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5382609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Bay%20Trappers%20%281962%E2%80%931982%29 | North Bay Trappers (1962–1982) | The North Bay Trappers were a Junior "A" ice hockey team from North Bay, Ontario, Canada. This defunct hockey team was a part of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey Association and later the OHA Jr. "A" League after the NOJHL went on hiatus in 1972.
Season-by-season results
Playoffs
1973 DNQ
1974 Lost Semi-final
North Bay Trappers defeated Toronto Nationals 4-games-to-3
Wexford Raiders defeated North Bay Trappers 4-games-to-3
1975 Lost Quarter-final
Seneca Flyers defeated North Bay Trappers 4-games-to-2
1976 Won League, Lost OHA Buckland Cup
North Bay Trappers defeated Wexford Raiders 4-games-to-2
North Bay Trappers defeated Markham Waxers 4-games-to-3
North Bay Trappers defeated North York Rangers 4-games-to-3 OPJHL CHAMPIONS
Guelph CMC's (SOJHL) defeated North Bay Trappers 4-games-to-1
1977 Lost Final
North Bay Trappers defeated Aurora Tigers 4-games-to-3
North Bay Trappers defeated Markham Waxers 4-games-to-3
North York Rangers defeated North Bay Trappers 4-games-to-1
1978 Lost Semi-final
North Bay Trappers defeated North York Rangers 4-games-to-1
Guelph Platers defeated North Bay Trappers 4-games-to-2
1979 Lost Semi-final
North Bay Trappers defeated Newmarket Flyers 4-games-to-2
Dixie Beehives defeated North Bay Trappers 4-games-to-3
1980 Lost Quarter-final
Royal York Royals defeated North Bay Trappers 4-games-to-3
1981 Lost Semi-final
North Bay Trappers defeated Hamilton Mountain A's 4-games-to-3
Belleville Bulls defeated North Bay Trappers 4-games-to-none
1982 DNQ
External links
OHA Website
NOJHL Website
Defunct ice hockey teams in Canada
Ice hockey teams in Ontario
Sport in North Bay, Ontario
Ice hockey clubs established in 1962
1962 establishments in Ontario
1982 disestablishments in Ontario
Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 1982 |
4045277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felgemaker%20Organ%20Company | Felgemaker Organ Company | The Felgemaker Organ Company was a manufacturer of pipe organs based out of Erie, Pennsylvania, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
History
It was founded in Buffalo, New York in 1865 but relocated to Erie, Pennsylvania. In 1872, the company was known as the Derrick and Felgemaker Pipe Organ Company. During the 1870s, the company employed over 55 workers and had $75,000 worth of capital. The firm produced between 15 and 20 organs per week. Specialties of the company included church organs and portable pipe organs for small churches, schools and residential parlors. By 1878 the company was renamed as the A.B. Felgemaker Company, relocating the factory to larger facilities in 1888 and 1890.
At the invitation of Mr. Felgemaker, German organ maker Anton Gottfried moved to Erie in 1894, where he leased space from the Felgemaker plant. The A.B. Felgemaker Company remained in business until 1917. Several workers from the Felgemaker Company, including Gottfried, joined to form the Organ Supply Industries in Erie, which is today North America's largest pipe organ manufacturer and supply house.
The company produced organs until 1918, when it ceased operations. The company's service agreements and pending contracts were then assumed by the Tellers-Kent Organ Company.
Surviving organs
Organs produced by the company are still in use at Lawrence University, Appleton Wisconsin, St. John's Lutheran Church, Erie, Pennsylvania, Crawford Memorial United Methodist Church, Bronx, New York, Trinity Episcopal Church, Iowa City, Iowa, St. John's Episcopal Church, Canandaigua, New York, First Congregational Church, St. Johns, Michigan, First Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Elizabeth City, North Carolina, Sacred Heart Music Center, Duluth, Minnesota, Spencerport United Methodist Church, Spencerport, New York, and Prince of Peace Evangelical Lutheran Church, Bangor, Pennsylvania, Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church, Minersville, Pennsylvania has a A.B. Felgemaker that was installed in 1906, Zion Lutheran Church, Everett, Pennsylvania has a A.B. Felgemaker Organ that was installed in 1903. An additional organ exists at Emmanuel Lutheran in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, however, the organ has been rebuilt four times since Felgemaker's presence and its remaining extent is indeterminant.
Capitol Hill Seventh-day Adventist Church in Washington, DC maintains one of the original Felgemaker pipe organs, produced before 1917. Two still exist in Buffalo at the former St. Agnes RC Church (relocated from Sacred Heart RC in Buffalo) and Emmanual Temple SDA, originally St. Stephen's Evangelical. Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church in Taneytown, Maryland, has a Felgemaker pipe organ built in 1897. It was completely restored in 1987 by the Columbia Organ Works and is still in weekly Sunday service.
Emmanuel Catholic Church in Dayton, Ohio originally dedicated its three-division Felgemaker pipe organ in 1887. Since then, the organ has undergone multiple major renovations and additions, most recently in 2015. Formal re-dedication of the Emmanuel Felgemaker organ is scheduled for November 11, 2016.
Freemasons' Hall in Indianapolis has 6 matching Felgamaker Pipe Organs installed in 1908. They are all in unrestored, playable condition.
The pipe organ at Holy Cross Catholic Church in Santa Cruz, CA is based on an A. B. Felgemaker Co. organ (Opus 506, 1889) with additional pipes and Zimbelstern added by Stuart Goodwin & Co. (Opus 10, 1988) after moving it from its previous home in Ohio. The organ is in active use at the 5:00 Saturday and 7:00 and 8:30 Sunday Masses. An A.B. Felgemaker still exists in working order at the former M.E. Richmond Ave. Church at West Ferry Street & Olmsted Circle and will be cleaned and remain in working order.
A.B. Felgemaker Organ Co. built an organ in 1882 for a Lutheran church in Manitowoc, Wisconsin. After 1905 the organ was moved to St. Cecilia's Catholic Church, Hubbell, Michigan. In 2011 the organ was rebuilt and moved to St. Albert the Great Catholic University Parish, Houghton, Michigan, where it is in regular use for mass, organ instruction, and recitals.
St. Mary Parish in Taylor, Texas founded in 1886, has a rare one of only two-of-its-kind in the state of Texas. In 1902, William Kielihar donated an A. B. Felgemaker Pipe Organ Opus 770 to St. Mary; its value then was $3,600. It's ivory keys, pulls, and stops played full melodic sounds every Sunday, wedding, and funeral until the church was torn down in November 1954. Otto Hoffman, an organ builder from Austin, Texas, disassembled the organ for storage until the new church was built. When the new St. Mary of the Assumption Catholic church was completed in 1955, Hoffman cleaned and re-built the organ in the present church, where it is still used today. Oddly, when the organ was reassembled in the present church, it was placed in a room to the right of the altar instead of upstairs in the balcony. If it had been placed in the balcony, the acoustics of the current church would make the organ's music even more heavenly. In 2020, St. Mary of the Assumption reviewed renovation options to relocate the historic organ to the balcony.
References
Companies based in Erie, Pennsylvania
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania
Pipe organ building companies
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1918
1918 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies established in 1865
1865 establishments in New York (state)
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of the United States
American companies disestablished in 1918
American companies established in 1865 |
4045288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeake | Akeake | Akeake is the name of at least three New Zealand species of tree:
Dodonaea viscosa, akeake
Olearia avicenniifolia, mountain akeake or tree daisy
Olearia traversiorum, Chatham Island akeake or Chatham Island tree daisy
The species are small trees. The name goes back to pre-European times when it was used in different areas of New Zealand. In post-European times it is used most frequently, but not exclusively, for Dodonaea viscosa.
Trees of New Zealand |
4045298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieuwe%20Dirk%20Boonstra | Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra | Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra (1905 – 1975) was a South African palaeontologist whose work focused on the therapsida|mammal-like reptiles]] of the Middle (Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone) and Late Permian, whose fossil remains are common in the South African Karoo. He was the author of a large number of papers on Therapsids and Pareiasaurs, and described and revised a number of species.
Work
In 1927 Boonstra was appointed Assistant Palaeontologist of the South African Museum and promoted to Palaeontologist in 1931. He remained at the museum until his retirement in 1972. He was the sole curator of the museum's Karoo vertebrate fossil collection for 45 years.
Awards
He was awarded the Queen Victoria Scholarship by the University of Stellenbosch and received the Havenga prize for Biology from Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns in 1959.
Publications
Volume 64 of the Annals of the South African Museum (1974) was dedicated to Boonstra. The 88 publications and books he wrote between 1928 and 1969 are listed in it.
References
External links
South African Museum - Dr. Boonstra's Publications
Brief biography of Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
South African paleontologists
1905 births
1975 deaths |
5382611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnai%20Thedi | Unnai Thedi | Unnai Thedi () is a 1999 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Sundar C. The film stars Ajith Kumar and Malavika, while an ensemble supporting cast includes Karan, Vivek, Sivakumar, and Srividya. Some of the scenes are similar and adapted from the 1995 Hindi blockbuster movie Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge, starring Shahrukh Khan and Kajol. The film's music is composed by Deva, the film released on 5 February 1999 to positive reviews from critics and it was declared hit at the box office.
Plot
Raghupathy, studying in Australia, goes to New Zealand with a friend and runs into Malavika. They start off having petty fights but end up falling in love. But circumstances force them to separate without exchanging any information about each other.
Back at home, Raghu makes friends with Prakash and chances upon his family photograph which surprisingly includes his mother Saradha, who as far as he knew had no relations. But on questioning, his mother reveals that she was part of a large family (three brothers and a sister) but had been sent out of the family after deciding to wed someone of her own choice. Raghu travels to the village as Prakash's friend and soon endears himself to the members of his family. Turns out Malavika is the daughter of one of the brothers too. But when he learns that Prakash wishes to marry her, he decides to bow out. But Prakash, on knowing about their romance, wishes that they get together.
The family elders too agree to Raghu marrying Malavika but refuse to let the alliance go any further after learning that Raghu is Saradha's son. Raghu too agrees to sacrifice his love since he does not want to wed Malavika and cause even more friction in the already fractured family. How Raghu eventually reunites the separated family and weds Malavika forms the crux of the film.
Cast
Ajith Kumar as Raghupathi
Malavika as Malavika
Sivakumar as Adhi Narayanan
Moulee as Sivaraman
Srividya as Sharadha
Vivek as Vivek
Karan as Prakash
Manorama as Aachi
Swathi as Chitra
Jaiganesh as Shankaran
Rajeev as Moorthy
Sathyapriya as Rajalakshmi
Vaiyapuri as Vaiyapuri
Shanmugasundaram as Raghupathi
Vinu Chakravarthy as Sandhanapandi
Mahanadi Shankar as Muthupandi
Kaka Radhakrishnan as Valaiyapathi
Madhan Bob as Ramakrishnan
Singamuthu
Nellai Siva
Periya Karuppu Thevar as Periya Karuppu
Halwa Vasu
Khushbu in a cameo appearance
Production
The original plot point was recommended by Singampuli, one of Sundar C's assistant director and Sundar wrote the script of the film within a week, before discussing the line with actor Ajith Kumar. Ajith was initially unimpressed but agreed to do the love story anyway, mentioning that if the film became a success he would feature in a future film to be directed by Singampuli. Eventually the film became hit, and As promised by Ajith Kumar he did the film, Red with the director Singam Puli. This film began its shoot in late 1998 with scenes being canned in Australia and in Christchurch, New Zealand as well as India. The producers initially approached Laila to play the lead role, however she refused to commit to any other films until the release of her Kallazhagar. Subsequently, she was replaced by newcomer Shweta Konnur, who was given the stage name of Malavika by the director.
Release
The film received positive reviews from critics. In contrast, a critic from Tamil Star noted "the initial half where Ajith and Malavika meet, is very similar to Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995). Sundar.C could have done a lot better than this".
The film was one of the hit films among several films that Ajith Kumar had featured in throughout 1999, while the chemistry between the lead pair prompted them to sign another film together, Anantha Poongatre. The film was later dubbed into Telugu as Premato Pilicha, while the movie was partly remade in Bengali as Bandhan.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack of the film was composed by Deva, was well received by the audience. Deva reused most of the background music from Annamalai without changing it in this film. Lyrics were written by Palani Bharathi, Kalaikumar, Ra. Ravishankar.
References
External links
1999 films
Films shot in Australia
Films shot in New Zealand
Films shot in Tamil Nadu
Indian drama films
Indian family films
1990s Tamil-language films
Films directed by Sundar C.
Films scored by Deva (composer)
Films set in Australia
Films set in New Zealand
1999 drama films |
4045319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orli%20Shaham | Orli Shaham | Orli Shaham (born 5 November 1975) is an American pianist, born in Jerusalem, Israel, the daughter of two scientists, Meira Shaham (nee Diskin) and Jacob Shaham. Her brothers are the violinist Gil Shaham and Shai Shaham, who is the head of the Laboratory of Developmental Genetics at Rockefeller University.
She is a graduate of the Horace Mann School in Riverdale, New York, and of Columbia University. She also studied at the Juilliard School, beginning in its Pre-college Division and continuing while a student at Columbia.
Orli Shaham performs recitals and appears with major orchestras throughout the world. She was awarded the Gilmore Young Artist Award in 1995 and the Avery Fisher Career Grant in 1997. Her appearances with orchestras include the Philadelphia Orchestra, Los Angeles Philharmonic, San Francisco Symphony, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Detroit and Atlanta Symphonies, Orchestre National de Lyon, National Symphony Orchestra of Taiwan, Cleveland Orchestra, Houston Symphony, St. Louis Symphony, Florida Orchestra, Rochester Philharmonic, Orchestra of La Scala (Milan), Orchestra della Toscana (Florence), and the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra.
In November 2008, she began her tenure as artistic advisor to the Pacific Symphony and curator of their "Cafe Ludwig" chamber music series.
In 2020, Orli Shaham was named as Regular Guest Host and Creative for NPR’s “From the Top”, the nationally broadcast radio program featuring performances and conversations with teenage musicians. She also served as the host of America’s Music Festivals in 2012 and 2013, and from 2005-2008 she was host of The Classical Public Radio Network’s "Dial-a-Musician", in which she called expert colleagues to answer listener questions. For this program she interviewed more than forty artists, including John Adams, Emanuel Ax, Natalie Dessay, Christine Brewer, Colin Currie, and others.
In 2003, Shaham married David Robertson, then Music Director of the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, and became stepmother to his sons, Peter and Jonathan. Shaham and Robertson are the parents of twin sons Nathan Glenn and Alex Jacob, born in 2007 in New York City.
Discography
Mozart Piano Concertos (with SLSO and David Robertson) (2019)
Letters from Gettysburg (2019)
Alberto Ginastera: One Hundred (with Gil Shaham, violin) (2016)
Brahms Inspired (2015)
American Grace: Piano Music from Steve Mackey and John Adams (with pianist Jon Kimura Parker, Los Angeles Philharmonic, and conductor David Robertson) (2015)
Nigunim: Hebrew Melodies (with violinist Gil Shaham) (2013)
Chamber Music for Horn (with Richard King, horn) (2012)
Behold the Bold Umbrellaphant (with pianist Jon Kimura Parker and San Diego Symphony) (2011)
Mozart in Paris (with violinist Gil Shaham) (2008)
Mozart: Violin Sonatas (with violinist Gil Shaham) (DVD; 2006)
Prokofiev: works for violin and piano (with violinist Gil Shaham) (2004)
Dvorak for Two (with violinist Gil Shaham) (1997)
References
External links
Orli Shaham's website
Profile page on her agent's website
Orli Shaham, Co-Host/Creative on From The Top
American classical pianists
American women classical pianists
Jewish classical pianists
Jewish American classical musicians
Columbia University alumni
Horace Mann School alumni
People from Jerusalem
1975 births
Living people
21st-century American women musicians
21st-century American Jews |
5382623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radley%20railway%20station | Radley railway station | Radley railway station serves the villages of Radley and Lower Radley and the town of Abingdon, in Oxfordshire, England.
It is on the Cherwell Valley Line between and , measured from .
History
The station was built primarily for the boys of Radley College. It was formerly a junction station for a now-dismantled branch to the adjacent town of Abingdon. Opened in 1873 by the Great Western Railway, it replaced the original interchange, , opened in 1856. The branch line was extended north to terminate in a bay platform at the new station.
The station was renovated during 2008, with a new footbridge, shelters, a new car park and increased cycle storage.
In recent years passenger traffic at Radley has grown rapidly. In the five years 2005–10 the number of passengers using the station increased by 38%.
Services
The station sees an hourly service per weekday between Didcot Parkway and Oxford. Services operate half hourly throughout peak times. Some northbound trains a day are extended beyond Oxford to , with services operating to Banbury on a two hourly basis on Saturdays. With the January 2018 timetable change, services between Oxford and London Paddington were cut with these services now terminating and starting at Didcot Parkway; this is to allow Class 387 trains to operate stopping services on the line. On weekdays, there is just one train a day in each direction to and from London Paddington but some services in peak times also run to and from Reading.
Routes
References
External links
Railway stations in Oxfordshire
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1873
Railway stations served by Great Western Railway |
5382638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20III | Herbert III | Herbert III may refer to:
Herbert III of Omois (910–980/985)
Herbert III, Count of Meaux (circa 950 – 995)
Herbert III, Count of Vermandois (953–1015) |
4045361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20R.%20S.%20Mead | G. R. S. Mead | George Robert Stow Mead (22 March 1863 in Peckham, Surrey – 28 September 1933 in London) was an English historian, writer, editor, translator, and an influential member of the Theosophical Society, as well as the founder of the Quest Society. His scholarly works dealt mainly with the Hermetic and Gnostic religions of Late Antiquity, and were exhaustive for the time period.
Birth and family
Mead was born in Peckham, Surrey, England to British Army Colonel Robert Mead and his wife Mary (née Stow), who had received a traditional education at Rochester Cathedral School.
Education at Cambridge University
Mead began studying mathematics at St John's College, Cambridge. Eventually shifting his education towards the study of Classics, he gained much knowledge of Greek and Latin. In 1884 he completed a BA degree; in the same year he became a public school master. He received an MA degree in 1926.
Activity with the Theosophical Society
While still at Cambridge University Mead read Esoteric Buddhism (1883) by Alfred Percy Sinnett. This comprehensive theosophical account of the Eastern religion prompted Mead to contact two theosophists in London named Bertam Keightly and Mohini Chatterji, which eventually led him to join Helena Petrovna Blavatsky's Theosophical Society in 1884.
When in 1887 Madame Blavatsky settled in London, the young Mead joined the company of her close associates. In her circle he learned of the profound mysteries of the Gnostics and of the votaries of Hermes, soon becoming a prolific translator of Gnostic and Hermetic writings. In fact, many of his translations were from other modern languages as he was not trained in Coptic.
In 1889 he abandoned his teaching profession to become Blavatsky's private secretary, and also became a joint-secretary of the Esoteric Section (E.S.) of the Theosophical Society, reserved for those deemed more advanced.
Mead received Blavatsky's Six Esoteric Instructions and other teachings at 22 meetings headed by Blavatsky which were only attended by the Inner Group of the Theosophical Society. He married Laura Cooper in 1899.
Contributing intellectually to the Theosophical Society, at first most interested in Eastern religions, he quickly became more and more attracted to Western esotericism in religion and philosophy, particularly Neoplatonism, Gnosticism, and Hermeticism, although his scholarship and publications continued to engage with Eastern religion. He contributed many articles to the Theosophical Society's Lucifer (renamed The Theosophical Review in 1897) as joint editor. Mead became the sole editor of The Theosophical Review in 1907.
As of February 1909 Mead and some 700 members of the Theosophical Society's British Section resigned in protest at Annie Besant's reinstatement of Charles Webster Leadbeater to membership in the society. Leadbeater had been a prominent member of the Theosophical Society until he was accused in 1906 of teaching masturbation to, and sexually touching, the sons of some American Theosophists under the guise of occult training. While this prompted Mead's resignation, his frustration at the dogmatism of the Theosophical Society may also have been a major contributor to his break after 25 years.
The Quest Society
In March 1909 Mead founded the Quest Society, composed of 150 defectors of the Theosophical Society and 100 other new members. This new society was planned as an undogmatic approach to the comparative study and investigation of religion, philosophy, and science. The Quest Society presented lectures at the old Kensington Town Hall in central London but its most focused effort was in its publishing of The Quest: A Quarterly Review which ran from 1909 to 1931 with many contributors.
Influence
Notable persons influenced by Mead include Ezra Pound, W.B. Yeats, Hermann Hesse, Kenneth Rexroth, and Robert Duncan. The seminal influence of G.R.S. Mead on Carl Gustav Jung, confirmed by the scholar of Gnosticism Gilles Quispel, a friend of Jung's, has been documented by several scholars. The popularity of a 20th-century Theosophical or esoteric interpretation of "gnosis" and the "Gnostics" led to an influential conception among scholars of an essential doctrinal and practising commonality among the various groups deemed "Gnostic," which has been criticised by scholars such as Michael Allen Williams in his book Rethinking Gnosticism and by Karen L. King in recent decades.
Works
Address read at H.P. Blavatsky's cremation (1891)
Simon Magus (London: Theosophical Publ. Soc'y, 1892)
The Word-Mystery: Four Essays (London: Theosophical Publ. Soc'y, 1895), revised as The Word-Mystery: Four Comparative Studies in General Theosophy (London: Theosophical Publ. Soc'y, 1907)
Select Works of Plotinus (Lonson: George Bell, 1896)
Orpheus (London: Theosophical Publ. Soc'y, 1896)
Pistis Sophia: The Book of the Saviour (London: J.M. Watkins, 1896; revised 2nd ed. 1921)
Fragments of a Faith Forgotten (London: Theosophical Publ. Soc'y 1900)
Apollonius of Tyana (London: Theosophical Publ. Soc'y, 1901)
Did Jesus Live 100 BC? (London: Theosophical Publ. Soc'y, 1903)
"Concerning H.P.B.: Stray Thoughts on Theosophy", The Theosophical Review (April 15, 1904), pp. 131–44
The Corpus Hermeticum (1905)
Thrice Greatest Hermes: Studies in Hellenistic Theosophy and Gnosis (London: Theosophical Publ. Soc'y, 1906)
Volume 1
Volume 2
Volume 3
Echoes from the Gnosis (11-part series published at London by The Theosophical Publ. Soc'y):
Volume I: The Gnosis of the Mind (1906)
Volume II: The Hymns of Hermes (1906)
Volume III: The Vision Of Aridæus (1907)
Volume IV: The Hymn of Jesus (1907)
Volume V: The Mysteries Of Mithra (1907)
Volume VI: A Mithraic Ritual (1907)
Volume VII: The Gnostic Crucifixion (1907)
Volume VIII: The Chaldæan Oracles Vol. 1 (1907)
Volume IX: The Chaldæan Oracles Vol. 2 (1907)
Volume X: The Hymn of the Robe of Glory (1907)
Volume XI: The Wedding Song of Wisdom (1907)
Some Mystical Adventures (London: John M. Watkins, 1910)
Quests Old and New (London: Watkins, 1913)
Doctrine of the Subtle Body in Western Tradition (London: J.M. Watkins, 1919)
Gnostic John the Baptizer: Selections from the Mandæan John-Book (London: Watkins, 1924)
COLLECTION
G.R.S. Mead: Essays and Commentaries ed. S.N. Parsons (Adeptis Press, 2016)
See also
Poemandres
Gospel of Marcion
Pistis Sophia
Thomas Taylor
Hermetica
Acts of John
Mandaeanism
Marcionism
Mohini Mohun Chatterji
Hymn of the Pearl
Footnotes
External links
Extensive on-line collection of the writings of GRS Mead (at the Gnosis Archive)
Brief bio with poor picture
Same picture, but much larger and clearer
Later Picture with no text
Long biography
1863 births
1933 deaths
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
American Theosophists
Christ myth theory
English historians
English Theosophists
Esoteric Christianity
Historians of Gnosticism
People educated at King's School, Rochester
People from Nuneaton
Scholars of Mandaeism |
5382643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20H.%20Foerderer | Robert H. Foerderer | Robert Hermann Foerderer (May 16, 1860July 26, 1903) was an American businessman and politician who served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's at-large congressional district from 1901 to 1903 and Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district in 1903.
He owned Robert H. Foerderer, Inc. which produced leather goods and invented a chrome tanning technique to create a leather product he trademarked Vici Kid.
He died in office in 1903, possibly due to chromate poisoning from his years handling chromium to perfect his chrome tanning technique.
Early life
Robert H. Foerderer was born in Bad Frankenhausen, in the German Confederation principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. His parents were U.S. citizens and were visiting the place of their birth. His father Edward was a manufacturer of Morocco leather. Robert attended public and private schools in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania but did not attend college
In 1881, he married Caroline Fischer and together they had two children.
Business career
He worked for a brief time as a bank clerk and entered the leather industry as an apprentice at his father's morocco leather business.
In 1885, he established Robert H. Foerderer, Inc., which also manufactured leather goods. Foerderer invented a chrome tanning technique for treating animal skin with chromium sulfate that resulted in a soft and supple leather for the production of handbags, shoes and gloves. His technique reduced the tanning time from four months to two to three weeks. He named his leather product Vici Kid — "Vici" being Latin for "I conquered" and "kid" referring to the goat skin used to make the leather. Foerderer also partnered with the Rohm & Haas chemical company to implement the use of Oropon as a replacement for dog dung in the leather softening process.
His company began as a one-room factory in the Frankford section of Philadelphia and eventually grew to cover 17 acres. The factory employed over 4,000 people and processed 50,000 skins per day. His company also used the by-products of leather production to produce hide glue and goat hair for various uses. The glue plant was located in Philadelphia's Bridesburg neighborhood, and the goat-hair factory was near the leather plant.
His Vici Kid leather product won the grand prize and gold medal in a competition at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, which introduced the product to a large audience and created demand.
He served as president and director of the Keystone Telephone Company and as a member of the boards of directors for the Philadelphia Rapid Transit, the Columbia Avenue Trust Company, and the Quaker City Trust. He was a member of the Union League of Philadelphia, the Columbia Club, the Five O'Clock Club of Philadelphia, the Philadelphia Bourse, and the Manhattan Club of New York. He was a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and a thirty-second degree Mason.
In 1895, he purchased the summer home of Charles Macalester in the Torresdale neighborhood of Philadelphia. The estate, previously named Glengarry, was renamed it Glen Foerd.
Political career
He was elected in 1900 as a Republican to the 57th United States Congress as a representative for Pennsylvania's at-large congressional district. He served on the committees for banking and currency, enrolled bills and ventilation and acoustics. He was re-elected in 1902 for Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district and served until his death in 1903.
Death and legacy
Foederer died in 1903 while in office at his home in Torresdale. He was interred in Philadelphia's Laurel Hill Cemetery. It is possible that he died from chromate poisoning from his years handling chromium for his chrome tanning technique although the cause of death was listed as Bright's disease.
Foerderer's son, Percival took over management of the leather goods business and is known for building the La Ronda mansion and estate in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.
The Glen Foerd estate is currently operated as a historic house museum, and the grounds are a public park.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)
Citations
External links
1860 births
1903 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American inventors
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American politicians
American bankers
American company founders
American Freemasons
Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
Deaths from nephritis
People from Bad Frankenhausen
Politicians from Philadelphia
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Tanners |
5382655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20IV | Herbert IV | Herbert IV may refer to:
Herbert IV, Count of Meaux (circa 950–995)
Herbert IV, Count of Vermandois (1028–1080) |
5382659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soo%20Michigan%20Realtors | Soo Michigan Realtors | The Soo Michigan Realtors were a Junior "A" ice hockey team from Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. This defunct hockey team was a part of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League.
Season-by-Season results
Defunct ice hockey teams in the United States |
5382660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20039%20submarine | Type 039 submarine | The Type 039 submarine (NATO reporting name: Song-class) is a class of diesel-electric submarines of the People's Liberation Army Navy. The class is the first diesel-electric submarine to be fully developed within China and also the first Chinese diesel-electric submarine to use the modern teardrop hull shape.
Design
The submarine uses a modern teardrop-shape hull for underwater performance. The hull incorporates four rudders and is propelled by a single propeller. The engine is imported from Germany. For quieter operation, the engine was mounted with shock absorbers and the hull is plated in rubber tiles for sound deadening. Development was not without problems, as a lengthy testing period for the first vessel (320) attests. Problems with noise levels and underwater performance led to revisions in the design and only a single boat was ever built to the original specification.
Improvements led to the specification for the Type 039G, which became the bulk of production, with seven of the type entering service. Elimination of the stepped design for the conning tower is the primary visual cue for identification of the G variant. This class has two versions: the original Type 039, Type 039G. The most obvious visual difference between the two types is the conning tower. The Type 039s conning tower is stepped, rising aft. In an effort to shrink the submarine's acoustic signature, the Type 039Gs conning tower was given a more conventional shape without any step.
Weapons
Primary weapon for the Type 039 is the 533 mm Yu-4 torpedo, a locally produced passive homing torpedo based on the SAET-50 and roughly comparable to the SAET-60. Surface targets may be attacked at up to 15 km. Yu-6 wire-guided torpedoes may also be used for targeting submarines. It is also likely that the Type 039 is capable of carrying the YJ-8 anti-ship missile, a cruise missile which can be launched from the same tube as the boat's torpedoes, and can target surface vessels at up to 80 km. The missile is subsonic and carries a 165 kg warhead. For mining operations, in place of torpedoes, the submarine can carry 24 to 36 naval mines, deliverable through the torpedo tubes. The general designer of the torpedo and missile launching system is Mr. Sun Zhuguo (孙柱国, 1937-), and the launching system is compatible with AShM, ASW, torpedoes of both China and Russian/Soviet origin.
Although Type 039 has successfully test fired the CY-1 ASW Missile under water like the , the status of the missile is in question because nothing is heard about it entering mass production. The CY-1 ASW missile has a maximum range of 18 km (10 nm).
Sensors
The main sensor is the medium-frequency sonar mounted in the bow of the submarine, with passive and active modes, which is used for both search and attack. In addition, the system offers a method of underwater communications, and also functions as a torpedo approach warning system. This sonar is the Chinese development of French Thomson-CSF TSM-2233 sonar, and is capable of simultaneously tracking 4 to 12 targets depending on the function it is used for. To enhance passive search capabilities, a low frequency sonar of French Thomson-CSF TSM-2255 design is mounted on the flanks of the hull, with a maximum range in excess of 30 km and capable of simultaneously tracking four targets. The system is further enhanced with the integration of a domestic Chinese passive ranging sonar on board, designated as H/SQG-04 sonar. For surface search, a small I-band radar is fitted.
This class is the first Chinese submarine to be fitted with an integrated electronic support measures / radio direction finder / radar warning receiver system designated as SRW209 Submarine Radar Reconnaissance Equipment, which works at S - Ku bands with 100% detection rate. The SRW209 is fully automatic and can be either operated by a single operator with a console with a color CRT (which can be replaced by LCD) display console, or linked to the combat data system, which is capable of tracking multiple targets.
Notable incidents
On October 26, 2006, a Chinese Song class submarine "popped up" and "surfaced within firing range of its torpedoes and missiles before being detected" within of the carrier while she was operating in the East China Sea between Japan and Taiwan. It was spotted by an F/A-18C aviator and confirmed by the crew of an EA-6B from the Kitty Hawks Air Wing.
Export potential
- China offered the 039 submarine for sale to Thailand in 2007. However, the Royal Thai Navy lacks the infrastructure to support submarine this time. Thailand later ordered S26T submarine, a export version of the Type 039A .
See also
People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force
List of submarine classes in service
Hai Lung-class submarine
Harushio-class submarine
Dolphin-class submarine
Walrus-class submarine
Upholder/Victoria-class submarine
Collins-class submarine
Lada-class submarine
S-80-class submarine
References
External links
Type 039 Song Class Diesel-Electric Submarines at sinodefense.com
Submarine classes |
5382662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpur%20dynasty | Talpur dynasty | The Talpur dynasty () were rulers based in Sindh. Four branches of the dynasty were established following the defeat of the Kalhora dynasty at the Battle of Halani in 1783: one ruled lower Sindh from the city of Hyderabad, another ruled over upper Sindh from the city of Khairpur, a third ruled around the eastern city of Mirpur Khas, and a fourth was based in Tando Muhammad Khan. The Talpurs were ethnically Baloch. For most of their rule, they were subordinate to the Durrani Empire and were forced to pay tribute to them.
They ruled from 1783, until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by the British at the Battle of Miani and Battle of Dubbo. The northern Khairpur branch of the Talpur dynasty, however, continued to maintain a degree of sovereignty during British rule as the princely state of Khairpur, whose ruler elected to join the new Dominion of Pakistan in October 1947 as an autonomous region, before being fully amalgamated into West Pakistan in 1955.
History
The Talpurs were ethnically Baloch, and were descendants of Mir Sulaiman Kako Talpur, who had arrived in Sindh around 1680 from Balochistan. The Talpurs had served the Kalhora dynasty until 1775, when the Kalhora ruler had ordered the assassination of the chief of the Talpur clan, Mir Bahram Khan, leading to a revolt among the Talpurs against the Kalhora crown. Mir Shahdad Khan Talpur, the great grandfather of the founder of the Talpur dynasty, was a Mughal bureaucrat, and established the city of Shahdadpur in 1713.
The Talpur dynasty was established in 1783 by Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur, who declared himself the first Rais, or ruler of Sindh, after defeating the Kalhoras at the Battle of Halani. Early Talpur rule was termed the First Chauyari, or "rule of four friends" - Mir Fateh along with his brothers Mir Ghulam, Mir Karam, and Mir Murad. The Talpur capital was declared to be Hyderabad, which had served as the capital of the overthrown Kalhoras. After his success, Fateh Ali Khan ruled from Hyderabad, while his nephew established a branch of the dynasty in Khairpur. Another relative, Mir Thara Khan, established the Mankani branch in southeast Sindh around the area around Mirpur Khas - a city which was founded by his son Ali Murad Talpur.
The Talpur brothers extended their rule over neighboring regions such as Balochistan, Kutch, and Sabzalkot, covering an area of over 100,000 square kilometers, with a population of approximately 4 million. They administered their realm by assigning jagirs to control individual land grants. In 1832, Afghan king Shah Shuja invaded Sindh, which the brother united against to defeat. During their rule, Syed Ahmad Barelvi tried to garner support for a campaign against the Sikh emperor Ranjit Singh, but was perceived to be a British agent. Divisions among the Talpurs, such as the Khairpur chiefs request to the British to seize Karachi from the Hyderabadi chiefs, allowed the British to eventually conquer Sindh. The British conquered Karachi in 1839, and with the support of Khojas and Hindus, were able to quickly advance on Hyderabad, forcing the Talpurs to pay tribute. Seth Naumal, a Hindu merchant, was held responsible by the Talpurs for encouraging non-Baloch tribes in lower Sindh to defect and aid the British. He was later granted the title Sitara-e-Hind by the British for his service to them against the Talpurs.
Religious beliefs
The Talpurs were followers of the Shia sect of Islam. Under their rule in both Hyderabad and Khairpur, Shia practices such as the building of Shabeeh and Zareeh Mubarak, or replicas of shrines of Shia Imams, were established. The first was built at Tando Agha in Hyderabad in 1785 by the founder of the Talpur dynasty, Mir Fateh Ali Khan. The Qadamgah Imam Ali was established in Hyderabad during his rule, and houses what are considered by the faithful to be the footprint of Imam Ali, and were gifted to Mir Fateh Ali Khan by the Shah of Persia, Fath Ali Khan Qajar. The footprints were housed in a special shrine for the Talpur family, and were viewed by the public on certain holidays. Under the rule of the last Hyderabadi Talpur Mir, Naseer Khan, a new shrine was made in which the footprints were made accessible to the public.
Others Shia replica shrines were eventually built by other Talpur rulers in several cities and towns in Sindh. These replicas were built for the poor who did not have resources to travel to the actual shrines in Iraq and Iran, and continue to operate until present day.
Branches
Shahdadani Talpurs of Hyderabad
The Talpur dynasty was established in 1783 by Mir Fateh Ali Khan, who declared himself the first Rais, or ruler of Sindh, after defeating the Kalhoras at the Battle of Halani. He ruled until his death in 1801, when he was succeeded by his son Mir Ghulam Ali Talpur until 1811. From 1811 to 1828, the Hyderabadi Talpur state was ruled by Mir Karam Ali Talpur. After his death in 1828, The Hyderabad branch of the Talpurs was ruled by Mir Murad Ali Khan until 1833. Mir Murad Ali Khan was succeeded by Mir Noor Muhammad, who was in turn succeeded by Mir Naseer Khan Talpur. The Hyderabadi branch of the Talpur Mirs were defeated by the British at the Battle of Miani on 17 February 1843.
Sohrabani Talpurs of Khairpur
The Talpur dynasty was established in 1783 by Mir Fateh Ali Khan, who declared himself the first Rais, or ruler of Sindh, after defeating the Kalhoras at the Battle of Halani. The nephew of Mir Fateh Ali Khan, Mir Sohrab Khan Talpur, established a branch of the Talpur dynasty in 1783 in Burahan, which was renamed Khairpur in 1783. The Khairpur branch of the dynasty maintained a degree of sovereignty during British rule as the princely state of Khairpur until 1947. The death of Mir Sohrab Khan Talpur, founder of the Khairpur branch abdicated power to his eldest son Mir Rustam 'Ali Khan, in 1811. Rustam's youngest half brother, 'Ali Murad, strengthened his hand by signing a treaty with the British in 1832, in which he secured recognition as the independent ruler of Khairpur in exchange for surrendering control of foreign relations to the British, as well as use of Sindh's roads and the Indus River. The new state's economy became heavily dependent upon the production of opium.
Rustam ruled until 1842, when he in turn was replaced by Mir Ali Murad. Ali Murad helped the British in 1845 during the Turki campaign, but was later accused of plotting against the British, and so was stripped of his lands in upper Sindh. The remaining land under his control consisted mostly of Khairpur city, and its immediate environs. During the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, Ali Murad sided which the British, and prevented rebels from seizing the Shikarpur jail and treasury. In 1866, the British promised to recognize any future successors as rightful rulers of Khairpur. Ali Murad's rule went on uninterrupted until his death in 1894.
Ali Murad was succeeded by his second son, Mir Faiz Muhammad Khan, who died in 1909. He was in turn succeeded by his son, Mir Sir Imam Bakhsh Khan Talpur, who aided the British war effort during World War I, and was thus awarded the honorary title Lieutenant-Colonel in 1918. He passed in 1921, and was succeeded by His Highness Mir Ali Nawaz Khan. Under his rule, the feudal Cherr system of forced labour was abolished, while new canals were laid for irrigation.
Mir Ali Nawaz Khan died in 1935, and was succeeded by Mir Faiz Muhammad Khan II, who had suffered from an unstable and nervous affliction, then became nominal leader. The Khairpur government instituted a council of regency under local ministers and ordered the Mir to live outside the state. After a period of twelve years, and shortly before the transfer of power, he abdicated in favour of his minor son in July 1947. The state acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan in October that year, and merged into West Pakistan in 1955.
Manikani Talpurs of Mirpur Khas
Mir Thara Khan, a relative of the Talpur founder Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur, established the Manikani branch in southeast Sindh around the area around Mirpur Khas - a city which was founded by his son Ali Murad Talpur.
Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur succeeded Mir Ali Murad Talpur in 1829, and built a fort in the city when he declared the ruler of the state, and ran a kutchery from within the fort. Elaborate graves for the local rulers were built at Chitorri under his rule. and feature a syncretic architectural style that combines elements of Islamic and Rajasthani architecture. Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur established friendly relations with the Sikh emperor Ranjit Singh, but fought against the British. His battle for the Sindh state earned him the moniker "Lion of Sindh."
Mirpur Khas remained the capital of the Talpur Mirs of Mirpurkhas until 1843, when Sindh was annexed to British India under the East India Company following the conquest of Sindh by Charles James Napier and defeat of Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur on 24 March 1843 at the battleground of Dubbo. During the battle, some local Sindhi jagirs are reported to have taken bribes from British forces, and aimed their guns towards Talpur forces. Following British victory, the chief's harem was entered, and its women plundered of their jewelry before being imprisoned.
Shahwani Talpurs of Tando Muhammad Khan
The Shahwani branch of the Talpur dynasty was established by Mir Muhammad Khan Talpur Shahwani, who died in 1813. Under his rule, the city of Tando Muhammad Khan was established.
See also
List of Monarchs of Sindh
References
History of Sindh
Shia dynasties
Princely rulers of Pakistan
Nawabs of Pakistan |
4045362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodonaea%20viscosa | Dodonaea viscosa | Dodonaea viscosa, also known as the broadleaf hopbush, is a species of flowering plant in the Dodonaea (hopbush) genus that has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Americas, southern Asia and Australasia. Dodonaea is part of Sapindaceae, the soapberry family.
This species is notable for its extremely wide distribution, which it achieved only over the last 2 million years (from its region of origin in Australia) via oceanic dispersal. Harrington and Gadek (2009) referred to D. viscosa as having "a distribution equal to some world’s greatest transoceanic dispersers".
Common names
The common name hopbush is used for D. viscosa specifically and also for the genus as a whole.
In the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, this plant is called virāli (விராலி).
Australian common names include: broad leaf hopbush, candlewood, giant hopbush, narrow leaf hopbush, sticky hopbush, native hop bush, soapwood, switchsorrel, wedge leaf hopbush, and native hop. The Wiradjuri people of New South Wales use the name Bururr.
Additional common names include: aalii and ‘a‘ali‘i-ku ma kua and ‘a‘ali‘i ku makani in the Hawaiian language; akeake (New Zealand); lampuaye (Guam); mesechelangel (Palau); chirca (Uruguay, Argentina); Xayramad (Somalia); romerillo (Sonora, Mexico); jarilla (southern Mexico); hayuelo (Colombia); ch'akatea (Bolivia); casol caacol (Seri); ghoraskai (Afghanistan).
Taxonomy
Phylogenetic evidence supports D. viscosa being the sister species to D. camfieldii, a species endemic to a small portion of coastal New South Wales in Australia.
Subspecies and synonyms
There are several subspecies as follows:
D. viscosa subsp. angustifolia (L.f.) J.G.West
D. viscosa subsp. angustissima (DC.) J.G.West
D. viscosa subsp. burmanniana (DC.) J.G.West
D. viscosa subsp. cuneata (Sm.) J.G.West
D. viscosa subsp. mucronata J.G.West
D. viscosa subsp. spatulata (Sm.) J.G.West
D. viscosa (L.) Jacq. subsp. viscosa
Botanical synonyms
D. eriocarpa Sm.
D. sandwicensis Sherff
D. stenocarpa Hillebr.
Systematics
It has been identified that D. viscosa split into two intraspecific groups, known as groups I and II, in the Pleistocene, about 1.1–2.1 Ma (million years ago) (95% Highest Posterior Density, HPD). These two intraspecific groups are distributed differently within Australia. Group I plants are strandline shrubs growing from north-eastern Queensland to the New South Wales border. This clade has a number of genetically divergent lineages (I:a,b,c,d,e,f,g,). It is identified that subclade Ib shared a last common ancestor with subclade Ia in the mid-Pleistocene, 0.5–1.2 Ma.
Group I a: D. viscosa Pagan, D. viscosa ssp viscosa Yorkeys Knob Beach, D. viscosa ssp viscosa Trinity Beach, D. viscosa ssp viscosa Clifton Beach, D. viscosa ssp viscosa Wonga Beach, D. viscosa Tanzania2, D. viscosa ssp viscosa Airlie Beach, D. viscosa Virgin Islands.
Group I b: D. viscosa Maui Ulupalakua, D. viscosa, Hawaii Pohakuloa, D. viscosa Maui PoliPoli, D. viscosa Hawaii Kona, D. viscosa Hawaii Kauai.
Group I c: D. viscosa Arizona 1, D. viscosa Arizona 2, D. viscosa Mexico, D. viscosa Brazil, D. viscosa Columbia, D. viscosa Bolivia
Group I d: D. viscosa Taiwan 1, D. viscosa Taiwan 2, D. viscosa Japan, D. viscosa China, D. viscosa Tanzania1.
Group I e: D. viscosa Oman, D. viscosa South Africa1, D. viscosa India
Group I f: D. viscosa South Africa 3, D. viscosa South Africa 4, D. South Africa 2, D. viscosa New Caledonia 1, D. viscosa New Caledonia 2, D. viscosa Papua New Guinea
Group I g: D. viscosa ssp burmanniana 1, D. viscosa ssp burmanniana 2
The Group II of D. viscosa is present almost everywhere on the continent. Group II has at least three evolutionary lineages (II a, b and c), which distributions generally overlap. According to West these subspecies have morphological intergradation, particularly in the higher-rainfall regions of Australia, but not in the arid zone, where they generally overlap. There is also a hypothesis of ongoing gene flow between D. procumbens and D. viscosa's Group II resulting from hybridization events of two populations in central regions of South Australia. The Group II members are believed to have dispersed in the mid-Pleistocene (0.5–1.2 Ma) from mainland Australia to New Zealand.
Group II a: D. viscosa New Zealand South Island 2, D. viscosa New Zealand South Island 3, D. viscosa New Zealand South Island 1, D. viscosa New Zealand North Island 4, D. viscosa ssp angustissima 1, D.viscosa ssp angustissima 3, D. viscosa ssp angustissima 2.
Group II b: D. viscosa ssp spatulata, D. viscosa ssp cuneata, D. viscosa ssp angustifolia, D. procumbens, D. procumbens 2.
Group II c: D. biloba, D. viscosa ssp mucronata.
Description
D. viscosa is a shrub growing to tall, rarely a small tree to tall. The leaves are variable in shape: generally obovate but some of them are lanceolate, often sessile, long and broad, alternate in arrangement, and secrete a resinous substance. Many specimens have a pointed or rounded apex. Leaf base is extended. Leaf texture is leathery, tough, but also pliable. Midribs are medium becoming less visible close to the apex. Secondary veins are thin, generally indistinct; Veins: often 6 to 10 pairs, indifferently opposite, subopposite, and alternate, camptodrome. Venation branches from the midrib at different angles, which may vary from 12° to 70°. The basal veins are very ascending in some plants: the angle of divergence may be close to 45°. The basal secondary venation branches from a point near the base of the main vein and becomes parallel with the leaf margin, with the distance of 1 millimeter to 2 millimeters from the edges. Margins are usually toothed or undulating. The remaining secondary veins lay at regular intervals with flowers usually growing at the branches’ ends.
The flowers are yellow to orange-red and produced in panicles about in length. The flowers may be only male or female ones, and one plant bears either male or female flowers. However, sometimes they are observed to bear flowers of both sexes. The pollen is transported by anemophily. It is believed that the flowers lack petals during evolution to increase exposure to the wind. The fruit is a capsule broad, red ripening brown, with two to four wings.
Uses
The wood is extremely tough and durable. In New Zealand, where it is the heaviest of any native wood, the Māori have traditionally used it for making weapons, carved walking staves, axe-handles, and weights on drill shafts. D. viscosa is used by the people from the western part of the island of New Guinea, Southeast Asia, West Africa and Brazil for house building and as firewood. Its leaves may also be used as plasters for wounds.
Native Hawaiians made pou (house posts), laau melomelo (fishing lures), and ōō (digging sticks) from aalii wood and a red dye from the fruit.
The cultivar 'Purpurea', with purple foliage, is widely grown as a garden shrub. Dodonaea viscosa easily occupies open areas and secondary forest, and is resistant to salinity, drought and pollution. It can be used for dune stabilization, remediation of polluted lands and for reforestation. The plant is tolerant to strong winds, and therefore is commonly used as hedge, windbreak, and decorative shrub.
The Seri use the plant medicinally. It was also used to stimulate lactation in mothers, as a dysentery treatment, to cure digestive system disorders, skin problems and rheumatism in Africa and Asia. In New Guinea, people use it as incense for funerals. In the past D. viscosa was used instead of hops for beer brewing by Australians (as reflected in the name “hopbush”).
Cultivation
Dodonaea viscosa can be grown from seeds. However, pre-treatment of the seed in very hot water may be needed. The plant can also be cultivated by taking cuttings. Sometimes this method is also used to obtain female plants with their winged fruits for the aesthetic value. Hopbush can survive long dry periods and is easily cultivated without heavy feeding.
References
External links
Dodonaea viscosa. Bermuda Dept. of Conservation Services.
viscosa
Trees of Australia
Flora of Tasmania
Trees of New Zealand
Trees of the Southwestern United States
Flora of California
Trees of the Southeastern United States
Trees of Hawaii
Trees of Mexico
Flora of Northwestern Mexico
Trees of South Africa
Flora of the Tubuai Islands
Trees of Bermuda
Rosids of Western Australia
Flora of the Northern Territory
Flora of Queensland
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of South Australia
Sapindales of Australia
Plants described in 1760
Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin
Garden plants of Australasia
Garden plants of North America
Ornamental trees
Shrubs
Drought-tolerant plants |
5382666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guttannen | Guttannen | Guttannen is a municipality in the Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Origin of the name
Guttannen is the name of a meadow, which became the name of the municipality. It comes from the phrase ze den guoten tannen (by the good firs).
History
Guttannen is first mentioned in 1377 as Guotentannon.
During the Middle Ages it was part of the Vogtei of Hasli and the parish of Meiringen. In 1334 the entire Vogtei was acquired by Bern. A chapel was built in the village in 1467 though it did not have a baptismal font. When the entire Canton accepted the new faith of the Protestant Reformation, the chapel was converted and remained under Meiringen. In 1713 it joined the parish of Innertkirchen where it remained until it became an independent parish in 1816. The old chapel was damaged in a fire in 1723 and replaced with a new chapel which became a parish church when Guttannen became a parish. Following the 1798 French invasion, Guttannen became part of the Helvetic Republic Canton of Oberland. With the 1803 Act of Mediation it returned to the Canton of Bern and the Oberhasli district.
For most of its history the villagers lived from farming on the valley floor, seasonal alpine herding and trade over the Grimsel Pass. Due to the short growing season and poor soil many residents mined lead or zinc or carved wood or soapstone. Many residents emigrated to escape the poverty. In the 17th and 18th centuries they went to Germany or the Swiss Plateau, while in the late 18th and 19th centuries they went to the United States and settled in the Carolinas, Pennsylvania and Kentucky.
In the early 19th century mountain climbers began to come to Guttannen to explore the high peaks above the valley. In 1811-12 the Finstaarhorn was climbed and by the 1830s Louis Agassiz had popularized mountain climbing and trained guides in Guttanen. The Grimsel Pass road (built 1894-95) further opened up the village to trade and tourism. The construction of five hydroelectric dams and six reservoirs in the Grimsel Pass, between 1925 and 1975, brought prosperity to the village. The Kraftwerke Oberhasli (KWO) company was founded in 1925 to manage the power plants and today is the largest employer in Guttannen. A modern road was built over the pass over a 26-year period (1960-1986).
Geography
Guttannen lies in the Bernese Oberland near Grimsel Pass. It is the highest settlement in the Haslital, and the municipality encompasses the upper stretches of that valley as far as the summit of the Grimsel Pass. The adjacent municipalities from the north clockwise are Innertkirchen, Obergoms, Münster-Geschinen, Fieschertal and Grindelwald.
The Aare springs from glaciers in Guttannen. There are four lakes in the municipality: Lake Oberaar, Lake Grimsel, Lake Räterichsboden and Lake Gelmer. In the western part of the municipality are the mountains Schreckhorn, Lauteraarhorn, Finsteraarhorn, Agassizhorn and Sidelhorn. Guttannen also includes Finsteraar Glacier, Lauteraar Glacier, Unteraar Glacier, Grueben Glacier, and Bächli Glacier.
By Swiss standards, the municipality is large in area; by comparison it is larger than the entire Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden. In elevation it stretches from the valley floor which is between into the high alpine peaks of the Finsteraarhorn group.
Guttannen has an area of . As of 2012, a total of or 3.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 9.3% is forested. The rest of the municipality is or 0.5% is settled (buildings or roads), or 3.7% is either rivers or lakes and or 82.6% is unproductive land.
During the same year, housing and buildings made up 0.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.3%. All of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, and 2.9% is used for alpine pastures. Of the water in the municipality, 3.0% is in lakes and 0.7% is in rivers and streams. Of the unproductive areas, 13.7% is unproductive vegetation, 45.6% is too rocky for vegetation and 23.3% of the land is covered by glaciers.
On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Oberhasli, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Interlaken-Oberhasli.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or a Fir tree Sable trunked and eradicated Gules between two Mullets of the last in chief.
Demographics
Guttannen has a population () of . , 7.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last year (2010-2011) the population has changed at a rate of -3.2%. Migration accounted for -3.9%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.3%.
Most of the population () speaks German (322 or 98.2%) as their first language, while one person speaks French and another speaks Romansh.
