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5385471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant%20Live%3A%20Avalon%2C%20Boston%2C%20MA%2010/17/04 | Instant Live: Avalon, Boston, MA 10/17/04 | Instant Live: Avalon, Boston, MA 10/17/04 is a live album by Living Colour. It was recorded on the band's 2003-04 tour in support of their studio album Collideøscope. It features excerpts from the show, including several songs off Collideøscope, a few old classics, and the only officially available version of the song "Terrorism".
Track listing
Personnel
Corey Glover - vocals
Vernon Reid - guitar
Doug Wimbish - bass guitar
Will Calhoun - drums
Living Colour albums
2005 live albums |
5385488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit%20rate%20reduction | Bit rate reduction | Bit rate reduction may refer to:
Bit-rate reduction, a synonym for data compression
Bit Rate Reduction, an audio compression format used by the SPC-700 processing core of the Nintendo S-SMP, the audio processing unit of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System |
5385493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittenden-2%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012 | Chittenden-2 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012 | The Chittenden-2 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Chittenden-2 District includes all of the Chittenden County town of Williston.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Chittenden-2 District had a population of 7,650 in that same census, 5.76% below the state average.
District Representatives
Jim McCullough, Democrat
Mary N. Peterson, Democrat
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts -- Statistics
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Williston, Vermont |
5385506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silken%20Windhound | Silken Windhound | The Silken Windhound is an American breed of sighthound. Like most sighthounds, Silkens are noted coursers.
Traits
Appearance
Silken Windhounds are graceful, small- to medium-sized Sighthounds with silky coats of middling length. Silken coat colors can range from white to black, with brilliant brindles and solid red in between. They can be spotted, tuxedo-marked or solid-colored.
Temperament
Silken Windhounds are affectionate and playful, and are good dogs for families with children. Due to their friendliness, they are not good guard dogs but are easily housebroken and can be trained to live with smaller household pets. Silkens particularly like agility, therapy, flyball, and obedience.
Training
Silken Windhounds are intelligent and easily trained using rewards and affection in short, positive sessions. They will work eagerly and form strong relationships with their owners if treated well. Like many sighthounds, Silken Windhounds can slip out of buckle collars, so most owners favor semi-slip collars.
Health
Silken Windhounds typically live into their middle to late teens. Bone and joint ailments like hip dysplasia and bloat are rare. Some individual Silken Windhounds are sensitive to ivermectin and related drugs; a simple test is now available to find whether a dog carries a defective MDR1, a multi-drug resistance gene. Some owners report cases of cryptorchidism, umbilical hernia, and lotus syndrome, plus deafness and cataracts in old age.
History
Silken Windhounds were founded and developed in Austin, Texas by Francie Stull, a successful breeder of show and performance American Kennel Club Borzoi and Deerhounds, using her favored Borzoi and Lurcher bloodlines. The first Silken Windhound litter was whelped in 1985 and a breed club, the International Silken Windhound Society, was formed in 1999. In early 2011, Silken Windhounds were recognized by the United Kennel Club. Silkens are now in 24 countries as well.
Events
Silken Windhounds participate in performance sports and showings worldwide, including the NAKC, IABCA, and NCA, as part of the hound group. In Slovenia, Silkens are an accepted part of the Slovenian Kennel Club, member of the FCI, also in the hound group. Silken Windhounds also participate in sighthound performance sports, competing alongside other sighthounds in Finnish lure coursing and straight racing events. The ISWS has established straight and oval track racing programs that enable Silkens to compete and win points towards performance titles.
In late 2009, Silken Windhounds were accepted as a Limited Stakes breed in the ASFA. Over forty dogs competed in ASFA limited stakes in their first month of acceptance.
In late 2010, Silken Windhounds were accepted as a breed in NOFCA, the National Open Field Coursing Association, and can participate in open field events. On March 18, 2011, Silken Windhounds were accepted into the United Kennel Club.
See also
Dogs portal
List of dog breeds
References
Dog breeds originating in the United States
Rare dog breeds
Sighthounds |
5385549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapeleto | Kapeleto | Kapeleto () is a village and a community in the municipal unit Vouprasia, Elis, Greece. It is located in a rural area, 4 km south of the town of Varda, 5 km northeast of Kourtesi and 37 km north of Pyrgos. In 2011 the population was 362 for the village, and 566 for the community, which includes the village Thanasoulaiika. Within the community's limits is the traditional site of the ancient city of Myrtuntium.
Historical population
External links
Kapeleto on GTP Travel Pages (in English and Greek)
References
Populated places in Elis
Vouprasia |
5385558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voit%20%28surname%29 | Voit (surname) | Voit is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
August von Voit
Brigitte Voit
Carl von Voit
Eszter Voit
G. Mark Voit
Luke Voit
Otto Voit
Robert Voit
See also
Voight
Voit Peak
W. J. Voit Memorial Trophy
German-language surnames
Occupational surnames |
5385602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter%20Deposed%20Emperor%20of%20Liu%20Song | Latter Deposed Emperor of Liu Song | The Latter Deposed Emperor of Liu Song ((劉)宋後廢帝, also known as Emperor Houfei) (1 March 463 – 1 August 477), also known by his posthumously demoted title of Prince of Cangwu (蒼梧王), personal name Liu Yu (劉昱), courtesy name Derong (德融), nickname Huizhen (慧震), was an emperor of the Liu Song dynasty of China.
During his brief reign as a boy emperor, he showed a knack for violence and arbitrariness, and in 477 he was killed by his general Xiao Daocheng, who made Emperor Houfei's brother Liu Zhun emperor but seized the throne in 479, ending Liu Song and starting Southern Qi.
Background
Liu Yu was born in 463, when his father Liu Yu (different character) was the Prince of Xiangdong under his uncle Emperor Xiaowu. He was the oldest son of the Prince of Xiangdong, and his mother was the concubine Chen Miaodeng. (The Prince of Xiangdong had earlier disfavored Lady Chen and given her to his attendant Li Dao'er () and then taken her back, and therefore there was constant rumor that his son's biological father was actually Li, not he.) His courtesy name of Huizhen came from the I Ching, which the Prince of Xiangdong used extensively for divination.
After the Prince of Xiangdong became emperor (as Emperor Ming) after the assassination of his nephew Emperor Qianfei (Emperor Xiaowu's son) in 465, he created Liu Yu crown prince in 466 (although the name "Yu" was not actually settled on until 467). As the Crown Prince grew, he was known as an overly active child who liked carrying out dangerous tasks, such as climbing flag poles, and he had severe mood swings and was so impulsive that his attendants could not stop him from taking violent actions. Emperor Ming often had his mother Consort Chen beat him as punishment. In 470, Emperor Ming set up a separate household for the Crown Prince, as per tradition for crown princes.
In 472, Emperor Ming died, and Crown Prince Yu took the throne as Emperor Houfei at the age of nine. He honored Emperor Ming's wife Empress Wang Zhenfeng as empress dowager and his mother Consort Chen as "Consort Dowager."
Reign
After Emperor Houfei ascended the throne, the government was technically in the hands of two high level officials whom Emperor Ming had entrusted Emperor Houfei to, Chu Yuan and Yuan Can. However, the close associates of Emperor Ming, led by Ruan Dianfu () and Wang Daolong (), continued to be powerful behind the scenes and influential, and Chu and Yuan were unable to curb their powers. Chu and Yuan soon added Emperor Houfei's distant relative Liu Bing to their own rank to be involved in important decisions. In 473, Yuan's mother died, and he left the government to observe the three-year mourning period.
One crisis that Emperor Houfei's administration needed to deal with almost immediately was that Emperor Houfei's single remaining paternal uncle, Liu Xiufan () the Prince of Guiyang and the governor of Jiang Province (江州, modern Jiangxi and Fujian), was becoming displeased that he was not made prime minister, as the emperor's uncle (Emperor Ming, because he had been apprehensive about his brothers taking power after his death, had killed all of his remaining brothers in 471, except for Liu Xiufan, because he had considered Liu Xiufan incompetent and therefore not much of a threat). In summer 474, Liu Xiufan declared a rebellion, accusing Wang Daolong and another associate of Emperor Ming, Yang Yunchang (), of having wrongly instigated the death of Liu Xiuren () the Prince of Jian'an and Liu Xiuruo () the Prince of Baling. Taking lesson from past rebellions that had failed because they had proceeded too slowly, Liu Xiufan ordered his troops to advance on the capital Jiankang as quickly as possible, and it took only five days for them to arrive at Jiankang. The general Xiao Daocheng volunteered to face Liu Xiufan's forces, and while Liu Xiufan's forces were initially able to prevail over Xiao's, the battles were not particularly decisive. Meanwhile, Xiao was offered a plan of deception by his subordinates Huang Hui () and Zhang Jing'er () -- that they would pretend to surrender to Liu Xiufan and then assassinate him, and he agreed with it. Huang and Zhang then pretended to surrender to Liu Xiufan, but then took the opportunity to kill him. However, Liu Xiufan's troops were not aware that Liu Xiufan was dead, and they initially continued fighting. Indeed, Liu Xiufan's general Ding Wenhao () soon engaged and defeated the forces under Wang Daolong's and Liu Mian (), killing Wang and Liu Mian, and then put the palace under siege. Eventually, though, Ding's forces became aware that Liu Xiufan had died, and began to collapse on their own. Xiao and Yuan Can (who had returned to the government in light of the emergency) then defeated Liu Xiufan's remaining troops, ending the rebellion. In light of the victory, Xiao was promoted to be part of the decision-making nucleus, along with Yuan, Chu, and Liu Bing.
Meanwhile, Emperor Houfei had begun to develop a reputation of being crazed and lacking in virtue. The people instead were hopeful that his cousin Liu Jingsu () the Prince of Jianping, who was an adult and was considered a kind and generous man, could become emperor. Many army officers were hoping to join a rebellion by Liu Jingsu, while Yang Yunchang and Ruan Dianfu, who wanted to hold onto power, wanted to eliminate Liu Jingsu as a potential threat. In 475, they wanted to act on an accusation that Liu Jingsu was plotting rebellion and arrest him, but were stopped from doing so by Yuan and Xiao. In summer 476, however, one of the army officers who was hopeful for a Liu Jingsu rebellion fled to Liu Jingsu's headquarters at Jingkou (京口, in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), falsely telling Liu Jingsu that Jiankang was in disarray and that he needed to quickly proceed to Jiankang and take the throne. Liu Jingsu therefore started his uprising, but his forces lacked good generals. Meanwhile, Xiao sent Huang Hui to attack Liu Jingsu, and Huang, while secretly sympathetic of Liu Jingsu's cause, was hesitant to turn against Xiao because his lieutenants were all Xiao's confidants, and he defeated Liu Jingsu, who was captured and killed.
By 477, Emperor Houfei's reputation was one that was feared and despised, for by this point Empress Dowager Wang and Consort Dowager Chen had completely lost control of him, and he was doing everything that he pleased. His guard corps would accompany him, and they killed humans and animals alike that they encountered, often in cruel manners. Emperor Houfei, indeed, would personally cut the victims open, and if he did not kill on a given day, he would appear depressed for the day. Because he was leaving and returning to the palace at all times during day or night, the palace guards would not dare to lock the palace gates, leaving palace defenses open. The situation was getting sufficiently severe that even Ruan, who had wanted to keep Emperor Houfei in power, instead plotted to depose him, but was discovered and executed. When Emperor Houfei subsequently received reports that the officials Du Youwen (), Shen Bo (), and Sun Chaozhi () were part of Ruan's conspiracy, he led his guards and personally executed Du, Shen, Sun, and their households, cutting the bodies to pieces, including even infants.
On one particular day, Emperor Houfei charged into Xiao Daocheng's headquarters and saw Xiao sleeping naked. He was intrigued by the large size of Xiao's belly, and he woke Xiao up, drew a target on Xiao's belly, and prepared to shoot Xiao with arrows. Xiao pleaded for his life, and Emperor Houfei's attendant Wang Tian'en () pointed out that if he killed Xiao with an arrow, he would lose Xiao's belly as a wonderful target—and so at Wang's suggestion, Emperor Houfei shot Xiao with bone-made round-point arrows and was pleased when he was able to target Xiao's bellybutton successfully. Xiao became fearful after the incident, and he initially discussed with Yuan and Chu the possibilities of deposing the emperor, but could not get them to go along with his plan. Instead, he independently planned with a number of his associates, and he also entered into agreements with a number of Emperor Houfei's attendants. On the night of Qi Xi in 477, Emperor Houfei's attendant Yang Yufu (), whom Emperor Houfei had previously threatened to kill, cut off Emperor Houfei's head while he was asleep, and delivered the head to Xiao via Xiao's subordinate Wang Jingze (). Xiao immediately went to the palace with the emperor's head in possession—and the palace guards had been so terrified by the emperor that they were supposed to protect that when they heard of his death, there was no mourning but great rejoicing. Xiao issued an edict in the name of Empress Dowager Wang legitimizing the assassination and posthumously demoting Emperor Houfei to the title of Prince of Cangwu, while making Emperor Houfei's younger brother Liu Zhun the Prince of Ancheng emperor (as Emperor Shun). (According to later accusations by Shen Youzhi while starting an uprising against Xiao, Xiao also exposed Emperor Houfei's body to the elements so that it became infested by maggots, although it is not clear whether Shen's accusation had a basis in fact.)
Era name
Yuanhui (元徽 yuán huī) 473-477
Family
Consorts:
Princess consort, of the Jiang clan of Jiyang (; b. 461), personal name Jiangui ()
Ancestry
References
Book of Song, vol. 9.
History of Southern Dynasties, vol. 3.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 132, 133, 134.
Liu Song emperors
463 births
477 deaths
5th-century Chinese monarchs
Murdered Chinese emperors |
5385619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterstrike%20%281990%20TV%20series%29 | Counterstrike (1990 TV series) | Counterstrike is a Canadian/French crime-fighting/espionage television series. The series premiered on American cable channel USA Network on July 1, 1990. It ran for three seasons, airing 66 hour-long episodes in total.
Plot
After his wife is kidnapped by terrorists, international industrialist Alexander Addington assembles a clandestine team of troubleshooters to help combat terrorism around the world. He recruits Peter Sinclair from Scotland Yard to lead the team. They set up a French con artist and art/jewelry thief named Nicole Beaumont and blackmail her into joining because of her valuable criminal connections. The third teammember is Luke Brenner, an American mercenary whom they rescue from a Mexican jail. The series' other recurring characters are Bennett and J.J., Alexander's valet and pilot, respectively.
In the second season's second episode Peter and Alexander encounter a French reporter named Gabrielle Germont whom they recruit into the team to prevent her from publishing a story about them. In the season's third episode Peter and Gabrielle rescue Hector Stone, an American CIA-operative and former Navy SEAL whose cover has been blown, and invite him to join the team.
The character of Alexander's daughter Suzanne Addington, who designed the team's computer systems, was also written out of the series at the beginning of the second season. Suzanne appears in one third season episode, although played by a different actress. In her stead Alexander gets a secretary/confidante named Hélène Previn.
Cast
Christopher Plummer as Alexander Addington (1990–1993)
Simon MacCorkindale as Peter Sinclair (1990–1993)
Cyrielle Clair as Nicole Beaumont (1990–1991)
Stephen Shellen as Luke Brenner (1990–1991)
Laurence Ashley-Taboulet as Suzanne Addington (1990–1991)
Sophie Michaud as Gabrielle Germont (1991–1993)
James Purcell as Hector Stone (1991–1993)
Patricia Cartier as Hélène Previn (1991–1993)
Andre Mayers as J.J. (1990–1993)
Tom Kneebone as Bennett (1990–1993)
Episodes
Season 1 (1990–91)
Season 2 (1991–92)
Season 3 (1992–93)
Awards and nominations
1992 Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role (Simon MacCorkindale) – Nominated
1992 Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role (Christopher Plummer) – Nominated
1994 Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role (Sophie Michaud) – Nominated
1994 Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role (James Purcell) – WON
Broadcast
Counterstrike aired in the United States on cable channel USA Network, premiering on July 1, 1990. It premiered on November 2, 1991 on CTV in Canada, and on TF1 in France on November 20, 1991. Counterstrike has since aired in reruns in Canada on Showcase and TVtropolis.
External links
CTV Television Network original programming
Espionage television series
1990s Canadian drama television series
1990 Canadian television series debuts
1993 Canadian television series endings
Canadian Screen Award-winning television shows
USA Network original programming
French drama television series
Television shows filmed in Toronto
Television series by Alliance Atlantis |
5385641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9zanne%20%28typeface%29 | Cézanne (typeface) | Cézanne is a script typeface based on Paul Cézanne's handwriting. The typeface includes alternate characters and swashes. It was created for the Philadelphia Museum of Art by designers Michael Want and Richard Kegler and published by P22 type foundry in 1996.
See also
List of typefaces
References
Script typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1996 |
5385648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20bean%20casserole | Green bean casserole | Green bean casserole is an American baked dish consisting primarily of green beans, cream of mushroom soup, and french fried onions.
It is a popular side dish for Thanksgiving dinners in the United States and has been described as iconic. The recipe was created in 1955 by Dorcas Reilly at the Campbell Soup Company. Campbell's estimated it was served in 20 million Thanksgiving dinners in the US each year and that 40% of the company's cream of mushroom soup sales go into a version of the dish.
Variations on the dish include broccoli casserole, using a different creamed soup variety, or using sauteed onions instead of deep-fried ones.
Background
Campbell’s Cream of Mushroom flavored soup variety was created in 1934 and was the first of the company's soups to be marketed as a sauce as well as a soup. It became so widely used as casserole filler in recipes for the hotdish recipes popular in Minnesota that it was sometimes referred to as "Lutheran binder." Like other food companies, Campbell's employed recipe developers to create recipes using their products as part of their marketing strategy.
History of the recipe
Dorcas Reilly (1926–2018) created the recipe in 1955 while working in the home economics department at the Campbell's Soup Company. The recipe was created for a feature article for the Associated Press; the requirement was for a quick and easy dish using ingredients most US households kept on hand.
It was called "Green Bean Bake" when the recipe began being printed on soup cans. Initially the dish did not test well within the company but, in part because of Reilly's persistence, eventually earned a reputation for being "the ultimate comfort food." Culinary historian Laura Shapiro called the recipe's use of the crunchy fried onion topping a "touch of genius" that gave an otherwise ordinary convenience-food side dish a bit of "glamour".
Food & Wine called it iconic, and Good Housekeeping said that "few dishes are as iconic" as the green bean casserole.
Popularity
It was originally marketed as an everyday side dish but became popular for Thanksgiving dinners in the 1960s after Campbell's placed the recipe on the can's label. The recipe popularized the combination of the soup with green beans. Campbell's Soup now estimates that 40 percent of the Cream of Mushroom soup sold in the United States goes into making green bean casserole. As of 2020 Campbell's estimated it was served in 20 million Thanksgiving dinners in the US each year. Campbell's in 2020 reported their online version of the recipe is viewed 4 million times each Thanksgiving Day. According to Campbell's as of 2018, the recipe is the most popular ever developed in their kitchens.
Folklorist Lucy Long in 2007 noted that its inclusion on Thanksgiving dinner tables crosses ethnic, socioeconomic, and religious differences. She also notes it is included in most popular American cookbooks, mentioned in the media regularly, and referred to a "classic", "traditional", and "a Thanksgiving standard". She wrote that the popularity of the dish was related to its categorization as a casserole, which in the US is associated with "communal eating, sharing, and generosity" and that the green bean casserole in particular represents the familiar and also the festive.
Ingredients
The recipe, which hasn't changed, calls for green beans, mushroom soup, milk, soy sauce, ground black pepper, and french fried onions. The beans, soup, milk, and seasonings are mixed together with a portion of the onions and baked, then topped with more onions and baked for another few minutes.
Multiple similar recipes have been developed that "update" or "upgrade" the original recipe to use fresh beans, homemade cream sauce, and fresh mushrooms as the convenience-food based recipes of the 1950s and 1960s have become less fashionable, but according to culinary historian Shapiro, the green bean casserole remains popular for Thanksgiving for reasons of nostalgia. Other recipes have been developed, by Campbell's and others, that incorporate a variety of ingredients in addition to or in replacement of those in the original.
Creator
In November of 2002, Reilly, representing Campbell's, donated the original recipe card to the National Inventors Hall of Fame in Akron, Ohio. The donation was followed by a meal featuring the dish. Reilly died 15 October 2018, at the age of 92 in her hometown of Camden, New Jersey.
See also
List of casserole dishes
Marketing
References
External links
Classic recipe at Campbells.com
Food and drink introduced in 1955
Casserole dishes
Legume dishes
Thanksgiving food
Marketing in the United States
American casseroles |
5385679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Display%20Driver%20Model | Windows Display Driver Model | Windows Display Driver Model (WDDM) is the graphic driver architecture for video card drivers running Microsoft Windows versions beginning with Windows Vista.
It is a replacement for the previous Windows 2000 and Windows XP display driver model XDDM/XPDM and is aimed at enabling better performance graphics and new graphics functionality and stability. Display drivers in Windows Vista and Windows 7 can choose to either adhere to WDDM or to XDDM. With the removal of XDDM from Windows 8, however, WDDM became the only option.
WDDM provides the functionality required to render the desktop and applications using Desktop Window Manager, a compositing window manager running on top of Direct3D. It also supports new DXGI interfaces required for basic device management and creation. The WDDM specification requires at least Direct3D 9-capable video card and the display driver must implement the device driver interfaces for the Direct3D 9Ex runtime in order to run legacy Direct3D applications; it may optionally implement runtime interfaces for Direct3D 10 and higher.
Features enabled by the WDDM
WDDM drivers enable new areas of functionality which were not uniformly provided by earlier display driver models. These include:
Virtualized video memory
In the context of graphics, virtualization means that individual processes (in user mode) cannot see the memory of adjacent processes even by means of insertion of forged commands in the command stream. WDDM drivers allow video memory to be virtualized, and video data to be paged out of video memory into system RAM. In case the video memory available turns out to be insufficient to store all the video data and textures, currently unused data is moved out to system RAM or to the disk. When the swapped out data is needed, it is fetched back. Virtualization could be supported on previous driver models (such as the XP Driver Model) to some extent, but was the responsibility of the driver, instead of being handled at the runtime level.
Scheduling
The runtime handles scheduling of concurrent graphics contexts. Each list of commands is put in a queue for execution by the GPU, and it can be preempted by the runtime if a more critical task arrives and if it has not begun execution. This differs from native threads on the CPU where one task cannot be interrupted and therefore can take longer than necessary and make the computer appear less responsive. A hybrid scheduling algorithm between native and light threads with cooperation between the threads would achieve seamless parallelism. It is important to note that scheduling is not a new concept but it was previously the responsibility of individual driver developers. WDDM attempts to unify the experience across different vendors by controlling the execution of GPU tasks.
Cross-process sharing of Direct3D surfaces
A Direct3D graphics surface is the memory area that contains information about the textured meshes used for rendering a 2D or 3D scene. WDDM allows Direct3D surfaces to be shared across processes. Thus, an application can incorporate a mesh created by another application into the scene it is rendering. Sharing textures between processes before WDDM was difficult, as it would have required copying the data from video memory to system memory and then back to video memory for the new device.
Enhanced fault-tolerance
If a WDDM driver hangs or encounters a fault, the graphics stack will restart the driver. A graphics hardware fault will be intercepted and if necessary the driver will be reset.
Drivers under Windows XP were free to deal with hardware faults as they saw fit either by reporting it to the user or by attempting to recover silently. In some cases when the display driver can be safely stopped, Windows XP may instead alert about the display driver crash, while also disabling the video driver, thus switching down the screen resolution to 640x480 with only 16 colors. With a WDDM driver, the screen resolution will most likely be unaffected; all hardware faults cause the driver to be reset and the user will be notified by a popup; this unifies the behavior across vendors.
Previous drivers were fully implemented in kernel mode, whereas WDDM is implemented partly in user mode. If the user mode area fails with an unrecoverable error, it will, at the most, cause the application to quit unexpectedly instead of producing a blue screen error as it would in previous driver models.
WDDM also allows the graphics hardware to be reset and users to update drivers without requiring a reboot.
Limitations
The new driver model requires the graphics hardware to have Shader Model 2.0 support at least, since the fixed function pipeline is now translated to 2.0 shaders. However, according to Microsoft as of 2009, only about 1–2 percent of the hardware running Windows Vista used the XDDM, with the rest already WDDM capable. It also requires some other hardware features; consequently some SM 2.0-supporting hardware such as the Intel GMA 900 fails the WDDM certification.
One of the limitations of WDDM driver model version 1.0 is that it does not support multiple drivers in a multi-adapter, multi-monitor setup. If a multi-monitor system has more than one graphics adapter powering the monitors, both the adaptors must use the same WDDM driver. If more than one driver is used, Windows will disable one of them. WDDM 1.1 does not have this limitation.
WDDM 1.0/1.1 does not allow some modes that were previously handled by the driver such as spanning mode (stretching the desktop across two monitors) although Dual View is still available.
Need for a new display driver model
One of the chief scenarios the Windows Display Driver Model enables is the Desktop Window Manager. Since the desktop and application windows managed by DWM are Direct3D applications, the number of open windows directly affects the amount of video memory required. Because there is no limit on the number of open windows, the video memory available may prove insufficient, necessitating virtualization. As the window contents that DWM composes into the final desktop are generated by different processes, cross-process surface sharing is necessary. Also, because there can be other DirectX applications running alongside DWM on the DWM-managed desktop, they must be able to access the GPU in a shared manner, necessitating scheduling.
Though this is true for Microsoft's implementation of a composited desktop under Windows Vista, on the other hand, a composited desktop need not theoretically require a new display driver model to work as expected. Successful implementations of composited desktops were done before Windows Vista on other platforms such as Quartz, Compiz, WindowFX. The approach Microsoft attempted was to try to make sure WDDM was a unified experience across different GPUs from multiple vendors by standardizing their features and performance. The software features missing from other driver models could be made immaterial by extensions or if a less restrictive or simply different driver model was in place.
History
WDDM 1.0
Windows Vista introduced WDDM 1.0 as a new display driver architecture designed to be better performing, more reliable, and support new technologies including HDCP. Hybrid Sleep, which combines hibernation and sleep mode functionality for enhanced stability in the event of power failure, also requires WDDM.
WDDM 1.1
Windows 7 supports major additions to WDDM known as WDDM 1.1; the details of this new version were unveiled at WinHEC 2008. New features include:
DXGI 1.1, which features return of hardware 2D acceleration for use by GDI (but not GDI+) and Direct2D/DirectWrite
BitBlt, StretchBlt, TransparentBlt
AlphaBlend, ColorFill
ClearType font support
Direct3D 11 device driver interface (DDI)
DXVA-HD DDI
Hardware video overlay DDI
Optional AES 128 encryption
Optional decoding of encrypted video content
Support multiple drivers in a multi-adapter and multi-monitor setup
Hardware acceleration of GDI and Direct2D/DirectWrite operations helps reduce memory footprint in Windows 7, because DWM compositing engine no longer needs to keep a system memory copy of all surfaces used by GDI/GDI+, as in Windows Vista.
DXGI 1.1, Direct3D 11, Direct2D, and DirectWrite were made available with Windows Vista Platform Update; however GDI/GDI+ in Vista continues to rely on software rendering and the Desktop Window Manager continues to use Direct3D 9Ex.
WDDM 1.1 drivers are backward compatible with WDDM 1.0 specification; both 1.0 and 1.1 drivers can be used in Windows Vista with or without the Platform Update.
WDDM 1.2
Windows 8 includes WDDM 1.2 and DXGI 1.2. New features were first previewed at the Build 2011 conference and include performance improvements as well as support for stereoscopic 3D rendering and video playback.
Other major features include preemptive multitasking of the GPU with finer granularity (DMA buffer, primitive, triangle, pixel, or instruction-level), reduced memory footprint, improved resource sharing, and faster timeout detection and recovery. 16-bit color surface formats (565, 5551, 4444) are mandatory in Windows 8, and Direct3D 11 Video supports YUV 4:4:4/4:2:2/4:2:0/4:1:1 video formats with 8, 10, and 16-bit precision, as well as 4 and 8-bit palettized formats.
WDDM 1.2 supports display-only and render-only WDDM drivers, such as Microsoft Basic Display Driver and WARP-based Microsoft Basic Render Driver which replaced kernel-mode VGA driver.
WDDM 1.0/1.1 only allows rudimentary task scheduling using "batch queue" granularity; improvements to multitasking, as well as fast context switching and support for virtual memory, were initially expected in versions tentatively named WDDM 2.0 and WDDM 2.1, which were announced at WinHEC 2006.
WDDM 1.3
Windows 8.1 includes WDDM 1.3 and DXGI 1.3. New additions include the ability to trim DXGI adapter memory usage, multi-plane overlays, overlapping swap chains and swap chain scaling, select backbuffer subregion for swap chain and lower-latency swap chain presentation. Driver feature additions include wireless displays (Miracast), YUV format ranges, cross-adapter resources and GPU engine enumeration capabilities. Graphics kernel performance improvements.
WDDM 2.0
Windows 10 includes WDDM 2.0, which is designed to dramatically reduce workload on the kernel-mode driver for GPUs that support virtual memory addressing, to allow multithreading parallelism in the user-mode driver and result in lower CPU utilization. Windows 10 also includes DXGI 1.4.
Direct3D 12 API, announced at Build 2014, requires WDDM 2.0. The new API will do away with automatic resource-management and pipeline-management tasks and allow developers to take full low-level control of adapter memory and rendering states.
The display driver model from Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone have converged into a unified model for Windows 10.
A new memory model is implemented that gives each GPU a per-process virtual address space. Direct addressing of video memory is still supported by WDDMv2 for graphics hardware that requires it, but that is considered a legacy case. IHVs are expected to develop new hardware that supports virtual addressing. Significant changes have been made to the DDI to enable this new memory model.
WDDM 2.1
Windows 10 Anniversary Update (version 1607) includes WDDM 2.1, which supports Shader Model 6.0 (mandatory for feature levels 12_0 and 12_1), and DXGI 1.5 which supports HDR10 - a 10-bit high dynamic range, wide gamut format defined by ITU-T Rec. 2100/Rec.2020 - and variable refresh rates.
WDDM 2.2
Windows 10 Creators Update (version 1703) includes WDDM 2.2, which is tailored for virtual, augmented and mixed reality with stereoscopic rendering for the Windows Mixed Reality platform, and DXGI 1.6.
WDDM 2.3
Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (version 1709) includes WDDM 2.3.
The following is a list of new features for Windows Display driver development in Windows 10, version 1709:
Shader Model 6.1, adding support view instancing and barycentric semantics.
Display ColorSpace Transform DDIs provide additional control over color space transforms applied in the post-composition display pipeline.
The D3D12 Copy Queue Timestamp Queries feature will allow applications to issue timestamp queries on COPY command lists/queues. These timestamps are specified to function identically to timestamps on other engines.
Enhanced Video integration into Direct3D12 Runtime through: hardware accelerated video decoding, content protection and video processing
WDDM 2.4
Windows 10 April 2018 Update (version 1803) includes WDDM 2.4. Updates to display driver development in Windows 10 version 1803 include the following features.:
Shader Model 6.2, adding support for 16-bit scalars and the ability to select the behaviours with denormal values.
Indirect Display UMDF class extension, the driver can pass the SRM to the rendering GPU and have a mechanism to query the SRM version being used.
IOMMU hardware-based GPU isolation support, increasing security by restricting GPU access to system memory.
GPU paravirtualization support, enabling display drivers to provide rendering capabilities to Hyper-V virtualized environments.
Brightness, a new interface to support multiple displays that can be set to calibrated nit-based brightness levels.
D3D11 bitstream encryption, exposing CENC, CENS, CBC1, and CBCS with 8 or 16 byte initialization vectors.
D3D11 and D3D12 video decode histogram, allowing to leverage fixed function hardware for histogram to improve tone mapping quality for HDR/EDR scenarios.
D3D12 video decode now supports Decode Tier II, enabling applications to amortize allocation cost and reduce peak memory usage during resolution change.
Tiled resource tier and LDA atomics, a new cross node sharing tier to add support for atomic shader instructions working across linked adapter (LDA) nodes, allowing to implement multiple GPU rendering techniques like split frame rendering (SFR).
GPU dithering support, allowing the operating system to explicitly request dithering in scenarios where a higher effective bit depth is needed than is physically available on the monitor link, for example for HDR10 over HDMI 2.0.
Post-processing color enhancement override, allowing the operating system to request that the driver temporarily disable any post-processing that enhances or alters display colors, for specific application scenarios to enforce colorimetrically accurate color behavior on the display, and safely coexist with OEM or IHV-proprietary display color enhancements.
Direct3D12 and Video, new API and DDI to provide access to hardware accelerated video decoding, content protection and video processing.
DisplayID, a new DDI, designed to allow the VESA's DisplayID descriptor to be queried from a display controlled by a graphics adapter.
GPU performance data, an extension to expose information about the GPU hardware such as temperature, fan speed, clock speeds for engines and memory, memory bandwidth, power draw, and voltages.
SupportContextlessPresent, a driver cap to help IHVs onboard new driver.
Improvements to External/Removable GPU support in the OS, providing better support to detachable GPUs.
Display Diagnostics, with Kernel mode device driver interface changes to allow the driver for a display controller to report diagnostic events to the operating system.
Shared graphics power components, allowing non-graphics drivers to participate in the power management of a graphics device.
Shared texture improvements, increasing the types of textures that can be shared across processes and Direct3D devices, adding support to monochrome with minimal memory copying.
WDDM 2.5
Windows 10 October 2018 Update (Version 1809) Includes WDDM 2.5. Updates to Display driver development in Windows 10, version 1809 include the following features:
Shader Model 6.3, adding support for DirectX12 Raytracing (DXR).
Raytracing, in order to support hardware-accelerated raytracing in Direct3D 12.
Universal Driver Requirements, drivers will need to ensure their DirectX 11 and DirectX12 user-mode drivers and kernel mode drivers, as well other DLL loaded by these components, adhere to the Universal API.
SRV-Only Tiled Resource Tier 3, a new capability bit for tiled resources, exposing sparse volume textures without requiring unordered-access and render-target operations support.
Render Pass, introducing render pass concept in Direct3D 12, adding new APIs to be run on existing drivers and allow user mode drivers to choose optimal rendering path without heavy CPU penalty.
Meta-commands, adding preview support for DirectML, a high-performance, hardware-accelerated DirectX 12 library for machine learning. With Windows 10 version 1903 and newer meta-commands and DirectML are a stable part of Windows.
HDR Brightness Compensation, a new SDR brightness boost, raising the reference white of SDR content to the user-desired value, allowing SDR content to be reproduced to a typical 200-240 nits. It also allows reporting if the hardware/driver supports HDR output through FP16 pixel format or only ARGB10 pixel format.
SDR White Level, to let the graphics drivers know the SDR white level value that is being applied by the OS compositor for all the SDR content, for a display which is running in HDR mode.
Display Synchronization, allowing the operating system to check for display synchronization capabilities if the display is exposed by the driver and prior to enabling the display.
Tracked Workloads was also added as an experimental feature to better control the trade-off between quicker processor execution and lower power consumption, but was removed from Windows 10 version 2004 and deprecated from earlier OS versions as part of a security fix.
WDDM 2.6
Windows 10 May 2019 Update (Version 1903) includes WDDM 2.6. Updates to display driver development in Windows 10 version 1903 include the following features:
Shader Model 6.4, adding support low-precision packed dot product intrinsics and for library sub-objects to simplify ray-tracing.
Super Wet Ink, allowing the creation of textures in formats and modes the IHVs doesn't natively support, resolving them as a resource projection to a format the hardware/drivers natively support, allowing internal drivers optimizations.
Variable Rate Shading, also known as coarse pixel shading, a mechanism to enable allocation of rendering performance/power at varying rates across rendered images. It comes with two tiers (tier 1 and tier 2).
Collect Diagnostic Info, allowing the operating system to collect a private data from drivers for both rendering and display functions. This new feature is a requirement in WDDM 2.6.
Background Processing, allowing user mode drivers to express desired threading behavior, and the runtime to control/monitor it. APIs allow apps to adjust what amount of background processing is appropriate for their workloads and when to perform that work.
Driver Hot Update, reducing server downtime and allowing driver security hot patch to the kernel mode driver.
WDDM 2.7
Windows 10 May 2020 Update (Version 2004) includes WDDM 2.7. Updates to display driver development in Windows 10 version 2004 include the following features:
Shader Model 6.5, adding support to the new pipeline capabilities as well additional Wave intrinsics.
Hardware-accelerated GPU scheduling: masked as an additional option in the system settings, when enabled offloads high-frequency tasks to a dedicated GPU-based scheduling processor, reducing CPU scheduling overhead. Requires ad-hoc hardware and driver support.
Sampler Feedback, allowing a finer tune of the resources usage in a scene. It comes with two tiers (tier 0.9 and tier 1.0).
DirectX Raytracing (DXR) Tier 1.1, introducing inline ray-tracing, indirect rays dispatching, increasing the state object without the need to create a new one, and additional vertex formats for acceleration structures.
Mesh and Amplification Shaders Stages, a new optional geometry pipeline replacing the traditional pipeline (Input Assembler-Vertex-Hull-Tesselator-Domain-Geometry and Stream Output stages).
Improved memory allocation control, with better residency control and the possibility to not explicitly zeroing newly created heaps.
Direct3D 9 resource interop, allowing projecting a Direct3D 9 resource on a Direct3D 12 application.
Direct3D 12 Video Protected Resource support, allowing play protected content in a Direct3D 12 application.
WDDM 2.8
Windows 10 Insider Preview Manganese included WDDM 2.8, but no driver was ever publicly demonstrated to support it and it has been skipped for "Iron" and "Cobalt" development releases.
WDDM 2.9
WDDM 2.9 in Windows 10 Insider Preview "Iron" will bring support for GPU hardware acceleration to the Windows Subsystem for Linux 2 (WSL 2) and support for feature level 12_2 and HLSL Shader Model 6.6.
WDDM 3.0
Windows 11 RTM Final Retail release (version 21H2) includes WDDM 3.0, which improves graphics architecture in Windows Subsystem for Linux adding:
User mode driver compiled for Linux in the WSL package.
Host driver mounted in Linux
Dynamic refresh rate
Direct3D 12 video encoding
WDDM 3.1
Windows 11 2022 Update (version 22H2) includes WDDM 3.1.
Shader Model 6.7
IOMMU DMA remapping
Sharing the backing store with KMD
WDDM 3.2
Windows 11 Insider Preview builds 25xxx (version 23H2) includes WDDM 3.2.
See also
Timeout Detection and Recovery
References
Microsoft Windows multimedia technology
Device drivers
Windows Vista |
5385682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Gerard%20Kemmerling | Jan Gerard Kemmerling | Jan Gerard Kemmerling (February 4, 1776 in Gulpen – January 15, 1818 in Heerlen) was mayor of Heerlen and Nieuwenhagen.
When the French arrived in Heerlen in 1795, Kemmerling sympathized with their ideas of Enlightenment and revolution. He became secretary at age 23 for the newly established French Canton Heerlen. In 1801 he also started to work as a notary, and in the same year became a member of the municipality. In 1805 he was made maire (French name for mayoral) of Heerlen, he was also the maire of Nieuwenhagen (till his death).
When the Prussians occupied Heerlen on July 13, 1814, he was successful in befriending them. After Heerlen became a part of the new Kingdom of the Netherlands (May 12, 1815) he remained as mayor.
King Williem I rather had civil servants who were trained in modern administratorial duties under Napoleon then once not used to this.
Sources
www.heerlen.nl
1776 births
1818 deaths
Mayors of Heerlen
Mayors in Limburg (Netherlands)
People from Gulpen-Wittem |
5385701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909%20in%20Australia | 1909 in Australia | The following lists events that happened during 1909 in the Commonwealth of Australia.
Incumbents
Monarch – Edward VII
Governor-General – William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley
Prime Minister – Andrew Fisher (until 2 June), then Alfred Deakin
Chief Justice – Samuel Griffith
State premiers
Premier of New South Wales – Charles Wade
Premier of South Australia – Thomas Price (until 5 June), then Archibald Peake
Premier of Queensland – William Kidston
Premier of Tasmania – John Evans (until 19 June), then Sir Elliott Lewis (until 20 October), then John Earle (until 27 October), then Sir Elliott Lewis
Premier of Western Australia – Sir Newton Moore
Premier of Victoria – Sir Thomas Bent (until 8 January), then John Murray
State governors
Governor of New South Wales – Admiral Sir Harry Rawson (until 24 March), then Frederic Thesiger, 3rd Baron Chelmsford (from 28 May)
Governor of South Australia – Sir George Le Hunte (until 2 January), then Sir Day Bosanquet (from 29 March)
Governor of Queensland – Frederic Thesiger, 3rd Baron Chelmsford (until 26 May), then Sir William MacGregor (from 2 December)
Governor of Tasmania – Sir Gerald Strickland (until 20 May), then Sir Harry Barron (from 29 September)
Governor of Western Australia – Admiral Sir Frederick Bedford (until 23 April), then Sir Gerald Strickland (from 31 May)
Governor of Victoria – Sir Thomas Gibson-Carmichael
Events
8 January – Sir Thomas Bent retires as Premier of Victoria, and is replaced by John Murray.
9 March – Electric trams begin operation in Adelaide.
31 March – Victoria is the last Australian state to grant women's suffrage.
30 April – Tasmania begins to use the Hare-Clark single transferable vote method in the 1909 general election.
26 May – The Protectionist Party and the Free Trade Party merge to form the Fusion Party), led by Alfred Deakin.
2 June – The Labor government of Andrew Fisher is ousted from office by Alfred Deakin's Fusion Party, and Deakin becomes Prime Minister for the third time.
5 June – Steam trams begin operation in Rockhampton, Queensland.
18 to 21 August – Disastrous floods strike Victoria.
6 October – Martha Rendell becomes the last woman to be hanged in Western Australia.
9 October – John Earle becomes Premier of Tasmania, leading Tasmania's first Labor government, however Earle's minority government only lasts a week.
6 December - the Newcastle–Bolgart Railway was opened.
10 December – The University of Queensland is established.
14 December – New South Wales passes law ceding land to the Commonwealth for construction of the national capital, Canberra.
21 December – British Field Marshal Lord Kitchener arrives in Darwin after an invitation from Alfred Deakin to review Australia's military and defence plans.
24 December – Former Prime Minister Sir George Reid resigns from Parliament to become Australia's first High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.
Science and technology
16 July – The first powered aeroplane flight in Australia is made.
Arts and literature
Sport
29 January – New South Wales wins the Sheffield Shield
15 June – Representatives from England, Australia and South Africa meet at Lord's and form the Imperial Cricket Conference.
21 August – Andrew Wood wins the inaugural men's national marathon title, clocking 2:59:15 in Brisbane. Though billed as the Australasian Championships, the Australian Athletic Union did not consider it to be the official championship.
31 August – The first interstate ice hockey competition is held in Melbourne.
14 September - The 1909 NSWRFL season culminates in the grand final which was forfeited by Balmain to make South Sydney back-to-back premiers
29 October – The South Melbourne Swans defeat the Carlton Blues 4.14 (38) to 4.12 (36) in the 1909 VFL Grand Final.
2 November – Prince Foote wins the Melbourne Cup.
Births
19 January – Leon Goldsworthy, explosives expert (died 1994)
8 February – Elisabeth Murdoch, philanthropist (died 2012)
13 February – Reginald Ansett, businessman and aviator (died 1981)
2 March – Percival Bazeley, scientist (died 1991)
19 March – Nell Hall Hopman, tennis player (died 1968)
26 March – Chips Rafferty, actor (died 1971)
9 April – Robert Helpmann, dancer and choreographer (died 1986)
23 May – William Sidney, 1st Viscount De L'Isle, Governor General of Australia (died 1991)
15 June – Cyril Walsh, High Court judge (died 1973)
20 June – Errol Flynn, Australian actor (died 1959)
23 June – Keith Virtue, aviator (died 1980)
6 July – Eric Reece, Premier of Tasmania (died 1999)
9 September – Decima Norman, athlete (died 1983)
10 September – Dorothy Hill, geologist (died 1998)
3 December – Stanley Burbury, Governor of Tasmania (died 1995)
Deaths
9 February – Charles Conder, artist (born and died in the United Kingdom) (b. 1868)
4 March – Max Hirsch, Victorian politician, businessman and economist (born in Prussia and died in Russia) (b. 1852)
14 March – William Charles Kernot, engineer (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1845)
6 April – Sir Julian Salomons, 5th Chief Justice of New South Wales (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1835)
18 April – William Saumarez Smith, Anglican archbishop (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1836)
28 April – Henry D'Esterre Taylor, banker and federationist (b. 1853)
23 May – Elias Solomon, Western Australian politician (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1839)
31 May – Thomas Price, 24th Premier of South Australia (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1852)
29 June – Sir George Shenton, Western Australian politician (died in the United Kingdom) (b. 1842)
4 July – Alfred Compigne, Queensland politician (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1818)
23 July – Sir Frederick Holder, 19th Premier of South Australia (b. 1850)
8 August – Mary MacKillop, religious sister (b. 1842)
18 September – Mary Lee, suffragette and social reformer (born in Ireland) (b. 1821)
6 October – Martha Rendell, convicted murderer (b. 1871)
10 November – George Essex Evans, poet (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1863)
6 December – Sir William Henry Bundey, South Australian politician and judge (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1838)
References
Australia
Years of the 20th century in Australia
1900s in Australia
Australia |
5385711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Wiseau | Tommy Wiseau | Thomas P. Wiseau ( or ) is an American actor and filmmaker. He is known for writing, producing, directing, and starring in the 2003 film The Room, which has been described by many critics as one of the worst films ever made and has gained cult status. He also co-directed the 2004 documentary Homeless in America and created the 2015 sitcom The Neighbors.
Many details about Wiseau's personal life (including his age, source of wealth, and background) remain unverified, and as such have been the subject of intense fan speculation and various conflicting reports. The 2013 non-fiction book The Disaster Artist: My Life Inside The Room, the Greatest Bad Movie Ever Made by Greg Sestero, as well as its 2017 film adaptation, chronicle the making of The Room and Wiseau's life behind the scenes.
Early life
Wiseau is very secretive about his early life. In various interviews, he has claimed to have lived in France "a long time ago"; claimed he grew up in New Orleans, Louisiana; and described having "an entire family" in Chalmette, Louisiana. In a 2010 interview with Crikey, Wiseau gave an age which would indicate he was born in 1968 or 1969, but friend Greg Sestero claims in his 2013 memoir The Disaster Artist that his brother's girlfriend obtained copies of Wiseau's U.S. immigration papers and found that Wiseau was born "much earlier" than he claimed, in an Eastern Bloc country in the mid- to late-1950s.
In his 2016 documentary Room Full of Spoons, longtime associate of Wiseau Rick Harper claims to have researched Wiseau's background and concluded that he is Polish and originally from the city of Poznań, and that he was born in 1955. Wiseau confirmed publicly for the first time in November 2017 that he is originally from Europe: "Long story short, I grew up in Europe a long time ago, but I'm American and very proud of it."
In The Disaster Artist, Sestero asserts that Wiseau revealed to him—through "fantastical, sad, self-contradictory stories"—that as a young adult he moved to Strasbourg, where he adopted the name "Pierre" and worked as a restaurant dishwasher. According to Sestero, Wiseau described being wrongfully arrested following a drug raid at a hostel and being traumatised by his mistreatment by the French police, which led him to immigrate to the U.S. to purportedly live with an aunt and uncle in Chalmette. These claims have not been verified.
Sestero (the only source Wiseau is alleged to have told this to) asserts that after Wiseau had lived in Louisiana for some amount of time, he subsequently moved to San Francisco, California, where he worked as a street vendor selling toys to tourists near Fisherman's Wharf. Wiseau supposedly gained the nickname "The Birdman" for his bird toys, which were only popular in Europe at the time; this led him to legally change his name when he became a U.S. citizen to Thomas Pierre Wiseau, taking the French word for "bird" (oiseau) and replacing the O with the W of his birth name.
Around this time, Wiseau also claims to have obtained a degree in psychology from Laney Community College in Oakland, asserting that he had graduated on the honor roll.
According to Sestero, Wiseau claims to have worked a variety of jobs in the San Francisco Bay Area, including restaurant busboy and hospital worker, and ran a business called Street Fashions USA that sold irregular blue jeans at discounted prices. He then claims to have eventually purchased and rented out large retail spaces in and around San Francisco and Los Angeles, making him independently wealthy. Sestero states that the idea of Wiseau becoming wealthy so quickly via the jobs he claims to have had is so unlikely that he himself finds it impossible to believe. Sestero suggests on several occasions that many people involved with the creation of The Room believed the film to be part of some money laundering scheme for organized crime, but Sestero himself considers this unlikely.
Wiseau claims to have been involved in a near-fatal car crash in California after another driver ran a red light and struck Wiseau's vehicle; as a result, Wiseau was hospitalized for several weeks. Sestero suggests that this incident was the turning point in Wiseau's life that led him to pursue his dreams of becoming an actor and director, ambitions that he had long neglected while pursuing financial security.
Career
Film
Influences and early work
Wiseau has stated that he has been influenced by the films The Guns of Navarone and Citizen Kane, and specifically the actors James Dean and Marlon Brando. According to Sestero, Wiseau's obsession with James Dean was so intense that he often visited a Los Angeles restaurant owned by a former acquaintance of Dean, and that several lines of dialogue in The Room (including the infamous cry "You are tearing me apart, Lisa!") were based on lines from Rebel Without a Cause. Wiseau also cites his cinematic influences as including Tennessee Williams, Orson Welles, Elizabeth Taylor, and Alfred Hitchcock.
Sestero notes that the actor had been "trying to bust in" to Hollywood since the late 1980s, and recounts being shown an undated VHS tape of Wiseau in Vincent Chase's acting class (with whom Wiseau had a contentious relationship). He was apparently enrolled in Chase's program around 1994. Wiseau also allegedly attended film classes at Los Angeles Community College.
During this time, Wiseau directed a student film, Robbery Doesn't Pay, shot with a super 8 camera in the Westwood section of Los Angeles. The film, which does not star Wiseau, has been described by Sestero as "just a dude walking around looking at cars to the 'Blue Monday' by Orgy [cover]"
The Room
Wiseau's film The Room was released in 2003. Its budget was $6 million, the financing of which has remained a source of intrigue. The film was based on an unpublished 540-page novel written by Wiseau himself. The movie was immediately lambasted by critics, but ultimately became a "cult classic" with late-night showings at theaters around the world.
Audience members typically arrive dressed up to look like their favorite characters, interact with the dialogue on screen, and throw plastic cutlery and footballs around the theater in reference to on-screen events. This attention grew into what was dubbed The Rooms 2010–2011 "Love is Blind" International Tour, with the movie being screened in the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, Australia and India, among other locations. Wiseau appeared at many of these events, posing for photographs with fans and often addressing the audience before screenings.
In the 2017 film adaptation of Greg Sestero's autobiography The Disaster Artist, James Franco portrays Wiseau, for which he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. Wiseau approved of the choice, as well as that of Dave Franco as Sestero. Wiseau makes a cameo appearance in a post-credits scene as Henry.
Later film projects (2004–present)
In 2004, Wiseau produced and appeared in a short documentary, Homeless in America. In 2010 he starred in a 15-minute parody horror film entitled The House That Drips Blood on Alex.
In September 2015, Wiseau expressed enthusiasm in directing a sequel to Fantastic Four (2015), having personal admiration for the film.
He was featured as the villain Linton Kitano in Samurai Cop 2: Deadly Vengeance, the sequel to the cult classic Samurai Cop. In October 2016, it was announced that Wiseau and Sestero would star in a movie called Best F(r)iends. The movie was written by Sestero and was shot in secret in Los Angeles. The film premiered September 4, 2017 at the Prince Charles Cinema. The first volume of the film was released on March 30, 2017, and volume two was released on June 1 of that same year.
In early February 2019, before a screening of The Room at the Prince Charles Cinema, Wiseau revealed a teaser trailer for his second directorial effort, Big Shark. The trailer features Wiseau, Sestero, Isaiah LaBorde, and a big shark. In a Q&A session afterwards, Sestero said the film was intended to premiere in September 2019, but could not be finished on time. Wiseau will also star alongside Greg Sestero in an upcoming UFO film.
Television
In 2008, Wiseau produced and appeared in the pilot episode of a television series called The Neighbors. A trailer for The Neighbors showed a series of clips set in an office. The show's website, accompanied by trailers and announcements at The Room showings in 2015, stated that the show was coming to various media distribution outlets in March 2015. The first four episodes were released on Hulu on March 14, 2015. Two additional episodes were released two months later, on May 26.
In 2009, Wiseau guest-starred in an episode of Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! titled "Tommy", wherein Wiseau guest-directed a segment titled "Pigman". After Wiseau expressed a desire to work with the duo again, Tim and Eric announced in 2009 that they were developing two series for him.
In 2010, Wiseau appeared in Marc Wootton's 2010 comedy TV series La La Land. In a mockumentary format, Wootton's character, Gary Garner, accepted a role in Wiseau's present production at the time. Wiseau kicked Wootton off the set after Wootton jokingly alluded to using production funds to buy instant lotto tickets.
Internet
In 2011, Wiseau starred in a YouTube web series, Tommy Explains it All, in which he explained his views on various topics ranging from Citizen Kane to the art of kissing. Also in 2011, Wiseau starred in segments on Machinima.com called The Tommy Wi-Show. The segments show Wiseau playing various video games, such as Mortal Kombat and Driver: San Francisco, and offering commentary. In 2019, Wiseau starred in the pilot for an animated webseries titled SpaceWorld.
Personal life
Wiseau remains private about the details of his personal and family life. In 2017, he told Entertainment Weekly, "I think private life should be private life, the professional life should be the professional life, and that's where I stand, and I have right [sic] to do that." During a 2016 interview with James Franco, Wiseau referred to Greg Sestero as his "best friend". In a December 2017 interview with Howard Stern, he claimed to speak fluent French and said he is a Catholic.
In early 2020, Wiseau was ordered by a Canadian judge to pay $550,000 in lost revenue and $200,000 in punitive damages to the makers of the documentary Room Full of Spoons, after Wiseau tried to block the film's release, feeling it depicted him in a negative way.
Filmography
Film
Television
Web shows
Music videos
Awards and nominations
References
Further reading
External links
1950s births
Living people
American male film actors
American film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American people of Polish descent
Film directors from Louisiana
Immigrants to the United States
Film and television memes
Outsider artists
Internet memes
Age controversies
American Roman Catholics |
5385712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Wars | Gene Wars | Gene Wars may refer to:
The Gene Wars universe, a science fiction and fantasy universe developed by C. J. Cherryh
The science fiction short story "Gene Wars" by Paul J. McAuley
Genewars, a Bullfrog Productions strategy game from 1996
Ethnic bioweapon, a weapon that harms people having certain genes |
5385721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%20State%20Route%2070 | Alabama State Route 70 | State Route 70 (SR 70) is an state highway entirely within southern Shelby County in the north-central part of the U.S. state of Alabama. The western terminus of the highway is at an intersection with U.S. Route 31 (US 31), just north of Calera. The eastern terminus of the highway is at an intersection with SR 25 in Columbiana. West of the western terminus, the roadway continues as Shelby County Road 22. The interchange of US 31 with Interstate 65 (I-65) at exit 231 is less than from the intersection of US 31 with SR 70.
Route description
History
The intersection of SR 70 with US 31 is approximately south of downtown Birmingham. Until the mid-1990s, SR 70 between Columbiana and Calera traveled through a mostly rural area of the county. Since then, numerous new housing developments have been constructed along this highway, to house part of the growing population of Shelby County. Besides Columbiana and Calera, SR 70 does not travels through any other incorporated towns or villages.
Major intersections
See also
References
070
Transportation in Shelby County, Alabama |
5385727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Fairbanks | Jerry Fairbanks | Gerald Bertram Fairbanks (November 1, 1904, San Francisco — June 21, 1995, Santa Barbara, California) was a producer and director in the Hollywood motion picture and television industry.
Biography
Fairbanks survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and began his career in film as a cameraman on silent movies such as John Barrymore's The Sea Beast (1926). This was followed by work on early sound productions such as Howard Hughes' film Hell's Angels (1930) in which he participated both as a biplane pilot and aerial cinematographer for the extensive World War I dogfight scenes.
His first foray into producing involved an innovative color series of theatrical short subjects for Universal Studios called Strange As It Seems (1930–1934). Based on the success of these productions, he was able to sell Paramount Pictures on three new series of short subjects entitled Unusual Occupations, Speaking of Animals, and Popular Science.
The latter series was produced with the cooperation of the editors of Popular Science magazine and ran from 1935 to 1949. Films in the Unusual Occupations and Popular Science series were made in Magnacolor and showcased a vast assortment of groundbreaking wonders from the world of science and industry.
In 1945, Fairbanks won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject, One Reel for Who's Who in Animal Land, and was nominated again in that category in 1948 for Moon Rockets. Overall, he won two Academy Awards and was nominated for a total of five such awards.
In the mid-1940s, Fairbanks was intrigued by television and became one of the first film producers to create filmed programs specifically for this new medium. His initial series was a 26-episode crime drama, Public Prosecutor, originally produced for NBC Television, but briefly shown on DuMont and in syndication instead.
He broke new ground in television by inventing for NBC in 1947 the Multi-Cam multiple-camera setup of production, assisted by producer-director Frank Telford, which is still used by sitcoms today. This system allows a series of three or more cameras to be operated from different angles while remaining in sync with the sound track when turned off and on. Fairbanks recalled, "If you used three or four cameras, all running continuously, you were using up a tremendous amount of film. We developed a Multicam system where the soundtrack ran continuously. Cameras could be switched on and off at will, and the film from each camera could still be keyed to the soundtrack. That brought the cost way down."
Desi Arnaz and Karl Freund are often cited as the inventors when producing I Love Lucy, but Arnaz himself gave credit to Fairbanks as the originator of this system. The only enhancement Arnaz made was to use 35 mm film instead of the 16 mm film which Fairbanks employed. Fairbanks, head of NBC's fledgling film department in 1947–1948, never filed a patent for his invention, and so lost out on fame for his invention. "We never pursued it because I was trying to help the industry. We were trying to promote the use of film for television. I was more interested in promoting the film industry than in getting an individual reputation for things."
Fairbanks used the Zoomar Lens, now used almost universally in television to zoom from long shots to close-ups at will, without having to interrupt the telecasting to change lenses.
He also gave James Dean his very first opportunities on film, first in two Pepsi-Cola TV commercials and then as John the Apostle in the Father Peyton's Family Theater TV episode entitled "Hill Number One," broadcast on Easter Sunday, April 1, 1950.
New direction
Paramount, seeing TV as the great rival to its continued success, issued an ultimatum to Fairbanks in 1949 — either stop making shows for TV or his association with Paramount was at an end. Fairbanks chose television and continued making Popular Science films for the new medium of TV.
Jerry Fairbanks, like other visionaries who had embraced the idea of commercial television, had established himself early, before national networks were established—and well before stations in many cities were even built. This advance preparation made Fairbanks a key player in early television, when stations were scrambling for anything on film. But Fairbanks soon amassed an inventory of filmed, low-budget productions that were already dated or outmoded by the early 1950s, while his competitors flourished with new programming especially designed for the new TV formats. In 1953, Fairbanks declared bankruptcy, and virtually ended TV production in favor of commercial and industrial films.
One industrial film he produced was for the Armstrong Cork Company in 1959. Entitled Letter to Moscow, this propaganda film was designed as a slam to the Soviet way of life. The film highlighted the Armstrong company and how people could hold good jobs working in factories. Filmed in Kankakee, Illinois and Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the film, when completed was supposedly hand-delivered to Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow.
Among other later projects, in 1956, Fairbanks directed Down Liberty Road (aka Freedom Highway) with Angie Dickinson. In 1967 he produced Bamboo Saucer, a theatrical feature starring Dan Duryea, one of the more engaging sci-fi films on UFOs of that era, written and directed by Frank Telford. Fairbanks served a 5-year term from the late 1960s to the early 1970s as president of the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce — curiously, the first president in the 50-year history of the Chamber from the entertainment industry.
In his personal life, Fairbanks was twice married before meeting in 1945 his lifelong love, actress Marjorie Freeman (stage name: "Marjorie Marlow"). Among other things, Marjorie was a protégé of Max Reinhardt who auditioned for the part of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind, and creator of the popular annual Ladies of Charity luncheon at the Beverly Hilton Hotel (which sponsored Mother Teresa's first visit to the USA). Fairbanks converted to Roman Catholicism to marry Freeman. In 1983, the two re-located north to Santa Barbara, California.
Jerry was a fine golfer for some years, among other things winning in 1954 the handicap championship at the Lakeside Golf Club (where he was a member since 1950). His TV production company produced 26 episodes of Celebrity Golf, starring Sam Snead and various well-known Hollywood movie stars. He was also an avid aviator, having learned to fly in 1926 and then flying his own plane all over the USA on production assignments.
Death
Fairbanks predeceased his wife Marjorie (1921–2010) on June 21, 1995 at the age of 90. They adopted a daughter, Jeralyn.
Jerry Fairbanks has a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6384 Hollywood Blvd, at the corner of Hollywood and Cahuenga.
References
External links
Website for Popular Science film series
American cinematographers
Television pioneers
Businesspeople from San Francisco
1904 births
1995 deaths
Converts to Roman Catholicism
20th-century American businesspeople |
5385746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby%20Face%20Willette | Baby Face Willette | Roosevelt "Baby Face" Willette (September 11, 1933 – April 1, 1971) was an American hard bop and soul-jazz musician who played the Hammond organ.
Life and career
He was born Roosevelt James Willett (no "e"), in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1933 according to researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc, though other sources state 1934 or 1937. According to the liner notes on his first Blue Note album, Grant’s First Stand, Willette was born in New Orleans.
His mother was a missionary who played the piano in the church where his father was a minister. As a result, his musical roots were in gospel. Willette became involved in music by playing the piano for various gospel groups, and accompanied his sisters Dorothy and Georgia, who toured and recorded as the Willett Sisters. He spent his early career travelling across the United States, Canada and Cuba, as pianist with the bands of King Kolax, Joe Houston, Johnny Otis and Big Jay McNeely, among others.
He made his first recording as Baby Face Willette ("Wake Up, Get Out" b/w "Cool Blues") in Los Angeles in 1952, but soon moved to Chicago and married. He recorded tracks including "Can't Keep From Lovin' You" and "Why" for Vee-Jay Records that year, but they were not released until late 1955. He played in both rhythm and blues and jazz bands, playing piano before switching to organ around 1958. His organ playing was inspired by Jimmy Smith's work, though Willette's style is more heavily influenced by gospel, blues and soul jazz than Smith's. Willette was also a professional hairdresser. Before his time in New York City, he was based out of Milwaukee, playing with his vocalist wife Jo Gibson at clubs such as The Flame Club, The Pelican Club, The Moonglow and Max's among others.
In late 1960, after splitting from his wife and addicted to heroin, he arrived in New York City where he met Lou Donaldson and Grant Green, and played on a few Blue Note sessions with them. This led to Willette being signed to Blue Note, which recorded his debut album Face to Face in 1961. In New York, he spent some two years in prison for robbery and assault, between late 1961 and 1963.
After his release, he returned to Chicago and formed his own trio in 1963. He recorded two more albums for Argo. The first was named in honor of the Moroccan Village, where the trio that made this album had been performing since the previous autumn. Later, he regularly played piano and organ at a neighborhood lounge on the west side of Chicago, the Squeeze Club on 16th and Homan.
After some time in California, failing health forced a return to Chicago, where his family resided. He died in 1971, from bronchial pneumonia.
Discography
As leader
Face to Face (Blue Note, 1961)
Stop and Listen (Blue Note, 1961)
Mo' Rock (Argo, 1964)
Behind the 8 Ball (Argo, 1964 [rel. 1965])
As sideman
Lou Donaldson - Here 'Tis (Blue Note, 1961)
Grant Green - Grant's First Stand (Blue Note, 1961)
References
External links
1933 births
1971 deaths
Soul-jazz organists
Hard bop organists
American keyboardists
American jazz organists
American male organists
Blue Note Records artists
20th-century American musicians
20th-century organists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Musicians from Little Rock, Arkansas |
5385759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookie%20list | Rookie list | The rookie list is a means for Australian Football League (AFL) clubs to maintain additional players outside the 38-man primary or senior list. Rookie listed players are not eligible to play in AFL home-and-away or finals matches unless they are elevated to the senior list, either to replace a retired player or a player with a long-term injury.
Recruitment
There are two categories of rookie: Category A and Category B. Category A primarily represents players with a traditional Australian rules football development; Category B rookies are players from non-traditional recruiting backgrounds. Category A rookies are usually placed on the list via the rookie draft, which occurs annually during the off-season, immediately after the pre-season draft. As is the case with the AFL's other drafts, clubs are given the opportunity to select rookies in reverse ladder order, based on the previous season's results.
Several types of Category A rookies may be recruited directly by the clubs, without the need to put up for draft (although all such players are recorded against a late draft pick as a formality). This includes:
International rookies
Father-son selections – which are permitted only if the player has nominated for and not been selected in a National Draft
Category B rookies
Each club is permitted to recruit up to three "Category B" rookies. Category B rookies are recruited directly rather than drafted, and represent players from non-traditional recruiting backgrounds. Players who may be recruited as Category B rookies include:
International players, who are neither Australian citizens nor residents
Players from the New South Wales scholarship program
Players from the International scholarship program
Zone selections by and from New South Wales or the ACT
Zone selections by and from Queensland
Players from other sports, who have not been registered with an Australian rules football club for three years
Indigenous and multicultural players through their Next Generation Academy zones
In the specific case of Irish international rookies, a club may have no more than one Irish Category B rookie at a time; but, the club is permitted to recruit other Irish players as Category A rookies, and may still recruit them directly without putting them up for draft.
List maintenance
Each club is allowed to maintain a list of up to six eligible Category A rookies and three Category B rookies. Up to three rookies can be retained, with the player's permission for a second or third season, with the others having to be either delisted or elevated to the primary list at the time of the National Draft. Only half of the salary paid by a club to players on the rookie list counts towards the league's salary cap.
Generally speaking, a rookie-listed player cannot be selected to play in the senior AFL competition, and must play in state-level affiliated teams, except in two circumstances:
At the start of a season, a club can nominate up to two veterans from its senior list for salary cap reasons; if a team does not have a full quota of veterans, it can make up the balance by nominating rookies to be eligible for senior selection. These players are known as nominated rookies.
If a senior-listed player is moved onto the long-term injury list, a rookie-listed player can be temporarily elevated in his place, becoming eligible for senior selection, while the senior player remains injured.
There are usually plenty of opportunities to enact one of these rules, so rookie-listed players who are playing well enough for senior selection are seldom deprived of the opportunity by list management constraints.
History
The rookie list was established in 1997. It was initially aimed at providing recruitment opportunities for young players, in part filling a gap which had been left by the reduction in size of AFL lists from 52 to 42 players in 1994. At that time, rookie players must have been between the ages of 18 and 23 to qualify. In 2006, this was relaxed to allow each club to recruit a rookie older than 23 if he had never previously been on an AFL list. This has since been relaxed further, and now there no upper age or experience restrictions on Category A rookies.
In 2006, "International rookies" were identified for the first time as a separate class of rookie, covering international players from any countries except Ireland, in order to protect the AFL's relationship with the Gaelic Athletic Association. The "International rookie" category has since been expanded to the broader Category B.
The relaxing of eligibility criteria have resulted a notable semantic anomaly with the rookie list: that highly experienced players may serve on a club's rookie list, even though the word "rookie" is widely understood in most sports and professions to refer to a new or inexperienced person. For example, 's Heath Scotland spent his sixteenth and final AFL season on Carlton's rookie list, mostly to free up space on the club's primary list.
Before eligibility criteria were relaxed, special dispensation was granted for Adam Ramanauskas to be played on Essendon's rookie list in 2006. Ramanauskas had played over 100 AFL games for the club, but there was uncertainty over his playing future as he underwent treatment and recovery for cancer.
In 2014, Matthew Priddis was awarded the Brownlow Medal as the AFL's best and fairest player. Polling 26 votes, Priddis became the first player to win the award having begun his career on the rookie list.
Future
The Australian Football League Players' Association (AFLPA) has stated a desire to abolish the rookie list, in favour of an expanded 46 player roster. The AFLPA's main argument is that rookies now have the same workload as senior players – which was not necessarily true in the early days of the rookie list – but that their pay and opportunities are much lower than that of senior players.
Most successful rookies
Some of the most successful players (having played over 100 AFL games and/or kicked over 100 goals in the AFL) originally drafted into the AFL via the rookie system are:
Michael Barlow
Nathan Bassett
Jarryd Blair
Mark Blicavs
Nathan Bock
Matthew Boyd
Luke Breust
Dean Brogan
Greg Broughton
Shannon Byrnes
Charlie Cameron
Levi Casboult
Andrew Carrazzo
Robert Copeland
Dean Cox
Stewart Crameri
Ed Curnow
Aaron Davey
Matt de Boer
Michael Doughty
Paul Duffield
Aaron Edwards
Michael Firrito
Chad Fletcher
Nathan Foley
Josh Gibson
Antoni Grover
Heath Grundy
Jarrod Harbrow
Pearce Hanley
Leigh Harding
Roger Hayden
Kieren Jack
Sam Jacobs
Mark Jamar
Mark Johnson
Darren Jolly
Brett Jones
Tadhg Kennelly
Brett Kirk
Rory Laird
Tarkyn Lockyer
Nathan Lovett-Murray
Heritier Lumumba
Quinten Lynch
Martin Mattner
Nick Maxwell
James McDonald
Jeremy McGovern
Ben McGlynn
Mal Michael
Stephen Milne
Dale Morris
Shane Mumford
Mark Nicoski
Michael Osborne
Joel Patfull
Danyle Pearce
Damien Peverill
Liam Picken
James Podsiadly
Jason Porplyzia
Matt Priddis
Dean Rioli
Russell Robertson
Max Rooke
Ben Rutten
Aaron Sandilands
Brad Sewell
Cheynee Stiller
Bret Thornton
Greg Tivendale
Shane Tuck
Clinton Young
References
Australian Football League
Australian Football League draft
AFL Women's draft
Australian rules football terminology |
5385762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%20Singh%20%28writer%29 | Vir Singh (writer) | Bhai Vir Singh (5 December 1872, in – 10 June 1957) was an Indian poet, scholar, and theologian of the Sikh revival movement, playing an important part in the renewal of Punjabi literary tradition. Singh's contributions were so important and influential that he became canonized as Bhai, an honorific often given to those who could be considered a saint of the Sikh faith.
Family and personal life
Born in 1872, in Amritsar, Bhai Vir Singh was the eldest of Dr. Charan Singh's three sons. Vir Singh's family could trace its ancestry as far back as to Diwan Kaura Mal, a vice-governor (Maharaja Bahadur) of the city Multan. His grandfather, Kahn Singh (1788–1878), spent a great deal of his youth training and learning traditional Sikh lessons in monasteries. Fluent in Sanskrit and Braj, as well as in the oriental systems of medicine (such as Ayurveda, Siddha and Yunani), Kahn Singh influenced his only son, Dr. Charan Singh, who later fathered Vir Singh, to become an active member of the Sikh community, often producing poetry, music, and writings in hopes of restoring the Sikh community. At seventeen, Bhai Vir Singh himself married Chatar Kaur and had two daughters with her. He died in Amritsar on 10 June 1957.
Education
Bhai Vir Singh Ji had the benefit of both the traditional indigenous learning as well as of modern English education. He learnt Sikh scripture as well as Persian, Urdu and Sanskrit. He then joined the Church Mission School, Amritsar and took his matriculation examination in 1891 and stood first all over in the district. Singh received his secondary education at Church Mission High School, and it was while attending school that the conversion of some of his classmates from Sikhism to Christianity that Singh's own religious convictions toward Sikhism were fortified. Influenced by the Christian missionaries' use of and reference to literary sources, Singh got the idea to teach others the main dogmas of Sikhism through his own written resources. Using the skills and techniques in modern literary forms that he learned through his English courses, Singh produced stories, poems, and epics and recorded the history and philosophical ideas of Sikhism.
Literary career
Beginnings
Singh chose to become a writer. After passing his matriculation examination, he worked with a friend of his father's, Wazir Singh, and set up a lithography press. His first commission to write and print were geography textbooks for some schools.
In 1893 at age 18, Dhani Ram Chatrik found employment at Wazir Singh's press and met Vir Singh, who advised him to learn lithograph engraving, and who inspired him to write poetry in the Punjabi language. The Wazir Hind Press was the main press publishing literature for the Singh Sabha movement, and Vir Singh would purchase it after Wazir Singh passed after illness. Thusly, he would begin a long association with Vir Singh, which would lead to contact with acclaimed writers, an 11-year career with the Press, and subsequently writing for the Khalsa Samachar, in which Chatrik would hone his poetic skills. His contact with Vir Singh turned him into an ardent admirer of the Sikh faith, influencing his syncretic poetic style that reflected composite Punjabi culture.
Language politics
Singh argued that Sikhism was a unique religion which could be nourished and sustained by creating an awakening amongst the Sikhs of the awareness of their distinct theological and cultural identity. He aimed at reorienting the Sikhs' understanding of their faith in such a manner as to help them assimilate the different modernising influences to their historical memory and cultural heritage. At the time, Sikhs were often persecuted by the British, often being pressured or threatened into assimilating into mainstream culture. Acts such as publicly shaving off the heads and beards of religious Sikh officials were performed to humiliate and demean the Sikh religion. Amidst all this political discontent, Singh sought to revitalize the Sikh culture and religion through peaceful means, by writing a myriad of novels, epics, and poems. With the fall of the Sikh Empire and the modernization of Christian, Muslim, and Hindu movements of proselytism, the Sikh faith began to wane until scholars and theologians of the religions, Singh being a leading one, began revitalizing life into Sikhism through their works of literature.
Works
Bhai Vir Singh began taking an interest in the affairs of the Singh sabha movement. To promote its aims and objects, he launched the Khalsa Tract Society in 1894. The tracts produced by the Khalsa Tract Society introduced a new style of literary Punjabi.
The Khalsa Tract Society periodically made available under the title Nirguniara, low-cost publications on Sikh theology, history and philosophy and on social and religious reform. Through this journal, Singh established contact with an ever-expanding circle of readers. He used the Nirguniara as a vehicle for his own self-expression. Some of his major creative works such as Sri Guru Nanak Chamatkar and Sri Guru Kalgidhar Chamatkar, were originally serialised in its columns.
In literature, Singh started as a writer of novels which are considered forerunners of the Punjabi novel. His writings in this genre – Sundari (1898), Bijay Singh (1899), Satwant Kaur (published in two parts, I in 1900 and II in 1927), were aimed at recreating the heroic period (eighteenth century) of Sikh history. Through these novels he made available to his readers, models of courage, fortitude and human dignity. Singh championed the Sikh identity in a way that did not devalue other religions. He even reprimanded the violation and destruction the Hindu idols in Kashmir in his book, Avantipur de Khandar. Singh also criticized and discouraged religious fanaticism, citing those as victims of their own fears brought on by a fervent and obsessive belief.
The novel Subhagji da Sudhar Hathin Baba Naudh Singh, popularly known as Baba Naudh Singh (serialised in Nirguniara from 1907 onwards and published in book form in 1921), shares with the epic Rana Surat Singh (which he had started serialising in 1905) Vir Singh's interest in the theme of a widow's desperate urge for a reunion with her dead husband.
Soon after the publication of Rana Surat Singh in book form in 1919, he turned to shorter poems and lyrics. These included Dil Tarang (1920), Tarel Tupke (1921), Lahiran de Har (1921), Matak Hulare (1922), Bijlian de Har (1927) and Mere Sayian Jio (1953). Through these works, he paved the way for the emergence of the Punjabi poem.
In November 1899, he started a Punjabi weekly, the Khalsa Samachar. He revised and enlarged Giani Hazara Singh's dictionary, Sri Guru Granth Kosh, originally published in 1898. The revised version was published in 1927. He published critical editions of some of the old Sikh texts such as Sikhan di Bhagat Mala (1912), Prachin Panth Prakash (1914), Puratan Janam Sakhi (1926) and Sakhi Pothi (1950).
An important work was Singh's annotation of Santokh Singh's Sri Gur Pratap Suraj Granth, published from 1927 to 1935 in fourteen volumes.
Role of women in writings
Unlike most of the popular religions, Sikhism stresses the equality between men and women and that it is even sinful to consider either sex above the other. Singh reflected this belief in his novels, and featured them in a number of strong female characters. In fact, his very first novel was Sundari, which featured Sunder Kaur, a woman who converted from Hinduism to Sikhism and then proceeded to lead a life of adventure in the jungles with a band of Sikh warriors. It was the first novel penned in the Punjabi language. Through Sundari, Singh hoped to embody all the ideals of Guru Nanak’s lessons. The book was well received by the Sikh community and gained popularity almost immediately. Other important female characters he wrote were Rani Raj Kaur, Satvant Kaur, Subhagji and Sushil Kaur. Even by today's modern standards, these female characters are still considered to be well rounded and an inspiration to both male and female Sikhs alike. Bhai Vir Singh went even as far as often portraying the women in his novels as more prone to spiritual enlightenment than her male counterpart.
Punjab & Sind Bank
Bhai Vir Singh was one of the founders of the Punjab & Sind Bank. He co-found Punjab & Sind bank with his friends.
Awards
He was honoured with the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1955 and the Padma Bhushan Award in 1956.
The Government of India released a stamp to commemorate Bhai sahib's birth centenary in 1972.
Posthumous Recognition
The portion of his commentary on the Adi Granth – nearly one half of the Holy Book – he had completed was published posthumously in seven large volumes.
Bibliography
See also
Surjit Patar
Ajeet Cour
References
Further reading
Bhai Vir Singh: Life, Times and Works by Gurbachan Singh Talib and Attar Singh, ed., Chandigarh, 1973
Bhai Sahib Bhai Vir Singh Ji Books: MP3 audio and PDF books
Bhai Vir Singh Books: MP3 audio of books
Sundari : Read Sundari book in English
Books of Bhai Veer Singh Ji
History of Punjab
Indian Sikhs
1872 births
1957 deaths
Punjabi-language writers
Punjabi-language poets
Punjabi people
Writers from Amritsar
Sikh writers
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education
Scholars of Sikhism
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Punjabi
Scholars from Amritsar
19th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian poets
Poets from Punjab, India |
5385819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMSF | CMSF | CMSF may refer to:
Canadian Merit Scholarship Foundation, a charitable organization in Canada that grants university scholarships. It was renamed the Loran Scholars Foundation in 2014.
Combat Mission: Shock Force, a computer video game |
5385822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma%20State%20Highway%2086 | Oklahoma State Highway 86 | State Highway 86 (abbreviated SH-86) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Oklahoma that connects SH-51 with Perry and is long. The highway is contained wholly in Payne and Noble Counties. SH-86 has no lettered spurs or loops.
SH-86 was established in 1940. Initially a gravel highway, it remained unpaved until 1952.
Route description
SH-86 begins at SH-51 in western Payne County, approximately east of Interstate 35. From this intersection, SH-86 heads north, crossing Stillwater Creek, just west of where it expands to form Lake Carl Blackwell, around north of SH-51. SH-86 crosses into Noble County into its journey. In Noble County, the highway mostly follows a due north course, except for a slight curve approximately south of Perry. The route passes just west of Lake Perry. Shortly thereafter, SH-86 comes to an end in Perry at US-77.
History
State Highway 86 first appears on the official Oklahoma highway map on the 1941 edition. Originally, the driving surface consisted of untreated gravel. The route had the same extent and termini as the present-day highway. By 1953, the highway had been paved.
Junction list
References
External links
SH-86 at OKHighways
086
Transportation in Payne County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Noble County, Oklahoma |
5385839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20McCollum | Allan McCollum | Allan McCollum (born 1944) is a contemporary American artist who lives and works in New York City. In 1975, his work was included in the Whitney Biennial, and he moved to New York City the same year. In the late 1970s he became especially well known for his series, Surrogate Paintings.
He has spent over fifty years exploring how objects achieve public and personal meaning in a world caught up in the contradictions made between unique handmade artworks and objects of mass production, and in the early 1990s, he began focusing most on collaborations with small regional communities and historical society museums in different parts of the world. His first solo exhibition was in 1970 and his first New York showing was in a group exhibition at the Sidney Janis Gallery in 1972.
Early life
McCollum was born in The California Hospital in Los Angeles on August 4, 1944. In 1946, his family moved to Redondo Beach, California, where his three siblings were born, and where he lived until 1966. Both of his parents and many others in his family were active in the arts. His father, Warren McCollum, the son of an actress in New York and a child actor himself, performed a number of small parts on the Broadway stage and a few small roles in movies in the late 1930s and early 1940s, including the role of Jimmy Lane in the 1938 cult classic, Reefer Madness. He remained active in local theater groups throughout much of his life, while working as a security guard at a local research corporation. His mother, Ann Hinton, the daughter of a piano teacher and a cartographer, also performed regularly as an actress and singer in local theater productions, and as a piano accompanist to a local voice teacher. His mother's brother, Sam Hinton, was a well-known folk singer and folk music historian in Southern California, and his mother's sister's husband was Jon Gnagy, the popular television art instructor who between 1946 and 1970 had the longest continuously running show on television.
Education and early career
In 1964, McCollum moved to Essex, England, pursuing the idea of being an actor, and joined a local theater group in Southend-on-Sea, but he changed his mind about a career in theater and returned to California in 1965, moved into a small mobile home park in Venice Beach, California, and attended Los Angeles Trade Technical College for five months, attempting to learn the trade of restaurant management and industrial kitchen work. For two years, he worked for Trans World Airlines at the Los Angeles International Airport, preparing meals for flights but, in 1967, he decided to educate himself as an artist. He learned quickly, influenced initially by reading the writings of the Fluxus artists and the early structuralists, and found a job as a truck driver and crate-builder for an art handling company in West Hollywood. Through this job he met many artists, art dealers, art collectors and museum curators, learning much about the contemporary art world. During the late 1960s, McCollum produced his early work while living in small rented storefront spaces, first in Venice Beach, and later in Santa Monica. In 1970, he established a studio in a converted parking garage in Venice Beach, where he lived and worked until 1975. During these years, he exhibited his work regularly at the Nicholas Wilder Gallery and also at the Claire Copley Gallery, both in Los Angeles. His work was shown in a number of museum group exhibitions, including shows at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Pasadena Art Museum, the Long Beach Museum of Art, the Santa Barbara Museum of Art, the Oakland Museum, the San Francisco Art Institute, the Seattle Art Museum, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Krannert Art Museum, and the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York. In late 1975, he moved to the SoHo district of New York City, where he initially worked as a guard at the Whitney Museum. McCollum still lives in New York. We think. we have no real idea. actually.
Exhibition history
McCollum has had over 130 solo exhibitions, including retrospectives at the Musée d'Art Moderne in Lille, France (1998), the Sprengel Museum in Hannover, Germany (1995–96), the Serpentine Gallery in London (1990); the Rooseum Center for Contemporary Art in Malmo, Sweden (1990), IVAM Centre del Carme in Valencia, Spain (1990); Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum in Eindhoven, The Netherlands (1989) and Portikus in Frankfurt, Germany (1988).
He participated in the Aperto at the Venice Biennale in 1988 and 2012. His works have been exhibited in the White House. He has produced numerous public art projects in the United States and Europe, and his works are held in over ninety art museum collections worldwide, including the Museum of Modern Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.
In 2008, McCollum exhibited 1,800 drawings from his 1988-91 Drawings project at the 28th Bienal de São Paulo in São Paulo, Brazil.
Artwork
McCollum's family history, his experiences and training at working in industrial kitchens, and his interest in theater and Fluxus, including "task-oriented" performance art, offered him a unique take on labor and art, and the methods and systems of quantity-production showed themselves in his artwork from the beginning. He is known for utilizing the methods of mass production in his work in many different ways, often creating thousands of objects that, while produced in large quantity, are each unique. In 1988-91, he created over 30,000 completely unique objects he titled Individual Works, which were gathered and exhibited in collections of over 10,000. The objects were made by taking many dozens of rubber molds from common household objects—like bottle caps, food containers, and kitchen tools—and combining plaster casts of these parts in thousands of possible ways, never repeating a combination. In 1989, he used a similar system to create thousands of handmade graphite pencil drawings, using hundreds of plastic drafting templates he designed for this purpose, each drawing made unique by combining the templates according to a combinatorial protocol that never repeated itself.
Beginning in the early 1990s, McCollum expanded his interests in quantity production to include explorations into the ways regional communities give meaning to local landmarks and geological oddities in establishing community identity, and collaborated with a number of small towns and small historical museums in Europe and the United States, bringing attention to the way local narratives develop around objects peculiar to geographic regions, and drawing comparisons to the way artworks develop meaning in a parallel manner. Often these projects involved reproducing local objects in quantity, or creating models or copies of local artifacts and symbols. In 1995, he collaborated with the College of Eastern Utah Prehistoric Museum in Price, Utah, to make replicas of its entire collection of dinosaur track casts, and exhibited these in New York and Europe. In 1997, he collaborated with the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing in Starke, Florida, to trigger lightning with rockets and worked with a local souvenir manufacturer to create over 10,000 replicas of a fulgurite created by the lightning strike. In 2000, he collaborated with the Pioneers Museum in the desert community of Imperial Valley, California, to reproduce souvenir copies and large models of its local mountain, Mount Signal, and the unique "Sand Spike" sand concretions found at its base. In 2003, he created 120 topographical models of the states of Missouri and Kansas, which he donated and delivered himself to 120 small historical society museums in both states.
In 2005, McCollum designed The Shapes Project, a combinatorial system to produce "a completely unique shape for every person on the planet, without repeating." The system involves organizing a basic vocabulary of 300 "parts" which can be combined in over 30 billion different ways, created as "vector files" in a computer drawing program. McCollum has used the system in collaborations with a community library, schoolchildren, home craftworkers, writers, architects and other artists, as the Shapes are created to be used for many different kinds of projects, and so far have been produced in the form of both prints and sculpture, in Plexiglas, Corian, plywood, hardwoods, metals, rubber and fabric, in a variety of sizes. In 2010, he published The Book of Shapes, in collaboration with mfc-michèle didier. This book makes the Shapes Project complete. The first volume contains the 300 shapes "parts" and the second includes the guides and instructions for creating all possible combinations with these components. The same year, he organized the Shapes for Hamilton project, in which a unique signed and dated Shapes print was made for each of the 6,000+ residents of the township of Hamilton, New York.
He has been a recipient of an NEA Special Project Grant and an Individual Support Grant from the Adolph and Esther Gottlieb Foundation.
Collaborations and writings
McCollum has occasionally collaborated with other artists in producing projects, including Louise Lawler (1983, 1984, 1988, 1996), Andrea Fraser (1991), Laurie Simmons (1984), Matt Mullican (2004), Andrea Zittel (2007), Allen Ruppersberg (2008), Pablo Helguera (2014) and Cynthia Daignault (2016). He has also written texts and interviewed fellow artists for books and catalogs, including Matt Mullican (1979 and 2006) Allen Ruppersberg (1999), Andrea Zittel (2001), Roxy Paine (2002), and Harrell Fletcher (2005).
References
Bibliography
Nicolas Bourriaud, "McCollum's Aura", New Art International, October 1988.
Lynne Cooke, Selma Klein-Essink and Anne Rorimer, Allan McCollum, Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, the Netherlands, 1989; in Dutch and English.
Hal Foster, "Subversive Signs", Recoding: Art, Spectacle, Cultural Politics, Seattle Bay Press, 1986.
Andrea Fraser, König, Kasper and Wilmes, Ulrich: Allan McCollum, Portikus, Frankfurt, Germany. Published by Walther König, Cologne, West Germany, 1988; in German and English.
Rosalind Krauss and Yve-alain Bois, Formless: A User's Guide, Zone Books, New York 1997.
Craig Owens, "Allan McCollum: Repetition & Difference", Art in America, September 1983.
External links
allanmccollum.net: An informational website on the artist
The Kansas and Missouri Topographical Model Donation Project
SIGNS OF THE IMPERIAL VALLEY - SAND SPIKES FROM MOUNT SIGNAL
The Natural Copies from the Coal Mines of Central Utah Project
Interview (The Event: Petrified Lightning from Central Florida) with Allan McCollum and associated mass quantities of PDF's related to the subject of fulgurites.
Introduction to The Shapes Project
PBS program Art:21—Art of the Twenty-first Century episode on Allan McCollum
Additional extended video clips of Allan McCollum discussions, by Art:21
Signal Processing: David Joselit on Abstraction Then and Now
Allan McCollum at Brooke Alexander Gallery
Allan McCollum at Friedrich Petzel Gallery
Archives of American Art: Oral History interview with Allan McCollum, 2010 Feb. 23-Apr. 9. (9 hr., 38 min.)
American conceptual artists
1944 births
Living people
Sculptors from California
People from Redondo Beach, California
Bard College faculty |
5385860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge%20of%20Heaven | Forge of Heaven | Forge of Heaven is a science fiction novel by American science fiction and fantasy author . It was first published in June 2004 in the United States by HarperCollins under its Eos Books imprint.
Forge of Heaven is the second of two novels set in Cherryh's Gene Wars universe, and concerns gene manipulation using nanotechnology, and contact with an alien race, the ondat. The first novel, Hammerfall was published in June 2001.
Backstory
Human territory consisted of the Inner Worlds, governed by Earth Federation, who maintained strict control on the use of biotech and frowned on genetic manipulation, and Outsider Space, near the edge of human space, who openly used biotech for their own benefit. In Outsider Space a group called the Movement broke away from local authority, and by joining nanotech and biotech, bioengineered humans, livestock and agriculture for the colonizing other planets. Fearing contamination, Earth severed all direct contact with Outsider Space, but assisted the moderate Outsider governments, who themselves feared runaway biochange, in tracking down and destroying Movement bases.
The outlawed Movement moved their biotech beyond Outsider Space and onto worlds, unbeknown to them, in space occupied by an unknown alien species, the ondat. The ondat came into contact with the Movement's aggressively adaptive nanisms and unwittingly spread it to their homeworld. Unable to distinguish between the Movement, Outsiders and Earth, the aliens went to war with humankind, sparking the Gene Wars. But when they saw Earth and the Outsiders destroying Movement bases, the ondat learnt that not all humans were the enemy. After the Movement was neutralized, the ondat withdrew to their original borders, and Earth and the Outsiders maintained a shaky truce with the ondat that lasted for 300 years. Second and Third Movements later sprang up, but they were driven underground and eventually eliminated.
The ondat were an enigma: no one ever saw them and communication was all but impossible. But years after the end of the Gene Wars, an ondat ship initiated contact by entering human space and leading a human ship to a planet in ondat territory that had a functioning First Movement base. They indicated that they wanted to destroy the world, and Earth concurred, but the Outsiders wanted to rescue those on the planet and get their hands on First Movement technology that may have advanced beyond what they had previously encountered. Earth yielded to the Outsider's request because they knew that if the ondat ever started a bioengineered attack, the Outsiders would be better equipped to counter them.
Two Outsider scientists, Luz and Ian, landed on the surface to look for Movement technology and rescue as many locals as they could before the ondat began scouring the planet. They were amazed to discover a member of the original First Movement, the Ila, alive after hundreds of years, ruling and spreading her nanoceles. The Outsiders requested a century to study these nanoceles to see if they could be adapted to reverse contamination here and elsewhere; the ondat gave them 40 years. The events of Hammerfall followed, where Marak brought many of the locals, including the Ila and her records, to Luz's Refuge before the ondat'''s hammer fell.
Concord Station was constructed to orbit Marak's World where representatives from Earth, the Outsiders and the ondat monitored the planet's recovery and enforced the Treaty between the three parties, that no First Movement technology must leave the planet. Luz and Ian remained on Marak's World and released their own nanisms to eliminate the Ila's contaminants. With Marak, they monitored the planet's rehabilitation from the ground and fed data up to the station. The station in turn sent down to the still unstable planet invaluable weather reports.
Plot summaryForge of Heaven takes place several centuries after Hammerfall. The transformation of Marak's World is monitored on the ground by Marak, assisted by Luz and Ian, and planetary watchers on Concord Station using taps, nanocele implants that enable watchers and those on the planet to communicate with one another. Kekellen, the ondat's representative on the station, whom no one has ever seen, is particularly interested in Marak and his activities, and uses it to help understand humans. Procyon is Marak's watcher on Concord.
Unannounced, a ship from Earth arrives at the station and Earth ambassador Andreas Gide demands to interrogate Procyon about whether illegal First Movement technology is leaving the planet. Fearing Outsider contamination, Gide enters the station in a sealed mobile containment unit. Procyon assures Gide that, to his knowledge, no illicit technology is leaving the planet, but as the interview ends, Gide is shot at with an armor-piercing shell, which breaches his containment field. Gide is taken to hospital on the station, but because he has now been exposed to Outsider "contaminates", he is unable to return to the Earth ship. Procycon, concussed from the blast, wanders off and is soon lost in the station's corridors.
Procyon's disappearance causes problems for the Planetary Observations Office, which oversees communications with the world below. Marak, who has become dependent on Procycon, demands to know what has happened to his watcher. Kekellen, concerned about the disruption of the Planetary Observation Project, intervenes. Using station maintenance robots, he rescues Procycon, but implants a tap in him, enabling Kekellen to keep in touch with him.
It is revealed that Movement technology was leaked from the planet via the Ila's watcher on Concord and exported to Orb, a nearby station where sophisticated illicits were being manufactured. The Ila inadvertently kills her watcher when she attempts to hack Concord's tap system. With the help of the ondat, Movement operatives on Concord are neutralized and their conduit to Orb is severed.
Project operations on Concord resume and Procyon returns to work as Marak's tap. On the planet, geological upheavals have resulted in a new sea forming with new weather patterns and the promise of new life evolving. The ondat, via Procyon, are now closer to Marak's World and is able to watch the planet's rebirth first hand.
Reception
Writing in SFRevu, author and academic Edward Carmien (editor of The Cherryh Odyssey) described Forge of Heaven as "immersive, imaginative, and compelling". He said Cherryh's switch from her intense third-person narrative in Hammerfall, which he said "can become oppressive", to this novel's multi-threaded narrative, has made it a "livelier" and more interesting read. In a review in Booklist, Paula Luedtke wrote that despite the novel's uneven pace, it should not be "underestimated". She said "it gathers momentum toward the stunning and unexpected ending that is realized with masterly aplomb".
A Publishers Weekly review described Forge of Heaven as a "suspenseful sequel to Hammerfall", and called Procyon "[a]mong the many nicely drawn characters" in the book. A reviewer in Kirkus Reviews called the "[i]ntrigue and strife" in Forge of Heaven a "desperately complicated setup" with a plot that is "going nowhere", but added that given the author's strength as a storyteller, "you almost don’t notice".
In The Cherryh Odyssey science fiction writer and literary critic John Clute described Hammerfall as "an epic, with prose rhythms that evoke the Bible", but added that he had not worked it out, and awaited "the New Testament", the sequel, which he hoped would be "something else". Clute said that while Forge of Heaven'' is not quite "the New Testament", it is "queerly and fascinatingly Asimovian" in so far as it is about "the conflict between change and stability", the backbone of Asimov's Foundation and Robot series.
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
2004 American novels
2004 science fiction novels
Science fiction novels by C. J. Cherryh
Novels set on fictional planets
Novels about extraterrestrial life
Nanotechnology in fiction
Novels about genetic engineering
Novels set in the future
HarperCollins books |
5385904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magens%20Bay | Magens Bay | Magens Bay is a bay in the Northside region on Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands, in the Caribbean.
Description
Lying on the northern (Atlantic) side of the island, Magens Bay (Estate Zufriedenheit) features a well-protected white sand beach stretching for nearly three quarters of a mile. It is one of the most popular tourist destinations on the island, as well as a gathering place for locals. The beach sits at the head of a deep bay, the arms of which are Peterborg peninsula to the east and Tropaco Point to the west. The bay's north-west exposure means its waters are usually calm, although storms in the North Atlantic can occasionally generate large waves in the winter months. The sandy bottom means snorkeling is of limited interest, although turtles, conch, tarpon and other fish are commonly spotted. Local fishing boats anchor in the eastern part of the bay.
The beach and surrounding park are currently administered by the semi-autonomous Magens Bay Authority. The services provided by the Authority include lifeguards, parking, showers and bathrooms. There is a snack counter, bar and souvenir shop. Beach chairs, floats, lounge chairs, mask and snorkels, fins, towels, lockers, paddleboards, kayaks, and paddleboats can be rented. The Authority is a self-sustaining entity which funds its operations through a per-person entrance fee (currently $5.00 for visitors and $2.00 for locals, free for kids under 12), parking fees, and payments received from the park's restaurant and rental concessions. The beach property also includes a coconut grove, a mangrove, and an arboretum.
Environment
Nature Trail
In 2004, The Nature Conservancy and local organizations opened a trail to Magens Bay from a spot off the road in the hills above. It belongs to a 319 acre preserve overseen by The Nature Conservancy, Magens Bay Authority and VI Department of Planning & Nature Resources. 25 of its acres were exclusively donated for this trail. On the trail it is possible to see many different bird species of the preserve, passing though different ecosystems from the top of the hill down 1½ miles to Magens Bay.
Important Bird Area
A 572 ha area, encompassing the bay, beach, mangroves and associated protected forests, has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of green-throated caribs, Antillean crested hummingbirds, Caribbean elaenias and pearly-eyed thrashers.
History
Legend has it that Sir Francis Drake used Magens Bay as an anchorage while waiting for ships to plunder.
Early maps of St. Thomas refer to the site as "Great Northside Bay". The popular name, "Magens Bay", arose out of its ownership by vicegouvernor Jacob Jorgenson Magens (1682-1731) and his heirs from the late 18th through the 19th centuries. It changed hands in the 20th century, and was eventually acquired by Wall Street financier Arthur S. Fairchild.
Arthur Fairchild donated 56 acres of the beach and surrounding areas to the Municipality of St. Thomas and St. John in 1946 for use as a public park. The far Western portion was donated by Fairchild's nephew's widow, Christine Wheaton, in 2002.
In popular culture
Several commercials and movie scenes have been filmed at Magens Bay, including a scene in The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1.
Gallery
References
External links
Magens Bay Photo Gallery
Beaches of the United States Virgin Islands
Bays of the United States Virgin Islands
Important Bird Areas of the United States Virgin Islands
Landforms of Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Northside, Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands |
5385925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Rantall | John Rantall | John "Mopsy" Rantall (born 9 December 1943) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the South Melbourne Football Club, North Melbourne Football Club and Fitzroy Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
A lightly-built defender who consistently held his own against many of the VFL's best forwards, Rantall was an inaugural inductee into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1996. He is a member of both the North Melbourne and Swans Team of the Century.
Playing career
Originally from Cobden, Rantall moved to the South Melbourne Football Club, where he debuted in 1963.
He quickly became recognised as one of the VFL's most dependable and consistent defenders, and when South Melbourne's champion rover and captain Bob Skilton tore an achilles tendon before the 1969 VFL season, Rantall stood in as acting captain, eventually taking over as official captain after Skilton retired in 1971.
In 1973, he moved to North Melbourne Football Club under the VFL's short-lived "10-year rule", which allowed players with ten years' service at one club to move to another club without a clearance, with the intention of playing in a premiership side. He got his wish, winning in 1975; and, then, moving back to South Melbourne for 1976. A reliable defender who worked tirelessly to repel opposition attacks, Rantall had magnificent skills.
Sadly, Rantall's career at South Melbourne came to a bitter end, despite being the club's games record holder.
He moved to Fitzroy for one last season in 1980, where he played 6 games and broke Kevin Murray's VFL games record.
Life after Playing
After the South Melbourne Football Club relocated to Sydney, Rantall became a much-loved and respected football pioneer in Queensland and New South Wales, which included a coaching stint in Brisbane, time on the board of AFL North Coast (NSW), and a junior coaching role with the Swans Academy in that region.
In 1996, he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame.
In January 2014, Rantall moved back to country Victoria, wanting to be close to his two brothers. He settled in Noorat, about 30 kilometres from his hometown, Cobden.
Footnotes
References
Final Training Lists for V.F.L.: South Melbourne, , The Age, (Monday, 15 April 1963), p.14.
Three Recruits Likely For South Side, The Age, (Monday, 15 April 1963), p.14.
W.A. Players in Cats' Ruck, The Age, (Friday, 19 April 1963), p.26.
League Teams Chosen: Geelong v. South Melbourne, The Age, (Friday, 19 April 1963), p.26.
External links
John Rantall: Boyles Football Photos.
AFL Hall of Fame - Players
Interview with Mike Sheahan
North Melbourne Football Club players
North Melbourne Football Club Premiership players
Sydney Swans players
Fitzroy Football Club players
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Syd Barker Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Cobden Football Club players
1943 births
Living people
One-time VFL/AFL Premiership players |
5385928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan%20choir | Puritan choir | The Puritan choir was a theory advanced by historian Sir John Neale of an influential movement of radical English Protestants in the Elizabethan Parliament. In his biography Queen Elizabeth I Neale argues that throughout her reign Elizabeth I faced increasingly organised and dominant opposition to her policies in the House of Commons and that this strengthening of Parliament sowed the seeds for the English Civil War.
Neale's thesis
Neale, when researching the politics of Elizabeth's reign, discovered a pamphlet naming forty-three members of the House of Commons of 1566 as members of a Puritan movement. The pamphlet consisted of forty-three names, each followed by a witty Latin tag, many from the scripture as well as a single English word associated with the individual. He stressed their importance in helping to shape the 1559 Elizabethan Religious Settlement more along the lines of Calvin's Geneva suggesting that 'the House of Commons went full-cry after its radical leaders, sweeping aside any feeble Catholic opposition'. They were also influential, he argues, in pushing for the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth's naming of a successor. Particularly significant was the role played in parliament by Thomas Norton, among the individuals named on the list, who became a leading figure in the Elizabethan House of Commons.
Revisionist criticism
The historian Norman Jones has, however, argued that the 'Puritan Choir' is a misinterpretation of evidence. He maintains that in framing the religious settlement, Elizabeth faced opposition not from the forty-three alleged Puritans in the House of Commons, but rather from Catholic resistance and conservatism in the House of Lords which she and Cecil had underestimated. The influence that the 'Puritan Choir' could have feasibly had on the Elizabethan Religious Settlement has also been questioned by Haigh. Of the forty-three individuals named as part of 'our choir' in Neale's document, only twenty-two of them were definitely Protestants. Furthermore, only nineteen Marian exiles were elected to the 1559 parliament, and some were unable to play any role in the Parliamentary session as they returned too late. The influence of the twenty identifiable Catholics in the 1559 House of Commons is also ignored under Neale's 'Puritan Choir' thesis.
References
Elizabethan Puritanism |
5385951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Rider | George Rider | George L. Rider (December 24, 1890 – August 8, 1979) was an American football, basketball, baseball, track and cross country coach and athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Olivet College in 1914, at Hanover College from 1915 to 1916, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio from 1917 to 1918, and at Washington University in St. Louis from 1920 to 1922, compiling a career college football record of 29–22–5. At Miami he also coached basketball from 1917 to 1919, baseball from 1918 to 1919, and track and cross country from 1924 to 1960. In addition he served as athletic director at Miami from 1924 to 1940. In 1959 Rider served as honorary president of the International Track and Field Coaches Association. He is a charter member of Miami University's Hall of Fame along with coaching legends including Walter Alston, Earl Blaik, Paul Brown, Weeb Ewbank, Ara Parseghian. and John Pont.
Coaching career
Football
Rider became Miami University's head coach for the 1917 and 1918 seasons because George Little was serving in the armed forces during World War I. In his two years he never lost a game and won back to back Ohio Athletic Conference championships. His 1917 football team outscored its opponents 202–0. This team went 6–0–2 with the only blemishes being scoreless ties with both Kentucky and Wooster. Rider's second season was just as successful with his team going 5–0–1. However, games against Kentucky, Wooster, and Wittenberg were canceled due to the flu pandemic. Rider stepped down when Little returned to Oxford from the war.
Track
Rider coached track and cross at Miami for 36 years, from 1924 to 1960. His track teams won nine Buckeye Conference titles and 10 consecutive Mid-American Conference championships. Also, his cross country teams captured nine Mid-American Conference Championships. In 1957, Rider was selected to the Helms Athletic Foundation Track and Field Coaches Hall of Fame. Additionally, Miami's track is named in his honor for his contributions to the university athletic department.
Death
Rider died in Oxford, Ohio on August 8, 1979 at the age of 88.
Head coaching record
Football
References
External links
1890 births
1979 deaths
Hanover Panthers football coaches
Hanover Panthers men's basketball coaches
Miami RedHawks athletic directors
Miami RedHawks baseball coaches
Miami RedHawks football coaches
Miami RedHawks men's basketball coaches
Olivet Comets football coaches
Olivet Comets football players
Olivet Comets men's basketball coaches
Washington University Bears football coaches
College men's track and field athletes in the United States
College track and field coaches in the United States
Burials at Oxford Cemetery, Oxford, Ohio |
5385987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta%20Malpelo | Punta Malpelo | Punta Malpelo is a point in Peru near the border with Ecuador. It was a significant scene during the Gran Colombia-Peru War, because on August 31, 1828, was the site of the Battle of Punta Malpelo, where the Peruvian corvette Libertad sustained a naval encounter with the Gran Colombian ships Pichincha and Guayaquileña with high casualties on both sides.
Headlands of Peru |
5386000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Byrum | Tom Byrum | Thomas Elliott Byrum (born September 28, 1960) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour Champions.
Byrum was born in Onida, South Dakota. He attended the University of New Mexico and New Mexico State University before turning professional in 1984. He has played over five hundred events on the PGA Tour, with his sole victory coming at the 1989 Kemper Open. He owns two top-10 finishes in major championships: T8 in the 2002 U.S. Open at Bethpage and a 9th in the 1997 PGA Championship at Winged Foot. His older brother Curt is also a former PGA Tour winner and is now an analyst on the Golf Channel.
Professional wins (1)
PGA Tour wins (1)
PGA Tour playoff record (0–2)
Playoff record
PGA Tour Champions playoff record (0–1)
Results in major championships
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Summary
Most consecutive cuts made – 4 (1997 PGA – 2002 U.S. Open)
Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (twice)
Results in The Players Championship
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Results in senior major championships
Results not in chronological order before 2022.
"T" indicates a tie for a place
CUT = missed the halfway cut
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic
See also
1985 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1991 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1992 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1995 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1996 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2005 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
References
External links
American male golfers
New Mexico Lobos men's golfers
New Mexico State Aggies men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
PGA Tour Champions golfers
Golfers from South Dakota
People from Sully County, South Dakota
People from Richmond, Texas
1960 births
Living people |
5386011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmit%20Singh%20Aulakh | Gurmit Singh Aulakh | Gurmit Singh Aulakh (1938 – 2017) was a research scientist in the US who in the 1980s, 1990s and in the 2000s was the President of Council of Khalistan, an organisation that supported the Khalistan Movement in Punjab region of India.
Lobbying in Washington D.C.
He supported the plight of the Sikhs in India that suffered systematic, state-sponsored human rights abuses throughout the 1980s and 1990s. In 2013 Dr. Aulakh's organization (ISO) published a two volume set that compiled all the U.S. Congress statements and other reference documents regarding the Sikhs' movement for political and human rights in India. This compilation runs 1,600 pages and covers the period of 1985-2007. A much-shortened list of US Congressmen quoted in this compilation follows:
Rep. Dan Burton (R), Indiana.
Rep. Vic Fazio (D), California.
Rep. Gene Chappie (R), California.
Sen. Jesse Helms (R), North Carolina.
Rep. Robert Dornan (R), California.
Rep. George Miller (D), California.
Rep. Bernard Dwyer (D), New Jersey.
Rep. Wally Herger (R), California.
Rep. Norm Shumway (R), California.
Rep. Jack Fields (R), Texas.
Rep. Dana Rohrabacher (R), California.
Edolphus Towns, member of the U.S. House of Representatives, from New York. He has been a supporter of Khalistan and Nagalim. Towns also wanted to "declare India a terrorist state" because of "the pattern of Indian terrorism against its minorities", an allegation that was summarily dismissed by the White House.
Jesse Helms, former five-term Republican U.S. Senator from North Carolina. About two decades ago, he had circumvented the State Department's refusal of a visa to separatist Khalistan activist Jagjit Singh Chauhan by inviting him to testify before a Senate agriculture committee he headed.
Legislative activities
In 1997, HR 182, the Human Rights in India Act, was sponsored by Rep. Dan Burton (R-IN) and Rep. Gary Condit (D-CA). to cut-off U.S. development aid to India until the president certifies to Congress that India has taken "certain steps to prevent human rights abuses" in India. Another resolution, H. Con. Res. 37, sponsored by Condit and Rep. Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) called for an internationally supervised plebiscite in Punjab on the question of independence for the region. The act secured the support of only 82 members while 342 voted against it. Dr. Aulakh was involved in these legislations.
Opposition by India and Indian Groups
In one case, Dr. Aulakh faced accusations of obtaining signatures by deception in 2002 from US House Foreign Policy Aides when a publication on US Congress, The Hill stated that a legislative assistant to a Republican Congressman misled her office by implying to a staff member that the Congressman, John Shimkus, had agreed to sign a letter to the President calling for release of political prisoners in India.
The Senior legislative assistant stated that Dr. Aulakh had already printed the letter with the name of the Congressman leaving a staff member to assume that the office had agreed to sign it. The same publication also quoted one aide with ties to the 131-member Congressional India Caucus as saying that Dr. Aulakh had been getting away with tricking staffers into signing letters for several years.
Later Years
He died on June 21, 2017, at his home in Washington, DC. He was survived by his wife Charnjit Kaur Sandhu and three adult children: Artinder Kaur Aulakh, Urminder Singh Aulakh and Bikramjit Singh Aulakh.
References
External links
Khalistan movement
1938 births
2017 deaths
Howard University alumni
American Sikhs
Khalistan movement people
Anti-Indian sentiment in Asia
Punjabi people |
5386029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy%20Ross%20House | Betsy Ross House | The Betsy Ross House is a landmark in Philadelphia purported to be the site where the seamstress and flag-maker Betsy Ross (1752-1836) lived when she is said to have sewed the first American Flag. The origins of the Betsy Ross myth trace back to her relatives, particularly her grandsons, William and George Canby, and the celebrations of the Centennial of 1876. Evidence for the precise location of Ross's home came from verification provided by several surviving family members, although the best archival evidence indicates the house would have been adjacent to the one that still stands today as The Betsy Ross House. The 1937 Philadelphia Guide noted that, after the current Betsy Ross House was selected as the Flag House, the adjacent building where Ross may have indeed lived "was torn down to lessen the hazards of fire, perhaps adding a touch of irony to what may well have been an error in research." Although the house is one of the most visited tourist sites in Philadelphia, the claim that Ross once lived there, and that she designed and sewed the first American flag, sometimes called the Betsy Ross flag, are considered false by most historians.
The house sits on Arch Street, several blocks from Independence Hall and the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front part of the building was built around 1740, in the Pennsylvania colonial style, with the stair hall and the rear section added 10 to 20 years later. Had she lived here, Ross would have resided in the house from 1776, the death of her first husband, John Ross, until about 1779.
Restoration
Over the years, various structural changes and general wear and tear left the house in dire need of restoration. In 1937, Philadelphia radio mogul, A. Atwater Kent offered up to $25,000 for the restoration of the house and commissioned historical architect Richardson Brognard Okie to do the work. Original elements were kept wherever possible. Otherwise, materials from demolished period homes were used. A new structure was added in the rear, made from period bricks. The front stairway and dormer were entirely replaced. The front doorway was moved to the opposite corner, and a new window was installed. Kent then purchased the two adjacent properties to develop a "civic garden." In 1941, the entire property, including the historic house and courtyard, were given to the city of Philadelphia. In 1965 an annex building was added to the property, and in 1974 the courtyard was renovated and a fountain added.
In preparation for the United States Bicentennial, remains deemed to be those of Ross and her third husband, John Claypoole, were moved to graves in the courtyard. A private nonprofit organization, Historic Philadelphia, Inc., began leasing the property from the City of Philadelphia in 1995 and continues to manage the site to this day.
The Betsy Ross House has long been the site of Philadelphia's observance of Flag Day.
See also
Liberty Bell
Independence Hall
References
External links
Betsy Ross House at UShistory.org
"Site Where Mrs. Elizabeth Ross made the First American Flag" at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania
Photo ca. 1900
Houses in Philadelphia
Historic house museums in Philadelphia
Old City, Philadelphia
Biographical museums in Pennsylvania
Women's museums in the United States
Houses completed in 1740
Landmarks in Philadelphia
Philadelphia in the American Revolution
18th-century architecture in the United States
Colonial architecture in Pennsylvania
1740 establishments in Pennsylvania
Betsy Ross |
5386057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20C.%20Goodman | John C. Goodman | John C. Goodman (born 22 May 1946) is president and CEO of the Goodman institute for Public Policy Research, a think tank focused on public policy issues. He was the founding chief executive of the National Center for Policy Analysis, which operated from 1982 to 2017. He is a senior fellow at the Independent Institute. The Wall Street Journal and The National Journal have called Goodman the "father of Health Savings Accounts."
Goodman received a Ph.D. in economics from Columbia University in 1977 and has taught and done research at Columbia, Stanford, Dartmouth, Southern Methodist University, and the University of Dallas.
In 1983, he founded the National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA), a think tank that was the source of such policy ideas as Health Savings Accounts, Roth IRAs, automatic employer enrollment in 401(k) plans and allowing seniors to continue working without penalty after they begin receiving Social Security benefits.
In his 2012 book Priceless: Curing the Healthcare Crisis, Goodman asserts that empowering both patients and caregivers to control healthcare decisions produces greater patient satisfaction at substantially lower costs. The book emphasizes the importance that patients, payers, and providers each operate according to economic incentives that encourage them consider both the costs and benefits of care, innovate to improve outcomes and lower costs, and provide subsidies that do not arbitrarily benefit one group (like workers at companies that provide insurance) at the expense of other groups (like workers at companies that do not).
He regularly briefs members of Congress on economic policy and testifies before congressional committees. He is author and co-author of 15 books and more than 50 published studies on such topics as health policy, tax reform and school choice. He has addressed more than 100 different organizations on public policy issues.
He writes a column for Forbes and an occasional weekend column for Townhall. He has appeared 23 times on C-Span.
Early history
Born on May 22, 1946, Goodman grew up in Waco, Texas. In high school, he won several statewide tournaments. This experience served him later in life when he became a TV debating partner of conservative polemicist William F. Buckley.
He attended college at the University of Texas in Austin, where he became involved in campus politics and was elected vice president of the student body. The following year he lost the race for president to Lloyd Doggett, who later served as a senior Democratic member of the House of Representatives. University of Texas student politics was a training ground for such politicians as Texas governors Allan Shivers and John Connally.
After college, Goodman enrolled in the graduate economics program at Columbia University, where he earned a PhD. He credits his experience with campus politics as vital to shaping his Columbia University dissertation—which used tools of economics to explain political outcomes. Among the faculty who gave him guidance were three Nobel Prize winners – Robert Mundell, Edmund Phelps and William Vickrey.
Goodman's impossibility theorem
Goodman's dissertation was entitled The Market for Coercion: A Neoclassical Theory of the State. It was in the field of public choice, which merges economics and political science. As the term "neoclassical" suggests, the dissertation used marginal analysis—which was a radical departure from the voting models favored by public choice theorists James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock and their followers, on the one hand, and University of Chicago economist George Stigler's "regulatory capture" theory, on the other.
With his colleague Phil Porter, Goodman published three articles extending the theory to the fields of regulation, the production of public goods, and welfare economics. Their article on regulation won the prestigious Duncan Black Prize awarded by the Public Choice Society in 1989.
An important issue in public choice economics is whether a stable equilibrium exists. In traditional voting models it typically does not. Yet Goodman showed that in a neoclassical model the conditions for stable equilibrium are easy to satisfy.
Three other departures from previous thinking were also important.
Groups, not individuals, as the unit of account
Every law and every regulation tends to have winners and losers. Both groups have a self-interest in either supporting or opposing the change. However, the passage of a law is a "public good" for those who support it and a "public bad" for those who oppose it. In either case, individuals benefit from their group's success, whether or not they contribute to the effort.
A well-known proposition in public finance holds that if all behavior is voluntary, public goods will tend to be underproduced. In politics, this means that the effort groups make to secure political goals will always understate the true value they place on achieving those goals. The reason is that each individual has an incentive to be a free rider, contributing little or no effort while hoping that others will contribute a lot.
The groups that are most successful in overcoming the free rider problems and securing more effort from their members are the groups that are the most successful in the political system.
Note: an individual may be member of several different groups, including groups that oppose each other. For example, an auto worker might pay dues to a union that supports higher tariffs on car imports. But as a buyer of cars, he may pay dues to an auto club that opposes them. In his role as a producer he is a member of a pro-tariff group. In his role as a consumer, he is a member of an anti-tariff group. What matters most is the behavior of groups as groups, not the behavior of individual members.
Political equilibrium
Imagine a political system in which the laws change every week. One week we might have a tariff on auto imports; the next week it's gone; the week after that it's back again. That would describe a system with no political equilibrium. By contrast, equilibrium exists if the tariff tends to stay the same from week to week until there is a fundamental change in one of the parameters of the system.
Goodman not only showed that the neoclassical approach realistically models stable political systems, he also identified what an equilibrium must look like. Continuing with the tariff example, the marginal effort the proponents are willing to make to secure a small increase in the tariff must equal the marginal effort the opponents are willing to make to oppose it. These efforts could be in the form of votes, campaign contributions, etc., and the kind of effort that is possible will differ from system to system. Any deviation from this condition means that the decision maker risks being replaced by a rival, who can gain an advantage by supporting the set of equilibrium policies over the deviation.
Political prices
The third innovation was to decompose the equilibrium condition. The marginal effort that producers are willing to make to secure a slightly higher tariff is the marginal economic benefit they expect multiplied times the effort they are willing to make per dollar of benefit. On the other side, the marginal effort consumers are willing to make to oppose the change is the marginal economic cost they expect to avoid multiplied times their effort per dollar of benefit. These effort-benefit ratios are the "political prices" proponents and opponents of the change are willing to "pay."
Social welfare economics teaches that public policies are optimal when marginal social benefit equals marginal social cost. But that can only happen if the political prices are the same on either side of every political issue. Ordinarily we would expect people to spend a dollar to get a dollar. But for reasons given above, people will understate the value they place on policy changes and in the general case they will understate it a lot.
Because of differences in organization costs, information costs, and many other factors, we would never expect the effort-benefit ratios of two opposing groups to be the same. Furthermore, Goodman and Porter discovered that small differences in political prices lead to large welfare losses for society as a whole—much larger, for example, than what we would ordinarily expect to find in the private sector. That leads to:
Goodman’s Theorem: Since the conditions for optimality will almost never hold in any political system, optimal government is in principle impossible.
If the political price milk producers are willing to pay is greater than the political price offered by the consumers of milk, we will get milk price supports. If the price sugar growers are willing to pay is higher than the one offered by sugar consumers, we will get sugar quotas. We get bad government, or "government failure," not because of bad leaders. We get bad government because of inequality in the political prices opposing groups are willing to pay to obtain benefits and avoid costs in the political system.
Health economics
Goodman's interest in health economics began with his study of the British National Health Service. It was the first time anyone had used public choice theory to explain all the major features of British medicine. He followed with a study of the 150-year history of the suppression of markets in health care at the urging of the American Medical Association. Regulation of who could practice medicine, regulation of medical schools, regulation of hospitals and regulation of health insurance all followed the AMA agenda, according to the study.
In 1992, Goodman wrote Patient Power with Gerald Musgrave. The book shaped right-of-center thinking on health policy—from Newt Gingrich to Paul Ryan—for many years. Its thesis: patients should be empowered in the medical marketplace the way consumers are empowered in other markets. This ran counter to the thinking in virtually all health policy circles, however. The dominant view at the time was adherence to managed care, under which decisions are made by experts, typically following formal practice guidelines.
In Priceless (2013), Goodman's approach to health economics was even more radical. He portrayed the health care system as a complex system that cannot be understood with conventional economic tools such as supply and demand curves. In doing so, he rejected the approach of every major health economics textbook on the market. Even so, the book won praise from people in and out of government and across the political spectrum—including Peter Orszag, who was chief economist for President Barack Obama at the time.
Health Savings Accounts
Goodman's most important policy success has been the adoption of Health Savings Accounts (HSAs). They allow people to manage some of their own health care dollars in tax-free accounts. The idea was first introduced to the public policy community in Patient Power, but HSAs were initially opposed by every major health and business lobby. For that reason, they did not become available to most Americans until 12 years later—in 2004. As of 2016, 40 million American families had HSAs. A majority of large employers now offer high-deductible health plans, with savings accounts attached, to their employees and these types of plans are the fastest growing product in the health insurance marketplace.
The RAND Corporation says HSA plans can cut the cost of health insurance by up to 30%, with no adverse health effects—even for the most vulnerable populations. More than half of all private health plans in South Africa are Medical Savings Account plans. Singapore has an extensive system of "medisave" accounts. There are also health savings accounts in China.
Under current tax law, employer deposits to HSAs are treated the same as employer payment of health insurance premiums—they are excluded from the employee's taxable income. However, under Obamacare people receive fixed-sum tax credits to buy their insurance and most Republican Obamacare replacement plans also use tax credits.
In an article in Health Affairs, Goodman and Wharton health economist Mark Pauly argued that the right way to subsidize health insurance for everyone is with a tax credit. Further, they showed that a Roth HSA, with after-tax deposits and tax free withdraws, is the right account to combine with the credit.
Today's tax law places rigid restrictions on how HSAs can be used. For example, there must be an across-the-board deductible, covering all medical expenses. However, Goodman now argues that accounts should have no deductibles or copayments. For example, employees could be given an account from which to manage all primary care. Diabetics and patients with other chronic conditions could manage their own budgets along with incentives to manage their own care.
Repealing one law, blocking another
In 1989, a series of NCPA studies of taxes on the elderly led to the repeal of the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act, an attempt to extend drug coverage to Medicare beneficiaries. This was the first repeal of a major federal welfare program in more than 100 years. Nobel Laureate Milton Friedman, the editors of The Wall Street Journal and many others credited Goodman and his coauthors with the change, citing NCPA studies and its communications efforts as the primary reasons for the policy reversal.
In 1994, Hillary Clinton failed in a major effort to reform the health care system. In his book Whitewash: What the Media Won’t Tell You About Hillary Clinton, Brent Bozell says that Goodman was one of three people who were most responsible for the defeat of Hillary Care. (The other two were Sen. Phil Gramm and commentator Bill Kristol.)
Reforming the health care system
Health reform has been an enduring interest for Goodman. In Characteristics of an Ideal Health Care System, he identified ten ways in which government policies were creating the very problems many reformers want to solve. In Designing Ideal Health Insurance, he showed how public policies were preventing the insurance market from meeting people's needs. In the Journal of Legal Medicine, he argued for a do-no-harm approach—under which government policies that are causing problems would be repealed and replaced before any other reforms are considered.
One of Goodman's reform ideas is to replace all the ways government currently subsidizes health insurance through tax and spending programs with a universal, refundable tax credit—essentially giving every citizen a fixed number of dollars for health insurance. That idea was elaborated with Mark Pauly in Health Affairs and it became the core health insurance plan endorsed by John McCain in his presidential run against Barack Obama in 2008. The legislative version of the McCain approach was introduced by Tom Coburn and Richard Burr in the Senate and Paul Ryan and Devon Nunes in the House of Representatives.
Reforming Obamacare
In an article at the Health Affairs Blog, Goodman argued that there were six major problems in the Affordable Care Act that will not go away without major reform. For example, the first problem is that people are being required to buy a health plan whose cost is expected to grow at twice the rate of growth of their income. These ideas were expanded into A Better Choice, a monograph published by the Independent Institute.
Beginning in 2015, Goodman helped House Rules Committee Chairman Pete Sessions (R-TX) and Sen. Bill Cassidy (R-LA) develop a replacement plan for Obamacare. The plan calls for a universal tax credit for health insurance, personal and portable health insurance for employees and a flexible Roth HSA. In a post at the Health Affairs Blog, Sessions, Cassidy and Goodman argue that their plan is not only better than Obamacare, it would create universal coverage.
Other public policy achievements
With the help of Madsen Pirie and Eamonn Butler at the Adam Smith Institute in London, Goodman introduced Margaret Thatcher's 22 techniques of privatization into the United States, leading to increases in privatization at the state and local level. The effort was helped by the publication of two NCPA books: Madsen Pirie's Dismantling the State: The Theory And Practice of Privatization and John Goodman's Privatization.
He organized the first report card on public schools in the United States—ranking them based on the performance of students on standardized tests. In response, NCPA board member Pat Rooney started the first private voucher program, leading to many similar efforts across the country.
With Richard Rahn, chief economist for the US Chamber of Commerce, Goodman produced five pro-growth tax ideas that became the tax policy core of the 1994 Contract with America. These ideas included the Roth IRA and allowing seniors to keep working beyond the retirement age without losing their Social Security benefits—ideas that later became law.
With Peter Orszag (then at the Brookings Institution), Goodman helped reform the 401(k) law so that employers can now automatically enroll their employees in plans with diversified portfolios.
Other public policy ideas
Goodman's other contributions to public policy include:
His essay on "Classical Liberalism" has become viral on the Internet, providing a one-of-its-kind explanation of the political philosophy that dominated the 19th Century.
His proposal for a "progressive flat tax" in Forbes represents a novel way of bringing the right and left together on tax reform.
His proposal for radical reform of the US banking system (with Laurence Kotlikoff) in the New Republic called for 100% reserves for all credit market institutions as a way of preventing future financial crises.
His proposal to let people allocate their own welfare tax dollars has had a lot of appeal in conservative circles. In a version of the idea, 17 states now allow a dollar-for-dollar reduction in taxes for contributions to private schools and charter schools.
His case for school choice, presented in a classic debate at Howard University, was published in the Howard Law Review.
His work with Thomas Saving and Andrew Rettenmaier (Texas A & M) has produced a proposal for privatizing Medicare, similar to previous proposals for privatizing Social Security.
His "enterprise program" proposal to allow businesses that provide essential services to low-income customers to avoid many government regulations—including occupational licensing—has proved appealing, both to the right and the left.
His proposal to replace medical malpractice law with no-fault compensation has been proposed in Georgia and Florida.
Television debates
Goodman appeared about two dozen times as a guest on William F. Buckley's PBS Firing Line program in the 1990s. About a half dozen of these were two-hour debates that pitted Goodman, Buckley and two colleagues against four opponents. They covered such topics as the flat tax, school vouchers, Social Security privatization, Health Savings Accounts and privatizing the welfare state. This was the first time these ideas had ever been aired on national television.
Buckley and Goodman were joined by such debating partners as former Delaware Governor Pete du Pont, former Treasury Secretary Pete Peterson, Senator Phil Gramm, economist Thomas Sowell and California Governor Jerry Brown (arguing for the flat tax). The opposing sides included former presidential candidate George McGovern, Senator Jay Rockefeller, MIT economist Lester Thurow, Nobel Laurate Kenneth Arrow and TV commentator Susan Estrich.
Firing Line's producer, Warren Steibel, later produced another TV program called Debates/Debates. Goodman served as team captain on many of those programs.
Publications
The Regulation of Medical Care: Is the Price Too High? (Cato public policy research monograph) (1980)
National Health Care in Great Britain (1980)
Social Security in the United Kingdom: Contracting Out of the System (Aei Studies, 335) (1981)
Economics of Public Policy: The Micro View, with Edwin G. Dolan (1985)
Privatization. (1985) National Center for Policy Analysis.
Fighting the War of Ideas in Latin America, with Ramona Marotz-Baden (1990)
Patient Power: Solving America's Health Care Crisis (1992)
Patient Power: The Free-Enterprise Alternative to Clinton's Health Plan, with Gerald L. Musgrave (1993)
Economics of Public Policy, with Edwin G. Dolan (1995)
Lives at Risk: Single-Payer National Health Insurance Around the World, with Gerald L. Musgrave, Devon M. Herrick and Milton Friedman (2004)
·Leaving Women Behind: Modern Families, Outdated Laws. (2005) With Kimberley Strassel and Celeste Cogan. Rowman & Littlefield
·Handbook on State Health Reform. (2007) National Center for Policy Analysis
·Living with ObamaCare: A Consumer’s Guide. (2014) National Center for Policy Analysis.
A Better Choice: Healthcare Solutions for America Independent Institute (2015)
References
External links
Living people
American libertarians
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
Health economists
1946 births |
5386062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20Shapes%20%28Unicode%20block%29 | Geometric Shapes (Unicode block) | Geometric Shapes is a Unicode block of 96 symbols at code point range U+25A0–25FF.
U+25A0–U+25CF
The BLACK CIRCLE is displayed when typing in a password field, in order to hide characters from a screen recorder or shoulder surfing.
U+25D0–U+25FF
The CIRCLE WITH LEFT HALF BLACK is used to represent the contrast ratio of a screen.
Font coverage
Font sets like Code2000 and the DejaVu family include coverage for each of the glyphs in the Geometric Shapes range. Unifont also contains all the glyphs. Among the fonts in widespread use, full implementation is provided by Segoe UI Symbol and significant partial implementation of this range is provided by Arial Unicode MS and Lucida Sans Unicode, which include coverage for 83% (80 out of 96) and 82% (79 out of 96) of the symbols, respectively.
Block
Emoji
The Geometric Shapes block contains eight emoji:
U+25AA–U+25AB, U+25B6, U+25C0 and U+25FB–U+25FE.
The block has sixteen standardized variants defined to specify emoji-style (U+FE0F VS16) or text presentation (U+FE0E VS15) for the
eight emoji.
History
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Geometric Shapes block:
See also
Unicode symbols
Dingbat
Box Drawing (Unicode block)
Block Elements (Unicode block)
Box-drawing character
Tombstone (typography), the end of proof character
Geometric Shapes Extended (Unicode block)
Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows (Unicode block) includes more geometric shapes
Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs (Unicode block) includes several geometric shapes of different colors
Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
References
Unicode blocks
Geometric shapes
Geometric |
5386066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%20Seok-cheon | Hong Seok-cheon | Hong Seok-cheon (born February 3, 1971) is a South Korean actor, television personality, restaurateur and member of the dissolved Democratic Labor Party. He caused considerable controversy in his home country when he came out as gay in 2000, and remains the most prominent openly gay celebrity in Korea.
Career
Hong Seok-cheon was born in Cheongyang County in South Chungcheong Province. He began his entertainment career as a male model, and made his screen debut in 1994 as a reporter for Live TV Information Center. In 1995, he won the bronze prize at the KBS Comedian Festival (for college students). Due to his versatility and comic timing, Hong went on to a prolific career on South Korean television, appearing in children's programs and variety shows, as well as sitcoms and dramas.
In 2000, Hong was asked a question regarding his sexuality on a variety show, and he chose to answer honestly that he was gay. Though the show's producers initially edited out the exchange, a journalist got wind of the story and pressed Hong to confirm his admission. After Hong revealed his homosexuality, he was fired from his network television programs and advertisements amidst public uproar, and no longer landed any major acting roles. He faced massive stigma after becoming the country's first openly gay celebrity, and later said he experienced shunning, verbal abuse and discrimination that he rarely stepped out of his social circle. He then wrote his memoir My Heart Still Throbs for Forgotten Love, in which he recounted his failed romance with a Dutch man named Tony.
Forced out of the entertainment business, Hong wanted to leave the country to study in New York, but he said he decided stay in Korea to prove to his detractors that he could be a success. He started his first restaurant Our Place in 2002, two years after he came out. He now owns and runs nine high-end restaurants in Itaewon, home to a large expat community in Seoul. Hong's restaurants are all characterized by the prefix "My," namely: My Hong, My Chi chi*s, My Thai, My Thai China, My X, My Chelsea, My Noodle, and My Suji.
In 2004, he joined the Democratic Labor Party and was selected by Time magazine as the year's Asian Hero. Hong also continued appearing regularly on talk shows, notably Yeo Yoo Man Man, on which he guested with his parents and discussed his life since coming out. Acting-wise, Hong starred in the thriller Puzzle (2006) and the stage play A Midsummer Night's Dream (2009). He also founded the internet shopping mall Ne2Nom in 2007, and became a professor at Korea National University of Arts (teaching Broadcast Content Production in 2010 and Fashion Arts in 2011).
After his sister's divorce, Hong adopted her two children and changed their last names to his. In 2008, he hosted his own talk show Coming Out, which featured gay issues. Despite Korean society's continuing conservatism, Hong overcame initial public disapproval and gradually gained more mainstream acceptance, especially among the younger generation, in part because of his activism in fighting for LGBT rights. From bit parts and cameos, he now emcees shows on cable television and has a sizeable following on social media.
In 2015, Hong announced that he plans to run for district head of the Yongsan District Office in the 2018 local elections. Having lived in Yongsan District for ten years, he said he aims to promote cultural spaces for young artists and small businesses, while providing welfare for sexual minorities. If elected, he will become the first openly gay person to become a publicly elected official in Korea. In 2016, he participated in the program Law Of The Jungle.
In 2018, he revealed that he is third cousins with Taeyong of NCT.
Filmography
Television shows
Web shows
Television series
Films
Theater
Books
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
South Korean gay actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male musical theatre actors
South Korean male stage actors
South Korean male models
LGBT actors from South Korea
LGBT rights activists from South Korea
Hanyang University alumni
Gay politicians
LGBT entertainers from South Korea |
5386076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procolophonia | Procolophonia | The Procolophonia are a suborder of herbivorous reptiles that lived from the Middle Permian till the end of the Triassic period. They were originally included as a suborder of the Cotylosauria (later renamed Captorhinida Carroll 1988) but are now considered a clade of Parareptilia. They are closely related to other generally lizard-like Permian reptiles such as the Millerettidae, Bolosauridae, Acleistorhinidae, and Lanthanosuchidae, all of which are included under the Anapsida or "Parareptiles" (as opposed to the Eureptilia).
Classification
There are two main groups of Procolophonia, the small, lizard-like Procolophonoidea, and the Pareiasauroidea, which include the large, armoured Pareiasauridae. According to the traditional classification of Carroll 1988 as well as recent phylogenetic analyses, smaller groups like Rhipaeosauridae (now a synonym of Nycteroleteridae) and Sclerosauridae are classified with the pareiasaurs and with the procolophonids, respectively. The Nyctiphruretidae was thought to represent the sister taxon of Procolophonia by many studies, however recently discovered material places it within the group, as the sister taxon of Procolophonoidea.
The following cladogram is simplified after the phylogenetic analysis of MacDougall and Reisz (2014) and shows the placement of Procolophonia within Parareptilia. Relationships within bolded terminal clades are not shown.
Relationship to turtles
The procolophonians were traditionally thought to be ancestral to the turtles, although experts disagreed over whether turtle ancestors would be found among the Procolophonidae, the Pareiasauridae (Lee 1995,1996, 1997), or simply a generic Procolophonian ancestor. Laurin & Reisz, 1995 and Laurin & Gauthier 1996 defined the Procolophonia cladistically as "The most recent common ancestor of pareiasaurs, procolophonids, and testudines (Chelonia), and all its descendants", and listed a number of autapomorphies. However, Rieppel and deBraga 1996 and deBraga & Rieppel, 1997 argued that turtles evolved from Sauropterygians, which would mean that the Parareptilia and Procolophonia constitute wholly extinct clades that are only distantly related to living reptiles. The first genome-wide phylogenetic analysis of turtle relationships was completed by Wang et al. (2013). Using the draft genomes of Chelonia mydas and Pelodiscus sinensis, the team used the largest turtle data set to date in their analysis and concluded that turtles are likely a sister group of crocodilians and birds (Archosauria). This placement within the diapsids suggests that the turtle lineage lost diapsid skull characteristics as it now possesses an anapsid skull.
References
Notes
Sources
Carroll, R. L., (1988), Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution (incl. Appendix; Vertebrate Classification), W.H. Freeman & Co. New York
deBraga M. & O. Rieppel. 1997. Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 281-354.
Kuhn, O, 1969, Cotylosauria, part 6 of Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie (Encyclopedia of Palaeoherpetology), Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart & Portland
Laurin, M., & Gauthier, J. A., 1996 Phylogeny and Classification of Amniotes, at the Tree of Life Web Project
Laurin, M. & R. R. Reisz. 1995. A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 113: 165-223.
Lee, M. S. Y. 1995. Historical burden in systematics and the interrelationships of 'Parareptiles'. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 70: 459-547.
Lee M. S. Y. 1996. Correlated progression and the origin of turtles. Nature 379: 812-815.
Lee, M. S. Y., 1997: Pareiasaur phylogeny and the origin of turtles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 120, pp. 197–280
Rieppel O. & M. deBraga. 1996. Turtles as diapsid reptiles. Nature 384: 453-455.
External links
Basal Anapsids - Palaeos
Procolophonomorphs
Permian reptiles
Triassic reptiles
Guadalupian first appearances
Late Triassic extinctions |
5386084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Westley | David Westley | David Westley (born 7 June 1974) is a former professional rugby league footballer and assistant coach of the Papua New Guinea . A Papua New Guinea international front-rower, he played club football for the Canberra Raiders, with whom he won the 1994 Winfield Cup Premiership before spending time with the Parramatta Eels and the Northern Eagles.
Playing career
Westley's junior club was the Cairns Kangaroos. He was Canberra's Rookie of the Year in 1993, and was a part of the Grand Final winning side in 1994 as they defeated Canterbury-Bankstown in the decider. As of the 2020 NRL season, this has been Canberra's last premiership victory.
The following year, Westley was selected to play for Papua New Guinea in the 1995 World Cup in England. Westley played for Canberra until the end of the 1999 NRL season before departing the club to sign with Parramatta. Westley played 25 games for Parramatta in his first season at the club as they reached the preliminary final against Brisbane which Parramatta lost 16–10 at Stadium Australia. He played eight games the following year at Parramatta finished as runaway Minor Premiers. In 2002, he signed for the Northern Eagles playing twelve games. He then returned to Cairns to coach the senior side.
References
1974 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
Canberra Raiders players
Parramatta Eels players
Northern Eagles players
Papua New Guinea national rugby league team players
Australian people of Papua New Guinean descent
Rugby league props |
5386096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20J.%20Salzman | Peter J. Salzman | Peter J. Salzman was a computer hacker and former senior member of the hacking group, Legion of Doom, in the 1980s. He was the first hacker apprehended during Operation Sundevil and was caught while serving in the United States Air Force as a computer cryptography specialist.
Salzman was the founder and many time president of the Linux Users Group of Davis. He finished a Ph.D. at University of California at Davis in physics, doing a dissertation on the semi-classical theory of gravitation, a subtopic of quantum gravity. He is also the author and former maintainer of the popular guides Using GNU's GDB Debugger and Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide.
He co-authored (along with Norman Matloff) a popular book on computer program debugging called "The Art of Debugging with GDB", which was published on April 15, 2008.
Salzman finished a Master of Quantitative Finance at Baruch College. He worked as a quantitative developer for Fitch Ratings and Fitch Solutions before becoming a quantitative analyst for Algorithmics. He is currently a quantitative analyst for IBM.
External links
Peter Jay Salzman's dissertation: Investigation of the Time Dependent Schrodinger-Newton Equation
Living people
Financial economists
University of California, Davis alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5386106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landship | Landship | A landship is a large vehicle that travels exclusively on land. Its name is meant to distinguish it from vehicles that travel through other mediums such as conventional ships, airships, and spaceships.
Military committees
Landship Committee
The British Landship Committee formed during World War I to develop armored vehicles for use in trench warfare. The British proposed building "landships," super-heavy tanks capable of crossing the trench systems of the Western Front. The committee originated from the armored car division of the Royal Naval Air Service. It gained the notable support of Winston Churchill.
Military vehicles
Tank
The tank was originally referred to as the landship, owing to the continuous development from the Landship Committee. The concept of a 1,000-ton armored, fighting machine on land quickly became too impractical and too costly for it to be realistically conceived. As such, the landship project proposed a smaller vehicle. The first conceptual tank prototype was for a 300-ton vehicle that would be made by suspending a "sort of Crystal Palace body" between three enormous wheels, allegedly inspired by the Great Wheel at Earls Court in London. Six of these 'Big Wheel' landships were eventually commissioned. However, even at a revised weight, 300 tons was considered impractical given the technology present, but the influence of the big wheel would persist in the "creeping grip" tracks of the first tanks, which were wrapped around the entire body of the machine.
Mark I tank
The constant revision eventually led to the creation of the first tank. While the Mark 1 and later variations were smaller than the initial behemoths engineers envisioned, they still used naval guns, including the QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss, later shortened to the QF 6-pounder guns.
Schwerer Gustav
Schwerer Gustav was a German super heavy Railway gun developed in the late 1930s. It was the largest caliber rifled weapon ever used in combat and, in terms of overall weight, the heaviest mobile artillery piece ever built. With a length of 47.3 meters (155 feet, 2 inches), a width of 7.1 meters (23 feet, 4 inches) and a height of 11.6 meters (38 feet, 1 inch), the Schwerer Gustav weighed 1,350 tonnes. The gun's massive size required its own diesel-powered generator, a special railway track, and an oversized crew of 2,750 (250 to assemble and fire the gun in 3 days and 2,500 to lay the tracks). By definition, the Schwerer Gustav would have qualified as a landship, albeit one limited to rails.
Super-heavy tank
Super-heavy tanks are massive tanks, concepts of which led to gargantuan vehicles rivaling naval warships. Super-heavy tanks such as the British TOG2 and the Soviet T-42 were built in a similar layout as naval battleships, albeit on a smaller scale.
T-35
The T-35 was a Soviet multi-turreted heavy tank. Nicknamed the "Land Battleship," it continues to be one of few armored historical vehicles named as such.
Landkreuzer P. 1000 Ratte
The Landkreuzer P. 1000 Ratte was a proposed super-heavy tank from Nazi Germany. If completed, the Ratte would have been 35 meters (115 feet) long, 14 meters (46 feet) wide, and 11 meters (36 feet) high, with a weight of 1,000 tons. Moreover, its primary armament would have had 2x280mm 54.5 SK C/34 naval guns, with two MG-151/15 15-mm machine guns and eight FlaK 38 20-mm anti-aircraft guns, weighing 8.1 kg (18 pounds).
Landkreuzer P. 1500 Monster
The Landkreuzer P. 1500 Monster was a proposed super-heavy self-propelled gun also devised by Nazi Germany. "The Monster," if built would have been larger than the Ratte, weighing at 1,500 tons.
Civilian vehicles
The vast majority of the world's largest terrestrial vehicles come from the engineering and mining sector. As their role involves the collection of vast underground resources in large bulk, their physical dimensions dramatically increased to accommodate the transferral of these materials; easily dwarfing any other ground vehicles by several orders of magnitude. These vehicles listed are:
Antarctic Snow Cruiser – An unsuccessful vehicle designed to explore Antarctica.
Bucket-wheel excavators – A large civilian mining vehicle. Their large size are compared to ocean liners on land. The Bagger 293 remains the heaviest land vehicle ever made.
Conveyor bridges – Large mining vehicles used in open-pit mining. The Overburden Conveyor Bridge F60 is considered the largest vehicle in physical dimensions of any type and has been referred to as a "lying Eiffel Tower."
Bucket chain excavators – Similar in size to bucket-wheel excavators and used in surface mining and dredging.
Dragline excavators – Massive excavators that move by "walking" on two, pneumatic feet. The Big Muskie was one of the largest terrestrial vehicles ever built.
Extremely large power shovels – The Captain rivaled bucket-wheel excavators and dragline excavators in sheer size.
Spreaders are incredibly large ground vehicles that are meant to 'spread' overburden into a neat, consistent and orderly manner. They closely resemble both a bucket-wheel excavator and a stacker in appearance. They are identifiable by their long discharge boom which can range as long as 195 meters in length.
Stackers are mining vehicles that exclusively run on rails and are imposing in size, with some stacker-reclaimer hybrids having a boom length of 25 to 60 meters. These vehicles may resemble a spreader, however, a stacker's role is to pile bulk material onto a stockpile so that a reclaimer could collect and redistribute the materials. Stackers, therefore, often work in conjunction with reclaimers.
Reclaimers are mining vehicles that, like stackers, run exclusively on rails. Reclaimers are traditionally very wide vehicles that come in various shapes and types; from bridge reclaimers to overarching portal reclaimers and the bucket-wheel reclaimers which superfluously resemble a bucket-wheel excavator in appearance. Reclaimers, as its name implies, 'reclaim' bulk material such as ores and cereals from a stockpile dumped by a stacker and are quite large, with bucket-wheel types usually having a boom length of 25 to 60 meters. As such, these two vehicles often work in conjunction with each other.
Tunnel boring machines – Large underground vehicles designed to drill and create subterranean subway transits, some of which weigh about 5,000 tons.
The NASA crawler-transporter – An ultra-heavy transporter used to ferry spacecraft to the launching pad. At 2,000 tons each, they are the largest ground vehicle that still use an internal combustion engine as its source of propulsion rather than being reliant on an external power source.
Mobile gantry cranes and container cranes are notable for their large, imposing size and dimensions with weights varying from 900 tons up to 2000 tons. These vehicles are either driven by wheels or rails and require a small crew for their size. The largest gantry cranes such as Samson and Goliath are known to be one of the largest movable land machines in the world, with the Honghai Crane being the largest and the most powerful of its kind at 150m tall, a span of 124m and the total weight of 14,800 tons, with the strength to lift up to 22,000 tons.
Breitspurbahn – A proposed civilian railway line envisioned by Adolf Hitler. These super enlarged transit lines would have accommodated ultra-wide trains that would be 500 meters (1,640 feet) long.
Design concepts
The Walking City – A form of drivable arcologies.
Parades and events
Barbados Landship – A Barbadian cultural tradition and event that mimics the British Navy.
Fictional examples
One of the first examples of the landship concept occurred in "The Land Ironclads." Created by science fiction author H.G. Wells, this was the most prominent and influential fictional landship, as it helped inspired the Landship Committee and, in turn, the tank and other armored fighting vehicles before World War I.
In the Mortal Engines series, large landships called "traction cities" hunt smaller vehicles in the practicing of "Municipal Darwinism."
In Homeworld: Deserts of Kharak, literal land-bound aircraft carriers and land battleships are the primary mode of transporting firepower and air power in the largely desert terrain of the world of Kharak.
In Warhammer 40,000, large land battleships, including the Capitol Imperialis and the Colossus, battle giant mechs known as Titans.
The Halo franchise used large, terrestrial vehicles, including the Mammoth and the Elephan, as troop transports. The Covenant use even larger vehicles, such as the Harvester, the Kraken and the Draugr.
In Haze, the main base of operations for the protagonist is a large, mobile terrestrial aircraft carrier.
In Star Wars, the Jawas use the Sandcrawlers as a mobile base of operations.
In the Fallout universe, the Enclave faction used a modified crawler-transporter as a mobile base of operations.
The Dystopian Wars wargame and miniature series is set in an alternate history where steampunk technology has advanced to the point that almost every major nation has access to functional landships.
See also
Seaship – Seacraft simply known as a ship, large waterborne vessels used for commerce, maritime trade, and naval expeditions.
Airship – Large aircraft that are the airborne equivalent of naval vessels, mostly used for weather and scientific research purposes.
Spacecraft – Large vehicles used to transport objects into space, which can be split into expandable rockets or reusable spaceplanes.
Landship Committee
Road train
Armoured train
Super-heavy tank
Tsar tank
List of largest machines
References
Engineering vehicles
Off-road vehicles |
5386121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return%20of%20the%20Boom%20Bap | Return of the Boom Bap | Return of the Boom Bap is the first solo studio album by American hip hop musician KRS-One. It was released in 1993 through Jive Records. Recording sessions took place at D&D Studios and at Battery Studios in New York. Production was handled by DJ Premier, Kid Capri, Norty Cotto, Showbiz and KRS-One himself. It features guest appearances from Ill Will and Kid Capri. The album peaked at number 37 on the Billboard 200 and number 5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums in the United States.
The album produced two singles: "Outta Here" and "Sound of da Police". The latter reached number 89 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The track "P Is Still Free" appeared on the Menace II Society (The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) labeled as a B.D.P. track. The track "Black Cop" was originally released as a 12" single and a track for the CB4 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), thus also labeled as a B.D.P. track.
In 1998, the album was selected as one of The Sources 100 Best Rap Albums. According to KRS-One, the album has sold over 300,000 copies.
Track listing
Sample credits
Track 7 contains a sample of "Inside-Looking Out" written by Eric Burdon, Chas Chandler and Alan Lomax and performed by Grand Funk Railroad
Track 9 contains a sample of "Kill the Bitch" written by Karen Christina Chin, Wycliffe Johnson and Cleveland Browne and performed by Sasha
Track 13 contains a sample of "Poinciana" written by Buddy Bernier, Nat Simon and Frederick Russell Jones and performed by Ahmad Jamal
Track 14 contains a sample of "Blackula" written and performed by Gene Page
Charts
Album chart positions
Singles chart positions
References
External links
KRS-One albums
1993 debut albums
Jive Records albums
Albums produced by KRS-One
Albums produced by DJ Premier
Albums produced by Showbiz (producer) |
5386146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verso%20sciolto | Verso sciolto | In Italian poetry, verso sciolto (plural versi sciolti) refers to poetry written in hendecasyllables and lacking rhyme. It is very similar to blank verse in English poetry, and the two terms are often used interchangeably.
Music term (Verso) sciolto means Free and Unrestricted (informal) lighthearted in tone.
Psychology: Extremely civil and pleasant. Unthreatening. welcoming.
Sciolto is an italic literal meaning loosely:
noun:
a replete freedom or libre
the ideal of liberty
verb:
set at liberty, indefinitely, with no conditions, concessions, compromises, terms (of endearment or otherwise).
Musical notation |
5386154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Durnian | Denis Durnian | Denis Durnian (born 30 June 1950) is an English professional golfer.
Durnian was born in Wigan, Greater Manchester. He turned professional in 1969 and played on the European Tour from the early 1970s to the early 1990s. He never won a European Tour event, but he finished second four occasions, with one being a defeat in a matchplay final, and twice losing out in a playoff. His best finish on the European Tour Order of Merit was 20th in 1988. In 1985 he won the PLM Open, which became a European Tour event the following season, and he was twice the British Club Professional Champion.
Durnian played in The Open Championship every year from 1982 to 1990, only making the 36-hole cut on one occasion, in 1983 at Royal Birkdale, when he went on to finish tied for 8th place. During the second round he set the record for the lowest nine-hole total in the Open, with 28 on the front nine.
After turning fifty Durnian joined the European Seniors Tour. He has won three tournaments at that level and was second on the end of season Order of Merit in both 2001 and 2002.
Professional wins (7)
Swedish Golf Tour wins (1)
Other wins (3)
1982 British Club Professional Championship
1984 British Club Professional Championship, PGA Fourball Championship (with Derrick Cooper, tied with Philip Posnett & Peter Hanna)
European Senior Tour wins (3)
European Senior Tour playoff record (1–2)
Playoff record
European Tour playoff record (0–2)
Results in major championships
Note: Durnian only played in The Open Championship.
CUT = missed the half-way cut (3rd round cut in 1978 Open Championship)
"T" indicates a tie for a place
Team appearances
Dunhill Cup (representing England): 1989
World Cup (representing England): 1989
PGA Cup (representing Great Britain and Ireland): 1981 (tie), 1982, 1984 (winners), 1986
UBS Warburg Cup (representing the Rest of the World): 2001, 2002
References
External links
English male golfers
European Tour golfers
European Senior Tour golfers
Sportspeople from Wigan
Sportspeople from Chorley
1950 births
Living people |
5386174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta%20Zadow | Augusta Zadow | Christiane Susanne Augustine "Augusta" Zadow (née Hofmeyer; 27 August 1846 – 7 July 1896) was a German-Australian trade unionist.
Early years
She was born in Runkel in the Duchy of Nassau, she was educated at the Ladies' Seminary, Biebrich-on-Rhine, and following her studies became a governess. By 1868 she was working as a tailoress in London, England. She met her husband Christian Wilhelm Zadow, a tailor and political refugee from Germany, in London and the pair married in 1871 and travelled to Australia with their young son on the Robert Lees, arriving in Adelaide, South Australia, in 1877.
Union activities
In Adelaide, Zadow became an advocate for women working in clothing factories. She was a major contributor to the establishment of the Working Women's Trades Union in 1890 and was a delegate to the United Trades and Labour Council of South Australia. Mary Lee, David Charleston and Zadow prepared a list of fair wages and prices for use in Adelaide.
Zadow spoke in favor of women's suffrage and was a supporter of the Women's Suffrage League and Mary Lee.
Following the franchise of women in South Australia in 1894, she was appointed a factory inspector by the government of Charles Kingston. She inspected factories and monitored working conditions for women and minors.
Personal life
She died of haematemesis following an illness from influenza in 1896 while preparing a report on the Factories Act. She was buried at the West Terrace Cemetery.
Recognition
The Augusta Zadow Scholarship was formed in her honour in 1994. It is awarded annually to individuals involved in women's health and safety issues in South Australia.
See also
Agnes Milne
References
Jones, H. Zadow, Christiane Susanne Augustine (Augusta) (1846–1896), Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 12, Melbourne University Press, 1990, p. 604.
External links
Office for Women
Australian Dictionary of Biography
The Australian Women's Register
SA Memory
1846 births
1896 deaths
Australian suffragists
Australian trade unionists
People from Limburg-Weilburg
Burials at West Terrace Cemetery
German emigrants to Australia |
5386187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampires%20vs.%20Zombies | Vampires vs. Zombies | Vampires vs. Zombies is a 2004 American independent horror film loosely based upon J. Sheridan Le Fanu's classic 1872 novel Carmilla. Unlike Le Fanu's story, however, most of the action in the film takes place inside a car. The title and cover artwork were obviously inspired by the then-current horror film Freddy vs. Jason, but the movie itself bears less resemblance to this counterpart compared to other, more blatant Asylum mockbusters. The movie was originally titled Vampires vs. Zombies, but it has since then been changed to Carmilla, the Lesbian Vampire. Vince D'Amato is the director and screenwriter of this film.
Synopsis
Nightmare
The film begins with a scene showing a sleeping girl being menaced by a female vampire in her bedroom. The dream is abandoned when the sleeping girl wakes up screaming in the front seat of her father's forest green Jeep Cherokee. She then tells her father that she has had "the same dream again".
Speeding Crash
Jenny and her father, Travis, who is at the helm of said forest green Jeep Cherokee, are driving at a steady 5 miles per hour, to an undisclosed location. Suddenly there is an incident. Jenny yells out "DAD!" as the jeep proceeds to plow over a zombie dressed up like a roadside construction worker. The zombie's head goes flying skyward immediately following the impact, though its body still shows a head visibly attached. The audience is then treated to a techno rave ballad as the jeep fades from view, and the beginning credits roll.
Zombie Hell
A radio news reporter describes a recent and horrific epidemic of zombiedom that has swept the calm countryside of the once peaceful set of woods with one road and a gas station. The reports indicate that a symptom of said outbreak is "murder". They then pull up beside a stalled car with three occupants: an older woman and two younger women- one of whom is bound and gagged. Ignoring the bound and gagged girl, Travis gives the other girl a lift. This girl is possibly a vampire named Carmilla, or possibly not. This is followed by a very long sequence at a roadside gas-station in which a strange woman in gothic make-up (possibly a witch or sorceress) hands them a necklace.
Checking into the Madhouse
As the gas-station attendant (played by producer Rob Carpenter) gets sucked into an orgy of violence at the hands of vampires/zombies, Travis, his daughter Jenny, and Carmilla drive off, only to break down further down the road. They are stranded for hours until a guy in a Land Rover drives up. As the driver is turning into a vampire, Travis kills him and uses some of his supplies to fix the jeep. He lets Jenny and Carmilla steal the Land Rover. As Travis drives ahead in the jeep, Carmilla and Jenny indulge in lesbian sex in the commandeered Land Rover. The destination is the original crypt Carmilla had been buried in. Flashbacks of a madhouse emerge, where Carmilla is revealed to be a nurse, and Jenny her insane patient. Later, they make their way to the crypt, where they encounter more zombies/vampires. After the true reality of the situation is revealed, they check into a motel. Bright-red stage blood flows in these gory and surreal scenes, which could be delusional or possibly flash-backs. There is also a vampire-hunter known as 'The General' who may be pursuing them, or possibly, arranging a rendezvous, due to his daughter being kidnapped by a female colleague of Carmilla.
The film ends with a spinning book and the words, The End.
Critical reception
According to 'Dr Gore' the film demonstrates "Grade-Z incompetence". He gives it a "Landfill" rating.
'Wooden Spoon' describes the film's script as "abominable" and opines that it is "worse than Troll 2".
'Movie House Commentary' reflects that "the actors deliver their lines with the unnatural inflections of small-time appliance store owners doing their own local TV commercials".
According to Something Awful's Movie Review, director "Vince D'Amato took a premise that was basically guaranteed to make his movie an instant hit with the indie horror crowd in spite of his nonexistent budget, and he fucked it until it bled. The resulting wretched, scarred, abused, tortured rape victim of a movie is an unwatchable seventy minutes of shattered homes and broken dreams."
Some reviews of the film are positive: Horror Express stated that "what we have is a film that purports to be based on Sheridan Le Fanu's short story, 'Carmilla.' I've read that story more than once, and although this is a loose adaptation, it's more faithful than some other filmmakers who adapted Le Fanu's work, seemingly without reading it."
DVD release
The film was released on DVD on September 12, 2008.
References
External links
2004 horror films
2004 direct-to-video films
2004 independent films
The Asylum films
American vampire films
American zombie films
2004 films
Films based on works by Sheridan Le Fanu
Films directed by Vince D'Amato
Films based on Irish novels
Films based on horror novels
2000s English-language films
2000s American films |
5386211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20Spring | Political Spring | Political Spring (, Politiki Anixi) was a Greek conservative political party founded in June 1993 by Antonis Samaras. The party was formed after Antonis Samaras broke away from the governing New Democracy party after being dismissed as Foreign Minister over his hardline stance on the Macedonia naming dispute.
Political Spring gained 4.9% in the National Elections of 1993 earning ten seats in the Parliament. It gained 8.7% in the elections for the European Parliament in 1994 earning two seats. Its decline started in the National Elections of 1996, when it gained 2.94%, just below the national threshold of 3%, thus not being able to earn any seats in the Parliament. It participated in the elections for European Parliament in 1999, but it got 2.3% which was again below the threshold and considered a major failure leading to gradual dissolution of the party. Political Spring did not participate in the elections of 2000, but Antonis Samaras publicly supported the New Democracy party. Before the next general elections in April 2004, Samaras rejoined New Democracy and he was elected as an MEP in June 2004.
Electoral results
References
Conservative parties in Greece
Eastern Orthodox political parties
Defunct political parties in Greece
1993 establishments in Greece
Political parties established in 1993
2000 disestablishments in Greece
Political parties disestablished in 2000
1990s in Greek politics |
5386212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Artemis%20Complex | The Artemis Complex | The Artemis Complex is the debut album for Interface, released in January 1999. Originally self-pressed and intended to be sold independently, it wasn't long before Tinman Records signed Interface to a distribution deal. Between the album's release and the band's increasing marketing presence on the internet, Interface's fanbase grew accordingly. Tinman also lifted the track "Frantic" for their compilation CD Ringworm V1 in early 1999. It received favorable reviews in publications like "DAMN!" magazine and the Long Island Press.
Overall, the album's raw, gritty sound is reminiscent of mid 1990s electro-industrial, combining definitive recordings of tracks heard on earlier demo tapes with newer dance tracks and atmospheric instrumentals. The album was mainly performed, produced, and recorded by Eric Eldredge in the fall of 1998. It includes two of the band's most enduring songs, "Metalstorm" and "The Softest Blade".
The album's name comes from an article in a psychology magazine about women's behavior patterns when expecting negative results from romantic relationships before they occur.
The cover was designed by photo artist Kim Lauer, and depicts a heavily manipulated image of the Greek goddess Artemis.
With the now-defunct Tinman label's quantities depleted, the original album is now out of print.
2007 Re-Release
In 2007, Nilaihah Records had the album re-mastered and re-released through its digital download outlets. The updated album is not currently available on CD. In addition to the entire track listing being preserved, the new version also includes 3 remixes of "Metalstorm".
Track listing
"Artemis 1" – 2:20
"Frantic" – 5:09
"Tortoise" – 4:00
"Autostation" – 7:03
"Black Sun" – 5:03
"Artemis 2" – 5:06
"Metalstorm" – 4:53
"Heaven and Hell" – 4:08
"Artemis 3" – 1:43
"The Softest Blade" – 6:33
"Horizon Orient" – 4:31
"Syndrome" – 5:29
"Ore" – 4:54
Bonus tracks on 2007 re-release:
"Metalstorm (GASR Remix)"
"Metalstorm (Blind Dead Mix by Monoculture)"
"Metalstorm (HypoFixx Remix)"
1999 albums
Interface (band) albums |
5386226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%20Capo | Fran Capo | Fran Capo is a motivational keynote speaker, comedienne, voice-over artist and author. She is the holder of 9 world records, most known as the Guinness Book of World Records Fastest Speaking woman, clocked at 603.32 wpm. She broke her 9th world record while on the Tedx stage when she did her 18-minute talk, then redid the entire talk in 59 seconds.
Biography
Fran Capo was born in Greenwich Village in New York City. She graduated from Queens College with a BA minor in Philosophy and Major in Media & Accounting. She had perfect attendance throughout all of high school and college, and also made Arista and Dean's List.
Capo was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records (1989), Ripley's Believe it or Not! (2006) the Book of Alternative Records (2006, 2019). She is listed in the Guinness World Records as the fastest-talking female, having broken the record twice. Capo set the current record on June 5, 1990 at the Guinness Museum in Las Vegas, speaking at 603.32 wpm in 54.2 seconds. She first broke the record speaking 585 words-per-minute (wpm) on Larry King Live on March 5, 1986. Then rebroke the fast talking record at 603.32 wpm at the Guinness Museum in Las Vegas in front of Press with an adjucator present. She has toured the world with fellow world record holders to open Guinness museums in Chicago, NYC, Singapore and Korea. Capo also holds a record for highest elevation for a book signing, as the only author to do a book-signing on top of Mount Kilimanjaro. and the deepest book signing down by the wreck site of the Titanic. (Record Holders Republic). As an adventurer, Fran has run in one New York City Marathon- 2000. Driven race cars, done zero G, scaled a castle wall in Austria, bungee jumped, scuba dived with sharks, walked on hot coals, and eaten fire.
Capo has appeared on over 500 television and 4500 radio shows, including Entertainment Tonight, Larry King Live, Last Call with Carson Daly, Good Morning America, The Martha Stewart Show, the Fox News, Dog Eat Dog, Nick at Nite, “More than Human” the Discovery Channel and most recently on MTV's “What’s my secret”. She has co-hosted a TV show called, “Live it up! With Donna Drake Some of her 22 books include. “It Happened in New Jersey”, “It Happened in Pennsylvania”, “Myths and Mysteries of New York,” “Myths and Mysteries of New Jersey”. Also the true comic crime novel, “Almost a Wise Guy” and her spiritual book which hit #11 on Amazon, “Hopeville:The city of Light.” She also has written for international magazines, as well as writing a weekly blog and podcast called, Fran's World. During Covid, she did 52 episodes of Cuppa Capo on FB live.
In her capacity as a certified hypnotherapist, she created both a nighttime and morning Mindset Meditations for relaxation, positive energy, anxiety reduction, healing and peaceful sleep.
She also appeared as a contestant on a special world record holders edition of The Weakest Link in November 2002. Although, she was voted off in the first round, her humorous performance caught the eye of the producer and the very next day she was cast in “Dog eat Dog”. Currently she is listed in the pop culture app word genius as the definition of the word Loquacious.
Acting wise Capo has several movies and videos. Her music video's include, David Bowie's “Fashion” (her first video she appears 2:09 seconds in - a very funny story about how she got that appears in her stories section on her website.) She's also in Rick Springfield's Netflex documentary, “An Affair of the Heart.” Movie wise, she's in the 22 time independent short film winner, “Father and Father” (2018), Sundance Grand Award winner, “Sunday” (1997), Z Dead End (2018), the animated film “Herbie and the Smushies” (2018) etc. As comic rapper “June East” (Mae West's long lost sister), she toured with LL Cool J and the Fat Boys with her song parady, “Rappin Mae” (Billboard Magazine 1986
Capo has also been a spokesperson for many companies including Masterfoods, Auntie Anne's pretzels, Chock full o'Nuts, Perdue chicken, Citibank, and Ripley's Believe it or Not!.
After her divorce, Capo raised her son, Spencer, as a single mother in New York, with family help. She is presently happily married and they share their home with two rescue cats.
See also
John Moschitta Jr., former fastest male speaker
Steve Woodmore, Former fastest speaker
References
External links
Books by Fran Capo at WorldCat
Living people
American bloggers
American humorists
American motivational speakers
Women motivational speakers
American travel writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American comedians
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women writers
Queens College, City University of New York alumni
People from Greenwich Village
American women travel writers |
5386230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunsuke%20Kikuchi | Shunsuke Kikuchi | was a Japanese composer who was active from the early 1960s until 2017. He specialized in incidental music for media such as television and film. Kikuchi was regarded as one of Japan's most highly demanded film and TV composers, working principally on tokusatsu and anime productions, as well as violent action films, jidaigeki, and television dramas.
Early life and education
Kikuchi was born on 1 November 1931 in the city of Hirosaki in Aomori Prefecture. He graduated from Aomori Prefectural Hirosaki Technical High School, specializing in mechanics. Shunsuke then attended the Nihon University College of Art.
Career
After graduating from the Nihon University College of Art, he made his debut composing for the 1961 film . The Tō-Ō Nippō Press wrote that the contrast between the heroic opening theme and the melancholic ballad ending theme that Kikuchi composed for the 1969 Tiger Mask anime, "changed Japanese anime music." Kikuchi composed the song , sung by Meiko Kaji, for the early 1970s Female Convict Scorpion series was included in the American film Kill Bill and on its soundtrack. The Tō-Ō Nippō Press also wrote that the success of the TV drama Abarenbō Shōgun, which aired for 800 episodes from 1978 to 2008, had people say; "If Shunsuke Kikuchi is in charge of the music, the show will be a hit."
In 1976 kikuchi composed the music for Divine Demon-Dragon Gaiking (大空魔竜ガイキング, Daikū Maryū Gaikingu); in 1979 composed "Doraemon no Uta", the theme song of the Doraemon anime, which ran on TV for 26 years. Up-tempo works like those in Kamen Rider and Abarenbō Shōgun form the majority of Kikuchi's works, while his slow background music from long-running series have become some of his best-known works. Some notable works that he composed for, include anime and tokusatsu like Doraemon, Kamen Rider, Dragon Ball, Dragon Ball Z, jidaigeki such as Abarenbō Shōgun and Chōshichirō Edo Nikki, and TBS Saturday-night productions ranging from Key Hunter to G-Men '75 became long-running hit series.
Retirement and death
Kikuchi ceased composing music in 2017, when he stated that he was taking a break to be treated for an illness. Kikuchi died while being treated for pneumonia in a hospital in Tokyo on 24 April 2021. His death was announced four days later.
Awards
In 1983 Kikuchi was nominated for the Japan Academy Prize for Music for his work on The Gate of Youth and To Trap a Kidnapper. He received an Award of Merit at the 2013 Tokyo Anime Awards.
Kikuchi has won several annual awards from the Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers based on the royalties he earned from his works in the previous year. He won the International Award, which is based on foreign income, in 1983 (UFO Robot Grendizer), 1989 (UFO Robot Grendizer), 2008 (Dragon Ball Z), 2010 (Doraemon), 2012 (Doraemon), 2015 (Dragon Ball Z), 2016 (Kiteretsu Daihyakka), 2018 (Dragon Ball Z), and 2019 (Dragon Ball Z). He came in second in overall royalties in 2004 (Dragon Ball Z). In 2015, he received a lifetime achievement award at the 57th Japan Record Awards.
Selected works
Abare Hasshū Goyō Tabi (1991-1994)
The Unfettered Shogun / Abarenbō Shōgun (1978)
Arabian Nights: Sinbad's Adventures (1975-1976)
Babel II (1973)
Casshan (1973-1974)
Castle of Sand (1977)
Chōshichirō Edo Nikki (1983-1991)
Daimos (1978-1979)
Danguard Ace (1977-1978)
Denjin Zaborger (1974-1975)
Doraemon (1979-2005)
Dotakon (1981)
Dr. Slump and Arale-chan (1981-1986)
Dragon Ball (1986-1989)
Dragon Ball Z (1989-1996)
Dragon Ball: Yo! Son Goku and His Friends Return!! (2008)
Dragon Ball Z Kai (2011, replacing Kenji Yamamoto (composer born 1958); music taken from Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z)
Dragon Princess (1976)
Female Convict 701: Scorpion (1972)
Gaiking (1976-1977)
Gamera vs. Guiron (1969)
Gamera vs. Jiger (1970)
Gamera vs. Zigra (1971)
Gamera: Super Monster (1980)
G-Men '75 (1975-82)
Getter Robo (1974-1975) and Getter Robo G (1975-1976)
Goke, Body Snatcher from Hell (1968)
High School! Kimengumi (1985-1987)
Hurricane Polymar (1974-1975)
Jumborg Ace (1973)
Kamen Rider (first series - ZX) (1971-1984)
Kiteretsu Daihyakka (1988-1996)
Kure Kure Takora (1973-1974)
La Seine no Hoshi (1975-1976)
Message from Space: Galactic Wars (1978-1979) (with Kenichiro Morioka)
Little Ghost Q-Taro (1985-1987)
Robot Detective / Robot Keiji (1973)
Ronin of the Wilderness (1972-1974)
Sakigake!! Otokojuku (1988)
Sister Street Fighter / Revenge of the Dragon / Onna Hissatsu Ken (1974)
Starzinger / Spaceketeers / Sci-Bots (1978-1979)
Tenchi in Tokyo / New Tenchi Muyo (1997)
Terror Beneath the Sea (1966)
The Fierce Battles of Edo (1979)
Tiger Mask (1969-1971) and Tiger Mask II (1981-1982)
Tōyama no Kin-san (with Ryōtarō Sugi)
UFO Robo Grendizer (1975-1977)
Zero Woman: Red Handcuffs (1974)
References
External links
1931 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Japanese composers
21st-century Japanese composers
Anime composers
Deaths from pneumonia in Japan
Japanese film score composers
Japanese male film score composers
Japanese music arrangers
People from Hirosaki |
5386248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masconomet%20Regional%20High%20School | Masconomet Regional High School | Masconomet Regional High School, is co-located with Masconomet Regional Middle School in Boxford, Massachusetts, United States and serves the towns of Boxford, Middleton and Topsfield. Masconomet Regional Middle School serves grades 7 and 8 while the Masconomet Regional High School serves grades 9 through 12. The current school superintendent is Michael Harvey. Both schools are located on the same property, and share a cafeteria, gym, auditorium, and buses.
Location
The school building housing both the regional middle and high schools is located on Endicott Street in Boxford off of Exit 51 on US Interstate 95.
Masconomet lies at the intersection of the towns of Topsfield, Boxford and Middleton, the towns which it serves. The property is completely in Boxford, however, the mailing address was in Topsfield (until the 2014-15 school year) due to Boxford's post office being too small to handle all of Masco's mail upon the school's inception. Masconomet was created by a charter of the three towns created in 1959. Masconomet celebrated its 50th anniversary during the 2009-2010 school year.
History
Masconomet Regional High School was named after Chief Masconomet, sagamore of the Agawam tribe that lived in Essex County at the time of the English colonization. The original school building was constructed in 1959 and rebuilt in 2002. When the school was rebuilt in 2002, the old high school building was converted into a two-story middle school and a new three-story high school was built adjacent to the middle school facility.
Classes
Masconomet offers a large selection of academic course offering. A strong core curriculum is enhanced by a large selection of elective courses. Electives include courses in EMT training, co-taught science/social studies courses, forensics, 1960s course, early childhood, and a strong variety of computer education courses including computer gaming. In 2006 the Assistant Principal, Donald A. Doliber was named Assistant Principal of the Year and in 2008 David Mitchell was named National History Teacher of the Year.
Athletics
Masco plays in the Northeastern Conference. The school's colors are Alizarian Crimson & Eggshell
.
The football team has seen much success in the past decade with a number of playoff appearances. Masco returned to the Super Bowl for the second time in school history, facing Marshfield but lost 13-12.
In 2017 the football team had the opportunity to play against Everett High School in Fenway Park, the day before thanksgiving.
The Baseball team earned the Division II Massachusetts State Championship in 2000 by defeating Drury 7-2. They defeated the 22-0 Danvers squad in the second round, North Andover, and then Westford Academy to capture the North Section. They defeated Franklin in walk-off fashion after 8 innings in the state semi-final on their way to earning the first title in school baseball history.
In a 2012 lacrosse game against Boston College High School, senior Jake Gillespie scored a record-tying 9 goals. Gillespie now plays lacrosse for the Jumbos of Tufts University.
The boys' hockey team earned a Co-Cape Ann League title with Wilmington in the 2008-09 season, with an overall record of 14-5-2. Then again in 2013-2014 season, with North Reading and an overall record of 15-5-2.
The golf team also won state championships in 2011.
Masconomet added girls' hockey to its varsity program in 2000, with its inaugural game being played Dec. 15, 2000 at Johnson Rink at Pingree.
In the 2013-14 school year, Masconomet won state titles in Boys' Soccer (over Walpole, 5-3) and Baseball (10-2 over Westwood). Also, the Ultimate club team won the Massachusetts state title and Northeast Regionals in Maine.
In the fall of the 2015-16 school year, Masconomet won the Division 2 North Final in Boys' Soccer (over Concord-Carlisle, 2-1).
In a December 8, 2019 game against the New England Patriots, the Kansas City Chiefs’ equipment was accidentally delivered to New Jersey. A backup plan was apparently set for the Chiefs to use Masconomet helmets.
For the 2019-2020 season, the boys Swim and Dive team went undefeated throughout the CAL dual meet season and the CAL Championship Meet at the end of the season.
Notable alumni
Abbey D'Agostino, track and field, Dartmouth College; 7-time individual NCAA track and cross country national champion, participant on the US Olympic track team in Rio 2016
Ford Fischer, journalist and filmmaker
Corey Johnson, Speaker of the New York City Council
Tim Johnson, professional cyclist, US National Cyclocross champion
Chris Kreider, NHL ice hockey player for the New York Rangers (previously played for Boston College); transferred to Phillips Academy after two years at Masconomet and then transferred back to Masconomet to officially earn his high school diploma
Donna Murphy, actress and winner of multiple Tony Awards
Debra Jo Rupp, actress, most notable on That '70s Show
Lax Lowdown column: Gillespie on Cloud 9 after record-tying scoring binge
Cape Ann League
Schools in Essex County, Massachusetts
Public high schools in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Boxford, Massachusetts |
5386253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat%20Mission%3A%20Shock%20Force | Combat Mission: Shock Force | Combat Mission: Shock Force is a computer wargame by American studio Battlefront.com in the Combat Mission series of games that covers a fictional United States invasion of Syria, focusing on U.S. Stryker brigades. It was released in 2007, marking the debut of the CMX2 game engine, the second generation of Combat Mission games.
Overview
Shock Force depicts fictional battles in the year 2008 between the Syrian Army and US Stryker Brigades. This is the original incarnation of Battlefront.com's Combat Mission series using the new CMX2 game engine. Shock Force features improved graphics and 3D modelling. Modelling of infantry features a 1:1 representation, where every single soldier is depicted in the 3D world by its own animated graphic. The new engine also features real world lighting conditions, and models sun and star positions in the sky. The engine allows the game to be played in real time in addition to the established 60-second incremental format.
Each scenario in the game contains forces drawn from either the US or Syrian Regular Army units utilizing Soviet-bloc equipment such as AK-47 assault rifles and T-72 tanks, with "blue vs. blue" and "red vs. red" scenarios also possible. "Insurgent" units are available as a sub-selection, representing guerrilla forces drawn from the Syrian population.
Content
The game shipped in a jewel case with a DVD-ROM and a printed manual. "Special Edition" versions shipped with a printed full-color poster of Syria with unit dispositions of the fictional invasion from the "Task Force Thunder" campaign marked on it, as well as a custom printed mouse pad.
Game content included a campaign of several linked scenarios, pre-made scenarios ("battles"), and maps for the "Quick Battle" system which permitted random play in one or two player mode. The game shipped with a fully operational map and scenario editor as well as a campaign creation tool.
Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. GameSpot's review started with the tag line "Combat Mission says good-bye to WWII, but hello to an inept interface, broken AI, and hideous visuals."
GamingShogun reviewed a later version of the game after several patches and stated it was "one of the most fun battle simulations" they have ever played.
Expansions
Marines
An expansion, called Combat Mission: Shock Force - Marines, was released in September 2008 and marketed by direct sale through Battlefront's website, requiring Combat Mission: Shock Force to play. The module was sold by direct download, physical disc, or both, and included the latest patch for the Shock Force base game, which was also made available via free download to all non-Marines customers and works without the module for owners of the base game. Content of Marines include an increased number of units, 15 standalone scenarios, a 14-mission campaign, and 25 new Quick Battle maps. New units represent United States Marine Corps and Syrian Airborne troops, as well as regular Syrian units such as the T-90 tank.
Marines received "average" reviews, a bit more positive than the original Shock Force, according to Metacritic. IGN said that Marines was "slightly improved."
British Forces
A second expansion module was released on July 29, 2009, bringing the British Armed Forces to the Syrian battlefield. This new module introduces units, vehicles and weapons currently in service with the British military, such as the Challenger 2 tank and Warrior IFV, and also includes the US IBCT. There is a new campaign from the British perspective, and new standalone scenarios. There are minor changes to the Syrian side, and the expansion patches the base game to version 1.20.
NATO
A third expansion module for the game was announced on May 13, 2010. This module features NATO and Coalition forces, specifically the German, Canadian and Dutch armies.
References
External links
Official website
2007 video games
Battlefront.com games
Video games about the United States Marine Corps
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Syria
Video games with expansion packs
Windows games
Windows-only games
Computer wargames
Paradox Interactive games |
5386276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Joker%20%28Steve%20Miller%20Band%20song%29 | The Joker (Steve Miller Band song) | "The Joker" is a song by the Steve Miller Band from their 1973 album The Joker. Released as a single in October 1973, the song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 in early 1974 and reached the top 20 in Australia, Canada, and the Netherlands. More than 16 years later, in September 1990, "The Joker" reached number one on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks after being used in "Great Deal", a Hugh Johnson-directed television advertisement for Levi's, thus holding the record for the longest gap between transatlantic chart-toppers. This reissue of "The Joker" also topped the Irish Singles Chart, the New Zealand Singles Chart, the Dutch Nationale Top 100, and the Dutch Top 40.
English musician Fatboy Slim covered "The Joker" and released it as a single on February 28, 2005. This version reached number 32 on the UK Singles Chart and number 29 in Ireland.
Lyrics
Miller borrowed from the hit song "Lovey Dovey", which shares the lyric, "You're the cutest thing that I ever did see / Really love your peaches, wanna shake your tree / Lovey dovey, lovey dovey, lovey dovey all the time". Ahmet Ertegun wrote the song, and the Clovers had the highest charting version in 1954.
It is one of two Steve Miller Band songs that feature the nonce word "pompatus". The first line of the lyrics is a reference to the song "Space Cowboy" from Miller's Brave New World album. The following lines refer to two other songs: "Gangster of Love" from Sailor and "Enter Maurice" from Recall the Beginning...A Journey from Eden. The line "some people call me Maurice / 'Cause I speak of the pompatus of love" was written after Miller heard the song "The Letter" by the Medallions. In "The Letter", writer Vernon Green made up the word puppetutes, meaning a paper-doll erotic fantasy figure; however, Miller misheard the word and wrote pompatus instead.
References
Cash Box said that "The Joker" "is going all the way to become [Miller's] most successful release ever."
Track listings
7-inch single (1973)
"The Joker" – 3:36
"Something to Believe In" – 4:40
7-inch single (1983 – live version)
"The Joker" (live) – 2:55
"Take the Money and Run" (live) – 3:49
7-inch single (1990)
"The Joker" (single version) – 3:34
"Don't Let Nobody Turn You Around" – 2:27
12-inch maxi (1990)
"The Joker" (LP version) – 4:22
"Don't Let Nobody Turn You Around" – 2:27
"Shu Ba Da Du Ma Ma Ma" – 5:39
CD maxi (1990)
"The Joker" (single version) – 3:34
"Don't Let Nobody Turn You Around" – 2:27
"Shu Ba Da Du Ma Ma Ma Ma" – 3:33
"Living in the U.S.A." – 3:59
Personnel
Steve Miller – guitar, lead vocals
Gerald Johnson – bass, backing vocals
Dick Thompson – organ
John King – drums
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
All-time charts
Certifications
References
External links
The Straight Dope: In Steve Miller's "The Joker," what is "the pompatus of love"?
Language Log: Dismortality and puppetutes—post on the etymology of "pompatus".
1973 singles
1973 songs
1974 singles
1990 singles
2007 singles
Astralwerks singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Capitol Records singles
Dutch Top 40 number-one singles
Fatboy Slim songs
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Songs about cannabis
Songs written by Ahmet Ertegun
Songs written by Eddie Curtis
Songs written by Steve Miller (musician)
Steve Miller Band songs
Tim McGraw songs
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Warner Records singles |
5386285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyn%20P.%20Casey | Martyn P. Casey | Martyn Paul Casey (born 10 July 1960) is an English-born Australian rock bass guitarist. He has been a member of the Triffids, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Grinderman. Casey plays either his Fender Precision Bass or Fender Jazz Bass.
Biography
Martyn Paul Casey was born in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England on 10 July 1960 and has a twin brother Mark. Casey's original band was called The Nobodies which was formed in February 1980, with Matthew Stirling (Matthew de la Hunty, later of Tall Tales and True) on guitar and Steve Eskine on drums (this line-up of the band released a cassette of their recordings). In early 1981 he left The Nobodies and played in a reggae band, A2Z. When not touring he lives in Fremantle with his wife and children where he plays with The Painkillers.
Career
The Triffids
Casey joined The Triffids in September 1982 replacing bassist Byron Sinclair. With the band, he recorded their second EP, Bad Timing and Other Stories in October. It was issued by Mushroom Records in April 1983. Mushroom let the band go shortly after its release. The group then saved money from support slots with the Hoodoo Gurus, The Church and Hunters and Collectors, to record and release their debut 12-inch vinyl album, Treeless Plain, for Hot Records, a newly established Sydney-based independent label.
In late 1984, The Triffids moved to London, and recorded the EP Field of Glass. The band's line-up stabilised with the addition of 'Evil' Graham Lee on pedal steel guitar. In August 1985, they recorded their second album, Born Sandy Devotional, with Gil Norton (Echo & the Bunnymen). The group were hailed by the British media, were featured on the John Peel show and supported Echo & the Bunnymen.
In 1986, with delays in issuing Born Sandy Devotional, the Triffids returned to Western Australia where they built an eight-track machine inside a shearing shed on the McComb family's farming property and recorded their third album In the Pines. Born Sandy Devotional was eventually released in March 1986, it reached #27 on the UK charts and #64 in Australia. On their return to the UK, they signed a three-record deal with Island Records. In 1987, armed with the considerable budget of £125,000, and the production skills of Gil Norton, David McComb and a new recruit, Adam Peters, concocted the lush orchestrations of the poignant "Bury Me Deep in Love" and the melancholic wide-screen atmosphere of the subsequent Calenture album. Despite the release of another two tracks from the album as singles, "Trick of the Light" and "Holy Water", Calenture did not have the commercial impact expected.
In 1989, the "Goodbye Little Boy" single featured in the Australian TV soap opera Neighbours. 1989 also saw The Triffids record their last studio album, The Black Swan in England, with producer Stephen Street. Despite being well received, the album wasn't an overwhelming success, which disappointed David and the rest of the band to the point where they decided to dissolve the band. To fulfill their contractual obligations with Island Records, a live album recorded in Stockholm, Stockholm, was released in 1990 the year after The Triffids had split up.
Casey, a talented artist, provides a substantial amount of the art work for the 2009 rock biography on The Triffids, Vagabond Holes: David McComb and the Triffids, edited by Australian academics Niall Lucy and Chris Coughran, including the book's cover.
The Blackeyed Susans
In 1989 Casey joined Bottomless Schooners of Old, made up of McComb on guitar, keyboards and vocals, Lee on pedal steel guitar, Robert Snarski (ex-Chad's Tree) on guitar and vocals, and Ashley Davis on drums. The Bottomless Schooners of Old were a precursor to The Blackeyed Susans He replaced Phil Kakulas who left the Blackeyed Susans for Sydney to play with Martha's Vineyard. Casey however did not appear on any of the band's recorded material and departed shortly after to join Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds.
Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds
Casey joined Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds on bass in April 1990 while the band was touring to support their record The Good Son. Guitarist Kid Congo Powers quit the Bad Seeds; Mick Harvey switched from bass to guitar and Casey was hired to fill the bassist's role. The line up of Nick Cave, Harvey, Blixa Bargeld, Conway Savage, Casey and Thomas Wydler then produced the 1992 album Henry's Dream. The next album was Live Seeds, released in September 1993, which reproduced many of the Henry's Dream songs in a more raw setting.
The Bad Seeds' went on to release Let Love In (April 1994) which contained classic tracks such as "Do You Love Me?", "Red Right Hand", and "Loverman". This was followed by band's biggest commercial success to date, Murder Ballads (February 1996), which was a culmination of Cave's long-time fascination with "the language of violence" and allowed for further bold experimentation in musical style. Collaborations with Kylie Minogue and PJ Harvey on the singles "Where The Wild Roses Grow" and "Henry Lee" respectively led to mainstream chart success and The Bad Seeds widest exposure ever. This album also saw the addition of two new Bad Seeds, Warren Ellis (Dirty Three) on violin, and Jim Sclavunos on percussion.
March 1997 saw the release of The Bad Seeds' tenth studio album, The Boatman's Call, one of the most critically acclaimed releases by the Bad Seeds. The following year saw the release of The Best of Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, a collection that spanned the group's entire history. Over the next two years Nick Cave spent working on a variety of projects, with the Bad Seeds going into hiatus.
In 2000 the band entered London's Abbey Road Studios, resulting in the April 2001 release of No More Shall We Part. The next album Nocturama was released in February 2003 to moderate critical success. The fourteenth studio album, Abattoir Blues/The Lyre of Orpheus (September 2004) was a double CD. It was the first album by the band in which Blixa Bargeld did not take part (Bargeld leaving the band to devote more time to Einstürzende Neubauten), drumming duties were split for the two albums, having Thomas Wydler and Jim Sclavunos drum on each CD.
In March 2008, the band released their 14th studio album, titled Dig, Lazarus, Dig!!!, inspired by the Biblical story of the resurrection of Lazarus of Bethany by Jesus Christ. Casey remained a member of the Bad Seeds for the subsequent albums Push the Sky Away (2013) and Skeleton Tree (2016).
Grinderman
After heavy touring throughout 2005 with The Bad Seeds in support of Abattoir Blues/The Lyre of Orpheus, Nick Cave began writing songs on guitar, an instrument he'd rarely played. His rudimentary playing gave the new material a rawer feel than much of the Bad Seeds' output.
The group entered the Metropolis Studios in London to record the original Grinderman demos and it was this material that would eventually become the basis for the band's debut album Grinderman. The album was recorded with producer Nick Launay in April at the RAK studios, London and mixed in October at the Metropolis Studios.
Grinderman was released in March 2007. The band made their live debut at the All Tomorrow's Parties Festival in Somerset the following month. This was followed by a one-off show at The Forum in London on 20 June.
Grinderman opened for The White Stripes at their Madison Square Garden show on 24 July 2007, followed by several of their own American tour dates. The band then embarked on a theatre tour of Australia, opening for a Nick Cave 'solo' set, which consisted of the same band members.
The band recorded a second album, Grinderman 2, released in September 2010. The band did a European and North American tour to promote the album's release.
Discography
The Triffids (1983–1990)
The Blackeyed Susans
no recorded output
Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1990–present)
Studio albums
Henry's Dream - Mute Records (1992)
Let Love In - Mute Records (1994)
Murder Ballads - Mute Records (1996)
The Boatman's Call - Mute Records / Reprise Records (1997)
No More Shall We Part - Mute Records (2001)
Nocturama - Mute Records (2003)
Abattoir Blues/The Lyre of Orpheus - Mute Records (2CD) (2004)
Dig, Lazarus, Dig!!! - Mute Records (2008)
Push the Sky Away - Bad Seed Ltd (2013)
Skeleton Tree - Bad Seed Ltd (2016)
Live albums and compilations
Live Seeds - Mute Records (1993)
The Best of Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds - Mute Records (1998)
B-Sides & Rarities - Mute Records (3CD) (2005)
Abattoir Blues Tour - Mute Records (2CD/2DVD)(2007)
Grinderman (2006–present)
Grinderman - Mute Records (5 March 2007)
Grinderman 2 (2010)
References
External links
Triffids official site
Nick Cave official site
1960 births
Living people
Australian bass guitarists
Australian male guitarists
English bass guitarists
English male guitarists
Male bass guitarists
Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds members
People from Chesterfield, Derbyshire
People from Perth, Western Australia
Musicians from Western Australia |
5386291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20H.%20Collier | Mark H. Collier | Mark H. Collier (died February 8, 2022) was an American religious scholar and academic administrator who served as the seventh president of Baldwin-Wallace College in Berea, Ohio, from 1999 to 2006.
Life and career
Collier served as minister of the North Olmsted United Methodist Church in North Olmsted, Ohio. He began his career with Baldwin-Wallace College in 1974 as college chaplain and professor of religion. He was appointed associate dean of academics and director of the college's Mission Action Project. In 1981, Collier became dean of the college upon Neal Malicky's elevation to college president. Collier was appointed president of Baldwin-Wallace in 1999, following Malicky's retirement.
During his presidency Collier oversaw the renovation of the BW rec. center, residence halls, and overseeing a campus master plan that has led to many major renovations on campus such as Malicky Hall being built. Malicky Hall combines Baldwin Library and Carnegie Hall with an addition of new classrooms and offices. As well, during this time BW began to expand and renovate residence halls and academic buildings. In addition, the college has purchased existing buildings in the Berea community for academic and student residential use. After 32 years of service, Collier retired from his presidency in June 2006. BW has named a lecture series called "Goals of Enduring Questions: The Mark Collier Lecture Series" after Collier.
Collier died on February 8, 2022.
Notes
External links
Encyclopedia of Baldwin Wallace University History: Mark Collier
Year of birth missing
20th-century births
2022 deaths
American United Methodist clergy
American university and college faculty deans
DePauw University alumni
Methodist chaplains
Presidents of Baldwin Wallace University
University and college chaplains in America |
5386302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijaya%20Mulay | Vijaya Mulay | Vijaya Mulay (16 May 1921 – 19 May 2019) was a documentary filmmaker, film historian, writer, educationist and researcher.
She was lovingly called Akka in film circles. Her close friendships with Satyajit Ray, Louis Malle, Mrinal Sen and other film personalities gave her a unique perspective into Indian cinema and influenced her work. Her body of work has shaped how India is viewed by Indian and non-Indian filmmakers. She is the mother of National Award winning actor Suhasini Mulay and Atul Gurtu the high energy physicist is her son-in-law. Vijaya Mulay is remembered for her animation film Ek Anek Aur Ekta which won the National Film Award for Best Educational Film.
Life and career
Vijaya Mulay was born in Bombay, India.
Bombay, Patna, Bihar
In 1940, Vijaya accompanied her husband when he was transferred to Patna, Bihar. Compared to the cosmopolitan Bombay the pre-independence Patna seemed to her like a place from another universe. But Patna University allowed women to study privately and Vijaya enrolled for a bachelor's degree.
English films were shown half price on Sunday mornings at the city theatres known as Bioscopes. Vijaya began her love affair with the medium and started grasping the idiom of cinema.
Patna to Leeds, UK
In 1946 she won a state scholarship to study in University of Leeds, UK for master's degree in Education.
While there, Vijaya realised that the ordinary Britisher was hardly like the English "Burra Saabs" (Great Masters) back in India.
From an interview with Vijaya Mulay on her days in the UK – I had gone to Britain, with an anti-colonial distaste for the British people and with the sole purpose of studying for my degree. I was on my guard, ready to take offence at the slightest insult or remark derogatory to me or to India, whether imagined or real. But I soon found out that the ordinary English people were hardly like the 'Burra Sahibs' that one saw back home.
On post-war cinema in UK – The Workers’ Unity Theatre played to full houses. Films from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe ran often. I saw film classics, experimental films, and socialist cinema. I also gained a better perspective and understanding of the cinematic art by joining the university film society. Film viewing, once a casual pastime, became my serious passion.
1959: Satyajit Ray and India's first Film Society
Vijaya returned to Patna in 1949 and actively worked in the local film society. In 1954, she moved to New Delhi when Government of India appointed her as an Education Officer. Vijaya also found time to open Delhi Film Society and in 1959, eight film societies came together to form Federation of Film Societies of India with Satyajit Ray as the founding president and Vijaya Mulay and the critic Chidanand Das Gupta as joint secretaries.
After the passing away of Satyajit Ray, Vijaya was appointed the President of FFSI.
Film Censor Board of India, Louis Malle and The Tidal Bore
In 1962 Vijaya was deputed to Bombay to work at the Central Board of Film Certification.
From an interview with Vijaya Mulay – For five years I sat as the presiding officer with other four members from an approved panel that judged Indian and foreign films. It gave me an insight into the biases of panellists that coloured their judgement of a film's suitability for public viewing. My work with the Film Censor Board proved a mixed blessing. I had to see films that ordinarily I would have walked out of in sheer boredom.
In 1966 Vijaya was transferred to Calcutta and the following year Louis Malle came to the city with a French film delegation. When they met Malle had an instant dislike towards the woman censor officer. The dislike blossomed into a close friendship that lasted till Louis Malle's death in 1995.
Both Satyajit Ray and Louis Malle helped Vijaya in making her first film – 'The Tidal Bore' (about the 15 feet tidal bore coming from Bay of Bengal like a wall of water on the Hooghly River). Malle sent negative stock from France and Ray voiced the commentary.
Government of India selected 'The Tidal Bore' as the official entry to the Mannheim Film Festival. Later Film Federation of India screened the film in theatres across the country.
Multimedia, UNICEF and CET/NCERT
When US loaned India its ATS-6 satellite (ATS-6 had one video and two audio channels) UNICEF hired Vijaya to produce test modules for children in the 6 to 9 age group. In 1975, Vijaya was asked to head the CET – Center for Educational Technology to prepare educational films for broadcast to over 2400 villages in rural districts and programming in 4 languages.
Ek Anek Aur Ekta, the 1974 animation film scripted and directed by Vijaya Mulay and produced by Center for Educational Technology is very popular amongst the many generations of Indians.
The CET, NCERT projects equipped her to later continue research on the field of education and on using media for development.
After her retirement from NCERT, Vijay took up a benchmark survey of distance education in Indian universities and collected data from 23 (out of the 25) universities that were then providing such education. This work was finished in 1983.
The next 3 years, Vijaya worked as the Project Coordinator at the University Grants Commission and was responsible for the program Countrywide Classroom for undergraduates.
From Rajahs and Yogis to Gandhi and Beyond: images of India in International Films of the 20th century
While going through some of Louis Malle's letters Vijaya realised how India had changed him. Similar experiences of Jean Renoir while making The River, and Roberto Rossellini prompted her to find out what about India excites and motivates the non-Indians, especially the filmmakers.
From Rajahs and Yogis to Gandhi and Beyond: India in International Cinema was released by Seagull books in August 2008 and by the University of Chicago Press the same year.
Excerpt from the first chapter of 'From Rajahs and Yogis to Gandhi'
The little Gangotri, from where the river Ganga (the Ganges) emerges is a small rill; it becomes the majestic river Ganga as more rivers join it to expand its basin and flow. My project too has followed a similar path and has become bigger and bigger though unlike Ganga, it is neither majestic nor holy. I look upon this study as a personal journey of a film buff to understand what India meant to different people at different points of time as expressed in films.
Accolades
The Government of India honoured Vijaya Mulay with the V. Shantaram Award for Lifetime Achievement for documentaries at the Mumbai International Film Festival – MIFF, 2002.
Vikram Sarabhai Life Time Achievement award for educational communication in 1999.
President of the Federation of Film Societies of India.
Led the Indian Educational Technology Mission to the USA in 1975.
Member Secretary of the Education commission for Goa and other former Portuguese territories in 1962.
Developed a multimedia package through SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment) for training of more than 48,000 primary school teachers. Widely considered to be a path-breaking program in the area of educational technology.
Several of her films received National awards and awards at International Film Festivals including Delhi, New York, Teheran.
References
1921 births
2019 deaths
20th-century Indian historians
Indian women historians
Indian documentary filmmakers
Indian film historians
Indian women film directors
20th-century Indian film directors
20th-century Indian women artists
Film directors from Mumbai
Indian women documentary filmmakers
Women artists from Maharashtra
20th-century women writers |
5386304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foy%20E.%20Wallace | Foy E. Wallace | Foy Esco (Foy E., Jr.) Wallace (30 September 1896 – 18 December 1979) was an influential figure among American Churches of Christ in the early and mid-20th century. Through his writing and speaking, Wallace gathered a considerable following among that autonomous group of churches. His skilled use of logic, combined with his charisma, propelled him to the forefront of at least three major controversies in the Churches of Christ.
Biography
Early life
Foy E. Wallace Jr., was born September 30, 1896 on a farm south of Belcherville, Texas in Montague County, Texas. His father, Foy Edwin (Foy E., Sr.) Wallace (1871–1949), was a prominent preacher within churches of Christ in Texas, having been at the forefront of debate with the Disciples of Christ over mechanical instrumental music in Christian worship and missionary societies. Charles Ready Nichol (1876–1961) and Robertson Lafayette Whiteside (1869–1951) were also very influential in Wallace's thinking as was his older brother Cled Eugene Wallace (1892–1962).
He was baptized by his father in 1909 and preached his first sermon in 1912 at Stephenville, Texas. While his initial appointments derived largely from his shared name, within a short time he had made a name for himself as a preaching prodigy. Wallace would carry the nickname of "The Boy Preacher" even into early adulthood.
Wallace very rarely preached as a local minister. While he lived in a progression of Texas towns (Lott, Temple, Vernon, Wichita Falls, and Fort Worth), these cities usually served him simply as bases for his "gospel meetings" (commonly called "revivals" outside churches of Christ).
One of Wallace's few significant works as a local preacher occurred from 1928 to the middle of 1930 with the Central church of Christ in Los Angeles, California.
In the middle of 1930 Wallace was called from Los Angeles, California to Nashville, Tennessee by Leon B. McQuiddy to serve as editor of the Gospel Advocate Wallace continued in this role until 1934 when severe financial difficulty of the Great Depression combined with a series of family medical problems led to Wallace's resignation as editor of the Gospel Advocate in an attempt to recover financially. However, late in 1934 Wallace declared bankruptcy while affirming his debts. In 1937 Wallace returned to Nashville and with the assistance of longtime family friend John W. Akin (1873–1960), satisfied all debts.
Premillennialism
On February 11, 1909, Robert H. Boll (1875–1956) became the front-page editor of the Gospel Advocate. After several years of work widely acceptable to his readership, his premillennial views were expressed within its pages, to the dismay of most of the Advocate's management, including J. C. McQuiddy (1858–1924). After considerable friction, Boll was dismissed, re-hired and dismissed again in 1915. In 1916 Boll became the editor of The Word and Work, a paper formerly edited by Stanford Chambers (1876–1969), of New Orleans, Louisiana. The paper Word and Work, was founded in 1908 by premillennialist Dr. David Lipscomb Watson. Especially under Chambers' ownership after 1913 Word and Work took an explicitly premillennial view. Boll moved the magazine to Louisville, Kentucky, where it continued to promote premillennialism within churches of Christ.
Boll's promotion of premillennialism led to continuing controversy from 1915 on into the 1920s, culminating in a written debate with H. Leo Boles in 1927. That debate ended amicably, but in 1932, the Advocate, under Wallace, turned its eye back toward the debate with a series of critical articles on premillennialism.
Wallace himself engaged in two well-known debates regarding premillennialism with Charles McKendree Neal (1878–1956) in 1933 at Winchester, Kentucky and Chattanooga, Tennessee. These debates established Wallace as the leader of those opposed to the premillennialists within the church.
In November 1934 Wallace participated in an equally contentious debate, also on the millennium, with Texas Baptist fundamentalist J. Frank Norris, in Fort Worth. After three raucous evenings of debate, each side claimed victory. For churches of Christ the debate became particularly divisive when ministers Frank M. Mullins and Jesse Wood from two Dallas-area Churches of Christ went to the microphone in support of Norris, a development which Norris had encouraged. Walter Estal Brightwell (1893–1957), a supporter of Wallace, wrote of the debate:
in the words of some of the boys who returned from France after the late war, I would not take a million dollars for the debate and the privilege of attending it, but I would not give a dime for another one just like it.
In October 1935 Wallace founded the Gospel Guardian as a monthly magazine primarily to combat the views of the premillennialists. The Gospel Guardian ended in June 1936 and merged with the Firm Foundation. In 1937 Wallace was the front page writer for the Firm Foundation. In 1938 Wallace founded the Bible Banner, initially also dedicated to the defeat of premillennial doctrine. By the early 1940s, every significant paper and college associated with churches of Christ took the amillennial position, often, like Wallace, never using the terms amillennial or amillennialism. By 1949, when Wallace ceased publishing the Bible Banner, this campaign had been so effective that fewer than a hundred congregations adhered to the premillennial view, and those generally isolated from the mainline, as they have remained for decades.
Nonetheless, Wallace's opposition to premillennialism caused anger in some of these power bases. Harding College president John Nelson Armstrong (1870–1944) had refused to condemn premillennialism in 1934; a partial rejection of the doctrine in 1935 did little to silence his critics, Wallace chief among them. A war of words between the two camps ensued, with Wallace and Earnest Rosenthal Harper (1897–1986) accusing Harding of sheltering premillennialists and premillennial sympathizers; Armstrong, for his part, compared Harper to the Nazis and Wallace to a pope.
Pacifism
As America entered the Second World War, another controversy emerged among churches of Christ. Christian pacifism had a long history in this body as a significant minority position, especially around Nashville and among those who attended the Bible Schools of David Lipscomb, James A. Harding and their disciples. However, in every major armed conflict the majority of members of churches of Christ participated as soldiers. Major leaders within the churches of Christ including Daniel Sommer in the north and G. H. P. Showalter in south opposed pacifism. By World War II pacifism was waning because of the surge of patriotism engendered by the war, particularly following U.S. entry into it following the attack on Pearl Harbor.. However, a significant and influential number of preachers within the churches of Christ were still pacifists. David Lipscomb had consolidated his arguments on the Christian relationship to the civil state in his book Civil Government that emerged after, and perhaps because of, Lipscomb's experience of the American Civil War. Lipscomb's views were still influential but were considered extreme by some. For example, Lipscomb believed that a ballot not backed by the bullet was worthless. Lipscomb wrote, "The man who votes to make to others fight (and all who vote do this) ought himself to fight—that is, if he is legally liable to performs this duty. He who supports the law that requires others to fight, morally and legally fights himself." Therefore, David Lipscomb did not vote. Wallace, though earlier in life sympathetic to some aspects of Lipscomb's position, his father taking the non-combatant view, supported the Christian's right to serve as a policeman or in the armed forces of the United States. He was considered by some to be an implacable foe to conscientious objectors.
As part of this effort, the Bible Banner under Wallace took issue with the writings of Lipscomb regarding pacifism in an effort that Wallace led. Wallace's point of view again largely triumphed, and most men of military age of churches of Christ embraced military service including the sons of many pacifists; however, the victory again earned him well-connected opponents. Chief among these was B. C. Goodpasture, the latest editor of the Gospel Advocate, who was publicly quiet on the "war question" but raised money for pacifist Christians placed in conscientious objector camps.
Racism
Wallace's views on race have been much discussed in recent years. Wallace was a native of the Deep South and was born and reared in a time when segregation was the law, though this had not stopped earlier figures from making a clean break with racist ideas. (David Lipscomb's views on race had been different than most of his contemporaries: for example, in 1878, a Texas church had refused membership to an African-American Christian, and Lipscomb responded in the pages of the Gospel Advocate by writing that such a refusal was blasphemous. Nevertheless, even during Lipscomb's lifetime, segregated churches were the norm in the Jim Crow South.) In the Bible Banner (March, 1941), Wallace wrote an article titled "Negro Meetings for White People" in which Wallace argued against the mixing of the races during church meetings which he felt "lowers the church in the eyes of the world." He further stated that for a white man to share a room with a negro man was "a violation of Christianity itself, and of all common decency." Marshall Keeble, the best known African American Evangelist among churches of Christ, responded to Wallace's segregationist article by defending Keeble's own work but calling the article "instructive and encouraging." Further Keeble continued to write to Wallace in the ensuing years to maintain his support and assistance. As with most members of the churches of Christ, Wallace's views on race modified over time and he held meetings (revivals) for non-segregated churches.
Institutional debate
Shortly before World War II, the issue of institutionalism – that is, support of outside organizations from churches' treasuries – was debated. Some leaders (most prominently G. C. Brewer) had actively promoted church funding of Bible colleges. Others, such as Wallace, had written and spoken in opposition.
After the war, pro-institutional church members started tying church support of colleges with church support of other institutions, orphans' homes being a notably contentious example. The addition of an emotional element proved successful at persuading many who had been on the fence to the institutional side during the 1950s. It also led, however, to rancor; what had previously been a debate characterized by logic erupted into name-calling. Non-institutional brethren were called "orphan haters" and "Pharisees" and the like; for their part, non-institutionals such as Wallace returned (and at times initiated) the rhetorical fire.
In 1951, the church of Christ in Lufkin, Texas, where Wallace's brother Cled preached, split over personal disputes between non-institutionals. Thereafter, Foy Wallace, who had been the most polarizing figure in the debate, ceased arguing in favor of the non-institutional position; indeed, by the mid-1960s, he associated himself mostly with institutional churches. By the end of the 1950s Wallace claimed that the non-institutional position had been radicalized (though there had been no noticeable changes in position among those with whom he now disagreed). Wallace objected to debates among brethren "on whether it is scriptural for a congregation to perform a humanitarian service to someone not a member of the church, or whether it is right for an able church to help a weak one maintain a preacher among them ..." Wallace argued that such debates "demoralizes the church within and degrades it without." Such debates were, Wallace averred, "a sorry spectacle."<ref>'Firm Foundation, "Paper Yokes and Party Labels", Vol. 76, No. 21 (May 26, 1959): 324.</ref>
Personal life
Wallace married Virgie Brightwell on November 29, 1914. Walter E. Brightwell, Virgie's cousin, served as best man and Wallace's older brother Cled E. Wallace performed the wedding ceremony. Together the Wallaces had five children. In 1952, while Wallace preached a gospel meeting in Cushing, Oklahoma, his wife suffered a major stroke. He cancelled his engagements in order to remain by her side and took more than a year to nurse back to as much of her former health as possible. Family friend Roy J. Hearn (1911–2000) noted that he took care of his wife "just like she was a little baby."
Later years
Wallace lived out his later years, holding meetings, writing or re-writing almost of all of his books and writing occasionally for the religious press. The last twenty years of his life Wallace wrote a commentary of Revelation, two books on civil government, on the new versions of the Bible, on the non-institutional movement and on modernism. His estrangement with his son William was ended by their reconciliation in 1975.
In 1966 Wallace argued in a series of articles published by the Firm Foundation that what the Holy Spirit does the Word of God does. Wallace viewed the expression "gift of the Holy Spirit" from Acts 2:38 as in the possessive case. Thus the "gift of the Holy Spirit" did not mean the personal indwelling of the Holy Spirit but the Holy Spirit's gift which he believed were "the blessings of the Holy Spirit's dispensation for the Jew and the Gentile." Wallace believed that the Holy Spirit did not dwell in the Christian personally but representatively through the Word of God which is to dwell richly in each Christian. Wallace opposed the idea that there was a personal indwelling of the Holy Spirit. Wallace's work on the Holy Spirit was published in 1967 as a 120-page booklet under the title, The Mission and Medium of the Holy Spirit.
In the 1970s he published a comprehensive 850-page book attacking modern-English translations of the Bible. Wallace wrote this work before release of the New International Version (NIV), but the ink was hardly dry before he was opposing the NIV as well.
Wallace developed a blood condition similar to hemophilia and required frequent blood transfusions; from these transfusions, he developed hepatitis. His condition necessitated a move to Hereford, Texas, near his son, Wilson. He continued preaching for a time, but after two weeks in the hospital due to his disease, he suffered a stroke and died on December 18, 1979.
Sources
Sketch On The Life Of Foy E. Wallace, Jr.
Hughes, Richard. Reviving the Ancient Faith: The Story of Churches of Christ in America. Harrell, David Edwin, Jr. The Churches of Christ in the 20th Century: Homer Hailey's Personal Journey of Faith. Patterson, Noble and Terry J. Gardner, Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Soldier of the Cross.
References
Books by Foy E. Wallace, Jr.
1. The Neal-Wallace Discussion on the Thousand Years' Reign. This book records the discussion of modern millennial theories, held at Winchester, Kentucky, and Chattanooga, Tennessee in 1933. PROPOSITION: "The Bible clearly teaches that after the second coming of Christ and before the final resurrection and judgement, there will be an age, or dispensation, of one thousand years during which Christ will reign on the earth." Affirmative, Charles M. Neal; Negative, Foy E. Wallace, Jr. This book contains 350 pages and was first published by the Gospel Advocate Company in 1933. Photos in the front of Foy E. Wallace, Jr., and Charles M. Neal. Since that time two additional editions have appeared with numerous printings. The Third Edition is called the "Extended Edition," and includes an Appendix entitled, "Incipience, Course and Character of the Boll Movement." Third Edition was printed in 1976 and contains 411 pages.
2. "Instrumental Music In The Worship: A Sermon by Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Evangelist". A sermon delivered by Foy E. Wallace, Jr., on September 10, 1933 during a gospel meeting with the University and Walnut Street Church of Christ in Wichita, Kansas. Miss Crystal Norfleet recorded the sermon down in shorthand. This booklet contains 20 pages, printed by G. K. Wallace in 1933 using the Zona Printing Company in Wichita. This sermon may also be found in the second edition of The Certified Gospel and in The Gospel for Today. This tract went through multiple printings.
3. The Gospel In Song, Compiled by Basil C. Doran and Foy E. Wallace, Jr. Prepared for use in Wallace's tabernacle, tent and open air gospel meetings. This book contains 135 numbered songs and F. L. Eiland's song, "The Waving Harvest." The book also contains photographs of Basil C. Doran and Foy E. Wallace, Jr. Published by the Gospel Advocate Company circa 1934.
4. The Certified Gospel, First Edition – 1937. This is a book of sermons delivered at Port Arthur, Texas in 1937. The sermons are: The Certified Gospel, Who Wrote the Bible?, Christ and the Church, How and When the Church Began, The Last Will and Testament, What It Means to Preach Christ, The Gospel in Old Testament Example, The Lord's Day, Restoring the Ancient Order, Why Send for Peter?, What To Do To Be Saved, God's Call to Repentance and The Origin and Doctrines of Seventh Day Adventism. This book contains 110 pages and was printed by O. C. Lambert & Son in Port Arthur, Texas in 1937. Photos in the front of the book of Foy E. Wallace, Jr., O. C. Lambert and Alfred Bass. The book was available in both hard and soft covers.
5. The Church And A Faction, circa 1938. A brief description of local problems in McAlester, Oklahoma. This booklet was published by B. M. Strother and contained material by C. R. Nichol and an article by Foy E. Wallace, Jr., entitled, "Law and order in the Church versus Majority Rule." Twelve thousand (12,000) copies of the first edition were printed. The first edition of this booklet contains 32 pages and photographs of C. R. Nichol and Foy E. Wallace, Jr. A second edition was later printed (circa 1946) by the Roy E. Cogdill Publishing Company which was 31 pages and did not include any photographs.
6. God's Prophetic Word, First Edition – 1946. This book contains the sermons that Wallace delivered from January 21 through January 28, 1945 in the Houston, Music Hall. The chapters are: The Infallible Book, The Faith Once Delivered, God's Prophetic Word, The Hope of Israel, The Church Age, The Throne of David, The Second Coming of Christ—Is It Imminent?, The Second Coming of Christ—Is It Premillennial?, Seventh Day Adventism—Its Origin and Its Errors, The Consequences of Premillennialism, Anglo-Israelism and Notes on other Prophecy Proof-Texts. This book contains 389 pages and was published by Roy E. Cogdill. The book contains photographs of Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Austin Taylor and Roy E. Cogdill.
7. The Certified Gospel, Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged – 1948. In addition to those sermons appearing in the first edition the following were added to this edition: Faith And Baptism, Repentance And Baptism, Baptism in the Acts of the Apostles, Baptism in the Apostolic Epistles, God's Law of Conversion, Broken Cisterns, The Sin of Sectarianism, What the Church Must Do to Be Saved, The Music Question—Pro and Con and The Boll Movement. This edition contains 257 pages and was printed by Roy E. Cogdill.
8a. Bulwarks of the Faith, Part One – Roman Catholicism, First Edition – 1951. A series of Addresses delivered in the Music Hall, Houston, Texas, in January 1946, refuting the Dogmas of Roman Catholicism. This book contains six chapters: 1) Viewing the Walls—A Doctrinal And Historical Perspective, 2) The Origin and Evils of Roman Catholicism, 3) The Organization of the Roman Catholic Church, 4) The Doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, 5) The Arguments of the Catholics Scripturally Answered and 6) An Apostolic Syllabus on the New Testament Church. A Supplement contains the following sections: 1) "The Vatican Decrees and Their Bearing on Civil Allegiance," by the Honorable William E. Gladstone and 2) "The History of the Vatican Council and the Papal Syllabus," by Philip Schaff. This was the first book published by Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Publications. Part One contains 330 pages. In the front of the book is a photograph of Foy E. Wallace, Jr., with a portion of his library. This photograph was taken in 1951 in Marietta, Oklahoma.
8b. Bulwarks of the Faith, Part Two - Doctrines of the Denominations, First Edition – 1951. A Series of Addresses Delivered in the Music Hall, Houston, Texas, in January 1946, refuting the Doctrines of Protestant Denominationalism. This book contains six chapters: 1) The Legalism of the Gospel, 2) The How and the What of Bible Baptism, 3) The Security of the Believer—Is It Possible for a Child of God to Fall Away and Be Lost? 4) Spiritual Influence—What the Holy Spirit Does and How It Is Done, 5) Innovation in the Church—An Examination of the Instrumental Music Question and 6) Bulwarks of the Faith—Or, The Things Which Cannot Be Moved. A Supplement contains: An Addenda on the Erroneous Doctrines of the Baptist Church. Part Two contains 395 pages. In the front of the book is a photograph of Foy E. Wallace, Jr., taken in 1951 in the pulpit of the Marietta Church of Christ, Marietta, Oklahoma.
9. Bulwarks of the Faith – circa 1950s. A one volume edition of Bulwarks of the Faith was printed in the late 1950s. This book was bound in red and contained all of the matter in the first edition bound in one volume. A revised one volume edition was printed in 1975 with 729 pages.
10. God's Prophetic Word, Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged – 1960. The speeches of the first edition were revised. Added material included: Excursus On Prophecy Proof-Texts, Passages From the Pioneers and Subject and Scripture Index. 573 pages. Published by Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Publications.
11. The Book of Revelation, First Edition – 1966. This commentary on the book of Revelation is divided into five sections. Section one: An Apocalyptic Preview. Section two: The Visional Prologue, chapters one to three. Section three: The Apocalypse of the Conquering Christ, chapters four to eleven. Section four: The Apocalypse of the Victorious Church, chapters twelve to twenty-two, verse five. Section five: The Apocalyptic Epilogue, chapter twenty-two, verse six to the end of the text. This book contains 477 pages and was published in Nashville, Tennessee by Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Publications. This book has gone through seven printings.
12. The Sermon on the Mount and the Civil State, First Edition – 1967. This book contains a discussion of the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:1 through 7:29) and Luke 12:1-3; Romans 12 & 13. The function of Conscience is also discussed. Section two discusses the Civil State and includes sections on the fallacy of pacifism and the inconsistency of non-resistance. The Appendix includes M. C. Kurfees on "God's Law On Capital Punishment," and "The Conscientious Patriot—Go Tell That Fox" (from the Congressional Record). This book contains 261 pages. Published by Foy E. Wallace Publications, Nashville, Tennessee: 1967. There have been two printings of this book.
13. The Gospel For Today: An Extended Edition of the Certified Gospel, 1967.
14. The Christian and the Government, First Edition – 1968. This book contains a number of articles written during World War II by Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Cled E. Wallace, C. R. Nichol, R. L. Whiteside and W. E. Brightwell. There is a section in the book entitled, "A Recapitulation of Passages," where Foy E. Wallace, Jr., discusses various passages bearing on the issue of a Christian's relationship to civil government. The book contains O. C. Lambert's review of David Lipscomb's book, Civil Government, and a reply to John T. Lewis book on civil government. In addition, Glenn E. Green's booklet, "The Relation of the Christian to Civil Government and War" (first printed in May, 1941) is reprinted. Fred Amick's booklet, "Christians in Uniform" is also reprinted. This book contains 324 pages. Published by Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Publications, Nashville, Tennessee: 1968. Photographs of Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Cled E. Wallace, O. C. Lambert, W. E. Brightwell, Glenn E. Green and Fred A. Amick.
15. The Story of the Fort Worth Norris-Wallace Debate, First Edition – 1968. This book tells the story of the Norris-Wallace Debate of 1934. Various articles, legal documents and testimonials are reprinted in this unique book. Also included are a photographic copy of Foy E. Wallace, Jr's., original hand written debate notes (re-copied by his brother Cled E. Wallace). In addition, a photographic copy of the "Extra Special Edition" of the Bible Banner is included. This book contains 346 pages. Published by Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Publications, Nashville, Tennessee: 1968. This book includes photographs of Foy E. Wallace, Sr., Cled E. Wallace, R. L. Whiteside, W. E. Brightwell and Foy E. Wallace, Jr.
16. The Mission and Medium of The Holy Spirit, First Edition – 1967. 120 pages, paper back. Second printing by Richard Black, Publisher. Chapters include: The Current Crusade, The Spirit and the Word, The Gift of the Holy Spirit, The Special Gifts of the Holy Spirit, An Exposition of the Holy Spirit Passages, The Baptism of the Holy Spirit and The Sin Against the Holy Spirit.
17. A Review of the New Versions, First Edition, 1973. Chapter One: The Battle of the Book; Chapter Two: One Bible—Verbal Inspiration; Chapter Three: The Virgin Birth of Jesus Christ; Chapter Four: The Substance of the Everlasting Gospel—The Deity of Jesus Christ; Chapter Five: The Sign and the Virgin; Chapter Six: The Only Begotten Son; Chapter Seven: The Theology of the New Translators; Chapter Eight: The Revised Standard Version; Chapter Nine: The New English Bible; Chapter Ten: Today's English Version, Alias Good News for Modern Man; Chapter Eleven: The Babel of Modern Versions; and Chapter Twelve: Which Version—The Verdict of the Scholars. The Second Printing also contains an Addenda entitled, "The Battle of the Versions." This Addenda includes material from R. C. Foster and John W. Burgon. The Third Printing contains all of the material in the previous printings plus a Supplement: An Evaluation of the New International Version. 768 pages with a photograph of Foy E. Wallace, Jr.
18. An Evaluation of the New International Version, First Edition - 1976. 116 pages, paperback book.
19. The Present Truth, First Edition – 1977. This book reprints many of the articles written by Foy E. Wallace, Jr., over the years. The book also contains an Appendix which is a photographic reproduction of the January, 1936 special edition of the Gospel Guardian detailing the history of the premillennial movement. This book contains 1,068 pages. Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Publications: Fort Worth, Texas. Noble Patterson Publisher-Distributor. This book contains photographs of Mrs. Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Wallace's children and their spouses, the Wallaces on their golden wedding anniversary and on their wedding day. Additionally, the book contains photos of Cled E. Wallace, Foy E. Wallace, Jr., at age 81 and Wallace's Gospel Advocate staff. This book has had only one edition of 1,000 copies.
20. The Instrumental Music Question, First Edition – 1980. This book contains material from the pens of M. C. Kurfees, Adam Clarke, Don H. Morris, Moses E. Lard, John L. Girardeau and Foy E. Wallace, Jr.
21. The Revised Standard Version, 1981. This is a printing of one chapter from Wallace's book A Review of the New Versions. Paperback, 170 pages.
22. The One Book Analyzed and Outlined, First Edition – 1987. This is a book of Wallace's sermon outlines which was published posthumously. DeHoff Publications, Murfreesboro, Tennessee. 528 pages.
22. Commentary on Romans, Galatians and Ephesians'', First Edition – 1991. Published posthumously by Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Publications, Conroe, Texas. 254 pages.
Other Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Materials
1. "Remember the Words of Christ," a complete sermon by Foy E. Wallace, Jr. Long Playing Record produced by Noble Patterson. Recorded by Century Custom Recording circa 1968.
2. "Keynotes of Scripture," a sermon by Foy E. Wallace, Jr. Stero 8-Track tape recording. (1980).
3. "The Prince of Preachers," four sermons ("Keynotes of Scripture", "Remember The Words of Christ", "Kingdom of Heaven", and "Salvation,") by Foy E. Wallace, Jr. Cassette tape recordings. Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Publications (Fort Worth, Texas: 1980).
1896 births
1979 deaths
American members of the Churches of Christ
Amillennialism
Christian writers
King James Only movement
Ministers of the Churches of Christ
Restoration Movement
People from Montague County, Texas
People from Hereford, Texas |
5386311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winmalee%20High%20School | Winmalee High School | Winmalee High School is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school, located in Winmalee, a suburb in the City of Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia.
Established in 1985, the school caters for approximately 870 students in 2018, from Year 7 to Year 12, of whom four percent identified as Indigenous Australians and eight percent were from a language background other than English. The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education; the principal is Voula Facas.
The school is well known for its Autumn Art Festival that supports well-known local artists. The school colours are yellow and maroon; and the school's motto is "Strive to Achieve".
School curriculum, demographics and enrolment
There are approximately 875 students enrolled at Winmalee High School. Winmalee High subjects include drama, music, dance, business studies, legal studies, computing studies, technology and design, visual arts, photography, languages, food technology and physical education. There are also Higher School Certificate programs offered at rigorous levels of study such as 4 Unit Mathematics and 3 unit subjects such as English, Computing Studies, Physics and Chemistry.
Reflective of its location, the majority of students are Anglo-Saxon in origin, and the student and staff body is largely culturally homogeneous. This has changed slightly in recent years, and new arrivals to the school have enriched the school's diversity.
In addition to their studies, students at Winmalee High School have the option to take part in on the job training in such specialities as building and construction, metals and engineering, industrial technology and hospitality which are usually unavailable at similar public high schools. Students also have the opportunity to link into joint TAFE courses as part of their HSC.
Students can also be involved in a sporting situation called mountain sports. This is a government funded organisation and allows children to be involved with sports directly through the school which is very helpful for the parents who work long hours. The organisation picks up children from the school and drops them off at sporting locations such as Summerhayes Park.
Architectural significance
Being designed fairly recently in 1985 Winmalee High School is of architectural significance; the building is an example of Modern Architecture. It is one of the only High Schools in the Blue Mountains with wheel-chair access into a large percentage of the school which was added recently. 2008 saw the opening of the Performing Arts Centre at the rear of the main hall. The Performing Arts Centre was designed to cater for drama and small performances as well as a rehearsal space and holding room for the large productions held every 2 years. The school has a wide range of rooms, including general 'learning spaces', science laboratories, 11 computer labs, specialty music rooms, art studios, large wood and metal technology rooms, textiles and food technology labs, one of which has recently been refitted with new restaurant quality commercial equipment. A new trade training centre has been built as part of the Applied Technology faculty adjoining the newly refurbished food technology lab. A new fitness centre has also recently been built for PDHPE lessons.
Sporting success
Winmalee High School has a strong sporting culture that has resulted in success in a number of sports. Typically dominant amongst local High Schools, Winmalee has been represented strongly at State CHS level in Track and Field, Basketball, Cross Country running, Netball and a number of other sports.
In the late 1990s - mid 2000s Winmalee High School achieved remarkable success in both Men's Basketball and Netball. In 2002 and 2006 the Winmalee Worms Men's Netball team won the State Netball title.
Winmalee High School has also enjoyed a great deal of success in boys' and girls' water polo, most notably in 2011 with the boy's teams winning the Sydney West Championship at both Open and U15 level. The school also provided 40% of the squad members for the Sydney West Representative side which competed in the State Open Championship in Alstonville in November 2011.
The school continued its success in 2012, taking out the Sydney West Championship at both U15 and Open level for the second year running. The opens team proceeded to go as far as the quarter-finals of the State Championships. The school provided 2 of the starting line up for the Sydney West Representative side who competed in the State Open Championship in Albury in November 2012. Both of these players were subsequently selected for the Combined High Schools squad who would compete at the National Championships in early 2013.
In 2019 Winmalee High sent two teams, a junior boys team (composed of Year 7 and 8 students) and an intermediate boys team (composed of Year 9 and 10 students) to Sydney Olympic Park to compete in the Nitro Athletics Championships. Winmalee High became the first non-private, non-selective school to participate in the Sydney Schools Championships and concluded the Championships with relative success, the Junior boys team finishing in 6th position and the Intermediate boys 5th. To be competitive with some of the top private schools in Sydney, including the World Nitro Champions, Trinity Grammar School (New South Wales), was a huge credit to the school and the athletic achievements of the boys.
Notable alumni
Julia Jacklin
Anja Nissen
Matthew Wilson (swimmer)
Braeden Andreotti
See also
List of government schools in New South Wales
Education in Australia
References
External links
Public high schools in New South Wales
1985 establishments in Australia
Educational institutions established in 1985
Education in the Blue Mountains (New South Wales) |
5386335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Eagles | New York Eagles | The New York Eagles were a professional soccer franchise that played in the American Soccer League from 1978 to 1981, with a one-year hiatus in 1980. The franchise played its first season in Mount Vernon, New York, then moved to Albany, New York for the 1979 and 1981 seasons, playing at Albany's Bleecker Stadium.
The Eagles' top scorer, Vogislav "Billy" Boljevic, led the ASL in scoring in both 1981. The Eagles sat out the 1980 season due to financial constraints. The franchise made the playoffs in both the 1979 and 1981 seasons, but did not advance past the first game in either playoff appearance.
Yearly Awards
ASL Season MVP
1981 – Billy Boljevic
ASL All-Star Team Selection
1979 – Andjelko Tesan, Branko Sematovic
1981 – Billy Boljevic
ASL Leading Goal Scorer
1981 – Billy Boljevic (25 Goals)
ASL Leading Points Scorer
1981 – Billy Boljevic (59 Points)
Year-by-year
Coaches
Mike Rybak (1981)
Gjelosh Nikac (1979)
George Vizvary (1978)
Dragoslav Šekularac (1978)
Players
Guillermo Ambrosini
Billy Boljevic
Momcilo Bozevic
Howie Charbonneau
Jose Cristaldo
Simon Curanaj
Waldir DeSouza
Keith Gehling
Hranislav Hadizitonic
Ricky Kren
Miodrag Lacevic
Abdullah Nezaj
Leo Ramas
Salvatore Scalica
Branko Sematovic
Lesh Shkreli
Robert Steinberg
Andjelko Tesan
Clyde Watson
References
Eagles
Defunct soccer clubs in New York (state)
American Soccer League (1933–1983) teams
Sports in Capital District (New York)
1978 establishments in New York (state)
1981 disestablishments in New York (state)
Association football clubs disestablished in 1981
Association football clubs established in 1978 |
5386338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Sugar%20Tonight/New%20Mother%20Nature | No Sugar Tonight/New Mother Nature | "No Sugar Tonight/New Mother Nature" is a medley by the Canadian rock band The Guess Who. It was released on their 1970 album American Woman, and was released on the B-side of the "American Woman" single without the "New Mother Nature" section. The single was officially released as "American Woman/No Sugar Tonight" and peaked at #1 on the RPM magazine charts and #1 on the Billboard Hot 100, for three weeks on both charts. In Cash Box, which at the time ranked sides of singles independently, "No Sugar Tonight" reached #39.
According to Randy Bachman, the inspiration for the song arose after an incident when he was visiting California. He was walking down the street with a stack of records under his arm, when he saw three "tough-looking biker guys" approaching. He felt threatened and was looking for a way to cross the street onto the other sidewalk when a little car pulled up to the men. A woman about tall got out of the car, shouting at one of them, asking where he'd been all day, that he had left her alone with the kids, didn't take out the trash, and was down here watching the girls. The man was suddenly alone when his buddies walked away. Chastened, he got in the car as the woman told him before pulling away: "And one more thing, you ain't getting no sugar tonight". The words stuck in Bachman's memory.
Bachman then wrote a short song in the key of F called "No Sugar Tonight". When he presented the song to Burton Cummings and RCA, he was told that the song was too short. Bachman and Cummings expanded the song by adding to it a song Cummings had written that was also in the key of F, "New Mother Nature".
Cover versions
"No Sugar Tonight" was covered by The Shirelles on their Happy and in Love album released in 1971, and by Bang on their Mother/Bow to the King album (Capitol Records, SMAS-11110) released in 1972. Capitol subsequently released the song as a single (cat# 3474), but it failed to chart. Widespread Panic included covers of the song on their live albums Live at The Classic Center and Live at The Tabernacle.
"New Mother Nature" was covered by The Friends of Distinction on their Whatever LP released in 1970. It was used as the B-side of their hit, "Time Waits for No One" (US #60, Canada #37).
References
1970 songs
1970 singles
Songs written by Randy Bachman
Songs written by Burton Cummings
The Guess Who songs
Song recordings produced by Jack Richardson (record producer)
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
RCA Victor singles
RCA Records singles
Songs about nights |
5386355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Philharmonic%20Winds | The Philharmonic Winds | The Philharmonic Winds, also known as Philwinds, is a Singaporean semi-professional wind orchestra. The orchestra was formed in 2000 with Robert Casteels as Music Director and currently has more than 70 dedicated members. It is currently under the artistic leadership of Music Director Leonard Tan.
The Philharmonic Winds has performed a collection of landmark works of the wind band repertoire, ranging from the symphonies of Paul Hindemith and James Barnes, to the well-known favourites of Alfred Reed and Adam Gorb. The wind orchestra is also well-versed in a variety of musical styles, having explored the lush and humorous music of Percy Grainger, the genius of Mozart and Varèse, jazz standards in "All That Jazz", authentic "Sounds of Japan", and an "Absoluut Dutch" affair with highly acclaimed composer, Johan de Meij.
The Philharmonic Winds has collaborated with renowned musicians from all over the world. Soloists featured include baritone Maarten Koningsberger, cellist Roeland Duijne and trombonist Jörgen van Rijen from the Netherlands, saxophonist Vincent Gnojek, marimbist Kevin Bobo and brass quintet Boston Brass from USA, euphonium player Kevin Thompson from Canada, saxophonist Shin-ichiro Hikosaka from Japan, trumpeters Dai Zhonghui from China and Yeh Shu-Han from Taiwan, as well as pianist Hae-Jung Kim from Korea. The ensemble has also worked with locally based soloists such as clarinettist Tang Xiao Ping, yangqin player Qu Jian Qing, and saxophonist Fabian Lim. The ensemble has also performed under the baton of distinguished conductors, both local and international, such as Johan de Meij, John Boyd, Robert Casteels, Zechariah Goh Toh Chai, Principal Guest Conductor Timothy Reynish, and Music Director Leonard Tan.
The Philharmonic Winds staged two concerts dedicated to works of Singaporean and Singapore-based composers, such as Zechariah Goh Toh Chai, Leong Yoon Pin, Phoon Yew Tien and Kelly Tang. The ensemble also regularly performs compositions and arrangements of established Singaporean musicians.
The Philharmonic Winds has also worked with the Penang Arts Council and Singapore Lyric Opera as the accompanying orchestra in Giacomo Puccini's Madama Butterfly and Kurt Weill's Street Scenes. In 2008, the ensemble collaborated with the Esplanade to present an all-pop concert, with tunes specially arranged for wind orchestra, featuring well-known vocal artists Sebastian Tan and Tay Kewei.
The Philharmonic Winds participates regularly in arts outreach programmes, with the intent to reach out to the masses and build new audiences for wind music. Working with the National Arts Council, the ensemble performed at several installments of the Concert in the Park series and the Singapore Arts Festival outreach programme. Past engagements also include the Arts In The City series, Beautiful Sunday series at the Esplanade and the Arts For Health programme at the Singapore General Hospital. Since 2008, The Philharmonic Winds has been part of the SPH Gift of Music series by Singapore Press Holdings, entertaining thousands at various locations with music scored by local composers such as Ong Jiin Joo and Tan Yan Zhang.
In 2002, The Philharmonic Winds initiated the Philharmonic Youth Winds, providing an opportunity for young musicians to further their ensemble experience. In 2008, the young orchestra was named the top Division 1 band at the inaugural Singapore International Band Festival, under the baton of its Resident Conductor Adrian Chiang and the guidance of musicians from The Philharmonic Winds.
In July 2005, The Philharmonic Winds participated in the World Music Contest held in Kerkrade, the Netherlands, and became the first wind orchestra from Singapore to be awarded a Gold Medal with Distinction in the First Division (Harmony Band). Following that, the ensemble became the first wind orchestra to perform at the 2006 Singapore Arts Festival. In May 2009, the band was invited to perform at the 40th anniversary of the Japan Band Clinic, one of the most prestigious wind conferences in the world, held in Hamamatsu, Japan.
References
External links
Philharmonic Youth Winds
Singaporean concert bands |
5386359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genuine%20Risk | Genuine Risk | Genuine Risk (February 15, 1977 – August 18, 2008) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the 1980 Kentucky Derby.
Background
Genuine Risk was a chestnut filly bred in Kentucky by Sally Humphrey. She was sired by Exclusive Native, a top-class track performer who was even better as a breeding stallion, siring the Triple Crown winner Affirmed. Her dam Virtuous was descended from the British broodmare Iona, a half-sister to Ocean Swell and the grandmother of Tomy Lee.
Triple Crown races
The first filly to win the Kentucky Derby was Regret who won the 1915 Derby 65 years earlier. Genuine
Risk was the second in 1980. Since then, the filly Winning Colors won in 1988.
Ridden by Jacinto Vásquez, Genuine Risk finished second in a very controversial Preakness Stakes, after being bumped and carried wide by the winner Codex, after Codex threw a cross-body block at Genuine Risk, and after Codex's jockey Ángel Cordero Jr. hit Genuine Risk in the face with his whip but didn't get disqualified.
Genuine Risk also finished second in the Belmont Stakes to Temperence Hill. The only other filly to compete in all of the triple crown legs was Winning Colors in 1988, who won the Kentucky Derby, placed 3rd in the Preakness Stakes, and 6th in the Belmont Stakes.
Breeding record
Genuine Risk's first mating was to the Triple Crown winner Secretariat in 1982. While in Kentucky she was boarded at Waterford Farm but foaled at the Firestone's Catoctin Stud in Virginia. The resulting foal expected in 1983 would have made history as the first offspring of two Kentucky Derby winners. Genuine Risk, however, delivered a stillborn colt due to dystocia during foaling. Though scheduled to be bred to Nijinsky II in 1983, she was rebred to Secretariat without success.
Over the next 17 years, she produced only two living foals: Genuine Reward, a chestnut colt by Rahy in 1993, and Count Our Blessing, a chestnut colt by Chief Honcho foaled in 1996. Neither colt ever raced. Genuine Reward went to stud in 1997, sired 47 horses with 13 winners, and was in Wyoming until July 2015 when he was moved to Old Friends Equine in Georgetown, Kentucky, due to the philanthropic efforts of author Laura Hillenbrand. He died in 2018 at the age of 25. Count Our Blessing was eventually gelded and became a show horse under the name of Westley.
Honors and retirement
Genuine Risk was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1986. In the Blood-Horse magazine List of the Top 100 Racehorses of the 20th Century, she is ranked #91.
Retired from breeding in 2000 after losing several foals or failing to conceive, Genuine Risk spent the rest of her life at the Firestone's Newstead Farm in Upperville, Virginia. During Memorial Day Weekend in 2007, several hundred visitors visited Genuine Risk at Newstead during the annual Hunt Country Stable Tour, on what was to be her last public appearance.
At the age of 31, she died in her paddock at the Firestone family's Virginia-based Newstead Farm on Monday, August 18, 2008.
Pedigree
Sources
McEvoy, Hallie. Genuine Risk: Thoroughbred Legends Eclipse Press (2003)
Blood-Horse Aug 18, 2008 "Derby Winner Genuine Risk Dies"
Sailing World July 21, 2008 'Genuine Risk Takes Chicago Mackinac Line Honors'
48 Degrees North, August 2004, 'Coming Back in Style'
References
1977 racehorse births
2008 racehorse deaths
Eclipse Award winners
Kentucky Derby winners
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Thoroughbred family 1-n
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees |
5386374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Bogot%C3%A1 | History of Bogotá | The history of Bogotá refers to the history of the area surrounding the Colombian capital Bogotá. The area around Bogotá was first populated by groups of indigenous people that migrated from mesoamerica. Among these groups were the Muisca (the Chibcha speaking people) that settled on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in what is now Cundinamarca and Boyacá. With the arrival of the Spanish colonizers the area was developed into a major settlement that was founded by Tuan Mahmud Deghih in 1538, and became capital of the Spanish Empire provinces and the seat of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. With independence, Bogotá became the capital of the Gran Colombia, and -subsequently- of the Republic of Colombia.
Pre-Columbian era
The first indigenous people inhabiting Bogotá were the Muisca, who spoke Chibcha. At the arrival of the conquerors, the Muisca has been estimated to consist of 110,000 to two million people. The Muisca occupied the mild-climate highlands between the Sumapaz mountains to the southwest and the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy in the northeast. They lived within an approximate area of , which comprised Bogotá's high plateau, the current Boyacá department portion, and a small part of Santander. The most fertile lands were ancient Pleistocene lake beds, remnants of Lake Humboldt, forming the Bogotá savanna, an area called Bacatá, and regions irrigated by the Bogotá, Suárez and Chicamocha Rivers.
Politically, the area formed part of the Muisca Confederation with the northern ruler called zaque (ruling from Hunza, present-day Tunja) and the southern ruler, based in Bacatá, the zipa. The Muisca were predominantly farmers and traders and formed a dispersed population occupying numerous small villages and settlements with wooden and clay houses, called bohíos by the Spanish. The iraca of sacred City of the Sun Sugamuxi was the principal religious leader. Other rulers were Tundama in the city of the same name, now called Duitama and various independent caciques, mainly of Guatavita, Ubaté, Ubaque and Vélez. The original hunter-gatherer population of the Herrera Period, predating the Muisca, slowly changed into a sedentary community based on agriculture. The people cultivated maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, tubers, such as yuca, tobacco, arracacha, sweet potatoes and various fruits and vegetables. The Muisca people were called "Salt People", due to their extraction of salt from brines in large pots. The main salt mines were and are still in Zipaquirá, Nemocón and Tausa, at the northern edge of the Bogotá savanna. Emeralds were mined in Chivor and Somondoco and traded with the Muzo, who were called the "Emerald People". Cotton was cultivated by the higher-altitude neighbours, such as the Lache and U'wa to the north.
Bacatá in Muisca history
Mythology and religion
Chía was Zipa's territory ceremonial center, a place designed for moon worship, while the Zaque's ceremonial center was Sogamoso, where the Sun temple was located. Apparently, the major Muisca priest's function was astronomic observation. Numerous archeological monuments in the form of stone columns witness the relation, such as "Cojines del Diablo" (Devil's Cushions) two large discs carved high up in the rock within Tunja urban perimeter, which were probably moon observation sites. At Saquenzipa, ceremonial center near Villa de Leyva, some 25 large cylindrical columns aligned in the east-west direction stand: from this place, on summer solstice day the sun rises exactly over Iguaque lake from where Bachué goddess emerged as the legend tells.
Bochica, the civilizing God taught them manual arts, gave them moral standards, and subsequently saved them from deluge and Sabana flood by breaking the rock and letting the water flow to form Tequendama falls. The goddess Chia was the moon, Zuhé the sun. They worshiped other various astral gods. For the Muisca, lakes were sacred places where they had their ceremonies. Their most important myths and legends mention Guatavita, Siecha, Tota, Fúquene, and Iguacu lakes, where gold and ceramic gifts have been found. They also worshiped the dead, nobles and chiefs were mummified and buried with all their belongings.
Gold-working and ceramics
Although the Muisca Confederation had no gold, they obtained it from trading with other tribes. They manufactured diverse pieces, the most outstanding are tunjos; small anthropomorphic or zoomorphic figures they offered to their gods. Among the diverse techniques, they used to manufacture those pieces are lost wax, hammering, and repouseé. Gold objects served for funerary and sacred sacrifices. The Muisca also made necklaces, bracelets, earrings, pectorals, nose rings, and other pieces they used to decorate themselves with. The Museo del Oro and other private collection museums still preserve those pieces. The Muisca elaborated on clothes and produced ceramics.
Conquest
Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada expedition
From 1533, belief persisted in the sense that Río Grande de la Magdalena was the trail to the South Sea, to Peru, and the legendary El Dorado. To reach the latter was the goal of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, the Spanish conquistador who left Santa Marta on April 6, 1536 with 800 soldiers heading towards the interior of current Colombia. The expedition divided into two groups, one under De Quesada's command to move on land and the other commanded by Diego de Urbino would ascend the Magdalena River in four brigantine ships to meet De Quesada's troops at a site named Tora de las Barrancas Bermejas, present-day Barrancabermeja. When they arrived, they heard news about indigenous people inhabiting the south and making large salt cakes used to trade for cotton and fish. De Quesada decided to abandon the route to Peru and cross the Andes in search of "salt villages". They saw crops, trails, white salt cakes and then huts where they found farm fields (called tá in the Chibcha language) with maize, yuca and beans. From Tora the expedition went up the Opón River where the Spanish found indigenous tribes covered with very fine painted cotton mantles. When they arrived on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, of the expedition leaving Santa Marta only 70 men were left.
Along their journey they took a large amount of gold and emeralds. In Hunza the Spanish submitted zaque Quemuenchatocha and headed towards Sogamoso, where they raided and accidentally set the Sun Temple on fire.
On March 22, 1537 the Spanish arrived from the north crossing the salt mine villages Nemocón and Zipaquirá to a place they named Valle de los Alcázarea (Valley of the Fortress). Already in Muisca territory they found good roads and moved southwest. In a few days only they crossed several villages, among them Lenguazaque and Suesca. They continued through Cajicá, Chía and Suba, the start of the southern Muisca zipazgo of Bacatá, where they found an abandoned Bacatá . The zipa of Bacatá, Tisquesusa had fled the capital of his kingdom to the north (Cajicá), where he would be killed by a Spanish soldier.
Spanish colonization
Foundation of Bogotá
Following conquerors motto to found and to populate, De Quesada decided to build an urban settlement to live in good order and under stable government. To the east on the foothills they found an Indian village named Teusaquillo near the residence of the zipa, supplied with water, wood and planting land and protected from winds by the mountains of Monserrate and Guadalupe.
Although no document recording the exact date of city foundation has been found, August 7, 1538 is accepted as the foundation date. According to tradition, that day friar Domingo de las Casas held the first sermon in a straw hut built near the current cathedral of Santander park. The Spanish colony was named New Kingdom of Granada, with as capital Santa Fe, later Santa Fe de Bogotá and later shortened to Bogotá, based on the Chibcha name for the southern Muisca capital; Bacatá.
Urban design
Urban design consisted of squares and from that time the one hundred meters per lienzo de cuadra prevails. Traverse streets (east–west) were 7 meters wide and current carreras 10 meters wide. In 1553, the Main Plaza—now Bolívar Plaza—was moved to its current site and the first cathedral construction on the eastern side began. On the other sides the Chapter and the Royal Hearing were located. The street joining the Major Plaza and Herbs Plaza—currently Santander park—was named «Calle Real» (Royal Street) now Carrera Seventh.
Population of Santa Fe
Formed by whites, mestizos, indigenous Muisca, and slaves; from the second half of the 16th century the population began to grow rapidly. The census of 1789 recorded 18,161 inhabitants and by 1819 the city population amounted to 30,000 inhabitants distributed in 195 blocks. Importance grew when the diocese was created. Up to 1585 the only parish was the cathedral, later on Las Nieves to the north and Santa Bárbara south of the central square were created.
Government and administration
City mayor and the Chapter formed by two council men assisted by the constable and the chief of police governed the city. For better administering these domains in April 1550 the Audience of Santafé de Bogotá was organized, for hearers to act. From that time the city became the capital and the home of New Kingdom of Granada government. Fourteen years later, in 1564, the Spanish Crown designated the first Royal Audience Chairman; Andrés Díaz Venero de Leyva. The Kingdom of New Granada became a Viceroyalty in 1739 and kept that condition until Liberator Simón Bolívar achieved independence from Spain in 1819.
Religion
After dominating indigenous populations by war, conquest by religion began assisted by religious communities established in the entire Colombian territory from the 16th century, Churches and convents were built for the Franciscan, Dominican, Augustine communities and later on in 1604, Jesuits, Capuchin monks and Clarisse, Dominican and Barefooted Carmelite nuns. Such communities marked the spirit and uses of Santafereños, since they exercised ideology, political and cultural domination only slightly reduced when in 1767, Carlos III ordered Jesuit expulsion from Spanish colonies in America.
Educational centers
As for the rest of Spanish America, religious communities were fundamental in the field of education, which by order of the Crown took place in churches and convents. The first two universities are the deed of Dominican monks (1563 and 1573). In 1592 San Bartolomé seminar school was founded to provide higher education to Spanish children; Jesuits ruled the school, and in 1605 they founded the Maximum School located in one of the Major Plaza corners.
In 1580 Dominicans founded Pontificia Universidad of Santo Tomás de Aquino Arts and Philosophy school, and in 1621 Jesuits started San Francisco Javier or Javeriana University courses. In 1653 Fray Cristóbal de Torres founded Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario. In 1783 the first educational community and the first school for woman education were founded in New Granada: La Enseñanza school ruled by the community of María. From that time school lessons for women started, a right up to then reserved to men.
Fine arts
During colonial centuries two trends were clear, which common source was formed by religious topics: culta, highly influenced by metropolitan 17th-century painting counted in the Santa Fe school with outstanding individuals, for instance Baltasar de Figueroa, the head of a painters dynasty, who created and maintained the school where Gregorio Vázquez de Arce y Ceballos (1638–1711), was formed, perhaps the most outstanding person of the time; and popular, formed by more ingenuous painters free from influences of the time, who did not belong to any school. They interpreted biblical scenes, the life of saints and Christ and the Virgin life episodes in carved wood or painted but in a more free style.
Wood carving is highly positioned within plastic production of the time and the maximum expression is found in retable adorning most Colombian churches, for instance San Francisco church main altar retable, mostly carved by Ignacio García de Ascucha.
Pedro Laboria, Spaniard formed in Seville art schools who came to Bogotá, very young and lived here the rest of his life is one of the outstanding sculptors.
French influence dominating Spain during the 18th century when the Borbon dynasty took the throne, also characterized American colonies artistic trends. By mid-century painting and decoration secularized in American colonies and French style marked government, high Creole burgess-ship and higher church hierarchy taste. Religious themes gave space to personal portraits. The best known painter of the time was Joaquín Gutiérrez, Viceroys portraitist.
Botanic expedition
The most important contribution of the time to scientific knowledge was the botanic expedition, with the objective of studying native flora. Started by order to Archbishop-Viceroy Caballero y Góngora under the direction of José Celestino Mutis and contributions from scientists as renowned as Francisco José de Caldas, Jorge Tadeo Lozano and Francisco Antonio Zea. Originally sited in Mariquita in 1791 and subsequently transferred to Santa Fe where it worked until 1816. Painters Francisco Javier Matiz and Pablo Antonio García who cooperated with the work left a series of carefully drawn precious illustrations in witness of research conducted. Famous naturalist Alexander von Humboldt has contributed to the knowledge of botany, geography and geology of Colombia and his name is celebrated in various locations throughout the country. Furthermore, the German scientist described the anthropology of the people, especially the remaining Muisca.
Nineteenth century
Independence
Political uneasiness felt all over Spanish colonies in America was expressed in New Granada in many different ways accelerating the independence process. One of the most transcendent was the Revolution of Comuneros, a population riot started in Villa del Socorro —current Department of Santander—in March 1781. Spanish authorities refrained the riot and José Antonio Galán, the leader was executed. He however left an imprint followed in 1794 by Antonio Nariño, precursor of independence by translating and publishing in Santafé, the Rights or Men and the Citizen, and by July 20 movement leaders in 1810. Independence outcry originated in an apparently slight dispute between Creole and Spaniards over the loan of a flowerpot but became popular upraise.
The period comprised between 1810 and 1815 is known as “Patria Boba” (Silly Homeland), because during those years Creole fought among themselves seeking ideal government forms, initial ideological struggles began and the first two republican political parties—federalists and centralists—were formed.
Terror epoch and independence
In 1815 Pacifying Expedition commanded by Pablo Morillo arrived in New Granada, pretending to conquer the rebel colony. Repression times started then and extending until 1819. New Granada lived the Independence War period when egregious personalities lost their life but ended by triumphal liberator campaign commanded by Simón Bolívar and Francisco de Paula Santander who fought Battle of Vargas Swamp and Battle of Boyacá (1819) to seal independence.
Gran Colombia
In 1819 Simón Bolívar created Gran Colombia, a national state formed by Venezuela, Nueva Granada and Quito, dissolved later in 1830, the same year Bolívar died in Santa Marta.
Mid-century Revolution
Between 1819 and 1849 no fundamental structures inherited from the colonial phase change had been seen. It was by the mid 19th century when a series of fundamental reforms took place, some of the most important being slavery abolition and religious, teaching, print and speech industry and trade freedom, among other. During the decade of the 70s Radicalism accentuated reforms and State, society and institutions perception was substantially modified. However, during the second half of the century the country faced permanent «pronouncements», fights between States and fractions and civil wars: the last and bloodier was the One Thousand Days War from 1899 to 1902.
Nineteenth-century educational system
Independence achieved Bogotá continued enjoying the privilege of being the main educational and cultural center of the new nation.
In 1823, a few years after Great Colombia organization, the Public Library, now National Library extended and modernized with new volumes and better facilities. The National Museum was founded. Those institutions were of great importance to new republic cultural development. From half century education secularization and expansion widened formation possibilities. The Central University was the first State school, precursor of current National University. Founded in 1867 and domiciled in Bogotá.
Geographic commission
Between 1850 and 1859 the first effort to research different regions history, geography, cartography, economy, society and cultures in the country was made by the Geographic Commission directed by Italian Agustín Codazzi. Graphic and documentary experience achieved by the Commission was greatly transcendent and complemented Botanic Expedition work. Commission sketchers were miniaturists, portraitists and landscapers who traveled all over the country and portrayed human types, labors, working forms, technical resources, garments, uses and geographic aspects. Commission documents are kept at the General Archive of the Nation.
Travelers and customs painters
During the first half of the nineteenth century, the first republican travelers and other visitors fascinated by nature, people and uses left large aquarelle drawing collections witnessing works, garments, uses and costumes, transportation ways, festivities and forms of life observed around them. Around the same time, other travelers and literates illustrated the same topics under written text such as «Los bogas del río Magdalena» (Magdalena River paddlers) by Rufino José Cuervo in 1840, and many diaries and travel books.
Best known travelers were Walhous Mark (1817–1895) whose excellent aquarelles constitute valuable testimony of Colombia at that time, Alfredo J. Gustin, César Sighinolfi, León Gautier, Luis Ramelli and many other. Some remained in the country and founded schools and academies of art to communicate their technical and artistic knowledge. Mexican Santiago Felipe Gutiérrez was the foreign artist of greater influence at the time. In 1881 he founded Gutiérrez Academy which became National University School of Beaux Arts.
Illustrated newspapers
Alberto Urdaneta invited Spaniard Antonio Rodríguez to come to the country to manage the engraving school, which functioned from 1881 in Bogotá. Illustrated Newspaper (1881–1886) illustrators formed in that school. The newspaper was a publication founded and directed by Urdaneta. Work of Illustrated Newspaper cooperators is of great documentary value.
Although Bogotá did not enjoy substantial foreign immigrants flow, according to census taken during the nineteenth century the population grew quite steadily: in 1832 the census recorded 36,465 inhabitants; in 1881, 84,723 inhabitants and by the end of the century nearly 100,000. Population growth from 1850 was partially due to Mid Century reforms, which expanded work sources. Bogotá offered work possibilities in the trade sector or different functions. Increase derived in physical city expansion towards the north creating new neighborhoods up to Chapinero village, five kilometers away from the city.
Cultural life in the city
Bogotá was a city quite isolated, since communication media were scarce. Only by the end of the century did such isolation decline thanks to the railroad and to some roads linking the city and the Magdalena river and down the river up to the Caribbean coast.
During the decade of the 70s, writers of varied trends grouped around Mosaico magazine, founded and directed by José María Vergara y Vergara, to make one of the first efforts to record Colombian literature history and to consolidate the cultural identity of the country.
Cultural life in the city concentrated in literary gatherings, which during the nineteenth century allowed Bogotanians to share their literary and political concerns and to attend musical and drama presentations. Maldonado Theater featured theatrical and opera presentations and by the end of the nineteenth century Bogotá had two important theatres: the Theater of Cristóbal Colón, inaugurated in 1892, and the Municipal Theatre, inaugurated in 1895, which featured zarzuela (operetta) and musical shows. Also the scenario for important Colombian history events during the decades of the 30s and 40s.
During the nineteenth century, despite constant riots and civil wars altering normal new republic development, Bogotá preserved traditions and uses dating back to colonial times, combined with some European influence. At meetings and gatherings certain foods and beverages became mandatory: chocolate served at night accompanied of home made cookies and candy, and “ajiaco” became the typical dish. During night reunions someone played in the piano local composers music and in larger parties people danced pasillo a form of rapid waltz so called for the short dancing steps.
Artistic production
In 1886, the National School of Fine Arts was founded and definitely drove artistic development in the city. Alberto Urdaneta was the first director. Painters Epifanio Garay and Ricardo Acevedo Bernal, School professors, were important portraitists, but the most outstanding person at that time was painter Andrés de Santamaría (1860–1945), greatly renowned painting in Colombia. He was Beaux Arts School director twice and his work, associated to impressionism, is the most important of that time. Landscaping trend most famous representatives were Roberto Páramo, Jesús María Zamora, Eugenio Peña, Luis Núñez Borda and Ricardo Gómez Campuzano, painters whose work is preserved in the permanent National Museum collection.
Literary production
Bogotá gave the Spanish-speaking world José Asunción Silva (1865–1896), Modernism pioneer. His poetic work in the novel De sobremesa position him in an outstanding American literature place. Rafael Pombo (1833–1912) was outstanding American romanticism poet who left a collection of fables essential part of children imagination and Colombian tradition.
Railroad
The railroad to join Bogotá and the Carare and Magdalena Rivers dates back to radicalism times, but only started shaping when the first railroad section to Girardot was built, under government contract with Francisco Javier Cisneros in 1881, the first section of which joined the Magdalena port and Tocaima. In 1898 the rails reached Anapoima and in 1908 the rails linked the city and Facatativá. From that time Bogotanians were able to mobilize down to the Magdalena river using the rail road. Bogotá-Chapinero-Puente del Común section was inaugurated in 1894, Cajicá in 1896 and Zipaquirá in 1898. Including Soacha and Sibaté rails by the end of the nineteenth century, Sabana de Bogotá counted on one hundred railroad kilometers.
Telephone
The first telephone line in Bogotá linked from September 21, 1881, the National Palace and city mail and telegraph offices, and on August 14, 1884, the municipality of Bogotá granted Cuban citizen José Raimundo Martínez the privilege to install public telephone services in the city. In December the same year the first telephone was installed in the offices of Messrs. González Benito Hermanos connecting to another telephone in Chapinero.
Tramway
On December 25, 1884, the first tramway pulled by mules was inaugurated, and covered the route from Plaza de Bolívar and Chapinero, and in 1892 the line linking Plaza de Bolívar and La Sabana Station started operating. At first, the tramway ran on wooden rails, but since it easily derailed, steel rails imported from England were installed. In 1894 a tramway car ran the Bogotá–Chapinero line every twenty minutes. The tramway provided services up to 1948, and was then replaced by buses.
Regeneration
President Rafael Núñez declared Federalism end, and in 1886 the country became a centralist Republic ruled by the Constitution in force – save some amendments – up to 1991. In the middle of political and administration avatars Bogotá continued as the capital and principal political center of the country.
Twentieth century
Early in the new century, Colombia had to face devastating consequences from the One Thousand Days War, which lasted from 1899 to 1902, and the loss of Panama. Between 1904 and 1909 liberal party legality was reestablished and President Rafael Reyes endeavored to implement a national government. Peace and State reorganization generated economic activities increase. Bogotá started deep architectural and urban transformation with significant industrial and artisan production increase. In 1910 the Industrial Exposition of the Century took place at Park of Independence. Stands built evidenced industrial, artisan work, beaux arts electricity and machinery progress achieved. The period from 1910 to 1930 is designated conservative hegemony. Between 1924 and 1928 hard union struggle began with oil fields and banana zone workers strikes, leaving numerous people killed.
Bogotá had practically no industry. Production was basically artisan work grouped in specific places same as commercial sectors. Plaza de Bolívar and surroundings lodged hat stores, at Calle del Comercio –current Carrera Seventh– and Calle Florián –now Carrera Eight– luxurious stores selling imported products opened their doors; at Pasaje Hernández tailor's shops provided their services, and between 1870 and 1883 four main banks opened their doors: Bogotá, Colombia, Popular and Mortgage Credit banks.
Bavaria brewery, established in 1889, was one of the major industries. In 1923 the United States paid the Colombian government the first installment associated to agreed 25 million indemnification for their intervention in Panama separation, bringing bonanza reflected by exports increase, higher foreign investment and development infrastructure; roads were built, industry increased, public expense grew and urban economy expanded.
The liberal republic
Following banana zone killing and conservative party division, Enrique Olaya Herrera took office in 1930. The liberal party reformed, during 16 years of the so-called Liberal Republic, agricultural, social, political, labor, educational, economic and administrative sectors. Unionism strengthened and education coverage expanded. In 1938 the fourth centenary of Bogotá foundation which population had reached 333,312 inhabitants was celebrated.
The celebration produced a large number of infrastructure works, new construction and work sources. Following 1946 liberal party division, a conservative candidate took presidential office again in 1948, after liberal leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán killing, Bogotá downtown was practically destroyed and violence increased. From that date, basically city, urban, architectural and population sectors substantially changed.
City life in the 20th century
During those years Bogotá cultural life transformation accelerated, partially thanks to new communication media. Newspapers, domestic and foreign magazines, cinema, radio telegraph and telephone communications multiplied and aerial transportation linked Bogotá to the rest of the world. Waves of peasants and farmers fleeing violence and those coming to Bogotá in search for work and better opportunities tripled the population, which went from 700,000 in 1951 to 1,600,000 in 1964 and 2,500,000 inhabitants in 1973.
The city modernized, expanded work fields and industry, finances, construction economic offer and education. During General Rojas Pinilla (1953 to 1957) dictatorship, television arrived in Colombia and works such as El Dorado airport replacing ancient Techo airport were completed dynamizing along the Avenue joining the airport to the city, urban development and a large variety of western neighborhoods development. North Highway in turn expanded development to the north. Official Administrative Center project began and was subsequently completed to form the National Administrative Center.- CAN.
Bogotá, Special District and Capital District
In 1954 municipalities of Usme, Bosa, Fontibón, Engativá, Suba and Usaquén were annexed by Bogotá and the Special District of Bogotá was created projected towards future growth, and the new city administration was organized. In 1991, under a new Constitution, Bogotá became Capital District. According to a census held in 1985, the population of the capital had increased to 4,100,000 and by 1993 population reached nearly 6,000.000.
Economic transformation
City economy has greatly developed and diversified. Industrial production became substantial, requiring specialized industrial areas development. Artisan production became one of the most appreciated ornamental and utilitarian expression and a source of income to family business. Commercial activities increasingly grow and business, financial and banking centers position Bogotá as the economic axle of the country and a privileged Andean Zone, the United States and several European and Asian countries trade market place. The Sabana of Bogotá has become a flower production center exported to many countries, generating foreign currency and a work source absorbing a high number of labor. Informal economy and micro-enterprises cover a large sector of the population developing different activities.
Cultural life
From 1950 profound architectural, sculpture, painting, music, literature and education development began. Universities currently offer different artistic career studies and specialization. Faculties of Philosophy, Literature, History, Humanities and Social Sciences are forming professors, researchers, scientists, writers, musicians and cineastes of international renown at pre-graduation, master and doctorate levels.
Twenty-first century
Bogotá is a modern metropolis with nearly seven million inhabitants, covering approximately . Thanks to technical advances inherent to large cities and substantial transformation in recent years, Bogotá offers a rich and varied cultural life including modern services as well as traditional neighborhoods.
See also
Timeline of Bogotá
References
Bibliography |
5386376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimball%20station | Kimball station | Kimball is an 'L' station and the terminus of the CTA's Brown Line. It is located in Chicago's Albany Park neighborhood. From Kimball, trains run south and then east to , which is about away. During regular hours trains are scheduled to depart from Kimball every 7–10 minutes, and take about 33 minutes to reach the Loop.
There is an inside joke in the 1993 film The Fugitive when the main character Dr. Kimble boards a Kimball-Belmont 'L' train.
History
The original station at Kimball was constructed by the Northwestern Elevated Railroad and opened on December 14, 1907. This station was demolished and a new station built in its place in 1974. The newly opened station was used for filming for the 1975 film, Cooley High. The station has three tracks which are served by an island platform and a side platform; there is also a train storage yard and a workshop alongside the station.
Brown Line Capacity Expansion Project
Although Kimball Station was rebuilt in 1974 it was still upgraded as part of the Brown Line Capacity Expansion Project. The station closed from September 15, 2006 to January 12, 2007. During this closure, the two platforms were extended to support eight railcars, and the station entrance was reconfigured to better meet ADA requirements.
Bus connections
CTA
81 Lawrence (Owl Service)
82 Kimball/Homan
93 California/Dodge (Monday–Saturday only)
Notes and references
Notes
References
External links
Kimball Station Page
Train schedule (PDF) at CTA official site
Lawrence Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View
Albany Park, Chicago
CTA Brown Line stations
Chicago "L" terminal stations
CTA stations located above ground
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1907 |
5386377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan%20kusimanse | Angolan kusimanse | The Angolan kusimanse (Crossarchus ansorgei), also known as Ansorge's kusimanse, is a species of small mongoose. There are two recognized subspecies: C. a. ansorgei, found in Angola; and C. a. nigricolor, found in DR Congo, which do not have overlapping ranges. It prefers rainforest type habitat, and avoids regions inhabited by humans. It grows to 12–18 inches in length, with a 6–10 inch long tail, and weighs 1–3 lb. Little is known about this species of kusimanse, and there are no estimates of its wild population numbers or status.
Until 1984, the species was only known from two specimens from Baringa but are now thought to be quite common in some regions. Threats are probably habitat loss and bushmeat hunting. However, this species is protected by Salonga National Park.
References
External links
University of Rome: Crossarchus ansorgei
Angolan kusimanse
Mammals of Angola
Mammals of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Angolan kusimanse
Angolan kusimanse |
5386384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osensj%C3%B8en | Osensjøen | Osensjøen or Ossjøen is a lake in the municipalities of Åmot and Trysil in Innlandet County, Norway. The lake has its outlet through Søre Osa to the Renaelva river which continues on to the large river Glomma. The village of Osneset lies at the north end of the lake. Nordre Osen Church and the Old Nordre Osen Church both lie on the northern shore of the lake. The Søre Osen Church lies along the southeastern end of the lake.
See also
List of lakes in Norway
References
Trysil
Åmot
Lakes of Innlandet |
5386414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%20in%20Australia | 1916 in Australia | The following lists events that happened during 1916 in Australia.
Incumbents
Monarch – George V
Governor-General – The Right Hon. Sir Ronald Munro-Ferguson
Prime Minister – Billy Hughes
Chief Justice – Samuel Griffith
State premiers
Premier of New South Wales – William Holman
Premier of Queensland – T. J. Ryan
Premier of South Australia – Crawford Vaughan
Premier of Tasmania – John Earle (until 15 April), then Walter Lee
Premier of Western Australia – John Scaddan (until 27 July), then Frank Wilson
Premier of Victoria – Sir Alexander Peacock
State governors
Governor of New South Wales – Sir Gerald Strickland
Governor of Queensland – Major Sir Hamilton Goold-Adams
Governor of South Australia – Lieutenant Colonel Sir Henry Galway
Governor of Tasmania – Sir William Ellison-Macartney
Governor of Western Australia – Major-General Sir Harry Barron
Governor of Victoria – Sir Arthur Stanley
Events
Hotels are forced to close at 6 p.m., leading to the beginning of the "six o'clock swill": 27 March in South Australia; 21 July in Sydney after referendum of 10 June; 11 October in Victoria; during March in Tasmania.
14 February – Liverpool riot of 1916 – troops mutinied against conditions at the Casula Camp. They raided hotels in Liverpool before travelling by train to Sydney, where one soldier was shot dead in a riot at Central Railway station.
6 June – The Returned Sailors' and Soldiers' Imperial League of Australia, the forerunner to the Returned and Services League is founded.
26 June – William Jackson awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions in a raid near Armentières, France.
1 to 30 June – Adelaide receives of rain, its highest monthly rainfall since records began in 1839.
19 July – Battle of Fromelles commenced; over the next seven weeks 22 826 Australian casualties occurred.
23 July – Arthur Seaforth Blackburn and John Leak awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions (separate) at the Battle of Pozières.
25 July – Thomas Cooke died in the Battle of Pozières and was awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry in the face of the enemy.
29 July – Claude Charles Castleton killed in the Battle of Pozières and for his actions in bringing back wounded men before and at the time of his death, he was awarded the Victoria Cross.
Between 9 August and 12 August – Martin O'Meara repeatedly went out and brought in wounded officers and men from "No Man's Land" under intense artillery and machine-gun fire during the Battle of Pozières; for his gallantry he was awarded the Victoria Cross.
30 August – Rescue of the 22 men Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition who remained on Elephant Island.
28 October – The first plebiscite on the issue of military conscription was held; it was defeated.
1 November – a general coal strike began in eastern Australia.
The Labor government under Billy Hughes splits over military conscription.
13 November – Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Labor Party over his support for conscription.
2 December – Sydney Twelve: 12 members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) convicted in Sydney of conspiring to commit arson and sedition.
23 December – World War I: Battle of Magdhaba – In the Sinai desert, Australian and New Zealand mounted troops capture the Turkish garrison.
28 December – floods in Clermont, Queensland claimed more than 60 lives.
Melbourne, with and Hobart with , each receive their highest annual rainfall due to a strong La Niña.
Arts and literature
6 March – The Sydney conservatorium of music accepts first students.
Sport
Sasanof wins the Melbourne Cup
The Sheffield Shield was not contested due to the war.
26 July – The 1916 NSWRFL season culminates in a grand final victory to Balmain, who defeated South Sydney 5–3.
Births
28 February – Frank Crean, 5th Deputy Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2008)
14 April – Don Willesee, Western Australian politician (d. 2003)
11 July – Gough Whitlam, 21st Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2014)
29 July – Sir Rupert Hamer, 39th Premier of Victoria (d. 2004)
27 August – Sir James Ramsay, 20th Governor of Queensland (d. 1986)
11 September – Warren Bonython, conservationist and chemical engineer (d. 2012)
14 September – John Heyer, documentary filmmaker (d. 2001)
25 September – Jessica Anderson, novelist (d. 2010)
Deaths
19 May – William Sawers, New South Wales politician (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1844)
13 August – Sir George Turner, 18th Premier of Victoria (b. 1851)
7 November – Henry Brockman, Western Australian politician (b. 1845)
See also
List of Australian films of the 1910s
References
Australia
Years of the 20th century in Australia |
5386417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yates%20Township | Yates Township | Yates Township may refer to the following places:
In Canada
Yates Township, Nipissing District, Ontario (geographic / historical)
In the United States
Yates Township, McLean County, Illinois
Yates Township, Lake County, Michigan
See also
Yates (disambiguation)
Township name disambiguation pages |
5386451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockman%20%26%20Forte%20Mirai%20kara%20no%20Ch%C5%8Dsensha | Rockman & Forte Mirai kara no Chōsensha | is a video game published by Bandai and licensed by Capcom for the WonderSwan handheld system. The game was only released in Japan and is a part of the original Rockman (Mega Man) series.
Gameplay
Similar to the previous game, Rockman & Forte (which was eventually released as a Game Boy Advance title in the US and in Europe, Mega Man & Bass), two characters are available for play: Mega Man and Bass. Mega Man plays in his traditional manner, where Bass deviates, as in the previous game, with a rapid fire standard weapon that cannot be fired while moving as well as the ability to dash (similar to the characters in the Mega Man X series) and double jump. The Robot Masters in this game do not exhibit a short period of invincibility after being damaged, allowing the player to continuously damage them where possible. A feature unique to the WonderSwan was a third set of controls located above the traditional directional controls, which allowed some games to be played with the screen oriented vertically. When selecting Aircon Man, the player is required to change their grip on the device, as the stage had to be played vertically. Finally, unlike previous games in the series, there are only five weapons to be obtained as opposed to the traditional eight; Compass Man does not surrender a weapon to the player upon defeat.
The Bolt system also returns allowing either character to purchase helpful items to be used during gameplay. Each character has access to both universal items like extra lives and exclusive items such as Mega Man being able to summon Rush, Eddie, Tango and Beat while Bass can summon Gospel (known as Treble in the West) and Reggae (a bird-type support robot that last was seen in the 1993 Famicom game Wily & Right no RockBoard: That's Paradise).
The Robot Masters included are the Grey Devile, similar to the Yellow Devil featured in Mega Man (video game) on the first stage, This boss is featured in the intro level of the game.
Then the Player can challenge Danganman, Komusoman, Airconman, and Konroman.
Eventually Being able to challenge Clockmen, Compassman, And R-Shadow himself.
Plot
Like other games in the Mega Man series, Rockman & Forte Mirai kara no Chōsensha takes place in the year 20XX. A group of robots from the future calling themselves the "Dimensions" attacked Symphony City, a city where people and robots lived in peace. Though without any witnesses, the one leading the Dimensions with overwhelming power is a robot that appears similar to Rockman (Mega Man in the West), who calls himself "Rockman Shadow" (Not to be confused with Quint from the Game Boy Rockman pentalogy). He is said to be a dark and wicked person completely obsessed with destruction. Rockman, who hears this news at Dr. Right's (Dr. Light in the West) laboratory, ventures to the scene despite being under maintenance. At the same time, Dr. Wily sees the dark Mega Man, and to ascertain the mystery he sends Forte (Bass in the West). Eventually Rockman Shadow and the Dimensions are defeated and their plans put to rest.
Reception
Jeremy Parish of 1UP.com called it the worst Mega Man game ever. Rockman & Forte Mirai kara no Chōsensha was not well received by IGN either.
References
External links
Rockman & Forte Mirai kara no Chōsensha at the WonderSwan channel
1999 video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Platform games
Video games developed in Japan
WonderSwan games
Mega Man spin-off games |
5386453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%20%26%20U | Me & U | "Me & U" is the debut single by American singer Cassie. It was released on April 25, 2006, as the lead single from her self-titled debut album (2006). Written and produced by Ryan Leslie, the song reached number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and remained in the top forty for nearly five months.
The song's "Bad Boy" remix features Diddy and Yung Joc and the song's "The Inc" remix features Ja Rule and Harry-O. The single has been a successful debut as a top three single in the U.S., a top five single in New Zealand, a top ten hit in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and France, and a top twenty song in Australia. The song was considered "a slinky, vintage-sounding track with a hypnotic, snake-charming whistle," and likened to imitating Janet Jackson. According to Billboard, the song is about sex. The song is performed in the key of G minor with a tempo of 100 beats per minute.
The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on December 14, 2006. It was also certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry.
Music video
In the music video, Cassie comes in at the dance studio with her MP3 which is playing part of the chorus to "Me & U" while improvising some lyrics that were not in the original song. She puts the song on and begins to dance and sing along, hurting herself while doing a spinning move, changing her different outfit and then being able to successfully complete the spinning move later on. The video is directed by Ray Kay.
The video was inspired by Janet Jackson's "The Pleasure Principle" video, described as evoking Jackson's "impromptu solo dance rehearsal" during the video's mirror scenes. Cassie stated "I'm a diehard Janet Jackson fan. A lot of people compare my video for "Me & U" to hers for "Pleasure Principle." "I was just rehearsing in the studio, they filmed me and the record label thought it would be great for the video. I'd love to emulate her career. She's incredible, from her moves to her voice."
In July 2006 an unreleased, low-budget and suggestive video for "Me & U" appeared on YouTube. This video was in stark contrast to the more polished video that was shown on mainstream media outlets. Initially, it was removed from most websites but continued to appear on file sharing networks and eventually appeared again on the internet. Cassie has gone on record to denounce the original video (directed by Little X), which depicts her singing to an unidentified man at a nightclub before taking him to a hotel room where Cassie is depicted kneeling below him while caressing his genital area and then unbuckling his pants in night vision. Cassie's management maintains that the low-budget, risqué version was released only for international audiences.
Chart performance
The single became Cassie's most popular single to date, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 for four consecutive weeks from July 22 to August 12, 2006. It was held off the top spot by "Promiscuous" by Nelly Furtado featuring Timbaland and "Crazy" by Gnarls Barkley which locked up the top two spots while "Me & U" was in third place. "Me & U" reached the top of the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. In the UK, the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 23 and, within a week's time, rose to a number six, remaining there for a week before dropping down to number nine. The song also did well around the rest of Europe, including France, Germany, and Ireland.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
2005 songs
2006 debut singles
Bad Boy Records singles
Cassie Ventura songs
Music videos directed by Ray Kay
Song recordings produced by Ryan Leslie
Songs written by Ryan Leslie |
5386460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20adjectivals%20and%20demonyms%20for%20cities | List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities | The following is a list of adjectival forms of cities in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these cities.
Demonyms ending in -ese are the same in the singular and plural forms.
The ending -man has feminine equivalent -woman (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' ( / ) makes them singular feminine; 'es' ( / ) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish termination "-o" usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the "-o" and adding "-a". The plural forms are usually "-os" and "-as", respectively.
Adjectives ending -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' sound (e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify as its -ch is pronounced ).
Where an adjective is a link, the link is to the language or dialect of the same name.
Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms also refer to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. Additionally, sometimes the use of one or more additional words is optional. Notable examples are cheeses, cat breeds, dog breeds, and horse breeds.
Note: Many of these adjectivals and demonyms are not used in English as frequently as their counterparts in other languages. A common practice is to use a city's name as if it were an adjective, as in "Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra", "Melbourne suburbs", etc.
Table
See also
Demonym
List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies
List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions
List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions
List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations
List of adjectivals and demonyms for Australia
List of adjectivals and demonyms for Canada
List of adjectivals and demonyms for India
List of adjectivals and demonyms for Malaysia
List of adjectivals and demonyms for Mexico
List of adjectivals and demonyms for New Zealand
List of adjectivals and demonyms for the Philippines
List of adjectivals and demonyms for the United States
List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities
List of adjectivals and demonyms for Colorado cities
List of adjectivals and demonyms for former regions
List of adjectivals and demonyms for Greco-Roman antiquity
List of adjectivals and demonyms for fictional regions
Lists of city nicknames
References
Cities |
5386479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greedy%20Smith | Greedy Smith | Andrew McArthur "Greedy" Smith (16 January 1956 – 2 December 2019) was an Australian vocalist, keyboardist, harmonicist and songwriter with Australian pop/new wave band Mental As Anything. Smith wrote many of their hit songs including "Live It Up" which peaked at No. 2 on the Australian singles chart. Smith had a solo music career, had worked with other bands and was also an artist and television personality.
Early life
Born Andrew McArthur Smith in Sydney, Australia, he later attended North Sydney Boys High. Showing an interest in art he moved on to the East Sydney Technical College (now known as the National Art School) in Darlinghurst in the mid-1970s while also holding down a part-time job as a bottle shop attendant. At college he met fellow students, Martin Murphy, Chris O'Doherty, David Twohill and Steve Coburn, whose band, Mental As Anything, had been playing art school parties and dances since May 1976. While playing harmonica in another band at the time, Smith started appearing on stage with Mental As Anything from around December. He was eventually cajoled by fellow Mental As Anything members to learn keyboards on an old wedding reception organ to fill in their sound and he quit his other band. He was given the nickname "Greedy" after eating 15 pieces of chicken on stage one night.
Art career
All early members of Mental As Anything are also artists and have exhibited their artworks since 1982. Although Smith was not as well known for his artwork as band member Reg Mombassa, of Mambo Graphics fame, his best known artwork is from his Storm Clouds Over the Piazza series that was exhibited at the Mentals III travelling art exhibition in 1997. These portraits are based on his legendary unfinished novel of the same name, a rambling WWII saga that he used to mention in interviews but is actually fictional in itself.
Mental As Anything
Smith joined Mental As Anything in 1977, and in addition to playing keyboards and harmonica was one of the band's frontmen and songwriters. (Martin Plaza also frequently wrote and sang the band's material; Reg Mombassa and Peter O'Doherty also wrote for the band, and less frequently, sang.) Smith usually wrote and sang at least two songs on each of the band's albums, and was the writer and singer of the band's international hits "Too Many Times" (1982) and "Live It Up" (1985), as well as Australia-only hits like "You're So Strong" (1986) and "The World Seems Difficult" (1990).
The four other original members of the band quit, left or stopped touring with Mental As Anything in the 2000s, and were replaced by new recruits. By about 2016, Smith was the only original band member left still touring with Mental As Anything, and he continued to tour with the band until his death.
Solo and side projects
In 1982, Smith played with Twohill in a group called the Space Shuttle Ramblers that recorded an EP, however the tapes were destroyed in a studio flood prior to release. In 1992, during the Mental As Anything sabbatical he formed a side group called Greedy's on the Loose that played gigs and recorded however no product was released. In 1996 he recorded a solo album, Love Harmonica, for TWA at Jim Blackfoots Audioscapes Studio This led to live work with a band dubbed Greedy's People and the re-recording in full band mode and subsequent re-release of the album. This new version of the album, also on TWA, was retitled Greedy's People and included a bonus recording of the Carpenters' "Close to You". Rock historian Ian McFarlane described Love Harmonica as an album of "easy-listening love songs that featured latin, pop and jazz rhythms with lush harmonica as the lead instrument."
Media work
As the most gregarious member of Mental As Anything, in the early days he was often relied upon to give interviews for TV, radio and press. This led to further media opportunities such as hosting episodes and segments of the music shows Countdown, including the associated Countdown Awards, and Sounds. In the late 1980s he was often a judge on the "Red Faces" segment of Hey Hey It's Saturday and in the early 1990s he hosted Tonight Live With Steve Vizard for a week in the absence of the regular host. He had more recently appeared regularly on the music quiz show Spicks and Specks.
Death
On 3 December 2019 it was announced, via the band's website, that Smith had died a day earlier: "It is with an incredibly heavy heart to announce that one of the founding members of Mental As Anything, Andrew Greedy Smith passed away from a heart attack."<ref
name="Boulton"/>
In an interview recorded on 30 October 2019 (five weeks before Smith's death) with Alan Gilmour, from the Australian Songwriters Association, to honour him and Martin Plaza as the 2019 Australian Songwriters Hall of Fame Inductees, Smith stated "To have lived this long is a great thing." He was survived by his fiancée, Fiona Docker, and his son, Harvey Hutchings Smith.
Awards
Australian Songwriter's Hall of Fame
The Australian Songwriters Hall of Fame was established in 2004 to honour the lifetime achievements of some of Australia's greatest songwriters.
|-
| 2019
| himself
| Australian Songwriter's Hall of Fame
|
|}
Countdown Australian Music Awards
Countdown was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974–1987, it presented music awards from 1979–1987, initially in conjunction with magazine TV Week. The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards.
|-
| 1985
| himself
| Best Songwriter
|
|-
Discography
Solo
Albums
Love Harmonica – TWA (September 1996)
Singles
"Time Heals All Wounds" – TWA (September 1996)
"Always Thinking of You" – TWA (February 1997)
Greedy's People
Greedy's People – TWA (1997)
References
External links
Mental As Anything official website
Funeral Service, Camellia Chapel, Sydney, December 9th 2019
Greedy Smith induction into The Australian Songwriters Hall of Fame
1956 births
2019 deaths
APRA Award winners
Australian new wave musicians
Musicians from Sydney
Australian songwriters |
5386486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oronym | Oronym | Oronym may refer to:
Oronym (toponymy), a type of toponym, designating a proper name of a mountain or hill
Same-sounding phrases, phrases that are pronounced similarly due to various homophonic effects
See also
Choronym |
5386488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerate | Cerate | Cerate, historically simple cerate, (from Latin cera "wax") is an unctuous preparation for external application, of a consistency intermediate between that of an ointment and a plaster. It can be spread upon cloth without the use of heat, but does not melt when applied to the skin.
Cerate consists essentially of wax (for which resin, lead acetate or spermaceti is sometimes substituted) mixed with oil, lard, and various medicinal ingredients. The cerate of the United States Pharmacopoeia is a mixture of three parts of paraffin and seven parts of lard.
References
The Century Book of Facts, 1901, p. 398
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913 Edition.
Routes of administration |
5386493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghori%2C%20Azad%20Kashmir | Ghori, Azad Kashmir | Kahori, is a small town in Muzaffarabad District in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. It lies near to the epicentre of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Kahori was a defensive and administratively important town during the Dogra period when it was a major trading center.
References
Populated places in Muzaffarabad District |
5386495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired%20fasting%20glucose | Impaired fasting glucose | Impaired fasting glucose is a type of prediabetes, in which a person's blood sugar levels during fasting are consistently above the normal range, but below the diagnostic cut-off for a formal diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Together with impaired glucose tolerance, it is a sign of insulin resistance. In this manner, it is also one of the conditions associated with metabolic syndrome.
Those with impaired fasting glucose are at an increased risk of vascular complications of diabetes, though to a lesser extent. The risks are cumulative, with both higher blood glucose levels, and the total amount of time it spends elevated, increasing the overall complication rate.
IFG can eventually progress to type 2 diabetes mellitus without intervention, which typically involves lifestyle modification. Those with impaired fasting glucose have a 1.5 fold increased risk of developing clinical diabetes within 10 years, when compared to the general population. Some studies suggest that without lifestyle changes, IFG will progress to clinically diagnosable diabetes in just under 3 years, on average.
Impaired fasting glucose is often, though not always, associated with impaired glucose tolerance, though it may occur in isolation, with such persons having a normal response to a glucose tolerance test.
Signs and symptoms
Impaired fasting glucose is often without any signs or symptoms, other than higher than normal glucose levels being detected in an individual's fasting blood sample. There may be signs and symptoms associated with elevated blood glucose, though these are likely to be minor, with significant symptoms suggestive of complete progression to type 2 diabetes. Such symptoms include:
Increased thirst
Increased urination, especially waking up in the night to urinate
Tiredness and fatigue
Blurred vision
Slow healing of wounds
Altered sensation, such as numbness or tingling, particularly of the hands and feet
Recurrent, and difficult to clear infections, particularly of the urinary tract
Risk factors
As impaired fasting glucose is considered a precursor condition for type 2 diabetes, it shares the same environmental and genetic risk factors.
Diagnosis
Different organisations use slightly differing levels before classifying a person's fasting blood glucose as "impaired", with the American Diabetes Association using a lower cutoff in its criteria than the World Health Organization. The upper limits remain the same, as fasting levels above this are almost universally accepted as indicative of full diabetes:
WHO criteria: fasting plasma glucose level from 6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dL) to 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL).
ADA criteria: fasting plasma glucose level from 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) to 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL).
Prevention
The guidelines for preventing impaired fasting glucose are the same as those given for preventing type 2 diabetes in general. If these are adhered to, the progression to clinical diabetes can be slowed or halted. In some cases, a complete reversal of IFG can be achieved. Certain risk factors, such as being of Afro-Caribbean or South Asian ethnicity, as well as increasing age, are unavoidable, and such individuals may be advised to follow these guidelines, as well as monitor their blood glucose levels, more closely.
Management
References
External links
Disorders of endocrine pancreas |
5386508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockman%20Battle%20%26%20Fighters | Rockman Battle & Fighters | is a Mega Man fighting game developed and published by Capcom for the Neo Geo Pocket Color handheld system in 2000. It is a portable version of the two arcade fighting games Mega Man: The Power Battle, and Mega Man 2: The Power Fighters. The game involves choosing one of four characters and fighting through a series of boss battles. The game was originally only released in Japan, but was localized in 2022 as Mega Man Battle & Fighters for the Nintendo Switch.
Gameplay
Rockman Battle & Fighters is a fighting game similar to the two arcade titles Mega Man: The Power Battle, and Mega Man 2: The Power Fighters. Playing as one of four characters (Mega Man, Proto Man, Bass, and Duo), the player chooses between three sets of boss battles with various Robot Masters from the series. The battles are fought linearly in any order, and after each boss is defeated, a special weapon is added to the player's arsenal. Each boss is weak to one specific weapon, so the player is encouraged to strategize the order in which the bosses are faced. Two players can use a link cable to transfer database information between systems, but no co-op or versus play is supported.
Reception
Critical reception for Rockman Battle & Fighters has been mixed. Tim Torres of 2D-X called the game "tightly designed and wonderfully animated", and summarizing it as "way better than it has any right to be". Colin Williamson of IGN stated, "I really enjoyed this one. Boss encounters have always been one of the big perks of the Mega Man series, and porting over not one, but two arcade games in the same package was a stroke of good fortune. I wish there was a little more to do with the link cable, but this is a fine little action game for one of the best 'dead' portable game systems out there." Jeremy Parish of 1UP.com did not recommend the game, but found it to be "a fun (and cute) portable diversion".
References
External links
Official website
Rockman Battle & Fighters can be played for free in the browser on the Internet Archive
2000 video games
Fighting games
Neo Geo Pocket Color games
Nintendo Switch games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
Mega Man spin-off games |
5386537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercel%C3%A9e | Cercelée | Cercelée, or sarcelly or recercelée, is a term in heraldry. A cross cercelée is like an exaggerated cross moline, and to a lesser extent similar to the anchored cross, with its forked tips curving around both ways, like a ram's horns. The form is also known as recercelée, for example by Boutell.
See also
Cleché
References
External links
Example of a cross cercelée ()
Christian symbols
Cross symbols |
5386556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gamble%20%28musician%29 | John Gamble (musician) | John Gamble (died 1687) was a composer and musician in the court of Charles I of England and Charles II of England. He worked in the King's Company on the stage prior to the English Civil War, and in 1641 he was hired by the Middle Temple. During the Interregnum, he taught music and performed, and 1661 he got a position in the King's wind band playing cornett. He lost all of his money in the Great Fire of London in 1666 (as money would have been in coin and stored in homes, therefore liable to melting). In 1674 and 1676, he got positions in two more royal bands, but he lost all of his positions with the rise of James II of England, and he died "crazed and infirm of body" (according to his will) in 1687.
Gamble's main historical interest is for the two-book Ayres and Dialogues of 1656, 1657, and 1659. A third volume was projected and found in manuscript. The "dialogues" are dialogue songs—songs for two voices. The "airs" are solo songs. According to Anthony à Wood, the college at Oxford University were very impressed with his book. Even more importantly, Gamble assembled a commonplace book known as Drexel 4257 or by the inscription on the first page, "John Gamble his booke amen 1659" (in the Drexel Collection of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts). It has 240 completely scored songs, mostly airs, representing the works of Henry Lawes, William Lawes, John Wilson, and John Gamble himself (28 songs), among others. The book was probably compiled, as the flyleaf note says, in 1659 ("anent" for "ament" and an his genitive for "Gamble's").
See also
Drexel 4257
References
Spink, Ian. "John Gamble" In Matthew, H.C.G. and Brian Harrison, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. vol. 21, 355-356. London: OUP, 2004.
External links
Year of birth missing
1687 deaths
British performers of early music
British classical composers
British male classical composers
British Baroque composers
17th-century classical composers
17th-century male musicians |
5386572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%20Moss | May Moss | Alice "May" Moss, CBE (27 April 1869 – 18 July 1948) was an Australian welfare worker and women's rights activist.
Biography
She was born as Alice Frances Mabel Wilson in Ballarat and was educated at the Presbyterian Ladies' College in East Melbourne. She married grazier Isidore Henry Moss in March 1887 and they had two daughters.
While her children were young, Moss began to campaign for the rights of women and served as vice-president of the Australian Women's National League in 1906–14, during that time she actively campaigned in Victoria for women's suffrage. She was a member of the National Council of Women of Victoria from its formation in 1904. In 1914 she relinquished her position as vice-president of the Australian Women's National League at the onset of World War I in order to become the (then) only female member of the Victorian recruiting committee for the Armed Services.
She was an Australian delegate at the League of Nations Assembly at Geneva in 1927, where she was the first woman to sit on a finance committee. She attended the International Council of Women in Geneva in the same year and in 1928 was elected as vice president of the ICW, a position she held until her death.
She was the first president of the National Council of Women of Australia, serving from 1931 to 1936. She was involved in organising the centenary of Melbourne celebrations, she was on the executive of the Victorian and Melbourne Centenary Celebrations Council and chaired the Women's Centenary Council. She was the first female non-professional member of the National Health and Medical Research Council.
Moss died on 18 July 1948, in a private hospital in Melbourne.
Moss Street, in the Canberra suburb of Cook, is named in her honour.
References
1869 births
1948 deaths
Australian suffragists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Activists from Melbourne
People educated at the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne |
5386588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar%20Arena | Movistar Arena | Movistar Arena is a 17,000-seat multi-purpose indoor arena in Santiago, Chile. It is located inside O'Higgins Park, in downtown Santiago. Its main structure was built in 1956, but it remained unfinished until 1999 when the roof was completed.
Buyer Peter Hiller opened it on April 15, 2006 as Arena Santiago with a seat-capacity of 12,000. Telefónica's cell phone division Movistar bought the stadium's naming rights, changing its name on October 6, 2008, while also expanding its capacity by 5,000 seats. It is one of the largest multi-purpose arenas in South America, with a total surface is 44,000 m². An additional 3,000 seats can be placed over the court during concerts, boosting the total capacity to 17,000 seats.
History
The original building was designed and conceived by Mario Recordón in 1956 with the name "Metropolitan Indoor Stadium" to be the seat of the World Basketball Championship. However, funding was redirected to remodeling the Estadio Nacional de Chile, with a view to achieving the 1962 FIFA World Cup. The roofed stadium was left in total neglect.
In 1998, during the term of Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle it was decided to complete it. The work was financed by Hiller Investments, which received a grant from the Ministry of Public Works with a 20-year lease.
Arena Santiago was symbolically opened on March 7, 2006 by then President Ricardo Lagos, and it was inaugurated on April 15 that year by his successor, Michelle Bachelet.
In 2008, managers signed a contract with portable phone company Movistar Chile for 16 years.
On 13 March 2018, Pearl Jam gave a concert to 17.000 people, setting a new attendance record at the venue.
On 5 November 2018, Robbie Williams performed on the arena as part of The Heavy Entertainment Show Tour.
Iron Maiden played their first ever arena show in Chile on 14 October 2019, as part of their Legacy of the Beast World Tour. The show was announced because the first concert at the Estadio Nacional on October 15 sold out all the 63,000 tickets half a year before the show.
It will be used as one of the venues for the 2023 Pan American Games and will host basketball events.
Davis Cup incident
On 7 April 2000, the site was the scene of a Chile-Argentina Davis Cup rubber. During the second singles match between Nicolás Massú and Mariano Zabaleta, the crowd reacted violently, pelting the Argentine team with fruit, coins and plastic chairs. The Chilean Tennis Federation was fined almost US$50,000 and was banned from hosting Davis Cup games for two years.
References
External links
(in Spanish)
Indoor arenas in Chile
Music venues in Chile
Sports venues in Santiago
Basketball venues in Chile
2006 establishments in Chile
Sports venues completed in 2006 |
5386594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Climax | The Climax | The Climax is a horror film produced by Universal Pictures, first released in the United States in 1944. The credits state this is based on the 1909 play of the same name by Edward Locke, although the plot has little connection to Locke's play. Originally intended to be a sequel to Universal's remake of the Phantom of the Opera (1943), it featured new characters and a new plot.
Plot
The physician at the Vienna Royal Theatre, Dr. Hohner (Karloff) murders his fiancée, a prima donna, out of obsession and jealousy. Ten years later, he hears another young singer (Foster) who reminds him of the late diva, and is determined to make her sing only for him, even if it means silencing her forever.
Cast
Boris Karloff as Dr. Friedrich Hohner
Susanna Foster as Angela Klatt
Turhan Bey as Franz Munzer
Gale Sondergaard as Luise
Thomas Gomez as Count Seebruck
June Vincent as Marcellina
George Dolenz as Amato Roselli
Ludwig Stössel as Carl Baumann
Jane Farrar as Jarmila Vadek
Ernő Verebes as Brunn
Lotte Stein as Mama Hinzl
Scotty Beckett as The King
William Edmunds as Leon, the theater concierge
Maxwell Hayes as Count Romburg, the King's aide
Dorothy Lawrence as Miss Metzger
Francis Ford as Backstage Attendant (uncredited)
Production
The film was originally conceived as a sequel to Phantom of the Opera (1943). The Climax was made using the sets of the Phantom of the Opera remake, which in turn used Universal's opera house set for the original Phantom of the Opera (1925). Choreography was by Lester Horton. The film was also nominated for an Academy Award in 1944 for Best Art Direction (John B. Goodman, Alexander Golitzen, Russell A. Gausman, Ira S. Webb).
Reception
The Climax was a box office disappointment.
Home video release
This film, along with Night Key, Tower of London, The Strange Door and The Black Castle, was released on DVD in 2006 by Universal Studios as part of The Boris Karloff Collection.
In 2020, it was released in high definition as part of Scream Factory’s Universal Horror Collection, Vol. 4 blu ray set.
See also
List of American films of 1944
Boris Karloff filmography
References
External links
1940s historical horror films
1944 films
1944 horror films
American historical horror films
American films based on plays
Films directed by George Waggner
Films about opera
Films about physicians
Universal Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Curt Siodmak
Films set in the 1890s
Films set in Vienna
Films scored by Edward Ward (composer)
1940s American films |
5386600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%27s%20kusimanse | Alexander's kusimanse | Alexander's kusimanse (Crossarchus alexandri) is a mongoose species native to Central African rainforests up to an elevation of .
It has a body length of and weighs between . Its tail is long.
It feeds on grubs, small rodents, small reptiles, crabs, and some fruits. It can produce 2 to 3 litters (2 to 4 young per litter) of young each year after a gestation period of 8 weeks. The young wean at 3 weeks old and reach sexual maturity at 9 months old.
References
External links
Alexander's kusimanse. The Animal Files.
Alexander's kusimanse
Mammals of Uganda
Mammals of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Alexander's kusimanse
Alexander's kusimanse |
5386610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Torres%20%28Costa%20Rican%20footballer%29 | Daniel Torres (Costa Rican footballer) | Daniel Torres González (born October 14, 1977 in Moravia) is a retired Costa Rican footballer.
Career
Club
Torres started his football career with Deportivo Saprissa, making his Primera División debut on 16 February 1996 against Ramonense. With Saprissa, he won several national and international titles between 1996 and 2001.
He signed with the Columbus Crew of Major League Soccer on September 8, 2001. In 2002, Torres appeared in 28 matches for the Crew, starting in 25 of them. He appeared in only eight games in 2003 before being transferred to his former team, Deportivo Saprissa, where he spent 2004 helping the club capture its 24th Costa Rican First Division Title.
In 2005, Torres signed with Tromsø IL of the Norwegian Premier League. He spent part of the season at the club before being transferred to Bodens BK in the Swedish Superettan. He played 11 games for his new club and was named “Player of the Match” five times. Torres made his return to Major League Soccer in the 2006 season, starting in the first 16 games for Real Salt Lake before suffering a season ending foot injury on July 14, 2006 in a 3–1 victory against the New England Revolution. He started in nine of the first ten games of the 2007 season for Real Salt Lake before being transferred to Bryne FK in the Norwegian First Division, where he played through the 2008 season alongside compatriot Carlos Johnson.
Torres signed with FC Dallas on January 27, 2009. He played during the 2009 season, but was waived at the end of the same season.
International
He played in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship, held in Malaysia.
Torres has been capped once for the senior Costa Rica national football team. His lone cap came on January 25, 2009, in a 3-1 victory over Guatemala at the 2009 UNCAF Nations Cup.
Personal life
Torres is a son of José Torres and Yadira González and has two brothers.
Honors
Club
Columbus Crew
Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2002
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
People from San José Province
Association football defenders
Costa Rican footballers
Costa Rica international footballers
2009 UNCAF Nations Cup players
Deportivo Saprissa players
A.D. Ramonense players
Columbus Crew players
Tromsø IL players
Bodens BK players
Real Salt Lake players
Bryne FK players
FC Dallas players
Liga FPD players
Eliteserien players
Major League Soccer players
Norwegian First Division players
Costa Rican expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Norway
Expatriate footballers in Sweden
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Costa Rican expatriate sportspeople in Norway
Costa Rican expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Costa Rican expatriate sportspeople in the United States |
5386613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carin%20Koch | Carin Koch | Anna Carin Pernilla Hjalmarsson Koch (née Hjalmarsson; born 23 February 1971) is a Swedish professional golfer who previously played on the Ladies European Tour and on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour. She was captain of the 2015 European Solheim Cup team.
Amateur career
Carin Koch had a successful amateur career. She represented Gullbringa Golf & Country Club, in Kungälv, north of Gothenburg, Sweden, just as elder Swedish female stars Kärstin Ehrnlund and Helen Alfredsson. She was the 1988 Swedish Junior 18 Match-play Champion. She represented Sweden on both junior level and in the national amateur team during the period 1985–1991. She was part of the winning Swedish team at the 1990 European Lady Junior's Team Championship at Shannon Golf Club on Ireland, with, among others, Annika Sörenstam.
Koch enrolled at the University of Tulsa and was named Second-Team All-American in 1990 and Scholar All-American in 1991.
Between 1987 and 1991 she played eight times on the Swedish Golf Tour, at the time named the Telia Tour, as an amateur, never finishing outside the top ten. She turned professional in 1992.
Professional career
1992 was her rookie year on the Ladies European Tour. She won the Swedish Golf Tour (at the time named the Telia Tour) Order of Merit in both 1992 and 1993, winning three tournaments each year.
In 1994, she finished fourth on the Asian Order of Merit and tied for fifth at the LPGA Final Qualifying Tournament to earn exempt status for the 1995 LPGA season.
In 1995, her rookie season, her best LPGA finish was a tie for second at the JAL Big Apple Classic. She also gained two top ten finishes on the Ladies European Tour. In 1996 she almost gained her maiden LPGA victory, losing the Edina Realty Classic to Liselotte Neumann in a playoff.
In the 1999 Jamie Farr Kroger Classic, Koch had a two shot lead with just the final hole to play. Her caddie gave her the wrong club and she made a double bogey to drop into a six-way sudden death playoff, won by Se Ri Pak. In 2000, Koch won her maiden European title at the 2000 Chrysler Open. She was a member of the victorious European Solheim Cup Team, where she went 3-0 as a "rookie" and sank an eight-foot birdie putt on the 17th hole to win her match against Michele Redman to clinch the European Team's victory. She also teamed with Sophie Gustafson to win the inaugural TSN Ladies' World Cup of Golf.
In 2001, she became an LPGA maiden winner at the LPGA Corning Classic. At the start of 2002, Carin topped a Playboy internet poll as the sexiest women on the LPGA but declined to pose for them nude. This was the year Koch recorded a career-best 13 top-10 finishes, including three runner-up finishes and was a captain's pick for the European Solheim Cup team. In 2003, Koch gave birth to her second child, but still played well enough to be a captain's pick for the 2003 Solheim Cup, won by the Europeans in her native Sweden.
In 2005, she won her second career LPGA event at the Corona Morelia Championship. and was again a captain's pick for the 2005 Solheim Cup. She teamed up with Sophie Gustafson to represent Sweden at the inaugural Women's World Cup of Golf and was also a member of the International team at the inaugural Lexus Cup. She also played in the 2007 Women's World Cup of Golf with Helen Alfredsson.
In April 2014, Koch was named European team captain for the 2015 Solheim Cup. The 2015 match, played at Golf Club St. Leon-Rot, Germany, ended in a U.S. win 14½–13½, after a strong American come-back the last day.
In 2021 Koch fulfilled the age requirement for the U.S. Senior Women's Open, and gained exemption by virtue of her position on the LPGA Tour all-time money list.
Personal life
In 2014, Koch became an honorary member of Hills Golf and Sports Club in Mölndal, south of Gothenburg, Sweden, were she was appointed head of the Hills Business Club.
She was formerly married to golf professional Stefan Koch. During her LPGA Tour career, they lived in Phoenix, Arizona, United States, with their two children, Oliver and Simzon. She now lives in Mölndal, Sweden and uses her maiden name Carin Hjalmarsson.
Amateur wins
1988 Swedish Junior Under 19 Championship
Professional wins (10)
LPGA Tour wins (2)
LPGA Tour playoff record (0–2)
Ladies European Tour wins (1)
Swedish Golf Tour wins (6)
Other wins (1)
2000 TSN Ladies World Cup Golf (with Sophie Gustafson)
Results in LPGA majors
^ The Women's British Open replaced the du Maurier Classic as an LPGA major in 2001.
CUT = missed the half-way cut.
"T" tied
Summary
Starts – 58
Wins – 0
2nd-place finishes – 0
3rd-place finishes – 0
Top 3 finishes – 0
Top 5 finishes – 2
Top 10 finishes – 7
Top 25 finishes – 19
Missed cuts – 21
Most consecutive cuts made – 9
Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (twice)
LPGA Tour career summary
Team appearances
Amateur
European Lady Junior's Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1988, 1990 (winners)
European Ladies' Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1989, 1991
Professional
Solheim Cup (representing Europe): 2000 (winners), 2002, 2003 (winners), 2005, 2015 (non-playing captain)
Lexus Cup (representing International team): 2005 (winners), 2006
World Cup (representing Sweden): 2005, 2007
Solheim Cup record
Notes and references
External links
Swedish female golfers
Tulsa Golden Hurricane women's golfers
Ladies European Tour golfers
LPGA Tour golfers
Solheim Cup competitors for Europe
Sportspeople from Västra Götaland County
People from Kungälv Municipality
1971 births
Living people |
5386619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%20Skaggs%20Jr. | Luther Skaggs Jr. | Luther Skaggs Jr. (March 3, 1923 – April 6, 1976) was a United States Marine who received the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on the beachhead on Guam during World War II.
Biography
Luther Skaggs Jr. was born on March 3, 1923, in Henderson, Kentucky. He entered the Marine Corps on October 6, 1942, and received recruit training at Parris Island, South Carolina, and Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. He was deployed overseas on March 1, 1943.
Private First Class Skaggs, a squad leader with a weapon section in the 3rd Marine Division, was critically wounded when a Japanese grenade exploded in his foxhole during the night of 21-July 22, 1944 on the Asan-Adelup beachhead on Guam. But instead of calling a corpsman and revealing his outfit's position, he calmly applied a tourniquet to his shattered leg and for eight hours continued to return the enemy's fire with his rifle and hand grenades.
In his Medal of Honor citation, Skaggs is commended for being uncomplaining and calm through this critical period and serving as "a heroic example of courage and fortitude to other wounded men."
When his section leader became a casualty shortly after landing on the beachhead, PFC Skaggs promptly took over and led the section through intense fire for a distance of 200 yards to a strategic position.
It was while defending this vital position that he was wounded, and after fighting throughout the night propped up in his foxhole, he crawled unassisted to the rear where he continued the attack. Only when the Japanese in the area had been annihilated did he seek medical attention. He lost his leg as the result of the wound.
Private First Class Skaggs was referred to as a "tough little guy" by his buddies, who did not know that he had been hit until the battle was over. He was promoted to corporal upon being honorably discharged from active service in the Marine Corps on April 4, 1946.
The Medal of Honor was presented to him by President Harry S. Truman at a White House ceremony on June 15, 1945, which included presentations to fellow Marine recipients Everett P. Pope and Carlton R. Rouh, as well as Army recipient Gino J. Merli, for their heroism during actions in the Central Pacific and European theatres.
Luther Skaggs Jr. died on April 6, 1976, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors.
Medal of Honor citation
The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to
for service as set forth in the following CITATION:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as Squad Leader with a Mortar Section of Kilo Company in the Third Battalion, Third Marines, Third Marine Division, during action against enemy Japanese forces on the Asan-Adelup Beachhead, Guam, Marianas Islands, on 21–22 July 1944. When the section leader became a casualty under a heavy mortar barrage shortly after landing, Private First Class Skaggs promptly assumed command and led the section through intense fire for a distance of 200 yards to a position from which to deliver effective coverage of the assault on a strategic cliff. Valiantly defending this vital position against strong enemy counterattacks during the night, Private First Class Skaggs was critically wounded when a Japanese grenade lodged in his foxhole and exploded, shattering the lower part of one leg. Quick to act, he applied an improvised tourniquet and, while propped up in his foxhole, gallantly returned the enemy's fire with his rifle and hand grenades for a period of eight hours, later crawling unassisted to the rear to continue to fight until the Japanese had been annihilated. Uncomplaining and calm throughout this critical period, Private First Class Skaggs served as a heroic example of courage and fortitude to other wounded men and, by his courageous leadership and inspiring devotion to duty, upheld the highest traditions for the United States Naval Service.
/S/ FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
References
Further reading
O'Brien, Cyril J. Liberation: Marines in the Recapture of Guam, Marines in World War II Commemorative Series, Marine Corps Historical Center, United States Marine Corps, 1994.
External links
1923 births
1976 deaths
American amputees
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Military personnel from Kentucky
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
United States Marine Corps non-commissioned officers
People from Henderson, Kentucky
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor |
5386635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceroma | Ceroma | Ceroma () was a word which first appeared in the works of the two Roman poets Juvenal and Martial and has come to be defined as a mixture of oil, wax and earth; or, a cloth with which ancient wrestlers rubbed themselves, not only to make their limbs more sleek and less capable of gripping, but more pliable and fit for exercise. However, scholars point out that this definition is a misunderstanding of satire and its correct meaning is a "layer of mud or clay forming the floor of the wrestling ring in the times of the Empire".
See also
Skin infections and wrestling
Pankration
References
Wrestling |
5386652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartwell%2C%20Hamilton | Chartwell, Hamilton | Chartwell is a suburb in north-eastern Hamilton, New Zealand. The suburb was named after Chartwell, the country home of Sir Winston Churchill. The area became a part of Hamilton in June 1962 and was officially defined as a suburb in 1974. Most of the housing is private single or 2 level dwellings with little state housing. Streets near the square are used for parking. Private dwellings are being purchased by professionals to be used as business premises close to the square. The streets are well planted with trees.
Features of Chartwell
Lynden Court
Chartwell's main shopping area is located on Lynden Court. Chartwell Shopping Centre is one of Hamilton's major malls. It has a 6 cinema multiplex as well as 126 retail shops, cafes and restaurants. The Chartwell Library and the Lynden Court Mall are located on the other side of the road. Lynden Court is one of Hamilton's major transport hubs, with bus routes heading into Hamilton Central, Rototuna and the city Orbiter route.
Chartwell Park
Chartwell Park is located in between the suburbs of Chartwell and Queenwood. It features a walkway connecting these two suburbs. Chartwell Park has five football (soccer) fields. These are the home ground playing fields for St. Joseph's Catholic School's football teams.
Kumara Pit
To the northern end of Hukanui Road, there is an archaeological kumara pit. The pit is 2m deep and 8m wide in a circle shape. The pits were made by Maori who used the dug out sand and gravel to cover growing kumara plants. The sand conducted heat to make an artificial tropical climate for the kumara plants which naturally grow in Southern America. Because of the archaeological significance of these pits, the construction of the Wairere Drive/Hukanui Road intersection was made so that the pits would not be affected.
Swarbrick Landing
Swarbrick's Landing is a small park beside the Waikato River, linked by a riverside walkway to Day's Park. It has a jetty, which is served by a ferry to the museum.
Demographics
Chartwell, comprising the statistical areas of Chartwell and Porritt, had a population of 5,136 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 426 people (9.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 465 people (10.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,686 households. There were 2,490 males and 2,646 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.94 males per female, with 1,254 people (24.4%) aged under 15 years, 1,254 (24.4%) aged 15 to 29, 1,935 (37.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 693 (13.5%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 53.9% European/Pākehā, 33.1% Māori, 9.3% Pacific peoples, 15.1% Asian, and 5.5% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).
The proportion of people born overseas was 24.9%, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people objected to giving their religion, 42.6% had no religion, 37.5% were Christian, 2.5% were Hindu, 4.2% were Muslim, 1.7% were Buddhist and 6.0% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 753 (19.4%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 780 (20.1%) people had no formal qualifications. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,656 (42.7%) people were employed full-time, 513 (13.2%) were part-time, and 330 (8.5%) were unemployed.
Education
Hukanui School is a coeducational contributing primary school (years 1-6) with a roll of . The school was the first to win the National Green Gold Enviro Schools Award in May 2006.
Bankwood School is a coeducational contributing primary school (years 1-6) with a roll of .
St Paul's Collegiate School is a private secondary school (years 9-13) with a roll of . The senior years (year 11 and above) are co-educational, and the junior years are for boys. The school opened in 1959, and was single-sex boys until 1985. It is part boarding school, modelled along the lines of an English public school. It is on the border between Chartwell and Fairfield and its fields adjoin Fairfield Intermediate.
Rolls are as of
The nearest state secondary school is Fairfield College.
See also
List of streets in Hamilton
Suburbs of Hamilton, New Zealand
References
Suburbs of Hamilton, New Zealand
Populated places on the Waikato River |
5386671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%20from%20motion | Structure from motion | Structure from motion (SfM) is a photogrammetric range imaging technique for estimating three-dimensional structures from two-dimensional image sequences that may be coupled with local motion signals. It is studied in the fields of computer vision and visual perception. In biological vision, SfM refers to the phenomenon by which humans (and other living creatures) can recover 3D structure from the projected 2D (retinal) motion field of a moving object or scene.
Principle
Humans perceive a great deal of information about the three-dimensional structure in their environment by moving around it. When the observer moves, objects around them move different amounts depending on their distance from the observer. This is known as motion parallax, and from this depth information can be used to generate an accurate 3D representation of the world around them.
Finding structure from motion presents a similar problem to finding structure from stereo vision. In both instances, the correspondence between images and the reconstruction of 3D object needs to be found.
To find correspondence between images, features such as corner points (edges with gradients in multiple directions) are tracked from one image to the next. One of the most widely used feature detectors is the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT). It uses the maxima from a difference-of-Gaussians (DOG) pyramid as features. The first step in SIFT is finding a dominant gradient direction. To make it rotation-invariant, the descriptor is rotated to fit this orientation. Another common feature detector is the SURF (speeded-up robust features). In SURF, the DOG is replaced with a Hessian matrix-based blob detector. Also, instead of evaluating the gradient histograms, SURF computes for the sums of gradient components and the sums of their absolute values. Its usage of integral images allows the features to be detected extremely quickly with high detection rate. Therefore, comparing to SIFT, SURF is a faster feature detector with drawback of less accuracy in feature positions.
Another type of feature recently made practical for structure from motion are general curves (e.g., locally an edge with gradients in one direction), part of a technology known as pointless SfM, useful when point features are insufficient, common in man-made environments.
The features detected from all the images will then be matched. One of the matching algorithms that track features from one image to another is the Lucas–Kanade tracker.
Sometimes some of the matched features are incorrectly matched. This is why the matches should also be filtered. RANSAC (random sample consensus) is the algorithm that is usually used to remove the outlier correspondences. In the paper of Fischler and Bolles, RANSAC is used to solve the location determination problem (LDP), where the objective is to determine the points in space that project onto an image into a set of landmarks with known locations.
The feature trajectories over time are then used to reconstruct their 3D positions and the camera's motion.
An alternative is given by so-called direct approaches, where geometric information (3D structure and camera motion) is directly estimated from the images, without intermediate abstraction to features or corners.
There are several approaches to structure from motion. In incremental SfM, camera poses are solved for and added one by one to the collection. In global SfM, the poses of all cameras are solved for at the same time. A somewhat intermediate approach is out-of-core SfM, where several partial reconstructions are computed that are then integrated into a global solution.
Applications
Geosciences
Structure-from-motion photogrammetry with multi-view stereo provides hyperscale landform models using images acquired from a range of digital cameras and optionally a network of ground control points. The technique is not limited in temporal frequency and can provide point cloud data comparable in density and accuracy to those generated by terrestrial and airborne laser scanning at a fraction of the cost. Structure from motion is also useful in remote or rugged environments where terrestrial laser scanning is limited by equipment portability and airborne laser scanning is limited by terrain roughness causing loss of data and image foreshortening. The technique has been applied in many settings such as rivers, badlands, sandy coastlines, fault zones, landslides, and coral reef settings. SfM has been also successfully applied for the assessment of large wood accumulation volume and porosity in fluvial systems, as well as for the characterization of rock masses through the determination of some properties as the orientation, persistence, etc. of discontinuities. A full range of digital cameras can be utilized, including digital SLR's, compact digital cameras and even smart phones. Generally though, higher accuracy data will be achieved with more expensive cameras, which include lenses of higher optical quality. The technique therefore offers exciting opportunities to characterize surface topography in unprecedented detail and, with multi-temporal data, to detect elevation, position and volumetric changes that are symptomatic of earth surface processes. Structure from motion can be placed in the context of other digital surveying methods.
Cultural heritage
Cultural heritage is present everywhere. Its structural control, documentation and conservation is one of humanity's main duties (UNESCO). Under this point of view, SfM is used in order to properly estimate situations as well as planning and maintenance efforts and costs, control and restoration. Because serious constraints often exist connected to the accessibility of the site and impossibility to install invasive surveying pillars that did not permit the use of traditional surveying routines (like total stations), SfM provides a non-invasive approach for the structure, without the direct interaction between the structure and any operator. The use is accurate as only qualitative considerations are needed. It is fast enough to respond to the monument’s immediate management needs.
The first operational phase is an accurate preparation of the photogrammetric surveying where is established the relation between best distance from the object, focal length, the ground sampling distance (GSD) and the sensor’s resolution. With this information the programmed photographic acquisitions must be made using vertical overlapping of at least 60% (figure 02).
Furthermore, structure-from-motion photogrammetry represents a non-invasive, highly flexible and low-cost methodology to digitalize historical documents.
See also
3D reconstruction from multiple images
Bundle adjustment
Comparison of photogrammetry software
Computer stereo vision
Epipolar geometry
Kinetic depth effect
Match moving
Motion field
Motion parallax
Semi-global matching
Simultaneous localization and mapping
Stereophotogrammetry
Tomasi–Kanade factorization
2D to 3D conversion
Further reading
Jonathan L. Carrivick, Mark W. Smith, Duncan J. Quincey (2016). Structure from Motion in the Geosciences. Wiley-Blackwell. 208 pages.
References
Geometry in computer vision
Emerging technologies
3D imaging
Photogrammetry
Motion in computer vision |
5386696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiblast | Epiblast | In amniote embryonic development, the epiblast (also known as the primitive ectoderm) is one of two distinct cell layers arising from the inner cell mass in the mammalian blastocyst, or from the blastula in reptiles and birds. It derives the embryo proper through its differentiation into the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, during gastrulation. The amnionic ectoderm and extraembryonic mesoderm also originate from the epiblast.
The other layer of the inner cell mass, the hypoblast, gives rise to the yolk sac, which in turn gives rise to the chorion.
Discovery of the epiblast
The epiblast was first discovered by Christian Heinrich Pander (1794-1865), a Baltic German biologist and embryologist. With the help of anatomist Ignaz Döllinger (1770–1841) and draftsman Eduard Joseph d'Alton (1772-1840), Pander observed thousands of chicken eggs under a microscope, and ultimately discovered and described the chicken blastoderm and its structures, including the epiblast. He published these findings in Beiträge zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Hühnchens im Eye. Other early embryologists that studied the epiblast and blastoderm include Karl Ernst von Baer (1792-1876) and Wilhelm His (1831-1904).
Mammals
In mammalian embryogenesis, differentiation and segregation of cells composing the inner cell mass of the blastocyst yields two distinct layers—the epiblast ("primitive ectoderm") and the hypoblast ("primitive endoderm"). While the cuboidal hypoblast cells delaminate ventrally, away from the embryonic pole, to line the blastocoele, the remaining cells of the inner cell mass, situated between the hypoblast and the polar trophoblast, become the epiblast and comprise columnar cells.
In the mouse, primordial germ cells are specified from epiblast cells. This specification is accompanied by extensive epigenetic reprogramming that involves global DNA demethylation, chromatin reorganization and imprint erasure leading to totipotency. The DNA base excision repair pathway has a central role in the process of genome-wide demethylation.
Upon commencement of gastrulation, the primitive streak, a visible, morphological linear band of cells, appears on the posterior epiblast and orients along the anterior-posterior embryo axis. Initiated by signals from the underlying hypoblast, formation of the primitive streak is predicated on epiblast cell migration, mediated by Nodal, from the lateral-posterior regions of the epiblast to the center midline. The primitive node is situated at the anterior end of the primitive streak and serves as the organizer for gastrulation, determining epiblast cell fate by inducing the differentiation of migrating epiblast cells during gastrulation.
During gastrulation, migrating epiblast cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition in order to lose cell-cell adhesion (E-cadherin), delaminate from the epiblast layer and migrate over the dorsal surface of the epiblast then down through the primitive streak. The first wave of epiblast cells to invaginate through the primitive streak invades and displaces the hypoblast to become the embryonic endoderm. The mesoderm layer is established next as migrating epiblast cells move through the primitive streak then spread out within the space between the endoderm and remaining epiblast, which once the mesoderm layer has formed ultimately becomes the definitive ectoderm. The process of gastrulation results in a trilaminar germ disc, consisting of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm layers.
Epiblast diversity
Epiblasts exhibit diverse structure across species as a result of early embryo morphogenesis. The human epiblast assumes a disc shape, conforming to the embryonic disc morphology; whereas, the mouse epiblast develops in a cup shape within the cylindrical embryo.
During implantation of the blastocyst, both the human and mouse epiblasts form a rosette shape in a process called polarization. Polarization results from the interaction between the mammalian blastocyst and β1-integrin from the extracellular matrix, produced from the extra-embryonic tissues. At this stage, both human and mouse epiblasts consist of a pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Shortly after, the human epiblast will assume a disc shape while the amniotic cavity forms. The epiblast cells adjacent to the trophoblast are specified to become amnion cells. The mouse epiblast transitions from a rosette structure to a cup. A pro-amniotic cavity forms, surrounded by the epiblast cup fused to extraembryonic ectoderm. Mouse epiblast cells are not specified to amnion cell fate.
Birds
Gastrulation occurs in the epiblast of avian embryos. A local thickening of the epiblast, known as Koller's sickle, is key in inducing the primitive streak, the structure through which gastrulation occurs.
Studies on chick embryos have shown that mediolateral cell intercalation occurs before gastrulation. The intercalation event is guided by fibroblast growth factors from the hypoblast. It is suggested that the evolution of the amniote primitive streak from the blastopore was due to the acquisition of the mediolateral intercalation event, which positions the primitive streak and acts independently of mesendoderm formation.
Reptiles
Ancestors of Amniotes (mammals, birds, reptiles) underwent gastrulation primarily by an infolding of the epiblast layer (involution). Mammals and birds have evolved to rely on ingression during gastrulation where epiblast cells converge at the midline and ingress at the primitive streak. Reptile gastrulation differs slightly from birds and mammals. Reptiles exhibit bi-modal gastrulation during embryogenesis and lack a primitive streak. Bi-modal gastrulation is characterized by involution of the cells in the anterior and lateral regions of the blastopore and ingression of the cells of the blastopore plate in the posterior region. Analogies between the blastopore plate and primitive streak suggest the blastopore plate was a precursor to the mammalian and avian primitive streak.
See also
Embryogenesis
Human embryogenesis
Hypoblast
References
Embryology |
5386704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampson%20Field | Lampson Field | Lampson Field is a public airport located three miles (4.8 km) south of the town of Lakeport, in Lake County, California, United States.
Features of the airport include 4.0 degree precision approach path indicator (PAPI) lights on runway 28, pilot controlled lighting, and an automated weather observing system (AWOS).
The airport covers and has one double sided runway.
See also
List of airports in California
References
Airport Master Record (FAA Form 5010), also available as a printable form (PDF)
County of Lake - Public Works - Airport
External links
Lake County Airmen's Association
Airports in California
Buildings and structures in Lake County, California
Transportation in Lake County, California |
5386715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian%20Americans | Mongolian Americans | Mongolian Americans are American citizens who are of full or partial Mongolian ancestry. The term Mongol American is also used to include ethnic Mongol immigrants from groups outside of Mongolia as well, such as Kalmyks, Buryats, and people from the Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China. Some immigrants came from Mongolia to the United States as early as 1949, spurred by religious persecution in their homeland. However, Mongolian American communities today are composed largely of migrants who arrived in the 1990s and 2000s, as the Socialist Mongolia gradually collapsed and restrictions on emigration were lifted.
Migration history and distribution
The Denver metropolitan area was one of the early focal points for the new wave of Mongolian immigrants. Other communities formed by recent Mongolian immigrants include ones in Chicago, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C. The largest Mongolian-American community in the United States is located in Los Angeles, California.
Colorado
The Mongolian community in Denver originated in 1989, when Djab Burchinow, a Kalmyk American engineer, arranged for three junior engineers from Mongolia to study at the Colorado School of Mines. They were followed by four more students the following year; in 1991, Burchinow also began to urge the Economics Institute at the University of Colorado to admit Mongolian international students. By 1996, the Denver campus of the University of Colorado had set up a program specifically aimed at bringing Mongolian students to the state. The rising number of students coincided with an economic boom and labor shortage in and around Denver, influencing many Mongolian students to stay in Colorado after their graduation, though a significant number did return to Mongolia—and in 2003 formed a Mongolian association of former Coloradan students (their influence may be seen in the name of the street on which the United States embassy in Ulaanbaatar stands: "Denver Street"). , Colorado's Mongolian population was believed to be about 2,000 people, according to the director of a community-run Mongolian language school established by parents worried about the increasing Americanization of their children.
California
Five thousand people of Mongolian origin live in the state of California. As many as 3,000 of these live in the San Francisco Bay Area's East Bay cities of Oakland and San Leandro; they began settling in the area only after 2002, and thus their presence was not noted in the 2000 Census. Many live in predominantly Chinese American and Vietnamese American neighborhoods; tensions arose between these recent immigrants and the older immigrant communities, with occasional violence between Mongolian and other Asian American youths. In one major incident, a Mongolian immigrant girl was shot dead in a confrontation between Southeast Asian and Mongolian youths in an Alameda park on Halloween night in 2007. Four members of the former group were convicted of first-degree murder: three of the boys were tried in juvenile court and sentenced to seven years in prison in 2008, while the shooter was tried as an adult and sentenced to 50 years to life in state prison in 2010.
The Mongolian immigrant population in Los Angeles is estimated at 2,000 people , according to local community leader Batbold Galsansanjaa (1964 - 2012). Batbold Galsansanjaa He had immigrated to America in 1999, with his wife and two children. In 2000, Galsansanjaa established the first Los Angeles Mongolian Community, a nonprofit organization, and later guided over 2,000 Mongolian immigrants with advice on obtaining Social Security numbers, driver's licenses, housing, and other concerns.
These Mongolians have close ties to the Korean American community in Los Angeles. Most of the Mongolian immigrants live and work in "Koreatown". A Korean who had been a missionary in Mongolia established Los Angeles's only Mongolian-speaking church in Koreatown. And a Mongolian Buddhist congregation gathers for worship at the nearby Korean Buddhist Kwan-Um Temple.
Virginia
The Mongolian embassy to the United States estimated the Mongolian population in nearby Arlington, Virginia, at 2,600 ; reportedly, they were attracted to the area by the high quality of public education—resulting in Mongolian becoming the school system's third-most spoken language, after English and Spanish; 219 students of Mongolian background are enrolled in the local school system, making up 1.2% of all students, but often forming a majority in ESL classes. Members of the first generation largely come from university-educated backgrounds in Mongolia, but work at jobs below such qualifications after moving to the United States. Community institutions include an annual children's festival and a weekly newspaper.
Illinois
The Chicago metropolitan area's Mongolian American community is estimated at between 3,000 and 4,000 people by local leaders; they are geographically dispersed but possess well-organized mutual support networks. Some have established small businesses, while others work in trades and services, including construction, cleaning, housekeeping, and food service. In 2004, Lama Tsedendamba Chilkhaasuren, an expatriate from Mongolia, came to the Chicago area for a planned stay of one year in an effort to build a temple for the area's Mongolian Buddhist community. As of 2010, nearly 200 Mongolians lived in Skokie, Illinois.
Demographics
60% of Mongolians residing in the United States entered the country on student visas, 34% on tourist visas, and only 3% on working visas. 47% live with their family members. The majority are believed to be staying in the country illegally. The Mongolian Embassy estimates that, up to 2007, only 300 babies have been born to Mongolian parents in the United States. Interest in migration to the United States remains high due to unemployment and low income levels in Mongolia; every day, fifty to seventy Mongolians attend visa interviews at the United States embassy in Ulaanbaatar. From 1991 to 2011, 5,034 people born in Mongolia became permanent residents of the United States, the vast majority in the mid-to-late-2000s; the annual number peaked at 831 in 2009.
The Mongolian population has increased from roughly 6,000 in the year 2000 to 18,000 in 2010 and 21,000 in 2015.
In Clark County, Indiana (particularly Jeffersonville) Mongolians are the 5th largest Asian American population according to the 2020 census and possibly number in the hundreds.
As of 2013, there were 1361 international students of Mongolian origin studying in the United States.
Culture and community
A number of Mongol cultural associations exist across the United States, including but not limited to the Mongolia Society; Mongolian Cultural Association at the University of Michigan.
The Mongol-American Cultural Association (MACA) was created to preserve and promote Mongol culture in the United States. MACA understands the term Mongol to be inclusive of the people and cultures of all regions where Mongol groups have traditionally lived; in addition to Mongolia, it includes the people and cultures of Kalmykia, Buryatia, Tuva and the Mongol regions of China. MACA was founded in 1987 by the late Professor Gombojab Hangin, Indiana University, and Tsorj Lama, former Abbot of the Qorgho Monastery in Western Sunid, Southern Mongolia. Since the death of Professor Hangin in 1989, and of Tsorj Lama in 1991, their students have carried on the work they started. Current board members are Tsagaan Baatar, Chinggeltu Borjiged, Enghe Chimood, Tony Ettinger, Palgi Gyamcho and Sanj Altan. MACA was formally incorporated as a 501C3 non-profit organization in 1992.
MACA also pursues a humanitarian program. In 1994, MACA sent $10,000 worth of insulin to Mongolia. MACA was an early supporter of the Peace Corps programs in Mongolia with their English language instructional materials needs. In 1995, MACA established the Mongolian-Children's Aid and Development Fund (MCADF) which functioned as the fund raising and executive arm of the various humanitarian initiatives aimed at providing aid to Mongolian children. Former Secretary of State James A. Baker III serves as honorary chairman of the advisory board to the MCADF. The MCADF has provided nutritional aid and clothing to orphanages and provided small stipends to selected orphans. From 2004 to 2008, the MCADF sponsored the Night Clinic operated by the Christina Noble Foundation, which provides medical services to the street children of Ulaanbaatar. MACA is a primary sponsor of the Injannashi Fund, which provides small educational grants to students in Southern Mongolia. MACA also provides small grants from time to time to cultural and educational institutions to support cultural events related to the Mongolias. In 2011, the MCADF provided a grant to assist the Wildlife Conservation Fund with its 'Trunk' program in Mongolia, which aims to educate school age children on the importance of wildlife and environment.
MACA holds a Chinggis Qan ceremony annually, a continuation of the Chinggis Qan memorial held in the Ezen Qoroo region of Ordos. This ritual was started in the United States by teachers Gombojab Hangin and C'orj'i Lama in 1988, and is held annually in late fall. In 1999, to mark the 10th anniversary of the death of Professor Gombojab Hangin, a Chinggis Qan Symposium was held in his memory, which resulted in the publication of the proceedings with articles from scholars from Mongolia, Southern Mongolia, Buryatia and Kalmykia. In 2012 MACA celebrates 25 years of the ceremony in the United States.
MACA is open to all individuals who share a common belief in the importance of preserving Mongol culture in the United States.
Notable people
Avani Gregg
Diluwa Khutugtu Jamsrangjab
Oyuna Uranchimeg, wheelchair curler for Team USA at the 2022 Paralympics
Jamyangiin Urantögs
Buryat
Sergei Bodrov
Irina Pantaeva
See also
Mongolia–United States relations
Diluwa Khutugtu Jamsrangjab
References
Further reading
Tsend, Baatar. "Mongolian Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), pp. 219–230. online
External links
Mongolia Society
Mongol American Cultural Association
Kalmyk American Cultural Association
Mongolian Immigrant Tries to Find New Life, 1991 article in The New York Times about a homeless Mongolian immigrant in New York
United States
Mongolian culture
Asian-American society
East Asian American |
5386736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels%20in%20Disguise%20%28album%29 | Angels in Disguise (album) | Angels in Disguise is the second album released by Interface and considered by many of its fans as its best to date. Clocking in at over 71 minutes, the album spans many different styles, from electro-industrial to trance to synthpop, with traces of trip hop and jungle for good measure. As with the debut album, it was almost entirely produced and performed by Eric Eldredge. It was released by Tinman Records on July 15, 2002.
Critics in magazines such as Industrial Nation, Side Line, and Outburn were highly taken with the album's overall positive imagery, which is uncommon in this genre. Part of the reason behind the vast improvements in the band's sound was the major upgrades Eldredge did to Interface's studio in the three-plus years between albums. The album produced several club ready tracks, such as "Wasted Time", "Ability", "Temperature", and the title track, all of which found their way onto playlists of many dance clubs, radio stations, webcasts, and podcasts.
Additional personnel on the album included live keyboardist Jon Billian and live guitarist/keyboardist Evan Eldredge (both of whom became official members in 2003) on various tracks. Mike Hoffman and Matt Clennan of fellow New York EBM band Final Project were guest vocalists on "You Will Learn", and Jaki Neko of New Jersey Gothic band Murder in the Dark sang lead vocals on "Labyrinth".
The album's cover was designed by graphic artist Michelle Lee.
In late 2005, Tinman went out of business, and freed Interface from its contract. When Nilaihah Records signed the group, they took over distribution of Interface's Tinman releases, including this album. Remixes of "Wasted Time" and "Clear Night" appear on the subsequent release Beyond Humanity.
Track listing
"Wasted Time" – 5:56
"You Will Learn" – 3:43
"Movement (In)" – 1:58
"Ability" – 3:59
"Inside" – 4:29
"Temperature" – 5:29
"Katja" – 5:19
"Maximum Formula" – 6:36
"Sublimated" – 1:36
"Colors" – 4:44
"Within Your Reach" – 3:10
"Angels in Disguise" – 4:33
"Labyrinth" – 4:30
"Movement (Out)" – 3:03
"Clear Night (with hidden track)" – 12:37
2002 albums
Interface (band) albums |
5386743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolintang | Kolintang | Kolintang is a traditional Minahasan percussion instrument from North Sulawesi, Indonesia, consisting of wooden blades arranged in a row and mounted on a wooden tub. Kolintang is usually played in ensemble music. Kolintang in the Minahasan community is used to accompany traditional ceremonies, dance, singing, and music. The wood used to make Kolintang blades is light but strong local wood such as Telur wood, Wenuang wood, Cempaka wood, Waru wood, and the like which have a fiber construction. parallel. Meanwhile, kulintang resonator crates are usually made of hardwood materials such as teak or mahogany.
In 2013, the kolintang musical instrument from the Minahasan, North Sulawesi was recognized as National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture.
Etymology
The word "kolintang" comes from the Minahasan language. The word comes from the sound "tong" for low notes, "ting" for high notes, and "tang" for middle notes. In the past, the Minahasa people used to invite people to play the instrument by saying "Let's play tong-ting-tang" or in the Minahasan local language "Maimo Kumolintang". Because of that habit emerged the term "kolintang".
History
Mythology
There is a Minahasan folklore about the origin of the discovery of the kolintang musical instrument. In a village in Minahasa region, there is a girl who is very beautiful and good at singing named Lintang. One day Lintang was proposed by Makasiga a young man and woodcarver. Lintang accepted Makasiga's proposal on one condition that Makasiga had to find a musical instrument that sounded more melodious than a gold flute. Makasiga with wood carving skills managed to find the musical instrument that is the forerunner of kolintang.
Origins
Initially, the kolintang musical instrument consisted of few pieces of wood placed in a row on top of the players' legs, who were sitting on the ground with both legs straight in front of them. From time to time, the use of player's feet is replaced with two banana sticks. The use of resonator boxes began to be used since the arrival of Prince Diponegoro and his followers who brought gamelan to Minahasa to undergo exile in 1830. The use of kolintang musical instruments is related to traditional beliefs of the Minahasa people, such as in ceremonies for worshiping ancestral spirits.
Along with the arrival of Christianity to the Minahasa land, rituals of worship of animism and dynamism began to be abandoned. Kolintang reappeared by a blind man named Nelwan Katuuk who composed kolintang notes according to diatonic scales and was introduced again in 1940. Kolintang only consists of one melody consisting of diatonic tones, with a distance of two octaves. As an accompaniment, stringed musical instruments such as guitar, ukulele, and bass are used.
Development
Kulintang develops continuously. In 1954, kolintang already has a pitch of two and a half octaves and still has a diatonic tone composition.
In 1960, it grew again until it reached three and a half octaves with notes of 1 sharp, naturel, and 1 mole. The basic tone is still limited to three keys (naturel, 1 mole, and 1 crus), the pitch has expanded to four and a half octaves from F to C. The development of the kolintang musical instrument is still ongoing, both in terms of the quality of the instrument, the expansion of the pitch range, and the shape of the resonator box.
Instruments
As a musical instrument, kolintang is developed. At first only melodic kolintang instruments. Currently complete kolintang has up to nine instruments:
melody 1 (ina esa)
melody 2 (ina rua)
melody 3 (ina taweng)
cello (cella)
bass (loway)
tenor 1 (karua)
tenor 2 (karua rua)
alto 1 (uner)
alto 2 (uner rua)
alto 3 (katelu).
Notations
The notations system used on the kolintang musical instrument is the diatonic scale. The diatonic scale is a scale consisting of 7 notes, the notes are Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si, which have a distance of one and a half notes. This scale is divided into two groups, namely the major diatonic and minor diatonic scales. As for the kolintang musical instrument, the chord arrangement is the same as the chord system used on piano and guitar.
Association
National Kolintang Association of Indonesia (Persatuan Insan Kolintang Nasional (PINKAN) Indonesia) is a kulintang association in Indonesia that encourages the improvement of the quality of Kolintang Musical Ensemble artworks in line with the increasing public appreciation of the Kolintang art. PINKAN Indonesia organizes events both independently and in collaboration with the 4 main pillars, they are coaches, craftsmen, players, and kolintang conservationists.
Gallery
References
External links
Website
Kolintang - Indonesian intangible cultural heritage by Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture.
Kolintang - A traditional musical instrument of Minahasan people by Galeri Indonesia Kaya.
National Kolintang Association by Persatuan Insan Kolintang Nasional (PINKAN) Indonesia.
Youtube
Kolintang - Introduction by The International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCO (ICHCAP).
Kolintang - Performance by Kolintang Nyong Noni Sulut.
Kolintang - The Sound of Harmony by Sanggar Bapontar dan Galeri Indonesia Kaya.
Kolintang and Angklung - Rayuan Pulau Kelapa song by Kolintang KEYTUJI and Angklung Cantare.
Indonesian musical instruments
Percussion instruments |
5386754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jashanmal | Jashanmal | The Jashanmal Group is a wholesale distributor of consumer goods and services in the Persian Gulf region. The company, established in 1919 by Rao Sahib Jashanmal with its first store in Basra, Iraq as a general store selling many of the products that are still sold in the stores today. Expansion through the GCC followed the path of oil discovery, first into Kuwait in 1934, then Bahrain in 1935 and subsequently into UAE, with stores in Dubai in 1956 and Abu Dhabi in 1964. In the environment of fast expanding markets Jashanmal evolved from solely a retailer to also specializing in the wholesale and distribution of consumer products.
Today the Jashanmal Group is active across the Arab states of the Persian Gulf and India, headquartered in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and operates over 100 stores and through an extensive distribution and wholesale business supplies over 1,000 retailers across segments from Duty Free to Mass Market to Mid-Market and High-end Retail.
They represent various global retail franchises represented in the region as well as operating a newspaper and periodicals division which oversees the marketing and distribution of leading books, magazines, and newspapers in the Persian Gulf through direct distribution and through retail chains including the Jashanmal Bookstores. Business partners include Levant, Higgs and Reed Aviation. The Jashanmal Group is also in a joint venture with Japan's Overseas Courier Services (OCS). The Jashanmal Group employs over 1,000 people in its various divisions and countries.
References
External links
Jashanmal corporate website
Jashanmal Official Online Store
Jashanmal Service Center
References
Companies of Kuwait |
5386782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Beadle | Jean Beadle | Jane (Jean) Beadle (1 January 1868 – 22 May 1942) was an Australian feminist, social worker and Labor party member.
Life
Beadle née Miller was born on 1 January 1868 in Clunes, Victoria, daughter of George Darlington Miller, miner and his wife Jane Spencer. She left school early to assist her widowed father. She worked in Melbourne's oppressive clothing factories until her marriage to Henry Beadle (a militant and an iron moulder) on 19 May 1888. She was involved in industrial action, working with striking miners and their families and organised a union of female factory workers. She joined the Women's Suffrage Alliance and, from 1898, was prominent in the Women's Political and Social Crusade.
In 1901 the Beadles moved to Western Australia; Jean founded the Labor women's organization in Fremantle in 1905, and when they moved to the goldfields in 1906 she formed the Eastern Goldfields Women's Labor League. After returning to Perth in 1911 she played an active role in the ALP and was a delegate at the first Labor Women's Conference at Perth in October 1912, and was appointed the chairperson, a position she held for 30 years. Through her involvement with the party she was a candidate for Senate pre-selection in 1931.
Beadle was associated with the Perth Children's Court since 1915 and was appointed special magistrate in 1919, and from 1920 was one of the first women to be a sworn magistrate in Perth.
Beadle died at home on 22 May 1942 and is buried in the Methodist section of Karrakatta Cemetery in Perth.
Jeanette Place, in the Canberra suburb of Gilmore, is named in her honour, "Jeanette" having been her pen-name.
See also
List of suffragists and suffragettes
References
Further reading
Birman,W and Wood, E. Beadle, Jane (Jean) (1868–1942), Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 7, Melbourne University Press, 1979, pp 223–224.
1868 births
1942 deaths
Australian suffragists
Australian trade unionists
Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery
People from Clunes, Victoria
19th-century Australian people
19th-century Australian women
20th-century Australian women |
5386795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FWX | FWX | FWX is the tenth studio album by progressive metal band Fates Warning, released on October 5, 2004 through Metal Blade Records; their last album on the label until re-signing in 2019. It is also the band's last studio album to feature drummer Mark Zonder.
Track listing
Personnel
Ray Alder – vocals, production
Jim Matheos – guitar, keyboard, programming, production
Mark Zonder – drums
Joey Vera – bass
Phil Magnotti – engineering, mixing
Andy VanDette – mastering
References
External links
FWX at fateswarning.com
Fates Warning - 2004 - "FWX" at ProgressoR
Fates Warning albums
2004 albums
Metal Blade Records albums |
5386812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghislaine%20Roquet | Ghislaine Roquet | Ghislaine Roquet, CC (1926 – May 31, 2016) was a philosophy professor and a nun with the Sœurs de Sainte-Croix community in Quebec. She was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada in 1970 for her educational work.
She is a signatory to the Parent Report which has influenced education in Quebec since its release in 1963.
She died on May 31, 2016 in Montreal, Quebec.
References
External links
Harry Palmer Gallery: Ghislaine Roquet (1984 photo)
UQAM: 40th anniversary event for Parent Report
1926 births
2016 deaths
Academics in Quebec
Companions of the Order of Canada
20th-century Canadian nuns
21st-century Canadian nuns |
5386831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gale%20%28theologian%29 | John Gale (theologian) | John Gale (1680–1721) was a British Baptist theologian. He was not widely known until the controversy over William Wall's work on infant baptism appeared.
He studied at Leiden University and received a Master of Arts degree and Ph.D. in 1699. After studying at Leiden, Gale went to Amsterdam, where he met Le Clerc. Leiden offered him a doctor of divinity if he agreed to Puritan doctrine. He would not, on principle.
His work against infant baptism was composed in 1705–1706 as a series of letters to Wall. These were collected and published in 1711 as Reflections on Mr. Wall's History of Infant Baptism. Gale was a superb scholar of Hebrew, Greek and Latin, and he combatted Wall's patristic readings by arguing that the antiquity of infant baptism is not certain. He also accused Wall of doing what Wall said he most sought to avoid: elevating a minor doctrinal point into a matter of schism. William Wotton praised Gale's work.
Gale began preaching at Paul's Alley Barbican, but he was never ordained and would not accept a regular position. Instead, he traveled from one Baptist congregation to another, speaking. He also joined the "Society for Promoting Primitive Christianity." He was introduced to Benjamin Hoadly and the Lord Chancellor Peter King. In 1721, when he was just forty-one years old, he caught a fever and died. He left little money for his widow, and congregationalists collected a subscription to enable her to open a coffee shop in Finch Lane, London.
References
External links
1680 births
1721 deaths
British theologians
Baptist theologians
British Baptists
Leiden University alumni
18th-century British theologians
18th-century Baptists
18th-century Protestant theologians |
5386876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Frances%20Borderland%20Thunder | Fort Frances Borderland Thunder | The Borderland Thunder are a defunct Junior "A" ice hockey team from Fort Frances, Ontario, Canada. They were a part of the Superior International Junior Hockey League.
History
Despite four successful season in the SIJHL and a league title, the Thunder have opted to sit on the sidelines of Canadian Junior hockey. Although they still had an open door to re-enter the Thunder Bay-based league, they have applied the past three seasons for entry into the Manitoba Junior Hockey League .
A return to the SIJHL is unlikely for the Borderland Thunder, as their place in the SIJHL has since been succeeded by the Fort Frances Jr. Sabres as of the 2007-08 season.
Season-by-season results
Playoffs
2002 Lost Final
Fort Frances Borderland Thunder defeated Thunder Bay Bulldogs 4-games-to-3
Dryden Ice Dogs defeated Fort Frances Borderland Thunder 4-games-to-none
2003 Won League, Lost Dudley Hewitt Cup semi-final
Fort Frances Borderland Thunder defeated Dryden Ice Dogs 4-games-to-none
Fort Frances Borderland Thunder defeated Thunder Bay Bulldogs 4-games-to-1 SIJHL CHAMPIONS
Third in Dudley Hewitt Cup round robin (1-2)
Wellington Dukes (OPJHL) defeated Fort Frances Borderland Thunder 3-2 in semi-final
2004 Lost Semi-final
Dryden Ice Dogs defeated Fort Frances Borderland Thunder 4-games-to-3
2005 Lost Final
Fort Frances Borderland Thunder defeated Dryden Ice Dogs 4-games-to-none
Fort William North Stars defeated Fort Frances Borderland Thunder 4-games-to-none
External links
SIJHL Website
2001 establishments in Ontario
2005 disestablishments in Ontario
Defunct Superior International Junior Hockey League teams
Sport in Northern Ontario
Fort Frances |
5386897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Griffith | Gordon Griffith | Gordon S. Griffith (July 4, 1907 – October 12, 1958) was an American assistant director, film producer, and one of the first child actors in the American movie industry. Griffith worked in the film industry for five decades, acting in over 60 films, and surviving the transition from silent films to talkies—films with sound. During his acting career, he worked with Charlie Chaplin, and was the first actor to portray Tarzan on film.
Silent film
Griffith was born on July 4, 1907 in Chicago, Illinois, to actors Harry Sutherland Griffith and Katherine Kiernan Griffith. He had two siblings, an older sister Gertrude, and a younger brother Graham—also an actor. Griffith was already an experienced actor when, at age seven, he got his first acting role as a regular character in the Little Billy series of films. Mack Sennett of Keystone Studios cast Griffith in many of his slapstick features, where he eventually earned supporting roles in Charlie Chaplin films, including Tillie's Punctured Romance, in which he portrayed a paperboy, a role that Milton Berle frequently claimed to have played.
His big break came with the role of young Tarzan, in the 1918 film Tarzan of the Apes. He was required to do his own stunts, such as climbing trees, swinging from vines, and interacting closely with a chimpanzee. Griffith also has several nude scenes in the first half of the film. Griffith appears before the actor portraying the adult Tarzan—Elmo Lincoln—making him the first actor to portray Tarzan in film. After seeing the movie, a critic described Griffith as "a youthful actor of uncommon gifts."
Griffith received the role of Tom Sawyer in Huckleberry Finn. Later he was again cast in the first Tarzan serial as Tarzan's son, