2014. His other ideas have included an annual "family-oriented" presentation at Christmas time, and collaborations with the Vivian Beaumont Theater of Lincoln Center to develop newer musical works with musicians such as Wynton Marsalis, Rachel Portman, and Rufus Wainwright. In January 2007 Gelb announced a commission for a new opera from Osvaldo Golijov, tentatively scheduled for the 2010-11 season. However, following the death in 2008 of Anthony Minghella who was to have written the libretto, the premiere was postponed to 2018.
Mr. Gelb, whose contract was extended in November 2019 until 2027, has taken measures to increase ticket sales, cut costs and raise the number of new productions, including those of recent operas and works written for the Met. In 2021-22, in collaboration with Met Music Director Yannick Nezet-Seguin, he programed three contemporary works, the most at the Met since 1928: Fire Shut Up in My Bones by Terence Blanchard, “Eurydice” by Matthew Aucoin and “Hamlet” by Brett Dean. The 2022-2023 season roster featured the first-ever Met production of Cherubini’s “Medea;” the world premiere staging of The Hours, a new work by Kevin Puts based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of that title by Michael Cunningham; the company premiere of Mr. Blanchard’s Champion; and four more new productions, of Fedora, Lohengrin, Don Giovanni and The Magic Flute – the most new productions in 10 seasons. He scheduled Jake Heggie’s “Dead Man Walking” to open the 2023-24 season. Previous premieres included works by John Adams, Philip Glass, Kaija Saariaho and Nico Muhly.
Mr. Gelb has also pushed for the diversification of casts, productions and staff. “Fire Shut Up in My Bones,” which opened the 2021-22 season, was the first work on the Met stage by a Black composer – and featured the Met’s first Black director, Camille A. Brown (who co-directed with James Robinson). “X: The Life and Times of Malcolm X” by Anthony Davis will receive a new production in the fall of 2023. Mr. Gelb also named three composers of color to its commissioning program, Valerie Coleman, Jessie Montgomery and Joel Thomson. In 2021, he appointed Marcia Sells as the Met’s first chief diversity officer and established a paid internship program that has brought dozens of young people of color into the Met. Five women conductors took the podium in 2021-22, the most ever in a Met season.
[CM1]Proposed submission 2.
Awards and recognitions
Among Gelb’s Emmy Award-winning films are Soldiers of Music: Rostropovich Returns to Russia (1991) and Vladimir Horowitz: The Last Romantic (1985), both with Maysles Films. Gelb received a Peabody Award for his four-part television series Marsalis on Music (1995), in which jazz trumpeter Wynton Marsalis introduces young audiences to the full experience of classical music and jazz.
Gelb also won Peabody Awards for the 1986 televised concert Horowitz in Moscow and for the Met’s Live in HD series. In 2001, he co-directed and produced a 90-minute documentary entitled Recording The Producers: A Musical Romp with Mel Brooks, about the making of the hit Broadway show’s cast album. The film was awarded a Grammy in 2002. Three of the Met’s Live in HD productions released on DVD—John Adams’s Doctor Atomic, Wagner’s Ring cycle, and Thomas Adès’s The Tempest (the last two both directed by Robert Lepage)—won consecutive Grammys for best opera recording for the company and for Gelb as executive producer between 2011 and 2013. He also received the Tribeca Disruptive Innovation Award for the Live in HD series in 2011.
TIME magazine named Gelb a 2008 honoree of the Time 100 list of the world’s most influential people. In 2010, France honored him as an Officier dans l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, and in 2012 he received the Diplomacy Award of the Foreign Policy Association. In 2013, Gelb received the Sanford Prize from the Yale School of Music, and was named Chevalier de la Légion d’honneur by the French President. Gelb has received honorary doctorates from Hamilton College and from the William E. Macaulay Honors College of the City University of New York. In 2019, he received the Gold Medal from the National Institute of Social Sciences.