, the population was 49.4% male and 50.6% female. The population was made up of 145 Swiss men (46.8% of the population) and 8 (2.6%) non-Swiss men. There were 143 Swiss women (46.1%) and 14 (4.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 223 or about 68.0% were born in Guttannen and lived there in 2000. There were 60 or 18.3% who were born in the same canton, while 23 or 7.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 10 or 3.0% were born outside of Switzerland.
, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 19% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.7% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 22.3%.
, there were 126 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 178 married individuals, 19 widows or widowers and 5 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 34 households that consist of only one person and 12 households with five or more people. , a total of 118 apartments (76.1% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 21 apartments (13.5%) were seasonally occupied and 16 apartments (10.3%) were empty. In 2011, single family homes made up 57.5% of the total housing in the municipality.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Heritage sites of national significance
The Grimselstaumauer (Grimsel dam) and the associated Grimsel Pass hospice are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance.
Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 49.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (21.3%), the Green Party (10.5%) and the Social Democratic Party (SP) (8.3%). In the federal election, a total of 117 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 49.6%.
Economy
, Guttannen had an unemployment rate of 0.48%. , there were a total of 218 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 72 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 24 businesses involved in this sector. 58 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 6 businesses in this sector. 88 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 13 businesses in this sector. There were 172 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 39.0% of the workforce.
there were a total of 153 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 30, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 52 of which 7 or (13.5%) were in manufacturing and 5 (9.6%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 71. In the tertiary sector; 3 or 4.2% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 3 or 4.2% were in the movement and storage of goods, 54 or 76.1% were in a hotel or restaurant, 4 or 5.6% were in education.
, there were 12 workers who commuted into the municipality and 94 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 7.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 78 workers (86.7% of the 90 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Guttannen. Of the working population, 29.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 36.6% used a private car.
In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Guttannen making 150,000 CHF was 11.5%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 16.9%. For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide average was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively.
In 2009 there were a total of 134 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 32 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 3 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The greatest number of workers, 41, made between 50,000 and 75,000 CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Guttannen was 97,497 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF.
In 2011 a total of 1.0% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.
Religion
Guttannen is an evangelical-reformed parish.
From the , 282 or 86.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 19 or 5.8% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 2 individuals (or about 0.61% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Muslim. 7 (or about 2.13% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 17 individuals (or about 5.18% of the population) did not answer the question.
Climate
Between 1981 and 2010 Guttannen had an average of 152.2 days of rain or snow per year and on average received of precipitation. The wettest month was May during which time Guttannen received an average of of rain or snow. During this month there was precipitation for an average of 14.8 days. The month with the most days of precipitation was June, with an average of 15, but with only of rain or snow. The driest month of the year was October with an average of of precipitation over 10.4 days.
Education
In Guttannen about 55.6% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 8.4% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). A total of 16 Swiss men have completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census.
The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.
During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 31 students attending classes in Guttannen. There was one kindergarten class with a total of 6 students in the municipality. The municipality had 2 primary classes and 25 students. Of the primary students, 16.0% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 8.0% have a different mother language than the classroom language.
, there were a total of 21 students living in and attending school in the municipality, while 15 students from Guttannen attended schools outside the municipality.
References
External links
Municipalities of the canton of Bern
Bernese Oberland
Oberhasli
Populated places on the Aare
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Bern |
4045382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20the%20Transfiguration%2C%20Episcopal%20%28Manhattan%29 | Church of the Transfiguration, Episcopal (Manhattan) | The Church of the Transfiguration, also known as the Little Church Around the Corner, is an Episcopal parish church located at 1 East 29th Street, between Madison and Fifth Avenues in the NoMad neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. The congregation was founded in 1848 by George Hendric Houghton and worshiped in a home at 48 East 29th Street until the church was built and consecrated in 1849.
The church was designed in the early English Neo-Gothic style; the architect has not been identified. The sanctuary is set back from the street behind a garden which creates a facsimile of the English countryside and which has long been an oasis for New Yorkers, who relax in the garden, pray in the chapel, or enjoy free weekday concerts in the main church. The complex has grown somewhat haphazardly over the years, and for this reason it is sometimes called the "Holy Cucumber Vine". The sanctuary had a guildhall, transepts, and a tower added to it in 1852, and the lych-gate, designed by Frederick Clarke Withers, was built in 1896. Chapels were added in 1906 (lady chapel) and 1908 (mortuary chapel). The Edwin Booth memorial stained glass window (1898) is by John LaFarge. Other stained glass windows are by Karl Stecher.
In 1967, the church was designated a New York City landmark, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
Early years
The church has been a leader of the Anglo-Catholic movement within the Episcopal Church from its founding. While this movement is often associated with elaborate worship, it also has stressed service to the poor and oppressed from its earliest days. In 1863, during the Civil War Draft Riots, Houghton gave sanctuary to African Americans who were under attack, filling up the church's sanctuary, schoolroom, library and vestry. When rioters showed up at the church, Houghton turned them away and dispersed them by saying, "You white devils, you! Do you know nothing of the spirit of Christ?"
Ties to the theater
Actors were among the social outcasts whom Houghton befriended. In 1870, William T. Sabine, the rector of the nearby Church of the Atonement, which is no longer extant, refused to conduct funeral services for an actor named George Holland, suggesting, "I believe there is a little church around the corner where they do that sort of thing." Joseph Jefferson, a fellow actor who was trying to arrange Holland's burial, exclaimed, "If that be so, God bless the little church around the corner!" and the church began a longstanding association with the theater.
P. G. Wodehouse, when living in Greenwich Village as a young writer of novels and lyrics for musicals, married his wife Ethel at the Little Church in September 1914. Subsequently, Wodehouse would set most of his fictionalized weddings at the church; and the hit musical Sally that he wrote with Jerome Kern and Guy Bolton ended with the company singing, in tribute to the Bohemian congregation: "Dear little, dear little Church 'Round the Corner / Where so many lives have begun, / Where folks without money see nothing that's funny / In two living cheaper than one."
In 1923, the Episcopal Actors' Guild held its first meeting at Transfiguration. Such theatrical greats as Basil Rathbone, Tallulah Bankhead, Peggy Wood, Joan Fontaine, Rex Harrison, Barnard Hughes, and Charlton Heston have served as officers or council members of the guild. The Little Church's association with the theatre continued in the 1970s, when it hosted the Joseph Jefferson Theatre Company, which gave starts to actors such as Armand Assante, Tom Hulce, and Rhea Perlman.
As well as being a guild officer, Sir Rex Harrison was memorialized at the church upon his death in 1990. Maggie Smith, Brendan Gill, and Harrison's sons, Carey and Noel, spoke at the service.
Recent history
The Little Church Around the Corner is known for the long service of its rectors: in the 150 years from its founding to 1998, there were only five. The Reverend Jackson Harvelle Randolph Ray (June 11, 1886 – June 1963), for instance, was rector from 1923 to 1963. The parish is currently under the rectorate of Father John David van Dooren, who was called as rector in 2017.
Music program
The church has long been associated with a program of free music performances. The Anglican tradition of a men's and boys' choir has been maintained with special music for concerts and summer services provided by a choir of mixed voices. In 1988, the Arnold Schwartz Memorial organ, a new tracker pipe organ, was built and installed at the church by C. B. Fisk, Inc.
In popular culture
A key scene—a wedding between characters played by Neil Hamilton and Mary Brian—in the 1925 Herbert Brenon–directed silent film The Street of Forgotten Men was shot at the church.
The church is alluded to at least twice in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake, as "tin choorch round the coroner" (67.13) and "ye litel church rond ye corner" (533.23–4).
In 1986, the church was featured in an episode of The Equalizer titled "Shades of Darkness".
In Woody Allen's Hannah and Her Sisters, Allen attends a concert in the main sanctuary while attempting to convert to Catholicism.
Gallery
References
External links
Official website of the Little Church Around the Corner
Historical resources on the Church of the Transfiguration from Project Canterbury
The Anglican Musical Tradition - Church of the Transfiguration
Ship of Fools - Mystery Worshipper
Find A Grave lists notable persons in the church's Columbarium
Churches completed in 1849
Gothic Revival church buildings in New York City
Anglo-Catholic church buildings in the United States
Churches in Manhattan
Episcopal church buildings in New York City
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
Murray Hill, Manhattan
Church of the Transfiguration
Religious organizations established in 1848
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
1848 establishments in New York (state) |
5382672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20rockabilly%20musicians | List of rockabilly musicians | This is a list of musicians who have played rockabilly. For a list of psychobilly musicians, see list of psychobilly bands.
0–9
The 5.6.7.8's
A
Ace Andres
Hasil Adkins
Ace and the Ragers
Amazing Royal Crowns
B
Smokey Joe Baugh
Tommy Blake
Eddie Bond
Bonnie Lou
Jimmy Bowen
Sonny Burgess
Johnny Burnette
The Blasters
Rocky Burnette
The Baseballs
Drake Bell
Boz Boorer
Billy Burnette
C
Ray Campi
Johnny Carroll
Johnny Cash
Crazy Cavan and the Rhythm Rockers
Sanford Clark
Joe Clay
Eddie Cochran
The Collins Kids
Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen
Creedence Clearwater Revival
Crash Craddock
Mac Curtis
Sonny Curtis
The Chop Tops
Cigar Store Indians
D
Ronnie Dawson
Jesse Dayton
Mike Deasy
Deke Dickerson
Al Downing
E
Duane Eddy
Dave Edmunds
The Everly Brothers
F
Werly Fairburn
Charlie Feathers
Narvel Felts
Sonny Fisher
Eddie Fontaine
The Four Aces
Billy Fury
Flat Duo Jets
Tav Falco
Rosie Flores
G
Glen Glenn
Danny Gatton
Robert Gordon
H
Buddy Harman
Bill Haley
Hardrock Gunter
Dale Hawkins
Ronnie Hawkins
Mickey Hawks
Dave Hawley
Roy Head
Eric Heatherly
Buddy Holly
The Honeydrippers
Johnny Horton
The Head Cat
Heavy Trash
George Hamilton IV
I
James Intveld
Chris Isaak
J
Roddy Jackson
Wanda Jackson
Jackslacks
Juke Joint Gamblers
Jason & the Scorchers
The Jets
Jimmy and the Mustangs
K
Buddy Knox
L
Sleepy LaBeef
Gene Lamarr
Brenda Lee
Jerry Lee Lewis
Margaret Lewis
Jim Lowe
Nick Lowe
Lyle Lovett
Bob Luman
The Lucky Bullets
Legendary Shack Shakers
The Living End
Lone Justice
M
Janis Martin
Matchbox
Imelda May
JD McPherson
Lonnie Mack
Carl Mann
Grady Martin
Clinton Miller
Bob Moore
Sparkle Moore
Roy Moss
Keith O'Conner Murphy
N
Ricky Nelson
Steve Nardella
Mojo Nixon
O
Roy Orbison
Buck Owens
P
Carl Perkins
Joe Poovey
Johnny Powers
Elvis Presley
The Phenomenauts
The Polecats
R
Marvin Rainwater
Jerry Reed
Jody Reynolds
Cliff Richard
Charlie Rich
Billy Lee Riley
Marty Robbins
Rattled Roosters
The Reverend Horton Heat
Lee Rocker
The RockTigers
Skid Roper
Dexter Romweber
The Razorbacks
Red Hot and Blue
The Rockats
Rockpile
Royal Teens
Jane Rose
S
Jack Scott
Ronnie Self
Brian Setzer
Del Shannon
Jumpin' Gene Simmons
Ray Smith
Warren Smith
Sonny and his Wild Cows
Bobby Sowell
Gene Summers
Dan Sartain
Southern Culture on the Skids
Shakin Stevens
Stray Cats
Billy Swan
Marty Stuart
T
Tom Tall
Vernon Taylor
Vince Taylor
The Thirsty Crows
Hayden Thompson
Tommy & The Tom Toms aka The Bill Smith Combo
Conway Twitty
Tiger Army
V
Gene Vincent
Volbeat
W
Marty Wilde
Hank Williams
Link Wray
Y
The Young Werewolves
Dwight Yoakam
Malcolm Yelvington
Neil Young and the Shocking Pinks
Z
Eddie Zack
References
Rockabilly |
4045389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20highest-income%20urban%20areas%20in%20the%20United%20States | List of highest-income urban areas in the United States | The following is a list of the highest-income urban areas in the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau defines two types of urban areas. They are listed below, along with their Census definitions.
Urbanized Area (UA), an area consisting of a central place(s) and adjacent territory with a general population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile of land area that together have a minimum residential population of at least 50,000 people. The Census Bureau uses published criteria to determine the qualification and boundaries of UAs.
Urban Cluster (UC), a densely settled territory that has at least 2,500 people but fewer than 50,000.
Urban areas ranked by per capita income
Urban areas of any population
Urban areas with at least 100,000 inhabitants
Sources
Statistics derived from U.S. Census Bureau data; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business; and DataQuick Information Systems, a public records database company located in La Jolla, San Diego, CA.
References
United States demography-related lists
Income in the United States |
5382684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazle%20Hasan%20Abed | Fazle Hasan Abed | Sir Fazle Hasan Abed (27 April 1936 – 20 December 2019) was the founder of BRAC, one of the world's largest non-governmental organizations.
Sir Fazle was honored with numerous national and international awards for his contributions in social development, including the Yidan Prize (2019), LEGO Prize (2018), Laudato Si' Award (2017), Thomas Francis, Jr Medal in Global Public Health (2016), World Food Prize (2015), Spanish Order of Civil Merit (2014), Leo Tolstoy International Gold Medal (2014), WISE Prize for Education (2011) among others.
In both 2014 and 2017, he was named in Fortune's List of the World's 50 Greatest Leaders. He was also recognized by Ashoka as one of the 'global greats' and was a founding member of its Global Academy for Social Entrepreneurship. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 2010 New Year Honours for services in tackling poverty and empowering the poor in Bangladesh and globally.
The many honorary degrees he received include those from Princeton University (2014), the University of Oxford (2009), Columbia University (2008) and Yale University (2007).
In an interview for the Creating Emerging Markets project at the Harvard Business School, Abed revealed his strong belief that businesses can positively impact society, that "you can do good also by doing business."
In August 2019, Abed retired as the chairperson of BRAC Bangladesh and BRAC International, and became chair emeritus.
Early life
Abed was born on 27 April 1936 in the village of Baniachong, located in what is present-day Habiganj District, Sylhet, Bangladesh. He belonged to a Bengali Muslim family of Zamindars, known as the Hasan family, and was one of eight children of Siddiq Hasan and Syeda Sufia Khatun. Abed's maternal grandfather, Syed Moazzem Uddin Hossain, had served successively as ministers for agriculture and education for Bengal during the last years of British rule. His paternal great-uncle was Sir Syed Shamsul Huda, a member of the Imperial Legislative Council.
After passing intermediate from Dhaka College in 1954, Abed left home at the age of 18 to attend University of Glasgow, where, in an effort to break away from tradition and do something radically different, he studied naval architecture. He realized there was little work in ship building in East Pakistan and a career in Naval Architecture would make returning home difficult. With that in mind, Abed joined the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants in London, completing his professional education in 1962.
Abed returned to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) to join Shell Oil Company and quickly rose to head its finance division. His time at Shell exposed Abed to the inner workings of a large conglomerate and provided him with insight into corporate management, which would become invaluable to him later in life.
It was during his time at Shell that the devastating cyclone of 1970 hit the south and south-eastern coastal regions of the country, killing 300,000 people. The cyclone had a profound effect on Abed. In the face of such devastation, he said the comforts and perks of a corporate executive's life ceased to have any attraction for him. Together with friends, Abed created HELP, an organisation that provided relief and rehabilitation to the worst affected in the island of Manpura, which had lost three-quarters of its population in the disaster.
Soon after, Bangladesh's own struggle for independence from Pakistan began and circumstances forced Abed to leave the country. He found refuge in the United Kingdom, where he set up Action Bangladesh to lobby the governments of Europe for his country's independence.
Formation of BRAC
When the Bangladesh Liberation War ended in December 1971, Abed sold his flat in London and returned to the newly independent Bangladesh. Hundreds of refugees who had sought shelter in India during the war had started to return home, and their relief and rehabilitation called for urgent efforts. Abed decided to use the funds he had generated from selling his flat to initiate an organisation to deal with the long-term task of improving the living conditions of the rural poor. He selected the remote region of Sulla in northeastern Bangladesh to start his work, and this work led to the non-governmental organisation known as BRAC in 1972.
BRAC grew to become one of the largest development organisations in the world in terms of the scale and diversity of its interventions. The organization now operates in all 64 districts of Bangladesh through development interventions that range from education, healthcare, microfinance, skills, human rights, agriculture and enterprise development. In 2002, BRAC went international by taking its range of development interventions to Afghanistan. Since then, BRAC has expanded to a total of 10 countries across Asia and Africa, successfully adapting its unique integrated development model across varying geographic and socioeconomic contexts. It is now considered to be the largest non-profit in the world – both by employees and people served.
Professional positions
Abed held the following positions:
1972–2001 – Executive Director, BRAC
1981–1982 – Visiting Scholar, Harvard Institute of International Development, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
1982–1986 – Senior Fellow, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS).
1982–1986 – Member, Board of Trustees, BIDS.
1982–1986 – Chairperson, Association of Development Agencies in Bangladesh (ADAB).
1986–1991 – Member, World Bank NGO Committee, Geneva, Switzerland.
1987–1990 – Chairperson, South Asia Partnership.
1987–1990 – Member, International Commission on Health Research for Development, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
1990–2009 – Chairperson, 'Campaign for Popular Education' (CAMPE), an NGO network on education.
1992–1993 – Member, Independent South Asian Commission on Poverty Alleviation
1992–2009 – Chairperson, NGO Forum for Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation
1993–2011 – Chairperson, Ain O Salish Kendra (ASK), a human rights organisation
1994–2019 – Member, Board of Trustees, Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD), Dhaka
1998–2004 – Member, Board of Governors, Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Sussex University, UK
1998–2005 – Member, Policy Advisory Group, The Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest (CGAP), The World Bank, Washington, DC.
1999–2005 – Member, Board of Governors, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Banos, Philippines.
2000–2005 – Chair, Finance & Audit Committee, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Banos, Philippines.
2000–2019 – Chairperson, Governing Body, BRAC.
2001–2008 – Chairperson, Board of Directors, BRAC Bank Limited.
2001–2019 – Chairperson, Board of Trustees, BRAC University.
2002–2008 – Global Chairperson, International Network of Alternative Financial Institutions (INAFI) International.
2005–2019 – Commissioner, UN Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor (CLEP)
2010–2011 – UN Secretary General's Group of Eminent Persons for Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
2012–2019 – Member, UN Secretary General's Lead Group of the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement
2015–2015 – Chairperson, Board of Directors, BRAC Saajan Exchange Limited
2015–2019 – Chairperson, Advisory Board, Bengal Institute for Architecture, Landscapes and Settlements.
Awards
The Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership, 1980
The Alan Shawn Feinstein World Hunger Award, 1990
The Maurice Pate Award by UNICEF, 1992
The Olof Palme Prize, 2001
The Social Entrepreneurship Award by the Schwab Foundation, 2002
The International Activist Award by the Gleitsman Foundation, 2003
The UNDP Mahbub ul Haq Award, 2004
The Henry R. Kravis Prize in Nonprofit Leadership, 2007
The Inaugural Clinton Global Citizen Award, 2007
Palli Karma Shahayak Foundation (PKSF) Lifetime Achievement in Social Development and Poverty Alleviation, 2007
The David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Award, 2008
Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), 2010
The WISE Prize for Education, 2011
Open Society Prize, 2013
Leo Tolstoy International Gold Medal by The Russian Children Foundation (RDF), 2014
World Food Prize, 2015
Thomas Francis, Jr. Medal in Global Public Health, 2016
Jose Edgardo Campos Collaborative Leadership Award 2016 (South Asian Region), 2017
Laudato Si' Award (Institution Category), 2017
LEGO Prize, 2018
Yidan Prize, 2019
Honorary degrees
1994 – Honorary Doctorate of Laws, Queen's University, Canada
2003 – Honorary Doctorate of Education, University of Manchester, UK
2007 – Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, Yale University, US
2008 – Honorary Doctorate of Laws, Columbia University, US
2009 – Honorary Doctorate of Letters, University of Oxford, UK
2009 – Honorary Doctorate in Humane letters, Rikkyo University, Japan
2010 – Honorary degree of Doctor of Laws, University of Bath, UK
2012 – Doctor of Laws honoris causa, University of Manchester, UK
2014 – Honorary Degree of Doctor of Civil Law, Sewanee: The University of the South, US
2014 – Honorary Doctor of Laws, Princeton University, US
2016 – Honorary Degree of Doctor of Education, University of Bradford, UK
Death
He was admitted to the hospital in late November 2019 on account of breathing problems and physical weakness. He died at the Apollo Hospital (now Evercare Hospital Dhaka) in the capital on Friday, 20 December 2019. He was undergoing treatment for a malignant brain tumor. At the time of his death, he was 83 years old. He is survived by a wife, a daughter, a son and three grandchildren.
References
1936 births
2019 deaths
Bangladeshi emigrants to England
Bangladeshi social workers
Olof Palme Prize laureates
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Ashoka Bangladesh Fellows
Bangladeshi knights
Bengali knights
Dhaka College alumni
Honorary Fellows of Bangla Academy
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Baniachong Upazila
21st-century Bengalis
20th-century Bengalis
Agriculture and food award winners |
5382697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIA. | MIA. | MIA. (alternative spelling: Mia.) is a German punk/new wave/rock/pop band from Berlin.
Biography
MIA. originally formed in 1997 when TV host Sarah Kuttner introduced schoolmates Mieze Katz (real name Maria Mummert) and Andreas Ross (who later changed his name to Andy Penn) to Robert Schütze and Ingo Puls. They took on Hannes Schulze as drummer and one year later the band, then called Me in Affairs, signed a contract with newly formed independent music label R.O.T. (Respect or Tolerate). They soon abbreviated their band name to MIA., but now claim the letters do no longer stand just for Me in Affairs, but also for things like "Musik ist Alles" ("Music is everything") and that there is no such thing as a "correct" translation of their name.
In 1999, the band released its first single "Sugar My Skin" on major label BMG, but due to artistic differences the members soon asked to be released from that contract. In 2001 they followed up with their second single "Factory City". At the same time Gunnar Spies replaced Hannes Schulze, who had left the group due to private reasons. Afterwards MIA. released their debut album Hieb & StichFEST via Sony Music, which had moderate success in Germany.
2003 saw the band being heavily criticized for their song "Was es ist" ("What it is"), released on an EP of the same title. The lyrics, based on a reference to Erich Fried's 1983 love poem of the same name, featured romantic references to Germany and the colours of the German flag, topics that due to Germany's difficult history, especially the 'Third Reich'-era, many political leftists and especially Anti-Germans consider forbidden territory. MIA. claim the song was meant to provoke a discussion about Germany as a home and as a place to change and design. Furthermore, they consider themselves politically on the left.
In 2004, the band went on with its second album Stille Post. The longplayer spawned three singles, including "Hungriges Herz" ("Hungry Heart"), which was chosen for the German pre-selection of the Eurovision Song Contest and reached number 24 on the official Singles Chart. The album simultaneously peaked at number 13 on the Album 100 and was eventually certified with gold.
Their third album Zirkus was released on 21 July 2006. It entered and peaked the German album charts at number 2, making it a surprise hit for the band and MIA.'s most successful album so far. The first single from the album, "Tanz der Moleküle" ("Dance of the Molecules") had previously entered the charts at number 19 and remained in the German top 100 for 33 weeks, making it the group's most successful single to that point.
In early 2007, MIA. competed in the Bundesvision Song Contest with their single "Zirkus" and came in fourth place.
On 7 July 2007, MIA. performed at the German leg of Live Earth in Hamburg.
During a live appearance in Bonn on 19 April 2008, the band introduced their new song "Mein Freund" ("My Friend"). It was the first single from their fourth album Willkommen im Club (Welcome to the Club) released in September and debuting at number 4 on the German album charts. According to newspaper reports, the band also planned to release that album in an English-language version, which, however, never happened.
In the summer of 2009, the band announced during an interview with their official fan club that they would take a year-long break from touring, writing, and recording, beginning 6 September. Upon their return they wrote and recorded a fifth studio album, Tacheles, which they announced in late 2011 and published in March 2012. Ingo Puls left MIA. in 2011 due to undisclosed reasons while the rest of the band was working on the album. The first single from the album, "Fallschirm" ("Parachute") entered the charts at number 11, the highest chart position for any MIA. single so far.
Other activities by band members
Guitarist Andy Penn also has a solo career playing electronic music under the pseudonym TimTim. He released an album called "Let's Pretend We're Going" in 2003 and remixed songs for bands he or MIA. are friends with (such as Wir sind Helden, Virginia Jetzt! or Delbo). Lately he has remixed mostly MIA.'s own songs.
Except for Robert Schütze, all members of the band have appeared as musicians on releases by other artists, e.g. Mieze Katz as a back-up singer with Virginia Jetzt! on their album Wer hat Angst for Virginia Jetzt! or in a duet with Fettes Brot in their song "Das traurigste Mädchen der Stadt", Andy Penn as a guitarist on the track "A Pointless Life" by Tok Tok vs. Soffy O., Ingo Puls as a horn player on the album Von hier an blind by Wir sind Helden, and Gunnar Spies as a drummer on Elke Brauweiler's album Twist à Saint Tropez.
Mieze Katz, Andi Penn and Robert Schütze appeared as extras in 2002 movie Führer Ex. The band also contributed three songs to the film's soundtrack.
Mieze Katz sings the German version of the title theme for animated series Ruby Gloom.
Mieze Katz is a jury member of season 11 of Deutschland sucht den Superstar.
Discography
Albums
Hieb & StichFEST (2002)
Stille Post (2004, rereleased later that year as a limited special edition with remixes and a DVD)
Zirkus (2006, rereleased in 2007 as a special edition with videos and bonus features in an enhanced CD part)
Willkommen im Club (2008)
Tacheles (2012)
Biste Mode (2015)
Limbo (2020)
Singles
References
External links
Official website (mostly in German)
Official fanclub (in German)
Musical groups from Berlin
Participants in the Bundesvision Song Contest
German pop music groups
German rock music groups |
5382702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue%20Act%20of%201928 | Revenue Act of 1928 | The Revenue Act of 1928 (May 29, 1928, ch. 852, 45 Stat. 791), formerly codified in part at 26 U.S.C. sec. 22(a), is a statute enacted by the 70th United States Congress in 1928 regarding tax policy.
Section 605 of the Act provides that "In case a regulation or Treasury decision relating to the internal revenue laws is amended by a subsequent regulation or Treasury decision, made by the Secretary or by the Commissioner with the approval of the Secretary, such subsequent regulation or Treasury decision may, with the approval of the Secretary, be applied without retroactive effect." (as cited in Helvering v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., )
Tax on Corporations
A rate of 12 percent was levied on the net income of corporations.
Tax on Individuals
A normal tax and a surtax were levied against the net income of individuals as shown in the following table:
Joint Committee on Taxation
In the Revenue Act of 1928, the Joint Committee's authority was extended to the review of all refunds or credits of any income, war-profits, excess-profits, or estate or gift tax in excess of $75,000. In addition, the Act required the Joint Committee to make an annual report to Congress with respect to such refunds and credits, including the names of all persons and corporations to whom amounts are credited or payments are made, together with the amounts credit or paid to each.
Since 1928, the threshold for review of large tax refunds has been increased from $75,000 to $2 million in various steps and the taxes to which such review applies has been expanded. Other than that, the Joint Committee's responsibilities under the Internal Revenue Code have remained essentially unchanged since 1928.
References
70th United States Congress
United States federal taxation legislation
1928 in law
Presidency of Calvin Coolidge |
5382719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl%20Authority%20%28album%29 | Girl Authority (album) | Girl Authority is the debut cover album by pop girl group Girl Authority. The album is a cover album of previous hit songs by other female solo singers and girl groups, with the exception of two songs, originally recorded by Smokey Robinson & the Miracles and ABBA. The album peaked at No. 167 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, No. 9 on the Billboard Top Kid Audio chart (a chart that records sales of children's music albums)and No. 5 on their Top Heatseekers chart.
Track listing
"Hollaback Girl" – 3:21 (Hugo, Stefani, Williams) (Gwen Stefani)
"Hit Me with Your Best Shot" – 2:58 (Schwartz) (Pat Benatar)
"Material Girl" – 3:51 (Brown, Rans) (Madonna)
"Pon de Replay" – 3:39 (Brooks, Nobles, Rogers, Sturken)
"Beautiful" (Perry)
"Don't Worry 'Bout a Thing" – 3:34 (Deere, Osborn)
"Dancing Queen" – 3:36 (Andersson, Anderson, Ulvaeus)
"Get the Party Started" – 3:11 (Perry)
"Shop Around" – 3:18 (Gordy, Robinson)
"I Love Rock N' Roll" – 2:53 (Mamburg, Sachs) (Joan Jett)
"Karma" – 4:16 - (Augello, Brothers, Cook, Smith)
"Girls Just Want to Have Fun" – 3:35 (Hazard) (Cyndi Lauper)
"Leave (Get Out)" – 4:03 (Cantrall, Kenneth, Schack, White) (Jojo)
"Breakaway" (Benenate, Gerrard, Lavigne)
"We Got the Beat" – 2:32 (Caffey) (The Go Go's)
Critical response
Marisa Brown of AllMusic called the album "too much too bear", criticizing "the fact that many of the songs are thematically inappropriate for kids" and "the semi-talented yet extremely puerile interpretations, with the intermittent giggling and nasally tag-team-like vocals".
References
Girl Authority albums
2006 debut albums
Covers albums
Zoë Records albums |
5382730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Carentan | Battle of Carentan | The Battle of Carentan was an engagement in World War II between airborne forces of the United States Army and the German Wehrmacht during the Battle of Normandy. The battle took place between 6 and 13 June 1944, on the approaches to and within the town of Carentan, France.
The objective of the attacking American forces was consolidation of the U.S. beachheads (Utah Beach and Omaha Beach) and establishment of a continuous defensive line against expected German counterattacks. The defending German force attempted to hold the town long enough to allow reinforcements en route from the south to arrive, prevent or delay the merging of the lodgments, and keep the U.S. First Army from launching an attack towards Lessay-Périers that would cut off the Cotentin Peninsula.
Carentan was defended by two battalions of Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 6 (6th Parachute Regiment) of the 2nd Fallschirmjäger-Division. The 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division, ordered to reinforce Carentan, was delayed by transport shortages and attacks by Allied aircraft. The attacking 101st Airborne Division, landed by parachute on 6 June as part of the American airborne landings in Normandy, was ordered to seize Carentan.
In the ensuing battle, the 101st forced passage across the causeway into Carentan on 10 and 11 June. A lack of ammunition forced the German forces to withdraw on 12 June. The 17th SS PzG Division counter-attacked the 101st Airborne on 13 June. Initially successful, its attack was thrown back by Combat Command A (CCA) of the U.S. 2nd Armored Division.
Background
Operation Overlord
On 6 June 1944, the Allies launched a massive and long-anticipated air and amphibious invasion of Normandy, codenamed Operation Overlord. The 101st Airborne Division paratroopers landed behind Utah Beach with the objective of blocking German reinforcements from attacking the flank of the U.S. VII Corps during its primary mission of seizing the port of Cherbourg. The glider troopers landed by glider and ships on 6 and 7 June.
Merging the American beachheads at Utah and Omaha Beach was a D-Day objective of the amphibious forces but was not achieved because of heavy German resistance at Omaha. Moreover, Allied intelligence believed that three German divisions were massing to drive a wedge between them. Supreme Allied Commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower inspected Omaha on 7 June and ordered a "concentrated effort" to make the linkup.
Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, senior American ground commander, ordered the original tactical plan be changed to make the top priority of U.S. operations the joining of the lodgments through Isigny and Carentan. VII Corps received the Carentan assignment and assigned the 101st Airborne Division, closest to the city, "the sole task of capturing Carentan."
Geography
Carentan is a port city located in Normandy, France, in the Douve River valley at the base of the Cotentin Peninsula. At the time of the Second World War, Carentan's civilian population was about four thousand. Four major highways and a railroad converged in the city, from Cherbourg to the northwest, Bayeux and Caen to the east, Saint-Lô to the southeast, and Coutances to the southwest.
The city is dominated by high ground to the southwest and southeast, all of which was under German control during the battle. Its other three approaches are bordered by watercourses: the Douve River to the west and north, a boat basin to the northeast, and the Vire-Taute Canal to the east. The Germans flooded much of the Douve River floodplain prior to the invasion, resulting in a marshland impassable to vehicles and difficult to cross by infantry, a tactic once used by Napoleon Bonaparte at the same location.
The highway from Saint Côme-du-Mont crossed the floodplain via a narrow 1 mile (2 km) long causeway having banks rising six to nine feet (2–3 m) above the marsh. Four bridges spanned the Douve and several tributaries along the causeway. Troops in the open under fire could find cover only by digging in on the sloping eastern bank of the causeway. In retreating from Saint Côme-du-Mont, the Germans had blown up Bridge No. 2 on the causeway and a portion of the railroad embankment as well.
Forces
Carentan was defended by two battalions of Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 6 (6th Parachute Regiment) of the 2nd Fallschirmjäger-Division, commanded by Oberst Friedrich von der Heydte, and remnants of 91 Air Landing Division's Grenadier-Regiment 1058. Both had escaped from nearby Saint Côme-du-Mont on 8 June when the village was captured by the 101st Airborne Division. II./FJR6 and III./FJR6 (2nd and 3rd Battalions, 6th Parachute Regiment) were still intact as fighting formations, but III./GR1058 had been nearly destroyed in three days of combat and was no longer effective as a unit.
The German LXXXIV Corps (84.Korps) reinforced the 6th Parachute Regiment (FJR6) with survivors of Grenadier-Regiment 914 (German 352nd Infantry Division) following its 9 June defeat at Isigny. Army Group B commander Field Marshal Erwin Rommel ordered von der Heydte to defend the town "to the last man."
The 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division stationed at Thouars, ostensibly a mechanized infantry division of the OKW Mobile Reserve but without tanks or adequate transport, was ordered on 7 June to move to Normandy following the Allied landings. However it was delayed by shortages of trucks and attacks by Allied aircraft that destroyed bridges over the Loire River and interdicted rail movements. Advance elements reached Angers on 9 June and Saint-Lô on 10 June, by which time Rommel's main concern was in preventing an attack westward from Carentan to cut off the Cotentin. The 38th Panzergrenadier Regiment formed a mobile battle group to resist V Corps units south of Isigny, and the 37th PzG-Rgt was sent to Carentan.
The 101st Airborne Division consolidated its forces in Normandy on 9 June. Its three parachute regiments (501st, 502nd, and 506th PIRs) had been badly scattered during their air drops, losing a significant number of men killed and missing as a result, and had suffered further casualties in taking Saint Côme-du-Mont. Its 327th Glider Infantry Regiment had landed largely at Utah Beach on D+1 (7 June) and except for its third battalion (the attached 1st Battalion, 401st GIR), had yet to engage in serious combat. Several units of the 327 did land by ship on D-Day. The 327 HQ Co Anti-Tank Platoon glided into France.
The 2nd Armored Division, part of the U.S. V Corps, had advanced off Omaha Beach to support the drive of the 175th Infantry Regiment (29th Division) to Isigny. Its Combat Command A (CCA), consisting of M4 Sherman tanks of the 2nd Battalion, 66th Armored Regiment and mechanized infantry of the 3rd Battalion, 41st Armored Infantry Regiment, was available as an armored force reserve for the 101st Airborne.
Battle
On 9 June the 101st finished consolidating, with the 502nd PIR guarding the right flank along the upper Douve River, the 506th PIR deployed across the Carentan highway, and the 327th GIR on the left in positions along the Douve River opposite Brévands. The 501st PIR was the division's reserve and guarding the left flank east of the 327.
Patrols and aerial reconnaissance of Carentan indicated that the town might be lightly defended, and a plan to capture the city by a double envelopment was contrived, using the 502nd PIR on the right and the 327th GIR on the left, scheduled to jump off just after midnight 10 June. The 502nd's mission was to force the bridges and capture high ground southwest of the town along the Périers highway (Hill 30) to block withdrawal. The 327th was to cross the Douve at Brévands, circle a mile to the east, and come in on the road west from Isigny to take the town.
Purple Heart Lane, 10 June
Leading the attack of the 502nd, the 3rd Battalion (3rd/502nd PIR) under Lt Col. Robert G. Cole found Bridge No. 2 (the Douve bridge) unrepaired and the engineers assigned to the task pinned down by fire from an 88mm gun. Cole sent his S-2, 1st Lt. Ralph B. Gehauf, with a patrol across the river in a small boat. They made their way to the last bridge, which they found blocked by a Belgian gate. The patrol was able to push the obstacle aside only 18 inches, just enough for one soldier at a time to negotiate. The patrol soon came under flare illumination, mortar, and machine gun fire and eventually returned at 05:30, when the attack was postponed. Most of the fire appeared to be coming from a large farmhouse () and a hedgerow on higher ground 250 yards to the right of the highway beyond Bridge No. 4.
The 327th GIR's 1st and 2nd Battalions crossed the Douve River during the early morning hours of 10 June. 1st Battalion received friendly fire casualties from US mortars during the crossing by rubber boat. Some units waded across the river. After reaching the east bank in the early daylight hours the 327th GIR swung south towards Catz. 1st Battalion attacked on the south side of the Isigny highway and 2nd Battalion was on the north side. With Company G in the 2nd Battalion lead, heavy casualties were received as they approached Carentan. G Company was placed in reserve and was attached to the 3d Battalion of the 327th (401). In the early daylight hours of the 11th, Company A of the 401st (3Bn) and Co G of the 327th attacked southward along the Bassin a Flot, again taking heavy casualties.
At 01:45 1st/327th GIR began crossing the footbridges over the lower Douve, and by 06:00, under cover of artillery fire, the entire regiment was across. It captured Brévands and began the three-mile (5 km) movement south and west. Company A of the 401st GIR, accompanied by the Division Assistant G-3, left the column and marched east toward Auville-sur-le-Vey to link up with the U.S. 29th Infantry Division. The 327th did not encounter serious opposition until it approached the bridges spanning the Vire-Taute Canal east of Carentan at 18:00. It went into the attack with two battalions on line and by midnight held the east bank.
The Douve bridge was still not repaired when 3rd/502d PIR returned at noon. The paratroopers used engineer materials at hand to improvise a footbridge and began their attack shortly after 13:00. Moving single file down the causeway and advancing by crouching and crawling, the point of the 400-man battalion reached Bridge No. 4 at about 16:00, with most of the unit past Bridge No. 3. Under artillery and mortar fire, and then sniper and machine gun fire as they got within range, casualties among the 3rd/502nd PIR became heavy. Nightfall ended the advance but not the casualties, when an attack at 23:30 by two low-flying German Ju 87 Stukas strafing the causeway killed 30 men and knocked I Company completely out of the battle. The severe casualties suffered by the 3rd/502d PIR, estimated at 67% of the original force, resulted in the nickname "Purple Heart Lane" applied to that portion of the Carentan-Sainte-Mère-Église highway.
Cole's charge, 11 June
During the night German fire subsided. Company H crept through the opening in the obstacle, and when it did not suffer any casualties, at 0400 Company G and the Headquarters Company followed, taking cover on both sides of the highway. Scouts in the point nearly reached the main farmhouse in the morning twilight when they were cut down by German fire. Lt. Col. Cole immediately called for artillery support, but the German fire did not cease. At 06:15, using a smoke screen for concealment, Lt Col. Cole ordered his executive officer, Major John P. Stopka, to pass word to the battalion that it would have to charge the German positions to eliminate them.
Using a whistle to signal the attack, Cole led a bayonet charge that overwhelmed the defenders in savage close combat, for which Cole was later awarded the Medal of Honor. At first only a small portion of the battalion, approximately 20 men, charged, but Stopka quickly followed with 50 more. The attack picked up impetus as the other paratroopers observed it in progress and joined it, crossing a ditch. Overrunning the empty farmhouse, men of Company H found many German paratroopers dug in along the hedgerow behind it. Companies H and G killed them with hand grenades and bayonets but at severe cost to themselves.
The survivors of 3rd/502nd PIR set up defensive positions and requested 1st Battalion 502nd PIR continue the attack. Lt Col. Patrick F. Cassidy's battalion, however, also took serious casualties from mortar fire and could only strengthen Lt Col. Cole's defensive line, taking up positions from the 3rd Battalion command post in the farmhouse to the highway. During a 2-hour truce at mid-day in which U.S. forces attempted to negotiate for removal of casualties, Company C 502nd moved forward from Bridge No. 4 into a cabbage patch between the second and third hedgerows. Company A 502nd moved up just behind Company C and extended its line across the highway. Fighting at the cabbage patch during the afternoon often took place at extremely close range with the contending forces on opposite sides of the same hedgerow.
Except for the noon truce, which FJR6 also used to resupply and reorganize, the American forces repelled repeated attacks. The final one nearly succeeded in overwhelming the 3rd/502nd PIR at 1830, gaining all but the final hedgerow between it and the Douve River. However, Lt Col. Cole's artillery officer, able to overcome jamming of his radio, called down a concentration of VII Corps Artillery so close that several Americans were also killed. The overwhelming violence of the 5-minute barrage rolled back the last German counterattack.
Patrols from the 327th had discovered a partially destroyed footbridge over the Vire-Taute Canal at the point where it connected with the Douve, northeast of the city. The bridge was repaired by 10:00, and a company each of the 2nd (Company G) and 3rd battalions (Company A 401) crossed and attacked down the forested banks of the boat basin (Bassin à Flot), but like the 502nd, were stopped a half-mile (1 km) short of Carentan by machine gun and mortar fires that artillery could not suppress.
FJR6, nearly out of ammunition, withdrew during the night, leaving only a small rear guard. A Luftwaffe parachute resupply drop that night seven miles (11 km) to the southwest arrived too late to help. The 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division (Generalmajor der Waffen-SS Werner Ostendorff), on the road toward Carentan since D-Day, had been delayed by air attack and lack of fuel. By nightfall on 11 June only a few advanced elements had reached the division's assembly areas.
Carentan captured, 12 June
To complete the capture of Carentan, Gen. Courtney Hodges of First Army created a task force under Gen. Anthony McAuliffe to coordinate the final assault. The mission to take Hill 30 was reassigned to the 506th PIR, the attack along the Bassin à Flot was renewed, and the 501st PIR was relieved of its defensive positions to circle behind the 327th GIR and approach Hill 30 from the east. The movements were covered by an all-night artillery bombardment of Carentan using naval gunfire, Corps artillery, 4.2-inch mortars, and tank destroyers that had joined the 327th GIR along the eastern canal.
Two battalions of the 506th moved down the Carentan causeway after dark, passed through the 2nd/502nd PIR at 02:00 on 12 June, and marched cross country to Hill 30 (the village of la Billonnerie), which they captured by 05:00. The 1st Battalion took up defensive positions facing south across the highway, while the 2nd Battalion was ordered north to attack the city. The 501st PIR during the night moved into position behind the 327th Glider Infantry, crossed the canal, and reached Hill 30 by 06:30.
At 06:00 Carentan was attacked from the north by 1st/401st GIR and the south by 2nd/506th PIR. Both units encountered machine gun fire from the rear guard, but the 2nd/506th was also sporadically shelled by artillery to the south of Carentan. Despite this, both units swiftly cleaned out the rear guard in a short fight near the railway station and advanced on the streets ending with the enemies' forces, then the US paratroopers met at 07:30 in the center of town after brief combat. The 1st/506th PIR engaged in more serious combat south of town when it had to rescue Col. Sink's command post, surrounded because it had pushed too far towards the German lines in the dark.
In the afternoon both the 506th and 501st advanced southwest but after a mile were stopped by heavy contacts with new German units including a few tanks. The 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division had intended to counterattack to retake Carentan, but its assault guns were held up in the assembly areas by Allied air attacks. Instead infantry units dug in on higher ground below the city and battled the paratroopers until dark.
Bloody Gulch, 13 June
At dawn on 13 June, the 101st Airborne was about to attack the German line when it was attacked by tanks and assault guns. Two battalions of the 37th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment, supported by the 17th SS Panzer Battalion and III./FJR6, struck hard at the 501st PIR on the American left, which fell back under heavy pressure. The left flank companies (Dog and Fox Companies) of the 506th then gave way, and by noon the spearheads of the German attack were within 500 yards of Carentan. However, Company E (Easy) of the 506th, commanded by 1st Lt. Richard D. Winters, anchored its right flank against a railroad embankment and held its position. Reinforced by the 2nd/502nd PIR taking position on its right, Easy Company slowed the German attack until American tanks could be brought up.
Reacting to an Ultra warning of the size and threat of the counterattack, Lieutenant General Bradley diverted CCA U.S. 2nd Armored Division (commanded by Brig. Gen. Maurice Rose and near Isigny sur mer) to Carentan at 10:30. At 14:00 CCA attacked, supported by the self-propelled howitzers of the 14th Armored Field Artillery Battalion. One task force of tanks and mechanized infantry surged down the road to Baupte in the 2nd/506th's area and shattered the main German thrust. A second task force drove back German forces along the Périers highway, inflicting heavy losses in men and equipment. CCA, followed by the 502nd PIR, then pushed west a mile beyond the original lines.
The counterattack became known anecdotally among the surviving paratroopers as the "Battle of Bloody Gulch".
See also
Band of Brothers, an HBO TV miniseries that portrays Company E, 506th PIR's role in the battle
Brothers in Arms: Road to Hill 30, a video game that is based on events during the battle
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
"The Mustang General" by Don R. Marsh memoir article of BG Maurice Rose at Carentan by his biographer, a 2AD veteran
U.S. Airborne in Cotentin Peninsula / D-Day Etat des Lieux. 101st Airborne Order of battle
Utah Beach to Cherbourg, "The Battle for Carentan (8–15 June)". United States Army Center of Military History history of the VII Corps attacks, published in 1948 and re-issued in 1990
Cross-Channel Attack, Chapter IX "The V Corps Lodgment" (7–18 june) United States Army Center of Military History history of the Normandy campaign published in 1951, and re-issued in 2002
Regimental Unit Study No. 3 "506th Parachute Infantry in Normandy Drop" . United States Army Center of Military History history by S.L.A. Marshall and the basis for his book Night Drop
"Battle to Control Carentan During World War II" John C. McManus, History Net
Operation Overlord
Battles of World War II involving Germany
Battles of World War II involving the United States
June 1944 events |
5382737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Lynn | Ann Lynn | Elizabeth Ann Lynn (7 November 1933 – 30 August 2020) was a British actress, especially prominent during the British New Wave of the 1960s, appearing in many films that represented what is known as Kitchen Sink Realism.
Lynn's career spanned 40 years and included roles in many British serials, including The Count of Monte Cristo (1956), The Vise (1959–1960), Danger Man (1965), The Saint, Gideon's Way (1965), Public Eye (1966), The Champions (episode: The Body Snatchers) (1969), Family at War (1972), Special Branch (1973), Just Good Friends, Minder and Only Fools And Horses.
Film
Lynn's films included Flame in the Streets (1961); Strongroom (1961); A Shot in the Dark (1964); Four in the Morning (1965); I'll Never Forget What's'isname (1967); Baby Love (1968); and Screamtime (1983), alongside Dora Bryan and Robin Bailey.
Personal life
Lynn was a grand niece of the comedy actor Ralph Lynn. She married Anthony Newley in August 1956. They divorced on 26 April 1963. Their only child, a son, was born with spina bifida and died while an infant.
Partial filmography
Johnny, You're Wanted (1956) – Chorine (uncredited)
Keep It Clean (1956) – Chorus Girl
Moment of Indiscretion (1958) – Pauline
Naked Fury (1959) – Stella
Piccadilly Third Stop (1960) – Mouse
The Wind of Change (1961) – Jose Marley
Strip Tease Murder (1961) – Rita
Flame in the Streets (1961) – Judy Gomez
The Secret Thread (1962) (TVM) - Ida
H.M.S. Defiant (1962) – Young wife whose husband is pressed (uncredited)
Strongroom (1962) – Rose Taylor
Doctor in Distress (1963) – Mrs. Whittaker
Espionage (TV series) ('Final Decision', episode) (1964) - Joanna
A Shot in the Dark (1964) – Dudu
The System (1964) – Ella
The Black Torment (1964) – Diane
The Party's Over (1965) – Libby
Four in the Morning (1965) – Girl
The Uncle (1965) – Sally Morton
I'll Never Forget What's'isname (1967) – Carla
Separation (1968) – Woman
Baby Love (1969) – Amy
The Love Machine (1971) – Model (uncredited)
The Spy's Wife (1972) – (uncredited)
The Other Side of the Underneath (1972)
Hitler: The Last Ten Days (1973) – Fraulein Junge
"Who Pays the Ferryman?" (1977) - Lorna Matthews
Screamtime (1983) – Lena
References
External links
1933 births
2020 deaths
English film actresses
English television actresses |
5382739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassili%20Samarsky-Bykhovets | Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets | Vasili Yevgrafovich Samarsky-Bykhovets (; 7 November 1803 – 31 May 1870) was a Russian mining engineer and the chief of Russian Mining Engineering Corps between 1845 and 1861. The mineral samarskite (samarskite-Y, samarskite-Yb and calciosamarskite), and chemical element samarium are named after him. He was the first person whose name was given to a chemical element.
Biography
Samarsky-Bykhovets was a highly decorated officer with an impeccable career list. Samarsky-Bykhovets was born in a noble family in the Tomsk Governorate, located in the Asian part of Russia beyond the Ural Mountains. He received military engineer education at the local Mining Cadet Corps, and after graduation in 1823 served in a military position at the Kolyvan-Resurrection plants and the associated mines in the Urals. In 1828, he was transferred to Saint Petersburg, where he consecutively assumed positions of an assistant in the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty, chief clerk of the Mining Department, senior aide, and staff officer in the Corps of Mining Engineers. In 1834, he was promoted to the rank of captain and in 1845 to colonel. The next year he was appointed as Chief of Staff of the Corps of Mining Engineers and remained in that position until 1861. While Chief of Staff, he began teaching at Saint Petersburg Mining Institute and eventually became a member of the scientific council there. He was promoted to Lieutenant General in 1860, and in 1861 became chairman of the Board of the Corps of Mining Engineers, and also chairman of the Commission on the Revision of the Mining Charter. He took a three-months sabbatical leave in 1862 to attend an international scientific exhibition in London, and died in 1870.
Relation to samarskite
Samarsky-Bykhovets himself was not involved in the studies of samarskite and samarium. As a mining official, he merely granted access to mineral samples from the Urals to the German mineralogist Gustav Rose and his brother Heinrich Rose. Gustav Rose in 1839 described a new mineral in those samples and named it uranotantalum believing that its composition is dominated by the chemical element tantalum. In 1846–47, his brother and colleague-mineralogist Heinrich Rose found the major component of the mineral to be niobium and suggested altering the name to avoid confusion. The newly chosen name samarskite acknowledged the role of Samarsky-Bykhovets in granting access to the mineral samples. Later, several lanthanide elements were isolated from this mineral, and one of them, samarium, was named after the mineral, once again honoring Samarsky-Bykhovets.
References
1803 births
1870 deaths
Mining engineers
Military personnel of the Russian Empire
Engineers from the Russian Empire
Rare earth scientists |
5382741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiter | Leiter | Leiter is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
A family of American baseball pitchers:
Al Leiter (born 1965), left-hander
Jack Leiter (born 2000), son of Al, right-hander
Mark Leiter (born 1963), brother of Al, right-hander
Mark Leiter Jr. (born 1991), son of Mark, right-hander
Brian Leiter, American philosopher and legal scholar
Felix Leiter, fictional character in the James Bond series
Ken Leiter, American ice hockey player
Levi Leiter, American businessman
Mark Leiter (US Businessman), Chief Strategy Officer at Nielsen
Michael Leiter, former director, National Counterterrorism Center
Saul Leiter, photographer and artist
See also
Leiter, Wyoming, a community in the United States
The Leiter Report, a report on university professors of philosophy edited by Brian Leiter
The Second Leiter Building, also known as the Sears Building, in Chicago
Leiter International Performance Scale, an intelligence test
Leite
Leitner
Gauleiter, an administrator (leader) of a gau (district) in pre-World War II Germany |
5382764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-David%20Morvan | Jean-David Morvan | Jean-David Morvan (born 28 November 1969 in Reims, Marne, France) is a French comics author.
Morvan studied arts at the Institut Saint-Luc in Brussels. Morvan started out as a comics artist, but soon realised that his true strength is storytelling, and so now he is best known as a comics writer. He resides in Reims, France.
His main series are Spirou et Fantasio, Sir Pyle and Merlin, all with José Luis Munuera, and Wake with Philippe Buchet. He has published more than 230 comics to date.
