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5383364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva%20International%20Centre%20for%20Humanitarian%20Demining | Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining | The Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD; ) is an international organisation working in mine action and explosive ordnance risk reduction, with a focus on landmines, cluster munitions and ammunition stockpiles. Based in the Maison de la paix in Geneva, it is legally a non-profit foundation in Switzerland.
It was established by Switzerland and several other countries in April 1998. In March 2003, the GICHD concluded a status agreement with the Swiss Government guaranteeing its independence and freedom of action. The Centre has over 60 staff members and is financially supported by more than 30 governments and organisations.
Mission
The GICHD enables its partners to reduce risks to communities from explosive ordnance by furthering knowledge, promoting norms and standards, developing capacities, and facilitating dialogue and cooperation.
Competence
The GICHD is an international centre of expertise and knowledge, operating in line with humanitarian principles, supporting approximately 40 affected states and territories every year. Its work focuses on four main areas: facilitating dialogue and cooperation, providing technical support and training, advancing research on mine action and ammunition management and supporting the development and implementation of international norms and standards.
The Centre's areas of competence include anti-personnel mines, all other types of mines and explosive ordnance in a broad sense of the term, including all forms of mines, booby traps, unexploded ordnance (UXO) including cluster munitions, and abandoned ordnance (AXO). The GICHD responds across the full spectrum of emergency, reconstruction, peace-keeping, disarmament, reconstruction and development. It does so by respecting the primary responsibility of affected states for mine action, and by placing emphasis on local ownership and capacity building.
Partners
The Centre’s main partners are national governments, international and regional organisations, local and international non-governmental organisations, research centres and commercial companies working in the area of mine action and explosive ordnance. Its sister organisations are the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces and the Geneva Centre for Security Policy.
Activities
The GICHD, in partnership with others, strives to provide capacity development support, undertake applied research and develop standards, all aimed at increasing the performance and professionalism of mine action. In addition, the GICHD supports the implementation of relevant instruments of international law.:
Operational assistance
The Centre’s main operational assistance activities are:
Strategic management: The Centre supports national authorities to develop and implement their mine action strategies and plans, including priority-setting mechanisms, quality management, coordination activities, legislation, mine risk education, gender-sensitive programming and linking mine action and development, including the Millennium Development Goals. Special attention is paid to assisting national authorities to comply with their obligations and commitments stemming from the Ottawa Treaty and other relevant instruments of international law.
Land release: The Centre develops and implements safe and cost-effective land release methods for mine action, to be used by countries and programmes in the field. Examples of these are land release concepts that are tailored toward individual countries and that address a requirement for national policy, as well as operational concepts. The Centre also assists countries and organisations in the implementation of new and more efficient land release concepts.
Information management: Mine action relies on evidence. For effective and efficient decision-making and priority setting in mine clearance operations it is crucial to collect accurate and timely data, compile and analyse that data, and provide quality information to support evidence-based planning. This requires a strong and reliable information management system. To this end, the GICHD developed the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA). IMSMA enables partners to leverage quality information for efficient, evidence-based decision making and reporting. IMSMA offers a series of integrated tools, such as mobile data collection, a database that adheres to International Mine Action Standards, and data analytic tools for mapping and reporting. GICHD constantly adapts IMSMA to the latest technology improvements. To support mine action actors at all levels of critical decisions the latest generation of IMSMA (IMSMA CORE) is built by configuring geographic information systems (GIS) tools primarily from Esri. IMSMA Core is a system of tools and processes that can be configured to fit national programmes’ specific operational and reporting requirements, which provide access to information to a wide range of stakeholders, foster information sharing and provide real time maps and reports on the extent of contamination. IMSMA Core is extremely powerful for advanced analytics, workflows, image processing, artificial intelligence and more. IMSMA Core offers all the key benefits of web GIS, while being specifically tailored to mine action and its workflows.
Technical methods: The Centre provides mine action operators with technical advice and assistance, particularly in technical survey methodologies and management and use of clearance assets such as manual demining, machines and dogs.
Knowledge management and dissemination
Applied research: The Centre conducts applied research in cooperation with research organisations and field actors, generating valid and credible findings though studies on how different mine action programmes have addressed common problems and, if appropriate, proposing improved methods.
Information exchange: The Centre identifies current and emerging topics of importance and improves effective exchange of information in mine action. Opportunities are created for mine action field managers, researchers and other stakeholders to actively participate in both regular and ad hoc fora, including the annual meetings of mine action programme directors, advisors and virtual networks.
Evaluations: The Centre undertakes evaluations to document the relevance, impact, effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability of mine action programmes, providing appropriate recommendations for performance improvements, and generating lessons-learnt for future guidance. The GICHD maintains an evaluation and best practice data-base.
Standards
The International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) are standards issued by the United Nations to guide the planning, implementation and management of mine action programmes. They have been developed to improve safety and efficiency in mine action by providing guidance, establishing principles and, in some cases, by defining international requirements and specifications. They provide a frame that encourages the sponsors and managers of mine action programmes and projects to achieve and demonstrate agreed levels of effectiveness and safety. The IMAS are a framework for the development of national mine action standards (NMAS), which can more accurately reflect specific local realities and circumstances in a given country. The GICHD manages the development and review of the IMAS on behalf of the United Nations Mine Action Service.
Support of relevant instruments of international law
The Centre supports the development and implementation of instruments of international law that address landmines and explosive remnants of war.
Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention
The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on their Destruction, also known as the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, is central to the efforts aimed at ending the suffering and casualties caused by anti-personnel mines. The Convention includes a comprehensive ban on anti-personnel mines, a framework of action to address the humanitarian impact of mines, and mechanisms to facilitate cooperation in implementing the Convention. The Convention was concluded on 18 September 1997 and it entered into force on 1 March 1999. As of 1 February 2011, 156 states had joined the Convention. The GICHD has observer status at the States Parties meetings of the Convention.
Since 1999, the GICHD has supported the implementation of the Convention, primarily by hosting meetings of the Standing Committees established by the Convention’s States Parties. In September 2001, the States Parties mandated the GICHD to provide enhanced support to their efforts through the establishment of an Implementation Support Unit (ISU). The ISU's duties include providing support and advice to the Presidency of the Meetings of the State Parties and to Standing Committee Co-chairs, communicating information about the Convention and its implementation, and developing and maintaining a Documentation Centre. On behalf of a group of donors, the GICHD administers its sponsorship programme. In addition, on an ongoing basis, the GICHD provides expert advice to the States Parties on mine clearance, mine risk education, and stockpile destruction.
Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
The Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, also known as the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), was adopted on 10 October 1980, and entered into force on 2 December 1983.
The CCW is a framework convention with five protocols, which ban or restrict the use of various types of weapons that are deemed to cause unnecessary suffering, or affect either soldiers or civilians indiscriminately. The weapons covered include: weapons that leave undetectable fragments in the body (Protocol I - 1980); mines, booby-traps and other devices (Protocol II - 1980, amended in 1996); incendiary weapons (Protocol III - 1980); blinding laser weapons (Protocol IV - 1995); and explosive remnants of war (Protocol V - 2003). As of 1 February 2011, 113 States had joined the Convention. The GICHD has observer status at the High Contracting Parties meetings taking place in the framework of the CCW.
The Centre has an observer status and assists High Contracting Parties, at their request, in their efforts to minimise human suffering caused by landmines, booby traps and other devices, explosive remnants of war and cluster munitions, which are covered by the ongoing work of the CCW and its Group of Governmental Experts. Since 1999, the GICHD has supported the CCW, primarily by providing expert advice in order to promote the development of, and compliance with, the obligations contained in CCW. In addition, the GICHD is administering the CCW Sponsorship Programme, as mandated by the High Contracting Parties at the CCW Third Review Conference in November 2006.
Convention on Cluster Munitions
The Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) entered into force on 1 August 2010. As of 1 February 2011, 51 States joined the CCM. The Convention prohibits the use, production, stockpiling and transfer of cluster munitions. The GICHD supports the States Parties and other stakeholders with its knowledge and experience in implementing the CCM.
Location
GICHD's headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland in the maison de la paix building (the house of peace), which is owned by the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. It shares the building with the Graduate Institute, the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP), and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). It is the main element of the campus de la paix (the campus of peace).
See also
Mine clearance agencies
Gender mainstreaming in mine action
References
External links
International Relations and Security network GICHD entry.
Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention
Think tanks based in Switzerland
Maison de la Paix
Mine action organizations
Standards organisations in Switzerland
International organisations based in Switzerland
Organisations based in Geneva
Organizations established in 1998
1998 establishments in Switzerland |
5383388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus%20%28moon%29 | Linus (moon) | (22) Kalliope I Linus is an asteroid moon that orbits the large M-type asteroid 22 Kalliope. It was discovered on August 29, 2001, by astronomers Jean-Luc Margot and Michael E. Brown with the Keck telescope, in Hawaii. Another team also detected the moon with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on September 2, 2001. Both telescopes are on Mauna Kea. It received the provisional designation S/2001 (22) 1, until it was named. The naming proposal appeared in the discovery paper and was approved by the International Astronomical Union in July 2003. Although the naming proposal referred to the mythological Linus, son of the muse Calliope and the inventor of melody and rhythm, the name was also meant to honor Linus Torvalds, inventor of the Linux operating system kernel, and Linus van Pelt, a character in the Peanuts comic strip.
With an estimated (17 ± 1 mi) diameter, Linus is very large compared to most asteroid moons, and would be a sizable asteroid by itself. The only known larger moons in the main belt are the smaller components of the double asteroids 617 Patroclus and 90 Antiope.
It has been estimated that Linus' orbit precesses at quite a rapid rate, making one cycle in several years. This is attributed primarily to the non-spherical shape of Kalliope. Linus's brightness has varied appreciably between observations, which may indicate that its shape is elongated.
Linus may have formed out of impact ejecta from a collision with Kalliope, or a fragment captured after disruption of a parent asteroid (a proto-Kalliope).
References
External links
IAUC 7703: S/2001 (22) 1, announcing Linus' discovery (2001 September 3)
IAUC 8177: Sats of (22); Sats of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, announcing Linus' naming (2003 August 8)
Link to the Linus discovery paper , "A Low-Density M-type Asteroid in the Main Belt"
Kalliope and Linus very well resolved with the 8m VLT
orbit diagram for Linus
Information on Kalliope, Linus' orbit and several images
A different VLT image of Kalliope and Linus
another image of Kalliope and Linus
Asteroid satellites
Discoveries by Michael E. Brown |
5383401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Winston | Nick Winston | Nick Winston is an internationally renowned English director and choreographer working in theatre, opera and film.
Nick's directional debut feature film, Tomorrow Morning, staring Samantha Barks, Ramin Karimloo, Joan Collins, Omid Djalili and Fleur East was released in U.K. cinemas September 2022, distributed by Kaleidoscope Pictures
For television Nick was Stage Director & Choreographer for The Royal Variety Performance at The London Palladium (ITV); choreographer for Miranda Hart: My Such Fun Celebration at The London Palladium (BBC); Sondheim at 80, starring Judi Dench at the Royal Albert Hall (BBC); Shakespeare Live, From The RSC, which received a BAFTA nomination for Live Entertainment (BBC)
Nick was movement director for Theatre Druid's award-winning production of Waiting For Godot which toured the United States and played at the Lincoln Center in New York.
In the West End Nick Winston has directed and choreographed the Bonnie & Clyde (musical) (Arts Theatre); CHESS in concert (Theatre Royal, Drury Lane); The Secret Garden (The London Palladium); the critically acclaimed 30th Anniversary production of Fame starring Mica Paris and was Artistic Director for Flashmob starring Kevin Clifton. He choreographed Annie starring Miranda Hart at the Piccadilly Theatre; Loserville at the Garrick Theatre, which received an Olivier Award nomination for Best New Musical and Horrid Henry: Live and Horrid at the Trafalgar Studios.
Other credits as Director & Choreographer include Chess starring Samantha Barks and Ramin Karimloo in Tokyo for which Nick received the Outstanding Choreography Award; Mame starring Tracie Bennett at the Hope Mill Theatre, which received 7 Whatsonstage Award nominations including Best Revival and Best Choreographer; The first original U.K. revival of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Cats at Kilworth House Theatre, for which he received a Broadway World Award nomination for Best Director; An American in Paris at the National Theatre, Linz, which received 8 Broadway World Award nominations including Best Director, Best Choreographer and Best Musical; Guys & Dolls at Kilworth House; the U.K. tour of The Wedding Singer which also played The Troubadour Theatre in London and South Korea, winning the DIMF Award for Best Musical; The World Premier of Club Tropicana for which he also wrote additional material and the highly successful UK tour of Rock of Ages. Winston adapted and directed Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream at Curve Theatre where he also directed and choreographed Bugsy Malone receiving Broadway World Award nominations for Best Director and Best Choreographer. Winston directed the South African production of Annie, which received 4 Naledi Awards including Best Musical Production and the Broadway World Award for Best Musical Revival.
Other international credits include Kiss Me, Kate at Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris; Sweeney Todd at Palais de la Monnaie in Brussels; Chess in Copenhagen; Flashdance in Switzerland and The Pajama Game in Tokyo.
Winston's work in opera includes Il Turco In Italia for Garsington Opera; Fortunio for Grange Park Opera; Benzin for Chemnitz Opera and the World Premiere of Jonathan Dove's The Adventures of Pinocchio for Opera North and Sadler's Wells.
Winston trained at the Royal Academy of Dance and Laine Theatre Arts. He appeared in the musicals Cats; Beauty & The Beast; Chicago; Fosse; West Side Story; The Boyfriend and Kiss Me, Kate''.
In 2016 Winston was appointed as Associate Artist of Curve Theatre, Leicester. He was nominated for the 2017 Carl Alan Award for his work in Theatre.
Productions
Director and choreographer
Choreographer / Movement Director
Opera
Television and film
Corporate work
External links
NickWinston.com
Twitter:
https://www.thestage.co.uk/opinion/2016/mark-shenton-10-best-uk-choreographers-right-now/
http://thetheatricals.blogspot.com/2017/07/an-interview-with-nick-winston.html
Musical Theatre Interview:
Broadway World Interview:
IMDB
English choreographers
British theatre directors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5383402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia-2%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012 | Caledonia-2 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012 | The Caledonia-2 Representative District is a one-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Caledonia-2 District includes all of the Caledonia County towns of Hardwick, Stannard, and Walden.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The one member Caledonia-2 District had a population of 4,141 in that same census, 2.02% above the state average.
District Representative
Lucy Leriche, Democrat
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts – Statistics
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Hardwick, Vermont
Stannard, Vermont
Walden, Vermont |
5383410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liesborn%20Abbey | Liesborn Abbey | Liesborn Abbey () was a Benedictine monastery (originally for nuns or women's collegiate foundation) in Liesborn, in what was originally the Dreingau, now a part of Wadersloh in the district of Warendorf in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History
The foundation of the monastery was traditionally ascribed to Charlemagne in 785. More probable however is a later date of 815, with two founders named Bozo and Bardo. At first Liesborn was a monastery of nuns or a women's collegiate foundation, but by the 12th century the community had grown so worldly that in 1131 Egbert, Bishop of Münster, expelled them, and replaced them by Benedictine monks.
The abbey was several times besieged by enemies. From the 13th century ascetic life steadily declined as the abbey increased in wealth, and the monastery, like very many other religious houses in Germany, became a secular college for the nobility. In 1298 the property of the abbey was divided unto separate prebends, twenty-two of them full prebends, and six for boys.
However, in 1465 the abbey joined the reformist Bursfelde Congregation, which succeeded in restoring spiritual discipline and a more properly monastic way of life. Thanks to this influence, Liesborn was in a very healthy condition by the time of the distinguished abbots Heinrich of Cleves (1464–90) and Johann Smalebecker (1490–1522), who restored the buildings and greatly improved the economic state of the abbey. The zeal of Liesborn influenced other Benedictine abbeys, and it succeeded in re-establishing discipline and spiritual observance in several nunneries.
Also at this time the humanist Bernhard Witte was a monk here (from 1490 to about 1534) and wrote a history of Westphalia and a chronicle of the abbey.
The period of prosperity, however, did not last long. Abbot Anton Kalthoff (1522–32) adopted the doctrines of the Anabaptists and was deposed. Gerlach Westhof (1554–82) favoured the Protestants and involved the monastery heavily in debt. Conditions worsened during the wars of the 17th century. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 brought a temporary improvement, but Liesborn suffered further during the wars of the 18th century, and by the time of the suppression was thousands of thalers in debt. The abbey was dissolved during secularisation on 2 May 1803 and was declared the property of the Prussian Crown.
The Gothic church, rebuilt between 1499 and 1506, and several of the monastic buildings, are still standing.
Master of Liesborn
The beautiful paintings of the altar-piece by an unknown artist with which Abbot Heinrich adorned the church became famous, as the works of the Master of Liesborn, but under French administration in 1807 they were sold for almost nothing. The best of them are now in the National Gallery, London.
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in North Rhine-Westphalia
1st-millennium establishments in Europe
Benedictine nunneries in Germany
Buildings and structures in Warendorf (district) |
5383425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Hass | Steve Hass | Steve Hass (born May 11, 1975) is an American drummer based in Los Angeles. Originally from Island Park, New York, born to Greek immigrant parents from Athens. He is notable for his technical skill, time feel, and his musical versatility, having played with many artists from a wide variety of genres.
Career
After attending Berklee College Of Music on scholarship from 1993–1996 Steve was asked to join the Ravi Coltrane Quartet. He toured and recorded with the band from 1996 to 2002. The music was a mixture of traditional jazz, funk, and odd meter fusion. During this time Steve was also a studio drummer in New York City playing on dozens of national jingles, record dates, television shows, and movie soundtracks. He was also a member of Ruben Wilson's "Masters Of Groove" where he shared the drum chair with the legendary Bernard Purdie. In addition, during this period Steve toured with Christian McBride, Suzanne Vega, Miri Ben-Ari, Bob Berg, and Richard Bona amongst others.
In 2003 Steve began touring and recording with multiple Grammy winners and Atlantic recording artists, The Manhattan Transfer. He remains the first call drummer for The Manhattan Transfer, and works with them as his schedule permits. He is the first touring drummer in the history of the band to actually record with them. He is featured on 3 album releases and 1 live concert DVD. In late 2003, Hass released a solo album named Traveler. The C.D displays Hass' skills as a talented producer. His usage of sonic layering and drum loops is reminiscent of Jon Brion.
In 2005 Steve joined John Scofield and Mavis Staples to support Scofield's Verve release "That's What I'd Say". The band toured around the world from 2005 until December 2007 playing R+B, Soul, Jazz and Latin. . Scofield also used Steve in his jazz trio, along with bassist John Benitez for select local N.Y dates.
In 2006 Hass had an eight-page feature interview in Modern Drummer Magazine. He is now a regular educational contributor in the "ask a pro" and "workshop" columns.
Los Angeles
In 2007 Steve established a second residence in Los Angeles and quickly became a popular choice for musicians and producers on the L.A scene, both live and in the studio. His company Hassbeat Productions Inc. provides studio services to artists worldwide while allowing Steve to record drum tracks for a variety of artists around the world. He continues to tour with a variety of artists. Since moving to Los Angeles Steve has become a regular with renowned artists such as Billy Childs, Bob Sheppard, Brandon Fields and Alan Pasqua as well as maintaining his presence in the studio with contemporary rock singer/songwriters. 2012 has been his busiest year yet juggling recording sessions for producers The Difference, Rami Yadid and Ken Wallace and tours with R+B great Patti Austin, top selling fusion/new age pianist Keiko Matsui and The Manhattan Transfer. He continues to work with R&B/Jazz Grammy winner Patti Austin in all variations of her touring band.
Musical affiliations
Here is a short list of Steve Hass' musical affiliations in alphabetical order:
Abe Laboriel Sr.
Adam Rogers
Art Garfunkel
Billy Childs
Bob Berg
Bob Mintzer
Bob Sheppard
Brandon Fields
Cher
Danilo Perez
Debbie Gibson
George Garzone
Jennifer Love Hewitt
Jimmy Haslip
Jon Hendricks
Katisse
Keiko Matsui
Larry Coryell
Lucy Woodward
Mark Turner
Mavis Staples
Mindi Abair
Miri Ben-Ari
Nicholas Payton
Patti Austin
Ralph Alessi/Ravi Coltrane Group
Randy Brecker
Ravi Coltrane
Richard Bona
Ruben Wilson
Stanely Jordan
Suzanne Vega
Terell Stafford
The Alan Pasqua Group
The Boneshakers
The BBC Big Band
.The Count Basie Big Band
.The Duke Ellington Orchestra
The Christian McBride Band
The East Village Opera Company
The John Scofield Band(Music Of Ray Charles)
The John Scofield Trio with John Benitez
The Lonnie Plaxico Group
The Manhattan Transfer
The New York Voices
The Tierney Sutton Band
Timothy Lefebvre
Traci Lords
Vinx
Wayne Krantz
Will Lee
Wynton Marsalis
and many more
Abbreviated Discography
References
1975 births
Living people
American people of Greek descent
Berklee College of Music alumni
American session musicians
Musicians from New York City
People from Island Park, New York
Musicians from Los Angeles
People from Ronkonkoma, New York
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
21st-century American drummers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians |
5383431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu%20School | Wu School | Wu or Wumen School () is a group of painters of the Southern School during the Ming period of Chinese history. It was not an academy or educational institution, but rather a group united largely by the artistic theories of its members. Often classified as Literati, scholars, or amateur painters (as opposed to professionals), members idealized the concepts of personalizing works and integrating the artists into the art. A Wu School painting is characterized by inscriptions describing the painting, the date, method, or reason for the work, which is usually seen as a vehicle for personal expression. Shen Zhou (1427–1509) is usually cited as the founder of the Wu School.
The Zhe School is usually referenced in opposition to the Wu School.
See also
Chinese painting
Southern School of which the Wu School is a part
Zhe School - another group within the Southern School
References
The Arts of China, Fourth Edition, Expanded and Revised by Michael Sullivan (University of California Press) 1997
External links
Wu School Painters and Galleries at China Online Museum
Ming dynasty painting
Art movements in Chinese painting |
5383436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collar%20%28finance%29 | Collar (finance) | In finance, a collar is an option strategy that limits the range of possible positive or negative returns on an underlying to a specific range. A collar strategy is used as one of the ways to hedge against possible losses and it represents long put options financed with short call options. The collar combines the strategies of the protective put and the covered call.
Equity collar
Structure
A collar is created by:
buying the underlying asset
buying a put option at strike price, X (called the floor)
selling a call option at strike price, X + a (called the cap).
These latter two are a short risk reversal position. So:
Underlying − risk reversal = Collar
The premium income from selling the call reduces the cost of purchasing the put. The amount saved depends on the strike price of the two options.
Most commonly, the two strikes are roughly equal distances from the current price. For example, an investor would insure against loss more than 20% in return for giving up gain more than 20%. In this case the cost of the two options should be roughly equal. In case the premiums are exactly equal, this may be called a zero-cost collar; the return is the same as if no collar was applied, provided that the ending price is between the two strikes.
On expiry the value (but not the profit) of the collar will be:
X if the price of the underlying is below X
the value of the underlying if the underlying is between X and X + a, inclusive
X + a, if the underlying is above X + a.
Example
Consider an investor who owns 100 shares of a stock with a current share price of $5. An investor could construct a collar by buying one put with a strike price of $3 and selling one call with a strike price of $7. The collar would ensure that the gain on the portfolio will be no higher than $2 and the loss will be no worse than $2 (before deducting the net cost of the put option; i.e., the cost of the put option less what is received for selling the call option).
There are three possible scenarios when the options expire:
If the stock price is above the $7 strike price on the call he wrote, the person who bought the call from the investor will exercise the purchased call; the investor effectively sells the shares at the $7 strike price. This would lock in a $2 profit for the investor. He only makes a $2 profit (minus fees), no matter how high the share price goes. For example, if the stock price goes up to $11, the buyer of the call will exercise the option and the investor will sell the shares that he bought at $5 for $11, for a $6 profit, but must then pay out $11 – $7 = $4, making his profit only $2 ($6 − $4). The premium paid for the put must then be subtracted from this $2 profit to calculate the total return on this investment.
If the stock price drops below the $3 strike price on the put then the investor may exercise the put and the person who sold it is forced to buy the investor's 100 shares at $3. The investor loses $2 on the stock but can lose only $2 (plus fees) no matter how low the price of the stock goes. For example, if the stock price falls to $1 then the investor exercises the put and has a $2 gain. The value of the investor's stock has fallen by $5 – $1 = $4. The call expires worthless (since the buyer does not exercise it) and the total net loss is $2 – $4 = −$2. The premium received for the call must then be added to reduce this $2 loss to calculate the total return on this investment.
If the stock price is between the two strike prices on the expiry date, both options expire unexercised and the investor is left with the 100 shares whose value is that stock price (×100), plus the cash gained from selling the call option, minus the price paid to buy the put option, minus fees.
One source of risk is counterparty risk. If the stock price expires below the $3 floor then the counterparty may default on the put contract, thus creating the potential for losses up to the full value of the stock (plus fees).
Interest Rate Collar
Structure
In an interest rate collar, the investor seeks to limit exposure to changing interest rates and at the same time lower its net premium obligations. Hence, the investor goes long on the cap (floor) that will save it money for a strike of X +(-) S1 but at the same time shorts a floor (cap) for a strike of X +(-) S2 so that the premium of one at least partially offsets the premium of the other. Here S1 is the maximum tolerable unfavorable change in payable interest rate and S2 is the maximum benefit of a favorable move in interest rates.
Example
Consider an investor who has an obligation to pay floating 6 month LIBOR annually on a notional N and which (when invested) earns 6%. A rise in LIBOR above 6% will hurt said investor, while a drop will benefit him. Thus, it is desirable for him to purchase an interest rate cap which will pay him back in the case that the LIBOR rises above his level of comfort. Figuring that he is comfortable paying up to 7%, he buys an interest rate cap contract from a counterparty, where the counterparty will pay him the difference between the 6 month LIBOR and 7% when the LIBOR exceeds 7% for a premium of 0.08N. To offset this premium, he also sells an interest rate floor contract to a counterparty, where he will have to pay the difference between the 6 month LIBOR and 5% when the LIBOR falls below 5%. For this he receives a 0.075N premium, thus offsetting what he paid for the cap contract.
Now, he can face 3 scenarios:
Rising interest rates - he will pay a maximum of 7% on his original obligation. Anything over and above that will be offset by the payments he will receive under the cap agreement. Hence, the investor is not exposed to interest rate increases exceeding 1%.
Stationary interest rates - neither contract triggers, nothing happens
Falling interest rates - he will benefit from a fall in interest rates down to 5%. If they fall further, the investor will have to pay the difference under the floor agreement, while of course saving the same amount on the original obligation. Hence, the investor is not exposed to interest falls exceeding 1%.
Rationale
In times of high volatility, or in bear markets, it can be useful to limit the downside risk to a portfolio. One obvious way to do this is to sell the stock. In the above example, if an investor just sold the stock, the investor would get $5. This may be fine, but it poses additional questions. Does the investor have an acceptable investment available to put the money from the sale into? What are the transaction costs associated with liquidating the portfolio? Would the investor rather just hold on to the stock? What are the tax consequences?
If it makes more sense to hold on to the stock (or other underlying asset), the investor can limit that downside risk that lies below the strike price on the put in exchange for giving up the upside above the strike price on the call. Another advantage is that the cost of setting up a collar is (usually) free or nearly free. The price received for selling the call is used to buy the put—one pays for the other.
Finally, using a collar strategy takes the return from the probable to the definite. That is, when an investor owns a stock (or another underlying asset) and has an expected return, that expected return is only the mean of the distribution of possible returns, weighted by their probability. The investor may get a higher or lower return. When an investor who owns a stock (or other underlying asset) uses a collar strategy, the investor knows that the return can be no higher than the return defined by strike price on the call, and no lower than the return that results from the strike price of the put.
Symmetric Collar
A symmetric collar is one where the initial value of each leg is equal. The product has therefore no cost to enter.
Structured collar
A structured collar describes an interest rate derivative product consisting of a straightforward cap, and an enhanced floor. The enhancement consists of additions which increase the cost of the floor should it be breached, or other adjustments designed to increase its cost.
It can be contrasted with a symmetric collar, where the value of the cap and floor are equal. It attracted criticism as part of the Financial Conduct Authorities' review of mis-sold bank interest rate products.
References
Hull, John (2005). Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. .
Szado, Edward, and Thomas Schneeweis. "Loosening Your Collar: Alternative Implementations of QQQ Collars". Isenberg School of Management, CISDM. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. (Original Version: August 2009. Current Update: September 2009).
Options (finance)
Investment
Financial risk management |
5383440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20is%20truth | What is truth | What is truth may refer to:
John 18:38, a verse from the Bible, also known as "What is truth?"
Edi Nijam, a 1965 Telugu film whose English title is What is Truth
"What Is Truth", a 1970 single by Johnny Cash
What is Truth?, a 1976 book by philosopher C. J. F. Williams
See also
Truth
Religious views on truth |
5383446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips%20Panda | Phillips Panda | The Phillips Panda was one of a number of mopeds produced by the Phillips Cycles company of England in the 1950s and early 1960s. The factory also produced the slightly more expensive Phillips Gadabout models.
Phillips Cycles Ltd. was a respected British bicycle manufacturer based in Bridge Street, Smethwick, England. Founded by J.A. Phillips and E.W Bohle in Birmingham around 1892, its history ended in the 1970s, by which time it had become part of Raleigh Industries, itself a part of the huge Tube Investments group. For a number of years, the company was the second-largest bicycle producer in Britain after Raleigh. The "Phillips" brand is still used around the world, especially in China and the Far East, having been licensed by Raleigh.
General Description
The single-speed Panda Mark 1 and 2 utilised what probably became the last manufacturing installation of the 49 cc German Rex cyclemotor engine, which first appeared around 1950 in the form of a front-mounted, belt-driven cycle attachment, the strong but basic Panda frame being specifically built to house the motor.
The Rex engine at 6:1 compression has no bhp given but carries a 12-millimetre Bing carburettor to the aluminium barrel with sleeve liner in conventional fore & aft porting layout. The crankcase cavity unusually extends all the way to the back of the motor to include lubrication of the reduction gear and its bearings by the induction gases! This results in a reduced scavenge pressure. Mounted on the end of the output shaft with the sprocket inboard, the tiny 2½" Rex dry clutch is a particularly frail pull-operated device and typically responsible for the final demise of most machines.
The Panda has a 'grip-locking' clutch lever and a carburettor set-up that provides a very reliable and steady tick-over. The rear brake comprises a back pedal Perry Coaster hub and a conventional bicycle-type hub brake, handlebar lever operated for the front brake.
Mark 1 version had no suspension but the mark 2 had telescopic front forks, larger headlamp and deeper valanced rear mudguard but retained the solid rear frame.
The electrical system comprised a Miller flywheel magneto with lighting coils.
The final Panda mark 3 was simply an imported French Mobylette made by Motobécane badged as a Phillips. It had nothing in common with the previous home-produced models.
Technical specifications (Mark 1 and 2)
Engine:
Rex air-cooled, single cylinder, two-stroke
bore 40.5 mm
stroke 38.25 mm
capacity 49 cc
compression ratio 6:1
Single Gear Ratio 17.3:1
Clutch
Rex Dry multi-plate
Carburettor
Bing model 1/12/27
Ignition & Lighting
Miller flywheel magneto 6 volt 18 watt (Headlamp 6 V 15/15 W, tail lamp 6 V 3 W)
Lubrication
Petroil mixture 16:1
Fuel Tank
Approx 4 litres including 0.4 litres reserve.
Brakes:
Front - 3.5 inch hub (mark 1), handlebar lever operated
Rear - Back pedalling Perry Coaster Hub
Tyres
23 X 2 inch with Schrader type valves
Size
Overall length 1820 mm, height 940 mm, width 152 mm
Total Weight
Approx 32 kg
Equipment
3.5 inch headlamp (mark 1), electric horn, bipod stand, rear carrier, tyre inflator, large tool bag and tool kit
Finish
Silver Grey with tank and fairings in Flamboyant Red
On the road
On sitting astride the Panda, ones first impression is immediately of how small the moped feels with its 23-inch wheels and upright riding position. Starting the machine is easy with a push-down button choke on the Bing carburettor and decompressor lever on the right hand handlebar. Once started on its stand with the clutch disengaged, the choke is reset by fully opening the twist-grip throttle momentarily.
Pulling away from rest is easily achievable without pedal assistance owing to the relatively high torque the motor delivers but this is not recommended practice as the frail clutch will fail rapidly with this sort of treatment. Pedal assisted starts are therefore much recommended. In fact, engine starting can be done by pedalling away from rest with the clutch engaged using the decompressor.
Once under way the machine pulls strongly up to about 25 mph but any increase tails off rapidly only just managing 30 mph in favourable conditions. This is no doubt due to the fairly low single speed gearing but it does enable most hills to be tackled without resort to pedalling.
The Rex engine is, however, stoically consistent and reliable. Always a reliable starter under all conditions and a reliable and consistent runner, though you do need time on your side to enjoy the docile character of the machine. The low maximum speed is compensated for to some extent by a good fuel consumption of 180 – 200 mpg. In common with most British-built two-stroke machines of the time, the petroil mixture ratio recommended is a little cautious erring on the 'oily' side at 16:1 using self-mixing two-stroke oil (16 parts of petrol to 1 part oil). The manual advises stretching it to 20:1 if using SAE20 motor engine oil. This British tendency to add rather more oil than the Continentals gave two-strokes a 'blue smokey exhaust' reputation in the UK but the Panda exhaust is not particularly smokey.
The low riding position gives the moped a 'safe' feeling to ride and the sturdy cycle frame seems to plough through road bumps reasonably well despite having no suspension front or rear on the mark 1 version.
The Phillips Panda looks quite pleasant once the side panels are fitted, hiding the rather ugly frame construction in the engine mounting area.
Night riding is no problem but headlamp illumination is a little dismal at 15 watts and surprisingly has a main/dip feature!
Accessories available included a pair of plastic legshields and a windscreen.
As a reliable work horse, the Panda makes a sensible choice despite not having the performance of some of its continental competitors. Phillips set out to produce a reliable machine that was cheaper than most of its rivals. The Panda mark 1 cost £54-11s-0d in 1960.
Mopeds
Transport in Sandwell |
5383447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasios%20Miaoulis | Athanasios Miaoulis | Athanasios Miaoulis (, 1815 – 7 June 1867) was a Greek military officer and Prime Minister of Greece. Born in Hydra in 1815 the son of the famous Greek admiral Andreas Miaoulis, from whom he learned his navigation skills.
Biography
He was the son of the Arvanite admiral Andreas Miaoulis. He was born in Hydra. In 1829 he was given a scholarship at the Bavarian War College in Munich by Ludwig of Bavaria. After his graduation he served in the Royal Navy, until his transfer to the Greek Navy three years later. Because of his fluency in English, he was appointed adjutant to king Otto of Greece. He was later elected as Hydra MP (September 25, 1855) and was appointed Minister for Naval Affairs in the government of Dimitrios Voulgaris. Following the resignation of Dimitrios Voulgaris, he was asked by king Otto to replace him. On November 13, he formed a government which remained in power until May 1862 with various cabinet reshuffles.
Public opinion in Greece considered Miaoulis' government, who also maintained his position as Minister for Naval Affairs, to be pro-Austrian and an obedient instrument of the king, which caused the opposition to develop a hostile mood. He resigned in May 1859, after the incident of the Skiadika, but the inability of Otto's chosen, Konstantinos Kanaris, to form a government, led Miaoulis to return to power.
In the elections of that year, Miaoulis was re-elected as prime minister, but the government faced serious consistency issues leading to frequent cabinet reshuffles. In 1860, Miaoulis resubmitted his resignation, which was not accepted by Otto, who dissolved the parliament in November of the same year. Kalergis' refusal to form a government, led to new elections which lasted from December 1860 until March 1861. Miaoulis won again, although there were many reports of vote rigging and electoral terrorism which resulted in several strong opposition candidates to be left out of parliament.
Next was the attempt on Queen Amalia’s life, followed by the revolt of Nafplio. Athanasios Miaoulis resigned after the repression of the movement (April 25, 1862) giving his chair to Gennaios Kolokotronis. After the expulsion of King Otto and Queen Amalia, Athanasios Miaoulis followed them abroad. He returned during the coronation of King George I (1863), but he didn't get involved in politics due to lack of public support.
During his spell as prime minister, he continued the work of his predecessor on carrying out different land reclamation projects that would ensure the creation of more arable land, while he saw to the completion of the excavation and bridging of Euripus Strait.
Athanasios Miaoulis died in 1867 in Paris.
References
1815 births
1867 deaths
19th-century prime ministers of Greece
Athanasios
Prime Ministers of Greece
People from Hydra (island)
Hellenic Navy officers
Ministers of Naval Affairs of Greece |
5383449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Shaddai | El Shaddai | El Shaddai ( ʾĒl Šadday; ) or just Shaddai is one of the names of the God of Israel. El Shaddai is conventionally translated into English as God Almighty (Deus Omnipotens in Latin), but its original meaning is unclear.
The translation of El as "God" or "Lord" in the Ugaritic/Canaanite language is straightforward, as El was the supreme god of the ancient Canaanite religion. The literal meaning of Shaddai, however, is the subject of debate. The form of the phrase El Shaddai fits the pattern of the divine names in the Ancient Near East, exactly as is the case with names like El Olam", El Elyon" or El Betel". As such, El Shaddai can convey several different semantic relations between the two words, among them:
El of a place called Shaddai
El possessing the quality of shaddai
El who is also known by the name Shaddai
Occurrence
The name Shaddai appears 48 times in the Bible, seven times as "El Shaddai" (five times in Genesis, once in Exodus, and once in Ezekiel).
The first occurrence of the name is in , "When Abram was ninety-nine years old the Lord appeared to Abram and said to him, 'I am El Shaddai; walk before me, and be blameless,' Similarly, in God says to Jacob, "I am El Shaddai: be fruitful and multiply; a nation and a company of nations shall be of thee, and kings shall come out of thy loins". According to Shaddai was the name by which God was known to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Shaddai thus being associated in tradition with Abraham, the inclusion of the Abraham stories into the Hebrew Bible may have brought the northern name with them, according to the documentary hypothesis of the origins of the Hebrew Bible.
In the vision of Balaam recorded in the Book of Numbers 24:4 and 16, the vision comes from Shaddai, who is also referred to as El (God) and Elyon (Most High). In the fragmentary inscriptions at Deir Alla, though "Shaddai" is not, or not fully present, shaddayin appear (, the vowels are uncertain, as is the gemination of the "d"), perhaps lesser figurations of Shaddai. These have been tentatively identified with the šedim () of Deuteronomy 32:17 and Psalm 106:37–38, who are Canaanite deities.
The name Shaddai (Hebrew: ) is often used in parallel to El later in the Book of Job.
In the Septuagint Shaddai or El Shaddai was often translated just as "God" or "my God", and in at least one passage (Ezekiel 10:5) it is transliterated (""). In other places (such as Job 5:17) it is translated "Almighty" (""), and this word is used in other translations as well (such as the King James Bible).
Etymology
The origin and meaning of "Shaddai" are obscure, and a variety of hypotheses have been put forward.
Shaddai related to wilderness or mountains
According to Ernst Knauf, "El Shaddai" means "God of the Wilderness" and originally would not have had a doubled "d". He argues that it is a loanword from Israelian Hebrew, where the word had a "sh" sound, into Judean Hebrew and hence, Biblical Hebrew, where it would have been śaday with the sound śin. In this theory, the word is related to the word śadé meaning "the (uncultivated) field", the area of hunting (as in the distinction between beasts of the field, חיות השדה, and cattle, בהמות). He points out that the name is found in Thamudic inscriptions (as 'lšdy), in a personal name "Śaday`ammī" used in Egypt from the Late Bronze Age until Achaemenid times, and even in the Punic name "bdšd" (Servant of Shadé or Shada).
Another theory is that Shaddai is a derivation of a Semitic stem that appears in the Akkadian language shadû ("mountain") and shaddā`û or shaddû`a ("mountain-dweller"), one of the names of Amurru. This theory was popularized by W. F. Albright but was somewhat weakened when it was noticed that the doubling of the medial d is first documented only in the Neo-Assyrian period. However, the doubling in Hebrew might possibly be secondary. According to this theory, God is seen as inhabiting a holy mountain, a concept not unknown in ancient West Asian mythology (see El), and also evident in the Syriac Christianity writings of Ephrem the Syrian, who places the Garden of Eden on an inaccessible mountaintop.
The term "El Shaddai" may mean "god of the mountains", referring to the Mesopotamian divine mountain. This could also refer to the Israelite camp's stay at biblical Mount Sinai where God gave Moses the Ten Commandments. According to Stephen L. Harris, the term was "one of the patriarchal names for the Mesopotamian tribal god", presumably meaning of the tribe of Abram, although there seems to be no evidence for this outside the Bible. In Exodus 6:3, El Shaddai is identified explicitly with the God of Abraham and with Yahweh. The term "El Shaddai" appears chiefly in Genesis.
Shaddai meaning destroyer
The root word "shadad" () means to plunder, overpower, or make desolate. This would give Shaddai the meaning of "destroyer", representing one of the aspects of God, and in this context it is essentially an epithet. The meaning may go back to an original sense which was "to be strong" as in the Arabic "shadid" () "strong", although normally the Arabic letter pronounced "sh" corresponds to the Hebrew letter sin, not to shin. The termination "ai", typically signifying the first person possessive plural, functions as a pluralis excellentiae like other titles for the Hebrew deity, Elohim ("gods") and Adonai ("my lords"). The possessive quality of the termination had lost its sense and become the lexical form of both Shaddai and Adonai, similar to how the connotation of the French word Monsieur changed from "my lord" to being an honorific title. There are a couple of verses in the Bible where there seems to be word play with "Shadday" and this root meaning to destroy (the day of YHWH will come as destruction from Shadday, כשד משדי יבוא, Is. 13:6 and Joel 1:15), but Knauf maintains that this is re-etymologization.
Shaddai as a toponym
It has been speculated that the tell in Syria called Tell eth-Thadeyn ("tell of the two breasts") was called Shaddai in the Amorite language. There was a Bronze-Age city in the region called Tuttul, which means "two breasts" in the Sumerian language. It has been conjectured that El Shaddai was therefore the "God of Shaddai" and that the inclusion of the Abrahamic stories into the Hebrew Bible may have brought the northern name with them (see Documentary hypothesis).
Shaddai meaning breasts
The root "shad" (שד) means "breast". Biblical scholar David Biale notes that, of the six times that the name "El Shaddai" appears in the Book of Genesis, five are in connection with fertility blessings for the patriarchs. He argues that this original understanding of "Shaddai" as related to fertility was forgotten by the later authors of Isaiah, Joel, and Job, who understood it as related to root words for power or destruction (thus explaining their later translation as "all-powerful" or "almighty").
Shaddai in the later Jewish tradition
God that said "enough"
A popular interpretation of the name Shaddai is that it is composed of the Hebrew relative particle she- (Shin plus vowel segol followed by dagesh), or, as in this case, as sha- (Shin plus vowel patach followed by a dagesh). The noun containing the dagesh is the Hebrew word dai meaning "enough, sufficient, sufficiency". This is the same word used in the Passover Haggadah, Dayeinu, which means "It would have been enough for us." The song Dayeinu celebrates the various miracles God performed while liberating the Israelites from Egyptian servitude. The Talmud explains it this way, but says that "Shaddai" stands for "Mi she'Amar Dai L'olamo" (Hebrew: מי שאמר די לעולמו) – "He who said 'Enough' to His world." When he was forming the earth, he stopped the process at a certain point, withholding creation from reaching its full completion, and thus the name embodies God's power to stop creation. The passage appears in the tractate Hagigah 12a and reads:Reish Laqish said: What is the meaning of that which is written: "I am the Almighty God" (El Shaddai) (Genesis 35:11)? It means: I am He who said to the world "enough! [dai]," instructing it to stop expanding. Similarly, Reish Laqish [also] said: In the hour that the Holy One, blessed be He, created the sea, it started to expand – until the Holy One, blessed be He, reproached it. [Then] it dried out as it was said: He reproaches the sea and makes it dry; and all the rivers makes desolate (Nahum 1:4).This account has two parallel variants with some minute changes. One appears in Bereshit Rabbah 5:8, where Shaddai stops the world from expanding and in 46:3 where he limits the earth and heavens. What is common to all these instances is the cosmogonic context and the exposition provided by Resh Laqish, who explains the appellation as a compound form consisting of she– and day. These passages have often been exposed in a sophisticated way as indicating the divine plan of drawing the borders between mind and matter, keeping the balance between his right and left hand or as an early manifestation of the kabbalistic idea of tzimtzum. It seems however, that they should rather be approached in their immediate context and in relation to another parallel narrative which comes in BT Sukkah 53 a–b and reads:When David dug the Pits, the {watery chasm} arose and threatened to submerge the world. David asked: «is there anyone who knows whether it is allowed to inscribe the [divine] name upon a {piece of clay}, and cast it into the {watery chasm} that its waves would subside?" (…) He thereupon inscribed the name upon a {piece of clay}, cast (Aram. שדי) it into the {watery chasm} and it subsided sixteen thousand cubits.This story has its variants: in Makkot 11a David sees the tehom rising and stops it by means of the name inscribed upon a stone while Bereshit Rabbah 23:7 conveys the tradition that this was the abuse of the tetragram which brought about the flood. If to approach these passages from the structural perspective, it is possible to discern two basic essences engaged in the opposition: the active, dividing agent and passive amorphous matter. Moreover, each of the recalled accounts has strong cosmological undertones, what suggests assuming the comparative perspective. Accordingly, Shaddai limiting the expansionist outburst of the world fits well the pattern of the so-called chaoskampf – an initial divine battle followed by the triumph of the young and vivacious deity, subjugating the hostile, usually aquatic monster and building the palace or creating the cosmos.The mythological traditions of the ancient Near East are full of parallels: Babylonian Marduk and Tiamat, Ugaritic Baal and Yam, Egyptian Ra and Apep, etc. In fact, this rabbinic reiteration should not be surprising at all, given the semantic capacity of this myth. Not only does the Hebrew Bible recall the cosmic battle numerous times, especially in Psalms (e.g., 77:16–17; 89:10) and Prophets (e.g. Isaiah 51:9–10; Ezekiel 32:13) but also plays with this ancient motif reiterating it to convey a specific meaning. Yahveh blowing the waters of the flood in Genesis 8:1 to make place for the new creation or dividing the Sea of Reeds in Exodus 14–15 to let the Hebrews walk to the other side and start a new national existence – all of these may be read as the retellings of the initial cosmogonic conflict.
"El Shaddai" may also be understood as an allusion to the singularity of deity, "El", as opposed to "Elohim" (plural), being sufficient or enough for the early patriarchs of Judaism. To this was later added the Mosaic conception of the tetragrammaton YHWH, meaning a god who is sufficient in himself, that is, a self-determined eternal being qua being, for whom limited descriptive names cannot apply. This may have been the meaning the Hebrew phrase "ehyeh asher ehyeh" (which translates as "I will be that which I will be") and which is how God describes himself to Moses in Exodus 3:13–15. This phrase can be applied to the tetragrammaton YHWH, which can be understood as an anagram for the three states of being: past, present and future, conjoined with the conjunctive Hebrew letter vav.
There is early support for this interpretation, in that the Septuagint translates "Shadday" in several places as "ὁ ἱκανός", the Sufficient One (for example, Ruth 1:20, 21).
Apotropaic usage of the name "Shaddai"
The name "Shaddai" often appears on the devices such as amulets or dedicatory plaques. More importantly, however, it is associated with the traditional Jewish customs which could be understood as apotropaic: male circumcision, mezuzah and tefillin. The connections of the first one with the name Shaddai are twofold. According to the biblical chronology it is El Shaddai who ordains the custom of circumcision in Genesis 17:1 and, as is apparent in midrash Tanhuma Tzav 14 (cf. a parallel passages in Tazri‘a 5 and Shemini 5) the brit milah itself is the inscription of the part of the name on the body:The Holy One, blessed be He, has put His name on them so they would enter the garden of Eden. And what is the name and the seal that He had put on them? It is "Shaddai". [The letter] shin He put in the nose, dalet – on the hand, whereas yod on the {circumcised} [membrum]. Accordingly, {when} He goes to {His eternal home} (Ecclesiastes 12:5), there is an angel {appointed} in the garden of Eden who picks up every son of which is circumcised and brings him {there}. And those who are not circumcised? Although there are two letters of the name "Shaddai" present on them, {namely} shin from the nose and dalet from the hand, the yod (…) is {missing}. Therefore it hints at a demon (Heb. shed), which brings him down to Gehenna.Analogous is the case with mezuzah – a piece of parchment with two passages from the Book of Deuteronomy, curled up in a small encasement and affixed to a doorframe. At least since the Geonic times, the name "Shaddai" is often written on the back of the parchment containing the shema‘ and sometimes also on the casing itself. The name is traditionally interpreted as being an acronym of shomer daltot Yisrael ("the guardian of the doors of Israel") or shomer dirot Yisrael ("the guardian of the dwellings of Israel"). However, this notarikon itself has its source most probably in Zohar Va’ethanan where it explains the meaning of the word Shaddai and connects it to mezuzah.
The name "Shadday" can also be found on tefillin – a set of two black leather boxes strapped to head and arm during the prayers. The binding of particular knots of tefillin is supposed to resemble the shape of the letters: the leather strap of the tefillah shel rosh is knotted at the back of the head thus forming the letter dalet whereas the one that is passed through the tefillah shel yad forms a yod-shaped knot. In addition to this, the box itself is inscribed with the letter shin on two of its sides.
Biblical translations
The Septuagint (and other early translations) sometimes translate "Shaddai" as "(the) Almighty". It is often translated as "God", "my God", or "Lord". However, in the Greek of the Septuagint translation of Psalm 91:1, "Shaddai" is translated as "the God of heaven".
"Almighty" is the translation of "Shaddai" followed by most modern English translations of the Hebrew scriptures, including the popular New International Version and Good News Bible.
The translation team behind the New Jerusalem Bible (N.J.B.) however, maintains that the meaning is uncertain, and that translating "El Shaddai" as "Almighty God" is inaccurate. The N.J.B. leaves it untranslated as "Shaddai", and makes footnote suggestions that it should perhaps be understood as "God of the Mountain" from the Akkadian "shadu", or "God of the open wastes" from the Hebrew "sadeh" and the secondary meaning of the Akkadian word.
The translation in the Concordant Old Testament is 'El Who-Suffices' (Genesis 17:1).
In Mandaeism
In Book 5, Chapter 2 of the Right Ginza, part of Mandaean holy scripture of the Ginza Rabba, El Shaddai is mentioned as ʿIl-Šidai.
Use by Bunyan
God is referred to as "Shaddai" throughout the 1682 Christian allegorical book, The Holy War by John Bunyan.
References
External links
Book of Genesis
Book of Exodus
Book of Ezekiel
Names of God in Judaism
Deities in the Hebrew Bible
Names of God in Christianity
El (deity) |
5383461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Warthen | Dan Warthen | Daniel Dean Warthen (born December 1, 1952) is an American former professional baseball player and current coach for the Texas Rangers. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a left-handed pitcher from to for the Montreal Expos, Philadelphia Phillies, and the Houston Astros.
Early life
Warthen was born in Omaha, Nebraska, and is Jewish. He attended Omaha North High School in Omaha, graduating in 1971, and was a high school All-American quarterback, tight end, and linebacker in football and also a star in baseball. He was the 1971 co-winner of the B'nai B'rith Award. In 2018 he was inducted into the Omaha Public Schools Athletic Hall of Fame.
Playing career
Warthen was drafted by the Montreal Expos in the 2nd round of the 1971 Major League Baseball Draft. He pitched first for the Watertown Expos in the 1971 Northern League, and was 9-3 with a 3.96 ERA, leading the league with 10 complete games and second in the league in wins.
He made his Major League Baseball debut as a 22 year-old with the Expos on May 18, 1975, pitching a scoreless eighth inning against the Cincinnati Reds. In his rookie season in 1975, Warthen was 8-6 with three saves and a 3.11 ERA in 167.2 innings over 40 games (18 starts), and was 3rd in the National League in hits per 9 IP (6.978) and 4th in strikeouts per 9 IP (6.871).
Warthen pitched four seasons in the major leagues with Montreal, Philadelphia, and Houston. He finished his major-league career with a 12–21 win–loss record and a 4.31 ERA.
Coaching career
Warthen began his coaching career with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1981, following that with coaching in the minor league organizations of San Diego and Philadelphia. Warthen was the pitching coach for the Detroit Tigers (1999–2002), San Diego Padres (1996–97), and Seattle Mariners (1992), also serving as the Mariners bullpen coach in 1991. He was the pitching coach for the Triple A Norfolk Tides from 2003–2005.
Warthen served as the bullpen coach for the Los Angeles Dodgers under manager Grady Little from 2006–2007. On June 17, 2008, Warthen was named the New York Mets pitching coach, replacing Rick Peterson. In the 2012 off-season rumors speculated that Warthen would not return due to the staff changes, but he stayed along with then hitting coach Dave Hudgens. In 2014, Warthen used the slur "Chinaman" in a conversation with an Asian-American interpreter in the clubhouse. He later issued an apology.
Warthen was relieved of his coaching position by the Mets on October 3, 2017, but was offered another role with the organization, which he declined.
On November 6, 2017, Warthen was hired by the Texas Rangers as the assistant pitching coach.
References
External links
, or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League), or New York Mets website (Biography)
1952 births
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Omaha North High School alumni
21st-century American Jews |
5383464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodion%20C%C4%83m%C4%83taru | Rodion Cămătaru | Rodion Gorun Cămătaru (; born 22 June 1958) is a retired Romanian footballer, who played as a striker.
Club career
Rodion Cămătaru was born on 22 June 1958 in Strehaia and debuted in Divizia A with Universitatea Craiova on 10 November 1974 in a 1–1 against CFR Cluj. He spent twelve seasons with Universitatea, scoring 122 goals in 288 Divizia A matches, being part of the "Craiova Maxima" generation that won two consecutive league titles in 1980 and 1981, in the first he contributed with 26 appearances in which he scored 17 goals and in the second he scored 23 goals in 33 matches, also winning four cups in the years 1977, 1978 in which he scored a goal in the 3–1 victory from the final against Olimpia Satu Mare, 1981 and 1983 in which he scored a double in the 2–1 final against Politehnica Timișoara and managed to reach the 1982–83 UEFA Cup semi-finals, making 9 appearances in the campaign. In 1986, he was transferred to Dinamo București, where he became the Divizia A top goalscorer and European Golden Boot winner in the first season spent at the club with 44 goals scored in 33 games, but as he scored 26 goals in the last 9 matches of the season, his European Golden Boot was retired because FIFA's investigations claimed the goals were scored unfairly and the trophy was awarded to Anton Polster, however Cămătaru was allowed to keep his copy of the trophy. In 1987 he was nominated for the Ballon d'Or. In 1989 he went to play in Belgium at Charleroi, after two seasons he moved in Netherlands at Heerenveen where he spent three seasons, scoring his last goal as a professional in the 1992–93 KNVB Cup final, which was lost with 6–2 in front of Ajax Amsterdam. He has a total of 378 Divizia A appearances in which he scored 198 goals and 47 matches played with 7 goals scored in European competitions. In 2020 with the occasion of Heerenveen's 100th anniversary, Cămătaru was selected the best striker in the club's history in front of Ruud van Nistelrooy and Klaas-Jan Huntelaar.
International career
Rodion Cămătaru played 73 matches and scored 21 goals for Romania, making his debut on 13 December 1978 under coach Ștefan Kovács in a friendly which ended with a 2–1 loss against Greece. He played two games at the Euro 1980 qualifiers and scored one goal in the 4–1 victory against Yugoslavia in the second leg of the 1977–80 Balkan Cup final. He played six games and scored two goals at the successful Euro 1984 qualifiers, also being used by coach Mircea Lucescu in all three group matches from the final tournament as Romania did not advance to the next stage. In the following years, Cămătaru played six games and scored three goals at the 1986 World Cup qualifiers, four games at the Euro 1988 qualifiers, five games and two goals scored at the successful 1990 World Cup qualifiers, being also part of the squad that participated at the final tournament where coach Emeric Jenei did not use him in any games. Cămătaru's last appearance for the national team was in a 2–1 loss against Scotland in which he scored Romania's goal at the Euro 1992 qualifiers.
For representing his country at the 1990 World Cup, Cămătaru was decorated by President of Romania Traian Băsescu on 25 March 2008 with the Ordinul "Meritul Sportiv" – (The Medal "The Sportive Merit") class III.
International goals
Scores and results list Romania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Cămătaru goal.
Honours
Universitatea Craiova
Divizia A: 1979–80, 1980–81
Cupa României: 1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1982–83
Romania
Balkan Cup: 1977–80
Individual
Divizia A top scorer: 1986–87
European Golden Shoe: 1986–87
Ballon d'Or: 1987 (21st place)
References
External links
Dutch league stats – Voetbal International
1958 births
Living people
People from Strehaia
Romanian footballers
Romania international footballers
Romanian expatriate footballers
CS Universitatea Craiova players
FC Dinamo București players
R. Charleroi S.C. players
SC Heerenveen players
Liga I players
Belgian First Division A players
Eredivisie players
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
UEFA Euro 1984 players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
Association football forwards
Universiade medalists in football
Universiade bronze medalists for Romania |
5383484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Carr%20Moore | Mary Carr Moore | Mary Carr Moore (6 August 1873 - 9 January 1957) was an American composer, conductor, vocalist, and music educator of the twentieth century. She is best remembered today for her association with the musical life of the West Coast.
Early life
Moore was born Mary Louise Carr on August 6, 1873, in Memphis, Tennessee, to Unitarian minister Sarah Pratt Carr and her husband Byron Oscar Carr. She passed her childhood in Memphis and Louisville, Kentucky until the age of ten, when her family moved to the West Coast. Here she would live for the rest of her life. Gifted musically from an early age, Moore began her studies in San Francisco, taking composition lessons from J. H. Pratt and studying singing with H. B. Pasmore. She had begun teaching and composing by 1889; a song she wrote that year was later published. In 1894 she took the lead in her first operetta, The Oracle, when it was premiered by an amateur group in San Francisco. The following year, she gave up singing to devote herself fully to teaching and composition. In 1895 she began teaching in Lemoore, California, moving to Seattle in 1901.
Narcissa
While in Seattle, Moore began work on her second, and most ambitious, stage work. Titled Narcissa, or The Cost of Empire, the four-act grand opera told the story of Marcus and Narcissa Whitman and the attack on their mission in Walla Walla in 1847. Sarah Carr wrote the libretto. Several distinguished artists were imported from New York City to perform in the premiere, held in Seattle in 1912. No conductor was available; consequently, Moore herself took to the podium. The opera failed to gain a place in the repertory, and soon disappeared, although Moore conducted revivals in San Francisco in 1925 and Los Angeles in 1945.
David Rizzio
In 1932, Moore was commissioned to compose an opera for production in Venice; she chose as her subject an episode in the life of Mary, Queen of Scots. David Rizzio, a grand opera in two acts, was Moore's only work written to an Italian libretto. When the performance in Venice fell through, a group of amateur organizations banded together and produced the work in Los Angeles.
Later career
Moore continued composing operas after David Rizzio, although none met with much success. She had moved to Los Angeles in 1926, and was to remain there for the rest of her life; from 1928 to 1947 she taught theory and composition at Chapman College in Orange, and from 1926 to 1943 she was on the faculty of the Olga Steeb Piano School. She also worked to promote American music, organizing an American Music Center in Seattle in 1909 and aiding from 1936 to 1942 in the performance of music by local composers in Los Angeles; this last was done under the auspices of the Federal Music Project. In 1930, Narcissa belatedly won a Bispham Memorial Medal Award; in 1936 Moore was awarded an honorary doctorate in music from Chapman. She died on January 9, 1957 in Inglewood, California, and is interred at Inglewood Park Cemetery.
Personal life
Moore married in her early twenties, but the marriage lasted just over a decade. It produced one daughter, Marian Hall Moore, and sons Byron Carr Moore and John Wesley Moore. In 1920 the census lists her as remarried, but that relationship, too, ended in divorce. Her son, Dr. John Wesley Moore died in an airplane crash in 1944 while serving as a military doctor in the US Air Force. She maintained close family ties, in later life supporting for some time her divorced daughter, her mother, and two grandsons.
Compositional style
Moore was a conservative composer, writing music that was largely Romantic in cast. Some of her songs contain impressionistic qualities, and are reminiscent of Debussy. In later works, such as David Rizzio, Moore made greater use of the whole tone scale, yet her style remained basically tonal until the end of her career. She was violently anti-modernist; supposedly, she once left a performance of an avante-garde piece because it was making her physically ill.
Moore was sometimes classed as a member of the First Los Angeles School of composers.
Legacy
Mary Carr Moore is remembered today primarily for her efforts on behalf of the musical life of the West Coast. She was among the first composers to promote opera in Seattle, and would often promote the work of her peers alongside her own. As a teacher, too, she promoted her students' work, even founding a manuscript club for regular performance of their music. Her students included composer Addie Anderson Wilson.
Recordings
A handful of Moore's songs were recorded by Evelyn de la Rosa and David Rudat for Cambria Records in 1984.
Operas
The Oracle, (1894)
Narcissa, or The Cost of Empire, (1911)
The Leper, (written 1912)
Memories (1914)
Harmony, (1917)
The Flaming Arrow, or, The Shaft of Ku' Pish-ta-ya, (1922)
David Rizzio, (1928)
Los Rubios, (1931)
Flutes of Jade Happiness, (1933)
Légende Provençale, unperformed, orchestral score lost
References
Further reading
Moore, Johnny. Family Centennial. Quincy, CA: Sugarpine Aviators. 1999.
Smith, Catherine Parsons; Cynthia S. Richardson. Mary Carr Moore, American composer. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1987, .
Schleifer, Martha Furman; Sylvia Glickman. Women Composers: Music Through the Ages. New York: G.K. Hall, 1996, .
External links
Mary Carr Moore at Harvard Square Library
David Rizzio at usopera.com
1873 births
1957 deaths
American women classical composers
American classical composers
American Unitarians
American opera composers
19th-century classical composers
20th-century classical composers
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Musicians from Washington (state)
Chapman University faculty
Burials at Inglewood Park Cemetery
Musicians from Louisville, Kentucky
19th-century American composers
Women opera composers
20th-century American women musicians
Kentucky women musicians
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from California
20th-century women composers
19th-century women composers
American women academics
19th-century American women musicians |
5383509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Noel%20Keith | George Noel Keith | Flying Officer George Noel Keith (19 January 19214 August 1943) was a Second World War Canadian fighter pilot and flying ace.
Biography
Keith was born in Cardston, Alberta on 19 January 1921. He moved with his parents to live in Taber, Alberta. He enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) in Calgary on 16 October 1940, aged 19.
Service career
In 1941, Keith trained as a pilot via the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. He graduated from the Initial Training School in late January 1941, and then attended the Elementary Flying Training School in March. He graduated from Service Flying Training School in June 1941 and was posted overseas, joining No. 402 "City of Winnipeg" Squadron RCAF where he flew the Hurricane IIB, until changing to Spitfire VBs during the Dieppe Raid in August 1942.
North Africa
He was commissioned as a Pilot Officer in May, 1942 and posted to the Mediterranean theatre in January, 1943 and joined No. 72 Squadron in March, 1943, based in Tunisia.
On 3 April, 194, Keith was credited with his first confirmed victory, shooting down a German Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter. The next month, on the 6 May, he claimed two Bf 109s destroyed and one probably destroyed.
Malta
In June 1943 Keith moved with his squadron to Malta in anticipation of the Allied landings on Sicily. Keith claimed his fourth Bf 109 (that of Major Gerhard Michalski, commander of 2 Squadron, JG 53) on 18 June 1942 whilst on an offensive sweep over Comiso airfield in southern Sicily.
On 11 July Keith destroyed his fifth and sixth enemy aircraft, an Italian Macchi C.200 and a German Junkers Ju 88. With these victories Keith became a fighter ace. On 12 July Keith shot down another Ju 88 and later in the claimed a Bf 109 probably destroyed. The following day Keith claimed one Bf 109 destroyed and one shared. These would be his last claims of the war, bringing his totals to 8.5 destroyed (1 shared), 2 probably destroyed, and 2 damaged. It seems that he was recommended for a decoration after the events of 12 July. His Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) citation reads as follows:
Death
While strafing ground targets on 4 August 1943, Keith's Supermarine Spitfire Mk V was struck by anti-aircraft fire and he was forced to bale out near Sicily at 2,000 feet (600 m), but the tailplane of the Spitfire struck him and broke both his legs. His parachute did not open until 300 feet (100 m) and he landed in the sea. He was picked up quickly by air-sea rescue but died of his injuries shortly after.
Tally
Keith is credited with 8.5 victories (5.5 Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters, 1 Macchi C.200 fighter, and 2 Junkers Ju 88 bombers), 2 probable victories, and 2 damaged. On two occasions he had a two kills in a day. In one 48-hour period he was credited with 3.5 kills. On 20 August 1943, Keith posthumously received the Distinguished Flying Cross.
External links
Keith at acesofww2.com
1921 births
1943 deaths
Canadian World War II flying aces
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Canadian military personnel killed in World War II
Aviators killed by being shot down
Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II
Royal Canadian Air Force officers
Canadian military personnel from Alberta |
5383521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pastel%20Journal | The Pastel Journal | The Pastel Journal is a bi-monthly magazine focused on pastel artists and pastel art. The magazine was started in 1999.
It is headquartered in Cincinnati. The magazine was published by F+W Media until 2019 when it was acquired by Macanta Investments and became part of the Peak Media Properties. As of 2006, its circulation was approximately 26,000.
References
External links
Official Website
1999 establishments in Ohio
Visual arts magazines published in the United States
Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1999
Magazines published in Cincinnati |
5383525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionel%20Augustin | Ionel Augustin | Ionel Augustin (born 11 October 1955) is a Romanian retired footballer who played as a striker.
Club career
He was born in Bucharest and made his debut in Divizia A on 23 April 1975, playing for Dinamo București in a 5–0 victory against Chimia Râmnicu Vâlcea. He spent eleven seasons with Dinamo, winning four Divizia A titles, in the first he played 5 games, in the second he played 31 games and scored 7 goals, in the third he made 31 appearances with 14 goals and in the last one he scored 17 goals in 31 matches, also winning three Cupa României. He played a total of 33 games and scored 10 goals in European competitions, managing to reach the 1983–84 European Cup semi-finals with Dinamo, playing 7 games and scoring 3 goals in the campaign. Augustin also played for Jiul Petroşani, Victoria București and Rapid București, having a total of 383 Divizia A matches in which he scored 111 goals. Augustin ended his career in 1990 after playing two seasons in Divizia B for Chimia Râmnicu Vâlcea and Unirea Slobozia.
International career
Ionel Augustin played 34 matches and scored 3 goals for Romania, making his debut on 13 December 1978 under coach Ștefan Kovacs in a friendly which ended with a 2–1 loss against Greece. He played two games in which he scored one goal at the Euro 1980 qualifiers, he played in the first leg of the 1977–80 Balkan Cup final, which ended with a 2–0 defeat against Yugoslavia, he played two games 1982 World Cup qualifiers and he played 6 games at the successful Euro 1984 qualifiers, also being selected by coach Mircea Lucescu to be part of the Euro 1984 squad, playing in a group game against Portugal which ended with a 1–0 loss. Augustin played in a 3–2 loss against Northern Ireland at the 1986 World Cup qualifiers, his last two games played for the national team being friendlies, a 1–1 and a 0–0 against Iraq, Augustin scoring Romania's goal in the first one.
International goals
Scores and results list Romania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Augustin goal.
Honours
Dinamo București
Divizia A: 1974–75, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84
Cupa României: 1981–82, 1983–84, 1985–86
Trofeo Costa de Valencia: 1978
References
External links
1955 births
Living people
Footballers from Bucharest
Romanian footballers
Romania international footballers
Liga I players
Liga II players
Victoria București players
FC Dinamo București players
CSM Jiul Petroșani players
FC Rapid București players
AFC Unirea Slobozia players
UEFA Euro 1984 players
Romanian football managers
FC Dinamo București managers
FC Gloria Buzău managers
ASC Daco-Getica București managers
AFC Dacia Unirea Brăila managers
FC Academica Clinceni managers
Association football forwards |
5383527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Henley | Paul Henley | Paul Henley is a British radio and television journalist. He has worked for the BBC since 1992 and contributes to programmes such as Crossing Continents for BBC Radio 4. He was a runner up in the Foreign Press Association Awards in 2005. He studied languages at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. He began presenting Europe Today on the BBC's World Service in early 2009. Currently he frequently presents Weekend on the BBC World Service.
On 4 July 2022 Henley presented The World Tonight on BBC Radio 4.
References
External links
Biography from BBC
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
British radio personalities
BBC World Service presenters
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5383541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia-3%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012 | Caledonia-3 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012 | The Caledonia-3 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Caledonia-3 District includes all of the Caledonia County town of St. Johnsbury.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Caledonia-3 District had a population of 7,571 in that same census, 6.74% below the state average. This means that there are 3785.5 residents per representative.
District Representatives
Donald E. Bostic, Republican
David T. Clark, Republican
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts -- Statistics
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
St. Johnsbury, Vermont |
5383555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th%20World%20Economic%20Forum%20on%20Africa | 16th World Economic Forum on Africa | The 16th World Economic Forum on Africa: Going for Growth was a World Economic Forum economic summit meeting held in Cape Town, South Africa, from May 31 to June 2, 2006. The summit was attended by some 650 political and business leaders from 39 countries, focusing particularly on rapidly increasing African commodity prices. It also examined issues relating to the promotion of investment, improving world opinion, combating hunger, sustainable development, and offer specific initiatives to address these and other economic issues facing part of or the entire continent.
Notable participants
Among the prominent participants were:
Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa (host)
Armando Guebuza, President of Mozambique
Jakaya Kikwete, President of Tanzania
Syamal Gupta, Chairman of Tata International, India
Jim Goodnight, Chief Executive Officer, SAS Institute, United States
Maria Ramos, Chief Executive Officer, Transnet, South Africa
Charles Chukwuma Soludo, Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria
Initiatives
In addition to examining the impact of the expanding Chinese and Indian economies on the rise of commodity prices in Africa, the summit addressed several specific economic, developmental, and financial initiatives:
The African Investment Climate Facility: A new mixed public-private venture was initiated as a mechanism to encourage investment in the continent. The African Development Bank agreed to take the lead facilitating panAfrican infrastructure projects.
Changing perceptions of Africa: This initiative was designed to address and improve on the generally negative perceptions suffered by the African continent.
Initiative to Reduce Hunger: This proposed "Business Alliance to Reduce Chronic Hunger" was considered as a mixed private-public venture to address "the root problems of hunger."
Energy Poverty Action: The Energy Poverty Action WEF taskforce was set up to test a pilot model for developing grid and off-grid electrification for different parts of the continent.
"Strengthening Healthcare Systems" proposal: This proposal was designed toward promoting a mixed private-public healthcare system in sub-Saharan Africa.
Partnering Against Corruption Initiative: The PACI seeks to curb corruption, by having businesses commit to a "zero tolerance" of corruption.
Water Initiative: This initiative was designed to expand private participation in Southern African water resources and needs.
Social entrepreneurs: The Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship named Sunette Pienaar the South African Social Entrepreneur of 2006.
See also
Economy of Africa
References
Africa: going for higher growth. SouthAfrica.info, 5 June 2006
path.org
peopledaily.com.cn
peopledaily.com.cn
sudanvisiondaily.com
weforum.org
External links
Official site
Official blog
Press release
International development in Africa
World Economic Forum on Africa
World Economic Forum on Africa
Global economic conferences |
5383570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohkan | Nohkan | The is a high pitched, Japanese transverse bamboo flute, or . It is commonly used in traditional Imperial Noh and Kabuki theatre. The nohkan flute was created by Kan'ami and his son Zeami in the 15th century, during the time when the two were transforming the Noh theatre forms Dengaku and Sarugaku.
Construction
The nohkan or fue' ("flute") is made of split and tapered strips of smoked bamboo (susudake) or burned bamboo (yakidake), glued together to form a tapering conical bore. The smoking carbonizes the bamboo and preserves it. The split strips of bamboo are reversed to place the hard bamboo surface on the inside for improved acoustics. Some modern versions of nohkan use an interior coating of tempera paint for this. The strips are then glued together, bound with thin strips of twisted cherry bark (kabamaki) and lacquered to make the conical tube. The result is a keyless tube of 39.1 cm with an average bore width of 1.7 cm and there are 7 finger holes.
The nohkan has an unusual internal bore restriction of about 2–3 mm called a nodo ("throat"). This throat, combined with the conical bore, gives the nohkan its unique high pitched sound by shifting the overblown register notes via a venturi effect. It also has an oval embouchure hole across which the player blows, and a head joint plug consisting of a lead cylinder wrapped in paper and wax and placed inside the tube just above the embouchure hole. The nohkan plays a strong high pitch (hishigi) that is rich with high frequency harmonics.
Key and range
The range of the flute is over two octaves. Each flute is traditionally an individual and made a bit differently each time by the maker-player, the keynote frequency varies from flute to flute.
See also
Ryuteki
Shinobue, another Japanese transverse bamboo flute
Shakuhachi, a Japanese end-blown bamboo flute
Bamboo musical instruments
References
Ethnomusicology, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Sep. 1965), pp. 221–239
External links
Nohkan information
Ron Korb's Asian Flute Gallery (features description and drawing of the Shinobue and other Japanese flutes)
Syoji Yamaguchi's web site on Japanese transverse flutes (features articles on making and playing of the Shinobue and other Japanese transverse flutes: yokobue or fue)
Japanese Traditional Music
The Nohkan: Its Construction and Music
Japanese musical instruments
Side-blown flutes
Bamboo flutes |
5383576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Wier | Roy Wier | Roy William Wier (February 25, 1888 – June 27, 1963) was a U.S. Representative from Minnesota.
Wier was born in Redfield, Spink County, South Dakota, February 25, 1888. He moved with his parents in 1896 to Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minnesota, and attended the public schools and North High School. He learned the telephone and electrical trade, later going into theatrical stage-lighting work.
During World War I Wier served in the United States Army for eighteen months, with overseas service. In 1920 he became active in the trade-union movement in Minneapolis and was an official representative of the Trades and Labor Assembly of Minneapolis. Wier was a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives, 1933 – 1939; of the Minneapolis Board of Education, 1939 – 1948, and of the board of directors of the Hennepin County Red Cross.
He was elected as a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party to the 81st through the 86th Congresses (January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1961). He was unsuccessful for reelection in 1960.
Wier was a resident of Minneapolis until May 1962, when he moved to Edmonds, Washington. He died in Seattle, King County, Washington, June 27, 1963; his remains were cremated and the ashes deposited in the columbarium of Evergreen Washelli Cemetery.
References
Minnesota Legislators Past and Present
1888 births
1963 deaths
Businesspeople from Minneapolis
Military personnel from Minneapolis
Politicians from Minneapolis
People from Redfield, South Dakota
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota
Members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
School board members in Minnesota
United States Army personnel of World War I
20th-century American politicians
North Community High School alumni |
5383602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llancaiach%20Fawr | Llancaiach Fawr | Llancaiach Fawr Manor is a Tudor manor house near the village of Nelson, located just to the north of the site of the former Llancaiach Colliery in the heart of the Rhymney Valley in South Wales. The semi-fortified house was built on the site of an earlier medieval structure, either on top of the previous dwelling or possibly incorporated within the eastern end of that building. It is a Grade I listed building and is now best known as the home of Colonel Edward Prichard (died 1655), who hosted a visit by King Charles I of England in 1645.
Llancaiach Fawr Manor was at one time thought to have predated the Acts of Union between Wales and England of 1536 and was talked about in John Leland’s Itinerary of 1537. The manor house is thought to have been built in about 1530 for one Dafydd ap Richard. (Prichard being a modernised form of the patronymic "ap Rhisiart"). However, dendrochronology results (from a Time Team excavation) indicate a felling date for the roof timbers of 1548–1565, later than was originally thought.
The Manor is considered to be one of the most important gentry houses to have survived from the 16th and 17th century period. It is now open to visitors as a living history museum.
The Prichard family
When Civil War broke out between King and Parliament in 1642, Colonel Edward Prichard of Llancaiach Fawr was appointed Commissioner of Array to the King, raising men and money for the Royalist cause in Glamorganshire. His wife, Mary, was the sister of Bussy Mansell, a zealous Parliamentarian.
By the middle of 1645 support was waning and King Charles toured South Wales in an effort to rally support. He visited Llancaiach Fawr on 5 August of that year. (A silver coin with Charles's image, dated 1645, is among artefacts found by archaeologists in the grounds of the house.) Shortly afterwards, the Prichards and many other Glamorgan gentry changed sides to support Parliament. Later in the year, Colonel Prichard was appointed Governor of Cardiff Castle. In February 1646 he staunchly held the Castle for the Parliamentarians against a siege headed by Edward Carne. He was also commended “for his constancy in that affray” after the battle of St Fagans (1648), by Colonel Horton, the Parliamentary victor.
Construction and renovation
The manor house was designed to be easily defended during a turbulent period in Welsh and British history and is considered one of the finest surviving examples of a semi-fortified manor in Wales. Its first owner, Dafydd ap Richard, is known to have been lord of the manor in 1549. The original defensive design incorporated a single entrance, four-foot thick walls enclosing spiral stone staircases for access between floors and stout wooden doors with iron bolts; there may originally have been up to fourteen staircases, one for each room. When the doors were securely closed, the Manor was effectively divided in two, ensuring that the inner east wing provided a self-contained place of refuge in case of attack.
By the beginning of the Stuart dynasty the Prichard family had prospered and the house was extended in 1628 by David Prichard (the father of Colonel Edward Prichard) to demonstrate their status. The Grand Staircase now allowed easy access between floors and two of the rooms used by the family were panelled in oak. Other changes to the interior included a "4-centred arch" above the staircase. Mullioned windows were also added, with leaded glazing being a 20th-century addition. A roof of Cotswold tile, also dating from the 20th century, was replaced in the course of the 2014 refurbishment with a slate roof.
Servants
Servants outnumbered the family they worked for and many of them lived in the manor. At the time of Colonel Prichard’s ownership, it was likely that 15 servants lived in, with another 15 employed as outworkers. Higher status positions, such as the housekeeper, agent and valet, would often be passed down from generation to generation within the same family. The lesser roles, such as the outworkers, would be filled from those who offered their skills and labour at the hiring fair (held on Lady Day each year). These workers would be hired and paid on a quarterly basis. The most important servant would have been the Steward. He would’ve been educated and fluent in Welsh and English with a strong knowledge of the law and good insight into the local tenantry. Many of the servants were young and unmarried and all would have had several skills for different types of work.
The house after 1645
When the house passed out of the hands of the Prichard family, it was used as a farmhouse; the Tithe Map of 1842 and the OS map of 1875 show that there was an orchard at the rear. The house was purchased by the former Rhymney Valley District Council in 1979, and was restored during the 1980s with a view to being opened to the public as a local history museum. After modern conveniences had been added, it was decided to convert it into a living history museum, and it opened as such in the early 1990s.
Since the house opened to the public, first-person conversation has been used by the costumed interpreters in the house, who take on the role of the house servants. Consequently, they communicate with visitors entirely in period English (claiming that the Master of the House disapproves of the use of Welsh, a not uncommon attitude at the time), and feign unfamiliarity with post-1645 history and technological developments.
Visitors today see the house furnished as it would have been in 1645. All the furnishings in the rooms are accurate reproductions of items from the time of the Prichards and many of the originals can be found in the St Fagans National History Museum, such as a cast-iron firescreen dating from the mid 17th century. The thematic setting for the museum is the year 1645, at the height of the English Civil War when King Charles I visited the house to persuade its owner, Colonel Edward Prichard, not to change his allegiance. Prichard did change his allegiance soon after, and this allows the house to represent the different sides of the conflict at different times in the year.
In 2013, it was announced that Caerphilly County Borough Council had been successful in obtaining £943,200 in funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund to replace the roof, install a platform lift for better accessibility, and restore the attic, previously closed to the public, as servants' quarters; the addition of the slate roof was delayed by the presence of bats (a protected species) in the attics. The project started in late 2013, and was completed in 2015. In 2015, First minister Carwyn Jones unveiled the results of the project that has restored the servants quarters to the way they were in 1645. The aim is to attract 80,000 visitors a year by 2020.
Watercolour artist Thomas Frederick Worrall lived in nearby Nelson during the early twentieth century, and painted a depiction of the rear of the building from the kitchen garden in 1911 or 1912. The painting is displayed in the reception area of the manor.
Media and events
The building has been used in many TV and film productions, including Doctor Who; and the S4C children's series Dan Glo. In an episode of Time Team, archaeologists dug in the grounds in search of the house's predecessor. No evidence of a previous dwelling was found, but several old coins and some Bronze Age pottery were found. The Urdd Eisteddfod was held on the site in 2015.
Reputed paranormal activity
The house is considered by paranormal enthusiasts to be a haunted site.
References
External links
Llancaiach Fawr Manor House website
Glamorgan Paranormal Investigations
Houses in Caerphilly
Museums in Caerphilly County Borough
Grade I listed buildings in Caerphilly County Borough
Country houses in Wales
Historic house museums in Wales
Reportedly haunted locations in Wales
Living museums in the United Kingdom
Houses completed in the 16th century |
5383623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanc%20Sade | Tanc Sade | Tanc Sade (born 28 July 1980) is an Australian actor, writer and director. Sade worked in several theater productions in Australia before landing a recurring role on Gilmore Girls in 2005.
Early life
Sade was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. He worked in the theatre before moving to the United States.
Career
Sade rose to international attention playing the quirky role of "Finn" in the cult series Gilmore Girls. Producer Amy Sherman-Palladino created the role after he auditioned for the role of love interest Logan Huntzberger. He starred in the series Roadies, the one-hour drama written and directed by Cameron Crowe and produced by J. J. Abrams for Showtime, which lasted for one season.
Sade played Alec Holester in Matador. The action series, from executive producers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman which debuted in July 2014 on Robert Rodriguez's new cable network and is composed of 13 hour-long episodes. He recently starred in Childhood's End based on the Arthur C. Clarke novel of the same name.
Sade starred opposite Nicolas Cage in the movie Stolen and has appeared on Sons of Anarchy, The Mentalist, Body of Proof, 90210, CSI: Miami, and CSI: NY. He wrote and directed Flowers and Weeds starring Academy Award Nominee and Golden Globe winner, Terence Stamp, and music from Academy Award winner Glen Hansard.
Athletic career
In 2012 Sade broke the Australian National Dynamic Freediving record by swimming on a single breath of air. He was later crowned Australian National champion of the same year.
In 2013 Sade broke the Australian National Dynamic No-fins record with a swim of .
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Five Island Films
1980 births
Living people
Australian male film actors
Australian male television actors
Male actors from Sydney |
5383624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sereboff%20v.%20Mid%20Atlantic%20Medical%20Services%2C%20Inc. | Sereboff v. Mid Atlantic Medical Services, Inc. | Sereboff v. Mid Atlantic Medical Services, Inc., 547 U.S. 356 (2006), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States involving the ability of an Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) plan fiduciary to recover medical costs from a beneficiary who has been reimbursed for injuries by a third party. The Court ruled unanimously that ERISA permitted the fiduciary to recover costs from the settlement proceeds a beneficiary received in a personal injury lawsuit.
Background
ERISA plan, injuries, and settlement
Marlene Sereboff and her husband Joel were the beneficiaries of a health insurance plan administered by Mid Atlantic Medical Services, Inc., and covered by ERISA. The plan contained an "Acts of Third Parties" provision, which applied if a third party was responsible for their illness or injury, and required the beneficiaries to reimburse Mid Atlantic for plan benefits from any recovery from that third party. The provision further stated that Mid Atlantic's share of the recovery would not be reduced because the beneficiary did not receive the full damages claimed.
The Sereboffs were injured in a car accident in California, and the plan paid the couple's medical expenses. They filed a tort action in state court against several third parties, seeking compensatory damages for their injuries. Beginning soon after the suit was commenced, Mid Atlantic sent the Sereboffs and their attorney several letters in which it asserted a lien on the anticipated proceeds from the suit for paid medical expenses eventually totaling $74,869.37. The Sereboffs eventually settled their tort suit for $750,000, but did not distribute anything to Mid Atlantic.
Collection suit
Mid Atlantic filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland, claiming a right to collect from the Sereboffs under § 502(a)(3) of ERISA. Because the Sereboffs' attorney had already distributed the settlement proceeds to them, Mid Atlantic sought a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction requiring the couple to retain and set aside at least $74,869.37 from the proceeds. The District Court approved a stipulation under which the Sereboffs agreed to preserve the amount claimed in an investment account until after the case was decided on the merits and all appeals exhausted.
The District Court ruled for Mid Atlantic and ordered the Sereboffs to pay $74,869.37, plus interest, with a deduction for Mid Atlantic's share of the attorney's fees and court costs that the Sereboffs had incurred in state court. On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed in relevant part. though it observed that the circuits were divided on the question of whether § 502(a)(3) authorized recovery in those circumstances.
Opinion of the Court
The Court unanimously affirmed the Fourth Circuit in an opinion delivered by Chief Justice John G. Roberts.
Under § 502(a)(3) of ERISA, A fiduciary may bring a civil action "(A) to enjoin any act or practice which violates [*11] any provision of this subchapter or the terms of the plan, or (B) to obtain other appropriate equitable relief (i) to redress such violations or (ii) to enforce any provisions of this subchapter or the terms of the plan." The Court believed the only question remaining in the case was whether the relief Mid Atlantic sought from the District Court was "equitable" under § 502(a)(3)(B). The Court analyzed this issue by considering both the nature of the remedy Mid Atlantic sought, and the basis for its claim against the Sereboffs.
Equitable nature of relief sought
The Court had previously construed section 502(a)(3)(B) of ERISA to only authorize remedies "that were typically available in equity." This was elaborated upon in Great-West Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Knudson, in which the Court rejected an ERISA fiduciary's claim for restitution. Knudson had involved similar facts, and the Court had ruled that the restitution sought was not equitable because the funds were not actually in the beneficiary's possession. The liability sought was therefore personal and legal. By contrast, equitable restitution sought to impose a constructive trust or equitable lien on specific funds or property that were in the defendant's possession.
The Court believed that Mid Atlantic's claim was one for equitable restitution, because the Sereboffs' possession of the settlement funds satisfied the requirement that was missing in Knudson. Mid Atlantic was not simply seeking to recover from the Sereboffs' assets generally, but rather to recover through a constructive trust or equitable lien on a specifically identified fund. That this action involved a breach of contract claim did not mean that the relief was not equitable, because that would make the ERISA provision that expressly provides for equitable relief to enforce plan terms "an empty promise."
Equitable basis for claim
Regarding the basis for Mid Atlantic's claim, the Court considered Barnes v. Alexander to be instructive, in which attorneys sued their supervisor to recover the promised one third of the contingency fee in the case on which they had worked. The Court had ruled that a lien attached to the fee and followed it into the hands of the supervisor, based upon "the familiar rule of equity that a contract to convey a specific object even before it is acquired will make the contractor a trustee as soon as he gets a title to the thing." The Court considered the "Acts of Third Parties" provision in the Sereboffs' ERISA plan analogous to the contingency fee claim, as the provision specifically identified a particular fund and a particular share of that fund to which Mid Atlantic was entitled. Under the rule of equity set forth in Barnes, Mid Atlantic could "follow a portion of the recovery into the Sereboffs' hands as soon as the settlement fund was identified, and impose on that portion a constructive trust or equitable lien."
See also
Ark. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Ahlborn, 547 U.S. 268 (2006), a case decided the same term regarding the ability of a state agency to recover Medicaid expenditures from personal injury settlement proceeds
Professor Roger Baron, an ERISA expert who consulted on the Sereboff case and has written extensively about the court's decision in Sereboff.
References
External links
Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
2006 in United States case law |
5383627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kantor%20%28musician%29 | Paul Kantor (musician) | Paul Kantor (born November 29, 1955) is an American violin teacher. Kantor is a professor at the Shepherd School of Music at Rice University. He continues the pedagogical lineage of Dorothy DeLay. He is often selected to participate as a jury member for international violin competitions.
Biography
Kantor is currently the Sally Shepherd Perkins Professor of violin at the Shepherd School of Music at Rice University, having previously served as the Eleanor H. Biggs Memorial Distinguished Professor of Violin at the Cleveland Institute of Music. He received Bachelor of Music and Master of Music degrees from the Juilliard School, studying violin with Dorothy DeLay and chamber music with Robert Mann. He served as chair of the string department at the University of Michigan for 13 years and has served on the faculties of the Juilliard School, the New England Conservatory and Yale University. He was appointed as artist-in-residence of The Glenn Gould School/ Royal Conservatory of Music and has been on its faculty since 2008. In addition, he has presented master classes at institutions including Indiana University, Eastman School of Music, and the New World Symphony Orchestra, among others. His students have consistently won major awards at international competitions including the Klein Competition, Fischoff Competition, Stulberg International String Competition, International Violin Competition of Indianapolis, and the Montreal International Violin Competition, among others.
For the past 30 years, he has been an artist and faculty member of the Aspen Music Festival and School, where he was concertmaster of both the Festival Orchestra and Chamber Symphony. He has performed as a soloist with numerous symphony orchestras and has performed with the New York String Quartet, the Berkshire Chamber Players, the Lenox Quartet, and the National Musical Arts Chamber Ensemble. He served as concertmaster of the New Haven Symphony for 10 years, and the Aspen Chamber Symphony for 10 years, as well as the Lausanne Chamber Orchestra, and Great Lakes Festival Orchestra. He was appointed as guest concertmaster of the New Japan Philharmonic and the Toledo Symphony Orchestra.
He has performed the world premieres of Dan Welcher's Violin Concerto and John Corigliano's Red Violin Caprices. His recordings are on the Equilibrium, CRI, Delos and Mark Records.
References
American classical violinists
Male classical violinists
American male violinists
Aspen Music Festival and School faculty
Living people
1955 births
Juilliard School alumni
Juilliard School faculty
Rice University faculty
Cleveland Institute of Music faculty
Musicians from Shaker Heights, Ohio
University of Michigan faculty
Classical musicians from Ohio
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century American male musicians |
5383633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suds%20%28film%29 | Suds (film) | Suds is a 1920 American silent comedy film directed by John Francis Dillon and starring Mary Pickford. The film is based on the 1904 English stage play 'Op o' Me Thumb, a one-act work first produced in London and presented the following year in New York with Maude Adams, a curtain raiser for her appearance in Peter Pan.
Plot
Amanda Afflick (Mary Pickford) is a poor laundry woman working in London. She is too weak to do the hard work, but is always picked on and humiliated by her boss Madame Didier (Rose Dione). Amanda is desperately in love with the handsome customer Horace Greensmith (Albert Austin), but none of her colleagues thinks she has a chance of being his sweetheart.
One afternoon Amanda gets in trouble again and is forced to work all night long. All alone, she fantasizes about her first and only meeting with Horace, eight months ago. All the fellow employees ridicule her for still having faith that he will return someday to pick up his clothes. Amanda is fed up with all her colleagues making fun of her and lies that she is a duchess, coming from a wealthy family. She comes up with a story of her having an affair with Horace. Her father found out and sent her to live in London.
Meanwhile, co-worker Benjamin Jones (Harold Goodwin) has the job of collecting laundry with his cart. One day, his beloved horse Lavender is too weak to go up a hill and falls. The cart is destroyed and when Benjamin admits the truth to Madame Didier, she asks for the horse to be killed. Benjamin reveals to Amanda what will happen with Lavender and she tries to stop the horse from being killed. She eventually buys the horse and takes it into her own home.
Amanda is not allowed to take the horse into her own apartment and is noticed on the streets by the wealthy and sympathizing Lady Burke-Cavendish. She offers to take the horse to live at her country place. Amanda is delighted and accepts her offer. Later, Lady Burke-Cavendish stops by to tell Amanda the horse is doing very well. Amanda lies to the fellow laundry women Lady Burke-Cavendish is actually her aunt.
They are interrupted by Horace: he has returned for his laundry. The fellow workers assume he will recognize Amanda, since they were lied to he is her secret lover. Amanda is desperate and successfully pretends to be reunited with him. Horace is confused and wants to leave. While the laundry women are away she tells the truth to Horace. Benjamin walks in on them, initially trying to flirt with Amanda, but when he notices Horace's presence he leaves.
Horace sympathizes with Amanda and invites her to his mansion. He changes his mind when he becomes ashamed of her. Amanda notices this and pulls back. Horace leaves and Amanda is left behind with a broken heart. She is later hired as Lady Burke-Cavendish's personal maid and now lives in wealth. She finds out Horace is a worker at the country place and they fall in love with each other.
Remake
The original film was adapted to a musical written by Deonn Ritchie Hunt with music by Kim Douglas in the 2000s.
Cast
Mary Pickford as Amanda Afflick
Albert Austin as Horace Greensmith
Harold Goodwin as Benjamin Pillsbury Jones
Rose Dione as Madame Jeanne Gallifilet Didier
Darwin Karr as The Archduke
Taylor N. Duncan (undetermined role) (uncredited)
Joan Marsh (undetermined role) (uncredited)
Nadyne Montgomery (undetermined role) (uncredited)
Theodore Roberts (undetermined role) (uncredited)
Hal Wilson (undetermined role) (uncredited)
Production crew
Produced by Mary Pickford
Cinematography by L. William O'Connell and Charles Rosher
Art Direction by Max Parker
Costume Design by Adele Crinley
Assistant Director William A. Crinley
Art Department - Alfred L. Werker (props)
Other crew - William S. Johnson (electrical effects)
See also
Mary Pickford filmography
References
External links
1920 films
1920s English-language films
1920 comedy films
American black-and-white films
American silent feature films
Films directed by John Francis Dillon
United Artists films
Articles containing video clips
Silent American comedy films
Films set in London
1920s American films |
5383684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia-4%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012 | Caledonia-4 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012 | The Caledonia-4 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Caledonia-4 District includes all of the Caledonia County towns of Burke, Lyndon, and Sutton.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Caledonia-4 District had a population of 8,020 in that same census, 1.21% below the state average.
District Representatives
Cola H. Hudson, Republican
Richard Lawrence, Republican
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts -- Statistics
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Burke, Vermont
Lyndon, Vermont
Sutton, Vermont |
5383693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akifumi%20End%C5%8D | Akifumi Endō | is a Japanese voice actor who is affiliated with Troubadour Musique Office.
Voice roles
Anime television
Hunter X Hunter (Sedokan)
Mahoromatic (Yoshihiko Gunji, Kanzaki)
Shura no Toki (Sakamoto Ryōma)
Tenchi Universe (Sagami)
Brave Police J-Decker (Makoto Onoue)
OVA
SD Gundam Gaiden (Knight Nyuu)
Anime films
Mobile Suit Gundam F91 (Chris)
Video games
Brave Saga 2 (Shizuma)
External links
Living people
Japanese male voice actors
1964 births |
5383694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Farquhar | Simon Farquhar | Simon Alexander Farquhar is a British writer and broadcaster.
His early one-act plays were staged at the Aberdeen Arts Centre, until a radio script set in Cullen, Candy Floss Kisses, was picked up by actor and producer Martin Jarvis and commissioned for BBC Radio 4. This was followed by another Cullen-based drama, Elevenses with Twiggy, set during the dying days of the Sixties and featuring a cameo performance by Twiggy herself.
His first full-length stage play, the Aberdeen-based Rainbow Kiss, opened at the Royal Court in April 2006. The production starred Joseph McFadden and Dawn Steele and was directed by Richard Wilson, as part of the theatre's 50th anniversary season. Rainbow Kiss opened in New York in Spring 2008, directed by Will Frears and produced by The Play Company.
In October 2006 he was invited to take part in the Old Vic 24 Hour Plays Celebrity Gala. The annual fund-raising event sees six writers asked to each choose from a pool of available actors and each write a ten-minute play for them overnight which is then learned and performed the following evening on the Old Vic stage. The result was Dream Me a Winter starring Tamzin Outhwaite and Patricia Hodge.
He regularly writes for The Guardian, The Independent and The Times. He has also written many articles and appeared on television and radio as a television historian. In 2007 he wrote and presented the documentary Razor Sharp: The Story of Peter McDougall, the Scottish television dramatist, and in 2015, A Sympathetic Eye for BBC Radio 4. His book Play for Today: The First Year 1970-1971 was published in 2021.
His book A Dangerous Place: The Story of the Railway Murders (2016) tells the story of the crimes of John Duffy and David Mulcahy, and is a memoir of his father, one of the police officers who led the case in the 1980s. It was shortlisted for the 2017 CWA Gold Dagger Award for Non-Fiction.
In 2017 he wrote "Wassail Play", which was performed at the Theatre Royal, Dumfries.
Radio
Candy Floss Kisses (2004) — Afternoon Play, BBC Radio 4
Elevenses with Twiggy (2006) — Afternoon Play, BBC Radio 4
A Sympathetic Eye (2015) - Archive on 4, BBC Radio 4
Stage
I Do Solemnly Declare (2001) — Aberdeen Arts Centre
Rainbow Kiss (2006) — Royal Court
Dream Me a Winter (2006) — Old Vic (part of The 24 Hour Plays)
Wassail Play (2017) - Theatre Royal, Dumfries
Books
A Dangerous Place (2016)
Play for Today: The First Year 1970-1971 (2021)
Journalism
Obituaries for The Independent
References
1972 births
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Living people
People from Aberdeenshire
Scottish male stage actors
Scottish dramatists and playwrights |
5383715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing-Dreiden | Lansing-Dreiden | Lansing-Dreiden is an American band and art collective based in New York City.
Lansing-Dreiden was founded in Miami, Florida. Their body of work includes music, multimedia artwork (in the form of drawings, collages, sculpture and video), and the literary journal Death Notice. Rather than calling themselves a band, they prefer to be categorized as "a company that sees no distinction between art and commerce." (Seattle Weekly, Feb. 5, 2005)
The collective's first full-length record, The Incomplete Triangle, was self-released in 2003. Spin Magazine described it as "dreamy space rock... with a psychedelic metal twist." This was followed by an EP in 2004, A Sectioned Beam. The EP was praised by Time Out New York as "an airtight example of textbook pop perfection." Both titles were reissued by Kemado Records in 2004.
Lansing-Dreiden's most recent full length was The Dividing Island, released in 2006. A music video was released for the single "A Line You Can Cross," though the band performing in the video was not Lansing-Dreiden. 2006 also saw the release of D.I. By D.D., a remix album of The Dividing Island produced by Dazzle D.
While their music itself has been met with a fairly warm reception, the group has been criticized in the musical press for self-consciously cultivating an air of obscurity. Lansing-Dreiden have responded, in turn, that they are shy.
Discography
The Incomplete Triangle, LP, self-released 2003 (reissued by Kemado Records, 2004)
A Sectioned Beam, EP, self-released 2004 (reissued by Kemado, 2004)
The Dividing Island, LP, Kemado, 2006
D.I. By D.D., remix LP, self-released, 2006
Tri EP, self-released, 2008
References
Further reading
Seattle Weekly article
External links
Myspace
At Rivington Arms
Epitonic page
LFL Gallery page
Musical collectives
Culture of New York City
American artist groups and collectives |
5383737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raritan%20Inc. | Raritan Inc. | Raritan is a multinational technology company that manufactures hardware for data center power distribution, remote server management, and audio visual solutions. The company is headquartered in Somerset, New Jersey (which is located near Raritan, New Jersey), and has a commercial presence in over 76 countries. Raritan was acquired by Legrand in September 2015.
History
Raritan was established in 1985, when the founder, Ching-I Hsu, and his wife, created a business reselling PC components out of their house. This later changed from reselling to manufacturing PCs. To make the manufacturing more efficient, Hsu developed the first KVM switch, a tool that provides a way to control numerous PCs from a single product. The KVM switch advanced Raritan as an international company and led to other company advancements.
Raritan entered the intelligent power business in 2007. Intelligent power management provides companies with an accurate measurement of the amount of energy devices use. This kind of power management is much more energy efficient because it consumes less energy/produces less heat, improves environmental conditions with sensors that adjust things like temperature and humidity levels, and overall decrease costs.
In 2008, Raritan's Data Center Infrastructure Management (DCIM) business began. This software provides the ability to better manage assets, change and capacity through monitoring of power, the environment, and energy use.
In June 2015, Legrand, North America announced an agreement to acquire Raritan. The scope of the acquisition would include Raritan's intelligent power and KVM businesses, while its Data Center Infrastructure Management (DCIM) software business would spin off into Sunbird Software, a new company and strategic partner of Raritan to be chaired by Ching-I Hsu, CEO and founder of Raritan. The acquisition was complete on September 28, 2015.
References
External links
Companies based in Somerset County, New Jersey
American companies established in 1985
Networking hardware companies
System administration
Out-of-band management
Computer peripheral companies
2015 mergers and acquisitions |
5383745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Furness | Bruce Furness | Bruce Furness is an American politician, the former mayor of Fargo, North Dakota. He served as mayor from 1994 until 2006.
Furness is a former manager at IBM and a bank executive.
References
Mayors of Fargo, North Dakota
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5383752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg%20Centuries | Magdeburg Centuries | The Magdeburg Centuries is an ecclesiastical history, divided into thirteen centuries, covering thirteen hundred years, ending in 1298; it was first published from 1559 to 1574. It was compiled by several Lutheran scholars in Magdeburg, known as the Centuriators of Magdeburg. The chief of the Centuriators was Matthias Flacius. Lutheran theologian Werner Elert argued that due to its revolutionary critical method of presenting history, it is the basis of all modern church history.<ref>Morphologie des Luthertums [The Shaping of Lutheranism], (Munich: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1931–32): Volume 1: Theologie und Weltanschauung des Luthertums hauptsächlich im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert [The Theology and World View of Lutheranism Mainly in the 16th and 17th Centuries]: translated by Walter A. Hansen: Werner Elert, The Structure of Lutheranism: The Theology and Philosophy of Life of Lutheranism Especially in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Walter R. Hansen, (St. Louis: CPH, 1962). p. 485</ref>
It is said that Baronius undertook his Annales Ecclesiastici purely to oppose the Magdeburg Centuriators.
Themes
The Magdeburg Centuries demonstrates the continuity of the Christian faith throughout the ages. As the Centuries put it, Church history shows a "perpetual agreement in the teaching of each article of faith in all ages". Instead of presenting a Restorationist platform, the writers held that "this very form of the teaching which we now have in our churches because of the great kindness of God is that very ancient one, not a new one; genuine, not adulterous; true, not fabricated." The view of the work is generally pessimistic after the fifth century, in keeping with the writers' objective of presenting "the origins and the increments of errors and their corrupting influences." Presenting a view of such corrupting errors by the Catholic Church, increasing and accumulating over a thousand years' time, served to legitimize the Reformation and make Lutherans rather than Catholics into the true heirs of the original Christianity founded by Jesus Christ and his disciples.
Another characteristic of the work is the widespread use of primary sources rather than secondary or tertiary ones. In order to accomplish this, scholars traveled and borrowed manuscripts from all over Europe. With such diverse sources, one might expect a fractured or incoherent presentation of history. Instead, it provides a perspective that is completely independent from any of its sources, even though they are as wide-ranging as Gregory of Nazianzus and Alcuin.
This painstaking pursuit of primary sources set a higher standard of historical research in general, influencing the work of later historians not necessarily concerned with religious controversy.
Criticism
Not only are the volumes artificially divided by century rather than by historical eras, but each century is treated from a similar perspective, rather than from a fresh perspective for every era of history. Catholics have dissented from controversial historical arguments in the Centuries, made to discredit the papacy, including the identification of the pope as the Anti-Christ, and the legend of Pope Joan.Donald R Kelley. Faces of History. Yale University Press. . 1999. p 173.
Full title
The full title of the work is Ecclesiastica Historia, integram Ecclesiae Christi ideam, quantum ad Locum, Propagationem, Persecutionem, Tranquillitatem, Doctrinam, Hæreses, Ceremonias, Gubernationem, Schismata, Synodos, Personas, Miracula, Martyria, Religiones extra Ecclesiam, & statum Imperii politicum attinet, secundum singulas Centurias, perspicuo ordine complectens: singulari diligentia & fide ex vetustissimis & optimis historicis, patribus, & aliis scriptoribus congesta: Per aliquot studiosos & pios viros in urbe Magdeburgicâ.
Origin and composition
The first three folio volumes of the work appeared in 1559 at Basel. It was the work of a group of Lutheran scholars who had gathered at Magdeburg, and who are now known to history as the Centuriators of Magdeburg because of the way in which they divided their work (century by century) and the place in which the first five volumes were written; most of the others were written at Wismar or elsewhere, but the subtitle in Urbe Magdeburgicâ was retained.
The originator of the idea and the moving spirit of the organization which produced the work was Matthias Vlacich (Latinized Flacius), also known as Francovich, and, from the country of his birth (Istria), Illyricus. Born in 1520, he went to university in 1539 in Switzerland and Germany, where, at Augsburg, Basle, Tübingen, and Wittenberg, he converted to Lutheranism. The Augsburg Interim of 1548 led to the Adiaphoristic controversy, in the course of which he wrote numerous harsh criticisms of the Reformer Philipp Melanchthon; the bitter feeling generated gave rise to the hostile parties of Philippists and Flacians. All attempts to restore peace failed, and the University of Jena, where Flacius was appointed professor of theology in 1557, became a centre of rigid Lutheranism in strong opposition to Melachthon. His wanderings after 1562, and the numerous domestic controversies between the Reformers, in which Flacius took part until his death (11 March 1575), did not prevent him from becoming the most learned Lutheran theologian of his day, while, in addition to numerous minor controversial works, his untiring energy led him to devise the vast historical work known as "The Centuries".
After Martin Luther's death in 1546, anti-Catholic controversy tended to lose its dogmatic character and to become historical. Flacius critiqued the history of Catholicism, and in that spirit wrote his once famous and influential catalogue of anti-papal witnesses, Catalogus testium veritatis, qui ante nostram aetatem reclamarunt Papae (Basel, 1556; enlarged ed., Strasburg, 1562; ed. by Dietericus, Frankfort, 1672). Some four hundred anti-papal witnesses were cited, Pope Gregory I and Thomas Aquinas being included in the number of those who had stood up for truth against "the Papal Antichrist". As early as 1553, Flacius was seeking patrons whose financial support should enable him to carry out his plan of a comprehensive church history which was "to reveal the beginnings, the development and the ruthless designs of the Antichrist." The German princes, and the burghers particularly of Augsburg and Nuremberg, helped him generously, but no support was forthcoming from the followers of Melanchthon. He travelled through Germany in search of material while his co-worker, Marcus Wagner (from Weimar near Gotha), searched the libraries of Austria, Bavaria, Scotland, and Denmark for the same purpose.
Research has emphasized the importance of the assistance given by the crypto-Protestant, Caspar von Nydbruck, imperial counselor, and head of the Imperial Library of Vienna, whose influence was exerted throughout Europe on behalf of the work. The editorial board, Gubernatores et Inspectores institut historiæ Ecclesiasticæ, was composed of Flacius, John Wigand (1523–1587), superintendent at Magdeburg, Matthew Judex (1528–1576), preacher at Magdeburg, Basil Faber (1525–1576), humanist, who collaborated in the first four Centuries, Martin Copus, a physician who acted as treasurer, and Eblinek Alman, a burgher of Magdeburg, each of whom had his own assistants. Seven junior assistants were appointed to compile extracts from early Christian writers and historians in accordance with a fixed plan; two more mature scholars acted as "architects", grouped the material, and submitted it to the editors. When approved, the materials were worked up into chapters and again submitted before the final form was fair-copied.
Contents
Even when at Jena, and during his subsequent wanderings, Flacius retained the direction of the work. Each century was systematically treated under sixteen headings bearing uniform titles in the various volumes.
An analysis of the Quarta Centuria, which appeared in 1560, will give an idea of the contents:
Title page
dedication to Queen Elizabeth (co. 3–12)
brief statement of the chief events of the century (col.13)
spread of the Church: where and how (13–35)
persecution and peace of the Church under Diocletian and Maximian (35–159)
the Church's teaching and its history (160–312)
heresies (312–406)
rites and ceremonies (406 -483)
Church discipline and government (483–582)
schisms and controversies (583–609)
councils (609–880)
leading bishops and doctors (880–1337)
leading heretics (1338–1403)
the martyrs (1403–1432)
miracles and miraculous occurrences (1433–1456)
political relations of the Jews (1456–1462)
other non-Christian religions (1462–1560)
political changes (1560–1574)
Scriptural index (8 cols.)
general index (92 pages of four columns)
This method was applied only to the first thirteen centuries, which were published separately in folio volumes at Basel; I–III in 1559 (reprinted 1560, 1562, 1564); IV in 1560 (reprinted 1562); V and VI in 1562; VII and VIII in 1564; IX in 1565; X and XI in 1567; XII in 1569; and XIII in 1574. The three remaining centuries were completed in manuscript by Wigand (who was largely responsible for all the work done between 1564–74), but never published, and the various attempts made in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to continue the work came to naught. In 1624 a complete edition of the Centuries in six folio volumes was issued at Basel by Louis Lucius, who omitted the authors' names and dedications, and introduced various modifications of the text in a Calvinistic sense. A third edition appeared at Nuremberg 1757–1765, but did not get beyond the fifth century.
Notes and references
External links
Latin edition of 1757, HathiTrust Digital Library Baudouin, Flacius, and the Plan for the Magdeburg Centuries''
1559 books
1560 books
1562 books
1564 books
1566 books
1567 books
1569 books
1574 books
16th-century history books
16th-century Christian texts
History of Christianity texts
History books about Catholicism
Reformation in Germany
History of the papacy
History of Magdeburg
16th-century Latin books |
5383769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Cohen%20%28physician%29 | Jon Cohen (physician) | Jon R. Cohen, M.D., is an American physician, business executive, and former public official who is Senior Vice President of OPKO Health and is Executive Chairman of BioReference Laboratories.
Cohen served for over nine years as a Senior Executive and named executive officer at Quest Diagnostics. Originally as Chief Medical Officer, most recently as Senior Vice President and Group Executive - Diagnostic Solutions.
Before joining Quest, Cohen served as Senior Advisor to New York Governor David A. Paterson. Previous to that, Cohen in 2006 ran unsuccessfully for Lieutenant Governor of New York. For seven years he served as Chief Medical Officer at North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System .
Cohen is a vascular surgeon who completed his residency in surgery at New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center and vascular surgery fellowship at the Brigham and Women's Hospital at Harvard Medical School in Boston. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed professional articles and authored two books.
Career
After arriving at the Long Island Jewish Medical Center in 1985, Cohen eventually Chief of Vascular Surgery, Chairman of Surgery and Surgeon-in-Chief. As Chief of Vascular Surgery, he established the first comprehensive vascular institute in New York. His major research contributions were into the pathophysiology of aortic aneurysm development at the molecular level. As Chairman of Surgery and Surgeon-in-Chief, Cohen's department grew to 18 surgeons, with an institutional surgical volume increasing from 17,000 to 25,000 cases per year.
From 1998 to 2000, Cohen was Executive Vice President of the three-hospital academic medical center with operational responsibility for the day to day operations of the 800-bed academic medical center with an annual budget of $600 million.
In 2000, Cohen was appointed as Chief Medical Officer and Senior Vice President for the newly merged entity, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System.
Cohen was an executive officer at Quest with P/L as the corporation’s Chief Medical Officer from 2009-2015. As Director of Hospital Services, Cohen had operational responsibility for all of the reference testing performed at Quest's four national esoteric laboratories servicing over 3,000 customers worldwide, including hospitals, commercial labs, Department of Defense, Veterans Administration, State and County Departments of Health, Prisons and Indian Services.
Political activities
In 2002, Cohen served as health care policy advisor to gubernatorial candidate H. Carl McCall a in 2004 to presidential candidate John Kerry.
In 2005, Cohen announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for Lieutenant Governor of New York. Cohen raised more than $700,000 for his election bid, the largest amount for a Lieutenant Governor race in New York state history. Cohen called the healthcare system "dysfunctional at every level." He proposed linking universal health-insurance coverage to economic development, repeating his message that "health care is a right, not a privilege." He favored setting up an insurance pool backed by private carriers that would spread the risk of health care coverage, making it affordable for small businesses, as well as spearheading state-led investment in biotechnology and stem cell research to foster job creation and medical innovation. Cohen further developed plans to cut fraud and waste from the Medicaid system, which he blamed for ruining county budgets, stating, "What's happening is, there's too little money left for roads, for senior citizen programs and for schools."
When the Democratic frontrunner for governor, Eliot Spitzer, named Paterson as his running mate, Cohen dropped his own candidacy. Cohen nominated Paterson for Lieutenant Governor during the 2006 New York Democratic Party convention, held in Buffalo, New York.
When Paterson succeeded Spitzer as Governor of New York, Paterson appointed Cohen as his Senior Advisor. As Senior Advisor, Cohen was responsible for developing all policy and strategic planning as related to healthcare, education, environment, economic development, energy, transportation, homeland security and local governments. Cohen was one of the six senior staff responsible to the Governor for the coordinated activities of 83 agencies, 600 authorities, 200,000 employees and a budget of $124 billion.
Further reading
Paterson, David Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity. New York, New York, 2020
References
Living people
American healthcare managers
American vascular surgeons
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5383783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Superstar%20Is | Princess Superstar Is | Princess Superstar Is is the fourth studio album by American rapper and producer Princess Superstar. It was released in 2001 in the United States via Rapster Records. Audio production was handled by Concetta Kirschner, The Herbaliser, DJ Mighty Mi of The High & Mighty, Chops, Curtis Curtis, Dart LA, Big Jim Slade, Lenny Lacem, and Mista Sinista. It featured guest appearances from Kool Keith, Beth Orton, J-Zone, Bahamadia, The High & Mighty, and 7even. The album spawned three singles: "Wet! Wet! Wet!", "Bad Babysitter" and "Keith 'N Me". Its lead single, "Bad Babysitter", peaked at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart, number 14 on the Belgian Ultratop 50 Singles, number 38 on the Australian Singles Chart, number 94 on the German Singles Chart.
Track listing
Sample credits
Track 2 contains elements from "Mr. Bumble" by Syd Dale (1969)
Track 7 contains elements from "Cargo Culte" by Serge Gainsbourg (1971)
Track 10 contains elements from "I Wanna Go Home" by Holly and the Italians (1981)
Track 11 contains elements from "It's a New Day" by Skull Snaps (1973)
Track 12 contains elements from "Juicy Fruit" by Mtume (1983)
Track 14 contains elements from "Light Sleeper" by Saafir (1994)
Track 16 contains elements from "Expo Tenerife" by South American Getaway (1997)
Personnel
Concetta Kirschner – main artist, producer (tracks: 5, 7, 11-13, 16), additional producer (tracks: 1, 6, 8, 10, 14), executive producer, mixing & recording (tracks: 1-8, 10-16)
Keith Matthew Thornton – featured artist (tracks: 3, 15)
Erik Meltzer – featured artist (track 2)
Milo Berger – featured artist (track 2), producer (tracks: 2, 4)
Elizabeth Caroline Orton – featured artist (track 8)
Aaron Phillips – featured artist (track 9)
Joel Wright – featured artist & producer (track 10), scratches (track 5)
Jay Mumford – featured artist (track 12)
Antonia Reed – featured artist (track 16)
Walter Sipser – bass (tracks: 1, 5, 8, 10-13, 15-16), additional producer (track 16)
Lee Farber – drums (tracks: 7, 16)
Curtis Webster – guitar (track 7), producer (track 1), additional producer (tracks: 6-8, 10-14, 16), mixing & recording (tracks: 1-8, 10-16)
Kester Lydon – bass (track 9)
Jake Wherry – keyboards (track 9), producer & mixing (track 9)
Oliver Lawrence Trattles – scratches (track 9), producer & mixing (track 9)
Perrin Wright – scratches (tracks: 11, 14)
Pete Kohl – guitar (track 13)
Paula Henderson – horns (track 16)
Steve Moses – horns (track 16)
John C. Parker – producer (tracks: 3, 15)
Ghetalion – producer (track 5)
Leonard Smythe – producer (track 6)
Scott Robert Jung – producer (track 8)
Big Jim Slade – producer (track 14)
Julian Crane – recording (track 8)
Paul Stadden – recording (track 8)
Nigel Laybourne – mixing (track 9)
Greg Vaughn – mastering
Ned Ambler – photography
References
External links
2001 albums
Princess Superstar albums |
5383804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20system%20%28firearms%29 | Rail system (firearms) | Rail systems on firearms are straight mounting brackets (usually made of strips of metal or polymer) on the gun's receiver, handguard or fore-end stock to allow sliding/variable-position attachment of optical sights and accessories such as tactical lights, laser sights, vertical/angled foregrips and bipods. An example of just a few options that may be used depending on a mission's need for the M4 is SOPMOD, amongst many other accessories like sling attachment points (which may be ether ring, loop and/or quick detach mounts using push button style hardware) to name just a few of the many options. An advantage with the multiple rail slots is the moveable positions to adjust for optimal placement of each item for each different user. Along with the ability to switch different items at different placements due to varying eye reliefs on gun sights, scopes & optics. Tactical usage and Shooting sports have both benefited from the extra options provided.
Rails as a term has evolved to cover both the actual rail pieces and the styles of handguards (or forearms) that are made with rails as the external surfaces. Original rails were a raised metal strip with the sides under cut, less standardized than the dovetail design, to allow hardware to slide on and be secured by means of compression only. The firearm often associated with, and that has benefited from rails is the M4 Carbine & M16 family of later models/variants -A2 -A3 & -A4 . With equal and even more use due to additional novelty items is the AR-15. Most modern military and civilian semi-automatic Firearm have rails that may replace original parts. Police and Military style firearms may include Pistols, PDWs, Carbines, Rifles, Submachine guns, Light Machine Guns, and Heavy machine guns . HMGs have started to include and use rail sections and options for attachments of optics. Civilian clone Rifles are the largest adapters, while the Crossbows, Hunting Rifles, shot guns and Handguns have started to come from the factory with rail sections ether attached and/or made structurally as part of the actual Firearm. Airsoft and Paintball clone weapons will also likely have rails.
Rail designs
The common types of rail systems for firearms are the dovetail rail,(including the Soviet variant known as the Warsaw Pact rail), the Weaver rail, the Picatinny rail (also known as the MIL-STD-1913 or STANAG 2324 rail), the NATO Accessory Rail (also known as the STANAG 4694 rail), and newer "negative space" systems such as the VLTOR KeyMod and the Magpul M-LOK. There are also non-military designs used in shooting sports to attach slings and bipods such as UIT rail and the Freeland rail.
MIL-STD-1913 "Picatinny rails" date from the mid-1990s and have very strict dimension and tolerance standards.
The Picatinny has rail of very similar profile to the Weaver, but the slot width is 0.206 in (5.23 mm), and by contrast with the Weaver, the spacing of slot centers is consistent, at 0.394 in (10.01 mm). Many rail-grabber-mounted accessories can be used on either type of rail, and accessories designed for a Weaver system will generally fit Picatinny rails - although not vice versa. The Picatinny locking slot width is and the spacing of slot centers is . Because of this, with devices that use only one locking slot, Weaver devices will fit on Picatinny rails, but Picatinny devices will not always fit on Weaver rails.
Compatibility
Adapters to other types of rail interfaces may be used for legacy issues and/or to change the surface texture, abrasiveness and/or overall outer circumference of the entire rails system for fit of the hand. Dovetail rail, Weaver and Picatinny are all outward or raised attachment surfaces. While M-Lok and KeyMod have smooth surfaces with different standards & styles of holes cut into their assembles to place the attachment hardware internally. Both of these styles of features are often on and/or in the hand guards . All make the mounting and dismounting of these objects significantly easier. Items may be fasten by threaded bolts, requiring the use of a screwdriver or allen wrench, with some tool free variations of a Thumb screws or Thumb nuts, may have threaded quick disconnect lever that pulls the hardware and plates together against the rails. During firearm recoil the accessory may slide within that section of rail. To help avoid this, when tightening slide the device forward in the placement slots so the section of bolt is against the vertical/forward section of rail slots.
Usage
Rail systems usually are based on the handguard of a weapon and/or the Upper receiver. On modern pistols they are on the underside of the barrel. Rails on rifles usually start off at top dead center or 12 o'clock with the next placement at bottom 180° degrees or at 6 o'clock. on the forward section, away from the buttstock. With both sides 3 o'clock & 9 'o clock or 90° degrees each side of top center 0°/360° degrees becoming the 3rd & 4th most common. 1 o'clock or 11'o'clock is popular for the flashlight with a tape switch location placed on user preference. There may be additional attachment rails or holes at each 45 °degree angle position running partially or entirely the length of the handguard.
On the Kalashnikov rifles AK style/family the Warsaw rail is attached to the left side of the receiver when viewed from the rear . With more modern versions adding Picatinny style rails on to the sides of the handguards of the rifles for the mounting of addition equipment. Due to updating equipment, both styles may be found on some Warsaw Pact weapons.
Modern designed firearms often include rails made into the body, instead of being an added on modification. Older firearms may need permanent modifications of having holes drilled and tapped for screw threads to fasten the rail sections to the firearm. This is easier than milling out a dove tail slot for placement of a gun sight's parts.
Optics like scopes, reflex sights, holographic sights, red dot magnifiers, and night vision or thermal sights may be placed between the iron sights. Rail section may also come in various heights to help align equipment. Which may align with the original iron sights inline or below an illuminated optic's center dot, ring or chevron. This is referred to as Absolute or lower 1/3 Co-witness respectively. In addition to height variations some rail brackets may be offset at various degrees, 22.5°, 45°, and 90° are the most common, to place accessories and/or backup folding collapsible iron sights. So they are out of the line sight on the top of the firearm and/or to decrease the outer profile edge's size. Then the original sights are a backup if the electronic optic should fail. The rail section may also move a weapon-mounted lights forward so the flashlight (UK torch) does not shine and reflect back on the firearm directly. Creating shadows and visual impairment from this illumination.
The amount of rail space allows adjustment and personal optimization of each device and tool attached for the user. As designs have advance the amount of space has succeeded the actual need of placement space. Thus rail covers and protectors may be added, to prevent snagging on gear and/or plant foliage.
The six common types of rail systems for firearms are the Dovetail rail, Weaver rail, Warsaw Pact rail, Picatinny rail, KeyMod and M-LOK.
Future rails systems will have the option of carry power to supply the needs of the increasing electronics mounted to aid the shooter and/or soldier. Standards are still being determined for multiple countries. An example of such is NATO standards NATO Accessory Rail which is continued improvement and standardization of the Picatinny rail.
See also
Rail Integration System (RIS)
Dovetail rail
Weaver rail
Warsaw Pact rail
Picatinny rail
NATO Accessory Rail
KeyMod
M-LOK
UIT rail
References
Firearm components
Mechanical standards |
5383824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC%20Universal | HTC Universal | The HTC Universal is a Windows Mobile 5.0 Pocket PC PDA manufactured by High Tech Computer Corporation. It was the first 3G/UMTS-enabled Pocket PC PDA with a telecommunications function, and also the first to come with Windows Mobile 5.0 pre-installed.
It was sold by many different vendors under the names of O2 xda Exec, Orange SPV M5000, Dopod 900, Qtek 9000, T-Mobile MDA Pro, I-mate JasJar, Vodafone v1640, Vodafone VPA IV, E-Plus PDA IV, etc. Despite all the different model names and housing appearance, they all have identical hardware specifications with small differences in the external color and branding.
The most eye-catching feature of this device is its 180-degree swivel screen, allowing a quick swap between portrait mode and landscape mode. The GUI automatically adjusts screen orientation accordingly.
SIM lock
Most network-supplied versions of the Universal are shipped SIM-locked, with the O2 XDA Exec being a notable exception. HowevXdaer, a free SIM unlocking tool was released. This process involves flashing a new Radio ROM onto the device, and it may invalidate the warranty.
Detailed specifications
Screen Size: 3.7 in (9.4 cm) Transflective LCD
Screen Resolution: 640x480 VGA at 216 ppi
Input: 62-key QWERTY keyboard and touchscreen with stylus (included; stylus also available separately for 19 EUR as of October 2008)
Cameras: 2
1.3 MP CMOS Camera with LED "flash" mounted on the reverse of the keyboard section
QVGA (320x240) CMOS Camera for 3G video calling, mounted beside the screen, close to the hinge
Processor: Intel Bulverde (PXA270) 520 MHz CPU
Memory: Flash ROM: 128 MB, RAM: 128 MB/64 MB SDRAM
Memory expansion: SDIO/MMC card slot (officially without SDHC, with maximum capacity supported being 4GB, but there is unofficial SDHC support from xda-developers - SDHC cards are accepted with Windows Mobile 6.1 or higher and there is another unofficial update to Windows Mobile 5 that allows the use of SDXC cards up to 64GB.)
Network Standard: Tri-Band GSM/GPRS (900/1800/1900) + WCDMA (UMTS) (2100 MHz)
GPRS: Class B Multi-slot standard class 10 PBCCH MO/MT SMS over GPRS
Connection interface: Client only Mini-USB connector, USB charging, USB 2.0 protocol
Wireless connectivity: Infrared IrDA FIR, Bluetooth 1.2 Class 2 compliant, WiFi 802.11b IEEE 802.11b compliant, Internal Antenna, 11, 5.5, 2 and 1 Mbit/s per channel, 64-, 128- bit WEP & WPA standard data encryption
Standard battery capacity: 1620 mAh (included; battery is removable)
Charging: Mini USB (also used for data transfer)
Extended batteries
There are many high-capacity "extended" batteries available for the HTC Universal. 2600mAh, 3150mAh, 3200mAh, 3800mAh, 4800mAh and even 5200mAh models have been sold by various retailers, which allow the device to run for more than a week in many cases on a single charge (with light to medium use). All extended batteries have one big drawback though, they are all supplied with a new plastic back to hold the battery, which considerably increases the size and weight of the device.
The 3800 mAh battery is a Li Ion battery with model number PU16B manufactured by Dynapack International Technology Corporation in Taiwan. It is rated at 3.7 VDC (or 4.2 VDC). It increased the weight of HTC Universal to 350 g. It allows the use of the camera by holes built in the battery plastic container. Its price is about 30 EUR as of October 2008. With this battery, HTC Universal can operate up to 200 hours without GSM/UMTS/Bluetooth/WiFi or about 100–150 hours with UMTS and Bluetooth on.
Unofficial extensions
With registry editing and/or ROM re-flashing (both of which should only be done by people who are confident and experienced with these processes), substantial extra functionality can be added to this device. A few examples follow (there are many more):
Wireless G (802.11g) connectivity. This only allows the device to communicate using the 802.11g protocol instead of 802.11b, it does not give a speed increase beyond 11Mbit. However, numerous online sources now say this no longer works.
Full emulation of an "SD card reader" (USB mass storage device class).
Full VGA (640x480 resolution) graphics, as opposed to the "QVGA (320x240) emulation/compatibility mode" which the Universal runs in by default. The two main downsides to this are that some software cannot handle "true VGA" mode, which usually results in corrupted graphics, and that it can be quite difficult to see (and use a stylus with) such small screen elements as text.
Emulation and mapping of additional keys not found on the Universal native keyboard, such as CTRL and ALT.
Support for SDHC cards. 8GB, 16GB and 32GB cards have been tested successfully. This is only made possible via a third-party hacked driver.
128MB of RAM. It is possible to replace 64MB memory modules with 128MB one. It can be only used with 128MB enabled ROMs but it makes more space for running applications.
Linux
It is possible to install a custom version of Linux on the HTC Universal. Despite the lack of cooperation by HTC (and most other smartphone/PPC manufacturers for that matter), drivers for most of the device's components are functional (the two cameras and the flash ROM being the only significant exceptions). It is possible to run various handheld Linux distributions on the Universal, though application support is in its infancy.
Windows Mobile 6 (Crossbow)
There are numerous "unofficial" builds of Windows Mobile 6 (Crossbow) which have been made to run on this device, and now even some tools whthatllow users to create their own custom WM6 ROM images (a process commonly known by the term "cooking ROMs"). There is a thriving community of people dedicated to improving these WM6 builds (and associated tools) on the Universal.
References
External links
xda-developers Probably the largest community of Pocket PC phone users out there. The majority of "unofficial" WM6 ROM development/hacking for the Universal & many other PPC phones is located here.
Android on the HTC Universal
www.iPocketPC.Net The largest software website for free HTC software for Pocket PC and Windows Mobile.
See, in particular, the HTC Universal section of the xda-developers' wiki
Linux on Universal status page
The supported hardware page of the Openmoko project
Runnable Linux images for the HTC Universal
Titchy Mobile - Debian GNU/Linux on the HTC Universal
Linux on the HTC Universal
Windows Mobile Professional devices
Universal
Mobile phones with an integrated hardware keyboard
Mobile phones with infrared transmitter |
5383829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczebrzeszyn%20Landscape%20Park | Szczebrzeszyn Landscape Park | Szczebrzeszyn Landscape Park () is a protected area (Landscape Park) in Lublin Voivodeship in eastern Poland, created to protect the natural, cultural and historic values of the Roztocze region. Almost the whole area of the Park is situated in the eastern part of the Western Roztocze region, with the valley of the Gorajec river and sections of the valleys of the Wieprz and Por rivers within its territory.
Characteristic features
The Park was established in 1991. It covers an area of . Its characteristic features are numerous loess ravines, enriching the local landscape full of fields and forests. Of interest are the wet area of peatbog called Bagno Talandy where the Gorajec river has its source and picturesque springs in Trzęsiny, Radecznica, Zaporze, Szczebrzeszyn, Czarnystok and Latyczyn.
Vegetation and wildlife
The Park vegetation is diverse. The most precious are forests scattered all over the area, abundant in Carpathian beech trees covering the slopes of the hills and deep ravines. The Cetnar Forest located nearby Kawęczynek village is one of the most valuable. There are 10 nature monuments, and especially worthy of attention is a small-leaved-limetree having a circumference of 920 cm growing in Szperòwka. The Park is rich in species of plant and animals under protection.
Points of interest
The Park's varied landscape can be admired from many vantage points, the best of which is the Szperòwka-Dzielce section of the newly constructed national road. Also, local architectural monuments deserve recommendation. The most interesting are: Benedictine Baroque Church, a monastery and a park in Radecznica, church buildings and ruins of old church in Mokrelipie, parish and post-Franciscan churches, the Orthodox church and the synagogue in Szczebrzeszyn.
References
Landscape parks in Poland
Parks in Lublin Voivodeship
Zamość County |
5383837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia-Washington-1%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012 | Caledonia-Washington-1 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012 | The Caledonia-Washington-1 Representative District is a one-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Caledonia-Washington-1 District includes all of the Caledonia County towns of Danville and Peacham, and the Washington County town of Cabot.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The one member Caledonia-Washington-1 District had a population of 4,089 in that same census, 0.74% above the state average.
District Representative
Steve Larrabee, Republican
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts -- Statistics
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Cabot, Vermont
Danville, Vermont
Peacham, Vermont |
5383844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4U%200614%2B091 | 4U 0614+091 | 4U 0614+091 is a low-mass X-ray binary star system which features a neutron star and a low-mass companion star. The binary system lies 10,000 light-years away in Orion. It produces jets like a microquasar, the first time an object other than a black hole has been shown to produce jets.
References
External links
Astrophysicists Discover Compact Jets From Neutron Star – Space Daily
Surprising Activity from a Dead Star – Space.com
V1055 Ori
Neutron stars
X-ray binaries
Orion (constellation)
Orionis, V1055 |
5383851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofo-Sant%27Eleuterio | Tofo-Sant'Eleuterio | Tofo-Sant'Eleuterio is a small village in the province of Teramo, in the Abruzzo region of central Italy. It is a frazione of the comune of Teramo. The inhabitants are known as Tofesi.
Geography
Tofo-Sant'Eleuterio lies about 10 km from Teramo, at an elevation of 250 m. It has two parts, Villa Tofo higher up, and Sant'Eleuterio below. The former is located on a hill from which one can see in the distance the Gran Sasso, the highest peak in the Apennine Mountains, as well as another peak, Montagna dei Fiori. According to tradition, Villa Tofo is named after the nearby tuff rocks. The latter village takes its name from its patron, Saint Eleutherius, the thirteenth pope. A church in the town is named in his honor.
About one mile from the village is the provincial road "Fonte a collina" (from the spring to the hill) which from Fiumicino (a village near San Nicolò a Tordino in the commune of Teramo leads to Sant'Onofrio in the commune of Campli. The town is adjacent to a ridge of the Fiumicino torrent, a tributary on the left bank of the Tordino river.
History
Historical records dating back to the 14th century document the presence of Benedictine Monastery near Tofo on the banks of the Fiumicino. Few traces of this dwelling remain.
Beginning in the early 20th century, Tofo-Sant'Eleuterio entered a period of significant development. During the fascist period an elementary school, which had been housed in a private home, was constructed. A church dedicated to the Immaculate Conception was constructed during the mid 1960s. The church is by no means grandiose and was constructed in large part through the hard labor and economic support of the local citizens. Portions of the building materials were taken from the ruins of a nearby colonial bishopric tribunal dwelling. Mario Cerino, from Monticelli (another village in the commune of Teramo), donated the land where the church now stands. Surveys, designs andgeneral contracting services were carried out under the auspices of Giovanni Di Felice.
In the 1960s the village began to industrialize more heavily.
Notes and references
Frazioni of the Province of Teramo
Cities and towns in Abruzzo |
5383859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Route%2050 | New York State Route 50 | New York State Route 50 (NY 50) is a state highway in the Capital District of New York in the United States. The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 5 in Scotia. Its northern terminus is at a junction with NY 32 in the Saratoga County hamlet of Gansevoort.
Route description
All but of NY 50 is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT). The lone locally maintained segment lies within the city of Saratoga Springs, where the route is city-maintained from the southern boundary of the city's inner district to Van Dam Street, a local street three blocks north of NY 9N and NY 29.
Scotia to Milton
NY 50 begins at an intersection with NY 5 (Mohawk Avenue) in the village of Scotia in the town of Glenville, just a couple blocks north of the Mohawk River. NY 50 winds northeastward through Scotia on North Ballston Avenue, crossing past Collins Lake on a two-lane residential street. Near the Cambridge Manor in Scotia, NY 50 crosses over the Hudson Subdivision, owned by Amtrak. Just north of the crossing, the route leaves Scotia and changes names to Ballston Road. At the junction with Swaggertown Road (unsigned County Route 43 or CR 43), NY 50 winds northeast into a junction with Freemans Bridge Road (unsigned NY 911F) in front of Schenectady County Airport.
After passing the airport, NY 50 continues northeast through Glenville, now with the Saratoga Road moniker. As the route enters the hamlet of Stoodley Corners, it turns northward, crossing a large commercial development that surrounds the intersection with Glenridge Road (unsigned NY 914V). Leaving Stoodley Corners, NY 50 winds northward through the hamlets of Mayfair and Woodruff Heights, crossing a junction with Charlton Road (CR 37), the route bends northeast into the hamlet of Harmon Park, a small community in Glenville. After a junction with High Mills Road (CR 33), NY 50 crosses the line from Schenectady County to Saratoga County.
Now in the town of Ballston, NY 50 retains the Saratoga Road moniker, crossing northeast into the hamlet of Burnt Hills. In the center of Burnt Hills, NY 50 intersects with CR 58 (Lake Hill Road) and CR 339 (Lake Hill Road), which once served as the western terminus of NY 339. Continuing northeast out of Burnt Hills, NY 50 crosses a junction with CR 110 (Kingsley Road). At a junction with Larkin Road, NY 50 turns northward, reaching a junction with the northern terminus of NY 146A (Midline Road). Continuing northwest through Ballston, the route remains a two-lane residential roadway, soon turning north near a junction with Charlton Road.
NY 50 winds northward through Ballston, crossing the Mourning Kill, and a junction with CR 60 (Brookline Road) . The route winds northeast, reaching a junction with NY 67. At this junction, NY 50 and NY 67 become concurrent, dropping the Saratoga Road moniker, changing names to Church Avenue. Now entering a developed section of the town of Ballston, NY 50 and NY 67 crosses into the village of Ballston Spa, located in both the towns of Ballston and Milton. At the center of the village, NY 67 turns west away from NY 50 along West High Street, while NY 50 continues north through the village on Milton Avenue. A short distance later, the route forks to the northwest off Milton Avenue, changing names to Doubleday Avenue, exiting the village.
Milton to Gansevoort
NY 50 crosses northeast through Milton as Doubleday Avenue, crossing a junction with CR 64 (North Line Road). Just north of this junction, the route crosses into the city of Saratoga Springs, changing names to Ballston Avenue. Passing Saratoga Spa State Park, NY 50 parallels a railroad line before crossing over it within the park. At this point, NY 50 becomes a four-lane boulevard next to the Saratoga Spa State Park, crossing multiple at-grade junctions, including one with CR 43 (Geyser Road). Returning to its two-lane alignment, NY 50 winds northeast through Saratoga Springs, entering downtown as Ballston Avenue. Through the area south of downtown, the route is a two-lane commercial street, bending northeast into the junction with US 9 (South Broadway).
Now in the center of Saratoga Springs, US 9 and NY 50 become concurrent, proceeding north into the core of downtown as Broadway past Congress Park and a junction with the northern terminus of NY 9P (Spring Street). A block north of the junction, US 9 and NY 50 junction with NY 29 (Washington Street). US 9, NY 29 and NY 50 now are concurrent through the center of Saratoga Springs, reaching a junction with the southern terminus of NY 9N (Church Street), where NY 29 also turns east onto Lake Avenue. US 9 and NY 50 continue north through downtown, reaching the junction with Van Dam Street, where the routes turn northeast onto the C.V. Whitney Memorial Highway, a four-lane boulevard through Saratoga Springs. At the junction with Marion Avenue, US 9 continues north on Marion while NY 50 continues east on the Whitney.
NY 50 soon bends towards the east, passing along the southern shore of Loughberry Lake and into an interchange with the Adirondack Northway (I-87 exit 15). Now in the town of Wilton, NY 50 then reaches the northern terminus of Weibel Avenue, which is also designated as NY 29 Truck. The route enters the main commercial area of Wilton, passing the Wilton Mall at Saratoga before narrowing to a two-lane rural road proceeding northeast through Wilton. Beginning a parallel of the Meadow Brook, NY 50 crosses a junction with the western terminus of CR 39 (King Road). Passing south of the hamlet of Ballard Corners, NY 50 junctions with CR 33 (Ballard Road), becoming a residential road as it leaves Wilton.
After leaving Wilton, NY 50 crosses into the town of Northumberland. Through Northumberland, NY 50 winds northeast through town, remaining a two-lane residential street before turning northwest at Rice Brook. A short distance later, NY 50 enters the hamlet of Gansevoort, where it reaches a junction with NY 32 (Schuylerville Road). This intersection, located in front of Bertha E. Smith Park, marks the northern terminus of NY 50.
History
When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924, the portion of modern NY 50 south of Saratoga Springs was designated as part of NY 10, a north–south highway extending from the New Jersey state line near New York City to Saranac Lake via Albany and Saratoga Springs. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, NY 10 was realigned south of Long Lake to pass west of the Capital District on its way to the Southern Tier. The old alignment of NY 10 between Scotia and Saratoga Springs became part of the new NY 50, which continued north to Gansevoort along a previously unnumbered roadway.
By 1947, Erie Boulevard, Maxon Road, and Freemans Bridge Road were collectively designated as a spur of NY 50. As a result, the NY 50 designation effectively split in Glenville, with the west branch continuing south to Scotia and the east branch continuing southeast to NY 5 in Schenectady. The east branch was removed from maps at some point between 1958 and 1962; however, it was redesignated as a special route of NY 50 by 1968. While maps drawn by General Drafting labeled the route as "NY 50 Alternate", maps drawn by the H.M. Gousha Company labeled it as "NY 50 Spur". The special route was eliminated at some point in the late 1970s or early 1980s. The portion from Nott Street north to NY 50 remains state-maintained as NY 911F, an unsigned reference route.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
050
Transportation in Schenectady County, New York
Transportation in Saratoga County, New York |
5383867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar%20Loaf%20%28Mackinac%20Island%29 | Sugar Loaf (Mackinac Island) | Sugar Loaf is a 75-foot-high (23m) landlocked rock or stack in the interior of Mackinac Island in Lake Huron. Created by erosion during the period of postglacial Lake Algonquin, Sugar Loaf is the largest post-glacial erosion feature in the Straits of Mackinac.
The immense rock, which consists of resistant limestone breccia, was cut off from Ancient Mackinac Island or the Turtle's Back by the glacial meltwaters of Lake Algonquin. Polar storms released by the retreating ice sheet created erosional forces much stronger than any existing today on the Great Lakes.
The rock lies within the boundaries of the Mackinac Island State Park near the junction of Crooked Tree Road and Sugar Loaf Road. It can be seen from Point Lookout, near the Island's highest point.
Etymology
The primary sweetening enjoyed by people of all backgrounds on the frontier Great Lakes was maple sugar, packed into cone-shaped baskets or makakoon of birchbark. Sugar Loaf Rock was named for its resemblance to one of these cones.
Lore
A wide variety of stories were told by Native Americans and frontier dwellers about Sugar Loaf. It was said by some to be the home of Gitchie Manitou. Other tales suggested that the rock was the final form taken by a man afflicted with hubris who broke a taboo and was punished by being petrified into the form of a giant stone. The profile in limestone, affixed to the side of Sugar Loaf Rock, of a male face may have suggested this legend. The profile is said to be that of the lost soul, who can never escape the identity he took upon his moral condemnation.
Sugar Loaf Rock appears to have been used as a site of ritual burials and inhumations. In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville and his friend Gustave de Beaumont visited Mackinac Island. De Beaumont reported that the rock was filled with "crevices and faults where the Indians sometimes deposed the bones of the dead." Any such deposits have long since disappeared.