Controversy
Gelb's history at Sony Classical caused concern among critics when he was appointed to take over as General Manager at the Metropolitan Opera. He responded to fears that he would dilute the Met's artistic standards as he seeks a wider audience for the company, saying “I think what I’m doing is exactly what the Met engaged me to do, which is build bridges to a broader public. This is not about dumbing down the Met, it’s just making it accessible."
Gelb's relationship with the press became strained during his time at the Metropolitan Opera, that his new production of Der Ring des Nibelungen and, by extension his tenure as the company's general manager, received poor reviews. In 2012, radio station WQXR-FM rescinded a blog post by critic Olivia Giovetti reportedly after Gelb complained to the station's chief executive. Giovetti's piece opined that the Met under Gelb "bears the mothball-like scent of an oligarchy."
In a phone call to the station, Gelb called the piece "awful and nasty." Weeks later, following an equally critical essay about the Met under Gelb by Brian Kellow and a negative review of the Met's new production of The Ring, the magazine Opera News—produced by the Met Opera Guild, a support organization—announced it would no longer review Metropolitan Opera productions. Gelb said the decision was made “in collaboration with the guild". However, due to negative public reaction, the decision was quickly reversed.
In 2014 Gelb and the Met were dogged by new controversy with a production of John Adams's opera The Death of Klinghoffer, due to criticism that the work was antisemitic. In response to the controversy Gelb canceled the scheduled worldwide HD video presentation of a performance, but refused demands to cancel the live performances scheduled for October and November 2014. Demonstrators held signs and chanted "Shame on Gelb".
Gelb was contacted by a police detective in October 2016 about allegations of sexual abuse of a minor by Met conductor James Levine. Gelb had been aware of the accuser's abuse allegations since they were made in a 2016 police report, and of the attendant police investigation, but did not suspend Levine or launch an investigation until over a year later. Classical music blogger, former Village Voice music critic, and Juilliard School faculty member Greg Sandow said: "Everybody in the classical music business at least since the 1980s has talked about Levine as a sex abuser. The investigation should have been done decades ago."
Pulitzer Prize-winning music critic Justin Davidson mused: "I’m not sure the Met can survive Levine’s disgrace." Similarly, The Wall Street Journal'''s drama critic Terry Teachout wrote an article entitled: “The Levine Cataclysm: How allegations against James Levine of sexual misconduct with teenagers could topple the entire Metropolitan Opera”.
Personal life
Peter Gelb is the son of Arthur Gelb, former Managing Editor of The New York Times, and writer Barbara Gelb.
Gelb is married to conductor Keri Lynn Wilson. He has two children from a previous marriage. His elder son, David Gelb, is a director and cinematographer, most known for his documentary Jiro Dreams of Sushi. His younger son, Matthew Gelb, is a film editor based in New York City. In 2019, Gelb received an Honorary Doctorate from Manhattan School of Music.
Videography
The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582, 2010
New Year's Eve Concert 1992: Richard Strauss Gala, Kultur Video DVD, D4209, 2007
Dvořák in Prague: a Celebration'' (1993), Kultur Video DVD, D4211, 2007
References
External links
appointment to the Met
Gelb on Future of Classical Recordings
Official biography
1953 births
20th-century American Jews
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American record producers
American theatre managers and producers
American music industry executives
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Opera managers
Metropolitan Opera people
21st-century American Jews |
5382116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20battles%20of%20the%20Eighty%20Years%27%20War | List of battles of the Eighty Years' War | This is a list of battles of the Eighty Years' War.
Introduction
Royalist forces
Until August 1567, the government of the Habsburg Netherlands, in the hands of Governor-General Margaret of Parma and her Stadtholders, was using local Netherlandish troops, such as schutterijen as city guards. Military law enforcement included the Bandes d'ordonnance (), elite heavy cavalry formations drawn mostly from the Flemish (Dutch-speaking) and Walloon (French-speaking) aristocracy. The newly created Army of Flanders arrived in the Low Countries in August 1567 under the command of the Duke of Alba, who immediately carried out substantial military reforms. Alba reduced the prominence of the Bandes d'ordonnance (in part because he distrusted the local nobility) in favour of the well-known Habsburg multi-ethnic infantry regiments, the tercios, alongside Spanish light cavalry (the latter comprised just 8% of the army by 1573).
Alba introduced Spanish (Castilian) as the language of communication in the Army of Flanders, and Spaniards received higher pay and most of the key positions in his high command. Alba had a low opinion of soldiers from other ethnicities (called "nations") in the tercios, such as Italians, Flemish and Walloons (flamencos or nativos, as the Spaniards called them), and Germans, and preferred relying on Spanish infantrymen, but the actual share of Spanish soldiers in the Army of Flanders – which was at one of the highest totals of the war during Alba's tenure – was a little over 15%. There were also Burgundian, Scottish, Irish, English and Portuguese "nations" at various stages of the war, and intermittently units from other ethnic backgrounds.
Mutiny due to lack of troop payment was a common problem in the 1570s, which could result in increasing civilian sympathies for the rebel cause (notably the 1576 Sack of Antwerp leading to the Pacification of Ghent), while in the late 1580s and especially 1590s, ethnic tensions between the commanders of the "nations" (such as the Italian Parma, the German Mansfeld and the Spanish Fuentes) led to power struggles that left the Army of Flanders divided and largely paralysed.
Rebel forces
The rebels, who initiated their first actions of physical force during the Beeldenstorm (August–October 1566, initially mostly directed at Catholic Church property rather than governmental forces) started out as disparate riotous mobs of poorly armed and poorly trained but well-organised Calvinists, originally predominantly from industrial centres in western Flanders. On 14 December 1566, the Habsburg Netherlandish government declared the city of Valenciennes – where Calvinists had seized power – to be "in state of rebellion", and in late December 1566, the first encounter battles occurred between the Habsburg Netherlandish governmental troops and Calvinist rebels. Apart from managing to extend the Siege of Valenciennes (1567) for several months, the Calvinist rebels proved no match for the troops of Margaret of Parma (delegated to stadtholders such as Philip of Noircarmes), who crushed the disturbances in March 1567, before king Philip II sent Alba with the newly formed Army of Flanders from Spain to the Netherlands in April 1567.
During 1568 and 1572, William "the Silent" of Orange, the wealthiest and most powerful nobleman of the Netherlands, attempted two invasions from his Nassau-Dillenburg stronghold as a 'warlord' with mercenary soldiers organised in typical German fashion (here referred to as "Orangist troops") in opposition to Alba, though both met with little success. Meanwhile in 1572, a mixture of groups of noblemen and common people sympathic to his cause, or to Calvinism, known as Geuzen, formed paramilitary units that seized control of most of Holland and Zeeland, where Calvinists soon came to dominate politics. Orange functioned as minister of war and commander-in-chief of the Hollandic and Zeelandic troops from 1572 on. It was not until 1575 that these units were merged into the Dutch States Army, organised and directed by the States of Holland and West Friesland and the States of Zeeland (which was illegal; only the king had the right to raise armies). Around the same time, starting in 1574 with the Admiralty of Rotterdam, five Dutch admiralties emerged to organise rebel fleets.
When faced with large-scale mutinies in the Army of Flanders in 1576 known as the Spanish Fury, Catholic-dominated provinces of the Netherlands such as Brabant and Flanders (authorised by the Council of State in March 1576) also began raising their own armies in self-defence against mutineers, but were unable to prevent the Sack of Antwerp. With the Pacification of Ghent (8 November 1576) all Seventeen Provinces except Luxemburg would agree to expel all foreign troops from the Habsburg Netherlands (essentially restoring the pre-1567 situation) while establishing a temporary general peace of religion. Although this resulted in much ad hoc cooperation between the rebel provinces and the inclusion of units from all of them into the States Army, organisation initially remained mostly provincial and decentralised, and the rebels suffered a catastrophe at the Battle of Gembloux (1578). Most of the rebel territories would go on to create a closer military alliance with the 1579 Union of Utrecht, proclaim independence by the 1581 Act of Abjuration, obtain English support in 1585 and establish the Dutch Republic in 1588, but the 1579–1588 period was marked by a long series of rebel defeats at the hands of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. Effective military reforms of the Dutch States Army were only introduced by Maurice of Nassau in the subsequent Ten Years (1588–1598). By the 1620s, the annual costs of the Dutch States Army were 11,177,087 guilders, 58% of which were paid by Holland as most populous and wealthy province. By the 1630s, Holland increasingly refused to fund land war operations, pleading for greater maritime expenses against the Dunkirker Privateers instead. This led to tensions with stadtholder Frederick Henry, who unsuccessfully sought to merge the five admiralties into one in 1639, and then resumed his focus on financing the land war.
List
Unprocessed
See also
Anglo–Spanish War (1585–1604)
Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands (1609–1621)
Dutch–Portuguese War (1602–1663)
Franco–Spanish War (1635–1659)
Succession of Henry IV of France (August 1589 – March 1594), war into which Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma was sent to intervene in September 1589
References
Bibliography
Geyl, Pieter. (1932), The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555–1609. Williams & Norgate, UK.
(e-book; original publication 2008; in cooperation with M. Mout and W. Zappey)
[2001] paperback
(Dissertation)
Eighty Years' War |
5382118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20bass | European bass | The European bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is a primarily ocean-going fish native to the waters off Europe's western and southern and Africa's northern coasts, though it can also be found in shallow coastal waters and river mouths during the summer months. It is one of only six species in its family, Moronidae, collectively called the temperate basses.
It is both fished and raised commercially, and is considered to be the most important fish currently cultured in the Mediterranean. In Ireland and the United Kingdom, the popular restaurant fish sold and consumed as sea bass is exclusively the European bass.
In North America it is widely known by one of its Italian names, branzino.
European bass are a slow-growing species that takes several years to reach full adulthood. An adult European seabass usually weighs around . European bass can reach sizes of up to in length and in weight, though the most common size is only about half of that at . Individuals are silvery grey in color and sometimes a dark-bluish color on the back.
Juveniles form schools and feed on invertebrates, while adults are less social and prefer to consume other fish. They are generally found in the littoral zone near the banks of rivers, lagoons, and estuaries during the summer, and migrate offshore during the winter. European sea bass feed on prawns, crabs and small fish. Though it is a sought-after gamefish, it is listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature because it is widespread and there are no known major threats.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
The European bass was first described in 1758 by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus in his work Systema Naturae. He named it Perca labrax. In the century and a half following, it was classified under a variety of new synonyms, with Dicentrarchus labrax winning out as the accepted name in 1987. Its generic name, Dicentrarchus, derives from Greek, from the presence of two anal spines, "di" meaning two, "kentron" meaning sting, and "archos" meaning anus. The European bass is sold under dozens of common names in various languages. In the British Isles it is known as the "European bass," "European seabass," "common bass," "capemouth," "king of the mullets," "sea bass," "sea dace," "sea perch," "white mullet," "white salmon," or simply "bass".
There are two genetically distinct populations of wild European bass. The first is found in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and the second is found in the western Mediterranean Sea. The two populations are separated by a relatively narrow distance in a region known as the Almeria-Oran oceanographic front, located east of the Spanish city of Almería. The exact reason for this separation is unknown, as the geographic divide itself should not account for a lack of gene flow between the two populations. The larval stage of the European bass can last up to 3 months, during which it is unable to swim well, and even a small amount of water flow should transport some individuals between the two regions. In addition, juveniles are able to survive temperature and salinity changes and adults are capable of migrating hundreds of miles.
Distribution and habitat
European bass habitats include estuaries, lagoons, coastal waters, and rivers. It is found in a large part of the eastern Atlantic Ocean, from southern Norway to Senegal. It can also be found in the entire Mediterranean Sea and in the southern Black Sea, but is absent from the Baltic sea. It is a seasonally migratory species, moving further inshore and north in summer.