Awards
2002: nominated for the Youth Award (9-12 years) at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, France
2004: nominated for the Youth Award (9–12 years) at the Angoulême International Comics Festival
2006: Youth Award (9–12 years) at the Angoulême International Comics Festival
Νominated for Best Youth Comic at the Prix Saint-Michel, Brussels, Belgium
2007: Best Youth Comic at the Prix Saint-Michel
2008: nominated for Best Story at the Prix Saint-Michel
Notes
1969 births
Living people
Writers from Reims
French comics writers
Spirou et Fantasio
French male writers |
5382805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasid | Pegasid | Pegasid may represent:
Pegasids - a meteor shower in July seemingly coming out of the Pegasus constellation
Hot Jupiters - a class of exoplanets like the one around Pegasi 51 (51 Pegasi b)
Pegasidae - a scientific family of fishes
Pegasides - nymphs from Greek mythology
Pegasi - mythical winged horses primarily from Greek mythology
"Of Pegasus" - something originating from the mythical winged horse
Pegasid Muses - English translation of the origin of Muses |
5382814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20E.%20Orton | David E. Orton | David E. Orton (born 1955) is an American engineering executive and the CEO of GEO Semiconductor Inc.
Orton earned a BS in mathematics and economics at Wake Forest University, and a MS in electrical engineering from Duke University. He worked in the graphics and semiconductor industry as an engineer at Bell Laboratories in 1979 to 1983 and then General Electric through December 1988. He joined Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 1990, and was senior vice president of visual computing and advanced systems through 1999. In 1996 SGI bought Cray Research and Orton had to deal with merging the companies' overlapping technologies.
Orton joined ATI Technologies as a result of an acquisition of ArtX in April 2000, where he was president and CEO. ATI posted losses after the dot-com bubble collapsed, although losses were reduced by June 2001.
He was named CEO of ATI in March 2004.
Though ATI's principal location was in Markham, Ontario, Canada, Orton spent most of his time in California where he resided.
After the announced merger of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) with ATI on July 24, 2006, as ATI Technologies became a subsidiary of AMD, Orton became an executive vice-president of AMD, reporting to AMD CEO Hector Ruiz and COO Dirk Meyer. On July 10, 2007, AMD announced the resignation of Orton as executive vice president. One trade journalist rated Orton as the top of the "CEOs that went in 2007".
From 2007 to 2009, he served as CEO of the startup DSM Solutions. On July 15, 2009, Orton became the CEO of Aptina, a privately held image sensor company located in San Jose, California. He left Aptina in September 2012. He served on the board of directors of SuVolta.
References
External links
Photograph of David E. Orton
Living people
ATI Technologies
Advanced Micro Devices people
Silicon Graphics people
American technology chief executives
Duke University Pratt School of Engineering alumni
Wake Forest University alumni
1955 births |
5382816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittatinny%20Valley%20State%20Park | Kittatinny Valley State Park | Kittatinny Valley State Park is located in Andover Township and extends into Andover Borough, New Jersey. Features include Glacial lakes, limestone outcroppings, former railroads, and a small airport. Lake Aeroflex and Gardner's Pond form part of the headwaters of the Pequest River and are excellent for fishing and boating. The park is home to a variety of wildlife such as whitetail deer, wild turkeys, a variety of songbirds, beavers, muskrats, and squirrels. The park is operated and maintained by the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry.
Park programs
The park offers many different programs year-round for children and adults. Nature hikes, mountain bike rides and talks are conducted by the park staff/volunteers and are scheduled for each weekend. These include weekly walks, such as Wednesday Walkers, full moon hikes every full moon, and special hikes and programs throughout the year. The Slater House was built in 1874 by Charles K. Slater. Once the park administrative office, it now is the District 3 Headquarters of the New Jersey State Park Police.
Fishing
Lake Aeroflex (New Wawayanda Lake)
Lake Aeroflex, also known as New Wawayanda Lake, is in area and accessible via the shoreline or boat launch ramp. The New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife stocks Lake Aeroflex annually with brown and rainbow trout. Small boats may be carried by hand or small cart and launched from the shore. There is no motor vehicle access. The lake is designated a “holdover trout lake.” During the winter months, Lake Aeroflex is open for ice-fishing (conditions permitting).
Gardner’s Pond
Gardner's Pond is a pond that can be accessed through the small plane parking area of the Aeroflex–Andover Airport. Small boats may be carried by hand or small cart and launched from the shore. There is no motor vehicle access. During the winter months, Gardner's Pond is open for ice-fishing (conditions permitting).
Twin Lakes
Twin Lakes is a lake located off of Goodale Road in Andover Township. Fishermen can access the lake using the car-top boat launch or from the shoreline. During the winter months, Twin Lakes is open for ice-fishing (conditions permitting).
White's Pond
White's Pond is accessible from the Sussex Branch Trail or from Goodale Road and is open for shoreline fishing only. During the winter months, White's Pond is open for ice-fishing (conditions permitting).
Hunting
Hunting is permitted in specific areas within the park. There is no hunting allowed on or from the trails. Areas of the park to the west of Goodale Road and to the east of Limecrest Road are open for all hunting seasons. (Subject to rules and regulations of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection).
Picnicking
A limited number of picnic tables and grills are available near the parking area on Limecrest Road. Other picnic tables are scattered through the park.
Mountain biking
There are over eight miles (13 km) of rugged mountain bike trails available. Volunteers from the Bulldog Mountain Bike Team regularly maintain trails in preparation for mountain bike races held in the park each year. The terrain is varied enough to be challenging to both novice and expert riders. All trail ratings and descriptions are made by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection which oversees the State Park system.
Transportation
Aeroflex-Andover Airport, owned and managed by the New Jersey Forest Fire Service, is located within the park. It is both a general aviation airport and an airbase for aerial wildfire suppression.
Trails
Sussex Branch Trail
The Sussex Branch Trail passes through swamps, lakes, fields and several communities. Many features from its previous existence as a railroad can be exhibited. Among those features are graded fill areas, cuts through bedrock, underpasses that allowed the passage of farm equipment and dairy cattle from one side of the tracks to the other, and bridges crossing the Pequest River or Paulins Kill. The flat cinder base of the trail permits multiple uses including hiking, horseback riding, biking, cross-country skiing and dog sledding. The trail provides access for fishing and for wheelchairs in certain areas. The Sussex Branch Trail also crosses through Allamuchy Mountain State Park.
References
External links
Paulinskill Valley Trail Committee
Rails to Trails Conservancy
Bulldog Mountain Bike Team
NY-NJTC: "Great" Valley Sub-Region
State parks of New Jersey
Parks in Sussex County, New Jersey
Andover Township, New Jersey
Andover, New Jersey |
5382817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Holmqvist | Johan Holmqvist | Johan Erik Daniel Holmqvist (born May 24, 1978) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey goaltender, he most notably played in the National Hockey League and the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).
Playing career
He started his career in the Elitserien team Brynäs IF. He played for their senior team from 1996 to 2000, winning a Swedish championship in 1999. He then signed with the New York Rangers, who had drafted Holmqvist in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft (7th round/175 pick overall). Holmqvist played four NHL games for the Rangers between 2000 and 2003. Most of his time was spent with the Rangers' farm team Hartford Wolf Pack of the AHL.
On March 11, 2003, Holmqvist was traded to Minnesota Wild for Lawrence Nycholat. Holmqvist played the rest of the season with the Wild's farm team, the Houston Aeros of the AHL, and won the Jack A. Butterfield Trophy as MVP of the Calder Cup Playoffs as Houston won the league championship. The following season, 2003/04, he played with the Aeros. At the end of the season, he decided to move back to Sweden where signed with his former club, Brynäs IF.
He played with them for two seasons and then, on June 1, 2006, he signed with the Tampa Bay Lightning, an NHL club. He played with them for almost two years, putting up mixed numbers. He was traded at the 2008 trade deadline to the Dallas Stars along with Brad Richards for Mike Smith, Jeff Halpern and Jussi Jokinen. On July 23, 2008, he signed a contract with the Swedish club Frölunda HC.
International play
Holmqvist has represented Sweden in two World Championships, 2005 and 2006. He was Sweden's starting goaltender in 2006 and lead Sweden to their first gold medal in a World Championship since 1998, for which he was selected as the tournament's best goaltender.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Brynäs IF players
Charlotte Checkers (1993–2010) players
Dallas Stars players
Frölunda HC players
Hartford Wolf Pack players
Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players
New York Rangers draft picks
New York Rangers players
People from Tierp Municipality
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Swedish ice hockey goaltenders
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Tierps HK players
Sportspeople from Uppsala County |
5382830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn%20State%20Nittany%20Lions | Penn State Nittany Lions | The Penn State Nittany Lions are the athletic teams of Pennsylvania State University, except for the women's basketball team, known as the Lady Lions. The school colors are navy blue and white. The school mascot is the Nittany Lion. The intercollegiate athletics logo was commissioned in 1983.
Penn State participates as a member institution of the Big Ten Conference at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) level for most sports. Penn State is one of only 15 universities in the nation that plays Division I FBS football and Division I men's ice hockey. Two sports participate in different conferences because they are not sponsored by the Big Ten: men's volleyball in the Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (EIVA) and women's ice hockey in College Hockey America (CHA). The fencing teams operate as independents.
Penn State has finished in the top 25 in every NACDA Director's Cup final poll, a feat only matched by nine other institutions: Stanford, UCLA, USC, Florida, Ohio State, Texas, North Carolina, and Michigan. The NACDA Director's Cup is a list compiled by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics that charts institutions' overall success in college sports. Penn State's highest finish came in the 1998–1999 standings when the Nittany Lions finished 3rd. PSU finished in 5th place in the 2013–14 standings; it was the fifth time the program finished in the top 5 and the tenth time the program finished in the top 10.
Sports sponsored
Basketball
Men's basketball
Penn State's men's basketball program reached the Final Four once in 1954, though the best postseason finish in recent years occurred in 2001 with a trip to the Sweet Sixteen of the NCAA Tournament after a win over UNC in the round of 32. The most recent postseason championship for Penn State was the 2018 National Invitation Tournament on March 29, 2018. Penn State outscored Utah 82–66 to capture its second men's basketball national title in school history and its third postseason tournament title since winning the Atlantic-10 Tournament in 1991. The Nittany Lions lost in the first round of the 2011 NCAA Tournament, the team's most recent postseason appearance.
Notable alumni include: Frank Brickowski, John Amaechi, Calvin Booth, Mike Costello, Stanley Pringle, Geary Claxton, Jamelle Cornley, Lamar Stevens.
Micah Shrewsberry is the current coach.
Women's basketball
The Lady Lions, the Penn State women's basketball team and the only athletic team not known as "Nittany Lions," have had more success than their male counterparts, often gaining berths into the women's NCAA tournament, reaching the Final Four once in 2000. The Lady Lions have reached the NCAA tournament more than any other Big Ten team with 25 appearances as of 2014. The Lady Lions have won 8 Big Ten Regular Season Championships and 2 Big Ten Tournament Championships. The most recent postseason championship won by Penn State was the 1998 Women's National Invitation Tournament.
Carolyn Kieger is in her second season as head coach of the Lady Lions in 2020–21.
Cross country
The men's cross country team won NCAA titles in 1942, 1947 and 1950. Before the NCAA began sponsoring the cross country championship in 1938, and unlike today, the annual ICAAAA meet was a premier national championship event for track and field and cross country. The team won ICAAAA championships in 1926, 1927, 1928 and 1930. Penn State runners won the individual ICAAAA titles in 1920 (John Romig), 1927 and 1928 (William Cox, consecutively). PSU men also won ICAAAA team titles in 1950, 1951, 1960 and 2000, as well as individual crowns in 1938, 1946, 1987 and 2004.
Fencing
Penn State is a fencing powerhouse, winning a record 13 national championships in the sport since the NCAA began awarding titles in combined men's and women's fencing in 1990. The team finished as champion or runner-up in 21 of the first 25 years of the combined tournament. The program won 6 consecutive NCAA Championships from 1995 to 2000.
Emmanuil G. Kaidanov was the coach of the fencing squads during most of that period. The women's fencing team won national AIAW titles in 1980 and 1981, followed by an NCAA championship in 1983. The team recruits both nationally and throughout the globe and often has a number of highly touted international fencers.
Penn State Nittany Lions assistant fencing coach George G. Abashidze, after a United States Center for SafeSport investigation found he had committed sexual misconduct in 2017, was banned by USA Fencing for three years, prompting Penn State to terminate him in 2019. The woman who was the object of the misconduct sued Penn State in 2020, charging that it had tried to cover up the incident.
Field hockey
The women's field hockey team is coached by Char Morett, a former Penn State field hockey player herself and 1984 Olympic bronze medalist.
Penn State is one of the premier programs in the nation with 28 NCAA Tournament appearances, the third most in the nation. Since joining the Big Ten in 1992, the Nittany Lions have been dominant with more Big Ten Tournament titles than any other team and the second most regular season titles behind Michigan.
In 2007, the women's Field Hockey team reached the National Championship game, but fell to undefeated UNC, 3–0. In their tournament run, they were able to defeat two-time defending champion Maryland, 1–0, and defending national runner-up Wake Forest, 2–0. Jen Long was nominated for the Honda Award for her efforts. They also finished as NCAA runners-up in 2002, losing to Wake Forest in the title game 2–0 after defeating Old Dominion 3–2 in the semifinals. 2002 marked the first time Penn State reached the NCAA Finals and second time reaching the Final Four. The team won the AIAW national championships in 1980 and 1981. In 2011 the women's field hockey team won its fifth ever Big Ten title after defeating Michigan 3–2, and first since 1998 when they again defeated Michigan 3–1.
Football
Penn State has a large football following and attracts tens of thousands of visitors to its campus; the surrounding area is known as "Happy Valley" for tailgating and games on autumn Saturdays in Beaver Stadium. The largest crowd ever at Beaver Stadium was on October 21, 2017, as 110,823 people watched the Nittany Lions defeat the University of Michigan by a score of 42–13. The school has earned a reputation as "Linebacker U" for the number of high-quality linebackers trained. Joe Paterno was the head coach for the Nittany Lion football team from 1966 until he was fired on November 9, 2011, in the aftermath of the Penn State child sex abuse scandal. He was regarded as one of the most successful national coaches, holding the record for wins and bowl appearance. Penn State plays in two football "trophy games" with other members of the Big Ten: the Governor's Victory Bell with the University of Minnesota and the Land Grant Trophy game versus Michigan State University.
Prior to joining the Big Ten, Penn State was one of the strongest of the independent schools in college football. They played a number of schools regularly, including Pitt, Syracuse, West Virginia, Notre Dame, Maryland and Alabama. Penn State has won the prestigious Lambert-Meadowlands Trophy, awarded for Eastern football supremacy, a record 29 times as of 2013. Penn State has also been named the ECAC FBS Team of the Year for a record 13th time.
Penn State won consensus National Championships in 1982 and 1986, both under Coach Paterno. The 1986 team won by defeating the University of Miami in the 1987 Fiesta Bowl, which remains one of the most watched college football game in history. The school has had a number of other undefeated teams including 1909, 1911, 1912, 1920, 1921, 1947, 1968, 1969, 1973 and 1994, some of which have been awarded national championships Penn State currently has a FBS bowl record of 29–18–2.
Penn State is also among the leaders nationwide in terms of players advancing to the professional level. As of 2006, 29 former Penn State players and coaches were on the rosters of NFL teams, the tenth-highest such placement rate in the country. Penn State has been represented in at least one of the teams participating in the Super Bowl 37 of the 41 times the championship game has been played.
A recent report indicated that Penn State's football program ranks 12th nationwide in terms of economic contributions to each program's university, athletic department, conference, and community. The report, based on ticket sales, sponsorships, football program expenses, athletic department expenses (non-football), shared conference profits, and county revenue figures during home football games, revealed that the Nittany Lions are presently worth roughly US$63 million.
In July 2012, the NCAA announced several punitive measures as a result of the Penn State child sex abuse scandal. In addition to vacating all wins between 1998 and 2011, Penn State was banned from post-season play for four years, and the number of scholarships was reduced. Players were free to transfer during the 2012 season without sitting out a year, but few did so. After details of the case emerged, the NCAA restored all vacated wins and rescinded both the remaining ban on post-season play and scholarship reduction.
Gymnastics
In 2007, the men's gymnastics team won their NCAA record 14th national championship, by defeating powerhouse Oklahoma at Rec Hall, with the score of 221.000–220.200, denying them a threepeat. The women's team won the AIAW national championship twice, in 1978 and 1980, edging out other dominant teams like Cal State-Fullerton and Utah.
Ice hockey
Men's ice hockey
Aside from five years in the 1940s, the men's ice hockey program has had varsity status since the 2012–13 season. The team plays in the Pegula Ice Arena and competed as an independent Division I team in the 2012–2013 season. In the 2013–2014 season, the team began play in the Big Ten conference's first year of sponsorship of men's ice hockey. Recently, the team achieved the number one ranking in Division I men's hockey for the first time in program history.
Before becoming a varsity program, the men's ice hockey team, the Icers, competed at the American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) Men's Division I level and was a member of the Eastern States Collegiate Hockey League (ESCHL) from 2007–08 through 2010–11. Penn State won seven ACHA DI National Championships in 1984, 1990, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003. The Division II men's hockey club team were champions of the University Hockey League during the 2003–04 and 2001–02 seasons; they were runners-up during the 2002–03, 2000–01, and 1998–99 seasons.
Women's ice hockey
The women's program moved to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level beginning in the 2012–13 season and joined College Hockey America, becoming the fifth member of the conference. The team also plays in the Pegula Ice Arena.
Before becoming a varsity program, the women's ice hockey team, the Lady Icers, competed at the ACHA Women's Division I level in the Eastern Collegiate Women's Hockey League (ECWHL).
Lacrosse
The Penn State women's lacrosse teams have won two NCAA titles, in addition to three United States Women's Lacrosse Association championships in 1978, 1979 and 1980.
The Penn State men's lacrosse team dates to 1913 and made recent headlines with their hiring of Cornell coach Jeff Tambroni. Penn State has appeared in four NCAA Men's Lacrosse Championship tournaments, including in 2003, 2005, 2013, and 2017.
Penn State has had seven alumni and coaches inducted into the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame, including Mary McCarthy Stefano, Gillian D. Rattray, Barb Jordan, Betsy Williams Dougherty, Candace "Candy" Finn Rocha, Joanne Connelly and Thomas R. Hayes.
Soccer
Men's soccer
Before the NCAA began its tournament in 1959, the annual national champion was declared by the Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association from 1926 to 1958, the result of polls and the subjective opinion of the ISFA administrators. In that time, Penn State shared eight national championships and was selected three times as champion outright (1929, 1938, 1954). The rival College Soccer Bowl was held from 1950–1952 in an attempt to decide a national champion on the field. Penn State gained a last-minute tie in the 1950 championship final. The team won in 1951; however, the ISFA failed to select Penn State that year.
Women's soccer
The women's soccer team won its first NCAA national championship in 2015. The program has been particularly strong in recent years, as the team won 15 straight Big Ten Championships through the 2012 season, which was an all-time Big Ten record for women's teams. The streak surpassed the 12 by Michigan swimming & diving of the 1990s and led the then-ongoing run by Northwestern's women's tennis squad, which had won 14 straight titles through 2011.
Softball
The Nittany Lions softball team began play in 1965. The team has made ten NCAA Tournament appearances in 1983, 1985, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2011. The current head coach is Clarisa Crowell.
Track and field
Before the NCAA began sponsoring a national championship in 1965, the men's indoor track and field team won ICAAAA titles in 1942 and 1959. PSU men also won ICAAAA team titles in 1984, 1987, 2001, 2003 and 2006.
Volleyball
Penn State is home to one of the top men's and women's volleyball programs. Penn State is one of only 5 schools—and the only school not in California—to win an NCAA Championship for both men and women's volleyball, the others being Stanford, UCLA, USC, and Long Beach State.
Men's volleyball
The men's volleyball team is coached by Mark Pavlik. The program has won two NCAA National Championships in 1994 and 2008 and 16 EIVA titles out of 17 years, including 10 consecutive. They finished as NCAA National runners-up in 1982, 1995 and 2006, to UCLA each time (twice at Rec Hall). They reached the NCAA final four 24 times including 13 out of the last 14 years through the 2008 season and an NCAA record 10 consecutive (1998–2008).
The men's first national title came in 1994, when they beat powerhouse UCLA in five sets after being down 11–4 in the fourth set and then winning the fourth 15–12 and the fifth with the same score. The win made Penn State the first school outside of California in the then-24 year history to win an NCAA Men's volleyball championship. They won the NCAA title again in 2008, defeating Pepperdine 3–1. With the win, Penn State men and women's programs swept the volleyball championships in the same academic year, joining Stanford from 1996–97 to be the only schools to accomplish the rare feat.
Pavlik was named the 2008 AVCA National Coach of the Year.
Women's volleyball
The Penn State women's volleyball team, one of the nation's premier volleyball programs, is coached by Russ Rose, who, since his first season in 1979, has led the Nittany Lions to a record of 1,189 and 186, an .865 winning percentage, through the end of 2015. Rose stands as the NCAA Division I all-time winningest coach, as he owns the NCAA Division I Records for win percentage and total victories. Rose has won all but 51 of the program's wins. On December 17, 2009, Rose earned his 1,000th career victory with a win against Hawaii in the 2009 NCAA National Semifinals. In all but one season under Rose, there has been at least one AVCA All-American on his team.
The program is one of only two DI universities to appear in every NCAA tournament (1981–2015). They have won seven NCAA National Championships, the most all-time, in 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013 and 2014. They were the national runners-up in 1993, 1997, and 1998 and also reached the Final Four in 1994 and 2012.
The team achieved unprecedented success from 2007–2010. The Nittany Lions won four consecutive national titles in that span, the most consecutive titles in NCAA Division I history. In that historic stretch, Penn State won 109 consecutive matches (Sept. 21, 2007-Sept. 10, 2010), 111 consecutive sets (Dec. 15, 2007-Dec. 18, 2008), 94 consecutive home matches (Sept. 1, 2006-Dec. 11, 2010), and 55 consecutive road matches (Sept. 28, 2007-Sept. 10, 2010), all NCAA Division I records.
The Lions were extraordinarily successful when Penn State was in the Atlantic 10 conference, as they won the title all 8 years without losing a single conference match before joining the Big Ten. In the Big Ten, the team has won 16 titles since 1991, including a conference record 8 straight (2003–10). During Big Ten play, Penn State went undefeated 6 times (1998, 1999, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009).
Wrestling
Before joining the Big Ten, Penn State was a member of the Eastern Wrestling League from 1976 to 1992. Before that, Penn State was a member of the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association (EIWA).
In April 2005, Penn State broke ground on a construction project designed to expand and modernize Rec Hall for the students, faculty, and staff who use the facility. As part of this renovation, Intercollegiate Athletics created the Lorenzo Wrestling Complex that ranks among the nation's finest facilities in the sport.
Penn State Wrestling, under the guidance of head coach Cael Sanderson, entered the final session of the 2019 NCAA Championships having already clinched their eighth team title in the last nine years. Sanderson's squad left the National Finals and PPG Paints Arena with three individual National Champions. Penn State had five NCAA finalists for the fourth straight year and won three titles, beginning at 285 with senior Anthony Cassar(Rocky Hill, N.J.) winning his first. Jason Nolf (Yatesboro, Pa.) and Bo Nickal (Allen, Texas) each won their third straight crowns. The Nittany Lions won the team race with 137.5 points, finishing over 40.0 points ahead of second place Ohio State, which had 96.5. Oklahoma State finished third with 84.0. Penn State was the only team to score over 100.0 points.
Penn State's national championship win in 2019 extended the program's streak to 4. A team from the Big Ten Conference has won the last 13.
Team sports
Penn State offers a program of "team sports," programs that have not been granted full varsity status, but are members of the Athletic Department and receive greater support than club sports. Penn State team sports "compete nationally at the highest level." Rugby (men's and women's) has been a team sport since 2005. Ice Hockey (men's and women's) was a team sport from 2005 until 2011, and has since been elevated to varsity status.
Rugby
The Penn State rugby program is classified by the university as a "Team Sport" within Penn State Intercollegiate Athletics Department, and therefore receives university support (paid coaches, facilities, health insurance, etc.) equivalent to a varsity program. As of 2011, Penn State rugby was funded 52% by alumni donations, 32% by player dues, and 16% by university contribution.
Penn State rugby was founded in 1962 and plays in Division 1-A. Penn State has been one of the most successful programs in college rugby. Penn State advanced to the national semifinals 10 times from 1989 to 2007, and reached the finals 5 times from 1989 to 2001. With 76 registered players, Penn State was ranked as the largest college rugby program in the United States in 2009. Penn State made headlines when they defeated favored BYU 48–46 in the 2018 D1A quarterfinal to reach the semifinals.
The women's rugby team fields a perennially competitive side, winning national titles in 1997, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016. The 2014 Penn State Women's team won their ninth Collegiate National Championship, with a 58–0 semifinal victory over West Chester University and a 38–0 triumph in the championship match against Stanford.
Rugby sevens
Penn State has appeared in three consecutive editions (2010–2012) of the Collegiate Rugby Championship (CRC). The CRC is played every year in June at PPL Park in Philadelphia, and is the highest profile college rugby sevens tournament in the US, broadcast on NBC. In the 2011 CRC, Penn State beat Ohio State in a 12–10 match to qualify for the quarterfinals, where Penn State lost to eventual champions Dartmouth 7–12.
Penn State has been successful in other rugby sevens competitions. For example, Penn State won the 2011 Subaru 7s tournament, and won the 2012 Halloween 7s tournament led by tournament MVP Blaze Feury. Penn State finished second at the 2012 Big Ten 7s, losing to Wisconsin in the final and missing out on qualification for the 2012 USA Rugby Sevens Collegiate National Championships.
Intercollegiate club sports
The university is home to a number of intercollegiate club sports that the university doesn't field at the NCAA level and/or sports not sponsored by the NCAA.
Billiards
Two Penn State students have won the national intercollegiate individual championship in billiards. In 1982 Thomas Golly won the men's title. In 1988 Janet Dordell captured the women's crown.
Crew
Penn State fields an intercollegiate club rowing team that competes on the national level. The team has participated in several regatta events, including the Aberdeen Dad Vail Regatta and the American Collegiate Rowing Association national championship.
Croquet
Penn State's Club Croquet team was established in 2010 and has been growing since with nearly 150 members. It serves as the sole croquet team at Penn State and competes each year at the United States Croquet Association (USCA) collegiate championships. In 2017, the team won the USCA Collegiate National Championship in golf croquet.
Cross Country
The Penn State Club Cross Country is a member of the National Intercollegiate Running Club Association (NIRCA). The women's team has won five NIRCA National Championships (2006, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2016) and the men's team has won one (2019).
Gymnastics
Penn State Club Gymnastics participates in NAIGC (National Association of Intercollegiate Gymnastics Clubs) competition. In recent history both the men's and women's teams have had great success, including national titles for the men in 2009 and 2010. The women have had similar success with top-five finishes every year since 2009.
Ice hockey
In addition to the varsity men's and women's ice hockey teams, PSU fields a men's club team in American Collegiate Hockey Association Division 2 and the Mid-Atlantic Collegiate Hockey Association, as well as a women's club team in American Collegiate Hockey Association Women's Division 1 and the Eastern Collegiate Women's Hockey League.
Roller hockey
The PSU Roller Hockey team competes in National Collegiate Roller Hockey Association at the NCRHA Division I level. The team is a Division I member of the Eastern Collegiate Roller Hockey Association (ECRHA). Penn State also fields a team in the B Division of the NCRHA and ECRHA. The PSU B team won the NCRHA B Division Championship in 2010, the university's first national title in roller hockey.
Squash
Gail Ramsay won the intercollegiate women's squash championship a record four times in 1977, 1978, 1979 and 1980.
Swimming and Diving
Penn State also fields a competitive club swim and dive team that competes throughout the school year. With a membership of 100+, including all talents from former D1 swimmers to beginners, it is one of the more popular club sports at Penn State. The team finished 4th out of 50+ teams at the 2013 East Coast Collegiate Swim and Dive Club National Championships at Georgia Tech.
Men's ultimate
Penn State's team, named SPANK, competes in the USA Ultimate College Series at the D-1 level. They are in the Ohio Valley region, and face rival University of Pittsburgh at the regional championship every year. The B-team, Love Tap, also competes at the D-1 level, and serves as a developmental team for SPANK.
Championships
NCAA team championships
Penn State University has won 52 NCAA team national championships.
Men's (28):
Boxing (1): 1932 (unofficial)
Cross country (3): 1942, 1947, 1950
Gymnastics (12): 1948, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1965, 1976, 2000, 2004, 2007
Volleyball (2): 1994, 2008
Wrestling (10): 1953, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022
Women's (11):
Fencing (1): 1983
Lacrosse (2): 1987, 1989
Soccer (1): 2015
Volleyball (7): 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014
Co-ed (13)
Fencing (13): 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014
Other national team championships
Below are 34 national team titles in current and former NCAA sports that were not bestowed by the NCAA:
Men’s (23):
Boxing (4): 1924, 1927, 1929, 1930
Cross Country (4): 1926, 1927, 1928, 1930
Football (2): 1982, 1986
Gymnastics (1): 1944
Soccer (11): 1926, 1929, 1933, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1949, 1954, 1955
Wrestling (1): 1921
Women’s (11):
Bowling (1): 1979
Fencing (2): 1980, 1981
Field Hockey (2): 1980, 1981
Gymnastics (2): 1978, 1980
Lacrosse (3): 1978, 1979, 1980
Rifle (1): 1947
Penn State has won 86 national team championships all time, 52 of which are NCAA championships. These Division I NCAA championships rank in a tie for fourth all-time, trailing only UCLA, Stanford, and USC. Penn State has the most national championships of any Big Ten school. Most of the women's championships prior to 1982 occurred under the auspices of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW); indeed, four women's teams won national championships in 1980 alone. The NCAA did not start sponsoring women's championships until the 1981–82 academic year. Some of the men's championships occurred prior to the NCAA sponsoring a championship in that sport (for example, the NCAA did not start sponsoring a men's soccer championship until 1959) and some sports have never had recognized NCAA championships (such as Division I FBS football).
Below are 36 national team titles won by Penn State sports club teams (and Athletics Department "Team Sports") at the highest collegiate level in non-NCAA sports:
Men's (8):
Downriver Canoe/Kayak (2): 2015, 2016
Golf croquet (1): 2017
Shotokan karate (5) (Kata): 2003, 2004, 2007; (Kumite): 2007, 2013
Women's (22):
Archery (1) (Compound Bow): 2010
Equestrian (1) (English): 1989
Shotokan karate (3) (Kumite): 2001, 2003, 2007
Rugby (12): 1997, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
Rugby 7s (4): (CRC) 2013, 2014, 2015; (USA Rugby) 2015
Team Handball (1) : 2018
Co-ed (6):
Archery (1) (Compound Bow): 2010
Cycling (5) (Track): 1987, 1989, 1990, 2004, 2005
Big Ten championships
Since joining the Big Ten in 1991, Penn State has won 120 total championships.
Big Ten championships
1992–93 – Women's Volleyball*
1993–94 – Women's Basketball*, Field Hockey, Men's Soccer, Women's Volleyball
1994–95 – Women's Basketball*, Football
1995–96 – Baseball
1996–97 – Women's Volleyball*
1997–98 – Field Hockey*, Women's Volleyball*
1998–99 – Field Hockey, Women's Soccer, Men's Swimming & Diving, Women's Volleyball
1999–00 – Women's Basketball, Women's Soccer, Women's Volleyball
2000–01 – Women's Soccer
2001–02 – Women's Soccer, Women's Swimming & Diving
2002–03 – Women's Basketball, Men's Gymnastics, Men's Soccer, Women's Soccer
2003–04 – Women's Basketball, Women's Soccer, Women's Indoor Track & Field, Women's Volleyball
2004–05 – Women's Soccer, Women's Swimming & Diving, Women's Volleyball
2005–06 – Field Hockey, Football*, Men's Soccer, Women's Soccer, Women's Swimming & Diving, Women's Volleyball
2006–07 – Women's Soccer, Women's Volleyball
2007–08 – Men's Gymnastics, Women's Soccer, Women's Outdoor Track & Field, Women's Volleyball
2008–09 – Field Hockey, Football*, Women's Soccer, Women's Outdoor Track & Field, Women's Volleyball
2009–10 – Women's Cross Country, Women's Soccer, Women's Indoor Track & Field, Women's Outdoor Track & Field, Women's Volleyball
2010–11 – Women's Soccer*, Women's Volleyball
2011–12 – Women's Basketball, Women's Soccer, Wrestling
2012–13 – Women's Basketball, Field Hockey, Men's Soccer*, Women's Soccer, Women's Volleyball
2013–14 – Women's Basketball*, Field Hockey*, Men's Soccer, Women's Indoor Track & Field, Women's Outdoor Track & Field, Women's Volleyball, Wrestling*
2014–15 – Men's Gymnastics, Women's Soccer
2015–16 – Women's Cross Country, Women's Soccer*, Wrestling*
2016–17 – Football, Women's Soccer*, Wrestling, Women's Indoor Track & Field, Men's Outdoor Track & Field
2017–18 – Women's Volleyball*, Wrestling
2018–19 – Women's Soccer, Wrestling*, Men’s Lacrosse
2019–20 – Men’s Ice Hockey
2020–21 – Wrestling*, Women’s Soccer
2021–22 – Men's Soccer, Wrestling
* denotes shared regular season conference title
Big Ten Tournament championships
1994–95 – Women's Basketball
1995–96 – Field Hockey, Women's Basketball
1996–97 – Field Hockey
1997–98 – Field Hockey
1998–99 – Field Hockey, Women's Soccer
2000–01 – Women's Soccer
2001–02 – Women's Soccer
2002–03 – Men's Soccer
2005–06 – Men's Soccer
2006–07 – Women's Soccer
2008–09 – Women's Soccer
2010–11 – Wrestling
2011–12 – Field Hockey, Wrestling
2012–13 – Field Hockey, Wrestling
2013–14 – Wrestling
2014–15 – Women's Lacrosse
2015–16 – Women's Soccer, Wrestling
2016–17 – Field Hockey, Men's Ice Hockey
2017–18 – Women's Soccer
2018–19 – Wrestling, Men’s Gymnastics, Men’s Lacrosse
2019–20 – Women's Soccer
2021–22 – Men's Soccer
Atlantic 10 championships
During Penn State's years of membership in the Atlantic 10 Conference (1982–91) and earlier when it was known as the Eastern 8 Conference (1976–79), Penn State won 70 total championships.
Atlantic 10 championships (37)
1976–77 – Men's Basketball (West)*
1978–79 – Men's Cross Country
1982–83 – Men's Cross Country, Baseball (West)
1983–84 – Men's Golf, Men's Swimming & Diving
1984–85 – Women's Basketball*, Women's Volleyball, Men's Swimming & Diving
1985–86 – Women's Basketball*, Women's Volleyball, Men's Swimming & Diving
1986–87 – Women's Volleyball, Men's Cross Country, Men's Swimming & Diving, Men's Golf
1987–88 – Women's Volleyball, Men's Cross Country, Men's Golf
1988–89 – Women's Volleyball, Field Hockey (West), Men's Cross Country, Men's Soccer (West), Men's Golf
1989–90 – Women's Volleyball, Field Hockey, Men's Cross Country, Men's Soccer (West), Women's Cross Country, Men's Golf
1990–91 – Women's Basketball, Women's Volleyball, Field Hockey, Men's Cross Country, Women's Cross Country, Baseball (West), Men's Golf
* denotes shared regular season conference/division title
Atlantic 10 Tournament championships (33)
1978–79 – Men's Tennis
1982–83 – Women's Basketball, Softball, Women's Tennis
1983–84 – Women's Basketball, Women's Volleyball
1984–85 – Women's Basketball, Women's Volleyball, Softball, Women's Tennis
1985–86 – Women's Basketball, Women's Volleyball, Men's Tennis, Women's Tennis
1986–87 – Women's Volleyball, Women's Tennis
1987–88 – Women's Volleyball, Men's Soccer, Softball, Women's Tennis
1988–89 – Women's Volleyball, Men's Soccer, Women's Tennis
1989–90 – Women's Basketball, Women's Volleyball, Men's Soccer, Field Hockey, Women's Tennis
1990–91 – Women's Basketball, Men's Basketball, Women's Volleyball, Field Hockey, Women's Tennis
Other conference championships
Of Penn State's 29 varsity athletic programs, several programs are not sponsored by the Big Ten and have competed in other conferences, now and in the past.
Men's Volleyball
EIVA: 1972, 1976, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2021
Women's Ice Hockey
College Hockey America: 2021 (regular season)
Wrestling
Eastern Wrestling League (member 1975–1992)
Team Dual Meet Champions:1976, 1977, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986* (tie), 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992
Tournament Champions: 1976, 1977, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992
Olympians
Athletes (129) and coaches/faculty members (12) from Penn State have won 17 gold medals, 15 silver medals, and 28 bronze medals. The University had its most representatives participating in the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games with 21 participants earning eight medals, also the most ever.
Five former Penn State student-athletes earned medals in the 2012 London Olympic Games. Women's volleyball stars Megan Hodge and Christa Harmotto earned silver medals after falling to Brazil in the gold-medal match. Additionally, women's soccer players Erin McLeod and Carmelina Moscato came home with bronze medals playing for the Canada women's national soccer team. Finally, Natalie Dell earned Penn State's first rowing medal with her bronze-medal performance in the women's quadruple sculls. Penn State sent 19 participants to the 2012 Summer Games, a school record at the time.
Facilities
The football team plays in Beaver Stadium. The men's and women's basketball teams play in the Bryce Jordan Center. Most of the other indoor teams play at Rec Hall, which was previously the long term home for the basketball teams as well. The school also is home to the Ashenfelter Multi-Sport Facility for indoor track. Other indoor facilities include Lasch Building & Holuba Hall for football; White Building houses gymnastics & fencing; and the Lorenzo Wrestling Complex is within Rec Hall.
A new baseball stadium named Medlar Field at Lubrano Park opened in June 2006. The stadium is host to both the University baseball team as well as the State College Spikes, a minor league baseball team. The ballpark is oriented towards the east, offering a view of Mount Nittany. The softball team plays at its new home, the Nittany Lion Softball Park, which opened in 2011. Jeffrey Field is home to the soccer program. The lacrosse teams play at the Penn State Lacrosse Field which opened in 2012 next to the Ashenfelter Multi-Sport Facility. The hockey teams both play at the Pegula Ice Arena. The field hockey team plays at the Penn State Field Hockey Complex which is located adjacent to Bigler Field, and opened in 2005.
Additionally, the university operates the Penn State Golf Courses, two courses for the golf teams, students, faculty, and the general public. The Intercollegiate Athletics Department operates the Stone Valley Recreation Area, approximately twenty miles southeast of State College.
Penn State All-Sports Museum
The Penn State All-Sports Museum, a museum honoring all Penn State Nittany Lion athletes, is located near Gate B of Beaver Stadium. The upper level of the museum is dedicated to Penn State basketball and other indoor sports, while the lower level of the museum is dedicated to outdoor sports. The football exhibit on the lower level features a Heisman Trophy—won by John Cappelletti—and a collection of several other trophies and awards, in addition to honoring the Penn State football team, the Penn State Blue Band, Penn State Cheerleading, and the student athletes who have portrayed the Nittany Lion mascot. The museum opened in February 2002.
See also
List of college athletic programs in Pennsylvania
Lacrosse in Pennsylvania
References
External links |
5382834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasids | Pegasids | The meteor shower of the July Pegasids occurs between July 23 and Aug 3. It is a weak meteor shower that has its maximum around July 28 having a ZHR of only 5 meteors per hour. The meteors have, however, an atmosphere entry speed of about 64 km/s.
The Radiant of the Pegasids is in the constellation of Pegasus, around 5 degrees to the west of the star α Pegasi. The origin of this meteor shower is probably the comet C/1979 Y1 (Bradfield). C/1979 Y1 has an orbital period of 300 years.
For Central Europe, the best time to watch them is the second half of the night, as the radiant reaches at that time a sufficient height over the horizon.
References
Meteor showers
July events |
5382839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%20church%20monuments | English church monuments | A church monument is an architectural or sculptural memorial to a deceased person or persons, located within a Christian church. It can take various forms ranging from a simple commemorative plaque or mural tablet affixed to a wall, to a large and elaborate structure, on the ground or as a mural monument, which may include an effigy of the deceased person and other figures of familial, heraldic or symbolic nature. It is usually placed immediately above or close to the actual burial vault or grave, although very occasionally the tomb is constructed within it. Sometimes the monument is a cenotaph, commemorating a person buried at another location.
Once only the subject of antiquarian curiosity, church monuments are today recognised as works of funerary art. They are also valued by historians as giving a highly detailed record of antique costume and armour, by genealogists as a permanent and contemporary record of familial relationships and dates, and by students of heraldry as providing reliable depictions for heraldic blazons. From the middle of the 15th century, many figurative monuments started to represent genuine portraiture where before had existed only generalised representations.
Development
Medieval period
The earliest English church monuments were simple stone coffin-shaped grave coverings incised with a cross or similar design; the hogback form is one of the earliest types. The first attempts at commemorative portraiture emerged in the 13th century, executed in low relief, horizontal but as in life. Gradually these became full high-relief effigies, usually recumbent, as in death, and, by the 14th century, with hands together in prayer. In general, such monumental effigies were carved in stone, marble or wood, or cast in bronze or brass. Often the stone effigies were painted to resemble life, but on the vast majority of medieval monuments, the paint has long since disappeared. The cross-legged attitude of many armoured figures of the late 13th or early 14th centuries was long supposed to imply that the deceased had served in the Crusades, had taken crusading vows, or more specifically had been a Knight Templar; but these theories are now rejected by scholars. Feet were often supported by stylised animals, usually either a lion indicating valour and nobility (generally for men), or a dog indicative of loyalty (generally for women). Sometimes the footrest was an heraldic beast from the deceased's family coat of arms.
By the early 13th century, the effigies were raised on tomb-style chests (known as tomb chests, altar tombs or table tombs) decorated with foliage, heraldry or architectural detailing. Soon such chests stood alone with varying degrees of decorations. By the end of the century, these often had architectural canopies. Small figures of weepers (often friends or relatives identified by their coats of arms) were popular decorative features. In the 15th century, the figures were often portrayed as angels or saints, and the chest might include a cadaver. The most refined monuments were made of alabaster. Around the 13th century, smaller two-dimensional effigies incised in plates of brass and affixed to monumental slabs of stone became popular too. These memorial brasses were somewhat cheaper and particularly popular with the emerging middle class.
Early modern period
The removal of almost all the many wall-paintings in English churches in the iconoclasm of the English Reformation and the English Commonwealth left plenty of bare spaces. Over the following centuries, these were gradually filled by monuments of the wealthy. It is the lack of competition from religious paintings and a tolerance of figurative sculpture in memorials, which most Protestant countries did not share, that produced the exceptionally rich English holdings of large sculptural church monuments.
In the 16th century, church monuments became increasingly influenced by Renaissance forms and detailing (pilasters, wreaths, strapwork, skulls, coffered arches, obelisks, allegorical figures, etc.), particularly in France, the Netherlands and, eventually, England. There were major innovations in effigial posture, the deceased often being shown reclining or kneeling in prayer and surrounded by the whole family, as in life. Cadavers were replaced by skeletons. The 'hanging' mural or wall monument also became popular, sometimes with half-length 'demi-figures'; and also the floor-bound heraldic ledger stone. The 17th century saw an increase in classicism and the use of marble. Effigies might be sitting or standing, grief-stricken, shrouded or, unusually, rising from the grave. Busts and relief portraits were popular. High Baroque monuments were some of the grandest ever constructed. Decoration turned to cherubs, urns, drapery, garlands of fruit and flowers. In the 18th century, church monuments became more restrained, placed before two-dimensional pyramids, but more Roman-like, with the deceased often depicted in Roman dress or as a cameo-like 'medallion portrait'. The Rococo style gave more movement to these figures.
Victorian period
The early 19th century brought Greek Revival monuments, some quite plain wall plaques, some with sentimental and romantically realistic figures (perhaps rising to heaven), or other devices such as weeping willows. Gothic Revival followed, with the obvious return to alabaster, tomb chests and recumbent effigies. However, the Victorian age saw many differing styles, until large-scale monuments fell out of fashion at the end of the century. 20th-century large-scale monuments are not unknown, but quite rare.
Examples of English church monuments
The church monuments of England, in particular, have been preserved in far greater numbers and, generally, in better condition than those of other countries. They are second to none in artistic merit. Fine examples may be found in cathedrals and parish churches in every county.
"An Arundel Tomb"
"An Arundel Tomb", one of the best-known works by 20th-century English poet Philip Larkin, was inspired by a 14th-century English effigial monument. It was Larkin's response to a tomb monument in Chichester Cathedral, and the fact that the husband and wife subjects were portrayed holding hands. The photo at right also shows the stylized lion and dog figures at the feet of the lord and lady, respectively.
See also
Funerary hatchment
Ledger stone
Notes
Bibliography
.
External links
The Church Monuments Society
Royal Berkshire History: Church Monuments
Churchmouse: Church Monuments & Other Memorials of Interest (mostly Lincolnshire)
Medieval Combat Society: Thirteenth and Fourteenth Century Armorial Monumental Effigy and Brass Timeline
Handbook for identification and repair
Burial monuments and structures
Architecture of England
Monuments and memorials in England |
5382859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad%20Vilbel | Bad Vilbel | Bad Vilbel () is a spa town in Hesse (Hessen), Germany, famous for its many mineral water springs. Bad Vilbel is the largest town in the Wetteraukreis district and part of the Frankfurt Rhein-Main urban area with its city center being located 8 km northeast of downtown Frankfurt am Main at the banks of the river Nidda.
History
Bad Vilbel was founded in 774 (first written document) but much older artefacts were found in the area. In 1848 during railway works, a Roman villa was unearthed with a
Thermae and a Mosaic. A replica of this mosaic is presented in a modern exhibition in the spa gardens.
20th Century
The town Vilbel got the label "Bad" (spa) in 1948 for its numerous mineral springs. The health spa operations stopped in the 1960s but the mineral water industry connected more springs of the Wetterau by pipelines to the bottling plant of Hassia in Bad Vilbel.
The hessian government reform formed 1971/72 Bad Vilbel (with Heilsberg), Dortelweil, Gronau and Massenheim to the new city Bad Vilbel. Since 1997 great areas have been developed for living and business, like the residential area of Dortelweil-West or the commercial park Quellenpark between Bad Vilbel, Massenheim and Dortelweil.
Mayor
The Current Mayor is Sebastian Wysocki(born 1985) of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU). He was elected in March 2022.
Transport
Bad Vilbel has four railway stations (Bad Vilbel, Bad Vilbel Süd and Dortelweil on the Main–Weser Railway and Gronau on the Vilbel–Glauburg-Stockheim railway) served by Frankfurt's local transport network (S-Bahn line S 6 and RE Line 34). It has access to the A661 autobahn and the highway B3.
Furthermore, Bad Vilbel has several local bus lines called Vilbus connecting the city center to the neighborhoods. Additional connections to Frankfurt am Main with the bus line 30 and with Offenbach am Main with the fast bus line X97.
Twin towns – sister cities
Bad Vilbel is twinned with:
Brotterode-Trusetal, Germany (1990)
Eldoret, Kenya (1982)
Glossop, England, United Kingdom (1987)
Moulins, France (1990)
See also
Bad Vilbel station
English electronic music duo Autechre released a song entitled Second Bad Vilbel on their EP Anvil Vapre. The title derives from the town's twinning with Glossop, an area the group would have passed en route to Sheffield, from their homes in Rochdale.
Asteroid (340980) Bad Vilbel discovered 2007 by Uwe Süßenberger .
Notable people
Born in Bad Vilbel
Wilhelm von Finck (1848–1924), banker and co-founder of the Alliance Insurance
Friedel Lutz (born 1939), former national soccer player
Thomas Stöhr (born 1966), jurist and major of Bad Vilbel since 2003
Linked to Bad Vilbel
Friedrich Carl Michael Grosholz (1810–1888), co-founder of Bad Vilbel bottled water industry
Bernhard Rechthien (1876–1941), mayor of Bad Vilbel 1919–1928
Klaus Havenstein (1922–1998), actor and television presenter, from 1990 to 1992 director of the Castle Festival Bad Vilbel
Jürgen Sparwasser (born 1948), is a retired German football player and later briefly a football manager living in Bad Vilbel. He gained fame as East Germany football player at the 1974 FIFA World Cup finals, where he scored the winning goal in a politically prestigious match against West Germany
References
External links
Official site
Spa towns in Germany
Wetteraukreis |
5382867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culham%20railway%20station | Culham railway station | Culham railway station serves the village of Culham in Oxfordshire, England. It is on the Cherwell Valley Line between and , from . It is served by local train services provided by Great Western Railway.
The station is just off the A415 road, between the villages of Culham and Clifton Hampden.
It is close to Culham Science Centre, an scientific research site housing two nuclear fusion experiments: JET and MAST. The Science Centre was built on the site of RNAS Culham (HMS Hornbill), a World War II airfield.
History
The Great Western Railway opened the station on the – line as Abingdon Road on 12 June 1844. Its name was changed by the GWR to Culham, on 2 June 1856, on the opening of the branch from to Abingdon.
The original station building (no longer in railway use) is in the Tudor Revival architecture of Isambard Kingdom Brunel and is a Grade II* listed building.
The name Abingdon Road was later re-used for an entirely different station about to the north, , opened in 1908.
In some recent years passenger numbers using Culham have changed rapidly. The total increased 67% in the three years 2006–09, but then decreased slightly in 2010.
Services
The service from here is irregular outside of weekday peak periods, with sizeable gaps between calls in both directions. On weekdays there are 13 trains per day northbound towards Oxford and 12 towards Didcot with 8 each way on a Saturday. No trains call at Culham on Sundays.
References
External links
Railway stations in Oxfordshire
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1844
Railway stations served by Great Western Railway
Grade II* listed buildings in Oxfordshire
Grade II* listed railway stations
Isambard Kingdom Brunel railway stations |
5382868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takur%C5%8D%20Kitagawa | Takurō Kitagawa | is a Japanese actor and voice actor from Tokyo, Japan. He was represented by Sigma Seven and is now a freelancer.
Filmography
Anime television series
Brave Police J-Decker (Edgar Hopkins)
Cyber Team in Akihabara (Cigogne Raspaile)
Gantz (Yoshida)
Highschool! Kimen-gumi (Auzō Sainan)
Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (Chan Ya)
Muka Muka Paradise (鹿谷葉三)
Soul Eater (Fisher King)
The Transformers (Astrotrain, Cliffjumper, Dashiell Faireborn, *Grimlock, Headstrong, Inferno, Lightspeed, Ligier (Mirage), Mixmaster, Ramhorn, Scavenger, Skydive, Warpath)
Yokoyama Mitsuteru Sangokushi (Xu Shu, Li Su)
OVA
Tenchi Muyo! (Nobeyama)
Anime films
The Transformers: The Movie (Cliffjumper, Grimlock, Astrotrain)
Drama CDs
Aisaresugite Kodoku series 2: Itoshisugita Shifuku (Asakawa's father)
Dubbing
Apollo 13 (Ted)
Donnie Brasco (Pony Canyon edition) (Richie Gazzo (Rocco Sisto))
For Love of the Game (Gus Sinski)
The Ghost Writer (Paul Emmett (Tom Wilkinson))
Goosebumps (Dr. Finley) (Episode: You can't scare me!)
L.A. Law (Stuart Markowitz)
Police Academy (Larvell Jones)
Song of the Sea (Ferry Dan / The Great Seanachaí)
The West Wing (Ron Butterfield)
Tokusatsu
Seijuu Sentai Gingaman (Torbador)
Japanese Voice-Over
Peter Pan's Flight (Pirates Patrick)
References
External links
Takurō Kitagawa's Homepage
Official agency profile
1949 births
Living people
Japanese male voice actors
Male voice actors from Tokyo
Place of birth missing (living people)
Sigma Seven voice actors
20th-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male actors |
5382874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenon%20%28Thousand%20Foot%20Krutch%20album%29 | Phenomenon (Thousand Foot Krutch album) | Phenomenon is the second studio album by Christian rock band Thousand Foot Krutch, and their first project on Tooth & Nail Records. The album was released on September 30, 2003. It displays a different style than the band's previous album, with less rapping and instead, a fusion of modern rock and nu metal.
Track listing
All songs written by Trevor McNevan, Steve Augustine and Joel Bruyere. The album was recorded in 2003.
Personnel
Credits adapted from the CD liner notes.
Thousand Foot Krutch
Trevor McNevan – vocals, guitar, producer
Joel Bruyere – bass guitar, producer
Steve Augustine – drums, producer
Technical
Aaron Sprinkle – producer, engineer, additional guitars
Latif Taylor - engineer
Jason Corsaro - drum engineer
J.R. McNeely - mixing at Compound Recording (1-2, 4-7, 9-12)
Ben Grosse - mixing (3, 8)
Zach Hodges - mixing assistant
Steve Chahley - drum mixing assistant
Brandon Ebel - executive producer
Artwork
Asterik Studio - art direction and design
David Johnson - band photography
Reception
"Rawkfist", "Faith, Love and Happiness", and "This Is a Call" were top 10 hits on the Christian hit radio format; "Rawkfist" entered the top 40 on mainstream rock radio.
The album has sold over 250,000 units.
Both "Phenomenon" and "Rawkfist" reached No. 1 on ChristianRock.Net in 2003–2004. "Bounce" was also a No. 1 on ChristianRock.Net.
References
Thousand Foot Krutch albums
2003 albums
Tooth & Nail Records albums
Albums produced by Aaron Sprinkle |
5382882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Challe | Robert Challe | Robert Challe (17 August 1659 – 25 January 1721) was a French colonialist, voyager and writer, although he never published under his own name, which accounts for his obscurity until his re-discovery in the 1970s. His two most well-known works are :fr:Les Illustres Françaises, published anonymously in The Hague in 1713, translated in English by Penelope Aubin in 1727 under the title The Illustrious French Lovers; being the true Histories of the Amours of several French Persons of Quality, and Journal d'un voyage fait aux Indes Orientales, published after his death in 1721.
Challe was born in Paris, the youngest of five children of the second marriage of a certain Jean Challe, a petit bourgeois and minor civil servant. He had two brothers and two sisters. He was an intelligent boy and a good scholar, and his life appears to have been comfortable until the death of his father in 1681. The influence of his mother, who seems to have preferred her oldest son, ensured that he was inequitably treated in his father's will, receiving only one tenth of the estate, and he entered into violent dispute with his two older brothers, fought a duel with one of them and injured him. Faced with either imprisonment or exile, he chose the latter, and left for New France.
With financial help from an uncle he at first bought a shareholding in Compagnie de pêches sédentaires de l'Acadie and later built up his own trading company, dealing in beaver skins, furs and other goods in Chédabouctou, Acadia (now part of Nova Scotia, Canada). His fortunes changed sharply in 1688, however, as a result of raids by English pirates from Salem and his business was ruined. One result of this experience was to arouse in him a contempt for the British, matched only, apparently, by his contempt for the Jesuits. He was forced to return to France, landing at La Rochelle.
In March 1690 he signed on as an ecrivain de navire, that is the purser or accountant, on a vessel sailing from Lorient in western France for Pondicherry, India, and other destinations in the Far East. The many adventures of the vessel on which he sailed, L'Ecueil, with a crew of 350 men and a veritable farmyard of fresh food on the hoof, are described in his two volume Journal d'un voyage fait aux Indes Orientales. The vessel, one of a fleet of six, was owned by the Compagnie des Indes Orientales and was an armed merchantman of 38 cannon, sailing for trade but also on a diplomatic mission to the Kingdom of Siam. On the return to France, the vessel stopped at Ascension Island, and then took a long detour across the Atlantic to the Antilles, where it made a long stop-over. It did not return to Port Louis, France until August 1691.
In 1692, Challe re-appears as an ecrivain de navire, but this time on a vessel of the French navy, Le Prince. He participated in the Battle of Barfleur against the English and Dutch. Challe's navy career was, however, short-lived, and he was discharged in either 1693 or 1694, possibly for corruption.
From 1695 onwards, he concentrated on writing, drawing on his previous adventures as a colonialist and seaman. He did not make a comfortable living. He published a work on Don Quixote as well as Les Illustres and the Journal.
In 1717 he was denounced by a police spy for seditious remarks in a Paris cafe and was imprisoned in the famous :fr:Chatelet(Paris) prison. On being released he was exiled from Paris, and took up residence in Chartres.
He died, poor and broken-spirited, on 25 January 1721.
Works
:fr:Les Illustres Françaises
A more extensive list of works is given at :fr:Robert Challe
Bibliography
Hollier, Denis. A New History of French Literature. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989. . pp. 398–401.
External links
The Illustrious French Lovers at HathiTrust
17th-century French writers
17th-century French male writers
18th-century French writers
18th-century French male writers
French memoirists
People of New France
French emigrants to pre-Confederation Nova Scotia
1680s in Canada
Explorers from Paris
1659 births
1721 deaths
Writers from Paris
French male non-fiction writers
Immigrants to New France
18th-century memoirists |
5382904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20J.%20Green%20Jr. | William J. Green Jr. | William Joseph Green Jr. (March 5, 1910 – December 21, 1963) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Biography
William J. Green was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Irish immigrants. He graduated from St. Joseph's Preparatory School, and attended St. Joseph's College, Philadelphia, PA. He was engaged in business as an insurance broker in Philadelphia in 1937. He served in the United States Army as a private in the Quartermaster Corps from March 22, 1944, to December 4, 1944.
He was elected to Congress in 1944, and after a defeat in the Republican landslide year of 1946, was reelected to Congress in 1948 and every two years thereafter until his death at age 53. He had been elected Democratic City Chairman in 1953, and, in that role, held until his death, he helped solidify Philadelphia as a Democratic stronghold.
Green died of peritonitis and gall bladder complications in Philadelphia on December 21, 1963. He was succeeded in Congress by his son, William J. Green, III, who was 25 years old at the time of his first election, and later became Mayor of Philadelphia.
The William J. Green Jr. Federal Building, on 6th and Arch Streets in Philadelphia, is named for him.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)
References
External links
1910 births
1963 deaths
American people of Irish descent
Quartermasters
Burials in Pennsylvania
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Deaths from peritonitis
Politicians from Philadelphia
20th-century American politicians
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers |
5382910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenzia%20Giornalistica%20Italia | Agenzia Giornalistica Italia | Agenzia Giornalistica Italia (AGI – Italian Journalistic Agency) is an Italian news agency. It is one of the main news agencies in the country.
History and profile
The Agenzia Giornalistica Italia was founded in 1950. The agency is based in Rome. In its initial phase it had a left-wing political stance. Then the agency became part of Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI) in 1960. The agency focuses on news about economics and industry.
It has collaborations with the international news agencies, including Associated Press, Dow Jones and ITAR TASS. It launched cooperation with the Vietnam News Agency in June 2014. With Il Sole 24 Ore and China Radio International has launched AGI China 24, a Chinese news agency in Italian language, mainly for Italian entrepreneurs in China, translating also Xinhua articles and bulletins.
References
External links
AGI English news
1950 establishments in Italy
Organizations established in 1950
News agencies based in Italy
Companies based in Rome
Mass media in Rome
Partly privatized companies of Italy
Government-owned companies of Italy
Eni |
5382914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaggenau | Gaggenau | Gaggenau is a town in the district of Rastatt, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located some 8 km northeast of Baden-Baden.
History
Gaggenau was first mentioned in local records in 1243 under the name "Gaggenaw". The present district of Bad Rotenfels is even older, having been mentioned in a royal donation letter in 1041. Gaggenau remained a small village until the 19th century: Originally part of the Ufgau, it came under the jurisdiction of the marquisate of Baden in the 13th century, and was included in the territory claimed by the Margrave of Baden-Baden in 1535, which held it until 1689. At that time, it was placed under the jurisdiction of the Kuppenheim district of the Bishopric of Speyer. It was eventually assigned to the jurisdiction of the Rastatt Office of the State of Baden, which later became the District of Rastatt.
In 1691, the area was at the heart of the Palatinate War of Succession and was almost completely destroyed by the French forces. In 1772, Anton Rindeschwender established a successful glassworks factory below the village, and along with it a number of new residences and supporting businesses in the area.
The real industrial boom began in 1873 with the establishment of the Michael Flürscheims Ironworks, which resurrected an iron smelter originally established by the Margrave of Baden in the late 18th century. In 1895 the factory built the 5-hp automobile Orient Express and entered the new industry of automobile manufacture. In 1905 they renamed themselves the Gaggenau South German Automobile Factory GmbH. In 1907 the company was taken over by the company Benz & Cie of Mannheim until the merger of Daimler-Benz AG in 1926.
Thus, the settlement grew, and Gaggenau was eventually raised to the status of a town on 15 September 1922 because of its economic prosperity.
In September 1944, the Nazis built a detention camp in the Bad Rotenfels district. Six barracks were built to house about 1,600 men and women, mostly French prisoners, who were used as forced labour in the Daimler-Benz plants. About 500 of them were killed. A memorial plaque has been raised in the meadow where the barracks were located. Another memorial was raised in the Bad Rotenfels cemetery commemorating the murder of 27 of those prisoners by their Nazi captors.
In World War II, about 70% of the town was destroyed. On 10 September 1944, 140 B-17 bombers from the 8th battalion of the US Air Force bombed the automobile factory complex. Another battalion of 139 B-24 bombers bombed the area a second time on 3 October. The town and surrounding area was rebuilt after the war, and was completed with the construction of Gaggenau's town hall in 1958.
In 1969, in response to an effort to aggregate and consolidate municipal governments into districts of 20,000 or more, the state government of Baden-Württemberg approved a petition by the town of Gaggenau to annex six of its surrounding communities, thereby doubling Gaggenau's population and increasing its area fivefold. Among the areas annexed was the former municipality of Rotenfels and the large swath of forest that ran along the Murg River between the two municipalities. The annexations were performed over a period of six years.
Annexations
The following communities were annexed into the town of Gaggenau on the following dates. They were all administered under the office or district of Rastatt:
1935: Ottenau
January 1, 1970: Bad Rotenfels, with the hamlet of Winkel
April 1, 1970: Selbach
September 1, 1971: Freiolsheim with the hamlet of Moosbronn and the village of Mittelberg
April 1, 1972: Oberweier with the villages of Upper and Lower Weier
April 1, 1973: Sulzbach
January 1, 1975: Hörden and Michelbach
Bad Rotenfels, Gaggenau and Ottenau together were combined into a single administrative "village" in accordance with the Municipal Code of Baden-Württemberg.
Population development
Population figures for the respective territorial status. The figures are census results (¹) or official updates of the respective statistical offices (only primary residences):
¹ Census results
Religion
Gaggenau belonged to the Diocese of Speyer and was assigned to the Kuppenheim District under that Diocese. The Reformation arrived in 1555, and over the next three and a half centuries, under a variety of rulers, the majority denomination of Gaggenau changed six times between Catholic and Evangelical Lutheran (Protestant) before finally settling to become a Catholic majority.
Until 1891, the only Catholic parish church for the entire region was the St. Lawrence parish church in Rotenfels. The present church dates from the Baroque era in the 17th century, with the interior dating from the 18th century. In 1891, the St. Wendelin chapel was consecrated in Gaggenau. Gaggenau received its own parish church of St. Joseph in 1899. The Catholic churches in the other districts of Gaggenau date to earlier times. All of the area parishes came under the newly founded Archdiocese of Freiburg in 1821/1827 and assigned to the Murgtal Office of the Dean. Today, the town of Gaggenau includes the following Catholic parishes: St. Joseph (Gaggenau); Gaggenau; St. Mary; Mary Help (Moosbronn-Freiolsheim); St. Johann Nepomuk (Hörden); St. Michael (Michelbach); St. John the Baptist (Oberweier); St. Lawrence (Bad Rotenfels); St. Nicholas (Selbach); St. Anne (Sulzbach); and St. Jodocus (Ottenau).
The Evangelical Lutherans (Protestants) were driven out in the 18th century but moved back in again to Gaggenau in the 19th century. They formed their own community and built their own church in 1891. This church was destroyed in the Second World War but rebuilt in 1953. The community, including all of the Protestants in the modern districts of Gaggenau and in Rastatt, belong to the Evangelical Church district of Baden-Baden.
Besides the two major churches above, other Christian communities exist in Gaggenau, including the New Apostolic Church and Jehovah's Witnesses. Over 1,100 Muslims, mainly Turkish, also live in Gaggenau. The Sultan Ahmet Mosque (which belongs to the DİTİB, or the Diyanet İşleri Türk-İslam Birliği) is located in the Bad Rotenfels district and has over 200 members.
Geography
Gaggenau lies on both sides of the Murg River in an extension of the Murg Valley at the Rastatt-Freudenstadt federal highway Bundesstraße 462 (Black Forest Valley road).
The highest point in the urban area is 750 m above sea level; the lowest point is 134 m above sea level. The urban area extends 10.6 km north to south and 10.3 km east to west, or approximately 109 square kilometres.
Neighboring municipalities
The following boroughs and municipalities border the town of Gaggenau (clockwise from north): Malsch, Marxzell (both in the district of Karlsruhe), Bad Herrenalb (district of Calw), Loffenau und Gernsbach (both in the district of Rastatt), Baden-Baden (City District), and Kuppenheim, Bischweier and Muggensturm (all in the district of Rastatt).
Town administration
The town of Gaggenau today comprises the town of Gaggenau itself and the eight subdivisions of Bad Rotenfels, Freiolsheim, Hörden, Michelbach, Oberweier, Ottenau, Selbach and Sulzbach. Except for the main town and the villages of Bad Rotenfels and Ottenau, which have been combined into a single residential area for purposes of representation within Baden-Württemberg's municipal structure, each district has its own area council and mayor / chairman. For each district, the area council is elected by the district residents and consists of eight to ten members, with the chairperson of the council serving as mayor. The area councils hear and adjudicate on matters concerning their district.
The district of Freiolsheim includes the original town of Freiolsheim, the village of Mittelberg and the hamlet of Moosbronn. The core area of Gaggenau includes the town of Gaggenau, the village Ottenau, and the hamlet Amalienberg. The Oberweier district includes the villages of Oberweier and Niederweier. The Bad Rotenfels district includes the original village of Bad Rotenfels and the hamlet of Winkel. The original villages of Hörden, Michelbach, Selbach and Sulzbach were retained as separate districts.
Politics
Municipal
The council of the town of Gaggenau is made up of 26 seats.
Mayor
When local government was established in the 16th century, a judge-advocate was appointed for life by the Margraviate Overseer to protect the Margrave's interests. By the end of the century, this judge-advocate had expanded to six people to govern the town. At that time, the Margrave of Baden or his representative appointed the jury magistrates as life appointments. In 1809, the office of Vogt ('Steward') was created, appointed by the Margrave. In 1832, a new state law transformed local government. The citizens of the community were to elect a Mayor, which replaced the Vogt; and a Council of 5-6 members.
In 1933, the Nazi policy of Gleichschaltung effectively abolished local and state government and put all German territory under national administrative control. After the demise of the Nazi regime in 1945, state and local governments were re-established. In 1971, the office of Deputy Mayor was established.
Stewards and mayors
Florus was elected as Mayor on 25 March 2007 in a runoff election. Florus won against candidates Alois Degler, Wolfgang Seckler and former Mayor Michael Schulz.
He was reelected in March 2015 with 95,13 % of the votes. He was the only candidate.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of Gaggenau consists of a white representation of a Sester (an old Roman unit of measure for liquids and grain) on a red background. The municipal flag is white and red.
The current coat of arms began appearing on town reference documents in the 18th century, but was replaced in 1901 with a split design of a cogwheel (symbolizing industry in general) on one side and a glass beaker (for the local glassworks industry) on the other. In 1938, the emblem was changed again, this time with the Gaggenau Sester on top and a pruning hook below, in order to reflect the inclusion of the town of Ottenau. It was changed again in 1958 with the images rotated to be equally represented on the shield. Finally, as part of the municipal reform and additional village annexations of the 1970s, the emblem was restored to its original pre-20th-century design by the Interior Ministry of Baden-Württemberg.
Culture and sights
Theatre
The "Klag-Bühne" in Gaggenau is a nationally known venue for cabaret music and dinner theater. The theatre is located in the town's cultural centre.
Museums
The Kast Museum in the Hörden district shows rafting, forest, hunting, history, fairy tales and legends.
There is a local history museum in the Michelbach district.
The Unimog Museum is a private museum in the Bad Rotenfels district, owned by Daimler-Benz, that celebrates the history of the Unimog line of trucks manufactured by Daimler-Benz.
Buildings
In Gaggenau proper, St. Mark's Evangelical Church was built in 1891, and St. Joseph's Catholic Parish was built in 1899 (replacing the original St. Wendelin chapel built in 1891). Both were heavily damaged in World War II and rebuilt after the war with significant design changes. The town hall was also destroyed along with most buildings in the town during the air raids of the Second World War, and was rebuilt in 1957.
The district of Bad Rotenfels has a number of historic buildings. The Baroque Catholic parish church of St. Lawrence in Bad Rotenfels was originally built in 1752–1766 by Ignaz Franz Krohmer. The church was the first parish in the Murg Valley and is therefore known as the mother church of the Murg. The current church building is actually the third version built, the most recent in the mid-1800s. In a 1902–1903 renovation, the facade of the church was updated with a neo-baroque facade.
Other churches in the current town include the St. Johann Nepomuk Hörden Catholic Church (Year 1894), the half-timbered Catholic Church of St. Mary in the Michelbach village from the 13th Century with later alterations, the late Gothic St. John the Baptist Catholic Church in Oberweier, the Selbach Catholic Church from 1756, the neo-Romanesque church in Sulzbach from 1884 and the neo-Gothic parish church in Ottenau from 1906. In the upper village of Bad Rotenfels, at the turnoff to the hamlet of Winkel, the one-room St. Sebastian chapel was built from 1747–1752 with an open porch and roof turret and is smaller than the surrounding rural residences.
Bad Rotenfels is the home of the world-famous Rotenfels spa, built on top of the Bad (German: Bath) Rotenfels hot springs. The spa hosts thousands of visitors from around the world to enjoy its waters. The district also includes the Rotenfels Castle Academy, which is housed in the buildings and grounds of the former Rotenfels stoneware factory. The factory, built around 1801, housed a stoneware (porcelain) manufacturing plant until 1816. In 1818, Margrave Wilhelm of Baden decided to turn the property into a country chateau. From 1818 to 1827, the building was redesigned by Friedrich Weinbrenner into a prestigious building in classical portico style. It remained a country residence until the 1970s, when the Academy purchased the building for its use.
Parks
In the inner town and the suburbs are many wells and springs. The best known of these is the goose fountain, built at the train station in 1981 by Gudrun Schreiner. The fountain represents Gaggenau's founding legend that claims the town of Gaggenau was founded on a spot where geese gathered on a large pond. The town of Gaggenau was named from the cackling of the geese. Hörden also has an interesting fountain, the Fountain Rafters, designed to recall the traditional local craft of raftsmen. The gargoyles represent traditional characters of the Hörden Carnival: The Fürigen Barthel, the stillage and Domino. In the district and former town of Bad Rotenfels, an old draw-well tray was rediscovered by the lower acorn mountain road by the local heritage society and restored for public display.
Gaggenau has created a park along the banks of the Murg River, which runs through its community. Gaggenau also includes a large park on the south side of the river against the forest which hosts a number of significant ruins and springs, including military fortifications dating back to the 16th century, as well as a memorial to a Nazi labor camp where some 1,600 prisoners were housed and used for forced labor. The park includes outdoor sports facilities and marked nature paths with historical markers.
Cemeteries
The original Rotenfels cemetery was located on the grounds of the St. Lawrence parish church. This cemetery was closed around 1820 and all of the graves and all but a representative handful of gravestones of famous town citizens (which were left on the church premises) were relocated to a new cemetery on a small island in the Murg River just south of the town centre. The island is connected to the town via a bridge which spans a canal used to generate hydroelectric electric power. After the Second World War, this island cemetery was closed for further interments and the current cemetery was built between the town centres of Rotenfels and Gaggenau.
Regular events / festivities
May Market (now called "Gaggenau May Days"), arose from the former Bad Rotenfels annual fair and market
Autumn Fair
Artists and crafts market
Nicholas Market
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
Gaggenau is located on the Rastatt-Freudenstadt Highway 462 (Black Forest Valleys road). The nearest motorway junction is Federal Highway 5 at Karlsruhe-Basel in Rastatt.
The Rastatt-Freudenstadt (Murgtalbahn) line also runs through the town, having done so since the line was electrified in 2002. The Karlsruhe light rail line has also provided direct service to Gaggenau since that time.
Local industry
Daimler AG, Mercedes-Benz plant in Gaggenau, the largest employer in the town
Dambach Group of Companies
Grötz GmbH & Co. KG
King Metal
Kohlbecker Architects & Engineers
KWH Automotive GmbH
Gerhard Lang GmbH & Co. KG and scrap metal recycling company
Lang GmbH & Co. KG Builders
Florence Mash Protektorwerk
Precitec KG
PolyOne Th Bergmann GmbH
Local media
The Badisches Tagblatt (BT), based in Baden-Baden, reports on local happenings and provides local editorials to Gaggenau through their local edition of Murgtäler. Their daily circulation figure is 11,000. The Badische Neueste Nachrichten (BNN), based in Karlsruhe, also provides local coverage of Rastatt and Gaggenau in their local edition with daily circulation figures of 10,000.
Gaggenau Week is a local weekly newsletter. It is distributed free of charge once per week to Gaggenau households, with a circulation of about 16,000 copies. This newsletter is published by Walnut Media, based in Weil. They maintain a field office in the town of Gaggenau.
The Badisches Tagblatt also publishes two local business news journals and a weekly magazine for the Rastatt / Murgtal areas called WO, delivered to households free of charge, with a special Murgtal weekend edition on Sunday. Circulation of WO is about 25,000 copies, the Sunday weekend edition approximately 73,000 copies.
Südwestrundfunk serves as the regional television station, broadcast out of Karlsruhe. It also provides reporting of local events in Gaggenau.
Education
The town of Gaggenau has one high school (Goethe Gymnasium), a secondary school (Realschule Gaggenau), and three elementary and secondary schools with vocational school (Eichelbergschule Bad Rotenfels, Hebelschule and Merkurschule) the Hans-Thoma- primary school and one elementary school in the suburbs for Selbach (Eberstein Elementary School), Hörden, Michelbach, Oberweier and Sulzbach. Furthermore, the school complex Dachgrub Bad Rotenfels, funded by Erich Kästner-Schule, was established by the district of Rastatt. The area also hosts the Carl Benz School, a vocational school.
The Akademie Schloss Rotenfels has been established In the Rotenfels Castle since 1996. The Baden-Württemberg Academy of Fine Arts school and amateur theater are also located in the community.
Twin towns – sister cities
Gaggenau is twinned with:
Annemasse, France (1970)
Sieradz, Poland (2000)
Notable people
Günther Rall (1918–2009), general in the Luftwaffe Inspector of the Air Force
References
External links
Michelbach District (in German)
Formerly independent town of Bad Rotenfels (in German)
Unimog Museum in Bad Rotenfels (in German)
Towns in Baden-Württemberg
Rastatt (district) |
5382923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Fa%E1%B8%8Dl | Abu'l-Faḍl | Abu'l Faḍl () is an Arabic male given name which also occurs in place-names. It means father of virtue. It is variously transliterated as Abu'l-Fadl, Abu'l-Fazl, Abul Fazal etc. It is also used in Iran and Azerbaijan, usually in the form of Abolfazl, or Abulfaz. Most famously, this is an epithet Abbas ibn Ali, who is highly revered in Islam for his loyalty towards his brother Husayn ibn Ali during the Battle of Karbala.
It may refer to:
People
Abu'l-Faḍl is the Kunya (Teknonym) for Muhammad's uncle and companion Al-ʻAbbas ibn ʻAbd al-Muṭṭalib
Abu'l-Faḍl, nickname given to ʻAbbas ibn ʻAli (647–680), the son of the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashidun Caliph
Abu'l-Faḍl al-ʻAbbas ibn Fasanjas (c. 876-953), statesman who served the Buyid dynasty
Abu'l-Faḍl Jaʻfar ibn Aḥmad al-Muʻtaḍid, known as Al-Muqtadir (895–932), Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad
Abolfadl Harawi (10th century), Persian astronomer under the patronage of the Buyid dynasty
Abu'l-Faḍl Bayhaqi (995–1077), Persian historian and author
Abu al-Faḍl ʻIyad ibn Amr ibn Musa ibn ʻIyad ..., known as Qadi Ayyad (1083–1149), imam in Ceuta, judge in Granada
Abu al-Faḍl Jaʻfar ibn ʻAli al-Dimashqi (12th-century), Muslim writer on commerce, from Damascus
Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak (1551–1602), vizier of the Mughal emperor Akbar, and author of Akbarnama, the official history of Akbar's reign
Abul Fazl Mamuri (fl. c. 1700), historian of the Mughal Empire during Aurangzeb's reign
Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl (1844–1914), Baháʼí scholar, who helped spread the Baháʼí Faith in Egypt, Turkmenistan, and the United States
Abul Fazal (writer) (1903–1983), Bangladeshi writer and educationist
Abul Fazal Mohammad Ahsanuddin Chowdhury, known as A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury (1915–2001), President of Bangladesh
Abulfaz Elchibey (1938–2000), Azerbaijani political figure
Abū al-Faḍ, alternate name of Iyad Ag Ghaly (born c. 1954), Malian Tuareg militant
Abolfazl Jalili (born 1957), Iranian film director
Khaled Abou El Fadl (born 1963), Kuwaiti-American law professor
Abolfazl Attar (born 1968), Iranian film director, screenwriter & film editor
Abolfazl Hajizadeh (born 1981), Iranian footballer
Abolfazl Ebrahimi (born 1982), Iranian footballer
Abolfazl Fateh (born 1966), Iranian medical doctor, journalist and political activist
, Iranian Cleric
Seyed Abolfazl Mousavi Tabrizi, Iranian Cleric
Places
Abu al-Fadl, Ramle, Arab village, depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war
Chah Abu ol Fazl, village in Chahak Rural District, in the Central District of Khatam County, Yazd Province, Iran
Rustai-ye Abolfazl ebn Magh, village in Bajgan Rural District, Aseminun District, Manujan County, Kerman Province, Iran
Tolombeh-ye Garuh Keshavarzi Abu ol Fazl, village in Golzar Rural District, in the Central District of Bardsir County, Kerman Province, Iran
Arabic masculine given names |
5382940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom | 1900 in the United Kingdom | Events from the year 1900 in the United Kingdom.
Incumbents
Monarch – Victoria
Prime Minister – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (Coalition)
Parliament – 26th (until 25 September), 27th (starting 3 December)
Events
January
3 January – royal yacht Victoria and Albert almost blows up while being floated out of dry dock at Pembroke Dock on completion of her construction.
9 January – influenza outbreak in London.
24 January – Second Boer War: Boers repel British troops under General Sir Redvers Buller at the Battle of Spion Kop.
31 January – the Gramophone Company copyrights the His Master's Voice illustration.
February
5 February – the UK and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal through Nicaragua.
6 February – the House of Commons vote of censure over the government's handling of the Second Boer War is defeated by a majority of 213.
8 February – Second Boer War: British troops are defeated by Boers at Ladysmith, South Africa.
12 February – meeting held at Mile End to protest against the Boer War ends in uproar.
14 February – Second Boer War: in South Africa, 20,000 British troops invade the Orange Free State.
27 February
Boer War: in South Africa, British military leaders receive an unconditional notice of surrender from Boer General Piet Cronjé.
Creation of the Labour party; Ramsay MacDonald is appointed its first secretary.
28 February – Second Boer War: the 118-day Siege of Ladysmith is lifted.
March to September
March–September – War of the Golden Stool fought against the Ashanti Empire.
1 April – Irish Guards formed by Queen Victoria.
4 April
An anarchist shoots at the Prince of Wales during his visit to Belgium for the birthday celebrations of the King of Belgium.
Queen Victoria arrives in Dublin on a rare visit.
23 April–12 May – the Automobile Club of Great Britain stages a Thousand Mile Trial, a reliability motor rally over a circular route from London to Edinburgh and return.
24 April – the Daily Express newspaper published for the first time.
14 May–28 October – Great Britain and Ireland compete at the Olympics in Paris and win 15 gold, 6 silver and 9 bronze medals.
17 May – Second Boer War – Siege of Mafeking ends.
18 May – the UK proclaims a protectorate over Tonga.
5 June – Boer War: British soldiers take Pretoria, South Africa.
19–21 July – Bernard Bosanquet first bowls a googly in first-class cricket, playing for Middlesex against Leicestershire at Lord's.
27 July – Louise, Princess Royal, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, marries Alexander Duff, Earl of Fife, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace, London; 2 days later he is created Duke of Fife, the last Dukedom created in Britain for a person who is not a son, grandson or consort of the Sovereign.
30 July
The Duke of Albany becomes Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as Carl Eduard following the death of his uncle, Duke Alfred, a son of Queen Victoria who is the third of the reigning monarch's children to die.
Mines (Prohibition of Child Labour Underground) Act prohibits children under the age of thirteen from working in mines.
8 August – Great Britain loses to the United States in the first Davis Cup tennis competition.
14 August – an international contingent of troops, under British command, invades Peking and frees the Europeans taken hostage.
27 August – British defeat Boer commandos at Bergendal.
3 September – West Bromwich Albion F.C. move into The Hawthorns, a new stadium on the border of West Bromwich and Handsworth.
October
3 October – Edward Elgar's choral work The Dream of Gerontius receives its first performance, in Birmingham Town Hall.
25 October – Second Boer War: United Kingdom annexes Transvaal.
November
22–14 November 1903 – strike of Welsh slate workers at Penrhyn Quarry.
December
3 December – the Conservative Party under Lord Salisbury wins the 'Khaki' general election. Winston Churchill is elected Member of Parliament for Oldham; and two Labour candidates are successful: Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby.
15 December – the three lighthouse keepers on Flannan Isle disappear without a trace
28 December – the Liverpool barque Primrose Hill is wrecked on South Stack off Holyhead, with the loss of 33 lives.
31 December – a storm causes a stone and a lintel to fall at Stonehenge; they are restored in 1958.
Undated
Beer Scare: beer drinkers in North West England suffer poisoning from arsenic in brewing sugars: 6,000 people affected and 70 killed.
William Harbutt of Bathampton begins commercial production of Plasticine modelling clay.
Completion of the Arnold Cross estate, Shoreditch, London; Britain's first council estate to be commenced (10 years previously).
Diamond Jubilee wins the English Triple Crown by finishing first in the Epsom Derby, 2,000 Guineas and St Leger, ridden by Herbert Jones.
Publications
Ernest Bramah's oriental fantasy stories The Wallet of Kai Lung.
Joseph Conrad's novel Lord Jim.
Maurice Hewlett's historical novel The Life and Death of Richard Yea-and-Nay.
Gertrude Jekyll's book Home and Garden: notes and thoughts, practical and critical, of a worker in both.
Arthur Quiller-Couch's anthology The Oxford Book of English Verse 1250–1900.
H. G. Wells' novel Love and Mr Lewisham.
Births
1 January
Roger Maxwell, film actor (died 1971)
Lillian Rich, silent film actress (died 1954)
2 January – Una Ledingham, physician, specialist in diabetes mellitus and pregnancy (died 1965)
4 January – William Young, World War I veteran (died 2007)
20 January – Dorothy Annan, painter, potter and muralist (died 1983)
23 January – William Ifor Jones, composer (died 1988)
6 February – Guy Warrack, Scottish-born conductor (died 1986)
12 February
Robert Boothby, politician (died 1986)
Fred Emney, comic performer (died 1980)
20 February – Bernard Knowles, cinematographer and screenwriter (died 1975)
3 March
Edna Best, stage, film and early television actress (died 1974 in Switzerland)
Basil Bunting, modernist poet (died 1985)
29 March – Margaret Sinclair, Scottish-born nun (died 1925)
31 March – Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (died 1974)
3 April – Albert Ingham, mathematician (died 1967)
9 April – Mary Potter, painter (died 1981)
19 April – Richard Hughes, novelist (died 1976)
22 April – Nellie Beer, Conservative politician, Lord Mayor of Manchester (died 1988)
24 April – Elizabeth Goudge, novelist (died 1984)
30 April – Cecily Lefort, World War II heroine, spy for SOE (executed 1945 in Germany)
2 May – A. W. Lawrence, Classical archaeologist (died 1991)
5 May – Harold Tamblyn-Watts, comic strip artist (died 1999)
10 May – Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, astronomer and astrophysicist (died 1979 in the United States)
27 May – Ethel Lang, née Lancaster, supercentenarian (died 2015)
29 May – David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir, Scottish-born politician, lawyer and judge, Lord Chancellor (died 1967)
30 May – Gerald Gardiner, Lord Chancellor (died 1990)
6 June
Arthur Askey, comedian (died 1982)
Lester Matthews, actor (died 1975)
17 June – Evelyn Irons, Scottish-born journalist, war correspondent (died 2000)
25 June
Philip D'Arcy Hart, medical researcher, pioneer in tuberculosis treatment (died 2006)
Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Admiral of the Fleet and last Viceroy of India (assassinated 1979 in Ireland)
26 June – John Benham, 400m runner (died 1990)
30 June – James Stagg, Scottish-born meteorologist (died 1975)
2 July
Tyrone Guthrie, theatre director (died 1971 in Ireland)
Sophie Harris, theatre and opera costume and scenic designer (died 1966)
10 July – Evelyn Laye, actress (died [1996)
4 August – Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, queen consort of George VI and later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (died 2002)
17 August – Vivienne de Watteville, adventurer (died 1957)
19 August – Gilbert Ryle, philosopher (died 1976)
23 August – Bella Reay, footballer (died 1979)
27 August – Frank Moody, Welsh boxer (died 1963)
25 August – Isobel Hogg Kerr Beattie, Scottish architect (died 1970)
4 September – Maxwell Knight, spymaster and naturalist (died 1968)
8 September – Tilly Devine, organised crime boss (died 1970 in Australia)
9 September – James Hilton, novelist and screenwriter (died 1954 in the United States)
11 September – Jimmy Brain, footballer (died 1971)
12 September – Eric Thiman, composer (died 1975)
1 October – Tom Goddard, cricketer (died 1966)
2 October – Isabella Forshall, paediatric surgeon (died 1989)
6 October – Stan Nichols, cricketer (died 1961)
8 October – Geoffrey Jellicoe, landscape architect (died 1996)
9 October – Alastair Sim, character actor (died 1976)
14 October – Roland Penrose, Surrealist painter and art collector (died 1984)
16 October – Edward Ardizzone, painter, printmaker and author (born in Vietnam; died 1979)
5 November – Ethelwynn Trewavas, ichthyologist (died 1993)
18 November – Mercedes Gleitze, distance swimmer (died 1981)
20 November – Helen Bradley, painter (died 1979)
22 November – Tom Macdonald, Welsh journalist and novelist (died 1980)
4 December – John Axon, railwayman hero (killed in accident 1957)
16 December – V. S. Pritchett, short story writer (died 1997)
17 December – Mary Cartwright, mathematician (died 1998)
22 December – Alan Bush, pianist, composer and conductor (died 1995)
26 December – Evelyn Bark, humanitarian, leading member of the Red Cross, first female recipient of the CMG (died 1993)
Robina Addis, pioneering professional psychiatric social worker (died 1986)
Saira Elizabeth Luiza Shah, born Elizabeth Louise MacKenzie, Scottish writer as Morag Murray Abdullah (died 1960)
Deaths
20 January
R. D. Blackmore, novelist (born 1825)
John Ruskin, writer and social critic (born 1819)
22 January – David Edward Hughes, musician and professor of music (born 1831)
31 January – John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry, nobleman and boxer (born 1844)
6 February – Sir William Wilson Hunter, colonial administrator, statistician and historian (born 1840 in Scotland)
23 February
William Butterfield, architect (born 1814)
Ernest Dowson, poet (born 1867)
10 March – George James Symons, meteorologist (born 1838)
16 March – Sir Frederic William Burton, painter and curator (born 1816 in Ireland)
24 April – George Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll, politician (born 1823)
4 May – Augustus Pitt Rivers, ethnologist and archaeologist (born 1827)
28 May – Sir George Grove, writer on music and the Bible and civil engineer (born 1820)
3 June – Mary Kingsley, explorer, in Cape Colony (born 1862
14 June – Catherine Gladstone, widow of Prime Minister W. E. Gladstone and philanthropist (born 1812)
30 July – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, second eldest son of Queen Victoria, in Germany (born 1844)
28 August – Henry Sidgwick, philosopher (born 1838)
31 August – Sir John Bennet Lawes, agricultural scientist (born 1814)
19 September – Anne Beale, novelist (born 1816)
9 October – John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, landed aristocrat, industrial magnate, antiquarian, scholar, philanthropist and architectural patron (born 1847)
16 October – Sir Henry Acland, physician (born 1815)
22 November – Sir Arthur Sullivan, composer (born 1842)
29 December – John Henry Leech, entomologist (born 1862)
30 November – Oscar Wilde, playwright, writer and poet, in France (born 1854 in Ireland)
See also
List of British films before 1920
References
Years of the 19th century in the United Kingdom |
5382944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Little%20%28American%20football%20coach%29 | George Little (American football coach) | George Edkin Little (May 27, 1889 – February 23, 1957) was an American football player, and coach of football, basketball, and baseball, and college athletics administrator.
Little attended Ohio Wesleyan University from which he graduated in 1912. He served as the head football coach at the University of Cincinnati (1914–1915), Miami University (1916, 1919–1921), the University of Michigan (1924), and the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1925–1926), compiling a career college football record of 54–16–4. Little was also the head basketball coach at Cincinnati (1914–1916) and Miami (1916–1917, 1919–1922), tallying a career college basketball mark of 47–38.
In addition to coaching, Little served as the athletic director at Wisconsin (1925–1932) and Rutgers University (1932–1953) and as the executive secretary of the National Football Foundation and College Football Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1955.
Early years
Little was born in May 1889 in Washington, D.C. His father, George Little, was a Pennsylvania native and a school teacher. His mother, Marion Little, was also a Pennsylvania native. He had a younger brother, Howard Little (born July 1890), and a younger sister, Elizabeth Little (born February 1897). At the time of the 1900 United States Census, the family was living in Wolf Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania.
Ohio Wesleyan
Little attended Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio, receiving a bachelor of science degree in 1912. He played as a guard on the Ohio Wesleyan football teams of 1909, 1910, and 1911. He also received three letters for his participation on the track team, and was president of the student body and student senate. The 1911 Ohio Wesleyan football team compiled a 6–3 record, held its opponents scoreless in all six victories, and narrowly lost to Ohio State by a 3–0 score. The 1912 Ohio Wesleyan yearbook, Le Bijou, said the following of Little:
Prexy" Little has won distinction as an athlete and a politician. For years he has guarded Wesleyan's interests on the gridiron, but has not limited his loyalty to that enterprise. We do not know what political intrigue made him President of the Student Body, but we know he has filled his office acceptably. He is a fellow of the fellows – not of any group, but of all the students. We respect him for his integrity, his sincerity, and his ability.
Coaching and administrative career
Ohio State
After graduating from Wesleyan, Little attended Ohio State University as an agriculture student. While there, he also served as an assistant coach for the 1912 and 1913 Ohio State Buckeyes football teams. He was "given credit for lending much help" to John Wilce in leading the 1912 Ohio State team to an Ohio Athletic Conference championship. The success of the 1912 team led to Ohio State's admission to the Big Ten Conference for the 1913 season.
Cincinnati
In January 1914, Little was hired as the head football coach at University of Cincinnati. During the 1914 season, Little led Cincinnati to a 6–3 record, as his team shut out five opponents and outscored all opponents, 164 to 44. In 1915, his team compiled a 4–5 record and was outscored, 158 to 110.
Miami
In January 1916, Little was hired as the head football coach at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, succeeding Chester J. Roberts. During the 1916 season, Little led Miami to a 7–0–1 record and an Ohio Athletic Conference championship. This team shut out six of eight opponents and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 238 to 12. The only blemish on the record of the 1916 team as a scoreless tie with Denison.
Little's tenure was interrupted by his service in the armed forces during World War I. He served as a captain in the infantry from August 15, 1917, to August 7, 1918.
He returned and led the Redskins a 7–1 record in 1919 and a 5–2–1 record in 1920. He once again won the Ohio Athletic Conference championship in 1921 with a perfect 8–0 record. The 1921 team scored 238 points during the season and gave up only 13. In his four years as Miami's head coach, Little compiled a record of 27–3–2 including 21 games where the opponent did not score. He left Miami to become Fielding H. Yost's top assistant at the University of Michigan.
Michigan
In May 1922, Little was hired by the University of Michigan as assistant athletic director and assistant football coach. Little was the top assistant under Fielding H. Yost for the 1922 and 1923 seasons before being named head coach for the 1924 season. That year, he compiled a record of 6–2. Little and the Wolverines shut out their opponents in five of the six victories.
Wisconsin
In January 1925, Little accepted an offer from the University of Wisconsin to become its athletic director. He also served as the head coach of the Wisconsin Badgers football team during the 1925 and 1926 seasons, compiling records of 6–1–1 in 1925 and 5–2–1 in 1926. His 1925 team finished in second place in the Big Ten Conference with its only loss being against his former team, Michigan, by a score of 21–0. The Wolverines were led by Yost, who had returned to the head coaching position.
In January 1927, Little stepped down as head coach of the Wisconsin football team to devote his full efforts to his position as the school's athletic director. His accomplishments as athletic director include the construction of the Wisconsin Field House in 1930. In December 1931, Little tendered his resignation as Wisconsin's athletic director, effective at the end of the academic year.
Rutgers
In February 1932, Little resigned as Wisconsin's athletic director to accept a position as director of physical education at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, effective in April 1932. In that position, Little had control over intercollegiate and intramural sports as well as required and advanced physical education. He continued to be athletic director at Rutgers for more than 20 years. During his tenure at Rutgers, his accomplishments included the 1938 hiring of head football coach Harvey Harman, later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. He was also "instrumental" in the construction of Rugers Stadium, using funding from the Works Progress Administration. The 1938 dedication game resulted in the first Rutgers victory over Princeton since the first college football game in 1869. The stadium served as the home field for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team from 1938 to 1992.
In January 1952, Little was appointed as the executive director of the National Football Foundation and the National Football Hall of Fame (later renamed the College Football Hall of Fame) located on the Rutgers campus. He took a leave of absence from his position as Rutgers' athletic director and became seriously ill for several months during 1952.
In December 1953, Little formally stepped down as Rutgers' athletic director and assumed a new position as special assistant to the university president. He also continued in his post as executive secretary of the National Football Hall of Fame.
Later years and honors
Little continued to serve as executive secretary of the National Football Foundation and Hall of Fame until his death in 1957. In July 1955, Little was one of five coaches (along with Bernie Bierman, Wallace Wade, Matty Bell, and Eddie N. Robinson) inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. He was inducted as a coach but also "due to his work in organizing the Hall of Fame and serving as executive secretary."
In February 1957, Little died at age 67 from uremia at Middlesex General Hospital in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Little's funeral service was held at Kirkpatrick Chapel on Rutgers campus; he was buried at Picture Rocks, Pennsylvania.
Since his death, several posthumous honors have been bestowed on Little, including the following:
On November 2, 1957, Rutgers held a ceremony honoring Little at halftime of Rutgers' Hall of Fame football game. A bronze plaque was installed at the entrance to Rutgers Stadium's west stands stating: "This tablet is placed in memory of George Edkin Little, 1889-1957, Director of Athletics, 1932-1953, whose imprint upon the physical facilities of Rutgers athletics was matched only by his impact upon the lives of the young men whom he coached and taught."
In 1964, Little was inducted into the Ohio Wesleyan Athletics Hall of Fame.
In 1965, Rutgers established the George E. Little Memorial Award along with a trophy in the form of winged victory. The award was awarded to the Rutgers team that achieved national recognition for outstanding achievement or to an athlete who won a national championship.
In 1976, Little was inducted into the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics Hall of Fame.
In 1988, Little was one of the inaugural inductees into the Rutgers Athletic Hall of Fame. He was hailed at the time as "the father of Rutgers Stadium."
Head coaching record
Football
See also
List of college football head coaches with non-consecutive tenure
References
External links
1889 births
1957 deaths
American football guards
Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball coaches
Miami RedHawks athletic directors
Miami RedHawks baseball coaches
Miami RedHawks football coaches
Miami RedHawks men's basketball coaches
Michigan Wolverines football coaches
Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops football players
Rutgers Scarlet Knights athletic directors
Wisconsin Badgers athletic directors
Wisconsin Badgers football coaches
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Ohio State University College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences alumni
American military personnel of World War I
Players of American football from Washington, D.C.
Coaches of American football from Washington, D.C.
Baseball coaches from Washington, D.C.
Basketball coaches from Washington, D.C. |
5382945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianjoy%20Rehabilitation%20Hospital | Marianjoy Rehabilitation Hospital | Since 1972, Northwestern Medicine Marianjoy Rehabilitation Hospital, a 125-bed inpatient hospital in Wheaton, Illinois, has been dedicated to physical medicine and rehabilitation.
Marianjoy Rehabilitation Hospital specializes in rehabilitation for adults and children who have experienced a stroke, brain injury, spinal cord injury, orthopaedic or musculoskeletal conditions, or a neuromuscular disorder or condition.
Marianjoy offers comprehensive inpatient, outpatient, and day rehabilitation services and physician clinics to patients throughout the Chicago area. The comprehensive inpatient program includes a team of rehabilitation experts who help patients and their families on their journey back to wellness after an injury or illness. The team includes physiatrists, rehabilitation nurses, therapists, and other medical professionals.
Marianjoy incorporates advanced technology and the latest evidence-based treatment to achieve the best possible outcomes for each patient.
Marianjoy’s commitment to providing expert physical medicine and rehabilitation is validated through accreditations from highly respected national organizations. These include Accreditation by the Joint Commission, having achieved the Disease-Specific Care Certification for Stroke Rehabilitation. Marianjoy is also accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF) for inpatient rehabilitation.
References
Hospital buildings completed in 1972
Hospitals in Illinois
Buildings and structures in Wheaton, Illinois
Hospitals established in 1972
1972 establishments in Illinois
Franciscan hospitals
Catholic hospitals in North America
Rehabilitation hospitals
Northwestern Medicine |
5382957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbab | Arbab | Arbab () is a Persian word that means "boss", "master" and "landlord" or "one endowed with a special quality". It was a title used by tribal leaders in Middle East and South Asia.
Persian-language surnames
Titles in Pakistan
Landlords |
5382967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Hourmouziadis | George Hourmouziadis | George Hourmouziadis (; 26 November 1932 – 16 October 2013) was a Greek archaeologist and Professor Emeritus of prehistoric archaeology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He led excavations in many prehistoric settlements in Thessaly and Macedonia (such as Dimini, Arkadikos Dramas etc.) and in 1992 he started the excavation of the neolithic lakeside settlement of Dispilio in Kastoria, Northwestern Greece. A myriad of items were discovered, which included ceramics, structural elements, seeds, bones, figurines, personal ornaments, three flutes (considered the oldest in Europe) and the Dispilio Tablet. He died on 16 October 2013 in Thessaloniki.
The discovery of the wooden tablet was announced at a symposium in February 1994 at the University of Thessaloniki. The site's paleoenvironment, botany, fishing techniques, tools and ceramics were published informally in the June 2000 issue of Επτάκυκλος, a Greek archaeology magazine and in Hourmouziadis (2002).
In 2012, he was part of a multidisciplinary team of scientists who published a result on the use of Mass spectrometry (C13/C12 Carbon and O18/O16 oxygen) and cathodoluminescence microscopy for tracing back the physical origin of spondylus shell artifacts to reconstruct ancient trade and exchange routes.
Published works
1973 - G. H. Hourmouziadis. Neolithic Figurines.
1979 - G. H. Hourmouziadis. Neolithic Dimini. Volos: Etaireia Thessalikwn Erevnwn, 1979.
Review, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1981, vol. 101, p. 206-207
1982 - G. H. Hourmouziadis, P. Asimakopoulou-Atzaka, and K. A. Makris. Magnesia: the Story of a Civilization. Athens: Capon, Texas: Tornbooks, 1982. OCLC 59678966
1995 - G. H. Hourmouziadis. Analogies. Thessaloniki: Vanias, 1995.
1996 - G. H. Hourmouziadis. Dispilio, Kastoria a Prehistoric Lakeside Settlement. Thessaloniki: Codex, 1996. (In Greek.)
1999 - G. H. Hourmouziadis. Earthen Words. Skopelos: Nisides, 1999.
2002 - G. H. Hourmouziadis, ed. The prehistoric research in Greece and its perspectives: Theoretical and Methodological considerations'. Thessaloniki: University Studio Press.
2002 - G. H. Hourmouziadis, ed. Dispilio, 7500 Years After'. Thessaloniki: University Studio Press.
2006 - G. H. Hourmouziadis Ανασκαφής Εγκόλπιον. Athens, 2006.
References
1932 births
2013 deaths
Greek archaeologists
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki faculty
Neolithic Greece
MPs of Thessaloniki
People from Thessaloniki |
5382974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Air%20Force%20%28album%29 | The Air Force (album) | The Air Force is the fifth album by Xiu Xiu. It was released on September 12, 2006, and is produced by Greg Saunier of Deerhoof, who also performs on the album with band members Caralee McElroy and Jamie Stewart.
Production
The album was produced by Greg Saunier of Deerhoof, and released on 5 Rue Christine in September 2006. Stewart said that the year was "one of the first not dominated by personal tragedies" and that the album is about "making other people feel bad" instead of feeling bad oneself. Its major themes are "guilt and sex as opposed to sorrow and sex". Stewart considered it their best and most consciously pop album yet. He said that the band was obsessed with Weezer's Blue Album and The Smiths's The Queen Is Dead while on tour, though the album does not reflect those albums particularly.
Track listing
Notes
"Feeding the Raging Heart" is the opening song to the 2007 Robby Reis film of the same name.
"Hello from Eau Claire" and "Saint Pedro Glue Stick" do not have vocals by lead member Jamie Stewart; instead, Caralee McElroy does all of the vocals on the former, while the latter is instrumental.
Personnel
Xiu Xiu
Jamie Stewart - Production, vocals (1-6, 8-11), percussion (1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9), drum programming (2-4, 6, 9, 10), synthesizer (2-4, 6, 8, 10), guitar (2, 4, 5, 8, 10), bass (4, 5, 8, 9), sampler (3, 5, 7), harmonica (4, 6), piano (1), accordion (2), recorder (2), autoharp (5), mandolin (9)
Caralee McElroy - Production, vocals (1, 3, 6, 10), flute (2, 4), synthesizer (4), glockenspiel (9), cymbal (10)
Additional personnel
Greg Saunier - Production, vocals (1, 3, 5, 6, 10), sampler (2-4, 9, 11), synthesizer (1, 4, 6, 9), guitar (2, 4, 5, 10), percussion (1, 2, 5), piano (1, 8), drum programming (2, 4), bass (3), electronic drums (3), banjo (6), bass drum (6), snare drum (9), glockenspiel (9)
Devin Hoff - Double bass (2, 10, 11), bass (10)
David Horvitz - Koto (7)
Nedelle Torisi - Violin (9)
References
Xiu Xiu albums
2006 albums
5 Rue Christine albums |
5382986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20storage | Hydrogen storage | Hydrogen storage is a term used for any of several methods for storing hydrogen for later use. These methods encompass mechanical approaches such as high pressures and low temperatures, or chemical compounds that release H2 upon demand. While large amounts of hydrogen are produced, it is mostly consumed at the site of production, notably for the synthesis of ammonia. For many years hydrogen has been stored as compressed gas or cryogenic liquid, and transported as such in cylinders, tubes, and cryogenic tanks for use in industry or as propellant in space programs. Interest in using hydrogen for on-board storage of energy in zero-emissions vehicles is motivating the development of new methods of storage, more adapted to this new application. The overarching challenge is the very low boiling point of H2: it boils around 20.268 K (−252.882 °C or −423.188 °F). Achieving such low temperatures requires significant energy.
Established technologies
Compressed hydrogen
Compressed hydrogen is a storage form whereby hydrogen gas is kept under pressures to increase the storage density. Compressed hydrogen in hydrogen tanks at 350 bar (5,000 psi) and 700 bar (10,000 psi) is used for hydrogen tank systems in vehicles, based on type IV carbon-composite technology. Car manufacturers have been developing this solution, such as Honda or Nissan.
Liquefied hydrogen
Liquid hydrogen tanks for cars, producing for example the BMW Hydrogen 7. Japan has a liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage site in Kobe port. Hydrogen is liquefied by reducing its temperature to −253 °C, similar to liquefied natural gas (LNG) which is stored at −162 °C. A potential efficiency loss of only 12.79% can be achieved, or 4.26 kW⋅h/kg out of 33.3 kW⋅h/kg.
Chemical storage
Chemical storage could offer high storage performance due to the high storage densities. For example, supercritical hydrogen at 30 °C and 500 bar only has a density of 15.0 mol/L while methanol has a density of 49.5 mol H2/L methanol and saturated dimethyl ether at 30 °C and 7 bar has a density of 42.1 mol H2/L dimethyl ether.
Regeneration of storage material is problematic. A large number of chemical storage systems have been investigated. H2 release can be induced by hydrolysis reactions or catalyzed dehydrogenation reactions. Illustrative storage compounds are hydrocarbons, boron hydrides, ammonia, and alane etc. A most promising chemical approach is electrochemical hydrogen storage, as the release of hydrogen can be controlled by the applied electricity. Most of the materials listed below can be directly used for electrochemical hydrogen storage.
As shown before, nanomaterials offer advantage for hydrogen storage systems. Nanomaterials offer an alternative that overcomes the two major barriers of bulk materials, rate of sorption and release temperature.
Enhancement of sorption kinetics and storage capacity can be improved through nanomaterial-based catalyst doping, as shown in the work of the Clean Energy Research Center in the University of South Florida. This research group studied LiBH4 doped with nickel nanoparticles and analyzed the weight loss and release temperature of the different species. They observed that an increasing amount of nanocatalyst lowers the release temperature by approximately 20 °C and increases the weight loss of the material by 2-3%. The optimum amount of Ni particles was found to be 3 mol%, for which the temperature was within the limits established (around 100 °C) and the weight loss was notably greater than the undoped species.
The rate of hydrogen sorption improves at the nanoscale due to the short diffusion distance in comparison to bulk materials. They also have favorable surface-area-to-volume ratio.
The release temperature of a material is defined as the temperature at which the desorption process begins. The energy or temperature to induce release affects the cost of any chemical storage strategy. If the hydrogen is bound too weakly, the pressure needed for regeneration is high, thereby cancelling any energy savings. The target for onboard hydrogen fuel systems is roughly <100 °C for release and <700 bar for recharge (20–60 kJ/mol H2). A modified van ’t Hoff equation, relates temperature and partial pressure of hydrogen during the desorption process. The modifications to the standard equation are related to size effects at the nanoscale.
Where is the partial pressure of hydrogen, is the enthalpy of the sorption process (exothermic), is the change in entropy, is the ideal gas constant, T is the temperature in Kelvin, is the molar volume of the metal, is the radius of the nanoparticle and is the surface free energy of the particle.
From the above relation we see that the enthalpy and entropy change of desorption processes depend on the radius of the nanoparticle. Moreover, a new term is included that takes into account the specific surface area of the particle and it can be mathematically proven that a decrease in particle radius leads to a decrease in the release temperature for a given partial pressure.
Hydrogenation of CO2
Current approach to reduce CO2 includes capturing and storing from facilities across the world. However, storage poses technical and economic barriers preventing global scale application.To utilize CO2 at the point source, CO2 hydrogenation is a realistic and practical approach. Conventional hydrogenation reduces saturated organic compounds by addition of H2. One pathway of CO2 hydrogenation is CO2 the methanol pathway. Methanol can be used to produce long chain hydrocarbons. Some barriers of CO2 hydrogenation includes purification of captured CO2, H2 source from splitting water and energy inputs for hydrogenation. To overcome these barriers, we can further develop green H2technology and encourage catalyst research at industrial and academic level. For industrial applications, CO2 is often converted to methanol. Until now, much progress has been made for CO2 to C1 molecules. However, CO2 to high value molecules still face many roadblocks and the future of CO2 hydrogenation depends on the advancement of catalytic technologies.
Metal hydrides
Metal hydrides, such as MgH2, NaAlH4, LiAlH4, LiH, LaNi5H6, TiFeH2, ammonia borane, and palladium hydride represent sources of stored hydrogen. Again the persistent problems are the % weight of H2that they carry and the reversibility of the storage process. Some are easy-to-fuel liquids at ambient temperature and pressure, whereas others are solids which could be turned into pellets. These materials have good energy density, although their specific energy is often worse than the leading hydrocarbon fuels.
LiNH2, LiBH4, and NaBH4.
An alternative method for lowering dissociation temperatures is doping with activators. This strategy has been used for aluminium hydride, but the complex synthesis makes the approach unattractive.
Proposed hydrides for use in a hydrogen economy include simple hydrides of magnesium or transition metals and complex metal hydrides, typically containing sodium, lithium, or calcium and aluminium or boron. Hydrides chosen for storage applications provide low reactivity (high safety) and high hydrogen storage densities. Leading candidates are lithium hydride, sodium borohydride, lithium aluminium hydride and ammonia borane. A French company McPhy Energy is developing the first industrial product, based on magnesium hydride, already sold to some major clients such as Iwatani and ENEL.
Reversible hydrogen storage is exhibited by frustrated Lewis pair, which produces a borohydride.
The phosphino-borane on the left accepts one equivalent of hydrogen at one atmosphere and 25 °C and expels it again by heating to 100 °C. The storage capacity is 0.25 wt%.
Aluminium
Hydrogen can be produced using aluminium by reacting it with water. It was previously believed that, to react with water, aluminium must be stripped of its natural oxide layer using caustic substances, alloys, or mixing with gallium (which produces aluminum nanoparticles that allow 90% of the aluminum to react). It has since been demonstrated that efficient reaction is possible by increasing the temperature and pressure of the reaction. The byproduct of the reaction to create hydrogen is aluminum oxide, which can be recycled back into aluminium with the Hall–Héroult process, making the reaction theoretically renewable. Although this requires electrolysis, which consumes a large amount of energy, the energy is then stored in the aluminium (and released when the aluminium is reacted with water).
Magnesium
Mg-based hydrogen storage materials can be generally fell into three categories, i.e., pure Mg, Mg-based alloys, and Mg-based composites. Particularly, more than 300 sorts of Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys have been receiving extensive attention because of the relatively better overall performance. Nonetheless, the inferior hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics rooting in the overly undue thermodynamic stability of metal hydride make the Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys currently not appropriate for the real applications, and therefore, massive attempts have been dedicated to overcoming these shortages. Some sample preparation methods, such as smelting, powder sintering, diffusion, mechanical alloying, hydriding combustion synthesis method, surface treatment, and heat treatment, etc., have been broadly employed for altering the dynamic performance and cycle life of Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys. Besides, some intrinsic modification strategies, including alloying, nanostructuring, doping by catalytic additives, and acquiring nanocomposites with other hydrides, etc., have been mainly explored for intrinsically boosting the performance of Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys. Like aluminium, magnesium also reacts with water to produce hydrogen.
Of the primary hydrogen storage alloys progressed formerly, Mg and Mg-based hydrogen storage materials are believed to provide the remarkable possibility of the practical application, on account of the advantages as following: 1) the resource of Mg is plentiful and economical. Mg element exists abundantly and accounts for ~2.35% of the earth's crust with the rank of the eighth; 2) low density of merely 1.74 g cm-3; 3) superior hydrogen storage capacity. The theoretical hydrogen storage amounts of the pure Mg is 7.6 wt % (weight percent), and the Mg2Ni is 3.6 wt%, respectively.
Alanates-based systems
Sodium Alanate(NaAlH4) is a complex hydride for H2 storage.The crystal structure was first determined through a single crystal X-ray diffracrion study in 1979. The atomic structure consisted of isolated [AlH4]− tetrahedra in which the Na atoms are surrounded by eight [AlH4]− tetrahedra in a distorted square. Hydrogen release from NaAlH4 is known since the 1950s. In 1997, Bogdanovic discovered that TiO2 doping of materials makes the process reversible at modest temperature and pressure. TiO2-doped materials are reversible in hydrogen storage, NaAlH4 is currently the state of the art reversible solid state hydrogen storage material which can be used in low temperature and has 5.6 wt.% hydrogen contained. The chemical reaction is, 3NaAlH4 ← catalyst → Na3AlH6 + 2Al + 3H2 ← catalyst → 3NaH + Al + 3/2H2. The heat required to change from NaAlH4 to Na3AlH6 is 37 kJ/mol. The heat required to change from Na3AlH6 to NaH is 47 kJ/mol. In principle, the first step of NaAlH4 releases 3.7 wt.% hydrogen at about 190 °C and the second step releases 1.8 wt.% hydrogen at about 225 °C upon heating. Further dehydrogenation of NaH occurs only at temperature higher than 400 °C. This temperature is too high for technical applications, therefore, can not be used in a fuel cell vehicle.
Lithium alanate (LiAlH4) was synthesized for the first time in 1947 by dissolution of lithium hydride in an ether solution of aluminium chloride. LiAlH4 has a theoretical gravimetric capacity of 10.5 wt %H2 and dehydrogenates in the following three steps: 3LiAlH4 ↔ Li3AlH6 + 3H2 + 2Al (423–448 K; 5.3 wt %H2; ∆H = −10 kJ·mol−1 H2); Li3AlH6 ↔ 3LiH + Al + 1.5H2 (453–493 K; 2.6 wt %H2; ∆H = 25 kJ·mol−1 H2); 3LiH + 3Al ↔ 3LiAl + 3/2H2 (>673 K; 2.6 wt %H2; ∆H = 140 kJ·mol−1 H2). The first two steps lead to a total amount of hydrogen released equal to 7.9 wt %, which could be attractive for practical applications, but the working temperatures and the desorption kinetics are still far from the practical targets. Several strategies have been applied in the last few years to overcome these limits, such as ball-milling and catalysts additions.
Potassium Alanate (KAlH4) was first prepared by Ashby et al. by one-step synthesis in toluene, tetrahydrofuran, and diglyme. Concerning the hydrogen absorption and desorption properties, this alanate was only scarcely studied. Morioka et al., by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) analyses, proposed the following dehydrogenation mechanism: 3KAlH4 →K3AlH6 + 2Al + 3H2 (573 K, ∆H = 55 kJ·mol−1 H2; 2.9 wt %H2), K3AlH6 → 3KH + Al + 3/2H2 (613 K, ∆H = 70 kJ·mol−1 H2; 1.4 wt %H2), 3KH → 3K + 3/2H2 (703 K, 1.4 wt %H2). These reactions were demonstrated reversible without catalysts addition at relatively low hydrogen pressure and temperatures. The addition of TiCl3 was found to decrease the working temperature of the first dehydrogenation step of 50 K, but no variations were recorded for the last two reaction steps.
Organic hydrogen carriers
Unsaturated organic compounds can store huge amounts of hydrogen. These Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC) are hydrogenated for storage and dehydrogenated again when the energy/hydrogen is needed. Using LOHCs relatively high gravimetric storage densities can be reached (about 6 wt-%) and the overall energy efficiency is higher than for other chemical storage options such as producing methane from the hydrogen. Both hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of LOHCs requires catalysts. It was demonstrated that replacing hydrocarbons by hetero-atoms, like N, O etc. improves reversible de/hydrogenation properties.
Cycloalkanes
Research on LOHC was concentrated on cycloalkanes at an early stage, with its relatively high hydrogen capacity (6-8 wt %) and production of COx-free hydrogen. Heterocyclic aromatic compounds (or N-Heterocycles) are also appropriate for this task. A compound featuring in LOHC research is (NEC) but many others do exist. Dibenzyltoluene, which is already used as a heat transfer fluid in industry, was identified as potential LOHC. With a wide liquid range between -39 °C (melting point) and 390 °C (boiling point) and a hydrogen storage density of 6.2 wt% dibenzyltoluene is ideally suited as LOHC material. Formic acid has been suggested as a promising hydrogen storage material with a 4.4wt% hydrogen capacity.
Cycloalkanes reported as LOHC include cyclohexane, methyl-cyclohexane and decalin. The dehydrogenation of cycloalkanes is highly endothermic (63-69 kJ/mol H2), which means this process requires high temperature. Dehydrogenation of decalin is the most thermodynamically favored among the three cycloalkanes, and methyl-cyclohexane is second because of the presence of the methyl group. Research on catalyst development for dehydrogenation of cycloalkanes has been carried out for decades. Nickel (Ni), Molybdenum (Mo) and Platinum (Pt) based catalysts are highly investigated for dehydrogenation. However, coking is still a big challenge for catalyst's long-term stability.
The addition of second metal such as W,Ir, Re, Rh and Pd etc. and/or promoter (such as Ca) and selection of suitable support (such as CNF and Al2O3) are effective against coking. For cyclohexane, there are two dehydrogenation mechanisms, the sextet mechanism and the doublet mechanism. The difference between the two mechanisms lies in whether they are intermediate products during dehydrogenation. In the sextet mechanism, cyclohexane overlies on the catalyst surface and undergoes dehydrogenation directly to benxzene. In contrast, in the double
mechanism, hydrogen will be released step by step because of the C=C double bound.
N-Heterocycles
The temperature required for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation drops significantly for heterocycles vs simple carbocycles. Among all the N-heterocycles, the saturated-unsaturated pair of dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole (12H-NEC) and NEC has been considered as a promising candidate for hydrogen storage with a fairly large hydrogen content (5.8wt%). The figure on the top right shows dehydrogenation and hydrogenation of the 12H-NEC and NEC pair. The standard catalyst for NEC to 12H-NEC is Ru and Rh based. The selectivity of hydrogenation can reach 97% at 7 MPa and 130 °C-150 °C. Although N-Heterocyles can optimize the unfavorable thermodynamic properties of cycloalkanes, a lot of issues remain unsolved, such as high cost, high toxicity and kinetic barriers etc.
The imidazolium ionic liquids such alkyl(aryl)-3-methylimidazolium N-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate salts can reversibly add 6–12 hydrogen atoms in the presence of classical Pd/C or Ir0 nanoparticle catalysts and can be used as alternative materials for on-board hydrogen-storage devices. These salts can hold up to 30 g L−1 of hydrogen at atmospheric pressure.
Formic acid
Formic acid is a highly effective hydrogen storage material, although its H2density is low. Carbon monoxide free hydrogen has been generated in a very wide pressure range (1–600 bar). A homogeneous catalytic system based on water-soluble ruthenium catalysts selectively decompose HCOOH into H2 and CO2 in aqueous solution. This catalytic system overcomes the limitations of other catalysts (e.g. poor stability, limited catalytic lifetimes, formation of CO) for the decomposition of formic acid making it a viable hydrogen storage material. And the co-product of this decomposition, carbon dioxide, can be used as hydrogen vector by hydrogenating it back to formic acid in a second step. The catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 has long been studied and efficient procedures have been developed. Formic acid contains 53 g L−1 hydrogen at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. By weight, pure formic acid stores 4.3 wt% hydrogen. Pure formic acid is a liquid with a flash point 69 °C (cf. gasoline −40 °C, ethanol 13 °C). 85% formic acid is not flammable.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates (polymeric C6H10O5) release H2 in a bioreformer mediated by the enzyme cocktail—cell-free synthetic pathway biotransformation. Carbohydrates provide high hydrogen storage densities as a liquid with mild pressurization and cryogenic constraints: It can also be stored as a solid powder. Carbohydrates are the most abundant renewable bioresource in the world.
Polysaccharides (C6H10O5)n undergo a hydrolysis reaction of C6H10O5 + 7H2O → 12H2 +6CO2. As a result, hydrogen storage density in polysaccharides is 14.8 mass%. Carbohydrates are much less costly than other carriers. Hydrogen generation from carbohydrates can be implemented at mild conditions of 30~80 °C and about 1 atm, the process does not need any costly high pressure reactor, and high purity hydrogen mixed with is generated, making extra product purification unnecessary. Under the mild reaction conditions, separation of gaseous products and aqueous reaction is easy and nearly no cost. Moreover, renewable carbohydrates are non-flammable and not toxic at all.
Compared to other hydrogen carriers, carbohydrates are very appealing due to their low cost, renewable source, high purity hydrogen generated, and so on.
Ammonia and related compounds
Ammonia
Ammonia (NH3) releases H2 in an appropriate catalytic reformer. Ammonia provides high hydrogen storage densities as a liquid with mild pressurization and cryogenic constraints: It can also be stored as a liquid at room temperature and pressure when mixed with water. Ammonia is the second most commonly produced chemical in the world and a large infrastructure for making, transporting, and distributing ammonia exists. Ammonia can be reformed to produce hydrogen with no harmful waste, or can mix with existing fuels and under the right conditions burn efficiently. Since there is no carbon in ammonia, no carbon by-products are produced; thereby making this possibility a "carbon neutral" option for the future. Pure ammonia burns poorly at the atmospheric pressures found in natural gas fired water heaters and stoves. Under compression in an automobile engine it is a suitable fuel for slightly modified gasoline engines. Ammonia is a suitable alternative fuel because it has 18.6 MJ/kg energy density at NTP and carbon-free combustion byproducts.
Ammonia has several challenges to widespread adaption as a hydrogen storage material. Ammonia is a toxic gas with a potent odor at standard temperature and pressure. Additionally, advances in the efficiency and scalability of ammonia decomposition are needed for commercial viability, as fuel cell membranes are highly sensitive to residual ammonia and current decomposition techniques have low yield rates. A variety of transition metals can be used to catalyze the ammonia decomposition reaction, the most effective being ruthenium. This catalysis works through chemisorption, where the adsorption energy of N2 is less than the reaction energy of dissociation. Hydrogen purification can be achieved in several ways. Hydrogen can be separated from unreacted ammonia using a permeable, hydrogen-selective membrane. It can also be purified through the adsorption of ammonia, which can be selectively trapped due to its polarity.
In September 2005 chemists from the Technical University of Denmark announced a method of storing hydrogen in the form of ammonia saturated into a salt tablet. They claim it will be an inexpensive and safe storage method.
positive and negative attributes of Ammonia
·pro's:High theoretical energy density, Wide spread availability, Large scale commercial production, Benign decomposition pathway to H2and N2
·con's:Toxicity, Corrosive, High decomposition temperature leading to efficiency loss
Hydrazine
Hydrazine breaks down in the cell to form nitrogen and hydrogen/ Silicon hydrides and germanium hydrides are also candidates of hydrogen storage materials, as they can subject to energetically favored reaction to form covalently bonded dimers with loss of a hydrogen molecule.
Chemical hydrides
Chemical hydride is an irreversible hydrogen storage material. The reaction of hydrogen releasing from chemical hydrides are usually exothermic, which makes regeneration of the fuel energy-intensive. NaBH4 + 2H2O → NaBO2 + 4H2 + 300 kJ. The chemical reaction gives potential for high density storage, but current systems produce much lower effective density. The NaBH4 has a theoretical effective density of 10.8 wt.%, however there is only 1.1 wt.% of effective density in reality. Examples of chemical hydride reactions: NaBH4 (20~35% solution, stabilized with 1~3% NaOH) + 2H2O (from fuel cell exhaust) → NaBO2 (Borax in NaOH) + 4H2. 2LiH + 2H2O → 2LiOH + 2H2.
A leading chemical hydride is NH3BH3, which is a waxy solid at room temperature with a melting point of 90 °C. Hydrogen will be released from NH3BH3 around 90 °C because of thermal decomposition. NH3BH3 is a promising material for hydrogen storing because it has one of the highest theoretical hydrogen weight percentages at 19.6% and also the highest hydrogen volume density at 151 kg H2 per volume. Hydrogen release from NH3BH3 occurs stepwise, where the onset temperature for the first equivalent is 90 °C, the temperature for second equivalent is 150 °C. The remaining hydrogen will be released at the temperature higher than 150 °C.
Amine boranes
Prior to 1980, several compounds were investigated for hydrogen storage including complex borohydrides, or aluminohydrides, and ammonium salts. These hydrides have an upper theoretical hydrogen yield limited to about 8.5% by weight. Amongst the compounds that contain only B, N, and H (both positive and negative ions), representative examples include: amine boranes, boron hydride ammoniates, hydrazine-borane complexes, and ammonium octahydrotriborates or tetrahydroborates. Of these, amine boranes (and especially ammonia borane) have been extensively investigated as hydrogen carriers. During the 1970s and 1980s, the U.S. Army and Navy funded efforts aimed at developing hydrogen/deuterium gas-generating compounds for use in the HF/DF and HCl chemical lasers, and gas dynamic lasers. Earlier hydrogen gas-generating formulations used amine boranes and their derivatives. Ignition of the amine borane(s) forms boron nitride (BN) and hydrogen gas. In addition to ammonia borane
(H3BNH3), other gas-generators include diborane diammoniate, H2B(NH3)2BH4.
Physical storage
In this case hydrogen remains in physical forms, i.e., as gas, supercritical fluid, adsorbate, or molecular inclusions. Theoretical limitations and experimental results are considered
concerning the volumetric and gravimetric capacity of glass microvessels, microporous, and nanoporous media, as well as safety and refilling-time demands.
Porous or layered carbon
Activated carbons are highly porous amorphous carbon materials with high apparent surface area. Hydrogen physisorption can be increased in these materials by increasing the apparent surface area and optimizing pore diameter to around 7 Å. These materials are of particular interest due to the fact that they can be made from waste materials, such as cigarette butts which have shown great potential as precursor materials for high-capacity hydrogen storage materials.
Graphene can store hydrogen efficiently. The H2 adds to the double bonds giving graphane. The hydrogen is released upon heating to 450 °C.
Hydrogen carriers based on nanostructured carbon (such as carbon buckyballs and nanotubes) have been proposed. However, hydrogen content amounts up to ≈3.0-7.0 wt% at 77K which is far from the value set by US Department of Energy (6 wt% at nearly ambient conditions).
To realize carbon materials as effective hydrogen storage technologies, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been doped with MgH2. The metal hydride has proven to have a theoretical storage capacity (7.6 wt%) that fulfills the United States Department of Energy requirement of 6 wt%, but has limited practical applications due to its high release temperature. The proposed mechanism involves the creation of fast diffusion channels by CNTs within the MgH2 lattice. Fullerene substances are other carbonaceous nanomaterials that have been tested for hydrogen storage in this center. Fullerene molecules are composed of a C60 close-caged structure, that allows for hydrogenation of the double bonded carbons leading to a theoretical C60H60 isomer with a hydrogen content of 7.7 wt%. However, the release temperature in these systems is high (600 °C).
Metal-organic frameworks
Metal-organic frameworks represent another class of synthetic porous materials that store hydrogen and energy at the molecular level. MOFs are highly crystalline inorganic-organic hybrid structures that contain metal clusters or ions (secondary building units) as nodes and organic ligands as linkers. When guest molecules (solvent) occupying the pores are removed during solvent exchange and heating under vacuum, porous structure of MOFs can be achieved without destabilizing the frame and hydrogen molecules will be adsorbed onto the surface of the pores by physisorption. Compared to traditional zeolites and porous carbon materials, MOFs have very high number of pores and surface area which allow higher hydrogen uptake in a given volume. Thus, research interests on hydrogen storage in MOFs have been growing since 2003 when the first MOF-based hydrogen storage was introduced. Since there are infinite geometric and chemical variations of MOFs based on different combinations of SBUs and linkers, many researches explore what combination will provide the maximum hydrogen uptake by varying materials of metal ions and linkers.
Factors influencing hydrogen storage ability
Temperature, pressure and composition of MOFs can influence their hydrogen storage ability. The adsorption capacity of MOFs is lower at higher temperature and higher at lower temperatures. With the rising of temperature, physisorption decreases and chemisorption increases. For MOF-519 and MOF-520, the isosteric heat of adsorption decreased with pressure increase. For MOF-5, both gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen uptake increased with increase in pressure. The total capacity may not be consistent with the usable capacity under pressure swing conditions. For instance, MOF-5 and IRMOF-20, which have the highest total volumetric capacity, show the least usable volumetric capacity. Absorption capacity can be increased by modification of structure. For example, the hydrogen uptake of PCN-68 is higher than PCN-61. Porous aromatic frameworks (PAF-1), which is known as a high surface area material, can achieve a higher surface area by doping.
Modification of MOFs
There are many different ways to modify MOFs, such as MOF catalysts, MOF hybrids, MOF with metal centers and doping. MOF catalysts have high surface area, porosity and hydrogen storage capacity. However, the active metal centers are low. MOF hybrids have enhanced surface area, porosity, loading capacity and hydrogen storage capacity. Nevertheless, they are not stable and lack active centers. Doping in MOFs can increase hydrogen storage capacity, but there might be steric effect and inert metals have inadequate stability. There might be formation of interconnected pores and low corrosion resistance in MOFs with metal centers, while they might have good binding energy and enhanced stability. These advantages and disadvantages for different kinds of modified MOFs show that MOF hybrids are more promising because of the good controllability in selection of materials for high surface area, porosity and stability.
In 2006, chemists achieved hydrogen storage concentrations of up to 7.5 wt% in MOF-74 at a low temperature of 77 K. In 2009, researchers reached 10 wt% at 77 bar (1,117 psi) and 77 K with MOF NOTT-112. Most articles about hydrogen storage in MOFs report hydrogen uptake capacity at a temperature of 77K and a pressure of 1 bar because these conditions are commonly available and the binding energy between hydrogen and the MOF at this temperature is large compared to the thermal vibration energy. Varying several factors such as surface area, pore size, catenation, ligand structure, and sample purity can result in different amounts of hydrogen uptake in MOFs.
In 2020, researchers reported that NU-1501-Al, an ultraporous metal–organic framework (MOF) based on metal trinuclear clusters, yielded "impressive gravimetric and volumetric storage performances for hydrogen and methane", with a hydrogen delivery capacity of 14.0% w/w, 46.2 g/litre.
Cryo-compressed
Cryo-compressed storage of hydrogen is the only technology that meets 2015 DOE targets for volumetric and gravimetric efficiency (see "CcH2" on slide 6 in ).
Furthermore, another study has shown that cryo-compression exhibits interesting cost advantages: ownership cost (price per mile) and storage system cost (price per vehicle) are actually the lowest when compared to any other technology (see third row in slide 13 of ). For example, a cryo-compressed hydrogen system would cost $0.12 per mile (including cost of fuel and all other associated costs), while conventional gasoline vehicles cost between $0.05 and $0.07 per mile.
Like liquid storage, cryo-compressed uses cold hydrogen (20.3 K and slightly above) in order to reach a high energy density. However, the main difference is that, when the hydrogen would warm-up due to heat transfer with the environment ("boil off"), the tank is allowed to go to pressures much higher (up to 350 bars versus a couple of bars for liquid storage). As a consequence, it takes more time before the hydrogen has to vent, and in most driving situations, enough hydrogen is used by the car to keep the pressure well below the venting limit.
Consequently, it has been demonstrated that a high driving range could be achieved with a cryo-compressed tank : more than were driven with a full tank mounted on a hydrogen-fueled engine of Toyota Prius. Research is still underway to study and demonstrate the full potential of the technology.
As of 2010, the BMW Group has started a thorough component and system level validation of cryo-compressed vehicle storage on its way to a commercial product.
Clathrate hydrates
H2 caged in a clathrate hydrate was first reported in 2002, but requires very high pressures to be stable. In 2004, researchers showed solid H2-containing hydrates could be formed at ambient temperature and 10s of bar by adding small amounts of promoting substances such as THF. These clathrates have a theoretical maximum hydrogen densities of around 5 wt% and 40 kg/m3.
Glass capillary arrays
A team of Russian, Israeli and German scientists have collaboratively developed an innovative technology based on glass capillary arrays for the safe infusion, storage and controlled release of hydrogen in mobile applications. The C.En technology has achieved the United States Department of Energy (DOE) 2010 targets for on-board hydrogen storage systems.
DOE 2015 targets can be achieved using flexible glass capillaries and cryo-compressed method of hydrogen storage.
Glass microspheres
Hollow glass microspheres (HGM) can be utilized for controlled storage and release of hydrogen. HGMs with a diameter of 1 to 100 μm, a density of 1.0 to 2.0 gm/cc and a porous wall with openings of 10 to 1000 angstroms are considered for hydrogen storage. The advantages of HGMs for hydrogen storage are that they are nontoxic, light, cheap, recyclable, reversible, easily handled at atmospheric conditions, capable of being stored in a tank, and the hydrogen within is non-explosive. Each of these HGMs is capable of containing hydrogen up to 150 MPa without the heaviness and bulk of a large pressurized tank. All of these qualities are favorable in vehicular applications. Beyond these advantages, HGMs are seen as a possible hydrogen solution due to hydrogen diffusivity having a large temperature dependence. At room temperature, the diffusivity is very low, and the hydrogen is trapped in the HGM. The disadvantage of HGMs is that to fill and outgas hydrogen effectively the temperature must be at least 300 °C which significantly increases the operational cost of HGM in hydrogen storage. The high temperature can be partly attributed to glass being an insulator and having a low thermal conductivity; this hinders hydrogen diffusivity, and subsequently a higher temperature is required to achieve the desired storage capacity.
To make this technology more economically viable for commercial use, research is being done to increase the efficiency of hydrogen diffusion through the HGMs. One study done by Dalai et al. sought to increase the thermal conductivity of the HGM through doping the glass with cobalt. In doing so they increased the thermal conductivity from 0.0072 to 0.198 W/m-K at 10 wt% Co. Increases in hydrogen adsorption though were only seen up to 2 wt% Co (0.103 W/m-K) as the metal oxide began to cover pores in the glass shell. This study concluded with a hydrogen storage capacity of 3.31 wt% with 2 wt% Co at 200 °C and 10 bar.
A study done by Rapp and Shelby sought to increase the hydrogen release rate through photo-induced outgassing in doped HGMs in comparison to conventional heating methods. The glass was doped with optically active metals to interact with the high-intensity infrared light. The study found that 0.5 wt% Fe3O4 doped 7070 borosilicate glass had hydrogen release increase proportionally to the infrared lamp intensity. In addition to the improvements to diffusivity by infrared alone, reactions between the hydrogen and iron-doped glass increased the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio which increased infrared absorption therefore further increasing the hydrogen yield.
As of 2020, the progress made in studying HGMs has increased its efficiency but it still falls short of Department of Energy targets for this technology. The operation temperatures for both hydrogen adsorption and release are the largest barrier to commercialization.
Stationary hydrogen storage
Unlike mobile applications, hydrogen density is not a huge problem for stationary applications. As for mobile applications, stationary applications can use established technology:
Compressed hydrogen (CGH2) in a hydrogen tank
Liquid hydrogen in a (LH2) cryogenic hydrogen tank
Slush hydrogen in a cryogenic hydrogen tank
Underground hydrogen storage
Underground hydrogen storage is the practice of hydrogen storage in caverns, salt domes and depleted oil and gas fields. Large quantities of gaseous hydrogen have been stored in caverns by ICI for many years without any difficulties. The storage of large quantities of liquid hydrogen underground can function as grid energy storage. The round-trip efficiency is approximately 40% (vs. 75-80% for pumped-hydro (PHES)), and the cost is slightly higher than pumped hydro, if only a limited number of hours of storage is required. Another study referenced by a European staff working paper found that for large scale storage, the cheapest option is hydrogen at €140/MWh for 2,000 hours of storage using an electrolyser, salt cavern storage and combined-cycle power plant. The European project Hyunder indicated in 2013 that for the storage of wind and solar energy an additional 85 caverns are required as it cannot be covered by PHES and CAES systems. A German case study on storage of hydrogen in salt caverns found that if the German power surplus (7% of total variable renewable generation by 2025 and 20% by 2050) would be converted to hydrogen and stored underground, these quantities would require some 15 caverns of 500,000 cubic metres each by 2025 and some 60 caverns by 2050 – corresponding to approximately one third of the number of gas caverns currently operated in Germany. In the US, Sandia Labs are conducting research into the storage of hydrogen in depleted oil and gas fields, which could easily absorb large amounts of renewably produced hydrogen as there are some 2.7 million depleted wells in existence.
Power to gas
Power to gas is a technology which converts electrical power to a gas fuel. There are two methods: the first is to use the electricity for water splitting and inject the resulting hydrogen into the natural gas grid; the second, less efficient method is used to convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen to methane, (see natural gas) using electrolysis and the Sabatier reaction. A third option is to combine the hydrogen via electrolysis with a source of carbon (either carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide from biogas, from industrial processes or via direct air-captured carbon dioxide) via biomethanation, where biomethanogens (archaea) consume carbon dioxide and hydrogen and produce methane within an anaerobic environment. This process is highly efficient, as the archaea are self-replicating and only require low-grade (60 °C) heat to perform the reaction.
Another process has also been achieved by SoCalGas to convert the carbon dioxide in raw biogas to methane in a single electrochemical step, representing a simpler method of converting excess renewable electricity into storable natural gas.
The UK has completed surveys and is preparing to start injecting hydrogen into the gas grid as the grid previously carried 'town gas' which is a 50% hydrogen-methane gas formed from coal. Auditors KPMG found that converting the UK to hydrogen gas could be £150bn to £200bn cheaper than rewiring British homes to use electric heating powered by lower-carbon sources.
Excess power or off peak power generated by wind generators or solar arrays can then be used for load balancing in the energy grid. Using the existing natural gas system for hydrogen, Fuel cell maker Hydrogenics and natural gas distributor Enbridge have teamed up to develop such a power to gas system in Canada.
Pipeline storage of hydrogen where a natural gas network is used for the storage of hydrogen. Before switching to natural gas, the German gas networks were operated using towngas, which for the most part (60-65%) consisted of hydrogen. The storage capacity of the German natural gas network is more than 200,000 GW·h which is enough for several months of energy requirement. By comparison, the capacity of all German pumped storage power plants amounts to only about 40 GW·h. The transport of energy through a gas network is done with much less loss (<0.1%) than in a power network (8%). The use of the existing natural gas pipelines for hydrogen was studied by NaturalHy
Automotive onboard hydrogen storage
Portability is one of the biggest challenges in the automotive industry, where high density storage systems are problematic due to safety concerns.
High-pressure tanks weigh much more than the hydrogen they can hold. For example, in the 2014 Toyota Mirai, a full tank contains only 5.7% hydrogen, the rest of the weight being the tank.
The US Department of Energy has set targets for onboard hydrogen storage for light vehicles. The list of requirements include parameters related to gravimetric and volumetric capacity, operability, durability and cost. These targets have been set as the goal for a multiyear research plan expected to offer an alternative to fossil fuels.
The FreedomCAR Partnership, which was established under U.S. President George W. Bush, set targets for hydrogen vehicle fuel systems. The 2005 targets were not reached. The targets were revised in 2009 to reflect new data on system efficiencies obtained from fleets of test cars. In 2017 the 2020 and ultimate targets were lowered, with the ultimate targets set to 65 g H per kg total system weight, and 50 g H per litre of system.
It is important to note that these targets are for the hydrogen storage system, not the hydrogen storage material such as a hydride. System densities are often around half those of the working material, thus while a material may store 6 wt% H2, a working system using that material may only achieve 3 wt% when the weight of tanks, temperature and pressure control equipment, etc., is considered.
In 2010, only two storage technologies were identified as having the potential to meet DOE targets: MOF-177 exceeds 2010 target for volumetric capacity, while cryo-compressed H2 exceeds more restrictive 2015 targets for both gravimetric and volumetric capacity (see slide 6 in ).
The target for fuel cell powered vehicles is to provide a driving range of over 300 miles. A long-term goal set by the US Fuel Cell Technology Office involves the use of nanomaterials to improve maximum range.
Fuel cells and storage
Due to its clean-burning characteristics, hydrogen is a clean fuel alternative for the automotive industry. Hydrogen-based fuel could significantly reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2, SO2 and NOx. Three problems for the use of hydrogen fuel cells (HFC) are efficiency, size, and safe onboard storage of the gas. Other major disadvantages of this emerging technology involve cost, operability and durability issues, which still need to be improved from the existing systems. To address these challenges, the use of nanomaterials has been proposed as an alternative option to the traditional hydrogen storage systems. The use of nanomaterials could provide a higher density system and increase the driving range towards the target set by the DOE at 300 miles. Carbonaceous materials such as carbon nanotube and metal hydrides are the main focus of research. They are currently being considered for onboard storage systems due to their versatility, multi-functionality, mechanical properties and low cost with respect to other alternatives.
Other advantages of nanomaterials in fuel cells
The introduction of nanomaterials in onboard hydrogen storage systems may be a major turning point in the automotive industry. However, storage is not the only aspect of the fuel cell to which nanomaterials may contribute. Different studies have shown that the transport and catalytic properties of Nafion membranes used in HFCs can be enhanced with TiO2/SnO2 nanoparticles. The increased performance is caused by an improvement in hydrogen splitting kinetics due to catalytic activity of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, this system exhibits faster transport of protons across the cell which makes HFCs with nanoparticle composite membranes a promising alternative.
Another application of nanomaterials in water splitting has been introduced by a research group at Manchester Metropolitan University in the UK using screen-printed electrodes consisting of a graphene-like material. Similar systems have been developed using photoelectrochemical techniques.
Hydrogen storage now and in the future
The Hydrogen Storage Materials research field is vast, having tens of thousands of published papers. According to Papers in the 2000 to 2015 period collected from Web of Science and processed in VantagePoint® bibliometric software, a scientometric review of research in hydrogen storage materials was constituted. According to the literature, hydrogen energy went through a hype-cycle type of development in the 2000s. Research in Hydrogen Storage Materials grew at increasing rates from 2000 to 2010. Afterwards, growth continued but at decreasing rates, and a plateau was reached in 2015. Looking at individual country output, there is a division between countries that after 2010 inflected to a constant or slightly declining production, such as the European Union countries, the US and Japan, and those whose production continued growing until 2015, such as China and South Korea. The countries with most publications were China, the EU and the USA, followed by Japan. China kept the leading position throughout the entire period, and had a higher share of hydrogen storage materials publications in its total research output.
Among materials classes, Metal-Organic Frameworks were the most researched materials, followed by Simple Hydrides. Three typical behaviors were identified:
New materials, researched mainly after 2004, such as MOFs and Borohydrides;
Classic materials, present through the entire period with growing number of papers, such as Simple Hydrides, and
Materials with stagnant or declining research through the end of the period, such as AB5 alloys and Carbon Nanotubes.
However, current physisorption technologies are still far from being commercialized. The experimental studies are executed for small samples less than 100 g. The described technologies require high pressure and/or low temperatures as a rule. Therefore, we consider these techniques at their current state of the art not as a separate novel technology but as a type of valuable add-on to current compression and liquefaction methods.
Physisorption processes are reversible since no activation energy is involved and the interaction energy is very low. In materials such as metal–organic frameworks, porous carbons, zeolites, clathrates, and organic polymers, hydrogen is physisorbed on the surface of the pores. In these classes of materials, the hydrogen storage capacity mainly depends on the surface area and pore volume. The main limitation of use of these sorbents as H2storage materials is weak van der Waals interaction energy between hydrogen and the surface of the sorbents. Therefore, many of the physisorption based materials have high storage capacities at liquid nitrogen temperature and high pressures, but their capacities become very low at ambient temperature and pressure.
LOHC, liquid organic hydrogen storage systems is a promising technique for future hydrogen storage. LOHC are organic compounds that can absorb and release hydrogen through chemical reactions. These compounds are characterized by the fact that they can be loaded and un-loaded with considerable amounts of hydrogen in a cyclic process. In principle, every unsaturated compound (organic molecules with C-C double or triple bonds) can take up hydrogen during hydrogenation. This technique ensures that the release of compounds into the atmosphere are entirely avoided in hydrogen storage. Therefore, LOHCs is an attractive way to provide wind and solar energy for mobility applications in the form of liquid energy carrying molecules of similar energy storage densities and manageability as today's fossil fuels.
See also
Cascade storage system
Cryo-adsorption
Electrochemical hydrogen compressor
Hydrogenography
Hydrogen energy plant in Denmark
Industrial gas
Tunable nanoporous carbon
References
External links
MaHyTec Hydrogen Tanks
EU Storhy
Nesshy
Vodik
Hydrogen as the fuel of the future, report by the DLR; discusses the types of hydrogen storage
United States Department of Energy Planned program activities for 2003–2010
Ammonia Borane (NhxBHx)
Hyweb (1996)
Research into metal-organic framework or Nano Cages H2 Storage Projects
Hydrogen Storage Technical Data
Sustainable technologies
Energy storage
Industrial gases
Gas technologies |
5382989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOAM-TV | KOAM-TV | KOAM-TV (channel 7) is a television station licensed to Pittsburg, Kansas, United States, serving the Joplin, Missouri–Pittsburg, Kansas market as an affiliate of CBS. It is owned by Morgan Murphy Media, which provides certain services to dual Fox/CW+ affiliate KFJX (channel 14, also licensed to Pittsburg) under joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with owner SagamoreHill Broadcasting. The two stations share studios and transmitter facilities on US 69 south of Pittsburg, with a secondary studio and news bureau on South Range Line Road in Joplin.
History
KOAM-TV first signed on at 5:22 p.m. on December 13, 1953 under the ownership of MidContinent Broadcasting Company, a joint venture of The Joplin Globe newspaper and E. Victor Baxter and Lester Cox, owners of KOAM radio (860 AM, the current KKOW), with Baxter and Cox holding a controlling interest. The Globe would eventually sell its minority stake in the station to Baxter and Cox.
KOAM-TV launched as a primary affiliate of NBC, owing to KOAM radio's long affiliation with NBC Radio, though it also had secondary affiliations with CBS (until KSWM-TV launched in 1954), DuMont (until that network's 1956 closure) and ABC (until January 1968, when KODE became a full-time ABC affiliate and KUHI-TV signed on with CBS). On September 5, 1982, KOAM swapped affiliations with KTVJ (the former KUHI-TV and now known as KSNF) and became a CBS affiliate. Mid-Continent Broadcasting sold the station to Draper Communications, who also owned WBOC-TV in Salisbury, Maryland in 1984. Draper then sold it to KOAM Ltd. Partnership in 1987.
KOAM's digital signal on channel 13 signed on in 2001 and remained until KOAM turned off its analog signal at 12:38 a.m. on February 17, 2009 (the original date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate, which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009) following The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, at which time KOAM ceased analog broadcasting and its digital broadcast returned to channel 7. Sister station KFJX, the market's Fox affiliate, moved onto KOAM's former digital channel 13 (KFJX continued to broadcast on analog channel 14 until May 2009 when a line of severe thunderstorms damaged the broadcast tower, forcing the removal of the antenna). KFJX's signal is simulcast in high definition on KOAM's digital subchannel 7.2.
In June 2010, the DirecTV satellite system added Joplin locals to its channel line-up. Initially, KOAM and sister station KFJX refused to allow DirecTV to carry their stations. In February 2012, KOAM and KFJX began airing on DirecTV.
On May 10, 2017, Morgan Murphy Media announced that it would acquire Saga Communications' television clusters in Joplin, Missouri, including KOAM-TV, and Victoria, Texas, including KAVU-TV. The sale was completed on September 1.
It was announced on March 24, 2022 that both KOAM-TV and KFJX-TV were approved to increase their power. The KOAM power will be increased from 14.8 kilowatts to 98.8 kilowatts and the power for KFJX will be increased from 5.6 kilowatts to 45.1 kilowatts. The project will also add vertical polarization. They will both temporarily broadcast at a lower power while construction is being completed.
On June 20, 2022, KOAM and KFJX started broadcasting at a lower height of 760 feet and a lower power output in preparation to have their new transmitters installed by the end of June or early July.
On July 9, 2022, KOAM and KFJX started broadcasting on their brand new transmitters with a higher power output than before.
Programming
In addition to the CBS network schedule, syndicated programming on KOAM includes Wheel of Fortune, Dr. Phil, The Game, Judge Mathis, and Judge Judy.
Wheel of Fortunes sister show, Jeopardy!, airs on KODE (at 3:30 p.m.) and KSNF (at 5 p.m.), making Joplin–Pittsburg one of only a few markets where the programs are carried on separate stations (normally, both shows air on the same channel back-to-back).
News operation
KOAM presently broadcasts 21½ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with four hours each weekday, one hour on Saturdays and a half-hour on Sundays).
Notable former on-air staff
Brian Williams (NBC Nightly News anchor from 2004 to 2015)
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
In September 2019, KOAM added MeTV to the DT3 subchannel as the Joplin–Pittsburg market did not have a MeTV affiliate.
References
External links
Official website
Morgan Murphy Media stations
Television stations in Kansas
OAM-TV
CBS network affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1953
1953 establishments in Kansas
Pittsburg, Kansas |
5382991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleford%20railway%20station | Appleford railway station | Appleford railway station serves the village of Appleford-on-Thames in Oxfordshire, England, as well as nearby settlements such as Sutton Courtenay. It is on the Cherwell Valley Line between and , measured from . The station and all trains serving it are operated by Great Western Railway.
Layout
The station entrance is on a humpback bridge and passengers must descend steep steps to the platforms.
Platform 1 is for Down trains towards , and Platform 2 is for Up trains towards .
South of the station is a pedestrian level crossing; the barrier is normally lowered with lights off. The user has to press a button for the signaller to raise the barriers; then they are lowered again once the user is clear of the crossing. The lights are only used to warn people that the barriers are coming down.
History
The station opened originally with the line from Didcot to Oxford, on 12 June 1844. It had been planned and partly built by the Oxford Railway, which was absorbed into the Great Western Railway before the opening of the line. It was however closed after just a few years in February 1849.
The Great Western Railway reopened the station as "Appleford Halt" on 11 September 1933 in response to growing competition from buses.
The station then passed to the Western Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948.
British Rail discontinued its "Halt" suffix on 5 May 1969. The station was served by Network SouthEast when sectorisation was introduced in the 1980s.
Unusually, until recently it retained the original wooden platforms and corrugated iron pagoda-roofed waiting shelters. These have been replaced by "bus shelter"-like waiting shelters. The station has never been staffed; originally passengers could buy tickets at the village post office, but since this has closed, they need to buy tickets from the on-train conductor.
Services
Appleford station is served by stopping services run by Great Western Railway between Reading and Oxford. In total there are 16 services each way with a two-hourly interval between trains, but shorter intervals at peak times. Most of these services start or continue as semi-fast services between Reading and London Paddington.
Since the start of the Winter 2014 timetable, trains no longer call at Appleford on Sundays.
Notes
References
Station on navigable O.S. map.
Railway stations in Oxfordshire
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1844
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1849
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1933
Railway stations served by Great Western Railway
1844 establishments in England |
5382996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normand%20L%C3%A9veill%C3%A9 | Normand Léveillé | Normand "Norm" Léveillé (born January 10, 1963) is a Canadian former professional hockey left winger. He played one season and one month in the National Hockey League for the Boston Bruins, before his career was cut short at age 19 by a brain aneurysm suffered during a game at the Pacific Coliseum, which left him unable to walk. After he recovered, Léveillé devoted his energies to therapy for others with disabling conditions. He is the founder and president of the Centre Normand-Léveillé at Drummondville in the Centre-du-Québec region of Quebec. His story is told in Un arrêt en plein vol by Thérèse Desjardins (2005.)
Playing career
Léveillé was born in Montreal, Quebec. As a youth, he played in the 1975 and 1976 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with a minor ice hockey team from Montreal. He was drafted in the first round, 14th overall in the 1981 NHL Entry Draft by the Boston Bruins. He was a highly touted prospect coming out of the QMJHL after a 101-point season in his last year with the Chicoutimi Saguenéens. In his rookie year with the Bruins, he scored 33 points in 60 games.
On October 23, 1982, after the first period in a game against the Vancouver Canucks in Vancouver, British Columbia during his second season with the Bruins, Léveillé complained of feeling dizzy and having pains in his shoulder. As the trainers began tending to him, he lost consciousness. He was rushed to a local hospital, where doctors diagnosed a brain aneurysm. Léveillé was rushed into emergency surgery in an effort to save his life. After surgery, he was comatose for three weeks and remained hospitalized for an additional three weeks. He eventually recovered enough to walk again, but at the age of 19, his promising career as an NHL player was over. Doctors confirmed that his aneurysm was caused by a congenital condition and was not triggered by an on-ice incident.
In 1995, the Boston Bruins invited Léveillé to the closing ceremonies of the Boston Garden, where he was allowed to skate on the Garden ice one last time. Bruins captain Ray Bourque helped escort Léveillé around the ice surface.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
Boston Bruins draft picks
Boston Bruins players
Canadian disability rights activists
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicoutimi Saguenéens (QMJHL) players
French Quebecers
Ice hockey people from Quebec
National Hockey League first round draft picks
Sportspeople from Montreal |
5382997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20King | Crystal King | Crystal King may refer to:
Crystal King, a Japanese rock band active since 1979, known for performing the original theme song for the anime television series Fist of the North Star
A fictional character in Paper Mario |
5383009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fadl | Al-Fadl | Al-Fadl (), also spelled Al-Fazl and in other ways, is an Arabic term meaning the bounty. It is used as a male given name and, in modern usage, a surname. It may refer to:
Given name
Al-Fadl ibn Salih (740–789), Abbasid governor in Syria and Egypt
Al-Fadl ibn Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi (died 794), provincial governor for the Abbasid Caliphate
Al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi' (757/8–823/4), chamberlain and vizier of the Abbasid caliphs Harun al-Rashid and al-Amin
Al-Fadl ibn Yahya (766–808), one of the Barmakids, governor in the Abbasid Caliphate under Harun al-Rashid
Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht (8th century), Persian scholar at the court of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid
Al-Fadl ibn Sahl (died 818), vizier of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun
Al-Fadl ibn Marwan (ca. 774–864), Christian vizier of the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim
Fadl ibn Rabi'ah (ca. 1107), Bedouin emir, progenitor of the Al Fadl dynasty
Fadl ibn Isa (13th century), Al Fadl ruler under the Mamluks
Surname
Jamal al-Fadl (born 1963), Sudanese Islamic militant
Amer Al Fadhel (born 1988), Kuwaiti footballer
Other
Al Fadl, an Arab dynasty that ruled parts of Syria on behalf of various Muslim states
Al Fazl (newspaper), regular publication of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
See also
Abu'l-Fadl |
5383017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Madrid | Juan Madrid | Juan Madrid (born 1947, in Málaga) is a Spanish writer, journalist and script writer.
Biography
He studied in Madrid and gained a degree in Contemporary History from the University of Salamanca. He has written for Cambio 16 since 1974, and this is where he currently works as an investigative reporter. He has written novels, chronicles, tales, short stories, youth novels and scripts for comics, films and TV. He admits to having started writing whilst preparing propaganda leaflets for the Spanish Communist Party, an activity that was illegal at the time.
He became recognised as a noir novelist after the publication of the collection Círculo del Crimen (SEDEMAY Editions), and became finalist of this collection's prize in 1980. In the same year he also published his first novel, Un beso de amigo (A Friend's Kiss), featuring the fictional character Toni Romano for the first time. Romano is the main character, a skeptical former policeman, boxer and debt collector, archetypchal of the Chandlerian detective in the Madrid of the Transition.
Madrid faithfully follows the rules of the traditional noir novel, mainly focusing on the social aspects of the time he describes, not always peaceful, with its flagrant contradictions and characters sometimes bordering marginality. The crumbling of values, power corruption and greed, and the circles of influence are commonplace in his novels.
Some of his works have been made into films (Días Contados, Tánger).
Bibliography
Novels
Un beso de amigo (1980)
Las apariencias no engañan (1982)
Nada que hacer (1984)
Regalo de la casa (1986)
Un trabajo fácil (1985)
Días contados (1993)
Brigada Central, (13 novels)
Cuentas pendientes (1995)
Malos tiempos (1995)
Tánger (1997)
Restos de carmín (1999)
Gente bastante extraña (2001)
Grupo de noche (2003)
Pájaro en mano (2007)
Adios, princesa (2008)
Tales
Hotel Paraíso (1987)
Jungla (1988)
Oídos sordos (1990)
La mirada
Crónicas del Madrid oscuro (1994)
Youth Literature
Cuartos oscuros (1993)
Los cañones de Durango (1996)
Los piratas del Ranghum (1996)
En el mar de China (1997)
El fugitivo de Borneo (1998)
Los Senderos del Tigre (2005)
Scripts
TV Series Brigada Central
Other
Mujeres & mujeres (1996, short story)
La mano negra (1998, essay)
Viaje por el Amazonas (documentary)
References
External links
La Gangsterera Total (in Spanish)
Netcom (in Spanish)
1947 births
Living people
People from Málaga
Spanish male writers
University of Salamanca alumni |
5383019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysterious%20Walker | Mysterious Walker | Frederick Mitchell Walker (March 21, 1884 – February 1, 1958), nicknamed "Mysterious", was an American athlete and coach. He was a three-sport athlete for the University of Chicago from 1904 to 1906 and played Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians, Brooklyn Superbas, Pittsburgh Rebels and Brooklyn Tip-Tops.
He earned the nickname "Mysterious" after pitching under a pseudonym for the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League in 1910. He also served as a college basketball, baseball and football coach at numerous colleges and universities, including Utah State University, University of Mississippi, Oregon State University, Carnegie Tech, Washington & Jefferson College, Williams College, Dartmouth College, Michigan State University, DePauw University, Loyola University New Orleans, University of Texas, and Wheaton College.
Early years
Walker was born in 1884 in Utica, Nebraska. He later moved during his youth to the Hyde Park section of Chicago.
Athlete at University of Chicago
He attended the University of Chicago where he played football, baseball and basketball. He played at the halfback position for Amos Alonzo Stagg's Chicago Maroons football teams from 1904 to 1906. As a freshman in October 1904, Walker suffered a concussion during a practice session when he collided with another player. The injury initially appeared not to be serious, but later that night Walker became "temporarily deranged" and, during his "delerium" he believed he was playing a football game against Northwestern that was scheduled for the following week. He was a member of the 1905 Chicago Maroons football team that defeated Michigan by a score of 2–0 ending a 56-game unbeaten streak for Fielding H. Yost's "Point-a-Minute" teams. Walker played a strong first half in the 1905 win over Michigan, but was forced to leave the game at the start of the second half due to a knee injury. In November 1906, the Chicago Daily Tribune wrote: "Fred Walker is playing his third year on the maroon team and is considered to be one of the best all round players in the country. Last year in the backfield, he is being used at end this season."
Walker was also one of the most dependable pitchers for the Maroons' baseball teams for three years, also coached by Amos Alonzo Stagg, and won one varsity letter in basketball. In one season, he pitched in every baseball game except two for the University of Chicago.
Coaching career and professional baseball
1907–1910
After graduating from Chicago in 1907, Walker was hired as the athletic director and coach of four sports at Utah Agricultural College, now known as Utah State University. His 1907 Utah Aggies football team finished the season with a 6–1 record and outscored opponents 184 to
25. The 1908 team began the season 4–0 after scoring 138 points to 6 for the opponents. However, during the 1908 football season, one of Walker's football players was killed during a game, and the sport was abolished at the college. He spent the latter part of the 1908 season as an assistant coach under John P. Koehler at the University of Denver.
In the summer of 1908, Walker played semi-professional baseball for the Rogers Parks team on the north side of Chicago. His pitching for Rogers Parks brought Walker to the attention of Chicago White Sox owner Charles Comiskey, who reportedly told Walker to "name his terms."
In 1909, Walker returned to the University of Chicago as an assistant football coach under head coach Stagg. In 1910, he coached the University of Mississippi baseball team and led them to the southern college championship, finishing with a record of 11–3. At the conclusion of the college baseball season in 1910, Walker left Mississippi and joined the Cincinnati Reds as a pitcher. He appeared in one game for the Reds, pitching three innings on June 28, 1910, and allowing four hits and one earned run.
Walker finished the 1910 season playing baseball for the San Francisco Seals in the Pacific Coast League. He appeared in 11 games for the Seals and compiled a record of 6–4 with a 2.68 earned run average.
While playing for San Francisco in 1910, Walker identified himself as Frank Mitchell, leaving off his last name. Mystery surrounded his appearances in the Pacific Coast League. Some accounts indicate that he wore a mask while pitching for the Seals. After he won both games of a doubleheader over the Los Angeles Angels in early September 1910, allowing seven hits in the first game and six in the second, the Los Angeles Times first referred to him as "Mysterious Mitchell", reporting as follows:"The big feature of this first double-header was the work of the iron 'busher' who heaved in both games. In the first, of ten innings, he allowed but seven hits, and in the second, of seven innings, six swats were made off him. ... Hash Mitchell, the mystery that came from nowhere to pitch four straight victories for the Seals ... Every one watched Mitchell in the hope that they might guess who he is by looking at him, and while they were gazing they saw some real spit ball pitching that was remarkable for the amount of juice he used to deceive the local batsmen."
The following week, the buzz surrounding "Mysterious Mitchell" continued to grow. Following a game in San Francisco, the press reported that Mitchell remained the focus of attention:"Mysterious Mitchell furnished the sensation at Recreation Park once more this afternoon when 8000 wildly excited fans upset baseball tradition. ... Until after the game the twirler created as much interest and excitement as the contest itself as there was still more to follow. He was the center of a throng as he left the stand and when he went to the offices of the baseball company, several hundred people gathered to look at him and call for a speech."
On September 19, 1910, Chicago sporting writers identified Mysterious Mitchell based on a photograph published by the Los Angeles Times as Fred Walker, the former pitching star for the University of Chicago. The press reported that Walker had signed earlier in the summer with the New York Giants but "got into trouble with a chambermaid at a hotel where he stopped, who accused the young pitcher of attempted assault." Following the accusation, Walker had disappeared leaving no trace until his photograph appeared in the Los Angeles Times. For the rest of his career in baseball, Walker was known as either "Mysterious Walker" and "Mysterious Mitchell."
1911–1916
In 1911, Walker coached the baseball team for the Oregon Aggies. His Oregon Aggies team finished 8–7 and lost the championship by a half game. During the winter of 1911–1912, Walker served as the coach for a basketball team in San Francisco. He was discharged in January 1912 after striking a referee in an altercation that grew out of a disagreement in a game. Members of the team petitioned to have Walker reinstated, contending that the referee's conduct justified the blow.
In 1912, Walker signed with the Cleveland Indians and appeared in one game, pitching one inning and giving up no hits and no earned runs. In the fall of 1912, Walker served as a football coach at Carnegie Tech. After pitching in the major leagues, he returned to Carnegie Tech as football coach in the fall of 1913, and played professional basketball that winter for Pittsburgh.
In 1913, Walker returned to Major League Baseball as a pitcher for the Brooklyn Superbas. He appeared in 11 games for Brooklyn in 1913, pitching 58 1/3 innings and compiling a 3.55 earned run average. In August 1913, The Pittsburgh Press wrote of Walker: "Fred Walker, otherwise known as 'Mysterious Mitchell,' who is pitching for Brooklyn, appears to be a perfectly good topnotcher for about four innings. After that—well, he hasn't won any laurels as a stayer."
In 1914, Walker pitched for the Pittsburgh Rebels of the Federal League. He appeared in 35 games for the Rebels in 1914, pitching a career-high 169 1/3 innings with a record of 4–16 and a 4.33 earned run average. He ranked ninth in the Federal League with 16 losses in 1914 and led the league with 12 wild pitches. During the fall of 1914, Walker served as an assistant football coach under Bob Folwell at Washington & Jefferson College.
In 1915, Walker played his final season of professional baseball with the Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League. He appeared in 13 games for the Tip-Tops in 1915, pitching 65 2/3 innings with a 3.70 earned run average. He appeared in his final Major League game on September 29. In 1916, Walker played minor league baseball, playing for teams in Albany and Utica, New York. In the fall of 1916, Walker returned to the University of Chicago as an assistant football coach under head coach Stagg.
1917–1925
Walker served as an assistant baseball coach in the spring of 1917 back at the University of Chicago. During the summer of 1917, Walker played minor league baseball for New Haven in the Eastern League. In September 1917, the Williams College athletic council announced the hiring of Walker as the college's football coach. Walker served as the head football coach at Williams College in 1917 and led the team to the first undefeated season in the school's history with seven wins and one tie. The 1917 Williams team defeated traditional football power Cornell 14–10 in the second game of the season and finished the season with a 20–0 win over rival, Amherst College.
In December 1917, Walker was hired by Dartmouth College as the school's head basketball coach. After the basketball team lost the first 20 games of the season, the Dartmouth Athletic Council discontinued Walker's services in February 1918. At the time, The New York Times wrote: "The dissatisfaction of the student body, together with methods of coaching that were described as not in keeping with the council's idea of how a Dartmouth team should be coached, were given as the reasons for releasing Walker."
He signed with the St. Louis Cardinals in February 1918, but spent the summer playing minor league baseball for the Newark Bears and Binghamton Bingoes. He appeared in 20 minor league games in 1918, with a record of 8–9 and a 2.58 earned run average. Following the United States' entry into World War I, Walker served as the athletic director for the Second Naval District at Newport, Rhode Island.
At the end of World War I, Walker was hired as the athletic director and head basketball coach at Rhode Island State College, now known as University of Rhode Island. During the 1919 basketball season, Walker led the Rhode Island Rams to a 7–1 record; his .875 winning percentage is the highest among all basketball coaches in the school's history. Walker also coached the school to its first ever basketball victory over Brown University's varsity. Walker left Rhode Island abruptly when the school refused to increase his $3,000 salary. The school's Board of Managers refused to reconsider even after receiving a petition signed by 147 of the school's 255 students.
From 1919 to 1920, Walker served as the athletic director and football and baseball coach at the New York Agricultural College, now known as State University of New York at Farmingdale. After a year in which the football team went 2–5, Walker resigned his position in June 1920. He stated that his decision was due to the failure of the legislature to appropriate funds to carry on the athletic program at the school.
In September 1920, Walker returned to the University of Chicago as an assistant football coach under Amos Alonzo Stagg. In February 1921, Walker signed a three-year contract to serve as the athletic director and head football, basketball and baseball coach at DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. In his one year as the head basketball coach, Walker led the Tigers to a 17–3 mark in 1921–1922. He led DePauw's 1921 football team to a 4–3 record. Walker's baseball team finished the 1922 season at 4–8.
In August 1922, Walker was hired by Michigan Agricultural College, now Michigan State University, as advisory coach of the football team and as head coach of the basketball and baseball teams. In two seasons as the head basketball and baseball coach at M.A.C. between 1922 and 1924, Walker's basketball and baseball teams had records of 20–19 and 20–11, respectively. From 1924 to 1926, Walker served as the basketball and football coach at Drury College in Springfield, Missouri. In November 1924, Walker was hailed by the Chicago Daily Tribune as "Drury's miracle man" when he took "a team of light recruits" and developed them into one of the most sensational elevens in the history of the Missouri Conference." However, Drury's basketball team failed to post a winning record in Walker's two seasons at the helm, amassing a cumulative mark of seven wins and thirteen losses.
1926–1940
From 1926 to 1927, Walker served as athletic director and coach at Loyola University New Orleans. In his one year as the head basketball coach at Loyola, Walker led the team to a 12–6 record, including three wins over LSU. In September 1927, Walker was hired as the head basketball coach at the University of Texas. He remained in the position from 1927 to 1931, compiling a 51–30 combined record during his four-year stint as head coach at Texas. Walker led the Longhorns to an 18–2 overall record and 10–2 conference record during his second season. He was terminated following the Longhorns' 9–15 season in his fourth year.
In August 1932, Walker was appointed as the head football coach at J. Sterling Morton High School in Cicero, Illinois. In October 1932, he was dismissed after Major W.P. MacLean, head of the school's physical education department, charged that Walker was inefficient, had been late for classes, had allowed students to take out uniforms and equipment without making a deposit, and had allowed the shower rooms dirty during the football season. Nearly 300 citizens and parents crowded into the school's regular board room to protest the action. Walker was reinstated after the school superintendent issued a report declaring the charges against Walker to be "petty and trivial." Two weeks after Walker's reinstatement, the individual who had made the charges against him was removed from his position at the school.
From 1936 to 1940, Walker coached baseball, football and basketball at Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois. In May 1937, he was also named athletic director at Wheaton College. Walker was the head coach of the Crusaders football, basketball and baseball teams for four years between 1936 and 1940 and compiled a record of 11–14–4 in football, 28–34 in basketball and 31–35 in baseball. In January 1940, Walker announced that he would resign his coaching positions effective in June 1940. He noted that he was dissatisfied with the ouster of the university president, James Oliver Buswell, and he intended to devote more time to his security business.
Later years
Walker retired from coaching in 1940 and worked in the investment business. He was a vice president of Chesley and Co. from 1952 to 1958. In February 1958, Walker died suddenly from a heart attack at his home in Oak Park, Illinois.
Head coaching record
Football
Basketball
Baseball
References
External links
Baseball Almanac
1884 births
1958 deaths
American football halfbacks
Major League Baseball pitchers
Cincinnati Reds players
Cleveland Naps players
Binghamton Bingoes players
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Brooklyn Tip-Tops players
Pittsburgh Rebels players
Carnegie Mellon Tartans football coaches
Chicago Maroons baseball coaches
Chicago Maroons baseball players
Chicago Maroons football coaches
Chicago Maroons football players
Chicago Maroons men's basketball players
Dartmouth Big Green men's basketball coaches
Denver Pioneers football coaches
DePauw Tigers athletic directors
DePauw Tigers baseball coaches
DePauw Tigers football coaches
DePauw Tigers men's basketball coaches
Drury Panthers football coaches
Drury Panthers men's basketball coaches
Farmingdale State Rams baseball coaches
Loyola Wolf Pack athletic directors
Loyola Wolf Pack men's basketball coaches
Michigan State Spartans baseball coaches
Michigan State Spartans men's basketball coaches
Newark Bears (IL) players
Oregon State Beavers baseball coaches
Ole Miss Rebels baseball coaches
Rhode Island Rams athletic directors
Rhode Island Rams baseball coaches
Rhode Island Rams men's basketball coaches
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Texas Longhorns men's basketball coaches
Utah State Aggies athletic directors
Utah State Aggies football coaches
Utah State Aggies men's basketball coaches
Washington & Jefferson Presidents football coaches
Wheaton Thunder athletic directors
Wheaton Thunder baseball coaches
Wheaton Thunder football coaches
Wheaton Thunder men's basketball coaches
Williams Ephs football coaches
High school football coaches in Illinois
People from Seward County, Nebraska
Baseball players from Nebraska
Basketball coaches from Nebraska
Basketball players from Nebraska
American men's basketball players |
5383023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20DeSimone | Frank DeSimone | Frank A. DeSimone (July 17, 1909 – August 4, 1967) was an American attorney and the boss of the Los Angeles crime family from 1956 to 1967. DeSimone was the son of former don Rosario DeSimone. He was sometime referred to as "One Eye" because one of his eyes drooped. Frank DeSimone's nephew, Thomas DeSimone, was an enforcer for the Lucchese crime family in New York City. He was also related to Simone Scozzari and Joseph Civello.
Early life and education
Frank DeSimone was born in 1909 in Pueblo, Colorado. As a child, his family moved to Southern California. DeSimone graduated from the University of Southern California Law School.
Career
After passing the California bar exam, DeSimone became a lawyer in May 1933. DeSimone also became involved in the mob, working to orchestrate one of the many botched assassination attempts on Mickey Cohen. Jimmy Fratianno signaled DeSimone after a meeting with Cohen and DeSimone pulled up in a car with Frank Bompensiero, Leo Moceri, and another armed man. By the time they got past Cohen's bodyguards, Cohen escaped. With his profession as an attorney, DeSimone was usually able to avoid police scrutiny. His legal career was no front job, however; in the 1940s and 1950s, DeSimone served as lawyer for mobsters such as Jimmy Fratianno and Johnny Roselli as well as providing legal aid to others.
After Jack Dragna died of a heart attack in 1956, DeSimone was elected the third official Boss of the Los Angeles crime family. Jimmy Fratianno believed DeSimone had rigged the election, and transferred to the Chicago Outfit after his release from prison a few years later. By all accounts, DeSimone was a strait-laced and sober character. One of his first acts as boss was attending the 1957 Appalachian mob convention along with Simone Scozzari. When the large mob conference was raided by law enforcement, DeSimone was outed as a mobster, and his underboss was deported to Italy a few years later for being an illegal immigrant.
DeSimone is accused by some of ruining the Los Angeles family's reputation and integrity. Nonetheless, DeSimone was featured in Look Magazine in 1965 as one of the decade's notable figures in organized crime; DeSimone sued the magazine for libel. Jimmy Fratianno also blamed DeSimone in his 1953 extortion case for having been sent to Folsom prison on a six-year extortion conviction, after dealing with fellow con-artists James B. Modica (a man who 'bumped' slot machines and a liquor store owner in Tarzana) and Burbank liquor store owner Dominic Raspona. Jimmy Fratianno also accused DeSimone of ruining his extortion case defense case by not recording one of the defendant's key witnesses, a man who skipped town before being able to take the stand. DeSimone was later disbarred in California from practicing law because of his criminal activities.
In the 1960s, Joseph Bonanno, in a plot to take over The Commission, plotted the murder of Mafia bosses Thomas Lucchese, Carlo Gambino, and Stefano Magaddino, and then added DeSimone to the list for good measure. Although never carried out, DeSimone didn't learn about that plan until after it was thwarted. This caused DeSimone to become very paranoid.
Personal life
During the later part of his life, he never went out during night, and lived with his elderly mother in middle class Downey, California.
DeSimone died of a heart attack at the age of 58. After DeSimone's death, Nick Licata, DeSimone's third underboss, was named the next Los Angeles Boss.
References
1909 births
1967 deaths
American crime bosses
California lawyers
Los Angeles crime family
American gangsters of Sicilian descent
20th-century American lawyers
American lawyers and judges of Italian descent
Deaths from coronary artery disease |
5383029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon%20Zimmermann | Egon Zimmermann | Egon Zimmermann (8 February 1939 – 23 August 2019), often referred to as Egon Zimmermann II, was a World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist from Austria. Zimmermann won the Olympic downhill at Patscherkofel in 1964 and won several medals on the professional tour in the late-1960s and early 1970s.
Early life
Zimmermann was raised on a farm near Lech, Vorarlberg, with two brothers. Lech blossomed into a ski resort while he was growing up, and his family converted their farm house into a pensione. His childhood coincided with the World War II post-war poverty of Austria, so not only did Zimmermann have no formal training, but his skis were often "fourth or fifth-hand." At 15, his father forced him to learn a trade, and he schooled in a Parisian chef program. He returned to Austria by 18 and won a clean sweep of the 1958 Junior Championships. When he was promoted to the National team, Zimmermann commented "For me it was also the realization of a childhood dream, a dream interrupted by a kitchen."
Career peak and Olympics
Zimmerman won two medals at the 1962 World Championships in Chamonix, a gold in the giant slalom and a bronze in downhill. He was named the "Skier of the Year" in 1963 by European journalists.
For the 1964 Olympics in Austria, the "dashing" and "handsome" Zimmermann was heavily favored to win. However, the course at Patscherkofel was quite difficult (nicknamed the "Course of Fear"), but he still managed to win by 0.74 seconds. (Franz Klammer famously won on the same course a dozen years later in 1976.) He did not enter the slalom and did not finish the giant slalom. Despite not sweeping the alpine events as did his compatriot Toni Sailer in 1956, Zimmermann appeared on the February 10, 1964 cover of Sports Illustrated magazine in the United States.
Personal life
He owned a hotel in Lech am Arlberg and suffered from multiple sclerosis. Zimmerman also helped create Zimmerman’s ski and snowboard in 1969.
Zimmerman died on 23 August 2019 at the age of 80.
References
External links
FIS-ski.com – Egon Zimmermann – World Cup season standings
Ski-db.com – results – 1964 Winter Olympics
Hotel Kristberg – Egon Zimmermann –
1939 births
2019 deaths
Austrian male alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Austria
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Medalists at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Olympic cauldron lighters
Olympic alpine skiers of Austria
Sportspeople from Vorarlberg |
5383034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20drama | Medical drama | A medical drama is a television show or film in which events center upon a hospital, an ambulance staff, or any medical environment. Most recent medical dramatic programming go beyond the events pertaining to the characters' jobs and portray some aspects of their personal lives. A typical medical drama might have a storyline in which two doctors fall in love. Communications theorist Marshall McLuhan, in his 1964 work on the nature of media, predicted success for this particular genre on TV because the medium "creates an obsession with bodily welfare". The longest running medical drama in the world is the British series Casualty, airing since 1986, and the longest running medical soap opera is General Hospital running since 1963.
History
City Hospital, which first aired in 1951, is usually considered to be the first televised medical drama. (The first serialized medical drama was probably the Dr. Kildare film series (1937-1947), starring a number of actors in the eponymous role, and Lionel Barrymore throughout the series.) Medic, which featured Richard Boone, ran two seasons, from 1954 to 1956. The genre became a staple of prime time television with the enormous popularity of Dr. Kildare and Ben Casey, both debuting in 1961. The BBC series Dr. Finlay's Casebook (1962–1971) is an early example of another common variant of the genre in which a medical practice is used as a focus for stories detailing the life of a (usually small) community. The long running Australian series A Country Practice (1981–1993) is a later example of this subgenre. From 1969 to 1976, the series Marcus Welby, M.D. and Medical Center were extremely popular for their both orthodox and unorthodox way of presenting medical cases. In 1972, the long-running series, Emergency!, starring Robert Fuller and Julie London, was the first medical drama ever to combine both, a fire department paramedic rescue program with an emergency room in a general hospital, which also focused on real-life rescues. Also in 1972, the first episode of M*A*S*H aired; the show's tone was generally comedic, but dark—poignant moments emanating from the death caused by war were not uncommon. This trend of comedy with undercurrents of darkness in medical TV shows can also be seen in St. Elsewhere, Doogie Howser, M.D., House M.D., Grey's Anatomy, Scrubs, Code Black and Chicago Med. In 1986, Casualty started airing on BBC One in the United Kingdom. Casualty continues to be aired, making it the longest running TV medical drama. Its sister show Holby City aired from 1999 to 2022. In 2000, the BBC commissioned Doctors, a medical drama soap that has continued to air since and has become the BBC's flagship daytime series.
According to Professor George Ikkos, the president of the psychiatry sector of the Royal Society of Medicine, medical dramas have accumulated large audiences because the characters in the shows are often depicted as everyday citizens who have extraordinary careers, which promotes a sense of relatability among viewers. Medical drama is sometimes used in medical education; a systematic review of such uses indicated that it is a "feasible and acceptable" complement to medical education.
See also
List of medical drama television programs
Medical fiction
References
External links
Drama genres
Soap operas
Television genres
Works about medicine
Film genres |
5383037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentat | Argentat | Argentat () is a former commune in the Corrèze department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of central France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Argentat-sur-Dordogne.
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Argentacois or Argentacoises
Geography
Argentat is situated on the river Dordogne, 30 km south-east of Tulle, 30 km east by south-east of Brive-la-Gaillarde, and some 15 km south-west of Saint-Privat. Access to the commune is by road D1120 from Saint-Chamant in the north-west passing through the town and continuing south-east to Montvert. The D980 goes from the town north-east to Saint-Privat. The D12 goes south-west from the town to Brivezac. The D33 branches off the D1120 east of the town and goes south to La Chapelle-Saint-Geraud. The D169 goes west from the town to Neuville. The D18 goes north-east from the village and continues north to Saint-Martin-la-Meanne. The D131 branches off the D18 and goes north to Saint-Bazile-de-la-Roche. The D129 goes north-east to the Barrage du Chastang. The D116 goes south from the town to connect to the hamlets of L'Hopital and Les Etables. Apart from the large town area the commune is mostly forest with some farming north and south of the town.
The Dordogne flows through the town and the commune from north to south with the Maronne flowing through the commune from the east and joining the Dordogne at the south-western corner of the commune. At the northern border of the commune the Doustre flows into the Dordogne. Several other streams flow into the Dordogne in the commune including the Ruisseau du Laie.
Neighbouring communes and villages
History
Argentat lies on the border of three regions, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Occitanie and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, although it officially lies within the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It also lies on the river Dordogne below some deep gorges with tumultuous water. This location makes the town of some importance due to the bridges crossing the Dordogne and the important river traffic to Bergerac and Libourne.
Since Gallic times a village perched on a nearby hill, the Puy-du-Tour, has controlled the ford on a protohistoric way connecting Armorica to the Mediterranean. A Roman villa was established on the plain of Longour, a farming-oriented area, close to the Dordogne.
In Merovingian times there was a mint to facilitate trade.
Under the Carolingians, Argentat was the seat of a vicariate - a territorial division under the authority of a count with a priest administering justice.
From the 10th century Argentat is known to have had a priory and a priest in a walled city. The town depended on a religious lord, the Prior of Carennac, and a lay lord, the Viscount of Turenne. Guarding his rights the Viscounty did not grant any charter of liberties and the local community had to be content until, in 1615, parish trustees were appointed to manage it. However, from 1263, the Turennes conceded an important market on the Saint Andrew's day to the town which is the oldest fair in Lower Limousin. Argentat sided with the Huguenots in the Wars of religion which created a troubled situation for half a century.
In the 17th century, with the Counter-Reformation and the subsequent establishment of the Recollects and the Poor Clares around 1633 and the Ursulines in 1637, the struggles gradually subsided. With the annexation of Viscounty to the Crown in 1738, Argentat became the seat of a sub-delegation of the management of Limoges.
The town experienced significant economic growth in the 18th and 19th centuries from Inland navigation by scows, which were known locally as courpet, that allowed the delivery of goods (mainly oak staves for cooperage and carassonne-stakes for grapevines) to the Bordeaux region. This activity began to decline at the end of the 19th century following the outbreak of phylloxera, which devastated the vineyards, and the inauguration of the PO Corrèze railway between Tulle and Argentat in 1904 (this line remained in operation until 1970).
Heraldry
Administration
List of Successive Mayors
Twinning
Argentat has twinning associations with:
Bad König (Germany).
Rural community of Sakal (Senegal).
Demography
In 2012 the commune had 3,005 inhabitants.
Culture and heritage
Civil heritage
There are four sites in the commune that are registered as historical monuments:
The Eyrial Manor at Rue Theil (1457)
The Barns/Stables next to the hospital (18th century)
The Grave de Roland Menhir at La Marque (Neolithic)
The Chateau du Bac (16th century). The façade is from the 18th century and the dovecote from the 16th century.
Other sites of interest
The Dordogne is an impressive sight and flows beneath a viaduct, Le Pont de la République, linking the north and south sections of the town.
Heritage House contains a Painting: Portrait of Antoine Veilhan (1650) which is registered as an historical object.
The Boatmen's cross
The Lestourgie Masonry Pier from the 19th century with a beautiful promenade on the right bank of the Dordogne.
The Hotel de Turenne (the "Raymondie") at 13 rue des Clarisses
The Rue Porte-Basse
The Birthplace of General Delmas
The Filliol house (16th century), formerly the post office
The Barrage d'Argentat (Argentat Dam)
The Cinema (formerly a hospice) contains a Bronze Bell (1525) which is registered as an historical object.
Religious heritage
The Church of Saint Peter contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
Container for Baptismal water (18th century)
A White Chasuble (19th century)
A Rose Chasuble (19th century)
A Chalice with Paten from the White Penitents (1806)
A Sideboard door in the Sacristy (18th century)
2 Busts/Reliquaries: Saints Clair and Peter (18th century)
The Pediment of the Retable of the Virgin (18th century)
A framed Painting: Calvary (18th century)
The Pediment of the Retable of the main Altar (1753)
Containers for holy oil (1752)
A Chalice with Paten (18th century)
A Processional Cross (disappeared) (16th century)
A Bronze Bell (1538)
A Processional Cross (13th century)
A Chalice (18th century)
Other religious sites of interest
The Recollects Convent, founded in the early 17th century.
The Convent of the Poor Clares at 7 Rue des Clarisses
The Chateau Neuville, also known as Chateau Fénelon
The Chapelle-aux-Plats, a former parish merged with the commune of Argentat. Its chateau belonged to a branch of the Pestels family
The Fortified Chapel built in the late 19th century on Rue des Clarisses
Notable people linked to the commune
Antoine Guillaume Delmas (1766-1813), General of the French Revolution, killed in action at the Battle of Leipzig
Eusèbe Bombal (1827-1915), historian of Argentat, ethnologist, local archaeologist, precursor of Limousin folklore
Auguste Lestourgie (1833-1885), Mayor of Argentat and MP for Corrèze
Jean Douvisis, (1866-1926), creator of the agricultural associations of France.
René Caillier (1879-1946), politician
Emmanuel Berl (1892-1976), journalist, historian and essayist, stayed in Argentat during the Second World War
Mireille Hartuch (1906-1996), singer and actress with the stage name Mireille, lived at Argentat with her husband Emmanuel Berl
René Teulade (1931-2014), politician. Senator and Mayor of Argentat, former Minister of Social Affairs and Integration
Philately
A postage stamp worth 4.40 francs portraying the Lestourgie dock and beautiful renovated houses in Argentat was issued on 18 June 1994.
Cinema
Several movies and TV series have been shot in the commune. In particular:
1995: TV series La Rivière Espérance by Josée Dayan
Argentat Photo gallery
The Church of Saint Pierre
See also
Communes of the Corrèze department
Bibliography
Jacques Patureau, The Coal Mines of Argentat, Tulle, Mille Sources, 2001.
Eusèbe Bombal, Upper Dordogne and its boatmen, foreword by Henri Soudeille, illustrations by Simone Hymon, bio-bibliography by Daniel Borzeix, published by "Les Monedieres", 1981 (first edition 1903).
References
External links
Argentat Optique website
Argentat official website
Community of Communes of Pays d'Argentat website
Argentat on the National Geographic Institute website
Argentat on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Argentat on the 1750 Cassini Map
Former communes of Corrèze
Lemovices
Limousin
Populated places disestablished in 2017 |
5383044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe%20Laskari | Zoe Laskari | Zoe Laskari (, ; 12 December 1942 – 18 August 2017) was a Greek film and stage actress.
Life
Zoe Laskari was born Zoe Kouroukli in Thessaloniki, Greece, on 12 December 1942—not 1943 or 1944, as had been misreported during her lifetime and after her death—into a middle class family which had a long tradition of service to the Hellenic Army. father was murdered during the German occupation in late 1943.
She was raised by her maternal grandparents. In 1959, she won the title of Star Hellas (Miss Greece) - in order to participate in the pageant she added two years to her age to be of age and went on to represent Greece at the Miss Universe pageant in Long Beach, California where she made it to the semifinals. However, while being in the United States, it was revealed that she was still legally a minor, having obscured her true age. She refused to return to Greece and stayed in New York City for about 18 months.
Marriages
In 1967, she married industrialist Petros Koutoumanos, by whom she had her first daughter, Martha Koutoumanou. Their marriage ended in 1971. In June 1976, she married criminologist Alexandros Lykourezos, by whom she had a second daughter, Maria-Eleni Lykourezou.
Career
Due to her success at the beauty pageant, director Giannis Dalianidis, offered her the starring role in O katiforos, a 1961 film, whose success gave her a rapid popularity and she shortly signed an exclusive contract with the biggest Greek film production company at the time, Finos Film. The films in which she appeared ranged from dramas to comedies and musicals. Some of her later movies were Stefania (1966) and Oi Thalassies oi Hadres (1967). Other Laskari film hits were Nomos 4000, Merikoi to protimoun kryo, Koritsia gia filima, Dakrya gia tin Ilektra, Mia kyria sta bouzoukia and Marihouana stop.
Her stage work included famous plays like Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, the ancient Greek tragedy The Trojan Women by Euripides and Neil Simon's Barefoot in the Park. Her theatrical hits include the play Oi erastes tou Oneirou which was also her first play in Athens. Laskari's first television appearance was her leading role in the TV series Romaios kai Ioulieta in 1976.
Death
Laskari died on 18 August 2017 at Porto Rafti, from heart failure. She had two daughters, Martha Koutoumanou and Maria-Eleni Lykourezou.
Filmography
References
External links
Official website
1942 births
2017 deaths
Age controversies
20th-century Greek actresses
21st-century Greek actresses
Greek beauty pageant winners
Greek female models
Greek film actresses
Greek Macedonians
Greek stage actresses
Miss Universe 1959 contestants
Actors from Thessaloniki
Models from Thessaloniki |
5383048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldby%20Park | Aldby Park | Aldby Park is a country estate in the village of Buttercrambe near the village of Stamford Bridge in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.
The house, replacing the original Tudor one, was built around 1725 by Jane Darley but it occupies an ancient site believed to be where Edwin of Northumbria was crowned King in 625 AD.
Aldby Park is best known as being the ancestral home of the Darley family. This family's best known member is Thomas Darley, brother of Jane Darley, who owned the celebrated Darley Arabian horse which is widely recognised as being the earliest ancestor of most of the world's thoroughbred race horses. Most recently, it has been the home of Mark Winn, grandson of Rowland Winn, 1st Baron St Oswald, and his son, George Winn-Darley.
The three storey house is built of brick with ashlar dressing and a slate roof, with a nine bay frontage.
History
William Darley had bought Buttercrambe manor in 1557. Sir Richard Darley's son and heir, Henry Darley, was elected MP for Malton in 1645. It was Henry Darley's son Richard who asked his own son Thomas to send the Darley Arabian from Aleppo, where Thomas was a merchant. Richard died in 1706 and was succeeded by another son Henry, on whose death in 1720 the estate passed to his sister Jane, all her other brothers having also died. Jane had married John Brewster, who changed his name to Brewster-Darley and built the present house around 1725. Their grandson Henry Darley died in 1810. Henry's son Henry (1777–1846) was a Justice of the Peace and High Sheriff of Yorkshire in 1827. His son, Henry Brewster (1809–1860) and the latter's son, yet another Henry (1839–1904) also served as Tory justices. Cecil Geoffrey Darley of Aldby Hall was born in 1885.
The house was requisitioned by the army during the Second World War and suffered severely, but was renovated after the war by Mark Winn. He passed it on to his son George whilst continuing to live there. In 1999 the house suffered a serious fire.
References
External links
Some details
A description from Country Life, November 9th, 1935
Country houses in North Yorkshire |
5383061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian%20War | Anglo-Persian War | The Anglo-Persian War or the Anglo-Iranian War () lasted between 1 November 1856 and 4 April 1857, and was fought between the United Kingdom and Iran, which was ruled by the Qajar dynasty. The war had the British oppose an attempt by Iran to press its claim on the city of Herat. Though Herat had been part of Iran under the Qajar dynasty when the war broke out, it had declared itself independent under its own rebellious emir and placed itself under the protection of the British in India and in alliance with the Emirate of Kabul, the predecessor of the modern state of Afghanistan. The British campaign was successfully conducted under the leadership of Major General Sir James Outram in two theatres: on the southern coast of Persia near Bushehr and in southern Mesopotamia.
The war resulted in the Persians withdrawing from Herat and signing a new treaty to surrender its claims on the city and the British withdrawing from southern Iran.
Origins
In the context of The Great Game, the Anglo–Russian contest for influence in Central Asia, the British wished Afghanistan to remain an independent country with friendly relation as a buffer state against Russian expansion towards India. They opposed an extension of Persian influence in Afghanistan because of the perception that Persia was unduly influenced by Russia. The Persian influence on Central Asia had caused the creation of Greater Iran; although they knew of the influence, the British had never attacked Persia. Persia had over 12 foreign provinces under its imperial control. It made a fresh attempt in 1856 and succeeded in taking Herat on 25 October, in violation of an existing Anglo-Persian Treaty. In response, the British governor-general in India, acting on orders from London, declared war on 1 November.
Separate from and preceding the dispute over Herat, was an incident concerning Mirza Hashem Khan, whom the British ambassador had hoped to appoint as a secretary on the mission in Tehran. The Persians objected and created a dispute that escalated after rumours appeared that the British ambassador had improper relations with the man's wife, who was the sister of the Shah's main wife. The dispute escalated further when the Persians arrested the woman; the British ambassador broke relations when they refused to release her. Indeed, the initial mobilization of British forces began in response to the incident although it is unlikely that the British would have gone beyond the occupation of one or two islands in the Persian Gulf if the issue of Herat had not arisen.
1856
The Qajar military listed a total of 86,700 personnel on paper. However, Tehran was unable to mobilise more than 20,000 of those soldiers for battle. A sizeable portion of the Persian army was composed of regular regiments from Azerbaijan. The Azari division of the Persian artillery (Toop Khaneh) was the only one well-versed in long-range guns. Out 120 guns in total, six were composed of 12-pounder guns, while the remainder were of lower quality. The army train relied on mules, horses and camels for transportation, with carriages being limited in availability. With the exception of several Imperial Guard regiments, the Persian army's morale was extremely low. The annual salary of an average soldier was seven tomans, with a daily subsidy of one shahi for rations. However, soldiers were considered lucky if they were paid two out of the seven tomans due for their service.
The Persian army that fought against the British expeditionary force at the Battle of Khoshab was commanded by General (Amir-Nuyan) Mehr Ali Khan Nuri Shoja ol-Molk. In 1855, Mehr Ali Khan was promoted to the command of the Fars Army, which he held for four years. When the British invasion force landed in Iran, Shoja ol-Molk was temporarily promoted to commander-in-chief of the entire southern Persian army. Shoja ol-Molk was a grandson of Minister of the General Staff (Vazir-e Lashkar) Mirza Assadollah Khan and a nephew of the Chancellor (Sadr-e Azam) Mirza Nasrollah Khan Nuri E’temad ol-Dowleh. He was among the most revered Persian officers of the Qajar military at the time, and was known among the British rank and file.
The British government found itself in peculiar circumstances in the case of the war with Iran. This was a unique war in which the ultimate objective was to defeat the enemy but to ensure that its government and military would remain strong enough so as to remain stable and deter prospective advances by Russia. As such, several restrictions had been placed by the British cabinet concerning the expeditionary force's conduct:
No attempt shall be made to subvert the reigning Shah
His people shall not be instigated to rebellion
No Persian subjects shall be enrolled in the ranks of the British Army
Two courses of action were available to the British: an overland expedition into the Persian Empire via Afghanistan, or an attack via the Persian Gulf, the aim being both punitive, and to force the Shah to ask for terms. In the aftermath of the disastrous First Anglo-Afghan War, the British Government were reluctant to send a force overland to relieve Herat directly, and so decided instead to attack the Persian Gulf coast. They ordered the government in India to launch a maritime expeditionary force to attack the general area of Bushehr, the primary port of entry into Persia at the time.
Initially a division, under Major General Foster Stalker, was organised comprising 2,300 British soldiers and 3,400 Indian sepoys of the Bombay Presidency army which landed in Persia in early December 1856. This included two companies of the Bombay Sappers & Miners. These were:
The 2nd Company, under Captain C. T. Haig, (Bombay Engineers)
The 4th Company, under Captain J. Le Mesurier, (Bombay Engineers)
The two companies were accompanied by the headquarters of the Corps of Bombay Sappers and Miners, under Captain W. R. Dickinson, (Bombay Engineers). Major J. Hill, the erstwhile Commandant of the Bombay Sappers and Miners, who had handed the Corps over to Dickinson, was appointed as the Commanding Engineer for this expedition. After the expedition he resumed the post of Commandant of the Bombay Sappers once again. Artillery commanded by Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Sinclair Trevelyan, Bombay Artillery
The 3rd troop Horse Brigade, commanded by Major Edward Blake, Bombay Artillery
The 1st company 1st battalion European Foot Artillery, (Organized for the expedition as the 3rd Light Field Battery), commanded by Captain William Hatch, Bombay Artillery
The 4th company 1st battalion European Foot Artillery, (Organized for the expedition as the 5th Light Field Battery), commanded by Captain Henry Gibbard, Bombay Artillery
Reserve Artillery, European Foot Artillery, Bombay Artillery commanded by Major of Brigade, Captain John Pottinger
Soon after the induction of the force, it was considered to be inadequate for the task and a second division under Brigadier General Henry Havelock was formed and the entire expedition placed under command of Major General Sir James Outram. This force inducted in January 1857.
During the hostilities, 'B' Company of the Madras Sappers & Miners under Brevet-Major A. M. Boileau, Madras Engineers, embarked at Coconada on 19 January and reached the force just in time to participate in operations in Southern Mesopotamia.
The first division under Stalker set sail from Bombay in November after the declaration of war, on a squadron or flotilla of seven steamships under Commodore Young, towing thirty sailing vessels. The British landed a force and captured the island of Kharag on 4 December and landed on 9 December on the coast a few miles south of Persia's primary port of Bushire.
Battle of Bushehr
The first division of the expedition disembarked in the neighbourhood of the major port city of Bushehr on 5 December 1856. They stormed the old fort at Reshire (also called Rishahr or Rashir) and after a short naval bombardment went on to capture the city on 10 December, ably assisted by the two companies of Bombay Sappers & Miners. There was then a delay as the British waited for reinforcements.
Reconnaissance inland revealed a Persian force of 4,000 troops at Shiraz and the first division was considered too weak to venture inland away from its maritime base of operations. This led to the formation and induction of a second division from India, which landed in Persia in late January and reached Bushehr, preceded by Outram on 20 January.
On 26 Rabi al-Thani 1273 (24 December 1856) the Persian government at Tehran issued an official proclamation outlining its pacifist approach to the “coolness” that had arisen between the British and Persian administrations. The Persian government claimed that its loyal determination to not violate the prior friendship between the British and Persian administrations had been made manifest to all levels of government and had been published in the Tehran Gazette. In hoping for a diplomatic solution by Farrokh Khan’s embassy at Constantinople, Nuri's government claimed to have directed all authorities on Iran's southern frontier to not make any preparation for war. The proclamation emphasized that this order had also been promulgated to Bushehr, where the garrison was limited to two regiments under Colonel Mohammad Ali Khan. Tehran expressed that the British declaration of war was delayed and not provided to the Persian government or the office of the Governor-General of Fars. Instead, this declaration was addressed to the port city of Bushehr and its neighboring ports. As such, the Persian government tried to explain the fall of Bushehr as a result of Britain's dubious declaration and Tehran's commitment to diplomacy. Following the British landing at Bushehr, the Persian government mobilised its regular infantry to occupy positions surrounding Mohammareh as an attack was expected there. However, the Al-Nawasir branch of the Chaab tribe, violently opposed the Qajar army's occupation of a Persian fort in their territory. The tribe inhabited the island of Menykh and Abadan, between the Arvand and Bahmanshir rivers. In a bid to show their neutrality to the British, the Al-Nawasir killed four Persian infantrymen. Upon visiting one of Al-Nawasir chiefs in Kuwait, Outram's Arabic interpreter Reverend Badger was notified of the tribe's stance in the war.
1857
Britain Mobilizes an Expeditionary Force
The British invasion force that was to be dispatched to the Persian Gulf in an effort to intimidate the Persian government from further pressing its claim to Herat was eventually divided into two divisions. Sir James Outram of the Bombay army was to lead the British operations in Iran. The first division, which has conducted the landing at Bushehr was led by Major-General Stalker and Brigadier Wilson. This division was granted her Majesty's 64th Regiment, the 4th Bombay Rifles, The second division was led by Brigadier-General Havelock and Major-General Sir James Outram K.C.B., who had arrived in India from England with instructions to take over the chief command and direct the British operations in Persia. The Bombay government granted Outram the 14th King's Light Dragoons, 78th Highlanders, 23rd Native Light Infantry, 26th Native Infantry, Jacob's Scinde Horse, one troop of horse artillery, two field-batteries, and a light battalion of ten companies assorted from different native infantry regiments. While employed to command this second division of the British forces in Persia, Outram was granted the temporary rank of lieutenant-general.
The British put their ships to sea on the afternoon of 19 January. The Precursor had in tow the Earl of Clare with the 26th Native Infantry Regiment, while the British Queen carried the artillery and stores. The Pottinger towed the Futteh Mombarrak with horses and forage and the Kingston sailed with the light company of the 78th Highlanders. By 27 January, the ships at reached the Strait of Hormuz with little disruptions.
By 28 January, the party was off Basaidu, on the island of Qeshm. Two days later, the French frigate Sibylle commanded by Captain Maisonneuve passed the British ships. The French ship had left Bombay eight days prior on a mission to the Persian Gulf to protect French interests there. On 30 January, the British squadron anchored off of Bushehr around 2:00 PM. The next morning, the British command gave orders to disembark and join the force already stationed at the encampment. With the arrival of the reinforcements, supplies were plentiful in the camp.
By 6:00 PM on the afternoon of 3 February, the entire force was raised outside of the entrenchments in two lines of contiguous quarter-distance columns. Led by Outram, the army marched through the night to the village of Chahkootah. A few hours before the British army arrived, a Qajar cavalry picket had stopped at the village before continuing their patrol. At 4:00 PM on 4 February, Outram resumed the march with arms loaded. By the morning of 5 February, the British army travelled towards Borazjan, where the Persian army had been entrenched with 18 guns. Charles Murray, the Minister Plenipotentiary to Persia, had given Outram the aid of Mirza Agha, the Persian Secretary of Her Majesty's Mission to Persia. Mirza Agha, who's appointment was the subject of dispute between the British Foreign Office and the Persian government, accompanied Outram on the expedition to Borazjan.
Capture of Borazjan
Shortly before 1:00 PM, the approaching British army saw the Persian garrison's vedettes and reconnoitering parties. By the time the British regiments had gotten into their positions, the Persian army decided to withdraw from Borazjan and avoid a direct confrontation there. The Persian army under command of Gen. (Amir-Nuyan) Mehr Ali Khan Shoja ol-Molk was misinformed by his reconnaissance units that the British were advancing with 13,000 infantry, 1,000 cavalry, and 28 guns. The Persian justification for the hasty withdrawal was to prevent high casualties from the overestimated size of the British forces and the expected explosion of the unsecured ammunition stored at Borazjan. To cover its retreat, the Persian army left behind a rear-guard, which confronted a few of the British cavalry. The hasty Persian withdrawal left great amounts of ammunition and grain in the hands of their enemy.
Southern Persian Army
In his dispatches, Outram had sized the Persian garrison in Borazjan at 8,450 regular infantry and cavalry, with 17 guns and a mortar. The general noted that Tehran had planned to extend its reinforcements to 12 regiments of regular infantry with 35 guns, while the provincial governors were preparing to conscript 4,000 irregular infantry from among the local tribes. Outram's sense of urgency in his letter to the Governor-General of India dated 14 February 1857 was visible through his concern for the prospective loss of Bushehr should Iran raise a larger than expected army.
Tahmasp Mirza Mo’ayed ol-Dowleh was the Governor-General (Nawab Vala) of the province of Fars during the Anglo-Persian War. By order of Tahmasp Mirza, the 1st Arab Regiment of Brig. Gen. (Sartip) Reza Qoli Khan Arab, stationed in Kazerun, was to join the other regional regiments raised under Shoja ol-Molk. For the duration of the war, Tahmasp Mirza granted Reza Qoli Khan control of the Inanlu and Baharlu regiments. On 14 Jumada l-Ula, Reza Qoli Khan left the Persian encampment with a contingent of 400 from the 1st Arab Regiment and 2 field guns to gather additional rations and supplies for the province's defense. During his sortie, Reza Qoli Khan was joined by 300 troops from the 1st Qashqai Regiment with one piece of artillery.
Shoja ol-Molk's garrison at Borazjan included the following regiments:
March Back to Bushehr and Qajar Ambush
The British army then commenced the march back to Bushehr at 8:00 PM on 7 February, after plundering the garrison's stores and taking the town's governor as prisoner. At 11:00 PM, the Qashqai cavalry contingent of 300 under command of Sohrab Khan Qashqai ambushed the British encampment. Shortly after midnight, Persian forces descended on the British rear-guard who returned musket fire and deployed two of their horse-artillery guns. The Persian cavalry contingent surrounded the British force on all sides and galloped around them. The Persian cavalrymen aimed to instill fear and cause confusion among the British rank and file by sounding English bugle-calls. Given that English officers were once employed by the Qajar military, the Persian army was well-versed in several standard bugle-calls that the British used. The buglers of the Qashqai cavalry sounded a “Cease Fire” and “Incline to the Left” order which had no effect on the Highlanders, but the 20th Native Infantry reportedly stopped firing, thinking that it was their own force firing on them. The Persian light skirmishers fired a salvo and then stopped firing in that direction. The Persian cavalry engaged the 78th Highlanders head on at various points during the skirmish. The British army adopted an oblong formation as the five heavy guns of the Persian artillery opened fire with round shots. While the Persian artillery had calculated the range very accurately, there were few casualties given the lengthy bombardment. However, one shot dealt considerable damage to the 64th Regiment and took off a foot from Lieutenant Greentree, while severely wounding Captain Mackler. During this engagement, Outram's horse fell and rolled over him, rendering the general incapacitated for the duration of the ambush. The Chief of his staff, Colonel Lugard took command of the British forces and quietly covered the mishap, ensuring few others knew of Outram's condition until the next morning.
Battle of Khoshab
The Persian guns continued to fire on British positions until dawn. The Persian army had gathered near the British encampment and prepared for a battle. Ravanji cites the Persian army as 7,000 troops in total while Sandes lists the Persian troops as being 8,000 strong, composed of 6,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry. On the morning of 8 February, the Persian army under Shoja ol-Molk drew up in line with the right flank of its infantry resting on the walled village of Khushab. The left flank of the Persian army was covered by a round fortalice tower. Shoja ol-Molk had ordered two rising mounds placed at the center of the Persian infantry. He ordered the bulk of the Persian guns placed at the center and had deep nullahs covering the right front and flank. The Qashqai cavalry was led by Sohrab Khan, the hereditary chief of the Qashqai peoples native to the region. As the morning mist cleared, the two sides began firing their cannons at each other's positions.
The British brigades began maneuvering into different positions, moving up as they deployed. The British army formed two lines, with the first consisting of the 78th Highlanders and a contingent of Indian sappers to their right, the rest included the 26th Regiment Native Infantry, the 2nd European Light Infantry, and the 4th Rifle Regiment at the far-left of the line. The second line included her Majesty's 64th Regiment to the right, the 20th Regiment Native Infantry, and the Belooch Battalion to the left. Outram placed the light infantry battalions to counter the Qajar centre, while a detachment of the 3rd Cavalry covered the Qashqai Cavalry. The Governor of Borazjan was present at the British rear but was forced off his horse to his knees when attempting to signal the Persian army to his presence.
The Persian rank and file included the 1st Qashqai Regiment, which took position on the left of the Persian line. Other native units included the Regiment of Bushehr, the Regiment of Kazerun, and the Qaragozlu regiments from Shiraz. Jahangir Khan and Lotfali Khan Qashqai were the commanding officers of the 1st Qashqai Regiment. Reza Qoli Khan Arab commanded the Inanlu, Baharlu and 1st Arab Regiment. The Qashqai Cavalry Regiment was divided into two detachments, with Sohrab Khan leading a contingent of 800 cavalrymen on the left flank. A division of 1,000 cavalry covered the right flank beside the defensive walls of Khoshab. Two artillery squadrons were positioned at the centre of the Persian army, while four other squadrons manned the 9-pounder brass guns on either flank each. The Persian army relied primarily on the Sarbaz from its reformed Nezam Regiments as opposed to the irregular infantry outside the auspices of the Qajar military. As such, Shoja ol-Molk refused to consider inviting the Tangestani Braves (Daliran-e Tangestan) to the defense of Borazjan.
As the British lines advanced, Hunt and Townsend cite few casualties among the Highlanders and 26th Native Infantry but note that the first brigade, first division fared worse against the Persian bombardment. The second brigade, first division is noted to have suffered equally with more dead among the 2nd European Light Infantry. The British artillery resumed the firing after advancing to closer action, which slackened the degree of the Persian bombardment. Sohrab Khan charged forward with the Qashqai cavalry on the Persian left flank which were met halfway by the squadrons of the 3rd Cavalry and Tapp's irregulars. The British cavalry were supported by horse-artillery. The British focus on the Persian left flank managed to push back the cavalry under Sohrab Khan, which eventually retired to the Haj Mollah Pass, 7 miles away from the battlefield.
The British infantry lines rapidly advanced to meet the Persian army in closer action. As the British cavalry advanced on the right, the 3rd Bombay Light Cavalry and the Poona Horse charged the Nezam Infantry Regiments on the left flank of the Persian line. Under musket and cannon fire, the 1st Qashqai Regiment of Fars entered an infantry square formation with kneeling ranks and sustained the charge of the 3rd Cavalry. The Persian infantry fired volleys at the charging British cavalrymen. In the close action, the Persian regiment's standard-bearer was shot, and the standard was taken by the 3rd Cavalry. The regimental flag of the 1st Qashqai was surmounted by a silver hand that signifies the Hand of Imam Ali. The standard, which has the phrase “God’s hand is above all things” (يد الله فوق عداهم) etched into it, now rests atop the Poona Horse Regiment's standard. For publicity, the English media capitalized on the action as the most gallant event of the war. Two Victoria Crosses were awarded to the Commander's Adjutant Lieutenant Arthur Thomas Moore for first breaking into the square, and Captain John Grant Malcolmson. Upon charging the 1st Qashqai's square, Moore's horse was shot and bayoneted, falling on its rider. The 21 one year old Malcolmson, a lieutenant of the 3rd Bombay Cavalry managed to extricate his comrade.
The infantry to the right of the Persian left flank began fleeing in a disorderly manner, despite no major altercation with the British lines in front. In contrast, Townshend and Hunt highlight that the Nezam Regiments protecting the Persian left flank soon retired with order. As the Persian line began to waver, the Poona Horse spiked the two guns on the Persian left. The Persian cavalry regiments remained on the battlefield, posing a threat to the British rear and the wounded. However, the long range of the new Enfield rifles hindered the Persian cavalry, which made off before 10:00 AM. The British record cited one officer and 18 men killed, with four officers and 60 wounded. Other records, however, cite 220 killed and 64 wounded. The British claimed the Persian casualties to be approximately 700, and considered the battle a British victory. Despite the victory, Outram decided not to advance further towards Shiraz. The British army was short on rations and could not withstand a mountain pursuit. The Persian government published a different version of Khoshab, considering the battle to be a Persian victory in which the British casualties amounted to 1,000 killed and wounded.
By 10:00 AM, the British army regrouped a short distance to the right of the battlefield before resuming the march back to Bushehr. Out of fear of the raids and ambushes by Tangestani guerilla fighters, the British army decided against taking the road from Chahkootah. Outram instead made his way to Shif and took the coastal passage back to Bushehr. Despite Outram's decision, the British expedition through Shif was still met by an ambush from the guerilla fighters of Ziarat. Shoja ol-Molk had retreated to Khesht and wrote despondently to the Shah that the Persian army was in dire need of reinforcements after the battle. By 14 February, Tehran had decided to relieve Shoja ol-Molk of his command due to the retreat at the Battle of Khoshab. Mirza Mohammad Khan Qajar-Dolu, Commandant of the Shah's Bodyguard was to assume command of the southern Persian army. Mirza Mohammad Khan set out to reorganize the Fars division with equipment costing 50,000 tomans, gold-mounted swords, and robes of honour. Mirza Mohammad Khan would later gain the title of generalissimo (Sepahsalar) and be elected as Iran's first minister of war. The commandant was accompanied by Hamzeh Mirza Qajar Heshmat ol-Dowleh, the Shah's uncle. Hamzeh Mirza had been the Governor-General of Khorasan, and had returned to Tehran after failing to quell the rebellion of Hasan Khan Salar. He would later become the minister of war in 1868, employing Kamran Mirza Nayeb ol-Saltaneh as his representative for the role instead. Hamzeh Mirza's royal presence granted the new leadership of the Persian army the full powers to negotiate with Outram. However, at this stage the Qajar court had not given any indications of a desire to communicate with the British expeditionary force.