A natural cave passes through Sugar Loaf from side to side, too small for passage by any but adventurous children.
References
Sources
George W. Pierson, "Tocqueville and Beaumont in America" (New York City: Oxford University Press, 1938), page 302.
Geology of Michigan
Stacks of the United States
Mackinac Island State Park
Religious places of the indigenous peoples of North America
Sacred rocks
Protected areas of Mackinac County, Michigan
Landforms of Mackinac County, Michigan
Historic district contributing properties in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Mackinac County, Michigan
Natural features on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan |
5383869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYCH-FM | KYCH-FM | KYCH-FM (97.1 MHz) is a commercial radio station in Portland, Oregon. It is owned by Audacy, Inc. and airs an adult hits radio format branded as "97.1 Charlie FM." KYCH-FM plays a fairly wide mix of music, mostly from the rock and pop genres, from the 1960s to today; much of the playlist is made up of modern rock and classic rock from the MTV music video era of the 1980s and 1990s. From mid-November through December 25 Charlie plays exclusively Christmas music. The station does not have disc jockeys, instead playing amusing or ironic messages after every three or four songs.
KYCH-FM's studios and offices are on SW Bancroft Street in Downtown Portland. The transmitter is atop Portland's West Hills, off SW Fairmount Court. The effective radiated power is 97,000 watts (100,000 with beam tilt).
History
On September 3, 1946, KPFM signed on the air at 94.9 MHz. KPFM was owned by Broadcasters Oregon, Ltd., and was powered at 1,530 watts. It was a stand-alone FM station, not affiliated with an AM station, and never had any connection to local television station KPTV. KPFM moved to 97.1 MHz on July 31, 1947, broadcasting a classical music format.
In 1960, KPFM was bought by Chem-Air, Inc., a subsidiary of Boeing. Chem-Air supplied stores and restaurants with background music, via a subscription radio service not available on regular FM radios. KPFM's transmitter was used for the service. Chem-Air also put an AM station on the air, named KPAM, at 1410 kHz. KPAM was originally a daytimer, required to sign off at sunset; for the first several decades, the two stations simulcast their programming. On December 16, 1961, KPFM became the first station in Oregon to broadcast in stereo. KPAM and KPFM were acquired by Romito, Inc. in 1965.
On February 27, 1970, KPFM changed its call sign to KPAM-FM. KPAM-AM-FM ran a Top 40 format as "K-Pam." In 1980, Duffy Broadcasting acquired KPAM-AM-FM. In September of that year, KPAM-AM-FM changed to KCNR and KCNR-FM, as the "Center" of the FM dial. The two stations aired an adult contemporary format.
Even though most FM stations in larger cities could not fully simulcast after 1968, because AM 1410 was a daytimer, the two were permitted to air the same programming most of the time. In 1985, the two stations were sold to different owners, with KCNR-FM being acquired by Fort Vancouver Broadcasting. On November 14, 1985, KCNR-FM changed call letters to KKLI and rebranded as "K-Lite 97 FM," with a soft adult contemporary format.
In 1988, Heritage Media acquired KKLI, the owners of KKSN in suburban Vancouver, Washington. On February 5 of that year, KKLI switched its call sign to KKSN-FM, and the following day, changed its format to oldies, simulcasting with the AM, which had been carrying classical music. The two stations called themselves "KISN" as in "Kissin'."
In April 1998, Entercom Communications acquired KKSN-AM-FM. On April 21, 2005, at 2 p.m., after playing "American Pie" by Don McLean, KKSN-FM flipped to the current adult hits format as "Charlie FM" (the oldies format moved to exclusively to the AM). The first song on "Charlie" was "Start Me Up" by The Rolling Stones. The call letters were changed to KYCH on April 29, 2005.
HD Radio
KYCH broadcasts in the HD Radio format. KYCH-HD2 airs a dance music and classic disco format branded as "Funkytown".
See also
List of radio stations in Washington
References
External links
YCH-FM
Adult hits radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1946
1946 establishments in Oregon
Audacy, Inc. radio stations |
5383872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leecia%20Eve | Leecia Eve | Leecia Roberta Eve is an attorney from New York with experience in federal government, state government, and the private sector who currently works as a lobbyist for telecommunications giant Verizon. Born in Buffalo, Eve was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New York during the 2006 election. After working for U.S. Sen. Hillary Clinton, Eve served as a senior advisor during Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign. From 2011 to 2013, she was Deputy Secretary for Economic Development in the Executive Chamber of New York Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. She was appointed to the Board of Commissioners of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in July 2017. Eve ran for Attorney General of New York in 2018, but was defeated in the Democratic primary.
Background, education, and career
An African-American native of Buffalo, New York, Eve is the daughter of former Deputy Assembly Speaker Arthur Eve and Constance Eve.
Eve is a graduate of Smith College, The John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, and Harvard Law School. Following her law school graduation, she clerked for New York Court of Appeals Judge Fritz W. Alexander II. Eve eventually became a partner at the Hodgson Russ law firm, and also worked as an aide to U.S. Sens. Joseph Biden and Hillary Clinton. After working as Senate Counsel and Homeland Security Advisor to Clinton, Eve served as a senior policy adviser to during Clinton's 2008 primary campaign for President.
In January 2011, Eve was appointed by Governor Andrew Cuomo to serve as Senior Vice President of the Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC). In October 2011, Governor Cuomo appointed her to serve as his Deputy Secretary for Economic Development. On July 12, 2017, Eve was appointed by Gov. Cuomo to the Board of Commissioners of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
As of August 2018, Eve is a Vice President of Government Affairs at Verizon.
Leecia serves as a member of the Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Board of Directors
She is a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.
Political campaigns
In 2005, Eve left Hillary Clinton's staff and announced her 2006 candidacy for Lieutenant Governor of New York. She received the endorsement of several Harlem political leaders, including Congressman Charles Rangel, former New York City Mayor David Dinkins, former Manhattan Borough President Percy Sutton, and former New York Secretary of State Basil Paterson. However, Attorney General and eventual Governor Eliot Spitzer instead selected State Senate Minority Leader David Paterson as his running mate.
David Paterson seriously considered Eve as a replacement for Clinton when Clinton resigned her U.S. Senate seat to become United States Secretary of State.
Eve was one of four candidates than ran in the 2018 Democratic primary for Attorney General of New York. She received the endorsement of the Albany Times Union. On September 13, 2018, Eve lost the Democratic primary for Attorney General to Letitia James, receiving 3.4% of the vote.
Further reading
Paterson, David "Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity."Skyhorse Publishing. New York, New York, 2020
Notes
1964 births
African-American women lawyers
African-American lawyers
American politicians of Dominican Republic descent
Hispanic and Latino American women in politics
American women lawyers
Harvard Law School alumni
Living people
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) lawyers
People from Buffalo, New York
Smith College alumni
Women in New York (state) politics
People associated with Covington & Burling
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women |
5383886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Herzfeld | Karl Herzfeld | Karl Ferdinand Herzfeld (February 24, 1892 – June 3, 1978) was an Austrian-American physicist.
Education
Herzfeld was born in Vienna during the reign of the Habsburgs over the Austro-Hungarian Empire. "He came from a prominent, recently assimilated Jewish family." His father was a physician and ordinarius professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Vienna. His mother, Camilla née Herzog, was the daughter of a newspaper publisher and sister of the organic chemist R. O. Herzog.
In 1902, when Herzfeld was 10 years old, he was enrolled in the private Gymnasium Schottengymnasium, which was run by the Benedictine Order of the Roman Catholic Church and had its name derived from the fact that the founders came from Scotland. He attended this school until 1910, when he began attending the University of Vienna to study physics and chemistry. In 1912, he took courses at the University of Zurich and the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH). It was in Zurich he met Otto Stern, who was at the ETH; Herzfeld later credited conversations with Stern for his deeper understanding of thermodynamics. In 1913, he went to study at the University of Göttingen, after which Herzfeld returned to Vienna, and was granted his doctorate in 1914, under Friedrich Hasenöhrl, who had become Director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics, upon the suicide of Ludwig Boltzmann in 1906.
Herzfeld's doctoral thesis applied statistical mechanics to a gas of free electrons as a model for a theory of metals. By the time he received his doctorate, he already had published six scientific papers. In one of them, he attempted to derive a model of the hydrogen atom. This paper was published in 1912, shortly before Niels Bohr submitted his first paper on the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom.
Upon receipt of his doctorate, Herzfeld volunteered for service in the Austro-Hungarian Army. World War I broke out shortly thereafter and he served until 1918, rising to the rank of first lieutenant. Herzfeld's thesis advisor Hasenöhrl was called to serve during World War I and was killed at the front. During his tenure in the military, Herzfeld published six papers on statistical mechanics applied to problems in physics and chemistry, especially to the structure of matter – gases, liquids, and solids.
After the War, Herzfeld returned to the University of Vienna, however, the University was in such dire financial straits that he moved to Munich in 1919, with the intent of studying analytical chemistry and getting a job in the German chemical industry, which had a highly respected reputation. First, he was an assistant at the physico-chemical laboratory of Kasimir Fajans at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU). However, once there, he found the challenge of theoretical physics more to his liking. He became Privatdozent for theoretical physics and physical chemistry at LMU, and therefore was much more associated with Arnold Sommerfeld, who was ordinarius professor for theoretical physics and Director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics – a prominent organization for the study of atomic and molecular structure. From 1925, until he left LMU in 1926, he was extraordinarius professor of theoretical physics. During this time, Linus Pauling did postdoctoral studies with him, and he was the thesis advisor for Walter Heitler, who got his doctorate in 1926. In 1925, Herzfeld published his book on kinetic theory and statistical mechanics, which became a graduate-level textbook in German-speaking universities.
Career
It was in 1926 that Herzfeld took a visiting professorship at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, which developed into a regular faculty position. During 1930 and 1932, he was a lecturer at Cooper Union and Fordham University in New York City.
While at Johns Hopkins, Herzfeld did considerable research with the chemist Francis O. Rice, who joined the University as an associate professor the same year Herzfeld arrived. Their 1928 paper considered the role of molecular vibrations in the transfer of energy between ultrasonic waves and gas molecules. At Johns Hopkins, Herzfeld worked with other European colleagues on the University's physics faculty, namely James Franck and Maria Goeppert-Mayer, who were awarded Nobel Prizes in Physics in 1925 and 1963, respectively. Franck came to Johns Hopkins after he left Germany in 1933, where he had been ordinarius professor of experimental physics and Director of the Second Institute for Experimental Physics at the University of Göttingen and a close colleague of Max Born, who was Director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at Göttingen. Goeppert-Mayer was a student of Born, and she joined the Johns Hopkins faculty in 1931. Goeppert-Mayer and Herzfeld published articles on states of aggregation and nuclear fusion reactions. Herzfeld coauthored articles with Franck on photosynthesis, one being after they had both left Johns Hopkins. John Archibald Wheeler, who became a prominent physicist, took his PhD under Herzfeld in 1933.
In 1936, Herzfeld moved to The Catholic University of America in Washington, DC, where he remained until his death in 1978. He received emeritus status in 1969 and stayed active for the rest of his life.
Reasons for Herzfeld leaving Johns Hopkins were described in a letter to Arnold Sommerfeld. A main reason was the dire financial situation at Johns Hopkins. However, there were other reasons as well. One being his relationship with R. W. Wood, a professor of experimental physics and chairman of the physics department, had deteriorated. Also, J. A. Bearden, another experimentalist, thought there was too much emphasis on theoretical physics and the number of German physicists in the small department was out of balance. Bearden also suspected that Herzfeld had brought Franck to Johns Hopkins to further Herzfeld's ambitions to be department chairman. Finally too, Bearden thought Herzfeld had caused dissension in the department over his strong support to promote Göppert-Mayer from research associate in physics to a regular faculty appointment. While Herzfeld did receive offers from both Fordham University and Catholic University, neither was appealing as they did not have strong research departments. While talking the situation over with Isaiah Bowman, president of Johns Hopkins, it became clear that the financial difficulties at Johns Hopkins might require downsizing the physics faculty. With this in mind, Herzfeld accepted the offer from Catholic University. Herzfeld's teaching responsibilities and salary at Catholic University were about the same as that at Johns Hopkins, but there were additional administrative duties, as he was also chairman of the physics department.
In the late 1940s, Herzfeld increased the attention at Catholic University to quantum-mechanical calculations on the electronic structure of polyatomic molecules, thus establishing a respected position for the University in this field.
In 1959, Herzfeld and Theodore A. Litovitz collaborated on a book, in part, summarizing Herzfeld's thinking on ultrasonics over the 30 plus years since his article with F. O. Rice. In 1966, Herzfeld published a review article summarizing 50 years of developments in physical ultrasonics.
Personal life
In 1938, Herzfeld married Regina Flannery, who was an instructor of anthropology at Catholic University; by the time she retired in 1970, she had risen to professor and the first woman to head that department.
Herzfeld was a Catholic who had a profound interest in Catholic theology. He received the James Cardinal Gibbons Medal for his contributions to the United States, the Catholic Church, and The Catholic University of America.
Honors
1958 – Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1960 – Elected to the National Academy of Sciences
1964 – US Navy's Meritorious Service Citation for his services during World War II
Publications
Articles
Karl F. Herzfeld Über ein Atommodell, das die Balmer'sche Wasserstoffserie aussendet, Sitzungsberichte der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien 121(2a):593-601 (1912)
Karl F. Herzfeld Zur Elektronentheorie der Metalle, Annalen der Physik (4) 41:27-52 [Herzfeld's doctoral dissertation at Vienna University under the direction of Professor Friedrich Hasenöhrl] (1913)
Karl F. Herzfeld On Atomic Properties Which Make an Element a Metal, Physical Review 29:701-705 (1927)
Karl F. Herzfeld and F. O. Rice Dispersion and absorption of high-frequency sound waves, Physical Review 31:691-95 (1928)
Karl F. Herzfeld and Maria Goeppert-Mayer On the states of aggregation, Journal of Chemical Physics 2:38-45 (1934)
F. O. Rice and Karl F. Herzfeld The Thermal Decomposition of Organic Compounds from the Standpoint of Free Radicals. VI. The Mechanism of Some Chain Reactions',' J. Am. Chem. Soc. 56:284–289 (1934)
Karl F. Herzfeld and M. Göppert-Mayer On the theory of fusion, Phys. Rev. 46:995-1001 (1935)
Karl F. Herzfeld and James Franck An attempted theory of photosynthesis, J. Chem. Phys. 5:237-51 (1937)
Karl F. Herzfeld and James Franck Contributions to a theory of photosynthesis, J. Phys. Chem. 45:978-1025 (1941)
Karl F. Herzfeld Electron levels in polyatomic molecules having resonating double bonds, Chemical Reviews 41:233-56 (1947)
Karl F. Herzfeld Nodal surfaces in molecular wave functions Review of Modern Physics 21:527-30 (1949)
Karl F. Herzfeld Fifty Years of Physical Ultrasonics, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Volume 39, Issue 5A, pp. 813–825, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. (Received 27 July 1965)
Books
Karl F. Herzfeld Zur Elektronentheorie der Metalle (Barth, 1913)
Karl F. Herzfeld Physikalische und Elektrochemie In Encyklopädie der Mathematischen Wissenschften mit Einschluss ihrer Anwendungen Band V, Heft 6, pp. 947–1112 (Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1921)
Karl F. Herzfeld Grösse und Bau der Moleküle In Handbuch der Physik 1st ed., band 22, ed. A. Smekal, pp. 386–519 (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1924) (second ed., band 24, 1933, pp. 1–252).
Karl F. Herzrfeld, Kinetische Theorie der Wärme In Müller-Pouillets Lehrbuch der Physik Band 3 (Braunsweig: F. Viewig und Sohn, 1925)
Karl F. Herzfeld Klassische Thermodynamik In Handbuch der Physik 1st ed., Band 9, pp. 1–140 (Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1926)
Karl F. Herzfeld and K. L. Wolf Absorption und dispersion In Handbuch der Physik 1st ed., Band 20, pp. 480–634 (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1928)
Karl F. Herzfeld Gittertheorie der festen Körper In Handbuch der Experimental Physik Band 7, eds. W. Wien and F. Harms, pp. 325–422 (Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1928)
Karl F. Herzfeld and H. M. Smallwood The kinetic theory of gases and liquids In A Treatise on Physical Chemistry 2nd ed., vol. 1, ed. H. S. Taylor, pp. 73–217 (New York: Van Nostrand, 1931)
Karl F. Herzfeld and H. M. Smallwood Imperfect gases and the liquid state In A Treatise on Physical Chemistry 2nd ed., vol. 1, ed. H. S. Taylor, pp. 219–250 (New York: Van Nostrand, 1931)
Karl F. Herzfeld Relaxation phenomena in gases In Thermodynamics and Physics of Matter vol. 1, ed. F. Rossini, pp. 646–735 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1955)
Karl F. Herzfeld and V. Griffing Fundamental physics of gases In Thermodynamics and Physics of Matter vol. 1, ed. F. Rossini, pp. 111–176 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1955)
Karl F. Herzfeld and Theodore A. Litovitz Absorption and Dispersion of Ultrasonic Waves. Pure and Applied Physics Volume 7, (Academic Press, 1959)
Karl F. Herzfeld Fundamental Physics of Gases (Princeton University Press, 1961)
Karl F. Herzfeld Questions in Statistical Mechanics: Some Reactionary Viewpoints by Karl F Herzfeld (Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, 1971)
Notes
References
Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 5 Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics. Part 1 Schrödinger in Vienna and Zurich 1887–1925.'' (Springer, 2001)
External links
Karl Herzfeld - Biographical Memoir
Herzfeld archives - Catholic University
1892 births
1978 deaths
University of Vienna alumni
University of Zurich alumni
Scientists from Vienna
Austrian emigrants to the United States
Austrian Jews
Austrian Roman Catholics
Austrian people of World War I
Austrian physicists
Austrian nuclear physicists
20th-century American physicists
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
American nuclear physicists
Jewish American scientists
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Fordham University faculty
Cooper Union faculty
Catholic University of America School of Arts and Sciences faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Austro-Hungarian expatriates in Switzerland |
5383895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Alexandra%20Hospital | Queen Alexandra Hospital | The Queen Alexandra Hospital (commonly known as QA Hospital, QAH or simply QA) is a large NHS hospital in Portsmouth, Hampshire. Located in Cosham, it is run by Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust and has a Ministry of Defence Hospital Unit attached.
History
Early history
Originally a military hospital, The Queen Alexandra (named for Alexandra of Denmark, King Edward VII's consort) was built between 1904 and 1908 to replace an earlier hospital which stood in Lion Street in Portsea, Portsmouth. The original buildings were of red brick construction, and the site was in a largely rural area, linked to Portsmouth and the surrounding villages (now suburbs) by a tram service.
The demilitarisation of the hospital began in 1926 when it was handed to the Ministry of Pensions, to care for disabled ex-servicemen. The Second World War saw the first civilian patients admitted, and several temporary huts added to the site to increase capacity. As with many makeshift hospitals from the era, the huts stayed in place for several years after the war.
Following the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948, all but 100 of the 640 beds were transferred to the NHS in 1951, with the remainder reserved for ex-servicemen. A League of Friends was established one year later. Development of the hospital under the NHS was rapid, and a Cerebral Palsy Unit was built in 1955, with two classrooms, a physiotherapy room, a speech and language therapy room, a staff room, and a kitchen. The unit opened in 1956. This was followed in 1957 by an outpatients unit, and in 1958 by the hospital chapel.
In 1960 the existing buildings were upgraded with a new boiler system. The League of Friends funded two new day rooms, which were added in 1962, when the main block was refurbished. A library was added in 1969.
Later in the 1960s, it was announced that the Queen Alexandra would become a district general hospital, complete with an Accident and Emergency department. This involved the construction of several new buildings, which began in 1968 with an eye department, a training school for nurses and two three-storey blocks for staff accommodation. A further two accommodation blocks, this time nine storeys high, were added later, being completed in 1976. Only two of the planned three new ward blocks were built.
Patients were transferred from the Royal Portsmouth Hospital in 1979, with the Queen Alexandra Hospital, including a new breast unit, being officially opened a year later by Princess Alexandra. Over the subsequent three years, the South Block was refurbished, culminating in the Trevor Howell Day Hospital opening in 1983. Five years later, a new diabetes unit opened, followed by a rehabilitation unit in 1991.
2000s redevelopment
A further rebuilding of the hospital was announced in 1999 although the procurement under a Private Finance Initiative contract was not completed until 2005. Some of the original buildings of the military hospital were demolished to make way for the new main hospital buildings. The works were designed by the Building Design Partnership and completed by Carillion at a cost of £236 million. In October 2009 the new Queen Alexandra Hospital was officially opened by The Princess Royal.
The annual payment the trust will make to its private sector contractor under the PFI contract is £32.866 million, subject to satisfactory performance by the contractor and other factors such as repayment and refinancing options. The contract is for 35 years; payments commence after 3.5 years upon the successful construction and handover of the new facilities to the trust.
A Care Quality Commission inspection in 2015 rated the trust as "outstanding" in relation to being caring and effective but needed to improve providing "safe, responsive and well-led services". Conditions in the accident and emergency department were so overcrowded that some patients with serious conditions had waited over an hour to be assessed.
2020s developments
Work began in March 2021 to create a new 72 bed ward in what was previously the North Car Park, whilst plans for a new multi-story car park are in preparation, and longer term proposals for a £58m revamped Accident and Emergency Department are also being drawn up.
On 7 January 2022 the hospital declared a major incident following a water leak effecting ground floor clinical areas. This resulted in canceling appointments and diverting ambulances away from the hospital site.
On 6 April 2022 the hospital and South Central Ambulance Service both declared critical incidences in response to extreme demands on the emergency department and 999 services.
See also
List of hospitals in England
References
External links
Trust website
Inspection reports from the Care Quality Commission
QA Hospital Radio website
Hospital buildings completed in 1908
NHS hospitals in England
Hospitals in Hampshire
1908 establishments in England |
5383910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Favorite%20%281864%29 | HMS Favorite (1864) | HMS Favorite was one of the three wooden warships of moderate dimension (the others being and ) selected by Sir Edward Reed for conversion to broadside ironclads in response to the increased tempo of French warship building.
Background and design
Favorite was named after a French prize-of-war, and hence her name is spelled in the French way. She was laid down as a corvette of 22 guns of the Jason class, and was selected for conversion after being two years on the builder's slipway. The hull form was already complete, so modifications were restricted to the installation of a rounded stern and a straight stem in place of the traditional overhanging stern and knee bow.
She carried her armour in a box battery amidships, and the guns carried therein, four on each side, were the heaviest naval cannon of the day. A degree of axial (fore and aft) fire was enabled through an arrangement in which part of the battery wall could be recessed, and one of the guns could be traversed around, about its own axis, to fire through the space thus produced.
She was regarded as a good sea-boat, but rolled more than most; her armament could therefore only have been fought in smooth water, and the movement of the forward or after guns to fire through the axial recesses would have been hazardous in the extreme in anything other than smooth water.
Service history
She was commissioned at Sheerness for the North America and West Indies station, returning home in August 1869 for refit. She was First Reserve guardship on the east coast of Scotland from 1872 to 1876, in succession to . On 3 August 1875, she ran aground on the Scroby Sands, Norfolk. She was refloated and found to be undamaged. She paid off at Portsmouth in 1876 and was laid up until sold.
References
Sources
Ships built on the River Medway
1864 ships
Corvettes of the Royal Navy
Maritime incidents in August 1875 |
5383923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisrael%20Amir | Yisrael Amir | Yisrael Amir (; – ) was the first commander of the Israeli Air Force.
Early life and biography
Amir was born into a Russian Jewish family with the surname Zabludovsky on 11 November 1902 in the city of Vilnius in the Russian Empire (now Lithuania). He made aliyah to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1923, where he joined the newly-formed Haganah, a paramilitary force of the Palestinian Jewish community known as the Yishuv.
Air Force career
The aftermath of the Israeli Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948 saw the formation of the Israel Defense Forces, primarily from the ranks of the Haganah paramilitary force and the locally-drawn Jewish Brigade of the British Army. The aerial wing of the Haganah, known as the Sherut Avir, was reorganized as the Israeli Air Force, and Amir was appointed as its first commander by Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion on 16 May. Sherut Avir had until this point only operated a small collection of aged and non-military aircraft, and the procurement of modern military-grade aircraft posed a significant problem for the new air force; Amir immediately secured an order of several Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters from Allied-occupied Germany and B-17 Flying Fortress bombers from the United States, which were ferried into Israel through Czechoslovakia. He retired from his military career in 1969, one year before the conclusion of the War of Attrition with Egypt. Amir died at a hospital in the city of Tel Aviv on 1 November 2002, aged 99.
References
Obituary in Haaretz Google cache version
1902 births
2002 deaths
Israeli Air Force personnel
Israeli aviators
Israeli generals
Lithuanian emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Israeli people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Lithuanian Jews
People from Vilna Governorate
Military personnel from Vilnius
Haganah members |
5383929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Sahlin | Don Sahlin | Donald George Sahlin (June 19, 1928 – May 29, 1978) was a Muppet designer and builder who worked for Jim Henson from 1962 to 1977.
Sahlin began making puppets at age 11, initially building a shadow theater and cardboard figurines. As an adult he built several puppets for Kukla, Fran and Ollie and created special effects sequences for films such as G.I. Blues and The Time Machine.
His first creation for Jim Henson was Rowlf the Dog, which he built in 1962 for a series of Purina Dog Chow commercials. Don would go on to design and build most of the Muppet characters, including Bert and Ernie, Grover, and Cookie Monster among others. His character designs are often recognizable for their spheroid heads partially bisected to create large mouths. Although always based on sketches by Jim Henson, the Muppet founder regularly stated that it was Sahlin who should be credited with creating the actual Muppet "look", and Henson later had a bench in London dedicated to his memory. The series finale of Fraggle Rock is also dedicated to him. After all the regular credits have been shown, a special credit appears which reads "This show is for Don Sahlin".
References
External links
Muppet designers
1928 births
1978 deaths
People from Stratford, Connecticut
Special effects people |
5383934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20CD-i%20games | List of CD-i games | This is a list of games made on the CD-i format, organised alphabetically by name. It includes cancelled games as well as actual releases. There are currently games on this list. See Lists of video games for related lists.
Games
Multimedia
Unreleased
Homebrew
References
CD-i
Philips products |
5383952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markland%20Hill | Markland Hill | Markland Hill is a mostly residential district of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England. Historically within Lancashire, it is about 2.5 miles to the north west of the town centre. It lies on the lower south facing slopes of the West Pennine Moors. It is bounded by Lostock to the south, Doffcocker to the north, and Heaton to the east. It occupied the northern part of the Heaton township.
Markland Hill County Primary School, which covers years Foundation to Year 6, is situated on Markland Hill.
It is near Doffcocker Lodge lying within the Bolton Ring Road, which is locally designated as Victoria Road.
References
Areas of Bolton |
5383973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Source%20Order%20of%20the%20Golden%20Dawn | Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn | The Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn (OSOGD) was an esoteric community of magical practitioners, many of whom came from pagan backgrounds. It was an initiatory teaching Order that drew upon the knowledge, experience, practices and spirit of the system of magical training and attainment developed by the original Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. The OSOGD ceased operating in September 2019.
History
The OSOGD was founded by Sam Webster in 2002 and based on the principles of the open-source software movement. The organization grew out of a series of workshops on ceremonial magic held by Webster in 2001.
According to Sam Webster,
According to The Manifesto of the Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn, the Order had undertaken to revise the teachings of the original Victorian era Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn system to work more effectively in the 21st century. This redaction of the original rituals has taken on the aspect of a number of principles, listed in the Manifesto as Open Source Magick, New Aeon, Freedom of Information, Thelema, Duty, Universalism, and Form and Function.
In temple work, the OSOGD uses Egyptian, Enochian and Thelemic godforms in preference to the Judeo-Christian Archangels typical of the original Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. According to the Manifesto, OSOGD teaches "a progressively tiered system of spiritual development designed to invoke the Higher or Divine Genius latent in every human being."
Membership
To actually join the Order, a person must have had regular access to its Lodge, which was located in the San Francisco Bay Area. The Order did not conduct distance initiations, and required that all initiates attend initiation rituals in person.
Influences
The Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn drew heavily from Eastern sources, Thelema, Paganism, and the works of Aleister Crowley.
See also
Open-source religion
Notes
References
Crow, John. "Interview with Sam Webster of the Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn" on Thelema Coast to Coast #28: June 24, 2006.
Gasperson, Tina (2006). New-time religion in NewsForge: The Online Newspaper for Linux and Open Source (May 17, 2006). Retrieved June 1, 2006.
Keane, Sam. "Open to Revisions" Search Magazine, Volume 6, Issue 19, May–June, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2009
Krengel, Eric. Open Source Religion Explored Again -- Beyond the Western Traditions, January 16, 2007
OSOGD (2002). The Manifesto of the Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn. Retrieved June 1, 2006.
Wicker, Christine (2005). Not In Kansas Anymore - A Curious Tale of How Magic is Transforming America. Harper San Francisco.
External links
2002 establishments in the United States
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
Magical organizations
Open content
Religious belief systems founded in the United States
Religious organizations established in 2002
Thelema
2019 disestablishments in the United States |
5383975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20Greek%20legislative%20election | 1993 Greek legislative election | Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 10 October 1993. The Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) of Andreas Papandreou, was elected with 170 of the 300 seats, defeating the conservative New Democracy party of Constantine Mitsotakis.
Results
Notes
References
Parliamentary elections in Greece
1990s in Greek politics
Greece
Legislative
Greece |
5383995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barua | Barua | Barua (also spelt as Baruah, Barooah, Baruwa, Baroova, Barooa, Baroowa, Borooah, Boruah, or Baroa) is a common Assamese surname.
In Assam Valley
History
Originally, the Borua surname was used as a military position/title in the Chutia kingdom held by individuals from the Buruk clan. Some examples from history are Borhuloi Borua, Gajraj Borua, Manik Chandra Borua and Kasitora Borua who were Chutia officials.
During the Ahom reign "Borua" represented by the Tai word Phu-ke(literally: "Leader of 10,000 men" in Ahom language), meant a superintending officer of the Paik system of the Ahom Army.
Appointments as Boruas were made irrespective of the paik's religion or ethnicity. Among other ethnic groups, there is mention of Chutia Boruas in several instances of Buranjis. For example, there was a Chutia revolt against the monarchy led by a Chutia Borua in 1673. Ahom Borua was a position held by the family of the Chutia Kataki who joined the Ahoms, after the defeat of Chutias; Kachari Borua, Sonowal Borua and Thengal Borua were of Kachari origin, while others like Dewalia Borua, Bapu Borua and Bez Borua were Brahmins. Apart from these, during the Moamoria rebellion, the Matak rebels also appointed Boruas among themselves.
Present
As the position was granted to various people within the Assamese community, it found its place among the Koch, Morans, Chutias, Ahoms, Brahmins, and Motoks, Kacharis (Sonowals and Thengals), and the Kalitas.
Baruas
Pradan Baruah: Indian politician, former member of Assam Legislative assembly, member of parliament of Lakhimpur Lok Sabha.
Pallab Barua: Engineer, writer, social activist from Assam.
Kanaklata Barua: Indian freedom fighter from Assam.
Birinchi Kumar Barua (1908–1964): Scholar, educationist, writer, historian, linguist, folklorist.
Padmanath Gohain Baruah (1871–1946): First president of Assam Rhetorical Congress, novelist, poet, dramatist, analyst, and a thought provoking writer.
Lakshminath Bezbaroa (1868–1938): Assamese author, essayist, playwright, poet, and satirist.
Hemchandra Barua (1836–1897): Prominent writer, social reformer of Assamese of the 19th century.
Hem Barua (1915–1977): Prominent poet, politician from Assam.
Basanta Baruah (1999 - ): scholar, Tezpur University.
Hem Barua (Tyagbir) (1893–1945): Indian independence activist, social worker, writer from Sonitpur district of Assam.
Jnanadabhiram Barua (1880–1955): Notable writer, dramatist, translator of Assam, and a participant in India's freedom struggle.
Gunabhiram Barua (1837–1894): An enlightened Assamese intellectual, ushered in new ideas about social reform in the early years of colonial rule in Assam.
Amulya Barua (1922–1946): Pioneered modern Assamese poetry.
Chandradhar Barua (1874–1961): Eminent writer, poet, dramatist and lyricist from Assam.
Kanaklal Barua (1872–1940): Prominent writer (mainly in English language), essayist, historian, and politician from Assam.
Ananda Ram Baruah (1850–1889): Sanskrit scholar, sixth Indian Civil Service officer of India, and the first from Assam.
Ananda Chandra Barua (1907–1983): Writer, poet, playwright, translator, journalist, an actor from Assam.
Binanda Chandra Barua (1901–1994): Noted Indian writer, poet of Assamese literature
Jahnu Barua – Internationally acclaimed film-maker.
Siva Prasad Barooah: Pioneer tea planter, path-breaker in Assamese journalism, renowned philanthropist, politician and humanist.
Parvati Prasad Baruva: Famous Assamese music composer, poet, lyricist, dramatist: an icon of Assamese literature.
Pramathesh Chandra Barua (1903–1951): Famous actor, director, and screenwriter of Indian films in the pre-independence era.
Pratima Barua Pandey (1935–2002): Famous folk singer and daughter of Pramathesh Chandra Baruah.
Dev Kant Baruah: President of the Indian National Congress at the time of Emergency (1975–1977).
Rudra Baruah (1926–1980): Actor, composer, lyricist, singer and musician.
Bhubanmohan Baruah (1914–1998): Novelist, short story writer from Assam. He wrote many novels under the pen-name of Kanchan Baruah.
Navakanta Barua (1926–2002): Prominent Assamese novelist and poet.
Joi Barua – Singer, musician, and lead vocalist from Assam.
Radha Govinda Baruah (1900–1977): Founder of the Assam Tribune Group, sports enthusiast, introduced Assam to the culture of sports.
Debo Prasad Barooah (1930–2013): Eminent intellectual, academician, author, historian and the former Vice-Chancellor (the Chief Executive) of Gauhati University.
Beauty Sharma Barua (1951 – ): Assamese singer.
Paresh Baruah: Vice-chairperson and the commander-in-chief of the United Liberation Front of Assam (Independent).
Padum Barua : Notable Assamese filmmaker and musician. Director of Gonga Chilonir Pakhi .
Violet Baruah (1962 – ): 1st Woman Superintendent of Assam Police & 1st Woman Inspector General of Assam Police.
Notes
References
Other Links
Barua (Bangladesh) people of Bangladesh are from the Buddhist stock. They spoke Pali initially and later shifted to Bengali. However, it is presumed that originally they were Assamese and later moved to Bengal and Bangladesh, and adapted their culture.
External links
Assamese-language surnames
Social groups of Assam
Ahom kingdom |
5384007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Carr%20%28education%29 | Jim Carr (education) | Jim Carr (born December 20, 1969) is vice president and head of digital media for Standard Media Group LLC, a broadcast and digital media company headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. Carr was previously vice president of digital media for Media General, Inc., a publicly traded broadcast and digital media company headquartered in Richmond, Virginia. An advocate for digital literacy, Carr serves on the Board of Directors for the Digital Literacy Institute, a non-profit organization that works to bridge the digital divide and promote access to Internet technologies for under-served populations.
Life and career
During the Tech boom of the 1990s Carr was co-founder and Chief Technologist of TechTrain, Inc.; an Atlanta-based Microsoft partner with technology training centers throughout the Southeastern United States. Carr has been an adjunct instructor, guest lecturer and advisor for a number of academic institutions including Queens College, Guilford College, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, and the College of Charleston. He was also an editor for AOL and Senior Managing Editor of act.com.
Working with the Maricopa Community College District from 2003 to 2006, Carr was director of instructional technology & new media and taught business & technology courses at their GateWay campus. In 2007, he was named director of digital media for Belo Corporation's Arizona television group where he oversaw digital operations for 3TV Phoenix and azfamily.com. In 2012 Carr joined Young Broadcasting as vice president of digital media which now operates as Media General, Inc. after a reverse acquisition in November 2013.
Carr is a Microsoft Certified Professional, Certified Internet Specialist, and an evangelist for open source software issues. He is a regular contributor to a number of print an online magazines and lectures on popular Web concepts including information architecture, Web usability, search engine optimization, social networking and Internet marketing. In April 2006 Carr was named a Roundtable Scholar by The Roundtable Group, an academic think-tank and speakers bureau.
He is active in a number of professional organizations, including the Web Innovator's Group, the Information Architecture Institute, and Arizona Internet Professionals Association.
References
1969 births
Living people
People from Rochester, Michigan
Guilford College faculty |
5384013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20State%20Fair | Maryland State Fair | The Maryland State Fair is the annual state fair for the state of Maryland. It is held at the Maryland State Fairgrounds located near the intersection of York and Timonium roads in Timonium. As of 2006, the fair is an 11-day event, customarily beginning in late August and ending around Labor Day.
History
On Tuesday, September 17, 1878. Grafton Marsh Bosley hosted a series of contests and ball to benefit yellow fever sufferers a his property north of Towson. The following year, 1879, the fair was moved to its current location in Timonium and was held from September 9 through September 12. In 1906, the Lutherville Fair merged with the Pimlico Fair and since then, came to be known as the Maryland State Fair. The fair was suspended from 1943 through 1945 during World War II. In 1999, the fair increased its functionality to 11 days.
The New York Times reported that on October 14, 1870, President Rutherford B. Hayes would go to Frederick to attend the "Maryland State Fair." In 1878, after several unsuccessful attempts to establish an ongoing fair at other locations around Baltimore, a group of Maryland businessmen operated a successful fair on a site in Lutherville, Maryland. Despite its success, the Lutherville Fair was short-lived because an extension of the Northern Central Railroad (the former Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad) was being constructed through the middle of the fairgrounds.
Their success in Lutherville, however, gave the operators resolve to establish an annual fair, and in December 1878, they incorporated as the Agricultural Society of Baltimore County. The corporation leased a plot of land on the old Baltimore and York Turnpike on what was then known as "the Timonium Estate." The first Fair at its new home was held September 9–12, 1879. The Northern Central Railroad, the reason behind the closure of the Lutherville Fair, was now the primary source of transportation for fairgoers from Baltimore City to the south to the Timonium Fairgrounds during the rest of the century. Other fairgoers walked or rode horses, wagons, carriages, and carts to the fairgrounds using the Turnpike and its southern end of Greenmount Avenue. Later visitors used the old #8 electric street car line of the old United Railway and Electric Company, later after 1935, as the Baltimore Transit Company. After the last street car rode its course down York Road and Greenmount Avenue to Catonsville in 1963, diesel buses brought visitors to the Fair in addition to the thousands of cars parked on acres of lots around the grounds for that last week of summer.
Late in the century, The Agricultural Society of Baltimore County faced stiff competition from the nearby Pimlico Fair, also referred to as "the State Fair". Ultimately, the two groups held joint fairs in 1894 and 1897, and in 1906, merged to form one corporation - "the Maryland State Fair and Agricultural Society of Baltimore County, Maryland". Their annual Fair then became known as "The Maryland State Fair".
The early years at the Fair saw tents and wooden structures in use to exhibit home arts, farm and garden products, and livestock shows. Plowing and working oxen competitions were some of the popular but few attractions. Races were held at the track, and results were forwarded to interested horsemen at Baltimore and Alexandria, Virginia, by way of carrier pigeon. Food concessions consisted of sandwiches made by the farmers’ wives, and amusements involved sideshows, sack races, and greased pole climbing.
The Maryland State Fair grew and prospered, adding many attractions and exhibits, including an airmail delivery at the 1918 Fair. The annual event continued until 1943 when the Fair was interrupted because of the war effort in World War II. The fairgrounds were leased to the U.S. Army for a storage depot and a vehicle repair center. After a three-year suspension, the Fair reopened its gates in 1946.
In 1999, the Fair added another day, making the Fair now an 11-day event.
In 2020, the fair was restricted to private livestock and other virtual shows due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Timonium Race Track
In the 1950s, growth in population and development in increasingly suburban Baltimore County flourished, and certain business interests wanted to purchase the fairgrounds site for industrial development. The majority stockholder of the Corporation for the M.S.F. & A.S. of B.C., which was now the Maryland Jockey Club (which also owned and operated the famous Pimlico Race Course in northwest Baltimore, and home to the Preakness Stakes - one of thoroughbred horse racing's "Triple Crown"), had agreed to sell. In the ensuing controversy, however, a group of agriculturists, business leaders, horsemen, and bankers formed the "Save the Maryland State Fair Committee." The Committee raised over $600,000 to purchase the fairgrounds, ensuring that The Maryland State Fair at Timonium would continue to be Maryland's premiere event at the end of each summer.
Another crisis was averted in the 1970s. The organized Maryland racing industry took steps to have the Fair's Thoroughbred racing competition dates transferred to other Maryland tracks in order to re-trench a declining audience, purses and media attention. Fair Directors recognized that such a move would threaten the survival of the Fair. The "Committee of Friends of the Maryland State Fair" was established to strengthen the cooperation between Maryland agriculture and horse breeding interests - a relationship that had been a tradition in the State since the mid-18th century. The Committee was successful in convincing the public and the state legislature in the Maryland General Assembly of the value in keeping Thoroughbred racing a part of the Fair. The Committee also prepared expansion plans for the Fair, which resulted in a $5 million grant from the State of Maryland for building, modernization, and year-round use of the fairgrounds.
One of the most famous horses to race at Timonium was the Maryland-bred colt Bee Bee Bee who competed and won here in the fall of 1971, then in May 1972 at Pimlico Race Course, won the second leg of the U.S. Triple Crown series, the Preakness Stakes.
Currently the racetrack hosts events during the fair, including the "Alma North Stakes" for fillies and mares and the Taking Risks Stakes.
Miss Maryland Agriculture Program
The Miss Maryland Agriculture Program (MMAP) has been a feature of the Maryland State Fair since the 1930s. The name of the contest has changed several times throughout the decades. When it began, the winner received the title Miss Timonium Fair, but winners have also been given the title of Farm Queen, and now the winner receives the title of Miss Maryland Agriculture.
According to Phyllis McKenzie, the 2012 Miss Maryland Agriculture winner, the program is a, "knowledge contest run through the farm bureau program. [The judges] will be looking for a lot of knowledge in all the diversities of agriculture and the Maryland Farm Bureau throughout their policies and many programs that they offer for farmers and other agriculturalists."
Timonium Fairgrounds light rail service
In the early 1990s, construction was completed on the Baltimore Light Rail line, serving Glen Burnie station near Glen Burnie in Anne Arundel County to the south, downtown Baltimore, and Hunt Valley to the north. The light rail line's Timonium Fairgrounds station is adjacent to the fair's west entrance. It resulted in increasing crowds of visitors arriving by rail in the late 20th and early 21st Centuries, just like a century earlier with the old street cars (of the old United Railways and Electric Company, later the Baltimore Transit Company) and the commuter trains of the old Northern Central Railway.
References
Maryland State Fair official website
Map:
Tourist attractions in Baltimore County, Maryland
State fairs
Annual fairs
Maryland culture
Horse racing venues in Maryland
Timonium, Maryland
1878 establishments in Maryland
Festivals established in 1878 |
5384030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%20Sports%20Hall%20of%20Fame | Kansas Sports Hall of Fame | The Kansas Sports Hall of Fame is a museum located in Wichita, dedicated to preserving the history of sports in the state of Kansas. The museum provides exhibits, archives, facilities, services, and activities to honor those individuals and teams whose achievements in sports brought distinction to themselves, to their communities and to the entire state of Kansas.
History
The Hall of Fame was founded in 1961 as part of the Kansas Centennial Celebration. The museum has had a number of homes over the years, and is now located in Wichita, at 238 N. Mead. Funding for operating expenses is provided in part by donations, admissions, gift shop sales, and special events. The museum is not only a family attraction, it is also a facility for entertaining. The Hall can be used for special events, receptions, and conferences in a variety of settings.
In June 2009 the museum announced the creation of the Kansas Sports Museum, located at The Chisholm Trail Center in Newton, Kansas. The Hall of Fame also announced that it would be moving from its current location at 238 N. Mead to the Wichita Boathouse as part of a cost-saving measure through an agreement with Bill Koch, whose 1992 America's Cup winning yacht America³ is on display there. The new museum in Newton will occupy in the Chisholm Trail Center, 601 SE 36th St. (I-135 Exit 28). It will house exhibits and memorabilia the hall of fame won’t have room for after it moves to its new location at the Wichita Boathouse.
The Museum in Old Town Wichita is currently closed while the moving and renovation processes are taking place.
What to see
Basketball
Kansas is called the "Cradle of Basketball." Basketball’s inventor, James Naismith, the namesake of the Basketball Hall of Fame is featured prominently in this area of the museum. Legendary coaches such as Phog Allen, Adolph Rupp, Dean Smith, Ralph Miller, Ted Owens, Eddie Sutton, Jack Hartman, Tex Winter, Gene Keady, Jack Gardner, Dutch Lonborg, John McLendon, Ralph Nolan, Bill Morse, Ron Slaymaker, Bob Chipman, and Walt Shublom are also showcased.
On display NBA and NCAA Basketball jerseys, balls, trophies, plaques and highlights of Kansas high school basketball. It also features displays of the prep dynasties of Dwight, McPherson, Newton, Wichita South, and Wyandotte are prominent as well as recognition of Bishop Miege and Little River Girls basketball dominance.
The museum also has photos and memorabilia from women basketball stars like Lynette Woodard, Jackie Stiles, Kendra Wecker, Nicole Ohlde, Laurie Koehn, Billie Moore, and Marian Washington.
Football
Jerseys, helmets, balls, All-American awards and certificates won by Kansans John Hadl, Lynn Dickey, Nolan Cromwell also by Pro Football Hall of Famers Gale Sayers, John Riggins, Barry Sanders, and Mike McCormack are located in this gallery.
The Governor's Cup, given annually to the winner of the Kansas State University vs. University of Kansas game is on display. A tribute to K-State's national prominence under Coach Bill Snyder features a photo collection and memorabilia of the Wildcats dynasty.
There is a memorial to honor the lives of Wichita State University football players killed in the tragic WSU plane crash of October 1970.
Kansas' small college football history includes Pittsburg State's national dominance under coaches Carnie Smith, Dennis Franchione, and Chuck Broyles, Bethany College Coach Ted Kessinger, Coffeyville Community College Coach Dick Foster.
Kansas' colorful high school football exhibits include items from perennial state powers Kapaun Mt. Carmel, Lawrence, Midway-Denton, Pittsburg-Colgan, Smith Center, Conway Springs and feature Kansas prep stars like DeAngelo Evans of Wichita Collegiate, Shannon Kruger of Silver Lake, John Riggins of Centralia and Hall of Fame coaches Eddie Kriwiel and Al Woolard.
Baseball
Some of baseball's legendary Kansas stars such as Baseball Hall of Famers Walter Johnson, Joe Tinker and Fred Clarke are presented in the baseball gallery. Photos and memorabilia of the great Wichita State Shocker program under Coach Gene Stephenson with stars like Joe Carter, Darren Dreifort, and Mike Pelfrey are surrounded by vintage photos and memorabilia including autographed pieces by Johnson, Babe Ruth, Mickey Mantle, Mel Ott and countless others.
Kansas City Royals longtime standout player George Brett was inducted in 2017.