Diet and behaviour
The European bass is mostly a night hunter, feeding on small fish, polychaetes, cephalopods, and crustaceans. They spawn from March to June, mostly in inshore waters. As fry they are pelagic, but as they develop they move into estuaries, where they stay for a year or two.
Fisheries and aquaculture
Capture fisheries
Annual catches of wild European bass are relatively modest, having fluctuated between 8,500 and 11,900 tonnes in 2000–2009. Most of the reported catches originate from the Atlantic Ocean, with France typically reporting the highest catches. In the Mediterranean, Italy used to report the largest catches, but has been surpassed by Egypt.
The fish has come under increasing pressure from commercial fishing and became the focus in the United Kingdom of a conservation effort by recreational anglers. The Republic of Ireland has strict laws regarding bass. All commercial fishing for the species is banned and several restrictions are in place for recreational anglers, a closed season May 15 – June 15 inclusive every year, a minimum size of 400 mm, and a bag limit of two fish per day. In a scientific advice (June 2013), it is stressed that fishing mortality is increasing. The total biomass has been declining since 2005. Total biomass, assumed as the best stock size indicator in the last two years (2011–2012), was 32% lower than the total biomass in the three previous years (2008–2010).
Farming
European bass was one of the first types of fish to be farmed commercially in Europe. They were historically cultured in coastal lagoons and tidal reservoirs, before mass-production techniques were developed starting in the late 1960s. It is the most important commercial fish widely cultured in the Mediterranean. The most important farming countries are Greece, Turkey, Italy, Spain, Croatia, and Egypt. Annual production was more than 120,000 tonnes in 2010.
References
External links
European bass
Fish of Europe
Marine fauna of North Africa
Fish of the Black Sea
Fish of the Mediterranean Sea
Fish of the North Sea
European bass
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
4044862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Croix%20State%20Park | Saint Croix State Park | St. Croix State Park is a state park in Pine County, Minnesota, USA. The park follows the shore of the St. Croix River for and contains the last of the Kettle River. At it is the largest Minnesota state park. It was developed as a Recreational Demonstration Area in the 1930s, and is one of the finest surviving properties of this type in the nation. 164 structures built by the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration survive, the largest collection of New Deal projects in Minnesota. As a historic district they were listed on the National Register of Historic Places and proclaimed a National Historic Landmark in 1997.
Natural history
The St. Croix River Valley was carved by meltwater during the last glacial period circa 10,000 BC. The water deposited a variety of sediments, which compose over 30 different types of soil within the park. Some soils are very sandy while others are made of red or yellow clay. The historic Yellowbanks area of the park is named for its distinctive deposit of yellow clay exposed by the St. Croix River. The bedrock of the area is mostly buried under of these glacial till deposits. However the underlying basalt and sandstone is exposed in one area along the Kettle River known as the Highbanks, where a final ancient flood of meltwater scoured away the sediments.
In addition to the two rivers, at least ten other streams flow through the park, creating a watershed of hundreds of square miles.
St. Croix State Park is located on the eastern edge of the Mille Lacs Uplands. Initially dominated by red and white pines, the vegetation has been altered by logging and farming. The present secondary forest is a mix of pines, black spruce, sugar maple, and basswood. More open areas form meadows, oak savanna, and jack pine barrens. Numerous lakes, marshes, and streams support wetland and riparian zone plants. Wetlands with no outlet and high acidity support tamarack bogs.
Large mammals found in the park include white-tailed deer, coyotes, raccoons, gray and red foxes, beavers, bobcats, black bears, and timber wolves. Birds include the ruffed grouse, warbler, flycatcher, eagles, owls, and osprey. They roam along the St. Croix River.
A tornado hit part of the park on July 4, 1977. Straight-line winds toppled trees over hundreds of acres on July 11, 2008 and again on July 1, 2011. In the latter storm, many of the historical structures were damaged. However, there were no injuries as the park was closed due to the 2011 Minnesota state government shutdown.
Cultural history
Evidence of Native American occupation in the park and the St. Croix River Valley has been found dating back 5,000 years. The region was inhabited by the Dakota people by the late 17th century, when French traders began exploring the region. However the Dakota were soon displaced by the Ojibwe.
Fur traders became more numerous, and a trading post was established within what is now St. Croix State Park. Following an 1837 treaty with the Ojibwe the region was opened up to logging, although harvesting in the park did not begin until later in the 19th century. From 1894 to 1898 the Empire Lumber Company operated a rail line, the Flemming Railroad, to transport logs cut farther inland to the St. Croix River. The line ended at Yellowbanks where the logs were rolled down the steep bluffs and floated to sawmills downriver. St. John's Landing, at the northeast end of the park, is named for Ed St. John, who opened a popular boarding house there for lumbermen.
The area was logged out by 1915 and farmers were attracted to the newly cleared land. However the sandy soil was poor and not productive enough to make a living. Most settlers moved away and much of the land was tax-forfeited. Pine County had the most tax delinquent property in Minnesota and suffered abject environmental degradation from cultivation and wildfires like the Great Hinckley Fire.
In 1934 the area was selected for a Recreational Demonstration Area, a New Deal program that provided jobs, paid farmers for poor cropland, and created outdoor recreation opportunities near urban areas (the site is midway between Minneapolis–St. Paul and Duluth). An initial of land were transferred to the U.S. Department of the Interior, as the National Park Service would direct the work of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA). A CCC camp was constructed at Yellowbanks, populated first by Company #2762 and later #2706. Crews built the main park road, following the old Flemming Railroad route, and another of road. Trails and scenic overlooks were established while farm buildings were demolished. From Camp Yellowbanks the crews used sandstone and lumber from within the park to develop five separate areas for visitors. First was park headquarters, second Riverview Campground and a lodge which is now the interpretive center. The other three were group centers constructed by WPA crews: Norway Point for boys, St. John's Landing for girls, and Head of the Rapids for handicapped children. Some crews planted pine, spruce, and hardwood trees to begin reforestation while others conducted wildlife and fire protection work. A CCC crew built a fire tower in 1937. As additional properties were added, St. Croix Recreational Demonstration Area grew to , only slightly smaller than the country's largest RDA at Custer State Park in South Dakota.
As planned following federal development, St. Croix Recreational Demonstration Area was transferred to the state to become St. Croix State Park in 1943. The fire tower was staffed during fire season until 1981, when aerial surveys became the preferred spotting method. St. John's Landing Group Center is now a camp for the Minnesota Conservation Corps.
Recreation
The St. Croix and Kettle Rivers are navigable by canoe or kayak. Camping in the Fall is breathtaking. You can see all the Fall foliage. October is a great time to go. The St. Croix is entirely flat water while the Kettle contains some rapids. Both rivers support game fish like northern pike, bass, sauger, and muskellunge. Hay Creek and some of the park's other streams contain trout. Hay Creek widens into Lake Clayton, which has a swimming beach and picnic area.
A paved trail leads from Lake Clayton to the drive-in campground, which has three loops with a total of 211 sites. Elsewhere there are eight group campsites and remote campsites for backpackers and canoers. More modern accommodation is provided by two group centers, five cabins, and two guest houses.
Of the trails in the park, are open for hiking, for horseback riding, for mountain biking, for snowmobiles, and for cross-country skiing. The Willard Munger State Trail passes through the length of the park. Visitors can climb the 134 steps to the cab of the fire tower; interpretive signs describe the layers of the forest habitat and features of the surrounding countryside.
St. Croix State Park borders Chengwatana State Forest to the southwest and Saint Croix State Forest to the northeast. Governor Knowles State Forest lies across the river in Wisconsin. The entire river corridor is part of the Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway. The Kettle River is designated a State Wild and Scenic River.
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places listings in Pine County, Minnesota
References
External links
St. Croix State Park
St. Croix Recreational Demonstration Area National Historic Landmark summary
1943 establishments in Minnesota
Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota
National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1943
Protected areas of Pine County, Minnesota
Recreational Demonstration Areas
National Park Service rustic in Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota
Works Progress Administration in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Pine County, Minnesota |
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