The British army resumed its march back to Bushehr but in deplorable conditions; torrential rains created mud deep enough to pull a man's boots from his feet. The troops went through a harrowing ordeal but finally reached Bushire on 10 February:
Return to Bushehr
In deplorable conditions, the British army marched back to the encampment at Bushehr the entire night of the battle, halting for daylight at 4:00 AM. Pitiless rains and winds formed a swamp with knee-deep waters around the British battalions. The British troops reached the village of Choghadak between Chahkootah and Bushehr by 10:00 AM. On 9 February, the troops halted at the village's well until 2:00 PM amid heavy rainfall. The regiments reached the camp on the morning of 10 February. During the two or three days of rest, Brigadier-General Havelock took command of the second division and Brigadier Hamilton took control of the division's first brigade. The British army began constructing a sequence of redoubts and a Martello tower at the center of their entrenchment. During this time, heavy rain and damp weather persisted, making rest more difficult. Several companies of the light battalion and guns from the mountain train joined the British force during this period. The arrival of the 23rd Native Light Infantry and a troop of horse artillery contributed to motivation for contemplated attack on Mohammareh. In anticipation of a potential assault on Mohammareh, the Persian military focused its best available batteries there. Outram believed that the Persian government could not raise more troops beyond those stationed at Mohammareh and the army the British faced at Khushab. Outram did not expect the Shah to recall his expeditionary force under Soltan Morad Mirza Hesam ol-Saltaneh from Herat. The British believed that they could coerce the Shah into accepting their demands by employing the semi-autonomous demographic of Iran's northwest against the Persian government. Namely, Outram believed that the Chaab, Bakhtiari and Feyli were particularly resistant to Persian authority and considered negotiating an alliance with them. This idea made Mohammareh more strategically significant for the British army.
The Persian Army Under Mirza Mohammad Khan
By February 22, Persian troops encroached on the British encampment at Bushehr but did not engage. The British reported seeing the fires of the enemy on the hills surrounding their camp. In response, the Poona Horse expanded the range of its patrols, but did not report any confrontations. In his correspondence with Governor-General Canning, Outram reported that the total size of the new forces raised between Shiraz and Khesht for Mirza Mohammad Khan's army was 27,800 men with 85 guns. Of this army, 2,000 were attributed to cavalry, 3,000 Tofangchi Infantry (Musketeers), and 31 regiments of regular infantry at 800 each. This army was exclusive of the 10,000 to 13,000 troops and 16 guns estimated to be garrisoned at Mohammareh under Prince Khanlar Mirza. Governor-General Tahmasp Mirza commanding several regiments, advanced from Shiraz to Nanizak. He was to await the arrival of General Mirza Mohammad Khan Qajar-Dolu, at which point he would make over all of his troops and return to Shiraz. Jafar Qoli Khan Ilkhani was stationed at Shiraz with a cavalry detachment of 3,000. Mohammad Khan had made his way to Farashband with his troops and had ordered several contingents to rendezvous at Nanizak by 6 March to form a larger army fit to assault Bushehr. Brigadier-General Fuzl Ali Khan was stationed at Khesht with 10 guns, five regiments and 1,000 cavalry. Brigadier-General Mirza Ibrahim Khan was at Sarkoreh with his troops. The three contingents were to make their way to Nanizak through different roads so as to not exhaust the provisions on the route. The Persian general himself led a contingent of four regiments with eight guns and 1,500 cavalry. The British intelligence report from 27 February estimated that the southern Persian force was 24 regiments, 31 guns and 5,000 cavalry strong. The report further projected 4,000 tofangchis could be conscripted from among the local inhabitants.
Battle of Mohammareh
The British then shifted their focus north up the Persian Gulf, invading Southern Mesopotamia by advancing up the Shatt al-Arab waterway to Mohammerah at its junction with the Karun River, short of Basra. The force collected for the sortie consisted of 1,500 British and 2,400 Indian soldiers. The engineers grouped with the force included 2nd Company, Bombay Sappers & Miners (with 109 troops under Captain Haig) and B Company, Madras Sappers & Miners (with 124 troops under Brevet-Major Boileau). Outram decided that Major-General Stalker was to remain in command at Bushehr along with Brigadiers Wilson, Honnor, and Tapp. The troops that would stay in the encampment included two field batteries, the mountain-train, the entire cavalry of the first division, three companies from her Majesty's 64th and the 78th Highlanders, the 4th rifles, 20th Native Infantry, and the Belooch battalion. The force at Bushehr numbered around 3,000. This left just under 4,000 troops under the command of Outram.
By this point, the defence of Mohammareh was given to Prince Khanlar Mirza commanding seven regular regiments composed of 13,000 infantry and cavalry in total. The Persian army had undertaken an effort to develop extensive defensive infrastructure along the city's coastline and Khanlar Mirza now had 17 guns placed along the defenses in anticipation of the British attack. Khanlar Mirza Ehtesham-ed-Dowleh was the 17th son of the late Abbas Mirza and an uncle to Naser al-Din Shah. At the time of the Anglo-Persian War, Khanlar Mirza was the magistrate of Tabaristan and Khuzestan. The works of the fort at Mohammareh were 20 feet thick, and the Persian heavy guns were placed on the river face with a range of around 100 yards. The British army would counter the Persian bombardment with the broadsides of the Clive and Falkland sloops as well as the Ajdaha, Feroze, Semiramis, Victoria, and Assaye steamers. Besides its defences, Mohammerah was further protected by the political requirement of the British not violating Ottoman territory, as the city lay right on the border.
On 6 March, the Falkland sailed for the Euphrates, while the 64th regiment sailed on the Bride of the Sea. On the same day, the Feroze, Pottinger, and Pioneer steamers brought a troop of horse artillery and a contingent of the Scinde Horse, reinforcing Outram's confidence of an attack on Mohammareh. That afternoon, the Kingston and four other transports sailed towards Kharg island where a detachment of the 4th rifles had been left to secure a coaling station for the British navy. On the morning of 8 March, the Falkland reached the mouth of the Euphrates. As the other ships reached the anchorage in the river, Persian cavalry patrols took cite of the enemy. One of the superior officer's of Khanlar Mirza's army held a military inspection of 3,000 infantry in sight of the British ships near the coast as a show of force. The British troops were also made aware of a considerable detachment of irregular cavalry and infantry occupying the village of Mahamur, where pickets had been constructed along some ruined buildings. Upon his return from a visit to Mohammareh, Captain Maisonneuve have warned the British troops that the Persian defences were formidable and that Outram's forces could not easily take them. By 15 March, the Berenice steamer brought the headquarters of the Highlanders with Brigadier-General Havelock and the staff of the second division. Lieutenant Sinclair of the 78th Highlanders had died a few days prior to departure due to fever. By 17 March, as the Pioneer reached the anchorage, news spread that Major-General Foster Stalker had committed suicide in the night of 14 March. Hunt & Townshend and Ballard cite Stalker's main motive for suicide as a loss of mental balance and macular degeneration. However, Granny sees the suicide as arising out of disagreement with Outram's idea of pushing into Persia's interior. Watson likewise cites the suicide as stemming from the unbearable responsibility of defending Bushehr against the growing southern Persian army of Mirza Mohammad Khan. Consequently, Outram decided to remain in command at Bushehr and at first, left the execution of the British objectives in Mohammareh to Havelock. At this time, one troop of horse artillery returned to Bushehr as the prospect of a Persian attack became more imminent. Eventually, Outram himself joined the troops anchored near Mohammareh with a contingent of the Scinde Horse and dragoons. Outram left Colonel John Jacob in command of the garrison at Bushehr. In the night of 17 March, Commodore E. Ethersey, who Rear Admiral Henry Leeke had appointed in command of the British navy at Bushehr, also committed suicide.
The British force remained anchored until 23 March, with ships transporting troops and horses on an hourly basis throughout the day. By 24 March, the rendezvous point was set to three miles below the Persian fortifications. As some of the British forces disembarked and assembled, a considerably large party of Persian reconnoitrers sighted the enemy within firing range. However, the Persian troops did not engage the British. By the night of 25 March, several hundred Persian soldiers were seen throwing up an embankment to cover two of their field guns which were to be positioned towards the British positions. The Assaye was soon ordered to fire eight shells at the Persian positions, forcing the artillerymen to retreat. On the same night, the British placed two 8 and two 5-inch mortars northward behind a low swampy island facing the Persian army's most powerful battery. This endeavour was undertaken by the engineer officers that also conducted a reconnaissance of the Persian guns in a small canoe. They first planned to erect a battery on an island in the Arvand, but the island proved to be too swampy. They then towed the mortars on a raft and moored it behind the island from where fire support was provided.
At dawn on 26 March, the mortars from the raft placed by the swampy island, commanded by Captain Worgan, opened fire on into the centre of the Persian fortifications. The Persian soldiers were noted to have been mid-prayer for Fajr. The first shots wounded the Persian Brigadier commanding the northern battery. As such, it took Khanlar Mirza's artillerymen a few minutes to identify where the missiles came from. As the Persian batteries began to return fire by 6:00 AM, the British attack ships advanced and began to engage them. The Semiramis led the squadron and towed the Clive sloop and was followed by the Ajdaha, Feroze, Assaye and Victoria. The Victoria towed the Falkland sloop as she got into position. The Madras Sappers were also aboard the S.S. Hugh Lindsay to assist the 64th Regiment in firing the ship's carronades The Persian batteries opened fire along the entire line of defence, inflicting considerable damage on the hulls and rigging of the British ships. Arab inhabitants on the Turkish side of the border had gathered to watch the battle, but as some of the Persian shots ricocheted in their direction, they dispersed. By 7:45 AM, the British commodore ordered the ships to close in on the forts, all anchoring except for the Assaye. The British attack ships and the Persian batteries continued to fire on each other for three hours, while the British transports remained patiently at anchorage. At this point, Commodore Rennie hoisted the signal for the British flotilla carrying the troops. The Persian guns managed to cut the rigging and damage the hull of the Berenice, which carried Havelock and the 78th Highlanders, as she entered within 100 yards of the Persian battery. The transports disembarked about 100 yards above the Persian army's north battery. The disembarkation lasted an hour and went unopposed. As the Persian batteries fell silent, the brigadiers of their army, which was situated behind the fortifications, retreated while the British troops were called to halt to properly arrange their lines. The Persians effectively abandoned the city to a British force under Brigadier Henry Havelock, which captured it on 27 March. Khormuji sees the reason for the Persian retreat as resulting from confusion caused by an order from Tehran and the Persian border coast guard to avoid direct conflict the British navy due to their superior maritime prowess and their 66-pound cannons. The British reported losses of 41 men at the Battle of Mohammareh. A further five were wounded when two of their pickets accidentally fired on one another as the British troops attempted to chase down the retreating Persian army into the night. The Persian army of 13,000 made its way to Ahvaz along the Karun river.
Battle of Ahvaz
The sappers were now continually employed in destroying Persian batteries, making roads, landing stages and huts in the unhealthy climate and so could not be spared for the sortie to Ahvaz, where the Royal Navy and forces from the 64th Foot and 78th Highlanders attacked the Persian force. The town fell to the British on 1 April 1857.
Treaty of Paris (1857)
On returning to Muhammarah on 4 April, the force learned that a treaty had been signed in Paris on 4 March, and hostilities ceased. When news of peace arrived, Outram was planning an invasion into the Persian interior that likely would have significantly escalated the war. The expeditionary force had thus successfully carried out its purpose by capturing Bushire, defeating the Persians at Khoosh-Ab and capturing a foothold in southern Mesopotamia, thus forcing the Persians to sue for terms. Over the next few months, the force returned to India. In October, the British withdrew from Bushire. Most of the forces were soon inducted into operations in Central India to quell the Indian Mutiny in which both Havelock and Outram would distinguish themselves at the siege of Lucknow.
Diplomacy
Negotiations in Constantinople between Persian Ambassador Farrokh Khan and British Ambassador Stratford de Redcliffe ultimately broke down over British demands for the Persians replace their prime minister (Sadr-e Azam). News of the onset of fighting resulted in a formal rupture of talks, but discussions soon began again in Paris, and both sides signed a peace treaty on 4 March in which the Shah agreed to withdraw from Herat and to refrain from further interference in the affairs of Afghanistan. In the treaty, the Persians agreed to withdraw from Herat, to apologise to the British ambassador on his return, to sign a commercial treaty, and to co-operate in suppressing the slave trade in the Persian Gulf. The British agreed not to shelter opponents of the Shah in the embassy and abandoned the demand of replacing the prime minister and requiring territorial concessions to the Imam of Muscat, a British ally.
The Persians faithfully withdrew from Herat, which allowed the British to return their troops to India, where they were soon needed for combat in the Indian Mutiny. Herat returned to more direct Afghan control when it was retaken by Dost Mohammed Khan in 1863.
Gallantry awards
Three Victoria Crosses were awarded during the expedition to captain John Augustus Wood, captain John Grant Malcolmson and lieutenant Arthur Thomas Moore.
Battle honours
A total of four battle honours were awarded for this campaign, namely, 'Persia', 'Reshire', and 'Koosh-Ab' in 1858, and 'Bushire' in 1861.
Persia
The battle honour 'Persia' was awarded to all units that had participated in the campaign vide Gazette of the Governor General 1306 of 1858. The units were:
3rd Bombay Cavalry – currently Poona Horse
Poona Irregular Horse – currently Poona Horse
1st Scinde Irregular Horse – currently Scinde Horse
Madras Sappers & Miners – currently Madras Engineer Group
Bombay Sappers & Miners – currently Bombay Engineer Group
4th Bombay Infantry – Later 1st Battalion, the Rajputana Rifles, currently, the 3rd Battalion, Brigade of the Guards 1 RAJ RIF
20th Bombay Infantry – currently 2nd Battalion, the Rajputana Rifles
23rd Bombay Infantry – currently 4th Battalion, the Rajputana Rifles
26th Bombay Infantry – later the 2nd Battalion, the 10th Baluch Regiment
Reshire
The honour was awarded to the units which participated in the attack on the old Dutch redoubt of Reshire on 7 December 1856. the Governor surrendered the fortifications on 8 December. The division then waited for the arrival of the C-in-C with the remainder of the army. The battle honour was awarded vide GOGG 1306 of 1858 to the following:
3rd Bombay Cavalry
Bombay Sappers & Miners
4th Bombay Infantry
20th Bombay Infantry
26th Bombay Infantry
Bushire
The first division of the expedition disembarked in the neighbourhood of the city of Bushire on 5 December 1856. After a naval bombardment of the fortifications, Bushire was occupied unopposed. The honour was awarded by Bombay GO 191 of 1861, after India had passed under the Crown. Other honours for this campaign were awarded by the Company in 1858.
Poona Horse
Bombay Sappers & Miners
4th Bombay Infantry
20th Bombay Infantry
26th Bombay Infantry
3rd Regiment Local Contingent (disbanded)
Koosh-Ab
After the arrival of the C-in-C, the force advanced inland and defeated the Persian field army at Koosh-Ab on 8 February 1857. The Poona Horse carries a Standard surmounted by a silver hand and bearing a Persian inscription captured at Koosh-Ab, in commemoration of the brilliant charge of the 3rd Bombay Light Cavalry which broke into enemy infantry and decided the fate of the day. The honour was awarded vide GOGG 1306 of 1858 and spelling changed from Kooshab vide Gazette of India No 1079 of 1910.
3rd Bombay Cavalry
Poona Irregular Horse
Bombay Sappers and Miners
4th Bombay Infantry
20th Bombay Infantry
26th Bombay Infantry
2nd Baluch Battalion – later the 4th Battalion, the 10th Baluch Regiment (Pakistan)
See also
British Indian Army
East India Company
References
Notes
Bibliography
pp. 218–220
pp 33–49
Sandes, Lt Col E.W.C. The Indian Sappers and Miners (1948) The Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham.
Further reading
English, Barbara. 1971. John Company's Last War. London: Collins.
Hunt, Capt. G. H. and George Townsend. 1858. Outram & Havelock's Persian Campaign. London: G. Routledge & Co.
Outram, Lieut. General Sir James. 1860. Lieut.-General Sir James Outram's Persian Campaign in 1857. London: Smith, Elder and Co.
Walpole, Sir Spencer. 1912. A History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. (vol. VI, pp. 266–273)
External links
Persian War
Regiment Site
Conflicts in 1856
Conflicts in 1857
Wars involving Afghanistan
Wars involving British India
Resistance to the British Empire
19th-century military history of the United Kingdom
1856 in Asia
1857 in Asia
Battle honours of the Indian Army
Battle honours of the Bombay Sappers
Battle honours of the Madras Sappers
Overseas expeditions of the British Indian Army
History of the Bombay Sappers
History of the Madras Sappers
History of the Corps of Engineers (Indian Army)
Iran–United Kingdom military relations |
5383063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar%20H.%20Gandy%20Jr. | Oscar H. Gandy Jr. | Oscar H. Gandy Jr., retired since 2006, is a scholar of the political economy of information who was the Herbert Schiller Professor of Communication studies at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania. His work spans many subjects, including privacy, race, information technology, media framing, media development, and educational subsidy.
Biography
Gandy received his associate degree from Nassau Community College (1965) and his bachelor's degree in sociology from the University of New Mexico (1967). From 1969 to 1971, he wrote and produced Right On!, a public affairs television series for WCAU-TV. During this period, he also received his master's degree in Communication Behavior from the University of Pennsylvania, where Gandy grew close to his mentor, George Gerbner.
In 1971, Gandy began lecturing at Third College (now the Thurgood Marshall College), University of California, San Diego. In 1973, he enrolled at Stanford University as a Ph.D. student in communication, where he was a Ford Foundation Fellow. Gandy earned his doctorate in public affairs communication in 1976.
From 1977 to 1987, Gandy was an assistant and then an associate professor of communication at Howard University. Gandy joined the faculty at Annenberg in 1987, where he taught until his retirement in the Spring semester of 2006.
Publications
Books (authored or co-authored):
Gandy, O.H. (2009). Coming to Terms With Chance: Engaging Rational Discrimination and Cumulative Disadvantage. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing.
Gandy, O.H. (1998). Communication and Race: A Structural Perspective. Edward Arnold and Oxford University Press.
Gandy, O.H. (1993). The Panoptic Sort: A Political Economy of Personal Information. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Gandy, O.H. (1982). Beyond Agenda Setting: Information Subsidies and Public Policy. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishers.
Gandy, O.H., Rivers, W.L., Miller, S., & Rivers, G. (1975). Government and Media: An Annotated Bibliography. Stanford, CA: Institute for Communications Research.
Books (edited or co-edited):
Reese S., Gandy, O.H., & Grant A. (Eds.). (2001). Framing Public Life. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Gandy, O.H. (Ed.). (1986). Communications: A Key to Economic and Political Change. Selected Proceedings from the 15th Annual Communications Conference. Washington, DC: Center for Communications Research, Howard University.
Gandy, O.H., Espinosa, P., & Ordover, J. (Eds). (1983). Proceedings from the Tenth Annual Telecommunications Policy Research Conference. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishers.
Scholarly journal articles (2001–present):
Gandy, O.H. (2010). Engaging rational discrimination: exploring reasons for placing regulatory constraints on decision support systems. Ethics and Information Technology, 12(1), pp. 29–42.
Halbert, C.H., Gandy, O.H., Collier, A., & Shaker, L. (2007). Beliefs about tobacco use in African Americans. Ethnicity & Disease, 17(1), pp. 92–98.
Gandy, O.H. & Baruh, L. (2006). Racial Profiling: They said it was against the law! University of Ottawa Law & Technology Journal, 6(3), pp. 297–327.
Herman, B. D., & Gandy, O.H. (2006). Catch 1201: A legislative history and content analysis of the DMCA Exemption Proceedings. Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal, 24(1), pp. 121–190.
Halbert, C.H., Armstrong, K., Gandy, O.H., & Shaker, L. (2006). Racial differences in trust in health care providers. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(8), pp. 896–901.
Halbert, C.H., Gandy, O.H. Jr., Collier, A., & Shaker, L. (2005). Intentions to participate in genetics research among African American smokers. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 15(1), pp. 150–153.
Gandy, O.H., & Li, Z. (2005). Framing comparative risk: A preliminary analysis. The Howard Journal of Communications, Vol. 16(2), pp. 71–86.
Wray, R.J., et al. (2004). Preventing domestic violence in the African American Community: Assessing the impact of a dramatic radio serial. Journal of Health Communication, 9(1), pp. 31–52.
Popescu, M., & Gandy, O.H. (2003). Whose environmental justice? Social identity and institutional rationality. Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation, 19(1), pp. 141–192.
Gandy, O.H. (2003). Media education comes of age. Television & New Media, 4(4), pp. 483–493.
Gandy, O.H. (2003) Public opinion surveys and the formation of privacy policy. Journal of Social Issues, 59(2), pp. 283–299.
Danna, A. & Gandy, O.H. (2002). All that glitters is not gold: Digging beneath the surface of data mining. Journal of Business Ethics, 40(4), pp. 373–388.
Gandy, O.H. (2001). Journalists and academics and the delivery of race statistics: Being a statistician means never having to say you're certain. Race and Society, 4(2), pp. 149–160.
Gandy, O.H. (2001). Racial identity, media use, and the social construction of risk among African Americans. Journal of Black Studies, 31(5), pp. 600–618.
Awards
Gandy received the “Outstanding Achievement Award” from the Surveillance Studies Network in 2016.
Sources
Ronald L. Jackson II and Sonja M. Brown Givens. Black Pioneers in Communication Research. Sage Publications, 2006.
References
External links
Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
1945 births
Living people
American social sciences writers
American social scientists
Stanford University alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Ford Foundation fellowships
Nassau Community College alumni
University of New Mexico alumni |
5383097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest%20University%20of%20Jewish%20Studies | Budapest University of Jewish Studies | The Budapest University of Jewish Studies ( / Jewish Theological Seminary – University of Jewish Studies / ) is a university in Budapest, Hungary. It was opened in 1877, a few decades after the first European rabbinical seminaries had been built in Padua, Metz, Paris and Breslau. Still, it remains the oldest existing institution in the world where rabbis are graduated.
History
19th century
Orthodox Hungarian rabbis were very much against a rabbinical seminary. In order to prevent its establishment in Budapest, they sent a delegation to Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria in Vienna. However, the Emperor was favorable to the rabbinical school and even financed its construction, giving back to the Hungarian Jews the money they had had to pay 30 years before as a war tax after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. The growing liberal segment in Hungarian Jewish society, known as Neologs, were interested in secularly-educated clergy and their leaders strove to have a modern seminary.
On October 4, 1877, the seminary was opened in József körút. Its first principal was Moses Löb Bloch, who was assisted by David Kaufmann and Wilhelm Bacher.
Second World War
On March 19, 1944 German troops marched into Budapest (Operation Margarethe). The next day, the rabbinical seminary was confiscated by the Schutzstaffel (SS) and turned into a prison. From there, Adolf Eichmann organized the deportation of thousands of Hungarian Jews and some political detainees into the concentration camps, mainly to Auschwitz.
Just in time before the German invasion, the most valuable manuscripts had been brought into an underground safe. Still, an important part of the library was seized by the Nazis. 3000 books were dispatched to Prague, where Eichmann planned the construction of a "Museum of an extinct race" in the former Jewish quarter. Only in the 1980s were the books discovered in the cellar of the Jewish Museum of Prague and brought back to Budapest in 1989. The library remains a source of pride for the university. It is considered one of the most important collection of Jewish theological literature outside Israel.
After the war, Communist era
Immediately after the defeat of the Nazis, the Rabbinical seminary resumed its activity and was reopened two months before the surrender of Germany. However, the number of students was not sufficient for keeping the gymnasium department. Instead, a pedagogical college was arranged for religion and Hebrew teachers to be graduated.
Despite the anti-religious policy of the Communist government, the rabbinical seminary in Budapest remained alive. It was the only one of its kind in Eastern Europe, but strongly dependent on national authorities. Religious life was regulated by the Ministry of Religion which was responsible for filling vacant rabbinical posts in Hungary.
Being the only place of its kind in the Eastern bloc, the Budapest seminary had a special mission. Students came from all countries of Eastern Europe, from the Soviet Union and even from Israel, to be graduated as a rabbi or cantor. They lived, partly with their families, in small simply furnished boarding rooms.
From 1950 until his death in 1985, Sándor Scheiber was director of the seminary who edited important publications on Jewish studies from the Middle Ages to the 20th century.
After 1989
After the end of communism, thanks to donations from abroad, the seminary building was renovated, the library modernized and some of the valuable old books were being restored.
Organization
The institute was under the supervision of the ministry of religion, which appointed the teachers upon nomination by the council (consisting of twelve clerical and twelve lay members), of which M. Schweiger was president and Dr. J. Simon secretary, ever since 1877. The course of study extended over ten years and was divided into two equal periods; one being devoted to the lower department, the other to the upper. The former corresponded to an "Obergymnasium"; and the requirement for admission was the possession of a diploma from an "Untergymnasium", or the passing of an entrance examination covering a certain amount of Hebrew and Talmudics in addition to secular studies. The diplomas from this department were recognized by the state, and commanded admittance into any department of the universities or schools of technology. After the completion of the courses offered by the upper department, including attendance under the faculty of philosophy at the university, a year of probation followed. This was concluded in February by an oral examination after the candidate had presented three written theses on Biblical, rabbinic-Talmudic, and historical or religious-philosophical subjects respectively. At graduation he received a rabbinical diploma, which was recognized by the state. To supplement the regular course of training there were students' societies in both departments.
The library of the institute contained about 25,000 volumes of manuscripts and printed works, which were accessible to all in the reading-room.
References
Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger: The Rabbinical Seminary of Budapest, 1877-1977: A centennial volume. Sepher-Hermon Press, New York 1986.
Bibliography (Jewish Encyclopedia)
József Bánóczi, Gesch. des Ersten Jahrzehnts der Landes-Rabbinerschule (Supplement to the Annual Report for 1887-88);
Ludwig Blau, Brill, Sámuel Löw, pp. 27–32, Budapest, 1902;
S. Schill, A Budapesti Országos Rabbiképzöintézet Története, Budapest, 1896;
Annual Reports (with literary supplements)
Jews and Judaism in Budapest
Jewish seminaries
Pest, Hungary
Universities in Budapest
Jewish Hungarian history
Jewish universities and colleges
Educational institutions established in 1877
Neolog Judaism synagogues
1877 establishments in Austria-Hungary |
5383118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corson%27s%20Inlet%20State%20Park | Corson's Inlet State Park | Corson's Inlet State Park was established by the New Jersey Legislature in 1969 to protect and preserve one of the last undeveloped tracts of land along the state's oceanfront. The park borders Corson Inlet. The area's natural habitats are teeming with wildlife established in the numerous primary and secondary sand dune systems, shoreline overwash, marine estuaries, and upland areas. The park offers scenic beauty and opportunities for observing a multitude of migratory and residential wildlife species. The park itself is located in Cape May County, just south of Ocean City. The park is operated and maintained by the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry.
Location and description
The park is located in Cape May County, just south of Ocean City, adjacent to Corson's Inlet. Included in the park is Strathmere Natural Area, located north of Strathmere. The park consists of of undeveloped and undisturbed sand dunes that serves as a protected nesting site for the endangered piping plover, the least tern and black skimmers. Other shorebirds and waterfowl, such as the American oystercatcher, various species of sandpipers, gulls, herons, sanderlings and ducks also stop during the year.
There are two endangered species that inhabit the park – the piping plover, a bird; and the seabeach amaranth, a plant.
History
In 1969, the New Jersey Legislature established Corson's Inlet State Park to protect and preserve one of the last undeveloped areas of land along the New Jersey coastline. Since then, the park has been managed by Belleplain State Forest. In 2012, the park received a $5,850 federal grant to construct a boardwalk trail that would form a loop in the park. The grant would be matched by $3,700 from the New Jersey State Park Service. Local environmentalists protested the project, citing the disruption to the environment.
Recreation
Beaches are open during the summer months.
Boating is allowed (regulated by the New Jersey Boating Regulation and Marine Law). The boat ramp is open 24 hours day, seven days a week year round. The boat ramp has a launch fee from Memorial Day to Labor Day.
Corson's Inlet provides excellent opportunities to catch blue fish, kingfish, striped bass and weakfish. Fishing is regulated by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, as well. Fishermen are allowed to use four wheel drive vehicles (with permit) from September 16-May 14.
Pets are not permitted in the area during the nesting season.
See also
List of New Jersey state parks
References
Parks in Cape May County, New Jersey
State parks of New Jersey |
5383125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room%20V | Room V | Room V is the fifth album by the progressive metal group Shadow Gallery, released in 2005 (see 2005 in music). It continues the story started in Tyranny, picking up after Tyranny's Act II. It is the band's first album not featuring longtime keyboardist Chris Ingles, although he did have input in the album's writing process before his departure. It is also their last album to feature longtime lead vocalist Mike Baker, who died of a heart attack in 2008.
The cover art was done by Rainer Kalwitz, who also did the art for Tyranny.
Track listing
Act III:
1. "Manhunt" – 2:07
2. "Comfort Me" – 6:49
3. "The Andromeda Strain" – 6:44
4. "Vow" – 8:25
5. "Birth of a Daughter" – 2:38
6. "Death of a Mother" – 2:13
7. "Lamentia" – 1:02
Act IV:
8. "Seven Years" – 3:35
9. "Dark" – 1:01
10. "Torn" – 8:21
11. "The Archer of Ben Salem" – 7:26
12. "Encrypted" – 7:59
13. "Room V" – 7:42
14. "Rain" – 8:59
Plot
Manhunt
This is an instrumental track. The story begins where it was left off. Eight hours later, the Man is still running and hiding from the government and searching for his "lover".
This song is as fast as the song "Chased" from Tyranny. The fourth quarter of the song resurrects the piano melody from "Christmas Day", as the time is still Christmas. "Manhunt" ends with a calmed section like "Chased".
Comfort Me
At last, the Man joins his lover (portrayed, again, by Laura Jaeger). Both are tired of running and hiding, but they realize how comfortable and safe they feel when they're together, and believe their. So, they promise one another to be always together.
The Andromeda Strain
Her journal reveals her past. She was previously working on a cure for a weaponized version of smallpox. She used her own DNA to create a serum that can cure it. However, she stumbled on evidence that her employer wanted to cause a small outbreak of the disease to drive up demand for the serum before they release it. She stole the formula, sabotaged her work and ran away from them, putting her in the situation she was in at the start of Tyranny.
The title of this track is a clear reference to the book The Andromeda Strain, although it is not based on the book itself.
Vow
Soon the Man proposes to her, and the two get married, hoping to forget their past lives.
Birth of a Daughter
This is the second instrumental track and, as its title implies, the Woman has given birth to a daughter named Alaska. The song builds towards a brief moment of calm, happy ambience as Alaska is born.
Death of a Mother
This is the third instrumental, and the sequel to the previous track. It opens with a sudden mood change from happy to dark, and the sound of a heart monitor which soon flatlines, leading into a chaotic instrumental that ends with wrenching guitar solos. As its title points, the Woman has died in childbirth, leaving the Man alone with his daughter.
Lamentia
The Man is broken, as his wife promised she would never leave during "Comfort Me", but she left so soon. The vocal arrangement is identical to "Comfort Me" as the Man remembers this broken promise. He claims that she is in the hands of God, while he must live in this world.
Seven Years
This is the fourth instrumental, and as its title indicates, seven years have passed since the Woman's death. The Man's daughter has grown healthy. The mood is lush and innocent.
Dark
This is the fifth and final instrumental. The peaceful life of the Man changes as a shattering window and a very high pitched scream is heard. Beside the scream, it can be heard that the word "daddy" is shouted twice. The remainder of the piece is dark ambience.
Torn
The Man enters the room, only to find out that Alaska was kidnapped, and all of his emotions are let loose. He says he never heard the scream, and starts to curse the kidnappers. He wonders himself if he can ever escape from his past. Although he knows it is likely that the culprit is the New World Order, who would have staged the kidnapping to draw the Man out, his daughter is the only thing that matters in his life now.
The Archer of Ben Salem
In the early morning the Man heads out into the forest determined to bring Alaska back alive, but he sees a soldier with a crossbow aimed at him. The Archer (portrayed by Carl Cadden-James), from a special U.S. Special Forces segment fighting the New World Order (who chased the Man previously on Tyranny), has come with news.
He reveals that the smallpox virus is in the wrong hands, and that they have tried to recreate the serum, but they haven't achieved it. So the Archer reveals that he also carries the same rare blood his wife had, implying Alaska has this blood too, and that her blood is essential to create a vaccine.
The Archer also reveals that the Man's wife didn't die naturally, but she was killed by Mossad, the Intelligence from Israel, to steal blood from her (from the baby; they stole some blood from the Woman's womb). The Archer discloses that the New World Order organization is behind all this, and that U.S. Special Forces have a key mission for the Man to perform.
Encrypted
The Archer takes the Man to a well hidden town, to the back room of a library. Here the Man works on the serum, shaping encrypted lines, as the Archer stands guard. It is here that he discovers that the NWO is planning to unleash the plague, and sell the serums to those fortunate enough to pay the high fees for it. When the Man has finished, a scientist takes the disc and nods his head.
It is also revealed that the codeword and keyword for the serum are "Room V" and "Tyranny" respectively; the Man uses this information to organize a resistance.
Room V
The Man forms a band of six members, which are actually Shadow Gallery themselves (in an act of breaking the fourth wall), and it is implied that Mike Baker is equivalent to the Man. They write the serum key into Tyranny and Room V, knowing that because of Shadow Gallery's underground status, they can deliver the serum to the world without the New World Order knowing about it. A brief binary code is listed in the album booklet to the left of the song lyrics. The listeners are urged to join the resistance themselves by supporting Shadow Gallery. A five-minute jam session ends the song and fades into the sound of rain.
Rain
As the Man has finished his work with the U.S. Special Forces, he continues to search for his lost daughter within the woods of Alaska. His entire mission may have saved the world, but it also has destroyed everything he has ever lived for – hence the metaphor "Their antidote is poison". He is tired of this world and this life, and begs to his dead wife for her shelter. It is implied that the Man may have died at the end, but his ultimate fate and that of Alaska's is left open-ended.
Special edition
The limited edition set includes a second disc. In addition to a multimedia segment titled The Story of Room V that can be accessed on a computer's CD ROM are these tracks:
"Joe's Spotlight" – 3:06
"She Wants to Go Home" – 2:40
"Memories" (Demo) – 1:59
"Rain" (Acoustic Version) – 5:53
"Floydian Memories" – 24:36
Pigs on the Wing (Part I)
Fearless
Mother (The Post War Dream/Thin Ice)
Bike
Brain Damage
(Tienneman's Square/Goodbye Blue Sky)
Point Me at the Sky
Your Possible Pasts
Shining On (guitar solo by Arjen Anthony Lucassen)
One in the Crowd
Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict (distant banter)
Baby Lemonade (with guitar riff from Another Brick in the Wall)
Welcome to the Machine (with interspersed vocalization from Wish You Were Here)
Summer of '68 (instrumental)
Sheep (sung by Arjen Anthony Lucassen)
Julia Dream
Comfortably Numb (guitar solo by Gary Wehrkamp)
Cymbaline
Corporal Clegg (with interspersed vocalization from The Great Gig in the Sky)
Mother Reprise
Wot's... Uh the Deal? (with Wish You Were Here segue)
The Fletcher Memorial Home (Paranoid Eyes/The Final Cut)
On the Turning Away
Pigs on the Wing (Part II)
The track "Joe's Spotlight" is a drum solo performed by Joe Nevolo.
The track "She Wants to Go Home" is an instrumental track.
The track "Floydian Memories" is a big medley composed by Pink Floyd songs extracts, though some parts are not:
The song segment named "Tienneman's Square" and the sung part "And I grief for my sister" fragment is from Roger Waters's solo album Amused to Death, track "Watching TV".
The section "Baby Lemonade" is a song composed by an ex-Pink Floyd member, Syd Barrett.
Personnel
Carl Cadden-James - Bass guitar, backing vocals, Archer on "The Archer of Ben Salem", flute
Brendt Allman - Acoustic and electric guitars, Vocals
Gary Wehrkamp - Guitars, keyboards, backing vocals
Joe Nevolo - Drums and percussion
Mike Baker - lead vocals
Additional musicians
Laura Jaeger - vocals on "Comfort Me"
Libby Molnar - part of Alaska on "Dark"
Mark Zonder - drums on "One in the Crowd" and a portion of "Floydian Memories"
Arjen Lucassen - vocals throughout "Floydian Memories"; guitar solo in "Seven Years" and in the extract "Shining On"
Jim Roberti - vocals throughout "Floydian Memories"
Joe Stone - first guitar solo on "The Archer of Ben Salem"
References
Shadow Gallery albums
2005 albums
Rock operas
Concept albums
Inside Out Music albums |
5383138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico%20Geymonat | Ludovico Geymonat | Ludovico Geymonat (May 11, 1908 – November 29, 1991) was an Italian mathematician, philosopher and historian of science. As a philosopher, he mainly dealt with philosophy of science, epistemology and Marxist philosophy, in which he gave an original turn to dialectical materialism.
Biography
Born in Turin, where Geymonat attended Liceo classico Cavour, he graduated in Philosophy in 1930 and in Mathematics in 1932.
Geymonat tried to break the wall between science and philosophy that characterised the idealistic culture fostered by Fascist intellectuals like Giovanni Gentile. In 1934 he went to Vienna, to delve into the neo-positivist philosophy of the Vienna Circle.
During the World War II he fought as a partisan. After the war, he became communist assessor in Milan, between 1946 and 1949, when he obtained a chair of Theoretical philosophy at the University of Cagliari.
Then he taught as professor of History of philosophy at the University of Pavia between 1952 and 1956, and as professor of philosophy of science in the University of Milan from 1956 to 1979.
Member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), later he was a supporter of the Communist Refoundation Party founded when PCI turned into the Partito Democratico della Sinistra.
He died in Rho, Lombardy in 1991.
Notable students
Evandro Agazzi
Mario Capanna
Giulio Giorello
Mario Vegetti
Selected works
Il problema della conoscenza nel positivismo, Bocca, Torino 1931
La nuova filosofia della natura in Germania, Bocca, Torino 1934
Studi per un nuovo razionalismo, Chiantore, Torino 1945
Saggi di filosofia neorazionalistica, Einaudi, Torino 1953
Galileo Galilei, Einaudi, Torino 1957,
Filosofia e filosofia della scienza, Feltrinelli, Milano 1960
Filosofia e pedagogia nella storia della civiltà, with Renato Tisato, Garzanti, Milano 1965, 3 voll. , 1965
Attualità del materialismo dialettico, with Enrico Bellone, Giulio Giorello and Silvano Tagliagambe, Editori Riuniti, Roma 1974
Scienza e realismo, Feltrinelli, Milano 1977
Filosofia della probabilità, with Domenico Costantini, Feltrinelli, Milano 1982 ,
Riflessioni critiche su Kuhn e Popper, Dedalo, Bari 1983
Lineamenti di filosofia della scienza, Mondadori, Milano 1985, new edition by Utet, Torino 2006 ,
Le ragioni della scienza, with Giulio Giorello and Fabio Minazzi, Laterza, Roma-Bari 1986 ,
Storia del pensiero filosofico e scientifico, Garzanti, Milano 1970-1976, 7 voll. ,
La libertà, Rusconi, Milano 1988
La società come milizia, edited by Fabio Minazzi, Marcos y Marcos 1989 , new edition La civiltà come milizia, edited by Fabio Minazzi, La Città del Sole, Napoli 2008
I sentimenti, Rusconi, Milano 1989
Filosofia, scienza e verità, with Evandro Agazzi and Fabio Minazzi, Rusconi, Milano 1989 ,
La Vienna dei paradossi. Controversie filosofiche e scientifiche nel Wiener Kreis, edited by Mario Quaranta, il poligrafo, Padova 1991
Dialoghi sulla pace e la libertà, with Fabio Minazzi, Cuen, Napoli 1992
La ragione, with Fabio Minazzi and Carlo Sini, Piemme, Casale Monferrato 1994
Bibliographic works on Ludovico Geymonat
Mario Quaranta (a cura di), Ludovico Geymonat filosofo della contraddizione, Sapere, Padova, 1980
Corrado Mangione (a cura di), Scienza e filosofia. Saggi in onore di Ludovico Geymonat, Garzanti, Milano 1985
Mirella Pasini, Daniele Rolando (a cura di), Il neoilluminismo italiano. Cronache di filosofia (1953-1962), Il Saggiatore, Milano 1991
Fabio Minazzi, Scienza e filosofia in Italia negli anni Trenta: il contributo di Enrico Persico, Nicola Abbagnano e Ludovico Geymonat, in Il cono d'ombra. La crisi della cultura agli inizi del '900, Fabio Minazzi (edited by), Marcos y Marcos, Milano 1991, pp. 117–184
Norberto Bobbio, Ricordo di Ludovico Geymonat, "Rivista di Filosofia", LXXXIV, 1, 1993
Silvio Paolini Merlo, Consuntivo storico e filosofico sul "Centro di Studi Metodologici" di Torino (1940-1979), Pantograf (Cnr), Genova 1998
Fabio Minazzi, La passione della ragione. Studi sul pensiero di Ludovico Geymonat, Thélema Edizioni-Accademia di architettura, Università della Svizzera italiana, Milano-Mendrisio 2001
Mario Quaranta, Ludovico Geymonat. Una ragione inquieta, Seam, Formello 2001
Fabio Minazzi (edited by), Filosofia, scienza e vita civile nel pensiero di Ludovico Geymonat, La Città del Sole, Napoli 2003
Fabio Minazzi, Contestare e creare. La lezione epistemologico-civile di Ludovico Geymonat, La Città del Sole, Napoli 2004
Silvio Paolini Merlo, Nuove prospettive sul "Centro di Studi Metodologici" di Torino, in «Bollettino della Società Filosofica Italiana», n. 182, maggio/agosto 2004
Fabio Minazzi (a cura di), Ludovico Geymonat, un Maestro del Novecento. Il filosofo, il partigiano e il docente, Edizioni Unicopli, Milano 2009
Pietro Rossi, Avventure e disavventure della filosofia. Saggi sul pensiero italiano del Novecento, il Mulino, Bologna, 2009
Bruno Maiorca (a cura di), Ludovico Geymonat. Scritti sardi. Saggi, articoli e interviste, CUEC, Cagliari, 2008
Fabio Minazzi, Ludovico Geymonat epistemologo, Mimesis Edizioni, Milano 2010
1908 births
1991 deaths
Writers from Turin
Marxist theorists
20th-century Italian philosophers
Italian Communist Party politicians
20th-century Italian politicians
Italian newspaper editors
Italian male journalists
Italian philosophers
Politicians from Turin |
5383163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy%20Jones | Joy Jones | Joy Jones is a writer and educator in the United States, a magna cum laude graduate of the University of Detroit. She spent 12 years as a teacher, trainer, and administrator in the Washington D.C. public school system. She has written a children's book and her articles have been published by The Washington Post.
Books written
Between Black Women: Listening With The Third Ear (African American Images)
Tambourine Moon (Simon & Schuster)
Private Lessons: A Book Of Meditations For Teachers (Andrews McMeel)
Fearless Public Speaking (Sterling Publishing)
Jayla Jumps In (Albert Whitman & Co.)
External links
Official site
Share with Joy Jones' Blogger.com profile
Washington Post: "Marriage Is for White People"
University of Detroit Mercy alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5383168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20and%20White%20Caf%C3%A9 | Black and White Café | The Black and White Café was a cafe in St Pauls, Bristol in the United Kingdom, that opened in 1971. The Caribbean food café had a reputation as a drug den and was raided more times by the police than any other premises in the country.
Events during a 1980 police raid on the cafe were a catalyst for the St Pauls riot. The cafe remained a centre for drug dealing and violent turf wars through the 1990s, with a peak in the early 2000s, and raids also revealed weapons and illegal immigrants. The Guardian dubbed the cafe "Britain's most dangerous hard drug den".
The cafe closed in 2004 under legal action as a result of new anti-social behaviour legislation and was later demolished.
Bertram Wilks
Bertram Wilks is a well-known member of the Bristol community. Born in Clarendon, Jamaica, in 1938, Wilks moved to the UK in 1959. He opened the Black and White Café in the St Pauls district of Bristol in 1971. Wilks has been featured in the books Policing Notting Hill: Fifty Years of Turbulence, by Tony Moore, and Uprising! The Police, the People and the Riots in Britain's Cities by Martin Kettle and Lucy Hodges.
Wilks is the father of singer-songwriter and producer Emmanuel Anebsa (born Stephen Emmanuel Wilks).
References
St Pauls, Bristol
Illegal drug trade in the United Kingdom
Demolished buildings and structures in Bristol |
5383175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino%20Iorgulescu | Gino Iorgulescu | George Iorgulescu (born 15 May 1956), widely known as Gino Iorgulescu, is a retired Romanian football defender. He is the current chairman of the Romanian Professional Football League.
Career
He was born in Giurgiu and debuted in Divizia A with Sportul Studenţesc in 1975. He played the majority of his career in this club, and won the league silver medal in 1986. He retired in 1990, having spent one season in Belgium.
Iorgulescu made his debut for Romania in 1981 against Switzerland, and represented his country at Euro 1984. He played his last international match in 1986, and got 48 caps and 3 goals in total.
Career statistics
Notes
References
External links
1956 births
Living people
People from Giurgiu
Romanian footballers
Olympic footballers of Romania
Liga I players
FC Sportul Studențesc București players
FC Progresul București players
K. Beerschot V.A.C. players
Romania international footballers
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
UEFA Euro 1984 players
Association football defenders
Romanian sports executives and administrators |
5383182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavan%20Levenson | Gavan Levenson | Gavan Neil Levenson (born 18 December 1953) is a South African professional golfer.
Levenson was born in Johannesburg. He represented South Africa in the 1976 Eisenhower Trophy and won several major amateur tournaments including the French and Rhodesian Open Amateur Championships in 1978. He turned professional later that year and joined the European Tour the following year, winning the Belgian Open and finishing in 29th place on the Order of Merit in his rookie season.
After two seasons in Europe, Levenson qualified for the United States-based PGA Tour. He spent four largely unsuccessful years on the tour, only recording one top ten finish when he tied for 4th place at the 1982 Greater Hartford Open. He returned to Europe in 1985, and although he consistently finished inside the top 100 on the Order of Merit, he did not win again on the European Tour until the 1991 Open de Baleares.
Levenson also played on the Southern Africa Tour (now the Sunshine Tour) during the northern hemisphere winters. He won five titles in South Africa, including one South African Open Championship and one South African PGA Championship, and topped the Order of Merit in 1983/84.
Since turning fifty, Levenson has played on the European Seniors Tour, where he has one victory, achieved in just his second tournament, the 2004 DGM Barbados Open.
Amateur wins (3)
1975 South African Amateur Stroke-Play Championship
1978 French Amateur Open Championship, Rhodesian Amateur Open Championship
Professional wins (8)
European Tour wins (2)
Sunshine Tour wins (5)
European Senior Tour wins (1)
Results in major championships
Note: Levenson never played in the Masters Tournament.
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Team appearances
Amateur
Commonwealth Tournament (representing South Africa): 1975
Eisenhower Trophy (representing South Africa): 1976
See also
Spring 1981 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1983 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
External links
South African male golfers
Sunshine Tour golfers
European Tour golfers
European Senior Tour golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Golfers from Johannesburg
1953 births
Living people |
5383190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonios%20Keramopoulos | Antonios Keramopoulos | Antonios Keramopoulos (; Vlasti, 1870 – Athens, 13 May 1960) was a Greek archaeologist. He conducted numerous excavations studying Mycenean and classical Greek antiquities during the early 20th century, including excavations at the Agora of Athens, the palace of Mycenae and at Thebes. He also wrote studies about later Greek history. Among other things, he became known as a proponent of the theory of an autochthonous Greek origin of the Vlachs in Greece.
References
Keramopoulos, Antonios
Mycenaean archaeologists
Greek numismatists
1870 births
1960 deaths
People from Vlasti
Members of the Academy of Athens (modern) |
5383191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20David%20%28actor%29 | Alan David (actor) | Alan Davies (born 29 December 1941), known professionally as Alan David, is a Welsh actor, best known for his stage and television roles.
Life and career
David was born in Merthyr Tydfil, Glamorgan.
After working in repertory at the Belgrade Theatre, Coventry and the Victoria Theatre, Stoke, David was a regular performer with the Royal Shakespeare Company between 1970 and 2003, most notably as Touchstone in As You Like It (1977), various rôles in the 1986 revival of Nicholas Nickleby and Polonius in Hamlet (2001). His regular London appearances include parts at the National Theatre, Almeida Theatre and Royal Court Theatre.
He has had many television credits ranging from Coronation Street in 1973, The Sweeney (1975) through to Virtual Murder (1992), Honey for Tea and "The Unquiet Dead", an episode of Doctor Who in 2005. He also appeared as the 'rival' of Boycie as Llewellyn in The Green Green Grass. In 2007 he played Griff in the BBC series Gavin & Stacey.
Personal life
David is married with two sons and lives in London.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre credits
References
External links
1941 births
Living people
People from Merthyr Tydfil
Royal Shakespeare Company members
Welsh male Shakespearean actors
Welsh male stage actors
Welsh male television actors |
5383193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrawi | Hadrawi | Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame (1943 – 18 August 2022), known by the pseudonym Hadrawi, was a Somali poet, philosopher and songwriter. Having written many notable protest works, Hadrawi has been likened by some to Shakespeare, and his poetry has been translated into various languages.
Biography
Hadrawi was born in Burao, situated in the Togdheer region of Somaliland, then part of British Somaliland. His family was poor and consisted of one girl and eight boys. In 1953, at the age of nine, he went to live with an uncle in the Yemeni port city of Aden. There Warsame began attending a local school, where he received the nickname "Hadrawi" (Abu Hadra), a pseudonym by which he is now popularly known. In 1963, he became a primary school teacher.
Return to The Somali Republic
After British Somaliland gained independence on June 26th 1960 and then formed a union with the Italian Somalia (who gained independence on the 1st July 1960), Hadrawi relocated from Aden to Mogadishu, the newly formed Somali Republic’s capital, and began working for Radio Mogadiscio. In Mogadishu, he both attended and later taught at the Lafoole University (Afgooye). He also worked for the government's Department of Information.
In addition to love lyrics, he was a powerful commentator on the political situation and critic of the then military regime in Mogadishu (former Italian Somalia section) who allegedly oppressed the former portion of British Somaliland. Imprisoned between 1973 and 1978.
In 1973, Hadrawi wrote the poem Siinley and the play Tawaawac ('Lament'), both of which were critical of the military government that was then in power. For this dissent, he was subsequently arrested and imprisoned in Qansax Dheere until April 1978.
Somali National Movement
Following his release from prison in 1978, Hadrawi became the director of the arts division of the Academy of Science, Arts, and Literature in The Somali Republic. when he joined the opposition Somali National Movement (to liberate the former British Somaliland section from the dictatorship and oppression from the Somali Republic who targeted the Isaaq clan which Hadrawi was a part of), based in Ethiopia. He was a very powerful voice in the ensuing years of the "Isaaq Genocide", war and the repressive military regime on the Isaaq peoples of Somaliland , and continues to be a very important poet commenting on the predicament the Somali speaking people’s face.
Hadrawi relocated to United Kingdom in 1991 after the liberation of (fr British ) Somaliland and revocation of the union between fr. British Somaliland and fr. Italian Somalia. With Somaliland (Fr. British Somaliland going back to its original borders of June 26th 1960). During this period, he traveled frequently throughout Europe and North America to participate in folklore and poetry festivals.
In 1999, Hadrawi returned once more to his native Somaliland, this time settling in Hargeisa. The following year, the mayor of Chicago invited him to participate in the latter city's Millennium Festival.
Hadrawi later lived in Burao, and reportedly made a (hajj) pilgrimage to Mecca.
Death
Hadrawi died in Hargeisa , Somaliland on 18 August 2022, at the age of 79.
Contributions to popular music
Besides volumes of poems and dozens of plays, Hadrawi participated in numerous collaborations with popular vocal artists. His lyrical corpus includes:
"Baladweyn" – song performed by Hasan Adan Samatar in 1974
"Saxarlaay ha Fududaan" – sung by Mohamed Mooge Liibaan
"Jacayl Dhiig ma Lagu Qoraa?" – sung by Magool, and later translated by Hanna Barket as "Is Love Written in Blood?" or "Do You Write Love in Blood?". Another translation of the song by the British linguist and Somali Studies doyen Martin Orwin is "Has Love Been Blood-written?".
Awards
In 2012, Hadraawi was awarded the Prince Claus Award for his contributions to peace through poetry.
Works
Hooya la'anta ('Motherlessness')
Beled Wayn
Hablaha geeska
Gudgude
Siinley
Sirta nolosha
Tawaawac
Aqoon iyo afgarad
Deeley
Hawaale warran
Bulshooy
See also
Gaariye
Elmi Boodhari
Abdillahi Suldaan Mohammed Timacade
Salaan Carrabey
Kite Fiqi
Notes
References
General references
Further reading
External links
1943 births
2022 deaths
Somalian dramatists and playwrights
Somalian poets
Somali-language writers
People from Burao
Somalian Muslims
20th-century Somalian writers
20th-century poets
21st-century poets
Ethnic Somali people
21st-century Somalian writers
African philosophers
20th-century Muslims
21st-century Muslims
Somalian male writers
20th-century male writers
21st-century male writers |
5383201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra%20Ghana%20Temple | Accra Ghana Temple | The Accra Ghana Temple is the 117th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
History
The building of the Accra Ghana Temple was announced on February 16, 1998. Years before the temple was announced, LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley had promised members in the area they would someday have a temple close by. When the temple was announced Hinckley also told those in attendance that the church had been trying to find a place to build a temple in Ghana for five years. The temple in Accra is the second of three temples built in Africa.
The first Mormon missionaries came to Ghana in 1978. Many of the people present at the announcement of the temple had been some of the first converts in Ghana.
A site dedication and groundbreaking ceremony was held on November 16, 2001. Russell M. Nelson, a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, led the ceremony. The vice president of Ghana, Aliu Mahama, as well as other officials, participated in the groundbreaking ceremony and a radio station and Ghana Television covered the event. The temple sits on on the main avenue that runs through the center of Accra. The exterior of the temple is made of Namibia Pearl Granite.
The temple was open to the public from December 3rd through 20th, 2003. During the tour, people were able to see the craftsmanship utilized in the interior of the temple. All of the materials used in the building of the temple were from the area. Moldings in the temple were made of native makore wood, skilled men in the area handcrafted the furniture and the art-glass windows reflect the culture. The vice president of Ghana as well as many other officials took tours through the temple.
Hinckley dedicated the Accra Ghana Temple on January 11, 2004. It has a total of , two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms.
There is a stake center and Missionary Training Center on the grounds. While all members of the church with a valid temple recommend are able to visit the temple, it primarily serves members in Benin, Ghana, the Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Togo.
In 2020, like all the church's other temples, the Accra Ghana Temple was closed in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
See also
Billy Johnson (Mormon)
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana
References
External links
Official Accra Ghana Temple page
Accra Ghana Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
Temples (LDS Church) completed in 2004
Buildings and structures in Accra
Religious buildings and structures completed in 2003
Temples (LDS Church) in Africa
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana
2004 establishments in Ghana |
5383202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hague%20Netherlands%20Temple | The Hague Netherlands Temple | The Hague Netherlands Temple is the 114th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
History
The building of an LDS temple in Zoetermeer, a satellite city of The Hague, was announced on August 16, 1999. This temple serves more than 13,000 members from the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of France.
Orson Hyde, a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, first entered the Netherlands in 1841 to serve a church mission. On his way to Jerusalem, he stayed for a little more than a week preaching the gospel. It was not until twenty years later in 1861 that the first LDS missionaries were officially sent to the Netherlands. On October 1, 1861 near the village Broek bij Akkerwoude (now part of the Dantumadeel municipality) the first converts to the LDS Church in the Netherlands were baptized. People from the Netherlands joined the LDS Church by the thousands, but most emigrated to the United States to be in Utah near church headquarters. In more recent years church leadership has asked members to stay in their own lands and build up the church. The LDS Church has continued to steadily grow in the Netherlands and there are now three stakes and 7,800 members.
A groundbreaking ceremony and site dedication for The Hague Netherlands Temple was held on August 26, 2000. The site chosen for the temple is in a city park. Temple construction quickly began. Because the site bought by the church is only slightly larger than the area needed for the temple, a parking garage and temple clothing store were built underneath the temple.
An open house for the public was held August 17–31, 2002. LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley dedicated The Hague Netherlands Temple on September 8, 2002. The Hague Netherlands Temple has a total of , two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms.
In 2020, The Hague Netherlands Temple was closed in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
See also
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Netherlands
References
External links
Official The Hague Netherlands Temple page
The Hague Netherlands Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
2002 establishments in the Netherlands
21st-century Latter Day Saint temples
Buildings and structures in The Hague
Religious buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Temples (LDS Church) completed in 2002
Temples (LDS Church) in Europe
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Netherlands
The Hague Netherlands Temple |
5383203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleothyris | Paleothyris | Paleothyris was a small, agile, anapsid romeriidan reptile which lived in the Middle Pennsylvanian epoch in Nova Scotia (approximately 312 to 304 million years ago). Paleothyris had sharp teeth and large eyes, meaning that it was likely a nocturnal hunter. It was about a foot long. It probably fed on insects and other smaller animals found on the floor of its forest home. Paleothyris was an early sauropsid, yet it still had some features that were more primitive, more labyrinthodont-like than reptile-like, especially its skull, which lacked fenestrae, holes found in the skulls of most modern reptiles and mammals.
See also
Westlothiana, from 335 million years ago, either an early amniote or a sister group to the amniotes
Casineria, from 340 million years ago, a basal amniote.
Hylonomus, from 312 million years ago, another early anapsid reptile
Petrolacosaurus, from 302 million years ago, the first diapsid reptile
Archaeothyris, from 306 million years ago, an early synapsid (proto-mammal)
Carboniferous tetrapods
References
Arjan, Mann, et al. “Carbonodraco Lundi Gen Et Sp. Nov., the Oldest Parareptile, from Linton, Ohio, and New Insights into the Early Radiation of Reptiles.” Royal Society Open Science, 27 Nov. 2019, royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.191191.
Carboniferous reptiles of North America
Transitional fossils
Prehistoric romeriids
Prehistoric reptile genera
Fossil taxa described in 1969
Paleozoic life of Nova Scotia |
5383204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suva%20Fiji%20Temple | Suva Fiji Temple | The Suva Fiji Temple is the 91st operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
The LDS Church in Fiji
The first missionaries visited Fiji in 1953. The first recorded meeting of the Church was held July 25, 1954, in the Matanisiga Hall in Toorak, Suva. After visiting the island in 1955, church president David O. McKay, opened the first LDS branch in Fiji, calling missionaries to increase outreach to Fijians and Indians. In 1975, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Fiji Technical College was opened. The first Stake in Fiji, the Suva Fiji Stake was organized 12 June 1983, with Inosi Naga as president. Stakes were created in Viti Levu and Districts in Vanua Levu and Taveuni due to congregation and membership expansion. The number of congregations increased rapidly in the 1990s form 19 to 41.
History
On May 7, 1998 the LDS Church First Presidency announced plans to build a temple in Suva, Fiji.
A ground-breaking ceremony were held for the Suva Fiji Temple on May 8, 1999. Earl M. Monson, a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, presided at the ceremony. The site chosen for the Fiji temple was and is considered one of the most beautiful temple sites. The Pacific Ocean can be seen from three sides of the property on one of the tallest hills in the area, and the site is located just a few minutes away from downtown Suva. The exterior of the temple is finished with Snow-white granite from Campolonghi, Italy and the grounds are beautifully landscaped.
The temple was open for public tours from June 7 to 12, 2000. Just before the open house, starting on May 19, political unrest occurred in Fiji. A group of armed rebels held a group of government leaders hostage in Suva for weeks. Those held hostage included the Prime Minister of Fiji at the time, Mahendra Chaudhry. The situation was so intense that the church decided to send all of the Mormon missionaries in the area to the other side of the island to avoid any dangerous situations. Despite these problems and little media attention over 16,000 people toured the temple including 300 community leaders. Those who toured the temple were able to see the two ordinance rooms, two sealing rooms, Celestial room, baptistery, and learn more about Mormon beliefs associated with the temple.
The Suva Fiji Temple was dedicated on June 18, 2000 by LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. Because of the 2000 Fijian coup d'état, which had been occurring since before the open house, it was decided that a small dedication service would be best and the normal four dedicatory services were abandoned. Sixty people attended the dedication, which was held in the Celestial room of the temple.
Renovations
The temple closed October 13, 2014 for renovations that included improving air conditioning and adding new finishes inside the building. After renovations were completed, a public open house was held from Monday, 25 January 2016, through Saturday, 6 February 2016, excluding Sunday, 31 January. The temple was rededicated by Henry B. Eyring on Sunday, February 21, 2016. The temple was rededicated the day after landfall of Cyclone Winston, the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in Fiji. The cyclone forced changes to the cultural celebration held the day prior to the rededication.
See also
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Fiji
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (LDS Church)
References
External links
Suva Fiji Temple Official site
Suva Fiji Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
20th-century Latter Day Saint temples
Religious buildings and structures in Fiji
Temples (LDS Church) completed in 2000
Buildings and structures in Suva
Temples (LDS Church) in Oceania
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Fiji
2000 establishments in Fiji |
5383205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abavornis | Abavornis | Abavornis is the name given to a genus of primitive birds from the Late Cretaceous, containing the single species A. bonaparti (named in honor of the Argentine paleontologist José Bonaparte). It was probably a member of the Enantiornithes, but as it is only known from a single broken coracoid (TsNIGRI 56/11915), which, however, looks typically enantiornithine, that assignment is tentative. The fossil is from Late Cretaceous Bissekty Formation (Coniacian, 89–86 MYA) in the Kyzylkum, Uzbekistan. Another partial coracoid (PO 4605) is very similar and is referred to as Abavornis sp.; it might belong to A. bonaparti and if so show some features which are damaged in the holotype.
References
Further reading
Bissekty Formation
Euenantiornitheans
Fossils of Uzbekistan
Fossil taxa described in 1998
Late Cretaceous birds of Asia
Prehistoric bird genera
Turonian life |
5383206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka%20Japan%20Temple | Fukuoka Japan Temple | The is the 88th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The temple serves more than 7,700 members in Kyūshū, Okinawa, Yamaguchi, Hiroshima and Shikoku
History
Plans to build a temple in Fukuoka were announced on May 7, 1998. It is the second temple in Japan, the first being dedicated in Tokyo in 1980. Its site in Chūō-ku is adjacent to the Fukuoka Municipal Zoo and Botanical Gardens, and is also the location of a mission home and offices for the LDS Church. The temple has a single-spire design and the exterior is finished with polished Empress White and Majestic Grey granite from China, very similar to the Snowflake Arizona Temple.
A site dedication and a groundbreaking ceremony for the Fukuoka Japan Temple were held on March 20, 1999. L. Lionel Kendrick, a member of the Seventy and president of the Asia North Area, presided at the ceremony. The temple was open to the public for tours from June 1–3, 2000. Those who toured the temple were able to see the Celestial room, two ordinance rooms, two sealing rooms and baptistery, and were able to learn more about Mormon beliefs. LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley dedicated the Fukuoka Japan Temple on June 11, 2000.
In 2020, the Fukuoka Japan Temple was closed temporarily during the year in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
See also
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (LDS Church)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Japan
References
Additional reading
External links
Fukuoka Japan Temple Official site
Fukuoka Japan Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
Japan Fukuoka Temple Photos including construction, dedication and site
20th-century Latter Day Saint temples
Buildings and structures in Fukuoka
Temples (LDS Church) completed in 2000
Religious buildings and structures in Fukuoka Prefecture
Temples (LDS Church) in Japan
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Japan
2000 establishments in Japan |
5383207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul%20Korea%20Temple | Seoul Korea Temple | The Seoul Korea Temple is the 37th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
History
The first member of the church in South Korea was baptized in 1951. At that time Korea was in the midst of a war against Communist armies, with the UN intervening. Latter-day Saint servicemen from the United States were the first to bring the LDS Church's teachings to the area.
The first church's missionaries arrived in South Korea in 1954. Some years later, church apostle Boyd K. Packer was assigned to travel to South Korea and find a place in which to build a temple. After considering several locations, Packer eventually chose the property which the church had purchased almost two decades earlier. In 1981, the announcement was made for a temple in Seoul.
Gordon B. Hinckley, of the church's First Presidency, dedicated the Seoul Korea Temple on December 14, 1985. The temple's walls feature Korean granite with six white spires. A traditional, tiled "hundred-year roof" gives the temple a uniquely Korean appearance. Inside, the temple is decorated with delicate brush paintings, intricate wooden molding, silk wall coverings, gold leaf, dome chandeliers, and white lacquer furniture inlaid with mother of pearl.
After the temple was dedicated, a subway system was built in conjunction with the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The system included a line that ended right at the base of the hill upon which the temple was built, making the temple even more accessible for church members.
The temple is located near what is today Sinchon Station on the Seoul Subway Line 2. This station is located near four major South Korean universities: Yonsei University, Hongik University, Ewha Womans University, and Sogang University.
The Seoul Korea Temple has a total of , four ordinance rooms, and three sealing rooms.
In 2020, like all the church's other temples, the Seoul Korea Temple was closed temporarily during the year in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
Presidents
Notable presidents of the temple include Spencer J. Palmer (1988–90) and Han In Sang (1996–2000). As of November 2019, the temple president is Chiwon Kim.
See also
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Korea
References
External links
Seoul Korea Temple Official site
Seoul Korea Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
20th-century Latter Day Saint temples
Religious buildings and structures in Seoul
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1985
Seodaemun District
Temples (LDS Church) in Asia
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Korea
1985 establishments in South Korea |
5383209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunusstein | Taunusstein | Taunusstein () is the biggest town in the Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis in the Regierungsbezirk of Darmstadt in Hessen, Germany. It consists of more than 35.000 inhabitants.T.C.
Geography
Location
Taunusstein lies roughly 10 km northwest of Wiesbaden and about 10 km west of Idstein and the Autobahn A 3. It is part of the Untertaunus (lower Taunus) range.
Taunusstein itself is a rural area and is about 30 km from the river Rhine. The lowest point in Taunusstein is 310 m above sea level, and the highest 613.9 m.
Neighbouring communities
Taunusstein borders in the north on the communities of Hohenstein and Hünstetten and the town of Idstein, in the east on the community of Niedernhausen, in the south on the district-free city of Wiesbaden and in the west on the community of Schlangenbad and the town of Bad Schwalbach.
Constituent communities
Taunusstein is made up of ten Stadtteile:
History
The town of Taunusstein came into being on 1 October 1971 through the merger of the formerly self-governing communities of Bleidenstadt, Hahn, Neuhof, Seitzenhahn, Watzhahn and Wehen, whereupon Taunusstein was also given town rights. On 1 July 1972, the communities of Hambach, Niederlibbach, Orlen and Wingsbach were amalgamated into the town of Taunusstein.
In 1991, Dr.-Peter-Nikolaus-Platz, a square in the constituent community of Hahn, was dedicated and named after the longtime mayor of Taunusstein. Fronting onto it are the "Taunus" community centre, the Catholic church centre of St. Johannes Nepomuk and the New Town Hall, whose functions together make the square into the new town centre. The "Taunus" community centre was opened in 1989, the church centre in 1991, both designed by the Hamburg architect Bernhard Hirche, from whom also sprang the whole concept of planning the new town centre. It was not until 1998, on the other hand, that the Town Hall, designed by another architect, could be dedicated.
Population development
Each time at 31 December (counting only those with their main residences in the town)
Religion
There are several Lutheran and Catholic churches in almost every constituent community.
Baháʼí community in Hahn
New Apostolic church in Wehen
Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses in Neuhof (Triebgewann industrial park)
Politics
Town council
The municipal election held on 27 March 2016 yielded the following results:
Mayor
Mayor Sandro Zehner (CDU), running unopposed, was elected to a second term on 26 May 2019 on the first vote with 79.1% of the vote. Voter turnout was 58.8%.
River Aar
The Aar (Lahn) has its source in the stadtteil Orlen 500 meters from the ruins of Roman Castle Zugmantel and the Bundesstraße 417 in the Orlen part of Taunusstein.
Limes
The north of Taunusstein is crossed by the Upper Germanic Limes, a line of frontier forts begun in AD 86 by the Romans which stretched from near Bonn on the Rhine to near Regensburg on the Danube. It divided the Roman Empire from the unconquered Germanic tribes. Close to Orlen and the Bundesstraße 417 is a replica of a Limes watchtower, right beside the remains of the castrum Zugmantel.
The Upper-Germanic-Rhaetian Limes (the Limes Germanicus) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules, in his forepaws an escutcheon, argent a cross gules.
The golden lion recalls the centuries-long overlordship of the Counts and Princes of Nassau, and at the same time draws on the old arms borne by the Nassau Amt seat of Wehen and the communities of Hahn and Seitzenhahn, all of which were charged with a lion or a lion's head. The cross is an attribute of Saint Ferrutius, the Bleidenstadt Monastery's patron saint. This monastery was founded as early as the 8th century and earned much credit for bringing Christianity and culture into the region on the upper Aar. The former community of Bleidenstadt bore this cross in its former coat of arms.
The official blazon reads:
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
There are two railway stations (in Hahn and Bleidenstadt) which lie on the stretch of the Aartalbahn running through Taunusstein, however since 1983 the line was only used for steam tourist trips run by the Nassauische Touristik-Bahn (NTB). But since a truck damaged a bridge on the line in Wiesbaden-Dotzheim on 20 November 2009 then the line had to be closed completely. Despite promises from the city council of Wiesbaden money to replace the bridge has not been forthcoming, and the NTB are themselves facing financial problems due to not being able to run any trains on the line.
In 1998 it was proposed that the line be reopened to form part of a new light rail line into Wiesbaden Stadtbahn, this was however dropped in 2001. Although some plans for such a line have been revived since the 2011 election, these do not currently involve this section of the line.
The town is also linked to Wiesbaden over Bundesstraßen 417 (Neuhof/Wehen) and 54 (Hahn). The nearest Autobahn interchange is on the A 3 (Cologne–Frankfurt) in Idstein.
The nearest international airport is Frankfurt Airport, about 25 miles away. The smaller Mainz Finthen Airport, a regional public airfield, is about 15 miles away.
Established businesses
Institut Fresenius in Neuhof
Motorola Deutschland (German business headquarters, advertising and marketing) in Neuhof
Brita GmbH water filtration, international headquarters in Neuhof and Wiesbaden
Education
Silberbachschule, primary school in Wehen
Obere Aar integrated comprehensive school in Hahn
Regenbogenschule, primary school in Bleidenstadt
Gymnasium in Bleidenstadt
Sonnenschule primary school in Neuhof
Untertaunus vocational schools in Hahn
Europa-Schule Taunusstein - bilingual Realschule in Neuhof
Sport and leisure facilities
Stadion am Halberg in Wehen, former home stadium to SV Wehen Wiesbaden's first team
Outdoor swimming pool in Hahn
Silberbachhalle in Wehen
Aartalhalle in Neuhof
Sporting grounds in almost every centre
Sport and youth centre in Bleidenstadt
Culture and sightseeing
Museum
In 1995, the Museum of the Town of Taunusstein, with permanent rooms at the Wehen Castle, was established. Since then, there has been a thematic emphasis on more recent regional history as seen in a permanent exhibit featuring this, which lately has also presented information about Taunusstein's condition in, before and after the World War II. This it does mainly by exhibiting everyday culture in the first half of the 20th century. A second and equally valid pillar is the displays in the series Kunst im Schloss ("Art at the Palace") through which contemporary art – not only from the local region – is offered a forum in Taunusstein.
Buildings
Wehen Castle
Formerly used for, among other things, a widow's seat and a hunting palace, it now houses the Taunusstein Museum.
Wehen Evangelical church
This was built by using stones from the old town fortifications, with a black marble altar brought from the Idstein palace church in 1722 and furnishings from the secularized monasteries at Marienhausen and Eberbach. The historic Voigt organ is one of the few instruments by Wiesbaden organ builder Heinrich Voigt still preserved in its original state. It was built in 1890 for the Old Catholic congregation of Wiesbaden and acquired by the Wehen congregation in 1899. In October 1999 it was restored to its original condition.
Former Wehen school
Built about 1900, this building is transitional in design between the Gründerzeit and Art Nouveau.
Former monastery with church, Bleidenstadt
(Nowadays parish church of the Catholic parish of St. Ferrutius). Above the church's main door is the statue of Saint Ferrutius, the patron saint, from the 17th century. Inside the building are a wall tabernacle from High Gothic times, made of sandstone and built into the quire, a baptismal font from 1696, a Late Baroque Madonna and an organ remodelled in the Baroque style. In the belfry are two bells from 1309 and 1411.
Evangelical church, Bleidenstadt
(Formerly Catholic parish church of Saint Peter on the Mountain, after 1530 relinquished to the new Protestant community). The church has the constituent community's oldest stone memorial, a tomb slab commemorating the Minister Johannes von Spangenberg, who died in 1363. The lower part of the churchtower is of Romanesque Revival origin and built with a decorative rose window with sandstone ornamentation.
Jewish graveyard in Wehen
The Jewish graveyard in the constituent community of Wehen on the Halberg is roughly as old as the community itself.
In 1329, Count Gerlach of Nassau-Weilburg mandated the settlement of Jews. The gravestones from that time no longer exist. The oldest one still standing is from 1694. Today, 55 graves are still to be seen in the graveyard. Until 1749, Jews from Wiesbaden were also buried here. In 1726, the Jews applied for leave to build a wall around the graveyard; however, they were forbidden to do so, as it would not have done for the Jewish cemetery to look nicer than the Christian one. So, they simply dug a ditch. After 1933, when the Nazis had come to power, the graveyard was still used for burials; however, it was forbidden to put gravestones on these newer graves.
Regular events
Bleischter Kerb (kermis)
Orlener Markt (market)
Orlener Kerb (kermis)
Hahner Kerb (kermis)
Zentrumsfest ("Centre Festival")
Weher Markt (With this market it is a tradition for companies in Weher to take their employees for brunch at the market)
Weher Kerb (kermis)
Wingsbacher Kerb (kermis)
Neuhofer Kerb (kermis)
TIGA (Taunusstein industrial and business exhibition; in even-numbered years)
Waldweihnachtsmarkt Hahn ("Forest Christmas Market", at the Altenstein Forest House)
Sport
One of the local football clubs, located in Wehen, is called SV Wehen and in April 2007 they won promotion into the 2nd tier of the German Football League (Second Bundesliga). As such the local facilities that they had been using were no longer sufficient for professional football, prompting relocation to Wiesbaden, where they became known as SV Wehen-Wiesbaden. As of 2020–21 season, they however play in the 3rd tier.
The team is sponsored by one of the major companies of the area, Brita, with the founder of Brita, Heinz Hankammer, being a former chairman of the football club. During his time he made funds available which allowed the team it to outdo most teams at this level for many years, and gain promotion into the professional leagues.
Twin towns – sister cities
Taunusstein is twinned with:
Herblay-sur-Seine, France (1973)
Yeovil, England, United Kingdom (1987)
Caldes de Montbui, Spain (1989)
Wünschendorf/Elster, Germany (1991)
Toro, Italy (2016)
Merkwiller Pechelbronn 2022 France
Notable people
Carl Friedrich Emil von Ibell (1780–1834), government president of the Duchy of Nassau/Hesse-Homburg
Emil Erlenmeyer (1825–1909), chemist
Horst Arndt (1934–2014), rower, Olympic medalist, died here
Johannes Hill (born 1988), baritone
References
External links
Official website
Taunusstein-Niederlibbach’s homepage
Taunusstein town centre at architect's site
Rheingau-Taunus website
Taunusstein-Wehen: history, photo gallery
Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis |
5383210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom | 1905 in the United Kingdom | Events from the year 1905 in the United Kingdom.
Incumbents
Monarch – Edward VII
Prime Minister
Arthur Balfour (Coalition) (until 5 December)
Henry Campbell-Bannerman (Liberal) (starting 5 December)
Parliament – 27th
Events
1 January – East Coast gales: Great Yarmouth flooded and pier at Scarborough washed away.
5 January – The play The Scarlet Pimpernel opens at the New Theatre in London and begins a run of 122 performances and numerous revivals.
16 February – At Haulbowline Base in Ireland, two explosions on board HM Submarine A5, due to gasoline fumes after refueling, kill six of the eleven crew.
February – Alf Common becomes the first £1,000 footballer in his transfer from Sheffield United to Middlesbrough.
10 March
An underground explosion at Cambrian Colliery in Clydach Vale kills 33.
Chelsea Football Club founded.
20 March – The title Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is officially recognised by Edward VII by a royal warrant.
29 March – Carmaker Vauxhall opens a factory at Luton, Bedfordshire, as its main manufacturing base following expansion from London.
6 May – The Naval, Shipping and Fisheries Exhibition opens in Earl's Court to mark 100 years since the Battle of Trafalgar
12 May – first public protest by suffragettes, led by Emmeline Pankhurst, at Westminster.
23 May – First performance of George Bernard Shaw's 1903 play Man and Superman at the Royal Court Theatre, London.
29 May – The recently formed Chelsea F.C. are elected to the Football League for the 1905–06 football season; on 2 September they play their first match, at the new Stamford Bridge stadium (which the existing Fulham F.C. have declined to become tenants of).
June – Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate bar first produced, in Bournville.
1 June – General Post Office London to Brighton horse-drawn parcel post coach makes its last run, being replaced by a motor lorry the following day.
9 June – Charlton Athletic F.C. is founded.
15 June – Princess Margaret of Connaught marries Gustaf, Crown Prince of Sweden.
29 June – the Automobile Association inaugurated.
July – British Red Cross Society formally inaugurated.
3 July – release of Cecil Hepworth's short silent drama film Rescued by Rover presenting a significant advance in film techniques.
11 July – National Colliery disaster at Wattstown in the Rhondda: an underground explosion kills 120, with just one survivor.
12 August – First running of the Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb, the world's oldest motorsport event to have been staged continuously on its original course
25 August – 'Ancient Order of Druids' initiate neo-druidic rituals at Stonehenge.
26 September – Newbury Racecourse first used.
3 October – HMS Dreadnought is laid down, revolutionising battleship design and triggering an international naval arms race.
13 October – Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst interrupt a Liberal Party rally at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester and choose imprisonment when convicted, the first militant action of the suffragette campaign.
18 October – London County Council's new street at Kingsway and redevelopment of Aldwych are opened.
21 October – Henry Wood first conducts a performance of his Fantasia on British Sea Songs at a Trafalgar Day concert in London.
26 October – Aspirin sold in the UK for the first time.
5 November – Edward VII declares his eldest daughter The Princess Louise, Duchess of Fife, the Princess Royal. He also orders that the daughters of Princess Louise, Lady Alexandra Duff and Lady Maud Duff are to be styled as Princesses of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the style Highness.
19 November – 39 men die in a fire at a model lodging house in Watson Street, Glasgow.
28 November – Irish nationalist Arthur Griffith founds Sinn Féin in Dublin as a political party whose goal is independence for all of Ireland.
4 December – Internal splits within the Conservative Party over tariff reform lead to the resignation of Balfour as Prime Minister. Campbell-Bannerman takes over for the Liberal Party, pending a general election in the new year.
6 December – ”Jacky" Fisher promoted to Admiral of the Fleet.
1905
Suicide rate of 303 per million, all-time UK peak year.
Local authority expenditure reaches an all-time peak as a proportion of all government expenditure of 51%.
Publications
E. Clerihew Bentley's first published collection of clerihews Biography for Beginners, illustrated by G. K. Chesterton.
Angela Brazil's first novel A Terrible Tomboy.
Arthur Conan Doyle's anthology The Return of Sherlock Holmes.
E. M. Forster's novel Where Angels Fear to Tread.
Robert Hichens' novel The Garden of Allah.
W. J. Locke's novel The Morals of Marcus Ordeyne.
H. E. Marshall's Our Island Story: A Child's History of England.
Baroness Orczy's historical novel The Scarlet Pimpernel.
H. A. Vachell's school story The Hill.
H. G. Wells' novel Kipps.
Births
2 January – Michael Tippett, composer (died 1998)
6 January – Idris Davies, Anglo-Welsh poet (died 1953)
14 January – Jane Welsh, actress (died 2001)
1 February – Joan Morgan, actress (died 2004)
4 February – Hylda Baker, actress (died 1986)
10 February – Rachel Thomas, actress (died 1995)
16 February – Oliver Franks, public figure (died 1992)
18 February – Queenie Leonard, actress (died 2002)
26 February
Robert Byron, travel writer (died 1941)
Arthur Brough, actor (died 1978)
Kathleen Guthrie, artist (died 1981)
18 March – Robert Donat, actor (died 1958)
28 March – Audrey Withers, magazine editor (died 2001)
30 March – Albert Pierrepoint, hangman (died 1992)
3 May – Sebastian Shaw, actor (died 1994)
16 May – H. E. Bates, novelist (died 1974)
12 July – Prince John (died 1919)
17 July – Marjorie Reeves, historian and educationalist (died 2003)
25 July – Denys Watkins-Pitchford, writer (died 1990)
15 August – Jean Rankin, courtier (died 2001)
23 August – Constant Lambert, composer (died 1951)
4 September – Mary Renault, novelist (died 1983)
29 September – Marie Hartley, writer (died 2006)
4 October – Leslie Mitchell, announcer (died 1985)
15 October – C. P. Snow, novelist and physicist (died 1980)
29 October
Henry Green, novelist (died 1973)
Berthold Wolpe, calligrapher, typographer and illustrator (died 1989)
31 October – Elizabeth Jenkins, novelist (died 2010)
4 November – Frank Owen, journalist and politician (died 1979)
25 November – Patrick Devlin, judge (died 1992)
26 November – Emlyn Williams, dramatist and actor (died 1987)
4 December – Guy Mountfort, advertising executive and ornithologist (died 2003)
5 December – Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford, peer, politician and reformer (died 2001)
21 December – Anthony Powell, novelist (died 2000)
22 December – Hugh Edward Richardson, diplomat and Tibetologist (died 2000)
25 December – Lewis Allen, film and television director (died 2000)
31 December – Jule Styne, songwriter (died 1994 in the United States)
Deaths
9 April – Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford, British general (born 1827)
5 May – Edwin Bibby, wrestler (born 1848)
3 June – Hudson Taylor, British missionary (born 1832)
25 July – Thomas Spencer, joint founder of retailer Marks & Spencer (born 1851)
14 August – Simeon Solomon, artist (born 1840)
18 September – George MacDonald, Scottish author and poet, Christian minister (born 1824)
19 September – Thomas John Barnardo, philanthropist (born 1845)
13 October – Sir Henry Irving, stage actor (born 1838)
14 October – John Thomas, Welsh photographer (born 1838)
6 November – George Williams, founder of the YMCA (born 1821)
10 November – Rowland Williams (Hwfa Môn), poet and archdruid (born 1823)
14 November – Robert Whitehead, marine engineer (born 1823)
5 December – Henry Eckford, British horticulturist (born 1823)
9 December – Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb, British scholar and politician (born 1841)
17 December – Robert Jones Derfel, poet and dramatist (born 1824)
See also
List of British films before 1920
References
Years of the 20th century in the United Kingdom |
5383228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ant%20Bully%20%28video%20game%29 | The Ant Bully (video game) | The Ant Bully is a video game based on the movie of the same name. It was released on July 24, 2006 alongside the theatrical release of the movie. The story and actions of the game correspond to that of the movie.
Gameplay
The game is broken down into missions, though the game follows a linear design. The game is a traditional action-adventure game, with players able to use different weapons to clear a mission and advance to the next level.
Plot
Players control the protagonist, Lucas Nickle, as he is shrunk to a miniature size and forced to work in an ant colony. He goes on many adventures throughout his backyard. From the Cactus Garden, to the Spiders lair, Lucas must overcome the challenges and become an ant. Getting in his way is the local wasp hive and the Exterminator. After overcoming many challenges, Lucas eventually has a mano-a-mano showdown. Lucas first must shoot the Exterminators ear with the Dart bow and avoid his hands and poison. Next, Lucas must blind the Exterminator with the Larva silk squirter. Eventually, Lucas and the wasps drive the Exterminator away after stinging him in the butt. Afterwards, Lucas collects the last of the Fire crystals and returns to normal size in 2006.
Reception
The Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2 and GameCube versions received "mixed" reviews, while the PC and Wii versions received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.
Detroit Free Press gave the PS2 version a score of three stars out of four and stated: "The best part of the game is Lucas' maneuverability in getting from Point A to Point B. In some instances, he must glide on a rose pedal. In others, he summons other ants through telepathy, and the group either flings Lucas through the air or operates as an impromptu ladder." The Times gave the same console version a score of three stars out of five and said, "This must be one of the first instances in which a video game actually seems like the natural format. But even here, as you acquire weapons, ride wasps and beat up tiny-huge creatures, it seems never to aspire to much beyond adequacy." However, The Sydney Morning Herald gave the PC and PS2 versions two stars out of five, saying, "The twitchy movement makes it unnecessarily difficult to target enemies with your primitive ant weapons (a lock-on button turns out to be little help) and it's all too easy to fall when carefully crawling up walls."
References
External links
Official website
2006 video games
PlayStation 2 games
GameCube games
Game Boy Advance games
Windows games
Wii games
Cancelled Xbox games
Cancelled PlayStation Portable games
Cancelled Nintendo DS games
Action-adventure games
Video games about insects
Video games based on films
Video games scored by Alexander Brandon
Video games developed in Canada
Behaviour Interactive games
Video games using Havok
Single-player video games
Midway video games |
5383230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mararit%20people | Mararit people | The Mararit are an ethnic group of Chad and Darfur, Sudan. Most members of this ethnic group are Muslims. They speak the Mararit language, which is a Nilo-Saharan language. The population of the group is estimated at 32,000.
References
Ethnic groups in Sudan
Ethnic groups in Chad |
5383247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina%20Medal | Regina Medal | The Regina Medal is a literary award conferred annually by the U.S.-based Catholic Library Association. It recognizes one living person for "continued, distinguished contribution to children's literature without regard to the nature of the contribution" and several recipients have been neither writers nor illustrators of children's books. It was inaugurated in 1959 and it is administered by Children's Library Services Section.
Regina Medal winners
1959 Eleanor Farjeon
1960 Anne Carroll Moore
1961 Padraic Colum
1962 Frederic G. Melcher
1963 Ann Nolan Clark
1964 May Hill Arbuthnot
1965 Ruth Sawyer
1966 Leo Politi
1967 Bertha Mahony Miller
1968 Marguerite de Angeli
1969 Lois Lenski
1970 Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire
1971 Tasha Tudor
1972 Meindert DeJong
1973 Frances Clarke Sayers
1974 Robert McCloskey
1975 May McNeer and Lynd Ward
1976 Virginia Haviland
1977 Marcia Brown
1978 Scott O'Dell
1979 Morton Schindel
1980 Beverly Cleary
1981 Augusta Baker
1982 Theodor Seuss Geisel
1983 Tomie dePaola
1984 Madeleine L'Engle
1985 Jean Fritz
1986 Lloyd Alexander
1987 Betsy Byars
1988 Katherine Paterson
1989 Steven Kellogg
1990 Virginia Hamilton
1991 Leonard Everett Fisher
1992 Jane Yolen
1993 Chris Van Allsburg
1994 Lois Lowry
1995 Gary Paulsen
1996 Russell Freedman
1997 Eve Bunting
1998 Patricia McKissack and Frederick McKissack
1999 Eric Carle
2000 Milton Meltzer
2001 E. L. Konigsburg
2002 Charlotte Zolotow
2003 Jean Craighead George
2004 Susan Hirschman
2005 Jerry Pinkney
2006 Paul Goble
2007 Margaret K. McElderry
2008 Vera B. Williams
2009 Lois Ehlert
2010 Gail Gibbons
2011 Ashley Bryan
2012 Patricia Polacco
2013 Kevin Henkes
2014 Patricia Reilly Giff
2015 Judy Blume
2016 Lee Bennett Hopkins
2017 David A. Adler
2018 Andrea Davis Pinkney and Brian Pinkney
2019 Kate DiCamillo
2020 Christopher Paul Curtis
2021 Jan Brett
2022 Sophie de Mullenheim
References
American children's literary awards
Awards established in 1959 |
5383270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia-1%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012 | Caledonia-1 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012 | The Caledonia-1 Representative District is a one-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Caledonia-1 District includes all of the Caledonia County towns of Barnet, Ryegate, and Waterford.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The one member Caledonia-1 District had a population of 3,944 in that same census, 2.83% below the state average.
District Representative
Leigh Larocque, Republican
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts -- Statistics
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Barnet, Vermont
Ryegate, Vermont
Waterford, Vermont |
5383282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%20James | Val James | Valmore Curtis James (born February 14, 1957) is an American-born former ice hockey player who played 11 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Buffalo Sabres and Toronto Maple Leafs between 1981 and 1986. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1978 to 1988, was spent in various minor leagues. James was the first African American to play in the NHL.
Early life
James was born in Ocala, Florida and raised in Hauppauge, New York. He was one of six children. James began skating and playing ice hockey in Commack, New York where his father was employed as the manager of an ice rink.
Playing career
James was drafted by the Detroit Red Wings in the 16th round, 184th overall in the 1977 NHL Entry Draft after playing two seasons in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) for the Quebec Remparts, although he never played in any regulation games for the Red Wings. He also played several seasons, in the late 1970s, for the Erie Blades, in the Eastern Hockey League (EHL). James's propensity for using hip checks garnered notoriety in the Erie County Field House, home of the Blades. He signed with the Buffalo Sabres on July 22, 1981. James made his NHL debut for the Sabres during the 1981–82 NHL season, playing seven games. James became the first Black American to play in the NHL when he debuted with the Sabres. He was not the first Black American to be exclusively trained in the country; that milestone did not occur until 1996, when Mike Grier made his NHL debut. James was the first native-born Floridian to play in the NHL.
In 1983, while playing in the American Hockey League (AHL), under the direction of rookie coach Mike Keenan, James scored the winning goal for the Rochester Americans in the Calder Cup.
James' next NHL stint came in the 1986–87 NHL season with the Toronto Maple Leafs, playing four games. As an African-American, James often faced situations at all levels of his career where he was the victim of incidents of racial prejudice from opposing fans, and, sometimes, opposing players.
On the ice, James became revered for his fighting ability. Spirited bouts and victories over noted enforcers Terry O'Reilly and John Kordic were part of his record. One of the NHL's all-time top enforcers, Dave Brown, singled out James as one of the hardest punching players, and toughest opponents, he had ever fought. After 14 professional NHL hockey games, a shoulder injury forced James to retire from the sport in 1988. After retirement, he taught hockey for 10 years.
Post-hockey life
After retiring, James settled in the Niagara Region with his wife. His autobiography Black Ice: The Val James Story was released by ECW Press for worldwide distribution in February 2015, coinciding with Black History Month. In January 2017 ECW Press re-released the book in paperback format, again coinciding with Black History Month.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
See also
Willie O'Ree, first Black Canadian player in the NHL
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people
African-American ice hockey players
American men's ice hockey left wingers
Buffalo Sabres players
Detroit Red Wings draft picks
Erie Blades players
Flint Spirits players
Ice hockey people from Florida
Ice hockey players from New York (state)
Newmarket Saints players
People from Long Island
Quebec Remparts players
St. Catharines Saints players
Sportspeople from Ocala, Florida
Toronto Maple Leafs players
20th-century African-American men
21st-century African-American men |
5383283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy%20%28Shadow%20Gallery%20album%29 | Legacy (Shadow Gallery album) | Legacy is the fourth album by progressive metal group Shadow Gallery, released in 2001.
Track listing
Personnel
Carl Cadden-James - Bass guitar, Vocals, Flute
Brendt Allman - Acoustic, Electric guitars, Vocals, Keyboards
Chris Ingles - Keyboards and Synthesizer
Gary Wehrkamp - Piano, Guitars, Synthesizer, Vocals, Bass, Sound effects
Joe Nevolo - Drums and percussion
Mike Baker - Lead Vocals
References
Shadow Gallery albums
2001 albums |
5383292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas%20Wish%20%28EP%29 | Christmas Wish (EP) | Christmas Wish is a Christmas EP by Stacie Orrico released on October 9, 2001. It was re-issued in Japan on December 3, 2003.
Track listing
"Love Came Down" (Christina Rossetti) – 3:29
"Christmas Wish" (Bob Farrell) – 3:56
"O Holy Night" (Adolphe Adam; Placide Cappeau) – 5:02
"What Child Is This" (William Chatterton Dix) – 4:22
"O Come All Ye Faithful" (Traditional) – 3:58
"White Christmas" (Irving Berlin) – 3:39
"The Christmas Song" (Robert Wells; Mel Tormé) – 3:14 (Japanese bonus track)
"What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?" (Frank Loesser) – 3:59 (Japanese bonus track)
Notes
The two Japanese bonus tracks were available in the US in December 2003 on an exclusive Target single titled For Christmas.
References
2001 Christmas albums
2001 debut EPs
Albums produced by the Underdogs (production team)
Christmas albums by American artists
Christmas EPs
ForeFront Records EPs
Stacie Orrico albums
Pop Christmas albums |
5383297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvin%20State%20Park | Parvin State Park | Parvin State Park is a state park located in the southwestern part of New Jersey. Situated around Parvin Lake on the edge of the Pine Barrens, the park includes pine forests, hardwood forests, and swamps. The park is located near Pittsgrove Township in Salem County, and is operated and maintained by the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry.
Geography
Parvin State Park is in Pittsgrove Township, Salem County, New Jersey, 5 miles west of Vineland, in an agricultural area. The largest lake in the park is Parvin Lake, which occupies much of the eastern corner of the park and into which flows a stream, the Muddy Run; there is a smaller lake, Thundergust Lake, to the south of Parvin Lake.
About of the park are designated as the Parvin Natural Area.
Ecology
Parvin State Park is in an area of transition between the Pine Barrens and hardwood forest and includes a variety of terrain; its ecology is therefore unusually diverse, including areas of hardwood and white cedar swamp, lowland pine forest, and upland pine and oak forest. The park's at least 50 species of trees include white cedar, pitch pine, red maple, several species of oak, black cherry, and winterberry holly. Common types of bushes in the park include greenbrier, wild azaleas, mountain laurel, and sweet pepperbush. The endangered swamp pink grows in the park.
The park has at least 180 species of birds. The wild turkey, barred owl, yellow-billed cuckoo, and many species of warblers live in the park's forests. The lakes and Muddy Run are habitats of the prothonotary warbler, the great blue and green heron, the great egret, and more than a dozen species of ducks; black-crowned night herons, pied-billed grebes, and ospreys are also seen on the lakes occasionally.
History
There are remains of Lenape encampments near the park. The first recorded European settlement in the area was in 1742. In 1796, Lemuel Parvin settled in what is now the park and dammed the Muddy Run stream to power a sawmill, thus creating Parvin Lake.
In 1930, the state of New Jersey bought 918 acres of land in what is now the park, and from 1933 to 1941 the Civilian Conservation Corps developed the park. The park was used in 1943 as a summer camp for the children of interned Japanese Americans, in 1944 as a prisoner of war camp for German soldiers from the Afrika Korps, and in 1952 as temporary housing for Kalmyk Americans who fled their homelands in the USSR.
Camping
Campsites: 56 tent and trailer sites with fire rings, picnic tables, lantern hooks and a playground available. Six people and two vehicles per site. Flush toilets, showers, and laundry facilities are within walking distance. Facilities available for people with disabilities. Trailer sanitary station. Located on the south shore of Parvin Lake. Open year-round. $20 per night for NJ residents and $25 per night for out of state residents.
Group campsites: Four group sites; 25 people per site; total capacity: 100. Flush toilets, water, fire rings, picnic tables, one shelter. Located on south shore of Parvin Lake. Open April 1 through October 31. $50 per night for NJ residents and $100 per night for out of state residents
Cabins: 16 cabins each with furnished living room with fireplace or wood burning stove; two rooms with either two or three bunks in each; kitchen with running water, electric stove, refrigerator; bathroom with sink, toilet, and shower; electricity; brick patio with table and grill. Each accommodates 4 people. Two additional 6-bunk cabin are accessible for people with disabilities. Playground available. Cabins are on the north shore of Thundergust Lake. Open April 1 through October 31.
Four-bunk cabins: $55 per night for NJ residents and $65 per night for out of state residents.
Six-bunk cabins: $75 per night for NJ residents and $85 per night for out of state residents.
Swimming
A lifeguard staffed swimming beach is provided at Parvin Grove, which is located on Parvin Lake. Swimming is available from Memorial Day to Labor Day.
Picnicking
There are several picnic areas with grills and tables. For large groups, a reservation fee is applied.
References
External links
Official website
Civilian Conservation Corps in New Jersey
Kalmyk diaspora
Parks in Salem County, New Jersey
Protected areas of the Pine Barrens (New Jersey)
State parks of New Jersey |
5383300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keliko%20people | Keliko people | Keliko or Kaliko is an ethnic group from South Sudan, bordering Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda. Most members of this ethnic group are Christians. They speak the Keliko language, which is a Nilo-Saharan language. The population of this group likely exceeds 10,000.
The Keliko people are found in Lujule west and Wudabi payams in Morobo County, Central Equatoria State (CES) and in Ombachi in Yei County, CES, South Sudan. Some are also in the DR Congo and Uganda but do not speak exactly the Keliko slang in South Sudan.
The Wycliffe Bible Translators, in the Fall of 2018, gave to the Keliko People a translation of the New Testament in their own language. There were 1000 translated New Testaments distributed.
References
Joshua Project
Ethnic groups in South Sudan
Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
In DRC, they are called kaliko umi, more especially from Laibo, Mado, awubha awuzi and so on. There is a slight pronousation between Kaliko people in South Sudan and the in DRC. |
5383318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Verrey | David Verrey | David Verrey is a British television, film and stage actor.
Television
His best known roles were those of Serge Starr in more than 200 episodes of the soap Family Affairs, Golgarach and McGrew in the children's adventure game series Knightmare and the shape shifting alien villain Joseph Green in the Doctor Who episodes "Aliens of London" (for which he also contributed an episode commentary to the Doctor Who: Complete Series One DVD boxset) and "World War Three". He has also guest starred in The Game, Musketeers, Game Of Thrones, Masterworks, The Bill, Judge John Deed, Agatha Christie's Poirot, Birds of a Feather, Red Dwarf, Lexx, "Law & Order UK", and Dream Team, amongst many other TV appearances.
Film
He has appeared in featured roles in the Britcoms Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason and Sixty Six, and in 2006 co-starred with Gabriel Byrne and Mira Sorvino in Alexander Buravsky's Russian-set World War II epic Attack on Leningrad.
Theatre
David Verrey's theatre appearances are numerous, including seasons with the:
Royal National Theatre
England People Very Nice
The Coast of Utopia
The Madness of George III (as Charles James Fox)
The Recruiting Officer
Royal Shakespeare Company
The Comedy of Errors
English Shakespeare Company
Hamlet (as Claudius)
The Merchant of Venice (as Shylock)
Romeo and Juliet (as Mercutio)
External links
British male film actors
British male stage actors
British male television actors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5383325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gru%C5%BEa%20%28river%29 | Gruža (river) | The Gruža (Serbian Cyrillic: Гружа, ) is a river in central Serbia. The river is a 62 km long left tributary to the Zapadna Morava.
The Gruža originates in the central part of the Rudnik mountain, right under the mountain's main settlement, the village of Rudnik, northeast of the town of Gornji Milanovac, central Serbia. The river flows south next to the village of Majdan, around the Rudnik mountain into the Takovo region and at the village of Nevade, just few kilometers away from Gornji Milanovac, makes a sharp turn to the east.
After the villages of Vraćevšnica and Ljuljaci, the Gruža turns south into the Gruža region, a direction it will generally follow for the rest of its course. After the villages of Oplanić and Dragušnica, the river enters the depression of Gruža, a main part of its valley, situated between the mountains of Kotlenik (on the west) and Gledićke planine (on the east). Near the Gruža village, the river is dammed, creating artificial Gruža Lake, with a bridge over the middle of the reservoir.
The Gruža receives the left tributary of Kotlenjača and continues to the south next to the villages of Balosave, Guberevac, Itkovac, Milavčić and Vitanovac, before it enters the West Pomoravlje region and empties into the Zapadna Morava near the village of Čukojevac.
The Gruža drains and area of 617 km2, belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin and it is not navigable.
References
Mala Prosvetina Enciklopedija, Third edition (1985); Prosveta;
Jovan Đ. Marković (1990): Enciklopedijski geografski leksikon Jugoslavije; Svjetlost-Sarajevo;
Rivers of Serbia
Šumadija |
5383350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae%20Ungureanu | Nicolae Ungureanu | Nicolae Ungureanu (born 11 October 1956) is a retired Romanian football defender.
Career
He was born in Craiova and debuted in Divizia A with Universitatea Craiova in 1977. He spent ten seasons with Universitatea, winning the league titles in 1980 and 1981. In 1987, he was transferred to Steaua București, where he helped win the league in 1988 and 1989. He played in the 1988/89 European Cup Final against AC Milan, when Steaua lost 4–0. His last Divizia A match came for Rapid București in 1993. The game ended in a 0–5 loss against Universitatea Craiova.
Ungureanu got 56 caps and scored 1 goal for the Romanian national team, and represented his country at Euro 1984. He played in 71 European Cup matches, scoring one goal.
Honours
Player
Universitatea Craiova
Divizia A (2): 1979–80, 1980–81
Romanian Cup (4): 1977–78, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1992–93
Steaua București
Divizia A (1): 1987–88, 1988–89
Romanian Cup (1): 1988–89
European Cup runner-up: 1988–89
Notes
References
External links
Nicolae Ungureanu profile
1956 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Craiova
Romanian footballers
Olympic footballers of Romania
Liga I players
Liga II players
CS Universitatea Craiova players
FC Steaua București players
FC Rapid București players
CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu managers
Romania international footballers
UEFA Euro 1984 players
University of Craiova alumni
Association football defenders
Romanian football managers |
5383352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-tailed%20vontsira | Ring-tailed vontsira | The ring-tailed vontsira, locally still known as the ring-tailed mongoose (Galidia elegans) is a euplerid in the subfamily Galidiinae, a carnivoran native to Madagascar.
Classification and etymology
There is much disagreement about the placement of Madagascar's carnivores, including the ring-tailed vontsira, within the phylogenetic tree. A 2003 study reported evidence that the Malagasy Carnivora evolved from a single herpestid ancestor.
A monotypic genus, Galidia literally means "little weasel", being a diminutive form of (, "weasel" in ancient Greek).
Its local common name is vontsira mena, ‘red vontsira’ in Malagasy.
Description
The ring-tailed vontsira is relatively small but is the largest member of the subfamily Galidiinae. It is usually long and weighs only . Its body is long and slender, and the rounded head has a pointed snout. The body is a dark red color and the feet are black. As the name implies, its bushy tail is covered with black and red rings and is similar to the red panda.
Ring-tailed vontsira are very agile, and good climbers. They are quite playful and are active during the day. Their habitat consists of humid forests. Their diet is mostly of small mammals, invertebrates, fish, reptiles and eggs, but they occasionally eat insects and fruit.
The population of ring-tailed vontsira has decreased by 20% during the period 1989-1999 due to habitat loss. Another problem is competition with the small Indian civet (Viverricula indica).
References
External links
Animal Diversity Web Ring-tailed mongoose
Malagasy ring-tailed mongoose (Galidia elegans) - ARKive.org
Euplerids
Endemic fauna of Madagascar
Mongoose, Ring-tailed
Mammals described in 1837
Taxa named by Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire |
5383363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen%20Knolls | Aspen Knolls | Aspen Knolls Estates is a private community in Staten Island, New York City. It contains 944 single-family town homes and is located in the neighborhood of Arden Heights on the island's south shore, near the intersection of Arthur Kill and Woodrow Road. The development of the community was originally for Navy Housing.
Plans for this community began in the mid 1980s following the closing of the Saint Michael's orphanage (1982) with some of the land set aside for a church. The church also maintained a convent for the Presentation Sisters on the east side of the property. The church, now closed, and its grounds are surrounded on three sides by the Aspen Knolls Estates community, and by Arthur Kill Rd. on its fourth side. The Aspen Knolls Estates community was originally meant for housing of Navy families. However, due to Base Realignment and Closure, the housing contract was terminated in November 1994 after the closure of the Staten Island Homeport in Stapleton. With the community already planned, its builders decided to go through with construction and sell the homes to regular citizens. Construction began in 1995 and was finished in early 2006. During this time period, people moved into the community as each house was finished being built.
The community today has over 4,000 residents.
Surrounding two sides of this development (alongside the rear of homes lining Ilyssa Way from Arthur Kill Road to Woodrow Avenue.) is Arden Woods, with almost 200 undeveloped acres of forest and wetland, including some hiking trails.
References
External links
Neighborhoods in Staten Island |
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