The Coleman Company/Johnny Bench Award, given annually to the Collegiate Catcher of the Year by the Wichita Sports Commission is also on display here at the Kansas Sports Hall of Fame as are items from numerous Kansas baseball icons including: Hap Dumont, Elden Auker, Bill Russell, Ralph Houk, Gene Mauch, Daryl Spencer, and Murry Dickson.
Track and Field
The track and field gallery shows off Kansas's reputation as one of the nation's leading producers of track and Olympic stars . Two Olympic gold medals are on display as well as shoes worn by world record holders Jim Ryun, Wes Santee, Al Oerter, Glenn Cunningham, and Thane Baker.
Olympic champions Billy Mills, Bill Nieder, Maurice Greene, John Kuck, Catherine Fox, Peter Mehringer and Kenny Harrison – and others, are prominently presented. There is also a high jump bar set at 7’ 4 ½”, the Kansas high school record set by Brad Speer of Wichita East in 1984 on display, and hundreds of photos of Kansas high school and college standouts.
Inductees
As of 2017 there are 273 individuals who have been named to the hall of fame, and the class of 2018 added 11 more for a total of 286. New members are inducted each fall. A partial list of Hall-of-Famers includes:
Johnny Adams
Mike Ahearn
Lucius Allen
Phog Allen
Elden Auker
Thane Baker
Ernie Barrett
Bill Bates
Jim Bausch
Mike Bell
Rolando Blackman
Michael Bishop
Bob Boozer
Bob Brannum
George Brett
Chuck Broyles
Kurt Budke
Antoine Carr
Joe Carter
Wilt Chamberlain
Jim Colbert
Nolan Cromwell
Glenn Cunningham
Darren Daulton
Lynn Dickey
Bobby Douglass
Fred Etchen
Mike Evans
Jack Gardner
Martin Gramatica
Steve Grogan
Bill Guthridge
John Hadl
Bill Hargiss
Jack Hartman
Jim Helmer
Ralph Houk
David Jaynes
Walter Johnson
Ewing Kauffman
Al Kelley
Bob Kenney
John Kuck
Lon Kruger
Bill Lienhard
Emil Liston
Cleo Littleton
Clyde Lovellette
Danny Manning
Harold Manning
Xavier McDaniel
Ralph Miller
Billy Mills
Brian Moorman
Margaret Murdock
Willie Murrell
James Naismith
Bill Nieder
Al Oerter
Nicole Ohlde
John Outland
Ted Owens
Paul Pierce
John Riggins
Adolph Rupp
Jim Ryun
Ernie Quigley
Barry Sanders
Archie San Romani
Gale Sayers
Walter Shublom
Wayne Simien
Bill Snyder
David Snyder
Gary Spani
Bud Stallworth
Dave Stallworth
Eddie Sutton
Bill Tidwell
Tom Watson
Garfield Weede
Fran Welch
Jess Willard
Tex Winter
Lynette Woodard
References
External links
All-sports halls of fame
State sports halls of fame in the United States
Halls of fame in Kansas
Sports museums in Kansas
Sports in Wichita, Kansas
Museums in Wichita, Kansas
Awards established in 1961
1961 establishments in Kansas |
5384060 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubchevsk%20Cathedral | Trubchevsk Cathedral | The Trinity Cathedral in Trubchevsk, Russia, was built in the 18th century on a hill rising above the river Desna. It incorporates the foundations of an earlier church, built in the beginning of the 16th century by the Princes Troubetzkoy, and it subsequently became the site of their family tomb. The present cathedral was built at the end of the 18th century over the old building. The belfry was added at the beginning of the 19th century.
Excavations in 1971 under the cathedral have revealed a rock temple of the 12th century.
External links
Modern views
Photograph at Nature Picture Library
Churches in Bryansk Oblast
Russian Orthodox cathedrals in Russia
18th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
Cultural heritage monuments in Bryansk Oblast
Objects of cultural heritage of Russia of federal significance |
5384061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20A.%20Callahan | Donald A. Callahan | Donald Alphonse Callahan (September 8, 1876 – October 26, 1951) was a mining industry leader and Republican politician from Idaho.
Early life, education, and career
Born and raised in Galena, Illinois, Callahan had little access to education in his youth; he entered high school at the age of twenty and graduated sixteen months later. He then read law in a law office in that city for three years to gain admission to the bar in Illinois. He worked as a deputy to a federal court clerk in Freeport, Illinois, where he was also the local supervisor of the 1910 United States Census, and then entered the practice of law in Chicago. In 1918, he moved to Wallace, Idaho.
Political activities and mining industry leadership
Callahan served in both chambers of the Idaho Legislature. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1921 to 1922 and a member of the Idaho Senate from 1923 to 1934. During his senate service, he chaired the senate finance committee for two terms. He was the 1938 Republican nominee for the United States Senate seat in Idaho. He was narrowly defeated by Democratic Congressman D. Worth Clark.
Callahan was "a prominent figure in the nation's mining industry", having been president of Callahan Consolidated Mining, and of the Eastern Lead company, and having "frequently acted as spokesman for district mine operators before congressional committees". In 1936, he was chairman of the Northwest Mining association.
Personal life and death
A Roman Catholic, he died in a Los Angeles hospital at the age of 76, having had a heart attack while attending an American Mining Congress convention in that city. He was survived by his wife and one daughter.
References
Sources
Political Graveyard article on Callahan
1876 births
People from Shoshone County, Idaho
Idaho lawyers
Idaho Republicans
Members of the Idaho House of Representatives
Idaho state senators
Place of birth missing
People from Galena, Illinois
1951 deaths |
5384062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catrap | Catrap | Catrap, known as Pitman in Japan, is a puzzle-platform game developed for the Sharp MZ-700 computer in 1985 and released by Asmik for the Nintendo Game Boy in 1990. The Game Boy version was rereleased on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console in October 2011. Destructoid credits the game with using a time-rewind mechanic before games like Blinx, Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, and Braid.
The word Catrap refers to the frequent number of times the player is trapped and needs to reverse their movements and the two anthropomorphic cats the player must manoeuvre to advance through the levels.
Gameplay
Catrap is a puzzle game. The player directs the avatar, an anthropomorphic cat, to navigate a room while clearing obstacles and kicking monsters and ghosts off the screen. Once the player has knocked all of the enemies off the screen, they advance to the next level. Advancement grows difficult for the player as increasingly intricate obstacles are presented to complicate the process of overcoming all of the monsters and ghosts. The game encourages trial and error. A player may try one combination of manoeuvres by moving the obstacle in one direction, then they may find themselves trapped. The player can hit the 'A'-button to reverse their movements and try again in a different way until they find the solution that enables them to access all of the enemies and knock them off the screen. Trial and error make up a large portion of the game. Players can also create their own mazes.
There are 100 levels for the player to clear, each one more difficult than the last with more room for error and typically take longer to complete. The first level involves no obstacles with one monster on the opposite side of the screen to knock off; the last level involves a blockade of boulders and a conundrum of ladders for the player to move and navigate to clear several floating ghosts, the most difficult level with the smallest margin for error.
Development and release
The game concept was originally created in 1985 on a MZ-700 home computer by Yutaka Isokawa. The BASIC listing of the game was published in the August 1985 issue of the magazine "Oh!MZ Publications" as type-in program. The popularity of the game caused it to be picked up for Game Boy conversion in 1990. In the Game Boy version there is a nod to the MZ-700 version, the layout of round 77 is a big M and Z. In 2004 it was released for I-mode mobile phones as Pitmania and Pitmania 2, with graphics more similar to the original MZ700 game. Pitmania 1 Infinite was released in 2007, which had improved and more colorful graphics. A version was released for the Nintendo 3DS in the 3DS eShop in October 2011. In 2012 the game community restored a faithful as possible Sharp MZ-700 version from the available source code variants.
Reception
Catrap holds a rating of 8/10 on Nintendo Life and 5/5 on Arcade Spot.
References
External links
GameSpot page for Catrap [Catrap]
Yutaka Isokawa website
Isokawa's Original HuBasic Source Code scanned from Oh!MZ August 1985
1985 video games
Game Boy games
Virtual Console games
Puzzle-platform games
Sharp MZ games
Video games featuring female protagonists
Commercial video games with freely available source code
Video games about cats
Video games developed in Japan
Virtual Console games for Nintendo 3DS |
5384074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20Streams | Film Streams | Film Streams is a nonprofit arts organization in Omaha, Nebraska which oversees two cinemas: the Ruth Sokolof Theater, in North Downtown Omaha, and the historic Dundee Theater, Omaha's longest surviving neighborhood cinema. It receives funding from corporate and individual donors, members, and the government.
History
Founded by Rachel Jacobson in 2005, Film Streams' mission is to enhance the cultural environment of the Omaha-Council Bluffs area through the presentation and discussion of film as an art form.
In July 2007, Film Streams opened the Ruth Sokolof Theater. This new, two-screen cinema in downtown Omaha's North Downtown (NoDo) area, is within a development anchored by internationally acclaimed music label Saddle Creek Records. In February 2016, Film Streams announced that Susie Buffett's Sherwood Foundation had donated the 92-year-old Dundee Theater to the organization. The organization launched a public capital campaign in April 2017 with the intention of renovating and reopening the cinema by 2018.
The name "Film Streams" is inspired by Omaha (the word means "above all others on a stream") and the John Cassavetes film, Love Streams.
The Ruth Sokolof Theater
The Ruth Sokolof Theater has two auditoriums with 35-millimeter platter and reel-to-reel projection capabilities. The larger theater seats 206 and runs first run feature films. The smaller theater seats 96 and shows a selection of classic films, retrospectives, and other films. Film Streams has DVD, Blu-ray, and digital high-definition projection.
Films Streams was inspired by joining with Saddle Creek Records, the indie record label based in Omaha, to build a mini-campus in a deserted downtown Omaha area. The block that is home to Film Streams also houses the Saddle Creek headquarters and Slowdown, a rock club the label operates.
Ruth Sokolof
Film Streams' North Downtown Omaha cinema is named after Ruth Sokolof, née Rosinsky (1925-1982), a well-known educator in Omaha who focused her life on helping children with disabilities. With her husband, Phil, many education-based scholarships are awarded in their name each year to Omaha-area students and educators.
The Dundee Theater
Film Streams announced plans to renovate and reopen Omaha's longest-running cinema in February 2016. When it reopened, it featured two screens: the historic 300-seat main house and a new 25-seat microcinema. The lobby is occupied by Lola's a neighborhood cafe.
Programming
Film Streams offers screenings of first-run films and a selection of retrospectives and classic films; education programs, and community development programs.
Programming includes:
First run films: New American independents, documentaries, and international films making their theatrical premieres in Omaha and the surrounding region.
Repertory Series: Classic films, themed series, director retrospectives, and revivals celebrating the history and cultural spectrum of film as art
Forever Young Family & Children Series
The Met: Live in HD: Presented in collaboration with Opera Omaha
Community Collaborations: Collaborative screenings with other nonprofit organizations, using film as a catalyst for important conversations about our community and the world around us.
Education: Year-round film-education opportunities for all ages.
Daytime screenings for visiting classes: High School curriculum support
Student night at the Ruth Sokolof Theater: First Monday of every month free for full-time students
Special Programs: Q&As with visiting filmmakers, live musical performances to silent classics, an annual Local Filmmakers Showcase.
Feature
First held in 2008 at the Holland Performing Arts Center, Film Streams' fundraising galas bring acclaimed filmmakers to Omaha for conversations about their careers and perspectives on the medium.
Feature I (2008): Director Alexander Payne in conversation with actor Laura Dern (Sunday, July 13, 2008)
Feature II (2009): Director Alexander Payne in conversation with actor Debra Winger (Saturday, September 13, 2009)
Feature III (2011): Kurt Andersen in conversation with director Steven Soderbergh with an introduction by director Alexander Payne (Sunday, February 20, 2011)
Feature IV (2012): Director Alexander Payne in conversation with actor Jane Fonda (Sunday, July 22, 2012)
Feature V (2013): Kurt Andersen in conversation with Nebraska director Alexander Payne and actors Bruce Dern and Will Forte (Sunday, November 24, 2013)
Feature VI (2014): Director David O. Russell in conversation with director Alexander Payne
Feature VII (2017): Actor Julianne Moore in Conversation with director Alexander Payne
Feature VIII (2019): Paul Giamatti in conversation with Alexander Payne
Leadership
Board of directors
Sarah Bay Yale, Chair
Clarissa Beyah
Esther Brabec
Tanya Cook
Julie Fritz
Jordana Glazer
Cindy Heider, Vice Chair
Rachel Jacobson, Founder
Ashley Kuhn
Mike Lebens, Past Chair
Dan McCarthy, Treasurer
Hillary Nather-Detisch
Richard Webb
Margot Wickman-Bennett, Secretary
Partners
Alley Poyner Machietto Architecture
See also
Omaha, Nebraska: Media and popular culture
Saddle Creek Records
Slowdown (venue)
Dundee–Happy Hollow Historic District
References
External links
Film Streams (official website)
Cinemas and movie theaters in Omaha, Nebraska
Repertory cinemas
Organizations based in Omaha, Nebraska
Downtown Omaha, Nebraska
Non-profit organizations based in Nebraska
2005 establishments in Nebraska
Organizations established in 2005 |
5384075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Golden | Peter Golden | Peter Golden may refer to:
Peter Allen Golden (born 1953), author
Peter Benjamin Golden (born 1941), historian |
5384076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lostock%2C%20Bolton | Lostock, Bolton | Lostock is a residential district of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England, west of Bolton town centre and northwest of Manchester. Historically part of Lancashire, Lostock is bounded by Deane to the southeast, Markland Hill to the northeast, and Middlebrook to the west. Bolton Wanderers' football ground, the University of Bolton Stadium, is in nearby Horwich.
After a railway station was built to serve the area in 1852, the area around the station – some east of Lostock Hall – became known as Lostock Junction. This name is still in use, although the station's name has changed to Lostock.
History
The name derives from Old English hlose a pig and stoc meaning a farm, usually 'stock' or 'Stoke' in place-names, but here referring to a pigsty. Another source suggested that the name is derived from Celtic, llostog meaning beaver, inferring the site of a stream where beavers were found, the reasoning due to the proliferation of Brythonic and Celtic place-names in Lancashire. It has been variously recorded as Lostoc in 1212; Lastok in 1279; Lostok in 1292; Lostoke in 1301 and Lostock and Lostocke in the 16th century.
In the Middle Ages Lostock was part of the barony of Manchester. It was subsequently held by Richard de Hulton and passed to the Andertons and the Blundells of Ince. Lostock Hall was an Elizabethan manor house built for the Anderton family in 1563. The hall was demolished in 1824, but the gatehouse remains and is a Grade II* listed building.
During World War II, De Havilland aircraft propellers were produced at Lostock.
Local government
Lostock was a township in the ancient Parish of Bolton le Moors, in the hundred of Salford, in the historic county of Lancashire. In 1837 Lostock joined with other townships (or civil parishes) in the area to form the Bolton Poor Law Union and took joint responsibility for the administration and funding of the Poor Law in that area. In 1866, Lostock became a civil parish, and in 1894 it became part of the Bolton Rural District, which was dissolved in 1898. Under the Bolton, Turton and Westhoughton Extension Act of 1898, Lostock ceased to be a civil parish and became part of the County Borough of Bolton.
Lostock is part of the Heaton and Lostock Ward, one of twenty wards in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton. The population of the ward at the 2011 Census was 13,564. The ward has three councillors who are elected for up to four years and represent the Lostock and Heaton areas.
Geography
Lostock was a hamlet covering 1,364 acres of land 4½ miles west of Bolton. Chew Moor in the southwest was the principal settlement of the township, it was a cluster of cottages housing the landless labourers and tenant farmers.
Demography
Township population
Ward population
In 1898, Lostock became part of the Deane-cum-Lostock Ward of the County Borough of Bolton. The ward's boundaries were used as a framework in censuses to enumerate the total population in that area of the county borough. No census took place in 1941 because of the Second World War.
In 1974, Lostock became part of the Deane-cum-Heaton Ward of the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton. In the 2001 Census the ward had a population of 16,987. In 2004, electoral ward changes took place which saw the creation of the present Heaton and Lostock Ward.
Transport
Lostock is located north of junctions 5 and 6 of the M61 motorway. The main roads which run through Lostock are the A58 (Beaumont Road), the A673 (Chorley New Road), and the A6027 (De Havilland Way).
Lostock railway station was re-opened in 1988 and is served by Northern who operate services on the Manchester to Preston line. The earlier railway station, then named Lostock Junction, was opened in 1852, but was closed by the Beeching cuts in November 1966.
Education
Lostock Playschool, established in 1977, is situated in the Lostock Parish Centre which opened in 1992 on Tempest Road. Lostock Primary School is situated on Glengarth Drive. Built in 1974, the school has a maximum of 210 pupils.
Bolton Wanderers Free School is a sixth form centre that opened at the Macron Stadium in September 2014.
Sport
Chew Moor is home to football clubs Tempest United and CMB Sports Club. The youth teams of Ladybridge F.C. moved to the Rumworth area in 2003.
Lostock Tennis Club, Regent Road, Lostock. Newly-augmented, environmentally friendly floodlights (2022) make this tennis and table tennis club one of the best appointed in Bolton, and even the North West. There are four men's teams and five mixed teams which play in the Bolton Sport's Federation's (BSF) summer tennis leagues. A women's team plays in the Walkden Tennis league. Many active players take part in the BSF's winter league. In addition there is a great deal of activity around Youth tennis and coaching, with mixed teams taking part on the BSF's league.
See also
Anderton baronets
Anderton family
Lostock Junction Mills
References
External links
Welcome to the villages of Lostock & Chew Moor
Lostock Residents Group
Photos and information about Lostock
British History Online: Lostock
GENUKI: Lostock genealogy information
GENUKI: Lostock Township Boundaries Map (407 A)
Areas of Bolton |
5384090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BME | BME | BME may refer to:
Medicine
Biomedical engineering
Bone marrow examination
Music
Bachelor of Music Education
BME Recordings, a record label founded by Lil Jon
Bad Meets Evil, a hip hop duo from Detroit consisting of rappers Royce da 5'9" and Eminem
Organic chemistry
Methyl tert-butyl ether, an organic solvent
2-Mercaptoethanol, an antioxidant also known as β-mercaptoethanol
Transport
Beaver, Meade and Englewood Railroad, a railroad in Oklahoma, US, which became a subsidiary of the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad.
Bergisch-Markisch Railway Company (Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft), in 19th-century Germany
Broome railway station, National Rail code BME
Broome International Airport, IATA code BME
Other
Best Moonsault Ever, the name of a signature move used by pro-wrestler Christopher Daniels
BMEzine, an online magazine devoted to body modification
Black and Minority Ethnic, a term commonly used in the UK to describe people of non-white descent
Bolsas y Mercados Españoles, owner of Bolsa de Madrid and other Spanish exchanges
British Methodist Episcopal Church, Protestant church in Canada
Budapest University of Technology and Economics (Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem) |
5384103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Joseph%20Mathews | John Joseph Mathews | John Joseph Mathews (November 16, 1894 – June 16, 1979) (Osage) became one of the Osage Nation's most important spokespeople and writers, and served on the Osage Tribal Council during the 1930s. He studied at the University of Oklahoma, Oxford University, and the University of Geneva after serving as a flight instructor during World War I.
Mathews' first book was a history, Wah'kon-tah: The Osage and The White Man's Road (1929), which was selected by the Book-of-the-Month Club as their first by an academic press; it became a bestseller. His second book, Sundown (1934) is his most well known, an exploration of the disruption of the people and their society at the time of the oil boom, which also attracted criminal activities by leading whites in the county and state, including murder of Osage. In 1951 Mathews published a biography of E. W. Marland, noted oilman and governor of Oklahoma in the 1930s. His book The Osages: Children of the Middle Waters (1961) was a life work, preserving many collected stories and the oral history of the Osage.
In 1996 Mathews was posthumously inducted into the Oklahoma Historians Hall of Fame. The cabin in the Osage Hills where he did much of his writing was acquired about 2014 by the Nature Conservancy of Oklahoma. His gravesite is next to it. Both will be preserved within the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve.
Early life and education
Mathews was born at Pawhuska, Oklahoma as the only surviving son of five children of William Shirley and Eugenia (Girard) Mathews. His banker father was part Osage, the son of John Allan Mathews, a noted trader, and Sarah Williams, the mixed-race daughter of A-Ci'n-Ga, a full-blood Osage, and "Old Bill" Williams, a noted missionary and later Mountain Man who lived with the Osage. Because the Osage had a patrilineal kinship system, the Mathews descendants were excluded from belonging to one of the tribe's clans, as their Osage ancestry was through the maternal line of A-Ci'-Ga, rather than through a direct male ancestor.
Mathews' paternal grandparents had met in Kentucky, where "Old Bill" Williams had sent his daughters for school after his wife A-Ci'n-Ga had died. John Joseph Mathews' mother was Pauline Eugenia Girard, whose family had immigrated from France. The family had an "active interest in Osage culture." The Mathews children were one-eighth Osage by ancestry, as well as Anglo-Scots-Irish and French; they all attended local schools in Pawhuska.
John had three sisters and one brother. His brother was killed as a child by a mountain lion that attacked him near their family home. Two of his sisters, Lillian and Marie Mathews, did not marry and lived in the family home at 911 Grandview Avenue in Pawhuska until their deaths.
Service in World War I came before college, and John Mathews became a flight instructor and second lieutenant after time in the cavalry. Afterward, he went to the University of Oklahoma, graduating with a degree in geology. He studied (at his own expense) at Oxford University in England, graduating in 1923 with a degree in natural science. He also studied international relations at the University of Geneva and the Graduate Institute of International Studies. In addition, he traveled in Africa before returning to the United States, determined to study the culture and traditions of the Osage.
Marriage and family
In 1924 in Geneva, Mathews married an American woman, Virginia Winslow Hopper. They first settled in California, where their two children were born: John and Virginia. The couple divorced.
Mathews returned to Oklahoma in 1929, where he lived for the rest of his life. Years later, in 1945, he married Elizabeth Hunt. She worked with him on much of his research related to the Osage and their forced migration from Missouri to Oklahoma. He treated her son John Hunt, from her first marriage, as his stepson.
Mathews died in 1979 and was buried at his request near the cabin in the Osage Hills where he did much of his writing. He had five surviving great nieces and nephews: Fleur Feighan, William Feighan, Major (U.S. Army, Retired) Howard J. Schellenberg, III; Jeanne (Schellenberg) Hulse, and Maria Schellenberg.
Career
After his return to Oklahoma in 1929, Mathews began writing in the late 1920s. As a member of the tribe, he had headrights and received money from leases for oil wells, which enabled him to buy land, build a stone cabin, and pursue his writing career.
He published his first book, a work of literary non-fiction, Wah'kon-tah: The Osage and The White Man's Road (1932), with the University of Oklahoma Press. This was the first work by an academic press to be selected by the new Book-of-the-Month Club, and with that secondary publication, the book became a bestseller.
His most well-known work is Sundown (1934), his only novel. Mathews is described as introducing "the modern American Indian novel", a pattern for future works by Indians. It is marked by its realism, as Mathews wanted to represent the Indian in a way that had not been recognized in European-American cultural stereotypes.
The semi-autobiographical work is about Challenge "Chal" Windzer, a young Osage man of mixed-blood ancestry. After leaving home to study at the University of Oklahoma and serve in the military, Chal feels estranged when he returns to his tribal community. He suffers from alienation and hopelessness as his life takes a downward swerve. The novel is set during the turbulence of the oil boom that took place on Osage land in Oklahoma in the early 1920s, which generated great wealth for the many Osage enrolled citizens who had headrights. It depicts the frictions and disruption within the tribal community that accompanied this bonanza of wealth. In addition, it portrayed the swindles and numerous outright murders of Osage during the 1920s, a period they termed the "Reign of Terror", as white opportunists tried to get control of the Osage headrights.
(Note: see Osage Indian Murders. Failing to get relief from local law enforcement, the Osage appealed to the federal government for help, as their people were still being killed. Extensive local and corruption has been documented in conspiracies to get control of Osage headrights, involving state many leading whites of the region: ranchers, lawyers, judges, doctors, police, undertakers, and more. Agents of the new Federal Bureau of Investigation were assigned to investigate the murders and successfully prosecuted three men, but many more crimes passed without investigation.)
During the 1930s and the Great Depression, when Mathews was still living in his cabin, he was very politically active within the Osage Nation. As the people took advantage of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act, Mathews helped the Osage Nation restore its self-government. He was elected to the Tribal Council, serving from 1934 to 1942. He helped found the Osage Tribal Museum, which opened in 1938 in Pawhuska, and donated numerous artifacts to it.
From 1939 to 1940 Mathews lived and studied in Mexico on a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1940, Mathews served as the United States representative to the Indians of the Americas Conference at Michoacan, Mexico.
Later, Mathews concentrated again on his writing. His work Talking to the Moon (1945) is a retrospective account of the ten years he spent in the "blackjacks" of his homeland, observing nature and reflecting on the influence of the environment on Osage culture. He wrote much of this in the stone cabin that he built in the Osage Hills in 1929. This area is now preserved as part of the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve. The book is a combination of autobiography, philosophical treatise, and observations by an amateur naturalist. Some critics compared it to Henry David Thoreau's Walden. Lee Schweninger noted that Mathews used irony to create distance between the narrator and himself as the subject of autobiographical reflection. He also wrote about himself as a settler, and critiqued European-American culture, while committing actions similar to those of other settlers who disrupted the natural balance.
Mathews's Life and Death of an Oilman: The Career of E. W. Marland (1951) was his only biography; it explores the life of a multi-millionaire Oklahoma oilman and politician, who also served as governor of the state in the 1930s. He created a social scandal by marrying his much younger adoptive daughter, Lydie Marland.
Based on years of collecting information from tribal elders through the oral tradition, in addition to conducting historical research, Mathews wrote The Osages: Children of the Middle Waters (1961). It has been described as "his magnum opus and a pioneering achievement for both its reliance on the oral tradition and presentation of a particular tribal history from an Indian point of view." His book was the produce of his working with tribal elders to preserve and interpret their common culture.
Two books of Mathews have been published posthumously, in efforts to bring his work to a wider audience. Another autobiography, Twenty Thousand Mornings was published in 2012, edited by Susan Kalter.
In the 1960s Mathews wrote a number of short stories, some drawing from folk traditions of the Osage and other cultures, including Scotland. Selected stories from these unpublished manuscripts were published in 2015 as Old Three Toes and Other Tales of Survival and Extinction. Mathews told these stories from the point of view of bird and animal protagonists, an act of imagination that decenters human life.
Works
Wah'kon-tah: The Osage and The White Man's Road (1929)
Sundown (1934)
Talking to the Moon (1945),
Life and Death of an Oilman: The Career of E. W. Marland (1951)
The Osages: Children of the Middle Waters (1961)
The following were published posthumously:
Twenty Thousand Mornings (2011), autobiography, ed. Susan Kalter
Old Three Toes and Other Tales of Survival and Extinction (2015), short stories, ed. Susan Kalter
Legacy and honors
1996, Mathews was posthumously inducted into the Oklahoma Historians Hall of Fame.
In 2017, a biography, John Joseph Mathews: Life of an Osage Writer, by Michael Snyder was published by the University of Oklahoma.
The stone cabin where Mathews did much of his writing is in the Osage Hills. The cabin and gravesite were acquired about 2014 by the Nature Conservancy of Oklahoma and added to its Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, which it administers. The cabin and gravesite will be preserved.
Notes
References
, November 2005, Air Force Museum
Native American Authors Project, Internet Public Library (accessed 6 March 2008)
Fredrick W. Boling, "Tribute to John Joseph Mathews: Osage Writer", Western Writers of America ROUNDUP Magazine, at Frederick Boling's website
"John Joseph Mathews", Enotes.com
Guy Logsdon, "John Joseph Mathews", Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture
Further reading
Bob L. Blackburn, "Oklahoma Historians Hall of Fame John Joseph Mathews," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 74 (Fall 1996).
Bob Foreman, "Mathews' New Book Will Be Whopper," Tulsa (Oklahoma) Tribune, 3 November 1958.
Guy Logsdon, "John Joseph Mathews: A Conversation," Nimrod 16 (Spring/Summer 1972).
Michael Snyder, "Friends of the Osages: John Joseph Mathews's 'Wah'Kon-Tah' and Osage-Quaker Cross-Cultural Collaboration," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 88.4 (Winter 2012-11).
Michael Snyder, John Joseph Mathews: Life of an Osage Writer, University of Oklahoma Press, 2017,
External links
Book about Osage writer will be released Thursday
John Joseph Mathews, Western American Literature Research
1894 births
1979 deaths
People from Pawhuska, Oklahoma
Osage people
Native American novelists
American military personnel of World War I
University of Oklahoma alumni
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
Alumni of the University of Oxford
University of Geneva alumni
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni
20th-century American male writers
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American expatriates in Switzerland |
5384126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Hofer%20%28composer%29 | Andreas Hofer (composer) | Andreas Hofer (ca. 1629 – 25 February 1684) was a German composer of the Baroque period.
Hofer was born at Reichenhall. He was a contemporary of Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber, whose predecessor he was in Salzburg in his office of Inspector and Hofkapellmeister, i.e., director of the court orchestra. Like Biber, Hofer was noted for his large-scale polychoral sacred works. It has been suggested that Hofer was the composer of the famous Missa Salisburgensis à 53 voci, which earlier had been attributed to Orazio Benevoli, although it is now accepted that it was the work of Biber.
Hofer died at Salzburg. His compositions contain significant roles for instruments like the cornetto, trombone or sackbut and trumpet. Little of his music has been performed or recorded in recent times; several scores, however, have been made available.
Compositions
Missa Archi Episcopalis à 19: 8 Voci Concertati SSAA/TTBB, 2 Violini, 2 Viole, 2 Cornetti, 2 Trombettae ("Clarini"), 3 Tromboni, Organo con Violone (1668?)
Missa valete: SSATB, 2 Violini, 2 Viole, 2 Trombettae, 2 Cornetti, 3 Tromboni, Organo, Violone.
Dextera Domini à 17: SATB, SATB, 2 Cornetti, 3 Tromboni, 4 Viole da Braccia, Organo.
Fundata est Domus (De Dedicatione) à 12: SSATTB in concerto, SSATTB in ripieno, 2 Violini, 2 Viole, 2 Cornetti, Organo (with opening Sonata).
Gaudeamus exultemus à 15: SATB, SATB, 4 Viole da Braccia, 2 Cornetti, 3 Tromboni, Organo.
Estote fortes in bello à 15: SATB, SATB, 2 Violini, 2 Cornetti, 3 Tromboni, Organo
Dixit Dominus: SATB concertato & ripieno, SATB concertato & ripieno, 2 Violini o 2 Cornetti, 3 Viole o 3 Tromboni, Organo.
Magnificat à 17 (with Sonata): SATB, SATB, 4 Viole, 2 Cornetti, 3 Tromboni, Organo.
Te Deum laudamus à 23: SATB, SATB, 2 Violini, 2 Viole, 5 Trombettae, Timpani, 2 Cornetti, 3 Tromboni, Organo.
Available
Salmi e motetti: Laetatus sum, Magdeburg: Edition Walhall, 2008
Salmi e motetti: Nisi Dominus aedificaverit domus, Magdeburg: Edition Walhall, 2007
Salmi e motetti: Cum iucunditate cantemus, Magdeburg: Edition Walhall, 2007
Musikalische Vesper (recording), Kassel: Rainer Kahleyss, P 2007
Salmi e motetti: Laudate pueri Dominum, Magdeburg: Edition Walhall, 2004
Salmi e motetti: Confitebor tibi Domine
Salmi e motetti: Nisi Dominus aedificaverit domum, Magdeburg: Edition Walhall 2004
Psalmen und Motetten (1654) / (selection) Lauda Jerusalem Dominum, Magdeburg: Edition Walhall, c 2004, Partitur, Stimmen
Nisi Dominus
Missa "Valete", Altötting: Alfred Coppenrath, c 1990
Te Deum, Vienna: Universal-Edition, 1980
Psalmi brevi, Vienna : Universal-Edition, 1979 c, 1. ed.
See also
Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber
Pavel Josef Vejvanovský
Johann Heinrich Schmelzer
Joannes Baptista Dolar
Johann Joseph Fux
Orazio Benevoli
Salzburg
Kroměříž
Reichenhall
Moravia
Polychoral
Colossal Baroque
Cornett
Cornettino
Natural trumpet
Trombone
Sackbut
References
Further reading
M. W. Barndt-Webb, Andreas Hofer. His Life and Music. PhD thesis, University of Illinois, 1972.
Ernst Hintermaier, Missa Salisburgensis. Neue Erkenntnisse über Entstehung, und Zweckbestimmung, in: Musicologica Austriaca 1 (1977), .
Jürg Stenzl, Ernst Hintermaier (ed.), Salzburger Musikgeschichte: vom Mittelalter bis ins 21. Jahrhundert Salzburg-Munich : Pustet 2005,
Karl Weinmann, Andreas Hofer. In Archiv für Musikwissenschaft, vol I, 1918.
Chris Woodstra, Gerald Brennan, Allen Schrott, All Music Guide to Classical Music: the definitive guide to classical music'' San Francisco, CA : Backbeat Books 2005
External links
1629 births
1684 deaths
German Baroque composers
German classical composers
People from Bad Reichenhall
17th-century classical composers
German male classical composers
17th-century male musicians |
5384129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20Forces | Mobile Forces | Mobile Forces is a first-person shooter video game developed by Rage Software using the Unreal Engine and published by Majesco Entertainment. The core team of Rage Games who developed Mobile Forces went on to become Realtime Worlds.
Gameplay
Mobile Forces is a first person shooter game where battles against the opposing team or against other players happen to win matches. Game features two singleplayer modes - Missions and Skirmish. In the former, players are required to excel at a set number of game styles in order to unlock further maps on which to play. Within each next map, bot difficulty level rises up and goes through seven bot skill levels. Skirmish game mode allows to play custom matches.
Mobile Forces has eight different game modes:
Deathmatch - the goal of this game style is to eliminate players in the map.
Team Deathmatch - similar to Deathmatch, only played in teams - Red and Blue.
Captains - in this game mode each team gets a captain and it is needed to kill opposing team's leader in order to score a point.
Capture the flag - in this game type both teams have to steal each other's flags in order to win.
Holdout - this game mode has a resemblance to the King of the Hill style. Specifically, one team is tasked with defending a beacon on a map, which the aggressor team must take within a period of time to win.
Detonation - in this game style members of both sides scramble to acquire a keycard located centrally in the map, which must then be taken to a console in the opposing team's base to activate an explosive device to score.
Safe Cracker - this game type involves the infiltration of the enemy team's base where it is needed to open the safe and retrieve the loot. After the match attackers and defenders switch between each other.
Trailer - the use of vehicles is integral to success in this team game style, requiring players to drive explosive-laden units into the base of their opponents in order to get points.
Unlike the games Counter-Strike and Unreal Tournament, Mobile Forces features its own weapon system. On the spawn, the loadout screen is given with a selection of armament and armoury. The more lethal weapons are taken from loadout (e. g. rocket launcher or the heavy machinegun), the less it is left for the life preserving sundries of body armor and adrenaline shots. Full equip tends to have an effect to player's speed of movement (slow movement).
The game also introduces a combination of vehicle and FPS gameplay what was the rarity at the time the game was released.
Development
By the time the studio was set up, Rage team had to make a game, they were uncertain what it will be. The crew made many titles, so they were sure that they will come out with something. The desire was to make a FPS game, so Rage team signed a license for Unreal Engine and started working on Mobile Forces.
The reason Rage team chose to work on Unreal Engine was that many good games were created by that time using the software: "We chose to use Unreal Technology because it's a well proven system that many good games have been built on. There are several "proven" systems but none as consistent as Unreal. And we wanted some of that." said Daniel Leyden in the Gamefaction.com interview.
The main inspiration was the game Codename Eagle. As it featured a bunch of great implementations in that time, the game wasn't focused on anything else (e.g. single player and multiplayer gameplay, AI) and Rage wanted not to repeat the same mistake (keep the elements in the game balanced).
It took 18 months to create the game (started at the end of the year 2000).
References
External links
Official Majesco Entertainment Website
2002 video games
First-person shooters
Unreal Engine games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Windows-only games
Rage Games games
Majesco Entertainment games
Multiplayer and single-player video games |
5384138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%20Grabski | Stanisław Grabski | Stanisław Grabski (; 5 April 1871 – 6 May 1949) was a Polish economist and politician associated with the National Democracy political camp. As the top Polish negotiator during the Peace of Riga talks in 1921, Grabski greatly influenced the future of Poland and the Soviet Union.
Stanisław Grabski was the brother of Władysław Grabski, another prominent Polish economist and politician who served as prime minister, and of political activist Zofia Kirkor-Kiedroniowa.
Biography
Stanisław Grabski became a political activist early in his life. In 1890, in Berlin, he edited (The Workers' Gazette). In 1892 he cofounded the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), but in 1901 he detached himself from that political movement to become a member of Roman Dmowski's "nationalist" camp (later known as National Democracy).
A member of the National League since 1905, a year later he became one of its leaders. From 1907 he was a member of Dmowski's party, the National-Democratic Party. During World War I Grabski, like Dmowski, supported the idea that Poles should ally with Russia, and later he joined Dmowski's Polish National Committee (Komitet Narodowy Polski) in Paris.
From 1919 to 1925, in newly independent Poland (the Second Polish Republic), he was a deputy to the Sejm (the Polish parliament) from the right-wing Popular National Union (Związek Ludowo-Narodowy).
During the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1921), he strongly opposed the alliance between Poland and the Ukrainian People's Republic (represented by Symon Petliura). He resigned as chair of the parliamentary commission on foreign relations in protest of this alliance. During the negotiations of the Peace of Riga (1921), he was the most influential Polish negotiator and was largely responsible for their outcome. The peace treaty resulted in partitioning of Ukraine and Belarus between Poland and the Soviet Union. While peace with Soviet Russia had been accomplished, the "federalist" objectives of Józef Piłsudski had thus been defeated.
In 1923 and from 1925 to 1926 he was the Minister of Religious Beliefs and Public Education. In that time he further pursued nationalist policies, especially Polonization. He was the architect of the 1924 Lex Grabski, which de facto sought to eliminate the Ukrainian language from Polish schools. These policies resulted in a dramatic increase in Ukrainian private schools and served to alienate Ukrainian youths from Polish authority. In 1926 he was also one of the first Poles to speak on radio, during the Polish Radio inauguration ceremony. He was also one of the principal Polish negotiators for the Concordat of 1925.
After Piłsudski's May Coup in 1926 he distanced himself from politics and concentrated on academic research into economics. Before the Second World War, he was a professor at the Lwów University, Dublany Agricultural Academy, and Jagiellonian University.
When the Soviet Union took control of Eastern Poland (Kresy) in 1939, following the Invasion of Poland, Grabski was arrested by the Soviets and imprisoned, like many prominent Polish intellectuals. Following the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement, he was released and moved to London, where he joined the Polish government in exile. He returned to Poland in 1945. Working closely together with Polish communist Wanda Wasilewska, Grabski (who referred to Stalin as "the greatest realist of all") sought to use Stalin to create a compact and ethnically homogenous Poland and helped to design a program for implementing policies to insure an ethnically pure Polish state. He proposed Polish and Ukrainian resettlement plans to Stalin, and traveled to Lviv in order to urge Poles to leave. He became one of the deputies to the president of the quasi-parliament State National Council, until the new Sejm was elected in the 1947 Polish legislative election. Afterwards he returned to his teaching career, becoming a professor at the University of Warsaw.
He died in Sulejówek and was buried at Powązki Cemetery in the family grave of the Grabski family.
Views
Grabski was an outspoken exponent of nationalist ideology in the interwar period. Agreeing with Roman Dmowski on the goal of assimilating the non-Polish population of the Kresy, Grabski differed in his approach. Whereas Dmowski apparently sought to recognize Ukrainians and Belorussians as folk variants of Poles, Grabski's approach was to reduce the non-Polish population to the status of second-class citizens and limiting their contact with the Polish majority. By creating a contrast between an advanced Polish culture and a primitive minority culture Grabski hoped that long term assimilation would be assured.
Family
In 1895, Grabski married Ludmiła Rożen. The couple had five children – three daughters (Feliksa, Ludmiła, Janina) and two sons (Stanisław and Zbigniew). Stanisław died in 1920 during the Polish-Soviet War. Zbigniew (1907–1943) was a scoutmaster, jailed until 1941 by Soviets, he died as a result of an accident during his military duties. After the death of his wife in 1915, Stanisław Grabski married Zofia Smolikówna in 1916. They had two daughters – Anna (born 1919) and Stanisława (1922–2008).
Quotes
"We want to base our relationships on love, but there is one kind of love for countrymen and another for aliens. Their percentage among us is definitely too high (...) The foreign element will have to see if it will not be better off elsewhere. Polish land for the Poles!" (1919)
"The transformation of the state territory of the Republic into a Polish national territory is a necessary condition of maintaining our frontiers."
Works
Zarys rozwoju idei społeczno-gospodarczych w Polsce (A sketch of the Development of Socioeconomic Ideas in Poland) (1903)
Ekonomia społeczna (Social Economy) (1927–1929)
Państwo narodowe (A Nation State) (1929)
Ku lepszej Polsce (Toward a Better Poland) (1937)
Na nowej drodze dziejowej (On a New Path of History) (1946)
Pamiętniki (Memoirs), prepared for print and edited by W. Stankiewicz (1989)
References
External links
Stanisław Grabski, entry in the Polish PWN Encyclopedia
1871 births
1949 deaths
People from Łowicz County
People from Warsaw Governorate
Polish Roman Catholics
Polish Socialist Party politicians
National-Democratic Party (Poland) politicians
Popular National Union politicians
Government ministers of Poland
Members of the Legislative Sejm of the Second Polish Republic
Members of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic (1922–1927)
Members of the State National Council
People of the Polish May Coup (pro-government side)
Polish economists
University of Warsaw faculty
Jagiellonian University faculty
University of Lviv faculty
Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Burials at Powązki Cemetery |
5384150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-value%20%28soils%29 | R-value (soils) | The R-Value test measures the response of a compacted sample of soil or aggregate to a vertically applied pressure under specific conditions. This test is used by Caltrans for pavement design, replacing the California bearing ratio test. Many other agencies have adopted the California pavement design method, and specify R-Value testing for subgrade soils and road aggregates.
The test method states:
The R-value of a material is determined when the material is in a state of saturation such that water will be exuded from the compacted test specimen when a 16.8 kN load (2.07 MPa) is applied. Since it is not always possible to prepare a test specimen that will exude water at the specified load, it is necessary to test a series of specimens prepared at different moisture contents.
R-Value is used in pavement design, with the thickness of each layer dependent on the R-value of the layer below and the expected level of traffic loading, expressed as a Traffic Index. Details of the pavement design procedure are given in Chapter 600 of the California Highway Design Manual.
References
Tests in geotechnical laboratories
Pavement engineering |
5384160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doffcocker | Doffcocker | Doffcocker is a mostly residential district of Bolton, Greater Manchester, lying about 3½ miles from the town centre on the northwest edge of the suburbs on the lower south facing slopes of the West Pennine Moors. Historically within Lancashire, it is bounded by Markland Hill and Heaton to the south and Halliwell to the east.
Coal was mined at Doffcocker Colliery in the 19th century from the thin Mountain Mine (seam) of the lower coal measures.
Its most prominent feature is Doffcocker Lodge, a former mill lodge (created in 1874) and now a local nature reserve for wildfowl.
The history of the name is not certain but it is believed to be formed from the Celtic dubh meaning dark or black, and cocr meaning a winding stream, giving "dark winding stream", the stream that fed Doffcocker Lodge. Another version is that it was named after a Scotsman who was passing through the area and had to cross the stream. Its waters were exceptionally high following heavy rain, so to keep his stockings (cockers, as they were known in Scotland) dry the man was obliged to "doff" them.
A similar version appears in an old book
COCKERS, or COGGERS, properly half-boots made of untanned leather, or other stiff materials, and strapped under the shoe; but old stockings without feet, used as gaiters by hedgers and ploughmen, are often so called. Cockers occurs in Bishop Hall's Satires. In Lancashire the word is often used for stockings. There is a small place not far from Bolton, called Doff-Cocker, where, my friend, Mr. Turner, informs me, it used to be the fashion for the country people who came from church or market to pull off their stockings and walk barefoot home.
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Doffcocker by W D Billington, published by Halliwell Local History Society, 1991 and 2001,
Areas of Bolton |
5384164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer%20Memorial%20Institute | Palmer Memorial Institute | The Alice Freeman Palmer Memorial Institute, better known as Palmer Memorial Institute, was a school for upper class African Americans. It was founded in 1902 by Dr. Charlotte Hawkins Brown at Sedalia, North Carolina near Greensboro. Palmer Memorial Institute was named after Alice Freeman Palmer, former president of Wellesley College and benefactor of Dr. Brown.
It became, before its closure in the 1970s, a fully accredited, nationally recognized preparatory school. More than 1,000 African American students attended the school between 1902 and 1970.
Bennett College purchased the Palmer campus, but in 1980 it sold of the main campus with major surviving buildings to the American Muslim Mission. The Muslims, who belong to the community which followed, Imam Warith Deen Mohammed; tried to establish a teacher's college but abandoned this project due to the bad condition of the campus.
In late 1982, Maria Cole, a niece of Dr. Brown's and widow of late singer Nat King Cole, and friend Marie Gibbs of Greensboro began an effort to obtain recognition of Dr. Brown's social and educational contributions, specifically in regard to Palmer Memorial Institute. Both women, who were former students at Palmer Memorial Institute, sponsored meetings of Palmer alumni and enlisted support for this cause. They also met with North Carolina's Division of Archives and History to explore ideas.
Through the assistance of North Carolina Senator Bill Martin, a special bill was passed in the 1983 General Assembly that allowed for planning by Archives and History of the state's first African American state historic site as a memorial to Dr. Brown.
In November 1987, the memorial officially opened as a state historic site.
In 1994, the Historic Sites Section completed exhaustive, comprehensive research on Brown and the Palmer Institute, and restored or stabilized several other structures.
The Palmer Memorial Institute Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The district encompasses 16 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, 3 contributing structures, and 2 contributing objects. They include the Queen Anne style Galen Stone Hall designed by Harry Barton (1876-1937), Charles W. Eliot Hall, and Kimball Hall; Alice Freeman Palmer Building (1922); Congregational Women's Cottage and Carrie M. Stone Cottage designed by Charles C. Hartmann; Rev. John Brice House (c. 1926); Bethany United Church of Christ (1870, c. 1925, c. 1975); and Robert B. Andrew Farm and Store/Post Office.
Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum
The restored campus buildings of the Palmer Memorial Institute are now the Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum, which belongs to the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources and links Dr. Brown and Palmer Memorial Institute to the larger themes of African American women, education, and social history, with an emphasis on the contributions made by African American citizens to education in North Carolina.
The museum's visitor center is located in the Carrie M. Stone Teachers' Cottage (1948), and features exhibits about Dr. Charlotte Hawkins Brown, the Institute and African American education in North Carolina. There is also a video about the school. Visitors can tour Dr. Brown's residence, known as Canary Cottage, which has been furnished to reflect the 1940s and 1950s, when the school was at its peak. Several dormitories, the dining hall, bell tower, teahouse and several teachers' cottage can also be seen.
See also
Wilhelmina Marguerita Crosson, school president from 1952 to 1966
References
External links
Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum - located at the site of the Palmer Memorial Institute
African-American history of North Carolina
African-American upper class
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Colonial Revival architecture in North Carolina
North Carolina State Historic Sites
Buildings and structures in Guilford County, North Carolina
Protected areas of Guilford County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Guilford County, North Carolina
1902 establishments in North Carolina |
5384175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido%20Hoheisel | Guido Hoheisel | Guido Karl Heinrich Hoheisel (14 July 1894 – 11 October 1968) was a German mathematician and professor of mathematics at the University of Cologne.
Academic life
He did his PhD in 1920 from the University of Berlin under the supervision of Erhard Schmidt.
During World War II Hoheisel was required to teach classes simultaneously at three universities, in Cologne, Bonn, and Münster. His doctoral students include Arnold Schönhage.
Hoheisel contributed to the journal Deutsche Mathematik.
Selected results
Hoheisel is known for a result on gaps between prime numbers:
He proved that if π(x) denotes the prime-counting function, then there exists a constant θ < 1 such that
π(x + xθ) − π(x) ~ xθ/log(x),
as x tends to infinity, implying that if pn denotes the n-th prime number then
pn+1 − pn < pnθ,
for all sufficiently large n. He showed that one may take
θ = 32999/33000 = 1 - 0.000(03),
with (03) denoting periodic repetition.
Selected works
Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen 1926; 2nd edition 1930; 7th edition 1965
Partielle Differentialgleichungen 1928; 3rd edition 1953
Aufgabensammlung zu den gewöhnlichen und partiellen Differentialgleichungen 1933
Integralgleichungen 1936; revised and expanded 2nd edition 1963
Existenz von Eigenwerten und Vollständigkeitskriterium 1943
Integral equations translated by A. Mary Tropper [1968, c1967]
References
20th-century German mathematicians
1968 deaths
1894 births |
5384176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon-tailed%20fantail | Cinnamon-tailed fantail | The cinnamon-tailed fantail (Rhipidura fuscorufa) is a fantail restricted to the Banda Sea Islands of Indonesia.
References
External links
BirdLife Species Factsheet
cinnamon-tailed fantail
Birds of Wallacea
cinnamon-tailed fantail
cinnamon-tailed fantail |
5384178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-value | R-value | R-value or rvalue may refer to:
R-value (insulation) in building engineering, the efficiency of insulation of a house
R-value (soils) in geotechnical engineering, the stability of soils and aggregates for pavement construction
R-factor (crystallography), a measure of the agreement between the crystallographic model and the diffraction data
R0 or R number, the basic reproduction number in epidemiology
In computer science, a pure value which cannot be assigned to
In statistics, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, or simply correlation coefficient
In solid mechanics, the Lankford coefficient
See also
L-value (disambiguation)
R rating (disambiguation)
R-factor, a plasmid that codes for antibiotic resistance |
5384181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheen%20Sheik | Shaheen Sheik | Shaheen Sheik (born June 17, 1975) is an American, singer, song-writer, producer, dancer and an actor based in Los Angeles, California. Her musical work spans several genres, including rock/pop, electronic and chill-out music. She grew up in Cleveland and Los Angeles, but traces her roots to Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
Early years
Shaheen Sheik was born in Cleveland, Ohio to Iqbal Sheik, a psychiatrist, and Sharfudheen Sheik, a mechanical engineer. She also has an older brother, Zafar Sheik, a physician in Warren, Ohio. When she was a teenager, Sheik's family moved to Orange County, California.
As a child, Sheik was a studied classical dancer and later in life began studying vocal, guitar and sarod. She received her B.A. in Anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley and then studied law at the University of Virginia School of Law.
Career
In 2000, after graduating from law school, Sheik worked full-time on her musical career. She credits her learning to become a singer and performer with a weekly residency at San Francisco's Lush Lounge. Soon after, Sheik moved to Los Angeles and began making the open mic circuit with contemporaries, Catherine Feeny, Alexi Murdoch and Joe Purdy.
In 2003, Sheik released her first album, Live from Santosha, in 2003, featuring performances from her live shows at Los Angeles' Genghis Cohen. Later that same year, Sheik released her first studio EP, "In Your Love."
Her first full-length album, Rock Candy, was released in May 2005, with her single "Wildflower World" being featured on MTV Desi. The album was later picked up by Times Music India. During a tour in Mumbai, Sheik was recognized as being "compared to Sheryl Crow and Shawn Colvin" by Express India. In 2008, Sheik released her second album Revolution, a world electronic album and departure from the guitar driven Rock Candy. When discussing Revolution, Sheik has stated that being a trained dancer taught her the connection between rhythm and emotion and that her second album focused on that connection.
After releasing Revolution, Sheik met Swedish producer, SoulAvenue, on MySpace. In 2008, SoulAvenue remixed Wildflower World (Wild Orchid Mix), which was included on Chillbar: Vol. 1. SoulAvenue then remixed Sheik's Revolution track, "Here We Go," which George V Records placed on Buddha Bar XII, mixed by DJ Ravin. On their third collaboration, Sheik and SoulAvenue's co-wrote "One By One", which was included on Buddha Bar XIII, again mixed by DJ Ravin. SoulAvenue and Sheik continue their collaborations to date, with tracks included on Buddha Bar XIV (2012), Buddha Bar XV (2013), Buddha Bar Greatest Hits (2019) and Buddha Bar Summer of Chill (2020).
Dance
Sheik is a classically trained Bharatanatyam dancer and studied under Malathi Iyengar, artistic director of Rangoli Dance Company. In 2005, 2006, and 2008, Sheik received Lestor Horton Dance Award nominations for her performances in 'Ragamalika Varnam,' 'Kodhai's Dream', and Jatiswaram ('Kodhai's Dream'). The Los Angeles Times described Sheik's portrayal of Krishna in 'Kodhai's Dream' as "commanding" and her duet with fellow company dancer, Lakshmi Iyengar, as "a breathtaking finale." On October 11, 2016, Shaheen founded Amala Collectiv, a Bharatanatyam dance school and performing arts collective committed to the South Asian Arts diaspora.
Acting
Sheik played Anisha Kishore in the film "Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World."
Personal life
In 2007, Sheik married real estate developer, Harpal Sadhal. She gave birth to their daughter in 2010 and their son in 2012.
Discography
Albums
Live From Santosha (2003)
In Your Love (EP) (2003)
Rock Candy (2005)
Revolution (May 1, 2008)
Compilations
"Wildflower World (Wild Orchid Mix)" – Chillbar Volume 1 (2008)
"Here We Go (SoulAvenue Erhu Blues Mix)" – Buddha Bar Volume 12 (2010)
SoulAvenue featuring Shaheen Sheik "One by One" – Buddha Bar Volume 13 (2011)
SoulAvenue featuring Shaheen Sheik "Different (SoulAvenue's Boddhisatva Blues)" – Buddha Bar Volume 14 (2012)
Shaheen Sheik and SoulAvenue "Lullaby for Samiyah" – Buddha Bar Volume 15 (2013)
SoulAvenue featuring Shaheen Sheik "One by One" - Buddha Bar Greatest Hits (2019)
SoulAvenue featuring Shaheen Sheik "Refugee" - Buddha Bar Summer of Chill (2020)
References
External links
Shaheen Sheik's website
Shaheen Sheik's myspace
A Tune of Her Own, Nirali Magazine, September 2004
Screen India Interview
Living people
American people of Tamil descent
American women singer-songwriters
Indian women singer-songwriters
Indian singer-songwriters
Tamil singers
1975 births
Singers from Los Angeles
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
Singer-songwriters from California |
5384183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission%20to%20practice%20law | Admission to practice law | An admission to practice law is acquired when a lawyer receives a license to practice law. In jurisdictions with two types of lawyer, as with barristers and solicitors, barristers must gain admission to the bar whereas for solicitors there are distinct practising certificates.
Becoming a lawyer is a widely varied process around the world. Common to all jurisdictions are requirements of age and competence; some jurisdictions also require documentation of citizenship or immigration status. However, the most varied requirements are those surrounding the preparation for the license, whether it includes obtaining a law degree, passing an exam, or serving in an apprenticeship. In English, admission is also called a law license. Basic requirements vary from country to country, as described below.
In some jurisdictions, after admission the lawyer needs to maintain a current practising certificate to be permitted to offer services to the public.
Africa
The African Union comprises all 55 countries on the Continent of Africa. However, the qualifications for each nation can vary widely between them, with foreign educated lawyers having the most difficulty in obtaining residency.
Algeria
Those wishing to obtain a law degree must have Algerian nationality, be at least 23 years old, possess at least a bachelor's degree in law or equivalent degree in Islamic law, have a certificate of competency for the legal profession, and enjoy full political and civil rights without any convictions for a crime of dishonesty.
Angola
Angolan nationals and foreigners who wish to practice law must complete a law degree from an Angolan university and then take the National Exam for Admission to Advocacy. The regulations that establish that citizens admitted to the study of individuals accept foreign countries, on an equal basis, Angolan graduates. The Order of Attorneys of Angola is an organization of lawyers and responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in the country.
Botswana
Botswana requires a Bachelor of Laws degree to practice law. The Bachelor of Laws degree is earned through a five-year undergraduate program, with the fifth year as an internship. After completing a Bachelor of Laws program, applicants may practice law. A bar exam is not required.
Egypt
To earn a law license, applicants must have Egyptian nationality, full civil capacity, not have any disciplinary findings against them, and be of good conduct and reputation. They are required to earn a law degree from an Egyptian university or a degree from a foreign university which is considered equivalent under Egyptian law, pass a medical examination to ensure fitness for the practice of the profession, and pay the registration fees and annual subscriptions required by law. After an applicant obtains a law degree, he or she must then undertake two years of practical training as a trainee lawyer and plead a minimum of 25 cases. Following the completion of the training period, the applicant must obtain the recommendation of the president of the lowest court and members of the local bar association to be admitted as a lawyer.
Ethiopia
A law license requires a diploma in law from a legally recognized educational institution. Ethiopian law schools offer undergraduate (LLB) and postgraduate (Juris Doctor) degrees in law. Students must complete a college preparatory program before acceptance to an LLB program. Those with an undergraduate degree (BA or BSC) in another field may be admitted to a three-year Juris Doctor program. All undergraduate students must complete the Law School Exit Examination to graduate. After earning a law degree, graduates must pass an exam for the relevant law license. The Regions of Ethiopia and the Ethiopian federal government all issue their own licenses for the practice of law.
Gabon
Gabon requires candidates to hold a law degree and complete a one-year internship under the supervision of a lawyer who has been licensed to practice law for at least five years. After completing the internship, the candidate must then petition the President of the Bar Association for a second one-year internship. At the end of the second internship, the candidate may petition the Bar Council to be enrolled as a lawyer.
Ghana
The General Legal Council is responsible for issuing licenses to practice law. Applicants must be of good character and have satisfactorily completed a course in law which meets its requirements at a school of law or other place of instruction it recognizes, or be qualified in practicing law in a country with a sufficiently analogous legal system. They must also practice for at least six months in the chambers of a lawyer who has been working in the profession for not less than seven years. Law licenses must be renewed annually. Those admitted to practice law in Ghana become members of the Ghana Bar Association.
Kenya
Governance
Legal practice in Kenya is governed by the Advocates Act, Chapter 16 of the Laws of Kenya. Only lawyers admitted to the Bar, known as Advocates of the High Court of Kenya, have the right of audience before Kenyan courts. To be an advocate, (which is concurrent with being a member of the Law Society of Kenya) one must first complete a law degree from a recognised university in Kenya or any other Commonwealth country, then attend the Kenya School of Law for a postgraduate Diploma in Legal Practice for training in more practical legal subjects such as conveyancing and evidence, and complete a mandatory six-month articles of pupillage under a lawyer of five years' standing.
Petition
Upon completion of the requisite academic and practical training, one must 'petition' the chief justice of the judiciary for admission to the bar by filing the requisite documents, including the petition in a prescribed format under the Advocates Act and an accompanying affidavit, a certificate of completion of pupillage and two certificates of moral fitness by practising lawyers of five years' standing, one of which must be from the petitioner's supervisor in chambers (referred to as 'pupil master'), and pay a fee.
The petition is addressed to both the registrar of the High Court on behalf of the chief justice and the secretary/CEO of the Law Society of Kenya, and upon approval by the Council of the Law Society, one is 'called to the bar'. The call is made in open court by taking an oath before the chief justice, who pronounces the admission. Usually, several lawyers are admitted to the bar at the same session.
Practice renewal
An annual fee for a 'practising certificate' must be paid to the Law Society of Kenya, although the certificate is issued by the Court Registrar. Non-payment renders one ineligible to appear before courts. Lawyers who do not wish to appear before courts need not take out a certificate, but in practice most lawyers do so as it is generally required by most employers, since only advocates can sign any documents in such capacity.
Advocates who wish to administer oaths—usually in affidavit format—must apply to the Chief Justice to be appointed Commissioners for Oaths, whereas those who wish to perform functions similar to notaries public in the United Kingdom must have been advocates for five years, and formally apply to be a notary public to the Chief Justice through the Court Registrar. To appear before the Supreme Court, one must be an advocate of seven years' standing.
Madagascar
To become an advocate (advocat), an individual must obtain a master's degree in law or equivalent degree and a Certificate of Aptitude for the Legal Profession, after which three years of further legal training, which can be extended by another two years, are required. Lawyers must re-register annually.
Morocco
To be registered as an advocate, an individual must be a Moroccan national or national of a country which has an agreement with Morocco which grants nationals of both countries reciprocal rights to practice law, be at least 21 years of age, enjoy full civil capacity, possess a bachelor's degree in law from a Moroccan law school or equivalent certificate from a recognized university, obtain a certificate of eligibility to practice law, have no convictions, never have been declared bankrupt, and not have been linked to the management of public institutions for a certain amount of time. Applicants must then pass the bar exam conducted by the Ministry of Justice and practice as a trainee lawyer for two years.
Namibia
Namibia has a detailed act that fully delineates the requisites to be a Legal Practitioner. Aspiring lawyers must hold a law degree from the University of Namibia or equivalent qualification from a university outside the country recognized by the Namibian government, obtain a certificate from the Board of Legal Education stating that the trainee lawyer has undergone practical legal training, and pass the Legal Practitioners' Qualifying Examination.
Niger
Admission to the Niger Bar requires a master's degree in law, passing the entry exam, completing a Certificate of Professional Practice and a one-year internship, or a two-year internship for those who do not have a Certificate of Professional Practice. At the end of the internship, the trainee lawyer is given a certificate of completion after their supervisor gives a reasoned opinion, and is eligible to register for the Niger Bar.
Nigeria
One has to complete a five-year LLB program in an accredited university in Nigeria or abroad, then a compulsory one-year program (bar 2) at the Nigerian Law School. International students do a preliminary course (bar 1) before doing the compulsory one-year program. During the law school program, students do compulsory court attachment and chamber attachment before graduation. After obtaining a law degree, aspiring lawyers must pass the examination at the Nigerian Law School. Those who pass are then called to the Nigerian Bar by the Nigerian Body of Benchers and enroll as a legal practitioner before the Supreme Court of Nigeria.
Rwanda
Holders of a Rwandan law license must be nationals of Rwanda, hold at least a bachelor's degree in law or equivalent degree, have a certificate from the Institute of Legal Practice and Development or an equivalent, and pass the bar exam. Applicants must also not have been sentenced to a prison term equal to or exceeding six months.
Sudan
Individuals who apply to become advocates in Sudan must possess Sudanese nationality, be at least 21 years of age and of good character, possess an LLB degree from a recognized educational institution, and pass the Legal Professing exam, which is managed by the Advocates Admissions Committee, unless granted an exemption from doing so. Successful applicants must complete a one-year traineeship, then pass an interview with the Bar Admission Committee before being admitted. Licenses must be renewed annually.
Tunisia
To practice as an advocate in Tunisia, individuals must be registered in the table of advocats. Registration requires a person to have held Tunisian nationality for at least five years, to be a resident of Tunisia, be between 20 and 50 years of age, have no criminal record, never to have been declared bankrupt, and have fulfilled all national service requirements. Candidates must hold a certificate of aptitude for the legal profession from the Higher Institute of the Legal Profession unless they hold the title of Professor of Law from a Tunisian or foreign university, in which case they may gain an exemption from this requirement. Newly qualified lawyers must spend a year as a trainee lawyer, during which time they can only plead before lower courts. After one year, they may apply to be fully certified as a lawyer.
Uganda
To be admitted as an advocate, an individual must be a Ugandan national or resident, possess a Bachelor of Laws degree from a Ugandan university or an educational institution from any other country with a common law legal system and recognized by the Law Council, and obtain a postgraduate diploma in legal practice from the Law Development Centre. Candidates must then apply to be recognized as lawyers by the Law Council, which will issue an advocate's license if satisfied that the applicant is eligible and is a fit and proper person to be an advocate. Advocate's licenses must be renewed annually.
Zimbabwe
To be admitted to practice law, one must complete an LLB degree from the University of Zimbabwe or Midlands State University, register with the Law Society of Zimbabwe and receive a practicing certificate, and be enrolled on the register of the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe. Practicing certificates from the Law Society of Zimbabwe must be renewed annually. Holders of degrees from outside Zimbabwe must have obtained them from designated institutions and take an exam.
Americas
In U.S. English, admission to the bar is also commonly known as obtaining one's "law license" ("licence" in Canadian English).
Anguilla
Admission to practice in Anguilla is regulated by the Legal Profession Act 2016. To be admitted in Anguilla a person first needs to be admitted in either England & Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland, or have received a Certificate of Legal Education from the Council of Legal Education of the West Indies. Further the applicant needs to be either (a) a Belonger of Anguilla, (b) resident in Anguilla, or (c) a citizen of certain specified Caribbean countries.
Argentina
In Argentina, prospective lawyers must complete an undergraduate law degree (Abogado, which lasts five to six years depending on the university), and then become a member of one of the jurisdictional associations.
Bahamas
Under the laws of the Bahamas, only a Bahamian national can normally be admitted as a lawyer. However, there is an exception for special admissions to allow senior barristers who have specialist expertise to be admitted to conduct a single case.
Bolivia
Bolivia requires candidates to complete a law degree at a Bolivian law faculty, which takes 9-10 semesters, and then submit a graduate certificate and certificate of good civil standing to the Ministry of Justice.
Brazil
Brazil requires an undergraduate law degree (Bachelor in law, in Portuguese Bacharelado em Direito, which lasts five years) and the passing of the bar examination.
British Virgin Islands
A person may be admitted as a barrister or solicitor in the British Virgin Islands either by being admitted as a lawyer in the United Kingdom, or by attending one of the three regional law schools (Hugh Wooding Law School, Norman Manley Law School or Eugene Dupuch Law School). In 2015 the British Virgin Islands passed the Legal Profession Act 2015. Although the new admission rules under the Act have not yet been brought into force, once it does so graduates from regional law schools will still be eligible for admission but will have to undertake a period of one years' pupillage; and lawyers from the United Kingdom will only be eligible for admission if they have five years' post-qualification experience. The new regime will also allow senior foreign lawyers to be admitted temporarily just for a single case.
Canada
Canadian applicants to the bar must obtain admission (referred to as the "call to the bar") to one of the provincial or territorial Law Societies in the various jurisdictions of Canada. All domestically trained lawyers must have a bachelor's degree in law LLB or Juris Doctor (JD) from a law school accredited by the provincial law society or the National Committee on Accreditation before being called to the bar. Admission requirements to law school vary between those of common law jurisdictions, which comprise all but one of Canada's provinces and territories, and the province of Quebec, which is a civil law jurisdiction. For common law schools, students must have already completed an undergraduate degree before being admitted to an LLB or JD programme, although this requirement can be waived in exceptional circumstances. For civil law schools, students must generally either have graduated from a general and vocational college (CEGEP), have a two-year college degree, or have completed at least a year of undergraduate education. Once students earn a law degree, they must typically pass examinations and serve in an apprenticeship as an articled clerk with a law firm for a certain amount of time.
The exact requirements vary among the different provinces and territories. For example, the Law Society of British Columbia requires that a student complete an undergraduate degree in any discipline and before studying for an undergraduate law degree (LL.B. and/or B.C.L., three to four years) or Juris Doctor (three years). The applicant must then pass two licensing examinations, the Barrister Licensing Examination and Solicitor Licensing Examination, then article with a law firm for nine to fifteen months depending on the jurisdiction and nature of the articling process. The Law Society of Ontario likewise requires law graduates to pass a Barrister Licensing Examination and Solicitor Licensing Examination, then requires that candidates complete ten months of articles supervised by a practising lawyer, or an alternative such as an eight-month Law Practise Program. Other provinces have similar but not identical examination and training requirements. All provinces also have character and fitness requirements.
Cayman Islands
A person may be admitted as an attorney-at-law in the Cayman Islands by one of three routes. A newly qualified person may qualify by either holding a bachelor of laws degree from the Cayman Islands Law School or an equivalent institution or a non-law degree together with the Common Professional Examination/Graduate Diploma in Law, and then completing the 9-month Professional Practise Course ("PPC"), followed by eighteen months as an articled clerk within a law firm. Under the Legal Practitioners (Students) Regulations (2012 Revision) only Caymanians or persons that hold Cayman Status or as otherwise approved by the Cayman Islands Cabinet may undertake the PPC. Lawyers who are already qualified to practice in the United Kingdom, Jamaica or another approved Commonwealth jurisdiction may be admitted under the Legal Practitioners Law (2015 Revision) provided that they are in good standing in their jurisdiction of admission and can demonstrate residence in the Cayman Islands for at least a year (usually by holding a valid work permit for that period of time). Lastly, lawyers who are admitted in another jurisdiction and who only wish to be temporarily admitted in the Cayman Islands for the purposes of appearing in a single case (usually Queen's Counsel from London) may be temporarily admitted. All attorneys are required to hold a current practicing certificate to practice law, but the Cayman Islands is slightly unusual that if an Attorney ceases to hold a practicing certificate for two years they are struck off the roll.
Chile
Chile requires a law degree (Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas: five years, and to approve a degree exam comprising all studied civil and procedural law that usually can takes one or two years more). A six-month apprenticeship is also required. Candidates then take their oath as a lawyer in the Supreme Court.
Cuba
In Cuba, candidates must complete a law degree. Law school courses last five years and include several cycles of apprenticeships. After graduating, most students must sit the bar exam. Those with the highest grades may be admitted to practice law by writing an honors thesis rather than taking the bar exam. All graduates must also perform three years of social service.
Ecuador
Ecuador requires a law degree from a university in Ecuador recognized by the Secretary of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation. Candidates must then complete a Pre-Professional Practice Program in a given public institution, totalling at least 500 hours of study. They must then register with the Lawyers' Forum of the Judicial Council.
Guatemala
To be admitted as a lawyer in Guatemala, it is necessary to hold a certificate of competence issued by the Supreme Court of Justice, which is available to those who are Guatemalan nationals and have obtained a law degree from a recognized university. Those practicing law must also register with the College of Attorneys and Notaries.
Mexico
Lawyers in Mexico are required to complete a law degree (Licenciado en Derecho, a five-year program), and obtain a practice certificate (cedula professional) from the Bureau of Professions of the Ministry of Education (Dirección General de Profesiones), which officially certifies the license by virtue of the law degree.
Peru
Lawyers (Abogados) in Peru must be members of a local bar association, which requires an undergraduate law degree (Bachiller en Derecho, a six-year program) and a diploma (Titulo de Abogado), the latter requiring one year of apprenticeship and passing of the bar exam.
United States
In the United States, all states, territories, and the District of Columbia regulate and license the legal profession separately and maintain their own bar associations. While some other Common law countries maintain separate categories of lawyers in the form of barristers and solicitors, there is only one category of lawyer in the United States. The terms lawyer and attorney are used interchangeably. With varying exceptions, jurisdictions typically require that candidates complete a postgraduate law degree and pass the bar examination.
Most jurisdictions require applicants to complete a Juris Doctor degree from a law school approved by the American Bar Association (ABA). In the United States, all law degrees are postgraduate. Every law school requires that candidates hold a bachelor's degree prior to commencing law studies. There are no requirements for any particular undergraduate degrees, and aspiring law students may complete a degree in any particular subject or in general studies. Formal pre-law programs exist but are not typically given special favor by law schools. A minority of states permit graduates of law schools not approved by the ABA to take their bar examination or will admit a graduate of such a school to their bar association provided that the candidate has been admitted to the bar of another state. The states of Alabama, California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, West Virginia, and Tennessee allow individuals to take the bar exam upon graduation from law schools approved by state bodies but not accredited by the ABA. Specifically in California, certain law schools "registered" with the Committee of Bar Examiners of the State Bar of California (CBE) are authorized to grant Juris Doctor degrees although they are not accredited by the ABA or CBE. Students at these schools must take and pass the First-Year Law Students' Examination (commonly referred to as the "Baby Bar") administered by the CBE, and may continue their studies to obtain their Juris Doctor degree upon passage of this exam.
The state of New York makes special provision for persons educated to degree-level in common law from overseas, with holders of bachelor degrees in law being qualified to take the bar exam and, upon passing, be admitted to the bar.
All jurisdictions require applicants to pass a moral character evaluation and to pass an ethics examination, which some states administer as part of their bar examinations. Most also require applicants to achieve a particular score on the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination.
The states of Wisconsin and New Hampshire are the only jurisdictions to not unconditionally require successful completion of a bar exam for admission. Diploma privilege is available in those states for graduates of certain law schools whose degree programmes meet certain requirements.
The states of California, Maine, New York, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia allow applicants to study under a judge or practicing attorney for an extended period of time rather than attending law school. This method is known as "reading law" or "reading the law". New York allows applicants who read law to take the bar exam, but only if they have at least one year of law school study. Maine allows students who completed two years of law school to serve an apprenticeship in lieu of completing their third year. New Hampshire's only law school has an alternative licensing program that allows students who have completed certain curricula and a separate exam to bypass the regular bar examination. California allows students who completed two years of college coursework, or the equivalent as demonstrated by examination, to meet the legal education requirement for the bar exam by studying law diligently in a lawyer's office or judge's chambers for not less than 864 hours over not less than four years. Hours spent as an employee of an attorney or judge are not counted as study. Very few people pursue these options.
The American legal system is unusual in that it has no formal apprenticeship or clinical training requirements prior to admission to the bar, with a few exceptions. Delaware requires that candidates for admission to the bar serve five months in a clerkship with a lawyer in the state. Vermont had a similar requirement but eliminated it in 2016. Washington requires, since 2005, that applicants must complete a minimum of four hours of approved pre-admission education. Some law schools have tried to rectify this lack of experience by requiring supervised "Public Service Requirements" of all graduates. States that encourage law students to undergo clinical training or perform public service in the form of pro bono representation may allow students to appear and practice in limited court settings under the supervision of an admitted attorney.
Asia
Bangladesh
Practicing law requires admission to the Bangladesh Bar Council. In order to do so, candidates must be citizens of Bangladesh, be a minimum of 21 years old, and obtain a law degree. They must pass the Bar Council Examination to be allowed to practice law.
Bhutan
Bhutan requires a bachelor's degree in law followed by a bar exam. Candidates must also not have criminal records and not be declared bankrupt by a court.
Cambodia
Cambodia requires a Bachelor of Law or equivalent law degree, certificate of Lawyer's Professional Skill from the Center for the Training of the Legal Profession, and no misdemeanor or felony record, as well as no disciplinary sanction or administrative penalty. Unless granted an exemption, prospective lawyers must then spend a year as a trainee lawyer, either in a training program conducted by the Bar Association or by working as an associate in a law firm. Following the training period, the Bar Council will make a decision whether or not to register the prospective lawyer with the Bar Association based on whether or not the trainee fulfilled the requirements and a report on the trainee's supervising lawyer. If the Bar Council decides that the trainee does not have sufficient competence, it can order a period of additional training not to exceed one year. Applicants who satisfy the Bar Council that they are of sufficient competence are registered with the Bar Association and are allowed to practice law.
China
In China, one must first obtain a recognized law degree (a bachelor's, master's, or doctoral degree) or have at least three years of work experience in certain legal institutions. Those aspiring to be allowed to practice law must also have a record of good behavior. Applicants must then pass the National Unified Legal Professional Qualification Examination. They must also complete a one-year apprenticeship before being granted a license to practice law.
Hong Kong
The special administrative region of Hong Kong makes a distinction between barristers and solicitors. Admission to either profession requires a law degree (either the four-year LL.B. or the two-year Juris Doctor) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Laws (which requires nine months). The apprenticeship to become a barrister is only one year, while a solicitor must apprentice for two years.
Foreign lawyers (from any jurisdiction) may be admitted as solicitors by passing the Overseas Qualified Lawyers Examination and satisfying a three months residence requirement. Foreign lawyers may also be admitted as barristers by passing the Barristers Qualification Examination.
India
In India, prospective lawyers must complete an undergraduate law degree after 12 years of schooling and obtain an honours law degree, (actually a double degree) where the course is a five-year course. The first undergraduate foundational and generic degree, (usually B.A.Law but in some cases Bachelor of General Laws/Bachelor of Socio-Legal Studies etc.) is awarded after three years of study, and the professional law degree called the LL.B. (honours) degree, which has a substantial component of practical training, is earned after two years of further legal studies.
Alternatively any graduate with a bachelor's degree in any subject (obtained after 15 years of education, i.e. after graduation), can enroll for a second graduate degree in law of a three-year course (LL.B. degree). The 5-year LL.B. (honours) degree and the 3-year LL.B. degree are the only qualifying professional degrees recognized for entering the legal profession in India.
Law graduates in India are not entitled to call themselves advocates and can not appear in courts even if they call themselves lawyers.
India requires all law graduates, intending to enter the profession of practising law as advocates, to first enroll themselves on the Roll of Advocates of any State Bar Council (regional authorities under the overall authority of the Bar Council of India) and to pass the All India Bar Examination (AIBE) conducted by the Bar Council of India which is the institution regulating the profession of legal practice. It is mandatory for all law school graduates to qualify in the All India Bar Examination, without which they cannot be admitted to practice in courts and may not refer to themselves as advocates. After being enrolled by one of the State Bar Councils and clearing the All India Bar Examination, a law graduate's name is entered on the Roll of Advocates maintained by their State Bar Council and is issued a Certificate of Practice. After this, they are entitled to call themselves advocates and can appear in court representing clients.
All advocates in India, irrespective of which State Bar Council they are registered to, have the right to practice in all High Courts and their Subordinate Courts and Tribunals throughout India under Section 30 of the Advocates Act. However, to practise Law before the Supreme Court of India, Advocates must first appear for and qualify in the Supreme Court Advocate on Record Examination conducted by the Supreme Court.
Indonesia
There is no distinction between barrister and solicitor in Indonesia. Instead, an admitted person to the bar to practice law is called an advocate (advokat), who is licensed to provide legal services both before or outside the court.
To be an Indonesian advocate, one needs to be appointed by Peradi (Indonesian Advocates Association) and take an oath in an open proceeding before the high court having a jurisdiction over the prospective advocate. As an advocate, one is allowed to practice law all over Indonesia.
Before appointed as an advocate, there are requirements which must be met which are listed under Article 3 paragraph 1 of the Indonesian Law No. 18 of 2003 on Advocate. The prospective advocate should be an Indonesian citizen, domiciled in Indonesia, is not a civil servant nor a state official, at least 25 years old, holds a bachelor's degree in law and has completed the special education for advocates arranged by Peradi, passed the bar exam organised by Peradi, has completed an internship in a law office for a continuous period of 2 years, has never been penalised for a criminal offense which is subject to an imprisonment of 5 years or more, and well behaved, honest, could act fairly and has a high integrity.
Iran
Iran requires an undergraduate law degree (LL.B., which is a four-year program). After obtaining a law degree, the candidate must pass the bar exam. The Bar Exam in Iran is administered by two different and completely separate bodies. One is the Bar Association of every province—all of which are under the auspices of the country's syndicate of the bars of the country. The other one is administered by the Judicial System of Iran subject to Article 187 of the country's economic, social and cultural development plan. The exam is highly competitive and only a certain number of top applicants are admitted annually.
After a candidate completes a law degree and passes the bar exam, they are admitted to the bar as a "Trainee at Law". After admission to the bar, an 18-month apprenticeship begins which is highly regulated under the auspices of Bar Syndicate Rules and supervision of an assigned First Degree Attorney. Trainees or apprentices must attend designated courts for designated weeks to hear cases and write case summaries. A logbook signed by the judge on the bench has to certify their weekly attendance. By the end of the eighteenth month, they are eligible to apply to take the Final Bar Exam by submitting their case summaries, the logbook and a research work pre-approved by the Bar. It is noteworthy, however, that during these 18 months, Trainees are eligible to have a limited practice of law under the supervision of their supervising Attorney. This practice does not include Supreme Court eligible cases and certain criminal and civil cases. Candidates will be tested on Civil law, Civil Procedure, Criminal law, Criminal Procedure, Commercial Law, Notary (including rules pertaining Official Documents, Land & Real Estate registrations and regulations etc.). Each exam takes two days, a day on oral examination in front of a judge or an attorney, and a day of essay examination, in which they will be tested on hypothetical cases submitted to them. Successful applicants will be honored with the title of "First Degree Attorney", after they take the oath and can practice in all courts of the country including the Supreme Court. Those who fail must redo the program in full or in part before re-taking the Final Bar Exam.
Israel
Israel requires an undergraduate law degree from an educational institution recognized by the Law Faculty of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Applicants must then pass a series of examinations on eight separate areas of law. After these exams, the applicant must complete an apprenticeship in a law firm as an articled clerk for twelve months, at least 36 hours a week. After serving their articles, applicants must pass the final examinations on nine subjects of law and court procedure, which consist of a written examination followed by an oral examination before three judges. Those who pass are eligible for admittance to the Israel Bar Association. Residence in Israel is a precondition for admittance.
Lawyers moving to Israel from abroad without an Israeli law degree must have at least two years of practical legal experience as an attorney or judge in their country of origin. If an applicant does not have the required experience, the foreign law degree must be recognized by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The applicant must also complete a Hebrew proficiency exam followed by the battery of exams and internship requirements listed above. Those who have at least five years of practical legal experience abroad and began serving their articles within ten years of their arrival in Israel are exempt from the final examinations.
Japan
Japan requires the passing of the national bar exam, a 12-month training program which incorporates additional coursework and field training as apprentices to judges, prosecutors, and law offices, and passing the graduation examination of the training program. To sit for the bar exam, applicants must have the degree of juris doctor or have passed the preliminary bar exam. The training program is conducted by the Legal Research and Training Institute of the Supreme Court of Japan. During the program, future prosecutors and judges are handpicked and trained for the role.
In Japan, an attorney () must be a member of one of the local bar associations which are organised into national bar association ().
Jordan
The Jordanian Bar Association requires both academic, practical and oral exams for admission to the bar. The probationer must hold a bachelor's degree or equivalent in Law.
The Bar Association requires a minimum of two years of training under supervision of an Attorney. However, if a post-graduate degree in law is attained, a reduction to one year of training is possible. The Bar grants the probationer, at different stages of his training, special rights of audience to appear before specific courts.
The probationer may submit a written request, at any stage of his training, to be enrolled in the written exams that the Bar holds 4 times a year. If he/she attains an exam mark of (15/25) or higher, then the probationer will progress to the oral exam conducted by a legal committee elected from a combination of judges, professors and senior lawyers. If he/she passes the oral exam, then they are required to submit a research paper. Each probationer must research a legal subject, submit a written paper, and discuss his/her findings before the committee. If he/she passes, the probationer must undertake an oath before the Minister of Justice, the conclusion of which grants him entry to the Bar. The process requires, on average, around two-and-a-half years to satisfy the Bar Association's requirements to practice law. However, it should be mentioned that only Jordanians may petition the Bar Association to practice law.
Kazakhstan
Lawyers in Kazakhstan must complete an undergraduate law degree. The legal education system includes both law courses in secondary schools (colleges) and higher education institutions (universities, academies, institutes). After completing a degree, aspiring lawyers must then pass a special qualifying examination to enter the profession.
Lebanon
Lebanon requires a Lebanese bachelor's degree in law in order to be able to apply to one of two Bar Associations. Upon acceptance, a three-year internship is required at the office of an attorney-at-law, after which the candidate will be subject to oral and written examinations.
Lawyers in Lebanon should be Lebanese for at least 10 years.
Malaysia
Malaysia requires advocates and solicitors to be admitted to the Malaysian Bar. The prerequisite is either a Bachelor of Laws (Hons) degree (an LL.B (Hons)., which requires four years of study) from the local law faculties or a call as a Barrister in the UK or a Certificate in Legal Practice, which is a post-graduate qualification on procedural law equivalent to a master's degree and taking approximately nine months to complete, and a nine-month pupillage. Advocates and Solicitors are entitled to appear before the courts and/or perform solicitors' work, as the legal profession in Malaysia is fused without any distinction between barristers and solicitors.
The East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak have their own sets of criteria for admission to their own respective law societies.
Nepal
Nepal requires lawyers to complete a bachelor's degree in law and then pass an exam conducted by the Nepal Bar Council to obtain a legal practitioner's license.
Pakistan
Lawyers in Pakistan are called Advocates.
To enjoy rights of audience in the Courts in Pakistan, a prospective lawyer/advocate must obtain a 5-year B.A. LL.B. degree or a Bachelor's or equivalent degree followed by a LL.B. of three years. The latter route is no longer offered and no admission at a Pakistani university on or after January 1, 2019, shall be recognized by the Pakistan Bar Council or a Provincial Bar Council for admission to the bar. The degree has to be obtained from a recognized Pakistani university or from a recognized university in a common law country. All legal education in Pakistan is taught in the English language. After the required academic qualifications a prospective lawyer/advocate must undertake six months training under a senior lawyer (High Courts Lawyer) (called Pupillage/ Apprenticeship/ Intern-ship /Training) at the conclusion of which, they have to take a Bar exam consisting of multiple choice question paper (or in some cases a professional exam) and an interview with a committee of lawyers presided by Judge of concerned High Court. After that the respective Provincial Bar Council may grant him or her the rights of audience in the lower courts (i.e. courts lower than the High Court).
An advocate enrolled with Provincial Bar Council can practice only in his province. He /she will earn right of audience in the High Courts after a further two years of practice in lower courts, at the end of which (in some Provincial Bar Council's) the advocate has to sit another professional exam and an interview with a judge of a High Court.
After a further 10 years' practice in the High Courts, the candidate has to sit another professional exam and an interview with a judge of the Supreme Court to be given the rights of audience in the Supreme Court of Pakistan.
The exams are usually conducted to ensure that the quality of lawyers being produced is maintained to a certain level. The interview is then another opportunity for a senior judge and members of the provincial Bar Council to meet the candidate and see if he or she is fit to be admitted as an advocate of the lower courts/ High Courts or the Supreme Court.
Philippines
To practice law in the Philippines, one must have fulfilled the non-academic and academic requirements.
For non-academic requirements, one must be a Filipino, be at least 21 years old, be a resident of the Philippines, and have the moral and other non-academic qualifications needed.
In terms of academic requirements, one must have obtained an undergraduate degree (with major, focus or concentration in any of the subjects of history, economics, political science, logic, English or Spanish), has obtained a Juris Doctor degree (or Bachelor of Laws before 2019) from a law school recognized by the Secretary of Education.
They must have also taken and passed (75% general average, with no subject falling below 50%) the Bar Exam, taken the Attorney's Oath before the Supreme Court, signed the Roll of Attorneys, remain in good standing with the Integrated Bar of the Philippines, and continually participate in Mandatory Continuing Legal Education.
Saudi Arabia
The practice of law requires an applicant to hold a degree from a Sharia college, Bachelor of Law degree from a Saudi university, an equivalent of any of these degrees from abroad, or a postgraduate diploma in legal studies from the Saudi Institute of Public Administration. Three years of practical legal work experience are then required unless the applicant holds a master's degree in Sharia or law or is a graduate of a Sharia college with a postgraduate degree in law, in which case only one year of legal work experience is required. Those holding a doctorate in either of these fields are exempt from the work experience requirement entirely. Those who practice law must also be of good conduct and not have been subject to a Hudud or any other punishment which impugns integrity for the past five years, and must be residents of Saudi Arabia. To be allowed to practice law, applicants must fulfill the educational and work requirements, then sign a declaration confirming that they were not subjected to a Hudud or any other criminal penalty impugning their integrity within the past five years and are residents of the country.
Singapore
Persons seeking admission to the Singapore Bar must obtain an approved law degree through completing a course of study of at least three academic years leading to that degree as a full-time internal candidate from an approved university. The degree is typically an LL.B. or an LL.B. (honours), depending on the university, or a J.D. (from one of only four approved US universities or Singapore Management University and Singapore University of Social Sciences). They are then required to sit for the Singapore Bar Examinations, which is divided into Part A (for overseas graduates from approved overseas universities only) and Part B (a five-month practical course, compulsory for both local and overseas graduates). They are further required to complete a six-month Practice Training Contract before they can be called to the Bar as Advocates and Solicitors of the Supreme Court of Singapore. Advocates and Solicitors are entitled to appear before courts or perform solicitors' work, as the legal profession in Singapore is fused without any distinction between barristers and solicitors.
South Korea
In South Korea, one can be admitted to practice law by passing the exam called 변호사시험 (officially translated as "Bar Examination") which requires prior completion of three-year law school course with the degree of Juris Doctor. This law school system is similar to system of United States. However, before year 2018, there was an nation-wide system to train lawyers for 2 years, including judge, prosecutor and attorney at law. This old training institution was called as 사법연수원 (officially translated as "Judicial Research and Training Institute", JRTI)', which is now acting mainly as institution to train junior judges and court officials in South Korea. Entering JRTI required passing a special exam on jurisprudence. Its name was 사법시험 (officially translated as "Judicial Examination") which required taking a little part of course in LL.B. or any other equivalent degree.
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka requires an attorney to be admitted and enrolled as an Attorney-at-Law of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka to practice law. In order to become an attorney, candidates must graduate from the Sri Lanka Law College, which typically takes three years and involves three examinations. For those who possess a law degree from a foreign university recognized by the Council of Legal Education, the entrance exam may be waived. Candidates who have a bachelor's degree in law from the University of Colombo, Open University of Sri Lanka, University of Jaffna, and University of Peradeniya are exempt from all lectures and only need to take the final examination. Those qualified as a barrister in England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland are exempt from most lectures. After graduation, candidates must then go through a practical training course and a six-month apprenticeship under an attorney of at least eight years before applying for membership in the Bar Association of Sri Lanka.
Taiwan
Taiwan requires an undergraduate law degree, which takes four years. Afterwards, students must pass the Attorney Qualification Examination. Graduates must then complete a six-month internship with certified institutions before receiving a license to practice law from the Ministry of Justice. Attorneys must join a bar association before being allowed to practice law.
Thailand
Under the Thailand Lawyers Act B.E. 2528 (1985), litigators (barristers) who practice before the courts in Thailand must obtain a "Lawyer's License" issued by the Lawyers Council of Thailand. Legal counsels (solicitors) who do not practice before the courts are not regulated and therefore are not subject to regulatory oversight of the Lawyers Council of Thailand. Law graduates who perform corporate and commercial legal services either in law firms or in-house are not required to obtain a Lawyer's License nor are they required to register with any regulatory body.
To obtain a Lawyer's License, with the right to appear in court, an individual must have the following qualifications: (i) be a Thai national; (ii) be at least 20 years of age; (iii) be a graduate with either a bachelor's degree or an associate degree in Law or an equivalent Certificate in Law from an educational institution accredited by the Lawyers' Council of Thailand; (iv) not be a person of indecent behavior or delinquent morals or a person whose conduct is indicative of dishonesty; (v) not have been imprisoned by a final judgment; (vi) not have been bankrupt by a final judgment; (vii) not having an ailment which is contagious and repugnant to the public; (viii) not being physically disabled or mentally infirmed which may cause professional incompetence; (ix) not be a government official or a local government official with permanent salary and position; (x) take a training course offered by the Lawyers Council of Thailand (normally one month of theoretical training and at least six months of practical training); (xi) pass the Thai Law Society examinations (Sapa Tanai Kwam); (xii) enroll with the Thai Bar Association (Regulation of Lawyers Council on Lawyer's Training B.E. 2529 (AD 1986)). Candidates who have been an apprentice in a law firm for over a year and have passed an examination specified by the Board of Governors of the Lawyers Council of Thailand may be exempted from the period of practical training. The lawyer's licence is valid for two years but can be valid for lifetime for a fee (s.39 of the Thailand Lawyers Act). Lawyers who wish to obtain the title barrister-at-law which entitle the holder to take further examinations to become a judge or a public prosecutor, may take a further one- year course offered by the Thai Bar Association
United Arab Emirates
A local lawyer must be registered on the Roll of Practicing Advocates, which requires the candidate to be a UAE national, at least 21 years old, have full civil capacity, have good character and reputation, not have been subjected to criminal or disciplinary actions arising from a breach of honor or trust, have a degree in law or Islamic law from an accredited educational institution, and have carried out at least one year of continuous practical legal training. UAE lawyers are qualified to practice throughout the country but each Emirate may make it a condition that a lawyer must have an office there in order to practice law. Every Emirate maintains further requirements for local lawyers. Individual foreign nationals wishing to practice law may gain an exception to the nationality requirement if they fulfill the age, civil capacity, and character requirements, have fifteen years of experience working in the legal field, must be a resident of the UAE, and must practice through a bureau of a national lawyer registered on the Roll of Practicing Advocates. Foreign law firms may carry out legal activities in the UAE subject to the regulatory requirements of the individual Emirate where they are present.
Vietnam
Prospective lawyers must complete a Bachelor of Law degree. Vietnamese law schools typically offer 4-year law programs. After obtaining their bachelor's degree, they must complete one year of professional legal training at the Judicial Academy under the Ministry of Justice and pass an exam. After obtaining a certificate from the Judicial Academy, law graduates must undergo a one-year traineeship with a law firm or law office, and must register the traineeship with the bar association of the locality where the law firm or law office is located. After completing the traineeship, the trainee must pass a bar examination conducted by the Vietnam Bar Federation. Upon passing the bar examination, the trainee lawyer must file for an application for a certificate of legal practice from the Ministry of Justice. Upon being granted a certificate, registration to a local bar association is required. The bar association which the trainee joins will then request that the Vietnam Bar Federation issue a lawyer card, which fully qualifies the trainee to practice law.
Europe
Among European Union members, the Diplomas Directive (Directive no. 89/48/EEC) states that those who have obtained a license or diploma in one state can pursue the profession in another state. Thus, it is not difficult for a law degree in one jurisdiction to be used as a qualifying degree in another jurisdiction within the European Union.
In addition, European Union Directive 98/5/EC provides three main methods for a foreign lawyer to be integrated into the legal profession in another member state. Through the aforementioned process of 89/48/EEC, a lawyer's foreign diploma can be recognized in another member state, in addition to passing an aptitude test. Alternatively, actively practicing the law of the host state for a period of three years provides a pathway for bar admission in the host country. The three-year period can be shortened by fulfilling other requirements.
Albania
Albanian advocates should be members of the Albanian Bar Association (). To be admitted to the bar, a candidate must complete a law degree, complete an internship with a practicing advocate lasting a minimum of one year and receive a positive evaluation, complete the initial training program at the School of Advocacy, and pass the Advocate's Qualifying Exam.
Andorra
In Andorra, advocates should be members of the local bar association ().
Austria
In Austria, an attorney ("Rechtsanwalt" in German) must meet the following requirements:
hold a law degree,
complete a three-year apprenticeship in a law firm as a trainee lawyer ("Rechtsanwaltsanwärter"),
complete a seven-month clerkship at court,
complete the required amount of training seminars (42 sessions),
pass the bar exam.
Furthermore, trainee lawyers may only register as attorneys after they have accumulated a total of five years of professional experience (including the apprenticeship and the clerkship).
Austrian advocates should be members of one of a local bar associations which are organised into national bar association ().
Belarus
In Belarus, an advocate (barrister) must be a member of one of a local bar associations which are organised into a National Bar Association (). In order to be admitted to the bar, candidates must have a university degree in law. Law students in Belarus must specialize in one of the following fields to be eligible to practice law: jurisprudence, international law, state security, customs service, economic law, and state management in law. They must also undertake additional training in one of two ways. One of them is to obtain three years of professional legal experience by employment in a court or under other organizations and persons responsible for public order. The other is to undertake six months to a year of apprenticeship in a legal office. They must then pass an exam.
Belgium
In Belgium, a prospective lawyer ("advocaat" in Dutch, "avocat"/"avocat" in French) must meet following requirements:
hold a master's degree in law (which requires two years of study and the Bachelor in Law which requires three years of study) or hold a PhD in Law
taking the pledge in a court of appeal,
a three-year apprenticeship (Flemish prospective lawyers have to do 15 cases of pro bono during these 3 years),
the CAPA (French, 'Certificat d'aptitude à la profession d'avocat') course of study,
pass the final bar exam.
During the three-year apprenticeship the prospective lawyer is equivalent to a licensed lawyer, and can for instance issue legal opinions and directly represent clients before all courts (except for the Supreme Court).
Bulgaria
The Highest Counsil of Advocates () regulates the profession of a lawyer in Bulgaria.
Croatia
All attorneys in Croatia have to be members of the Croatian Bar Association () as well as members of local bar associations (mandatory membership). The membership requires completion of the one-cycle five-year master's degree, the Bar Examination in the Republic of Croatia (which can be accessed after at least 18 months of apprenticeship), and at least three years of experience in a law office or in judicial bodies (or five years of experience on legal jobs outside judiciary), the time before Bar Examination included.
Czech Republic
A person must meet the following conditions in order to be admitted to practice law in the Czech Republic:
full capacity
Master's degree in law acquired at a Czech law school or analogous education acquired at a foreign university, if such an education is officially acknowledged as equivalent by an international treaty, by which the Czech Republic is bound, or if a particular enactment acknowledges such a foreign education, or if it is acknowledged due to its content and extent from the point of view of knowledge and skill as sufficient for practicing law by the Advocacy Enactment
at least three years of legal apprenticeship
personal integrity (absence of conviction for deliberate crime)
absence of disciplinary punishment of prohibition of law practice (if a person was already a law practitioner)
absence of being stricken from the list of law practitioners because of personal bankruptcy
absence of labour engagement or officiary engagement, except of engagement:
to the Bar Association or to similar organisation in other EU state
to a law practitioner or to a legal personality established in order to provide legal services
to a university as a lecturer
as a scientific worker of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
passing the bar exam
taking the pledge
Czech advocates should be members of the Czech bar association ().
Denmark
In Denmark, to use the title of advokat one must complete an LL.B. (three years of study) and an LL.M. (which awards the academic title of Candidata Juris, and requires two years of study), followed by a three-year apprenticeship, one year as an assistant lawyer, and an exam which has a moot court element.
Danish advocates should be members of the Danish bar association ().
Estonia
In Estonia, anyone may call themselves a lawyer and practice law. However, the title of advocate is restricted by law to members of the Estonian Bar Association (). To join the Estonian Bar Association, candidates must obtain a master's degree in law and pass the bar examination.
Finland
Until 2013, anyone could in principle practice law in Finland, not just qualified lawyers. However, after the entry into force of the Licensed Legal Counsel Act (715/2011) on January 1, 2013, only attorneys that are members of the bar association () and who may use the title asianajaja, or licensed legal counsel may represent clients in court.
To become a licensed legal counsel requires the completion of a legal education consisting of a Bachelor of Laws degree (or oikeusnotaari, which usually takes three years to complete) and a Master of Laws degree (or oikeustieteen maisteri), which usually takes one to two years to complete, and a traineeship of a minimum of one year in either Courts or in law firms.
After the traineeship is completed successfully, the district court awards the title of varatuomari (VT) or those who do not do a traineeship in Court can apply to be licensed legal counsel, which is in practice the basic qualification to practice law. To be admitted to the Finnish bar association, the same legal education requirement as for licensed legal counsel applies, but the traineeship requirement is four years and one has to pass a bar exam (Asianajotutkinto, "Advocates Exam") which also requires the demonstration of practical skills. In-house counsel are not allowed to be members of the bar, but can be licensed legal counsel. Also foreign attorneys can practice in Finland as in-house counsel, without being licensed in Finland, but are not allowed to represent clients in Courts
Graduates holding a foreign LLB degree may be able to convert to Finnish law by taking additional undergraduate (oikeusnotaari) modules worth 50+ credits while pursuing their LLM studies at a Finnish university.
France
To become a French lawyer, an "avocat" (male) or "avocate" (female), one must:
obtain an undergraduate degree (three years for a "licence") and complete a first year of Masters of Laws (diplôme de maîtrise en droit), so a total of 4 years of study at university
take the exam to enter one of the CRFPA (Centres Régional de Formation à la Profession d'Avocat) where one completes an eighteen-month course and obtains an award of the requisite Certificat d'aptitude à la profession d'avocat (CAPA).
However, those with degrees from another country may become a licensed attorney with a French bar by passing an exam. Depending on one's qualifications, a non-French attorney can take the Article 97, 98, 99, or 100 exam. Each of these exams has different requirements.
French advocates should be members of one of a local bar associations which are organised into national bar association ().
French "juristes" (in-house counsels) do not need to hold the Certificat d'aptitude à la profession d'avocat (CAPA).
Georgia
It is not necessary to have a license to practice law in Georgia. In order to provide legal support, advice and services to clients, one must complete an undergraduate degree in law (four years of study) and a postgraduate degree in law, which is awarded by the state examination commission and requires one year of study. However, only the members of the Georgian Bar Association (ადვოკატები) are permitted to appear in court.
Germany
In Germany, a lawyer (Rechtsanwalt) must be a member of one of a local bar associations which are organised into national bar association (). Membership in the local bar association requires the candidate to have passed two state examinations, or staatsexamen, in law.
Academic stage
At present, qualifying law studies do not carry a Bachelor or Master award but are instead concluded by state examinations (in contrast to university examinations). The rationale lies in the national interest of upholding the quality and comparability of legal training.
The First State Exam (Erstes Staatsexamen or Erste juristische Prüfung) is usually taken after four-and-a-half years of undergraduate law study. A university degree (Dipl.-jur. or Magister Jur.) may be granted by the university after completion of the exam, but this depends on the individual university's practice. Some prominent universities like the Law School of the University of Heidelberg do not grant a university degree after completion of the exam.
Vocational stage
The First State Exam is followed by a two-year practical phase (Referendariat) sponsored by the local Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht). This is characterised by part-time studies alongside full-time work and includes work placements at various institutions, including courts of law, criminal prosecution services, in-house legal teams in the public sector and private practice law firms. Upon completion of this two-year training period, a trainee is automatically registered for the Second State Exam (Zweites Staatsexamen or Assessorprüfung).
Foreign law degrees do not generally enable the holder to enter the vocational stage of legal training in Germany. Holders of a foreign law degree must pass a Section 112a equivalent means assessment (Gleichwertigkeitsprüfung nach § 112a DRiG) before they can be admitted to a German legal traineeship.
Admission
After successful completion of the second state exam, admission to the bar is completed, and the individual may apply to be licensed to practice as a lawyer or be employed by the state as a judge or state prosecutor.
Qualified lawyers holding an admission in another country may join a German local bar association if they have practiced law for several years; this is subject to individual examination.
Greece
Greece requires that a lawyer (δικηγόρος) be a member of one of a local bar associations which are organised into national bar association (). Requirements include an undergraduate law degree, which lasts at least four years, an eighteen-month apprenticeship, and the passing of the bar examination. Candidates should normally be under thirty-five years of age.
Hungary
The Hungarian Bar Association () is a public body and the national organization of attorneys, which has an independent administrative apparatus and budget.
The regional bar associations are the members of the Hungarian Bar Association.
The process is similar in scope to that of the German system, in that there is a dual-bar exam and practicum process. After a first degree in law, which is usually approximately 5 years, a student must pass the first level exam. Then, the apprentice must clerk or practice within a law practice for three years. Of which, one year may be substituted with further Ph.D. studies. However, they apprentice must then pass a series of 4 oral and written exams within certain subject to officially be admitted to their districts bar and practice law.
Iceland
Icelandic Bar Association () regulates the profession of a lawyer in Iceland.
Ireland
Following the English tradition, Ireland has both barristers and solicitors. To become a solicitor, one must complete an undergraduate degree or pass the Preliminary Examination. One must then pass the Final Examination, complete a two-year apprenticeship, and finish the concurrent Professional Practice Courses. To become a barrister, one must complete an undergraduate law degree (BCL, which lasts three years or LL.B. which last four years) or the Kings Inns Diploma in Legal Studies which lasts two years, obtain the Degree of Barrister-at-Law from the Honorable Society of King's Inns (), and finish a one-year pupillage (known as devilling).
Italy
Italy mandates membership in an Italian bar association, which requires completion of an undergraduate law degree (Laurea in Scienze Giuridiche, three years), a graduate law degree (Laurea Specialistica in Giurisprudenza (a two-year program which confers the title of Dottore Magistrale in Giurisprudenza), or simply the one-cycle five-year master's degree (Laurea a ciclo unico Magistrale in Giurisprudenza)), an 18-month apprenticeship, and passing of the professional exam.
There is a National Bar Association () representing the profession of avvocato at the national level in Italy. However, the structure of the Italian profession is decentralised, with the local bar associations (Consiglio dell'Ordini degli Avvocati) holding most of the regulatory powers. The Consiglio Nazionale Forense deals with disciplinary policy for the profession; it is responsible for the Code of Conduct and will hear appeals from disciplinary decisions of the local bar associations.
There are more than 165 Local Bar Associations in Italy which correspond to the number of court districts in the country. Each local bar deals with the admission, supervision, training and disciplining of its members as well as maintaining the register of avvocati. All avvocati must be registered with their local bar in order to practise in Italy.
Exercise of the profession of avvocato without being duly qualified and registered with the Local Bar Association is a criminal offence under Italian Law.
Kosovo
Kosovar law distinguishes between "domestic lawyers," who must be citizens of Kosovo, and "foreign lawyers," who have an active license in a recognized jurisdiction and are admitted to practice in Kosovo under certain conditions.
Domestic lawyers must pass the bar exam. To sit for the bar exam, one must be a citizen of Kosovo, have a four-year bachelor in law or a master's in law, and complete a legal internship. The internship requirement is met after a one-year work as a trainee at the courts or a lawyer's office. Otherwise, the candidate should show two years of law-related experience with foreign or domestic organizations.
Foreign lawyers must have been licensed for at least five years in a U.S. or EU jurisdiction or in a country that permits Kosovo lawyers to practice under the same condition. They pass an abridged test administered by the Kosovo Bar and pay relatively higher fees than their domestic counterparts.
Latvia
In Latvia, anyone may call themselves a lawyer (jurist) and practice law, even without a law degree. However, advocate is a protected title and only members of the Latvian Bar Association () may call themselves advocates and own an advocate's office. To be admitted into the Latvian Bar Association, one must obtain a master's degree in law and pass the bar examination.
Liechtenstein
Admission to practice as a lawyer in Liechtenstein is governed by the Rechtsanwaltsgesetz (RAG). The Liechtenstein Bar Association () is responsible for all bar admissions, as of January 1, 2014. One is eligible to become a licensed lawyer (Rechtsanwalt) upon completion of a Master, Licentiate (Lizenziat), or Magister of Law degree at an Austrian or Swiss university, according to Art. 5 RAG.
Lithuania
Lithuanian advocates must be members of the Lithuanian Bar Association (). Admittance to the Lithuanian Bar Association requires a law degree followed by at least five years of work experience in the legal field, including two years as an advocate's assistant. Candidates must pass the qualification exam for lawyers and the bar exam. A person who has ten years of experience working as a judge or ten years of experience working as a prosecutor outside Lithuania or holds a doctoral degree in law is exempt from the qualification exam and only needs to pass the bar exam.
Luxembourg
Lawyers must register with a bar association in Luxembourg (). Admission to a bar association has character, language, citizenship requirements. Applicants must also complete an apprenticeship or aptitude test, depending on the list to which one wants to register.
Malta
Malta's legal practice is fused and legal practice is regulated by the Chamber of Advocates (). Licence to practice law is granted by way of a warrant issued on completion of the Doctorate of Laws (LLD) programme from Malta University (or a comparable international programme) and an admission exam in English and Maltese. Lawyers holding rights to practice in other jurisdictions can apply for an exemption from local practice prohibitions allowing them to offer services under their foreign title though permission is issued by discretion and requires three years' local legal practice and a comparable licence elsewhere.
Moldova
Moldova requires an undergraduate law degree and passage of the state examination.
The Bar Association of Moldova () regulates the profession of a lawyer in Moldova.
Monaco
In Monaco, advocates should be members of the local bar association ().
Montenegro
Montenegro Bar Association () regulates the profession of a lawyer in Montenegro.
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, to be a licensed lawyer (Advocaat), one must complete an undergraduate law degree (Bacheloropleiding or LL.B., which is three years of study), the master of law degree (doctorandus in law before implementation of the Bologna Process and conferring the meester title, which is a one-year LL.M. program), and a three-year apprenticeship.
Only holders of a law degree with civiel effect (i.e. a qualifying law degree) are admitted to regulated legal professions (juridische togaberoepen). Qualifying law degrees in the Netherlands must cover the four foundations of legal knowledge: Dutch private law, Dutch criminal law, Dutch constitutional law and international/European law.
Dutch advocates should be members of the Netherlands bar association ().
North Macedonia
In North Macedonia, advocates should be members of the local bar association ().
Norway
Lawyers (advokat) have to be licensed in Norway. To become licensed by the authorities, one must provided an LL.M (master of law)(before 2008- cand. jur.-- candidatus juris) and two years' practice as assisting lawyer (advokatfullmektig), two years' practice as a police prosecutor (politiadvokat or politifullmektig) or deputy judge (dommerfullmektig) and some minor formalities. In addition, one must pass the permanent lawyer's bar exam in order to obtain full access to the profession.
Whilst the earlier cand. juris was normally a 6-year degree, the LL.M. is a 5-year degree.
Membership of the bar association () is optional.
Poland
In Poland, a lawyer (adwokat or radca prawny) must complete a magister's degree in law (which lasts five years) and be admitted to the Polish Bar Council (). There are several ways to gain admission to the bar, including: three years of training followed by the bar exam; five years of legal professional experience followed by the bar exam; a Ph.D. in law followed by either the bar exam or 3 years of legal professional experience; or possession of high academic qualifications in legal sciences (e.g., habilitated doctor or professor). Once admitted to the bar association of one occupation, a lawyer can move to another occupation with little hassle.
Portugal
In order to register as a lawyer (advogado) in Portugal with the Bar Association (), one must have a law degree, complete an 18-month legal traineeship, and pass the bar exam.
Romania
The Romanian National Union of Bar Associations () regulates the profession of a lawyer (avocat) in Romania. A graduate of a Romanian law school with a bachelor's degree must pass the bar exam to obtain the status of a probationary lawyer. After practicing law under the supervision of another lawyer for two years as a trainee lawyer, one can pass the permanent lawyer's bar exam to obtain full access to the profession. Law No. 51/1995 provides paths for lawyers already educated or admitted in another EU member state to work as lawyers in Romania.
Russia
It is not necessary to have a license to practice law in Russia as a legal consultant, but only the members of the advocate's chambers (Russian bar associations) are permitted to appear in court on criminal matters (other person can be a defence counsel in criminal proceeding along with an advocate but not in lieu him) and to practice before Constitutional Court (leaving aside persons having academic degree of candidate or doctor in juridical sciences who also can represent parties in constitutional proceeding).
To become an advocate a person should pass special qualification exam. To sit for the exam, one must have a higher legal education and also two years of experience in legal work after graduation or a training program in a law firm after graduation. Specialist degree in law is the most commonly awarded academic degree in Russian jurisprudence, but after Russia's accession to the Bologna process only bachelor of laws and master of laws academic degrees are available in Russian institutions of higher education.
An examination is administered by the qualifications commission of an advocate's chamber. The exam is both written and oral, but the main test is oral. The written exam takes place in the form of computer testing and includes issues of the professional conduct of advocate and advocate's professional responsibility. After successfully passing of the written exam the candidates are allowed to take the oral exam. As part of the oral exam, the candidate must demonstrate his knowledge in various bodies of law and solve some mimic a real-life legal tasks. The candidate who does not pass the qualification exam can try to pass it again after 1 year only. The qualifications commission is composed of seven advocates, two judges, two representatives of the regional legislature, and two representatives of the Ministry of Justice.
After successful passing the qualification exam a candidate should take the oath of advocate. From the moment of taking the oath, he becomes an advocate and a member of the advocate's chamber of the relevant federal subject of Russia. Advocate's chamber sends relevant information to the territorial subdivision of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, which includes the new advocate in the register of advocates of the relevant federal subject of Russia and issues to him an advocate's certificate, which is the only official document confirming the status of an advocate, on the basis of this information. The status of an advocate is granted for an indefinite period and is not limited by any age. There is only 1 advocate's chamber in each federal subject of Russia. Each advocate can be the member of only 1 advocate's chamber and can be listed in the register of advocates of the relevant federal subject of Russia only. In case of relocation to another region, the advocate ceases to be a member of the advocate's chamber and should be excluded from register of advocates at the old place of residence (advocate's certificate should be returned to the subdivision of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, which issued it), and after that he becomes a member of the advocate's chamber and is included in the register of advocates at the new place of residence (where he receive new advocate's certificate) without any exams. Each advocate can carry out his professional activity throughout Russia, regardless of membership in particular regional advocate's chamber and regardless of particular regional register where he is listed in. Advocates carry out their professional activity individually (advocate's cabinet) or as the member of advocate's juridical person (collegium of advocates, advocate's bureau). Advocate can open own cabinet after at least 3 years legal practice in collegium or bureau. An advocate, who has opened own cabinet, can not be the member of any advocate's juridical person, and an advocate, who is the member of one advocate's juridical person, can not be the member of any other advocate's juridical person. Advocate is obliged to report to advocate's chamber any changes in his membership in a collegium or a bureau and, equally, opening and closing a cabinet.
Advocate's chambers are professional associations of advocates, which are based on mandatory membership of advocates. All regional advocate's chambers are mandatory members of Federal Chamber of Advocates of Russian Federation (), which is professional association at the federal level.
In Russia, foreign Advocates can advise on the legislation of their countries; they should register in the special register maintained by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation to obtain the right to carry out this activity. Foreign advocate can in addition become Russian advocate. There are two possible paths for that. The first possibility is to become Russian advocate on the same basis as Russian citizens (i.e. through higher legal education in one of Russian universities, two years of experience in legal work in Russia after graduation or a training program in Russian law firm after graduation, successful passing the qualification exam). Since Russia's WTO Accession the second possibility is available: foreign advocate can just pass special qualification exam to become Russian advocate.
San Marino
Upon possession of a four-year bachelor's degree in law from the University of the Republic of San Marino or a recognized foreign university, one must pass an examination for membership into the bar association (Ordine degli avvocati e notai). Furthermore, one must possess all civil rights, reside in San Marino, and be a citizen of San Marino or an eligible country.
Serbia
Article 6 of the "Law about Lawyers" ("Zakon o advokaturi") establishes the requirements to become a lawyer in Serbia. A prospective lawyer must have a law degree from a Serbian or recognized foreign university. Then, the lawyer must practice law at least 2 years within a law firm, and pass the Serbian bar exam. Health and character requirements apply. One must also be a citizen of Serbia. However, according to Article 14 of the law, a foreign citizen admitted to practice law in his home country can also be entered on the registry of lawyers.
Serbian advocates should be members of one of a local bar associations which are organised into national bar association ().
Slovakia
In Slovakia, one must first possess a master's degree in law or a foreign equivalent to become a lawyer. A training period between three and five years is also necessary. In addition to fulfilling character requirements and passing the bar exam, the applicant must take an oath. Upon fulfilling the aforementioned criteria, the applicant will be admitted to practice law by the Slovak Bar Association (). Some of these requirements can be waived for a person who is a university professor in law, has passed other Slovak legal examinations, or is admitted as a lawyer in another EU country.
Slovenia
To practice law, one must be admitted to the Slovenian Bar Association (), which regulates the legal profession in Slovenia. To be admitted, one must complete a master's degree in law, pass the state legal exam, and have four years of work experience in the legal field.
Spain
In Spain, a lawyer uses the title of Abogado(male) or Abogada(female), and must be a member of one of a local bar associations which are organised into national bar association (). Membership requirements for all bar associations are the same. There are 3 requirements:
1. An undergraduate course in Law. (4 Years).
2. A Master's degree in "Abogacía". (3 Terms including internship).
3. Pass an Examination.
Sweden
In Sweden, there is no monopoly on the practice of law. Anyone may call themselves a legal advisor (jurist), open a legal office, and practice law regardless of training or experience. Litigants are not required to employ qualified counsel, and anyone may appear before any court representing themselves or another person. However, the title of advokat is reserved by law for members of the Swedish Bar Association (), and in practice advokats act as defense counsel in the vast majority of criminal cases. The title in effect serves as a quality label for those offering legal services. Membership in the bar association requires an LL.M. degree (juristexamen, which lasts four and a half years); three years of legal work which must be in a law office (either an established firm or one's own firm), and the passing of an oral examination.
Switzerland
In Switzerland, lawyers must complete a Bachelor of Law (BLaw, which lasts 3 years), a Master of Law (MLaw, which lasts three terms), a one- to two-year traineeship (depending on the Canton), and pass the bar examination.
Turkey
In Turkey, lawyers (avukat in Turkish) must have a bachelor's degree in law from a Turkish university or pass the exams required by Turkish law faculties if they graduated from a foreign university, register to a local bar and the Turkish Bars Association, and complete one year of internship. Foreign citizens may have a degree from a Turkish faculty of law but only Turkish citizens may practice law in Turkey.
Ukraine
The Ukrainian National Bar Association () regulates the legal profession in Ukraine. In order to be admitted to the bar with the title of advokat (адвокат), one must have a law degree, two years of legal experience, completed legal traineeship, and passed the bar exam. Knowledge of the Ukrainian language is obligatory.
A foreign-qualified lawyer may be listed on the United Register of Advocates of Ukraine, and hence practice law in Ukraine, if he or she applies through a regional bar association.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom comprises three distinct legal jurisdictions:
English law in England and Wales
Northern Ireland law in Northern Ireland
Scots law in Scotland
As such, admission to practice law requires different qualifications in each country of the UK.
England and Wales
In England and Wales, different qualifications are required to become a solicitor or a barrister, both of whom are lawyers, with different rights of audience in the courts. Most lawyers are solicitors, dealing directly with clients, while barristers are specialist advocates, instructed by solicitors. For both professions, one must either obtain an undergraduate law degree (LL.B., which typically lasts three years), or complete the Common Professional Examination/Graduate Diploma in Law (which lasts one year after completing an undergraduate degree). Future barristers must also complete the Bar Professional Training Course (formerly Bar Vocational Course), followed by a year of vocational training known as a pupillage and be a member of one of the four prestigious Inns of Court.
Potential solicitors are required to complete the Legal Practice Course, which lasts one year, then a two-year apprenticeship under a training contract, during which the trainee solicitor has to complete a Professional Skills Course. Chartered Legal Executives (formerly known as Fellows of CILEx) undertake a series of training courses and are required to pass qualifications relevant to the area of practice in which they intend to specialise. The first stage for the full vocational route to qualifying is called the CILEx Level 3 Professional Diploma in Law and Practice and is set at the equivalent to A-level law. The second and final qualifications are equivalent to an honours degree course - the CILEx Level 6 Diploma in Law and Practice.
Trainees will often work at the same time as studying in order to acquire practical skills. The courses can be undertaken at a college, university or through an open learning programme. The courses are open to graduates and non-graduates. Chartered Legal Executives qualify after completing their CILEX training followed by a minimum of three years' qualifying employment. Chartered Legal Executives may do a wide range of legal work although, like solicitors, they generally specialise in one area. After completing their academic training, trainee Legal Executives often occupy paralegal roles to satisfy the three-year vocational stage of qualifying as Chartered Legal Executives.
Northern Ireland
Northern Irish barristers are members of the Bar of Northern Ireland.
The Bar of Northern Ireland and the General Council of the Bar of Northern Ireland are governed by the Constitution adopted on the 5 October 1983.
Scotland
In Scotland, a lawyer normally studies for an LL.B. in Scots law; as an undergraduate first degree this takes three years for an ordinary degree or four years as an honours degree. The LL.B. can be taken as a graduate entry degree which takes two years. The process of admission to practice law then depends on whether a lawyer wishes to become a solicitor or an advocate.
Admission to practice as a solicitor is regulated by the Law Society of Scotland, with solicitors having to study for a one-year Diploma in Professional Legal Practice and then complete a traineeship in a law firm. Solicitors have rights of audience before the sheriff courts and justice of the peace courts.
Admission to practice as an advocate, having rights of audience before the Court of Session and the High Court of Justiciary, is regulated by the Faculty of Advocates. The Faculty of Advocates exercises this authority under the Act of Sederunt (Regulation of Advocates) 2011, which delegates the responsibility from the Court of Session. An Act of Sederunt is a form of subordinate legislation passed by the Court of Session, and the powers to regulate admission to practice as an advocate is set by Section 120 of the Legal Services (Scotland) Act 2010, which states:
Prospective advocates (called devils or intrants) will complete a period of training in a solicitor's office, a period of devilling, and then must pass an assessment under the Faculty's Scheme of Assessment for Devils. The Faculty publishes detailed regulations as required by the Act of Sederunt, which lay out all of the requirements for prospective Advocates.
Oceania
Australia
In Australia, prospective lawyers must complete an undergraduate LL.B. or graduate JD or a Diploma in Law and complete the practical training requirement which is met by completing an approved practical legal training course or an apprenticeship as an articled clerk.
Admission to practice is a matter for each State. However, a person holding a practising certificate in any Australian jurisdiction is entitled to practise from time to time in another Australian jurisdiction without gaining admission in that jurisdiction.
New Zealand practitioners may apply for admission pursuant to Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Act 1997 (Cth).
New South Wales
A person is admitted as a legal practitioner after completing the required academic and practical training requirements. These matters are dealt with in the Legal Profession Act 2004. The applicant applies to the Legal Profession Admission Board who assesses applications (both local and foreign), and is ultimately admitted as a lawyer by the Supreme Court of New South Wales (s31 of the Legal profession Act 2004).
After admission, a person is then entitled to apply for a practising certificate from the Law Society of New South Wales (if they wish to practice as a solicitor), or the NSW Bar Association (if they wish to practice as a barrister). The practising certificate requires the payment of fees, insurance and a contribution to the fidelity fund (which compensates clients in some circumstances).
For a solicitor to work independently with unrestricted certificate, solicitor must practice with another solicitor for two years who has held unrestricted certificate for ten years. Restrictions are shown on the certificate. To practice in Federal Court a solicitor must apply to court for a certificate and for a solicitor or barrister to appear in WCC in NSW they must be accredited by WIRO.
Victoria
Under the Legal Profession Act 2004 (Vic), an individual may practise law, as a legal practitioner, in the state of Victoria if he or she has been admitted to the legal profession in any Australian jurisdiction and holds a current local or interstate practising certificate. Furthermore, the Legal Profession (Admission) Rules 2008 (Vic) replace articles of clerkship with supervised workplace training and make changes to the process of admission to practice. Under these new rules, upon completion of an approved training course and attainment of an accredited law degree, a law graduate needs to complete either a Practical Legal Training (PLT) program or Supervised Workplace Training (SWT) to be admitted to practise law in Victoria.
Fiji
Fiji requires a Bachelor of Law degree (four years of study) as well as the successful completion of either a Professional Diploma in Legal Practice from the University of the South Pacific or a Graduate Diploma in Legal Practice from the University of Fiji, or an equivalent law degree and bar admission course from abroad. Anyone admitted as a barrister or solicitor or their equivalent in a Commonwealth country may be admitted to practice law in Fiji so long as the applicant is a Commonwealth citizen, has resided in Fiji for at least three months, and has sufficient legal experience to satisfy the Chief Justice.
New Zealand
New Zealand requires an undergraduate law degree (LL.B., which lasts four years), and completion of the Professional Legal Studies Course (which lasts five months).
Australian lawyers can apply for mutual recognition if they're admitted, for admission to the courts as a lawyer in New Zealand.
See also
Bar (law)
Lawyer
Practice of law
Disbarment
Practising certificate
Notes
References
Professional certification in law
Practice of law |
5384210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagamboy | Gagamboy | Gagamboy is a 2004 Filipino superhero comedy film directed by Erik Matti and starring Vhong Navarro. It is similar to the Spider-Man films, with a mutated spider that causes Gagamboy to gain his superpowers.
Plot
Junie (Navarro), is an ice cream vendor, who sells ice cream to children and adults alike. After his shift, he is in a predicament with a rival vendor, Dodoy (Jay Manalo). Their manager, angered by their actions, demotes Junie to a warehouse guard. Dodoy celebrates, only to be demoted too, working a different shift to Junie. Junie goes home in a bad mood, until he sees the love of his life, Liana (Aubrey Miles). After dinner, Junie is ready to sleep, to start a new job the next day. While working, Junie accidentally swallows a spider which has been exposed to a chemical spill, thus giving him web slinging abilities, and becoming "Gagamboy"(Spiderboy). After his shift, Dodoy comes in to work and leaves a sandwich unprotected. A cockroach exposed to the same spill as the spider slips into his sandwich, and as he eats it, he collapses, only to regain consciousness as a large cockroach. He hires two henchmen, and calls himself "Ipisman" (Cockroachman). Junie and Dodoy both try to win Liana's love. Dodoy practically gives up, only to return as Cockroachman, to kidnap Liana to lure Spiderboy to his lair. There, he plans to finish off Spiderboy, but the tables turn and Dodoy is destroyed.
Cast
Vhong Navarro as Junie/Spiderboy/Gagamboy
Jay Manalo as Dodoy/Cockroachman/Ipisman
Aubrey Miles as Liana
Long Mejia as Barangay Captain
Bearwin Meily as Assistant Barangay Captain
Rene Boy "Ate Glow" Facunla as Gloring
Mon Confiado as Snatcher
Release
The film was shown at the 2004 Hong Kong International Film Festival.
Critical reception
Despite its low production qualities, the film received general praise due to its use of humor, especially in parodying other tokusatsu and superhero films. As a result, the film is well known in the Chinese kuso community.
Box office
The film opened on January 1, 2004, as a part of the 2003 Metro Manila Film Festival. The film opened seventh in the box office, earning 18 million in its first week, and eventually earning 27 million in its theatrical run.
References
External links
2004 films
Philippine science fiction action films
Philippine science fantasy films
Philippine comedy films
2000s science fiction films
Regal Entertainment films
Films directed by Erik Matti |
5384211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussau%20fantail | Mussau fantail | The Mussau fantail (Rhipidura matthiae) or Matthias fantail, is a fantail which is endemic to Mussau Island in the St. Matthias Islands of Papua New Guinea.
References
External links
BirdLife Species Factsheet
Rhipidura
Birds of the Bismarck Archipelago
Birds described in 1902 |
5384217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Hawley | Jack Hawley | John Thomas Hawley (June 16, 1920 – December 20, 1999) was an attorney and Republican politician from Idaho. Hawley was the 1962 nominee for the United States Senate seat, winning the June primary over but was defeated by Democratic incumbent Frank Church
Prior to his Senate run, Hawley served in the state legislature as a one-term member of the Idaho House He was also the First Assistant U.S. Attorney for Idaho, a graduate of the University of Idaho in Moscow, a World War II combat veteran, and the grandson of Gov. James H. Hawley.
Hawley graduated high school from St. Teresa's Academy in Boise, attended the College of Idaho in Caldwell, and was a member of Beta Theta Pi
After a battle with leukemia, Hawley died at age 79 in 1999 at his home
Election result
References
1920 births
1999 deaths
Idaho lawyers
Idaho Republicans
Members of the Idaho House of Representatives
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
University of Idaho alumni
American military personnel of World War II
Deaths from leukemia
Deaths from cancer in Idaho |
5384233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta%20Braxton%20Baker | Augusta Braxton Baker | Augusta Braxton Baker (April 1, 1911 – February 23, 1998) was an American librarian and storyteller. She was known for her contributions to children's literature, especially regarding the portrayal of black Americans in works for children.
Early life and education
Augusta Braxton Baker was born on April 1, 1911, in Baltimore, Maryland. Both of her parents were schoolteachers, who instilled in her a love of reading. During the day while her parents worked, her grandmother, Augusta Fax (from whom she received her name) cared for her and told her stories. Baker delighted in these stories, carrying her love for them throughout her life. She learned to read before starting elementary school, later enrolling in the (racially segregated) black high school where her father taught, and graduating at the age of 16. Baker then entered the University of Pittsburgh, where she both met and married James Baker by the end of her sophomore year.
Relocating with her husband to New York, Baker sought to transfer to Albany Teacher’s College (now the State University of New York at Albany), only to be met with racial opposition from the college. Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of Franklin Roosevelt (who was then the Governor of New York), was on the board of the Albany Interracial Council (now the Albany Urban League). Mrs. Roosevelt heavily advocated for Baker’s transfer. Though the college did not want to admit blacks, they also did not want to oppose the governor's wife, and Baker was admitted. While there, she aimed toward a different career and wrote, "I discovered I loved books, but I didn't love teaching." She completed her education there, earning a B.A. degree in education in 1933 and a B.S. in library science in 1934. She became the first African-American to earn a master's degree in librarianship from the college.
Professional career
After graduation, Baker taught for a few years, until she was hired in 1937 as the children's librarian at the New York Public Library's 135th Street Branch (now the Countee Cullen Regional Branch) in Harlem. Moore applied three times before the head of children’s services, Anne Carroll Moore, took a personal interest in her application. Moore later berated the director of the library for not passing along the application, as she was interested in anyone who showed an affinity for children's work
In 1939, the branch began an effort to find and collect children's literature that portrayed black people as something other than "servile buffoons," speaking in a rude dialect, and other such stereotypes. This collection, founded by Baker as the James Weldon Johnson Memorial Collection of Children's Books, led to the publication of the first of a number of bibliographies of books for and about black children. Baker furthered this project by encouraging authors, illustrators, and publishers to produce, as well as libraries to acquire, books depicting blacks in a favorable light.
In 1953, she was appointed Storytelling Specialist and Assistant Coordinator of Children's Services. Not long after that, she became Coordinator of Children's Services in 1961, becoming the first African-American librarian in an administrative position in the New York Public Library (NYPL). In this role, she oversaw children's programs in the entire NYPL system and set policies for them. During this time, Baker also figured prominently in the American Library Association's Children's Services Division (now the Association for Library Service to Children), having served as its president. Additionally, she chaired the committee that awarded the Newbery Medal and the Caldecott Medal. Furthermore, Baker influenced many children's authors and illustrators—such as Maurice Sendak, Madeleine L'Engle, Ezra Jack Keats, and John Steptoe—while in this position. She also worked as a consultant for the then newly created children's television series Sesame Street.
In 1946, she published an extensive bibliography of titles relating to the black experience titled Books about Negro Life for Children. In a 1943 article, Baker stated her criteria for selection. The books included should be ones "that give an unbiased, accurate, well rounded picture of Negro life in all parts of the world." The lists and the standards were freely distributed from 135th Street Branch in Harlem. Many librarians, editors, and authors of the time used the lists in conjunction with their own work. In 1971, it was retitled The Black Experience in Children's Books, and its criteria played an important part in bringing awareness about harmful stereotypes in Helen Bannerman's The Story of Little Black Sambo.
In 1974, Baker retired from the New York Public Library. However, in 1980, she returned to librarianship to assume the newly created Storyteller-in-Residence position at the University of South Carolina; this was also the first such position in any American university at the time. She remained there until her second retirement in 1994. During her time there, Baker cowrote a book entitled Storytelling: Art and Technique with colleague Ellin Green, which was published in 1987.
Death and continued legacy
After a long illness, Baker died at the age of 86 on February 23, 1998. Her legacy has remained even today, particularly through the "Baker’s Dozen: A Celebration of Stories" annual storytelling festival. Sponsored by the University of South Carolina College of Information and Communications and the Richland County Public Library, this festival originated in 1987 during Baker’s time at the University, and is celebrated still to this day. The College of Information and Communications also created an endowed chair bearing Baker's name in 2011. In 2019, Dr. Nicole A. Cooke was appointed the Augusta Baker Endowment Chair.
When asked: "What do you tell your students when you conduct your workshops?" Baker stated:
"I tell them what I've always said. Let the story tell itself, and if it is a good story and you have prepared it well, you do not need all the extras – the costumes, the histrionics, the high drama. Children of all ages do want to hear stories. Select well, prepare well, and then go forth, stand tall, and just tell."
Her legacy also continues through the Augusta Baker Collection of Children's Literature and Folklore at the University of South Carolina. The collection, donated by her son, James H. Baker III, contains over 1,600 children's books, including materials from her personal and working library, as well as papers, illustrations, and anthologies of folktales Baker used during her career.
Awards and honors
First recipient of the E.P. Dutton-John Macrae Award (1953)
Parents Magazine Medal Award (1966)
ALA Grolier Award (1968)
Women's National Book Association, Constance Lindsay Skinner Award (1971)
Clarence Day Award (1975)
Honorary ALA Membership (1975)
Honorary Doctorate from St. John's University (1980)
Catholic Library Association's Regina Medal (1981)
Honorary Doctorate from the University of South Carolina (1986)
Second recipient of ALSC Distinguished Service Award (1993)
Bibliography
From Janice M. Del Negro, former Editor of The Bulletin for Children's Books:
Baker, Augusta. 1955. Talking tree; fairy tales from 15 lands. Illus. by Johannes Troyer. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott.
Courlander, Harold. 1956. Uncle Bouqui, folk tales from Haiti; from Uncle Bouqui of Haiti. Read by Augusta Baker. Sound recording. Washington, DC: Folkways Records.
Baker, Augusta. 1957. Books about Negro life for children. New York, NY: New York Public Library.
Baker, Augusta, ed. 1960. Golden lynx, and other tales. Illus. by Johannes Troyer. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott.
Baker, Augusta, ed. 1960. Young years; best loved stories and poems for little children. New York, NY: Parents' Magazine Educational Press; Home Library Press.
Baker, Augusta. 1961. Books about Negro life for children. New York, NY: New York Public Library.
Baker, Augusta. 1963. Books about Negro life for children. New York, NY: New York Public Library.
Baker, Augusta. 1963. Young years library. New York, NY: Parents' Magazine Educational Press.
Baker, Augusta, et al. 1966. Come hither!: papers on children's literature and librarianship. Los Angeles, CA: Yeasayers Press.
Baker, Augusta. 1967. Aids to choosing books for children. New York, NY: Children's Book Council.
Rollins, Charlemae Hill. 1967. We build together; a reader's guide to Negro life and literature for elementary and high school use. With contributions from Augusta Baker, et al. Champaign, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.
Baker, Augusta, ed. 1971. Black experience in children's books. Cover design by Ezra Jack Keats. New York, NY: New York Public Library.
Baker, Augusta. 1975. Storytelling. Cassette recording. New York, Children's Book Council.
Baker, Augusta and Ellin Greene. 1977. Storytelling: art and technique. New York, NY: R. R. Bowker.
Baker, Augusta and Ellin Greene. 1987. Storytelling: art and technique, 2nd ed. New York, NY: R. R. Bowker.
Green, Ellin. 1996. Storytelling: art and technique. With a foreword by Augusta Baker. New York, NY: R. R. Bowker.
References
External links
The Augusta Baker Collection of African-American Children's Literature & Folklore
1911 births
1998 deaths
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American writers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American writers
African-American librarians
African-American women musicians
African-American women writers
American librarians
American storytellers
American women academics
American women librarians
New York Public Library people
University at Albany, SUNY alumni
University of Pittsburgh alumni
University of South Carolina faculty
Women storytellers
Writers from Baltimore
Writers from New York (state) |
5384242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter%20Oud | Pieter Oud | Pieter Jacobus Oud (5 December 1886 – 12 August 1968) was a Dutch politician of the defunct Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB) party and later co-founder of the Labour Party (PvdA) and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and historian. He was granted the honorary title of Minister of State on 9 November 1963.
Oud attended the Barlaeus Gymnasium in Amsterdam from May 1889 until June 1904, and applied at the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences in June 1904, majoring in civil law notary and obtaining a Bachelor of Civil Law degree in July 1907. Oud took several curses in accounting from a certified teacher in Gorinchem from July 1907 until April 1909. Oud worked as civil servant for the Ministry of Finance from May 1909 until June 1917 for the department of Budgetary Affairs from May 1909 until September 1911 and as a tax collector for the Fiscal Information and Investigation Service (FIOD) on Texel from September 1911 until February 1914 and in Ommen from February 1914 until June 1917. Oud applied at the University of Amsterdam in April 1912 for a postgraduate education in Law, graduating with an Master of Laws degree in February 1914. After the Battle of the Frontiers, Oud was conscripted in the Regiment Infanterie Oranje Gelderland of the Royal Netherlands Army, serving as a Sergeant from August 1914 until November 1916.
Oud was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives in the 1917 general election, taking office on 28 June 1917. Oud also worked as editor-in-chief of the party newspaper De Vrijzinnig-Democraat from 15 May 1919 until 26 May 1933. After the 1933 election, Oud was appointed as Minister of Finance in the second Colijn cabinet, taking office on 26 May 1933. After the Leader of the Free-thinking Democratic League Henri Marchant retired after 19 years he endorsed Oud as his successor. Marchant stepping down on 18 May 1935 and was succeeded by Oud. The second Colijn cabinet fell on 23 July 1935 and was replaced by the third Colijn cabinet, with Oud continuing to serve as Minister of Finance, taking office on 31 July 1935. Following the 1937 election, Oud returned to the House of Representatives, taking office on 8 June 1937, but asked Dolf Joekes to remain as Parliamentary leader of the Free-thinking Democratic League in the House of Representatives until 20 September 1937. The third Colijn cabinet was replaced by the fourth Colijn cabinet on 24 June 1937. In October 1938 Oud was nominated as Mayor of Rotterdam, and he announced his resignation as Leader and Parliamentary leader, endorsing his long-serving deputy Dolf Joekes as his successor. Oud resigned Leader and Parliamentary leader the day he was installed as Mayor, taking office on 15 October 1938.
On 14 May 1940 the Luftwaffe destroyed almost the entire historic city centre of Rotterdam during the German invasion, leading the Dutch government to capitulate the next day. On 10 October 1941 Oud resigned in protest against the German occupation and was briefly detained in the Ilag Sint-Michielsgestel in the summer of 1942. During the rest of the German occupation Oud wrote dozens of books on history and politics. Following the end of World War II, Oud was again appointed as Mayor of Rotterdam, taking office on 7 May 1945. On 9 February 1946 the Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB), the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) chose to merge to form the Labour Party (PvdA). Oud was one of its co-founders, but left the party a year later, after which he and several other former members of the Free-thinking Democratic League formed the rump party Committee-Oud in February 1947. On 24 January 1948 the Committee-Oud and the Freedom Party (PvdV) chose to merge to form the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Oud became the first Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy.
For the 1948 election, Oud was the lijsttrekker (lead candidate) of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy. The party had six seats in the House of House of Representatives previously held by the Freedom Party and won two additional seats, now having eight seats in the House of Representatives. Oud again returned as a Member of the House of Representatives and became the party's first Parliamentary leader on 27 July 1948. The following cabinet formation resulted in a coalition agreement between the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, the Catholic People's Party (KVP), the Labour Party and the Christian Historical Union (CHU) which formed the Drees–Van Schaik cabinet, with Oud opting to remain in the House of Representatives instead of filling a ministerial post. Oud also served as Chairman of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy from 8 April 1949 until 9 November 1963. Oud served continuously as Leader and Parliamentary leader for the next 15 years and was lijsttrekker for the elections of 1952, 1956 and 1959. In January 1963, Oud announced his retirement from national politics, stating that he would not stand for the 1963 election. Shortly after the election, on 16 May 1963, Oud stepped down as Leader and Parliamentary leader, and was succeeded as Leader by Edzo Toxopeus and as Parliamentary leader by Roelof Zegering Hadders until Edzo Toxopeus took over as Parliamentary leader on 2 July 1963 but retained his seat in the House of Representatives and continued to serve as a backbencher until the end of the parliamentary term on 5 June 1963.
Following the end of his active political career, Oud occupied numerous seats as a corporate director and nonprofit director for supervisory boards in the business and industry world and for supervisory boards for several international non-governmental organisations and research institutes (Royal Dutch Shell, Philips, Van Lanschot, Netherlands Atlantic Association, Carnegie Foundation and the Royal Netherlands Historical Society) and served on several state commissions on behalf of the government.
Life
Life before politics
Oud came from a middle-class family. His father traded in tobacco, wine, and later stocks, and served as alderman in Purmerend. Oud attended HBS in Amsterdam, graduating in 1904. He continued to study to become notary between 1904 and 1907. During this time he had become member of the board of the League of Freethinking Propaganda Associations, the freethinking liberal youth organisation. He took a private courses in registration in Gorinchem between 1907 and 1909. Between 1909 and 1911 he was civil servant within the ministry of Finance responsible for registration and government possessions. In 1911 he became a tax collector on Texel. In 1912 he took his matriculation in order to study law at the University of Amsterdam. He combined his work as tax collector with his study of law. In the same year he married Johanna Cornelia Fischer, from this marriage they got one son. In 1914 he became tax collector in Ommen. Meanwhile, he was mobilised as Sergeant of the seventh regiment infantry, which was stationed near Amsterdam between 1914 and 1916. Between 1915 and 1919 he was member of the national board of the VDB. He graduated in 1917 on basis of a disputation.
Political life
For the VDB
Oud was elected in 1917 election for the VDB, the last election with runoff voting. He defeated Staalman of the left-wing Christian Democratic Party in the second round in the district of Den Helder. He retained his legal position as tax collector, but was given a leave for undetermined time. He was even promoted to inspector of finances in 1921, while on leave. In the 1918 election Oud stood for elections again, and was elected with 5,000 preference votes, mainly from the former district of Den Helder. While MP, Oud also served as secretary of the VDB national board and editor of the De Vrijzinnige Democraat, the party's magazine. In parliament Oud took a particular interest in military matters and education, and served as the party's finance spokesperson. As MP he served as member of the Committee on the Navy between 1923 and 1933 and the Committee on the Army since 1925. He was chairman of the association for the promotion of public education "People's Education" for many years.
After the 1933 election, Oud was appointed Minister of Finance in the second cabinet led by Hendrik Colijn. As minister, he was responsible for a large scale operation of budget cuts, during a time of economic crisis. In 1935 he proposed the Bezuigingswet 1935 ("Budget Cut Act 1935"), which involved many budget cuts and financial reorganisations: salaries of civil servants were cut, the old age pensions were financed in a different way and for budgetary reasons, soldiers were to become civil servants after a certain period. Although his proposals lead to a political crisis, they were nonetheless carried by parliament. In the same year, after Henri Marchant left the VDB following a scandal, Oud succeeded him as political leader of the VDB. Oud led the VDB in the 1937 election and returned to the House of Representatives as chair of the parliamentary party. He also served as chair for the committee on government expenditure.
In Rotterdam
He left the House of Representatives in 1938 to become mayor of Rotterdam. As mayor he also served in the College of Curators of the University of Rotterdam and as chair of the Association of Dutch Municipalities. After he stepped down in 1952 he became honorary chairman of that association. In 1939 he was elected into the States-Provincial of South Holland. In August 1939 he was offered the position of Minister of Finance in the cabinet of Dirk Jan de Geer, but declined.
Controversially, Oud did not resign after the German invasion of 1940, although he was not a member of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB). During his period as mayor, he was involved in the reconstruction of the centre of Rotterdam which was destroyed by the German bombings. He was heavily criticised by Dutch politicians for cooperating too much with the NSB, while the NSB criticised him for being uncooperative. In the spring of 1941 he was brutally harassed by members of the NSB, twelve party-members invaded the City Hall, gagged Oud, adorned him with Freemason-like symbols and made pictures of him. In the autumn of 1941 he resigned as mayor and he stood down as member of the States Provincial. He was succeeded by Frederik Ernst Müller. In the summer of 1942 he was briefly held in Sint-Michielsgestel, where many prominent Dutch politicians were held captive. During the war Oud kept far from the resistance movement and instead committed himself to writing several books on parliamentary history. Meanwhile, he kept close contact with important people from the business and the political world of Rotterdam.
In 1945, after the liberation of the Netherlands, he returned to Rotterdam as mayor, although he was also asked to become mayor of Amsterdam, and he was officially re-appointed in 1946. In the same year the VDB merged with the social democratic SDAP and the left-wing Christian CDU to form the Labour Party. Oud was one of the co-founders of this party and served on the party's board between 1946 and 1947. Meanwhile, he served on many government, business, international and civil society committees, he chaired the government committee for municipal finances between 1946 and 1954, he was member of the board of trustees of the banker Staal, he was member of the pension council of the Dutch Reformed Church since 1946 and he served as chair of the International Union of Municipalities and Local Governments between 1948 and 1954.
For the VVD
On 3 October 1947, Oud sent a letter to the board of the PvdA announcing his resignation as a member. The reason he gave for the split was that the PvdA was moving too much into socialist waters, instead of being committed to progressive politics. The fact that he was refused a position on the party list for the Senate is generally seen as the political reason for Oud's split. Oud never felt at home in the new social democratic party.
He immediately founded the Committee of Preparation of the Foundation of a Democratic People's Party, which prepared the foundation of the VVD. He negotiated the merger of the remnants of the old VDB with the newly founded Freedom Party. On 24 January 1948 he became one of the founding members of the liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, together with Dirk Stikker and Henk Korthals, and served in its first national board as vice-chair. In 1948 he was elected to the House of Representatives for the VVD, and became chair of its parliamentary party, combining this position with the position of chair of the party's organisation.
In parliament he mainly spoke on issues of administrative and constitutional law. He was a very influential member of parliament. When the law concerning the decolonisation of Indonesia, a very controversial issue, was voted on, the two-thirds majority was only reached because an amendment proposed by Oud ensured the support of the VVD. In 1950-51 Oud came into conflict with the VVD's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Stikker, over the policy concerning Netherlands New Guinea. Between 1950 and 1953 he was a member of the Government Committee Van Schaik, which prepared a constitutional change. In 1952 he did not seek to be reappointed as Rotterdam's mayor, and instead became extraordinary professor of Constitutional Administrative law at the University of Rotterdam, which he remained until 1957. Between 1953 and 1963 he was chair of the Justice Committee of the House of Representatives. As such, he was heavily involved in the preparation of many laws, and served as chair on the committees preparing the laws on the provinces, the police, archives, patents and many more. In 1959 he came into conflict with Harm van Riel, the chair of the VVD's parliamentary party in the Senate, because Van Riel wanted to become minister, but Oud denied him this.
In the last years of his period in the House of Representatives, Oud was the eldest member of the House and on many times functioned as Speaker, such as when a new Speaker was elected. Before the 1963 election Oud announced that he would not continue as MP; he was succeeded by the Minister of the Interior Edzo Toxopeus. In the same year, he was appointed as Minister of State, an honorary title.
Life after politics
After 1963, Oud retired from Dutch political life. He was only asked upon at times of great crisis. In 1966 he was member of the committee that advised the government on the ministerial responsibility towards members of the royal house, together with Willem Drees. In the same year, he co-authored a book on a new constitution.
When Oud died in 1968, his family wanted to announce his death after the burial. His general practitioner did not know this, and told a patient that evening that Oud had died that afternoon. The father of this patient happened to be a journalist for the socialist paper Het Vrije Volk, which published a large In Memoriam the next morning.
Bibliography
"Om de Democratie" (1929; "For Democracy")
"Het jongste verleden: Parlementaire geschiedenis van Nederland, 1918-1940" (1946; The recent past: parliamentary history of the Netherlands, 1918-194-)
"Honderd jaren: Hoofdzaken der Nederlandsche staatkundige geschiedenis, 1840-1940" (1946; One hundred years, Important matters of the Dutch political history 1840-1940)
"Het constitutionele recht van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden" (1947–1953; The constitutional law of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
"Proeve van een Grondwet (1966; Attempt at a constitution)
Quotes
Oud was respected for his memory. During debates he could make remarks like: "You're saying this now, but eight years ago you said something totally different."
When asked whether the VVD would cooperate with the PvdA the coalition in a new government he showed his aversion to the party he had been a member of for one year like this: "Normal people don't cooperate with alcoholics in fighting alcoholism?"
Trivia
Jacobus Oud, a famous Dutch architect, was his brother.
Oud was a respected voice in parliament, not only because he spoke with a soft high pitched voice, but also because he was the House's conscience when it came to constitutional issues and administrative laws.
Oud was a lifelong member of the freethinking Protestant broadcasting organisation, VPRO.
Decorations
References
External links
Official
Mr. P.J. (Pieter) Oud Parlement & Politiek
|-
1886 births
1968 deaths
Chairmen of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
Commanders of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Dutch corporate directors
Van Lanschot Kempen people
Dutch fiscal jurists
Dutch legal scholars
Dutch magazine editors
Dutch members of the Dutch Reformed Church
Dutch nonprofit directors
Dutch nonprofit executives
Dutch people of World War II
Dutch political party founders
Dutch political philosophers
Dutch prisoners of war in World War II
Dutch publishers (people)
Dutch public administration scholars
Dutch scholars of constitutional law
Erasmus University Rotterdam faculty
Free-thinking Democratic League politicians
Governmental studies academics
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Grand Crosses of the Order of the House of Orange
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Leaders of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
Mayors of Rotterdam
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
Members of the Provincial Council of South Holland
Ministers of Finance of the Netherlands
Ministers of State (Netherlands)
Public historians
People from Purmerend
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians
Scholars of administrative law
Tax collectors
University of Amsterdam alumni
Vice Chairmen of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
World War II civilian prisoners
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Writers about globalization
Writers from Rotterdam
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
20th-century Dutch civil servants
20th-century Dutch historians
20th-century Dutch jurists
20th-century Dutch male writers
20th-century Dutch military personnel
20th-century Dutch politicians |
5384246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Henry%20Longford | Joseph Henry Longford | Joseph Henry Longford (25 June 1849 in Dublin – 12 May 1925 in London) was a British consular official in the British Japan Consular Service from 24 February 1869 until 15 August 1902. He was Consul in Formosa (1895–97) after the First Sino-Japanese War and at Nagasaki (1897–1902).
After retiring from the service he became the first Professor of Japanese at King's College London until 1916, and then an emeritus professor of the University of London. He was awarded a D.Litt. by his alma mater, Queen's University of Belfast in 1919.
Although not in the front rank of British Japanologists in the 19th century occupied by Ernest Satow, Basil Hall Chamberlain, William George Aston and arguably Frederick Victor Dickins, he did make a notable contribution in the field of early Japanese studies.
Japanophile
Longford laboured long and hard to produce several readable and compendious books on Japan and as a member of the Japan Society of London was a strong supporter of maintaining good Anglo-Japanese relations. He realised that Britain held Hong Kong and Singapore only as long as the Japanese allowed her to do so, and urged the importance of studying Japan on British readers.
Books
1877 -- The Penal Code of Japan
1907 -- Japan (Living Races of Mankind)
1910 -- 'The Regeneration of Japan', in Cambridge Modern History, vol. 12 (1910)
1910 -- The Story of Old Japan
1911 -- The Story of Korea
1911 -- Japan of the Japanese. New York: C. Scribner's sons. OCLC 2971290
1913 -- The Evolution of New Japan
1915 -- Japan (Spirit of the Allied Nations)
1920 -- Japan (Harmsworth Encyclopedia)
1923 -- Japan (Nations of Today)
See also
Ernest Mason Satow
John Harington Gubbins
Thomas Blake Glover - a friend of Longford
William George Aston
Anglo-Japanese relations
References
'Joseph Henry Longford (1849–1925), Consul and Scholar' by Ian Ruxton, Ch. 31, Britain and Japan: Biographical Portraits, Volume VI, ed. Hugh Cortazzi 2007, pp. 307–314,
The Correspondence of Sir Ernest Satow, British Minister in Japan (1895–1900), Volume One, from the Satow Papers held at The National Archives, Kew, London. published in full for researchers with notes by Ian Ruxton, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Lulu Press Inc., July 2005. (This book contains many letters from Longford to Sir Ernest Satow.)
British consuls
Academics of King's College London
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
British expatriates in Japan
1849 births
1925 deaths
British Japanologists |
5384260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldon%20Bargewell | Eldon Bargewell | Major General Eldon Arthur Bargewell (August 13, 1947 – April 29, 2019) was a United States Army General officer. He served as commander of the U.S. Army's Delta Force unit.
Early life and education
Bargewell was born in Hoquiam, Washington and graduated from Hoquiam High School in 1965, enlisting in the U.S. Army in 1967. He completed the Special Forces Qualification Course in 1968. During the Vietnam War Bargewell was accepted into MACV-SOG where he served at the "Command And Control North (CCN)" Forward Operating Base 4 at Da Nang and served as Non-Commissioned Officer Team Leader for Reconnaissance Team "Viper" (all CCN teams were named for states or snakes). While serving with CCN, Bargewell earned the Distinguished Service Cross in September 1971 for his actions in combat in saving his team and getting them to safety.
Career
Bargewell graduated from Officer candidate School and received his commission in 1973. In addition, he completed a Bachelor of Science degree in resource management at Troy State University.
Bargewell's first assignment was as a member of the 2nd Battalion 75th Ranger Regiment at Fort Lewis, Washington, where he later served as rifle platoon leader and executive officer. As a captain, Bargewell was assigned as Rifle Company Commander with 2nd Battalion, 47th Infantry. In 1981 Bargewell volunteered for and completed a specialized selection and operator training course for assignment to Delta Force where he would serve as Operations Officer, Squadron Executive Officer, Troop commander, Squadron Commander (twice), Deputy Commander and unit commander from July 1996 to July 1998.
While in Delta Force Bargewell participated in Operation Acid Gambit during the invasion of Panama, including the daring rescue of American citizen Kurt Muse from the Modelo prison. After the successful extraction of the hostage the MH-6 Little Bird transporting Muse as well as several Operators crashed behind enemy lines wounding many of them; however they managed to seek cover in the city until they were recovered by an APC.
He commanded a Delta Force Squadron (A Squadron) during Operation Desert Storm in western Iraq. In 1998 Bargewell became Commanding General of Special Operations Command Europe, followed by assistant chief of staff for SFOR military operations in Sarajevo.
Bargewell returned to the continental United States and served as director of the center of operations, plans, and policies of United States Special Operations Command. In 2005, Bargewell became Director of Strategic Operations at Multinational Force Iraq. While serving as the Operations Officer Bargewell pursued an outside administrative investigation as to how knowledge of the Haditha incident in Iraq passed up the Marine chain of command and whether or not any commanders lied in their reports. The informal investigation, pursuant to Army regulation AR 15-6, began on March 19, 2006 and was expected to examine how servicemembers and their commanders were trained in the rules of engagement. The completed report was sent to Army Lt. Gen. Peter W. Chiarelli, the second-ranked US commander in Iraq, on the morning of June 15, 2006. This was separate from a criminal investigation being conducted by the Naval Criminal Investigative Service.
Distinguished Service Cross
Citation:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918 (amended by act of July 25, 1963), takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Staff Sergeant Eldon A. Bargewell, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations involving conflict with an armed hostile force in the Republic of Vietnam, while serving with Command and Control (North), Task Force 1, Studies and Observations Group, 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne), 1st Special Forces, attached to U.S. Army Vietnam Training Advisory Group (TF1AE), U.S. Army Vietnam Training Support Headquarters. Staff Sergeant Bargewell distinguished himself on 27 September 1971 while serving as a member of a long range reconnaissance team operating deep in enemy territory. On that date, his team came under attack by an estimated 75 to 100 man enemy force. Staff Sergeant Bargewell suffered multiple fragmentation wounds from an exploding B-40 rocket in the initial assault, but despite the serious wounds, placed a deadly volume of machine gun fire on the enemy line. As the enemy advanced, he succeeded in breaking the assault and forced them to withdraw with numerous casualties. When the enemy regrouped, they resumed their assault on the beleaguered team, placing a heavy volume of small arms and automatic weapons fire on Staff Sergeant Bargewell's sector of the defensive perimeter. Again he exposed himself to the enemy fire in order to hold his position and prevent the enemy from overrunning the small team. After breaking the enemy assault, the team withdrew to a nearby guard. At the landing zone, Staff sergeant Bargewell refused medical treatment in order to defend a sector of the perimeter, and insured the safe extraction of his team. Staff Sergeant Bargewell's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty were in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.
Death
Bargewell died near his home at the age of 71.
Awards and decorations
Bargewell was inducted into the U.S. Army Ranger Hall of Fame in 2011.
References
External links
"House to Look Into Probe of Pendleton Marines" by Tony Perry, LA Times
1947 births
2019 deaths
United States Army generals
Members of the United States Army Special Forces
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Army personnel of the Gulf War
People from Hoquiam, Washington
Military personnel from Washington (state)
Delta Force
United States Army Rangers
Accidental deaths in Alabama |
5384274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon-Rae%20Fletcher | Jon-Rae Fletcher | Jon-Rae Fletcher is a Canadian singer-songwriter. He has recorded both as a solo artist and with a back-up band, The River.
Background
Fletcher grew up in Kelowna, British Columbia, where as the son of a minister, he sang in his church's choir. Eventual musical developments included his discovery of Kurt Cobain and the formation of his own garage band. Jon-Rae later moved and founded the original River band with a collective of Vancouver friends, but disbanded the group when he moved east.
The River was reformed with like-minded Toronto musicians in 2003, and they grew into a popular cult band with an ever-expanding audience. Combining country, gospel, rock, and soul, Jon-Rae & The River created a unique blend of music, sometimes complemented by an on-stage choir. In 2006, Exclaim! labeled Fletcher "one of Toronto’s most captivating front-men, thanks to his impassioned performances and his glorious alt-gospel songs. Fuelled by alcohol and a fervent belief in the songs they're playing." Their critically acclaimed album Knows What You Need was released in 2006, but the band broke up soon afterward.
Fletcher moved back out west, settling in Brentwood Bay, British Columbia. He released the full length Oh, Maria on (weewerk) in 2009 and toured to promote the album with a new band lineup. Several of his former backing musicians in The River later re-emerged with the alternative country band One Hundred Dollars.
Discography
Now Then (2000), Deerandbird Records
Then Again (2001), Deerandbird Records
The Road (2003), Hive-Fi Recordings
Just A Closer Walk (2004), Blocks Recording Club
Jon-Rae Fletcher & The River, Live Series (2005), Deerandbird Records
Old Songs for the New Town (2005), Permafrost Records
Knows What You Need (2006), We Are Busy Bodies
Oh, Maria (2009), Weewerk
References
Canadian guitarists
Canadian rock singers
Canadian country singer-songwriters
Living people
Musicians from Kelowna
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian male guitarists
Canadian male singer-songwriters |
5384294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20L.%20Smith%20%28politician%29 | Robert L. Smith (politician) | Robert L. Smith (born May 1931) was a Republican politician from Idaho. Smith was the 1974 Republican nominee for the United States Senate seat in Idaho. He was defeated by Democratic incumbent Frank Church.
References
Living people
Idaho Republicans
1931 births |
5384303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier%20Challenger%20850 | Bombardier Challenger 850 | The Bombardier Challenger 800 is the largest super-midsize business jet that was built by Bombardier Aerospace. It is based on Bombardier's 50-seat Bombardier CRJ200 LR. The Challenger 850 is the updated version, produced from 2006 to 2015.
Design and development
The Challenger 850 is derived from the Bombardier CRJ200 airliner. It is capable of accommodating 12–16 passengers. The Challenger 850 jet has a transcontinental range and a high-speed cruise of Mach 0.80.
The Challenger 850 was first manufactured in 1996 as the Challenger SE (Special Edition) and rebranded in 2006 as the Challenger 850. Production ended in 2012 following completion of 71 deliveries.
Specifications
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Bombardier website
|prime units?=met
|crew=2 + 1
|capacity=up to 16
|length m=26.77
|span m=21.21
|height m=6.22
|wing area sqm=48.35
|wing area sqft=
|wing area note=
|swept area sqm=
|swept area sqft=
|swept area note=
|volume m3=
|volume ft3=
|volume note=
|aspect ratio=
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=15,440
|empty weight note=
Maximum ramp weight: Maximum takeoff weight:
Maximum landing weight: Maximum zero fuel weight:
Typical basic operating weight: Maximum usable fuel weight:
Maximum payload (D-E): Payload – full fuel (A-E-F):
Fuel with maximum payload (A-D): |eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=General Electric CF34-3B1
|eng1 type=turbofan engines
|eng1 kn=38.84
|eng1 note= for take=off in ISA + 8°C (73°F)
|max speed mach=(Vmo) 0.850
|cruise speed kmh=819
|cruise speed note=
High-speed cruise: M0.80 /
Long-range cruise speed: M0.74 / |range km=5,206
|range note=at M 0.74
(Theoretical range with NBAA IFR Reserves, ISA, 8 pax/2 crew. Actual range will be affected by speed, weather, selected options and other factors.)
|ceiling m=12,500
|more performance=
Balanced field length (SL, ISA, MTOW): 6,305 ft (1,922 m)
Landing distance (SL, ISA, MLW): 2,910 ft (887 m) Noise Level:' Flyover: 78.8, Approach: 92.1, Lateral: 82.4 (EPNdB)
|avionics=
Rockwell Collins Pro Line 4 six-screen EFIS
Two-Screen EICAS
Dual FMS 4200
Dual GPS
Dual IRS
Dual DME/ Dual ADF
Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS)
Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS II)
}}
See also
References
External links
Bombardier Challenger 850 homepage
Bombardier launches corporate shuttles from Aviation
Challenger 850
1990s Canadian business aircraft
Twinjets
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2006 |
5384313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch%20Hunt%20%28novel%29 | Witch Hunt (novel) | Witch Hunt is a 1993 crime novel by Ian Rankin, under the pseudonym "Jack Harvey". It is the first novel he wrote under this name.
Plot summary
A fishing boat sinks in the English Channel in the middle of the night, and the evidence points to murder. Ex-MI5 operative Dominic Elder comes out of retirement to help investigate the explosion of the boat, as it appears that his long-time obsession, a female assassin known as "Witch", may be responsible. Using the boat to get to England from France, Witch left a subtle trail of clues to announce her arrival and to warn off Elder.
But that is the least of Special Branch's worries, if Elder's well-honed intuition is correct. He has seen her work before and knows her to be a resourceful enemy, who always seems a step ahead of the authorities. With an imminent summit of world leaders to be held in London, Witch's target seems obvious.
Young Michael Barclay's thoroughness leads him onto Witch's trail, with the help of his liaison in the French police, Dominique Herault. Apart from her language help and guidance around Paris, Michael is sexually attracted to her.
The team of detectives and MI5 agents, and the terrorist, play cat-and-mouse with each other in Scotland, England, France, and even briefly visit a former associate of Witch in prison in Germany.
1993 British novels
Thriller novels
Novels by Ian Rankin
Works published under a pseudonym
Headline Publishing Group books |
5384314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serrasalmidae | Serrasalmidae | The Serrasalmidae (serrasalmids) are a family of characiform fishes, recently elevated to family status. It includes more than 90 species. The name means "serrated salmon family", which refers to the serrated keel running along the belly of these fish. Fish classified as Serrasalmidae are also known by these common names: pacu, piranha, and silver dollar. These common names generally designate differing dental characteristics and feeding habits.
Description
Serrasalmids are medium- to large-sized characiform fishes that reach about long, generally characterized by a deep, laterally compressed body with a series of midventral abdominal spines or scutes, and a long dorsal fin (over 16 rays). Most species also possess an anteriorly directed spine just before the dorsal fin extending from a supraneural bone; exceptions include members of the genera Colossoma, Piaractus, and Mylossoma.
Most serrasalmids have about 60 chromosomes, ranging from 54 to 62.Metynnis has 62 chromosomes, as does Catoprion, Pristobrycon striolatus, and Pygopristis.
Distribution
Serrasalmids inhabit all major and some minor Atlantic river systems in South America east of the Andes, but have been introduced to other areas. Species range from about 10°N latitude south to about 35°S latitude.
Ecology
The diets of the various serrasalmid fishes include seeds, fruits, leaves, and various invertebrate and vertebrate prey, as well as fish flesh, scales, and fins. To emphasize the diversity of diets, authors commonly highlight the fruit- and leaf-eating pacus and the highly carnivorous piranhas. Most in the family other than piranhas are primarily herbivorous. In contrast, piranhas have been long believed to be strict carnivores. Many species change diets depending on age and resource availability.
The primarily carnivorous piranha group comprises the genera Catoprion, Pristobrycon, Pygocentrus, Pygopristis and Serrasalmus, but based on phylogeny also the mainly herbivorous (although with omnivorous tendencies) Metynnis. The remaining primarily herbivorous species can be divided into two groups based on ecology and, to some extent, phylogeny: Colossoma, Mylossoma and Piaractus are mainly found in relatively slow-moving waters, and feed extensively on fruits, nuts and seeds, playing an important role as seed dispersers. Mylesinus, Myleus, Ossubtus, Tometes and Utiaritichthys are found in fast-flowing sections of rivers, and mainly feed on aquatic plants, especially Podostemaceae. Myloplus mostly feed on plant material and some of its species are phylogenetically related with the previous group, but this genus includes species of both slow and fast-flowing waters.
Taxonomy
The Serrasalmidae were recently classified as a subfamily of the Characidae. Their relationship to other characiforms has yet to be determined. The taxonomy and systematics of piranhas and their relatives are complicated and much remains unsettled. Consequently, both species identification and phylogenetic placement of many taxa are problematic.
However, the ongoing classification of these fish is difficult and often contentious, with ichthyologists basing ranks according to characteristics that may overlap irregularly (see Cladistics). Ultimately, classifications can be rather arbitrary.
Despite this, the Serrasalmidae are relatively well understood, and agreement is wide on the genera and species included.
Fossil record
The fossil record, particularly for piranhas, is relatively sparse. Most known fossils are from the Miocene, although a few unidentified forms are considered Paleocene and two reportedly date to as early as the Late Cretaceous. Fossils of a living species of Colossoma from the Miocene have been described, suggesting a very conservative history for a specialized herbivorous fish. All serrasalmine genera had originated by the middle Miocene, with the possible exception of three of the four piranha genera (Pygocentrus, Pristobrycon, and Serrasalmus).
Relationship to humans
Many serrasalmids are in demand as aquarium ornamentals, and several pacus, such as Piaractus and Colossoma, are economically important to commercial fisheries and aquaculture.
Piranhas are generally less valued, although they are commonly consumed by subsistence fishers and frequently sold for food in local market's. A few piranha species occasionally appear in the aquarium trade, and, in recent decades, dried specimens have been marketed as tourist souvenirs. Piranhas occasionally bite and sometimes injure bathers and swimmers, but serious attacks are rare and the threat to humans has been exaggerated. However, piranhas are a considerable nuisance to commercial and sport fishers because they steal bait, mutilate catch, damage nets and other gear, and may bite when handled.
References
Fish of South America
Extant Miocene first appearances
Ray-finned fish families
ka:პირანიასებრნი |
5384318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Webster%20%28writer%29 | Sam Webster (writer) | Sam Webster is an American writer, Thelemite, a member of the Golden Dawn tradition, and Bishop Tau Ty of Ecclesia Gnostica Universalis, as well as an initiate of Wicca. Webster holds a Master of Divinity degree from the Starr King School for the Ministry at the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley, California. He advocates open source religion—the use of the open source paradigm in the field of spirituality.
He has written a number of articles and essays on occult and pagan topics, publishing both online and in periodicals including Green Egg, Mezlim, Gnosis and PanGaea. Many of his essays on Pagan Dharma and Thelema have been made available online. In 2001, he was one of a number of Neopagans interviewed in Modern Pagans - An Investigation of Contemporary Pagan Ritual, a feature article in the counter-cultural journal RE/Search.
He has founded or cofounded several occult and Pagan organizations, including the Chthonic-Ouranian OTO (1985) and the Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn (2002).
Webster's book Tantric Thelema was published in January 2010.
Writings
Constellation, 1984.
Abyss and Back, 1988.
A metaphor is something like a bucket, 1988.
What's Crowley got to do with Thelema, Anyway?, 1988.
The Rite of the Milk of the Stars, 1990.
"The Spell of Ra-Hoor-Khuit" in Mezlim, Beltane 1990.
"The House of Khabs" in Mezlim, Samhain, 1991.
The Star Child, 1991.
Process in the Symbolic Re-Creation of the World, 1992.
Rite of Passage Structure in the Japanese Accession Ceremonies, 1992.
Changing Society through Ritual, 1993.
What is Polytheism and how I became Polytheistic, 1993.
"Working Polytheism" in Gnosis #28, Spring 1993.Home
The World as Lover Working, 1993.
"Structural Implications in the Sepherot", 1994.
"Pagan Dharma" in Gnosis #39, Spring, 1996.Home
The Bones of Sex and Spirit, 1996.
"Why I call Myself Pagan", 1999 in Reclaiming Quarterly The Spiral Dance - History and Traditions
"Pagan Dharma 2" in PanGaea, 1999.
A Thelemic Ganachakra, 2001. (see Ganachakra)
Entering the Buddhadharma, 2002.OSOGD: Library: Entering the Buddhadharma
Preliminary notes towards an understanding of the Neophyte Hall in the Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn., 2002.OSOGD: Library: Y Documents: Understanding the Neophyte Hall
Towards a General Theory of Divination, 2002. The Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn
Ritual, Magick & How Pagans will Save the World, 2004.
The Pagan Agenda, 2005.
Tantric Thelema, Concrescent Press (2010)
Notes
Sources
Further reading
Brooks, Andrew. Beltane Keynote Speaker Urges Pagan Revival in The Oberlin Review, April 21, 2006.
Magliocco, Sabina. Witching Culture: Folklore and Neo-Paganism in America. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
Vale, V. and John Sulak (2001). Modern Pagans. San Francisco: Re/Search Publications.
External links
Sam Webster: Initiate of the Mysteries
Chthonic Auranian Templars of Thelema
Ecclesia Gnostica Universalis
Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn
Living people
American occult writers
American Thelemites
American Wiccans
Ceremonial magicians
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
Starr King School for the Ministry alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5384319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont%2C%20Prince%20Edward%20Island | Belmont, Prince Edward Island | Belmont (pop. 150) is a Canadian rural farming community located in the larger community of Lot 16 in central Prince County, Prince Edward Island. Lot 16 is actually three communities: Belmont, Central, and Southwest Lot 16, and is one of the last communities on Prince Edward Island to continue using their lot designation from the original Island survey by Samuel Holland in the 18th century.
The community is situated at the southwestern shore of Malpeque Bay and its primary industry is agriculture, notably dairy and beef cattle, as well as potato and grain crops.
Author Lucy Maud Montgomery taught at the Belmont School during the early 20th century. This one room schoolhouse now resides at Avonlea Village in Cavendish, PEI.
Residents of Belmont are largely of English, Scottish, Irish, and French ancestry, with recent immigrants from other backgrounds.
Belmont is also home to Belmont Provincial Park, a day-use park located at Winchester Cape, jutting into the bottom of Malpeque Bay alongside the Grand River, a salt-water estuary of Malpeque Bay. Lobster, mussels and oysters are fished along the coast of Belmont, but Belmont is not home to a harbour or wharf.
The only public building in Belmont is its only church, the Belmont United Baptist Church, which maintains a cemetery about 1 km away.
References
Communities in Prince County, Prince Edward Island |
5384325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Shaddai%20%28song%29 | El Shaddai (song) | "El Shaddai" (sometimes styled "El-Shaddai") is a contemporary Christian music song. It was written by Michael Card and John Thompson, using direct quotes from scripture as their inspiration, and recorded by Card on his 1981 debut album, Legacy. However, the best known version of the song was by singer Amy Grant, whose rendition was recorded in 1982 on her platinum-certified album Age to Age.
The title comes from a Judaic name of God, usually translated as "God Almighty" (see El Shaddai). Approximately half the lyrics of the chorus are in the Hebrew language, which is rather unusual for a contemporary Christian song. The recording was in the style of a performance ballad, but the song was subsequently published in some hymnbooks and is occasionally sung congregationally.
The song was a hit single for Grant, reaching the top ten of the Christian radio chart. "El Shaddai" won "Song of the Year" and Card won "Songwriter of the Year" at the 1983 GMA Dove Awards. It was also named one of the "Songs of the Century" by the RIAA in 2001.
Grant has recorded at least three different studio versions and one partial version:
The original Age to Age version is primarily performed on piano, with harp and string accompaniment. Drums do not appear in this version until the climactic third chorus. This is the version used on most compilations.
Grant also incorporated a portion of the song (similar to the Age to Age rendition, but slightly more uptempo) into her Ageless Medley promo release. The medley was named for the Age to Age album, which in turn took its name from the lyrics of "El Shaddai".
Before releasing her album Behind the Eyes in 1997, Grant released a CD single of "Takes a Little Time"; the B-side was a newly recorded version of "El Shaddai". This version is notable for the prominent violin accompaniment used throughout the recording. This recording has never been made available on any album or compilation.
Grant recorded another new version of the song for her 2005 album Rock of Ages...Hymns and Faith. This version is more in a light pop style, with acoustic guitar and drums throughout, and features harmony vocals and acoustic guitar solo by Grant's husband, Vince Gill. This version is included in the WOW Worship: Aqua compilation, and Grant's 2015 compilation album Be Still and Know... Hymns & Faith.
"El Shaddai" has been covered by many contemporary Christian and gospel recording artists, including Pat Boone, Winans Phase 2, and Eden's Bridge. Michael Card re-recorded the song for his 1994 compilation, Joy in the Journey. There also exist translated versions which combine Hebrew with other languages.
Lyrics
Michael Card's original lyrics included a line "Though the Jews just couldn't see/ What Messiah ought to be"; Amy Grant changed this to "Though the people couldn't see/ What Messiah ought to be." Most covers incorporate Grant's change, and even Card uses "though the people failed to see...".
Translation of Hebrew lyrics
El Shaddai (אל שׁדי) is most often translated as "God Almighty".
El-Elyon na Adonai (אל עליון נא אדני) is a combination of two names for God, meaning "God Most High, please my Lord". (The 'ai' in 'Adonai' is a possessive.) Na (נא) is a particle of entreaty, translated "please" or "I/we beseech thee", or left untranslated.
Erkamka na Adonai is based on Psalm 18:1 (except for the "na," which is added) Erḥamkha (ארחמך) Adonai, "I love you, my Lord." Psalm 18:1 is the only place that the Hebrew Bible uses this verb for love in the Qal stem; this is normally an Aramaic usage. Hebrew uses this verb in the Pi'el stem in the context of compassion rather than love.
Possibly - most likely - "kan-naw" is from Exodus 34:14 meaning "jealous" - for you shall not worship any other god, for the LORD, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God...
For more information on the translation, see Names of God in Judaism, El Shaddai, El (god), and Elyon.
Charts
Music sample
See also
Dove Award for Song of the Year
Dove Award for Songwriter of the Year
References
El Shaddai
El Shaddai
1982 songs
Myrrh Records singles
Song recordings produced by Brown Bannister |
5384334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa%20Open | Okinawa Open | The Asia Japan Okinawa Open was a men's professional golf tournament that was co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and the Japan Golf Tour. It was played each December from 2002 to 2005 and counted as the first official money event of the following season for both tours, that is for example the 2005 event was part of the 2006 season. The prize fund was US$830,000 each of the first two years.
Tournament hosts
Winners
Earlier tournament
An earlier Okinawa Open was played at Awase Meadows golf course from 1961 until 1972.
1972 Chen Chien-chin
1971 Hung Fa
1970 Hiroshi Nomiyama
1969 Chang Tung-chan
1968 Frank Kadota
1967 Chen Chien-chin
1966 Hsu Sheng-san
1965 Bick Long
1964 Finegan Higa
1963 Kuo Chie Hsiung
1962 Kuo Chie Hsiung
1961 Horace Meredith
Notes
References
External links
Coverage on the Japan Golf Tour's official site (2003–2006)
Defunct golf tournaments in Japan
Former Asian Tour events
Former Japan Golf Tour events
Sports competitions in Okinawa Prefecture
Recurring sporting events established in 2002
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2005 |
5384362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliwell%2C%20Greater%20Manchester | Halliwell, Greater Manchester | Halliwell is predominantly a residential area of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England. It gives its name to an electoral ward of the wider Metropolitan Borough of Bolton. The population of this ward taken at the 2011 census was 13,929. Halliwell lies about to the north west of Bolton town centre and is bounded by Tonge Moor to the east and Heaton to the south west. Smithills Hall to the north is within the ancient township. It lies on the lower south facing slopes of the West Pennine Moors.
Historically a part of Lancashire, Halliwell once formed an autonomous township in the ancient parish of Deane. Traces of this ancient history still remain. Boundary Street marks the old boundary between Halliwell and the parish of Bolton le Moors, and a modern wall along Gladstone Street also marks this former boundary. The old building on Halliwell Road, much modernised, at the end of the wall, is the former toll house.
Halliwell derives its name from the holy well, an ancient spring which used to exist at the northern end of the township off Smithills Croft Road. In Old English it was recorded as halig wella (i.e. holy well). Over the centuries the name has been spelled as Haliwalle (1220), Haliwell (1243), Harywal (1273), and Halewell (1277–8). In Deane Parish Church registers it was spelled Halliwoe and Hollowell.
The parish church of St Peter's was consecrated in 1840.
Halliwell had a football team, Halliwell F.C., who were one of the strongest teams in the area. They played at a ground known as Holy Harbour which is now buried under modern housing between Arnold Street, Hughes Street and Cloister Street. The houses are social housing and the landlord is Irwell Valley, they were built in 1998 / 1998. The two new builds on the Holy Harbour land are known as Rusheylea Close and Newlea Close.
See also
St Thomas' Church, Halliwell
St Margaret's Church, Halliwell
References
External links
Information about Halliwell
Areas of Bolton
Holy wells in England
Former civil parishes in Greater Manchester |
5384366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKeown | McKeown | McKeown and MacKeown are Irish surnames originating both from the Irish Mac Eoghain ("Son of Eoghan") and Mac Eoin ("Son of Eoin"), which are pronounced identically: /mək ˈow ən/ or "McOwen".
The surnames are associated with the Mac Eoin Bissett family. A family who arrived in the Irish Glens of Antrim in the 13th century AD with John Bissett. The family settled in the region with other Anglo-Norman families, marrying into local Gaelic families, adopting the Gaelic culture, laws, language and finding themselves totally assimilated into Irish life.
It has been suggested that within Northern Ireland's borders there are McKeowns that have a totally separate historical lineage, immigrating to Ireland with Ulster-Scotch planters, settling there during the great plantations.
This claim is difficult to substantiate, due to poor church or state records during the plantation period.
However, the lack of frequency of the name "McKeown" (and its variants) within earlier Scottish census records does not appear to suggest any evidence of a separate Scottish planter family.
There are at least three common ways to pronounce the name. The name is commonly pronounced "Mick-Yone" within Ireland itself, however across the globe a whole range of slightly different pronunciations can now be found.
/mɪk ˈjoʊn/ "Mick Yone"
/mə ˈkjuən/ "Mick You-En"
/mə ˈkiən/ "Mick Key-En"
People
Bob McKeown, Canadian reporter
Charles McKeown, British actor and writer
Ciaran McKeown (1943–2019), Northern Ireland peace activist
Bishop Donal McKeown Catholic Auxiliary Bishop of Down and Connor
Erin McKeown, American singer
Gary McKeown, British footballer (retired)
Greg McKeown (author), leadership consultant and writer
Greg McKeown, American soccer player (retired)
James McKeown, Irish football player
Jim McKeown (soccer), American soccer player
Jim McKeown (racing driver), Australian racing driver
Jimeoin McKeown, Irish-Australian comedian and actor
John McKeown, Scottish singer
Joseph McKeown, British photographer
Kaylee McKeown, Australian swimmer
Laurence McKeown, Provisional Irish Republican Army member
Les McKeown (1955–2021), Scottish singer, former member of the Bay City Rollers
M. Margaret McKeown, judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Max McKeown, British management author
Nick McKeown, Professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Stanford University
Paul McKeown, Scottish intelligence and analytics expert
Sean McKeown, American Herpetologist
Susan McKeown, Irish-American singer
Taylor McKeown, Australian swimmer
Thomas McKeown, British physician and historian
Thomas McKeown, Scottish footballer (Celtic, Blackburn Rovers, Scotland)
Tom D. McKeown, American politician (US Representative from Oklahoma)
See also
McCune (surname)
McCunn
MacEwen
English-language surnames
Scottish surnames
Surnames of Irish origin
Anglicised Irish-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names |
5384371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed%20Haris%20Ahmed | Syed Haris Ahmed | Syed Haris Ahmed (born 1984) is a naturalized American citizen born in Pakistan who was convicted on June 9, 2009 of conspiring to provide material support to terrorism in the United States and abroad. His trial was a bench trial. He was sentenced in 2009 to 13 years in prison, to be followed by 30 years of supervised release. At the time of his arrest (on March 23, 2006), he was an undergraduate at the Georgia Institute of Technology, majoring in mechanical engineering.
Life
Ahmed's family immigrated from Pakistan to the United States when he was about 12 years old, settling in the Atlanta, Georgia area. He became a U.S. citizen in 2003. His father, Syed Riaz Ahmed, is a faculty member at North Georgia College & State University.
Arrest
In March 2005, Ahmed traveled along with Ehsanul Islam Sadequee to Toronto, Ontario, Canada aboard a Greyhound bus to meet with Fahim Ahmad, Jahmaal James and another youth with whom they had spoken online about their mutual interpretation of Islam and jihad. Although the five had discussed hypothetical scenarios in which North America would be attacked, government documents noted there was "no imminent danger". Police informant Mubin Shaikh later stated that he believed the two Americans had been asking whether they would be able to hide in Canada if they were to carry out attacks in the United States. Witnesses later testified that Sadequee and Ahmed might have been inspired by a 2005 film, Paradise Now, about two Palestinian friends being trained to carry out a suicide bombing in Israel. Ahmed was further alleged to have traveled to Pakistan in late 2005 in an attempt to meet with members of the terrorist organization, Lashkar-e-Taiba.
On March 23, 2006, Ahmed and Sadequee were arrested after recording so called "casing videos" of "significant commercial buildings". They were charged with providing material support to a terrorist group, and pleaded not guilty. After several men were arrested in Toronto in June 2006 on charges of terrorism, Ahmed and Sadequee were identified as a co-conspirators and both were indicted on July 19, 2006 (this indictment superseding the original one) for conspiring to provide material support to terrorists and conspiring to provide support to a designated foreign terrorist organization, Lashkar-e-Taiba ("Army of the Righteous"). Initially, all documents in the case were sealed at the joint request of the government and the defense, but the indictment was later unsealed at the government's request.
During five interviews in March, 2006, Ahmed made a number of self-incriminating statements. Ahmed also led the agents who interviewed him to his parents' home and surrendered the camera that was used for the recordings. At the bail hearing for Sadequee, prosecutors alleged that Ahmed and Sadequee traveled to Washington, D.C. to make "casing videos" of the United States Capitol building, the World Bank, a Masonic temple, and a fuel depot, and that Sadequee then sent the video to now-imprisoned London propagandist Younis Tsouli, better known by his online pseudonym Irhabi007 ("terrorist 007"). Tsouli later confirmed that the pair were the source of the recordings.
In August, 2008, US Magistrate Gerrilyn Brill ruled Ahmed's interrogation statements admissible for trial despite defense assertions that the statements were the result of coercion and deception. Brill wrote that Ahmed was "intelligent and had been interviewed by law enforcement twice before", and, therefore, "there is nothing . . . to suggest that his will was critically affected by the agents' various appeals to his Muslim beliefs and there is nothing inherently coercive about such tactics." Although Ahmed had referred to the videos and the discussions with other Muslims as "stupid", he had admitted to the interviewing agents that the recordings could have been used in planning terrorist acts.
Ahmed and Sadequee were reindicted by a federal grand jury in December, 2008. Both men were again charged with conspiring to provide material support to terrorists, including trying to join Lashkar-e-Taiba in 2005. According to the new indictment, the videos were passed to another convicted British terrorist, Aabid Hussain Khan, on whose computer they were found subsequent to his own arrest.
References
External links
United States of America against Ehsanul Islam Sadequee, Affidavit in support of arrest warrant by Michael Scherck, March 28, 2006
A portrait of terrorist suspects, June 5, 2006
Living people
2006 Ontario terrorism plot
American people imprisoned on charges of terrorism
1984 births
Pakistani emigrants to the United States
Pakistani Islamists |
5384378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked%20Man | Crooked Man | Crooked Man may refer to:
Film and television
The Crooked Man (2003 film), a 2003 British television movie starring Ross Kemp
"The Crooked Man", an episode of The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes television series
The Crooked Man, an episode of the animated show Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century
"The Crooked Man", an episode of the television series The Adventures of Ellery Queen
The Crooked Man, the main villain in the Netflix web television series Raising Dion
Literature
"The Crooked Man", an alternate title of "The Adventure of the Crooked Man", a Sherlock Holmes short story
A Crooked Man, a novel by Christopher Lehmann-Haupt
"The Crooked Man", a Melinda Snodgrass short story in the anthology Card Sharks
"The Crooked Man", a Charles Beaumont short story
Music
"The Crooked Man", a song from Western Approaches (album)
"Crooked Man", a song by Show of Hands from the album As You Were
Other uses
The Crooked Man, a limited series from Hellboy: The Crooked Man and Others
Crooked Man, a 2011 international stand-up tour by Tommy Tiernan
The Crooked Man and The Crooked Cat, a 2013 Hidden Object computer game created by Blue Tea Games
See also
There Was a Crooked Man (disambiguation) |
5384388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuffenthal | Teuffenthal | Teuffenthal is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
History
Teuffenthal is first mentioned in 1344 as Toeffental.
The land around the modern village and what ever settlements were there belonged to the Herrschaft of Heimberg in the 13th century. The Heimberg's were under the authority of the Counts of Kyburg. On 11 November 1382, Rudolf II von Kyburg, attempted unsuccessfully to attack Solothurn. His attack started the Burgdorferkrieg (also Kyburgerkrieg) with the Old Swiss Confederacy. Bern used the war to expand north into the Aargau and south into the Oberland. After the Kyburg defeat, as part of the peace treaty, Bern bought the city of Thun and all its surrounding lands including Teuffenthal. Under Bernese rule, the small farming village was part of the distant parish of Hilterfingen until 1928 when it joined the parish of Buchen. In 1935 Teuffenthal became an independent parish.
In 1989 a school was founded in the municipality, however in 2008 it closed and the students traveled to the school in Buchen for their education.
Traditionally the rural, agrarian village raised crops and livestock on the valley floor, summered livestock in alpine meadows and cut timber. Agriculture still remains a major part of the local economy. In 2005 a total of 62% of all jobs in the municipality were in agriculture.
Geography
Teuffenthal has an area of . As of the 2004/06 survey, a total of or 46.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 50.3% is forested. Of rest of the municipality or 3.1% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.7% is either rivers or lakes. Between the 1981 and 2004/06 surveys the settled area increased from to , an increase of 55.56%.
From the same survey, housing and buildings made up 2.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.1%. A total of 48.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 2.0% is used for growing crops and 38.2% is pasturage and 6.0% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.
It lies in the valley of the river Zulg on the north flank of Blueme mountain, some eastward of the district capital Thun. The municipality has no direct center, but consists of isolated hamlets and scattered farm settlements.
On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Thun, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Thun.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or a Pall Gules.
Demographics
Teuffenthal has a population () of . , 2.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Between the last 2 years (2010-2012) the population changed at a rate of -6.4%. Migration accounted for -6.4%, while births and deaths accounted for -0.6%. Most of the population () speaks German (190 or 96.4%) as their first language, Serbo-Croatian is the second most common (4 or 2.0%) and English is the third (2 or 1.0%).
, the population was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. The population was made up of 82 Swiss men (47.7% of the population) and 2 (1.2%) non-Swiss men. There were 86 Swiss women (50.0%) and 2 (1.2%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 85 or about 43.1% were born in Teuffenthal and lived there in 2000. There were 89 or 45.2% who were born in the same canton, while 13 or 6.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 9 or 4.6% were born outside of Switzerland.
, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.0% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 20.5%.
, there were 84 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 99 married individuals, 8 widows or widowers and 6 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 25 households that consist of only one person and 8 households with five or more people. , a total of 67 apartments (85.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 4 apartments (5.1%) were seasonally occupied and 7 apartments (9.0%) were empty. In 2012, single family homes made up 30.0% of the total housing in the municipality.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Economy
, Teuffenthal had an unemployment rate of 0.61%. , there were a total of 74 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 43 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 21 businesses involved in this sector. The secondary sector employs 8 people and there were 6 businesses in this sector. The tertiary sector employs 24 people, with 6 businesses in this sector. There were 94 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 37.2% of the workforce.
there were a total of 53 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 26, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 6 of which 4 or (66.7%) were in manufacturing and 2 (33.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 21. In the tertiary sector; 18 or 85.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 3 or 14.3% were in education.
, there were 20 workers who commuted into the municipality and 40 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.0 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 54 workers (73.0% of the 74 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Teuffenthal. Of the working population, 3.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 41.5% used a private car.
The local and cantonal tax rate in Teuffenthal is one of the lowest in the canton. In 2012 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Teuffenthal making 150,000 CHF was 12.4%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 18.6%. For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in 2011, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide average was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively.
In 2010 there were a total of 58 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 15 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There was one person who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Teuffenthal was 107,753 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 131,244 CHF.
In 2011 a total of 3.7% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.
Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 62.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland (EDU) (10.9%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (7.3%) and the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (6.3%). In the federal election, a total of 85 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 61.2%.
Religion
From the , 150 or 76.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 8 or 4.1% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 17 individuals (or about 8.63% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 person who was Buddhist. 16 (or about 8.12% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 5 individuals (or about 2.54% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Teuffenthal about 56.2% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 8.6% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 11 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 81.8% were Swiss men, 18.2% were Swiss women.
, there were a total of 36 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 30 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 6 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 12 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
References
External links
Official website
Municipalities of the canton of Bern |
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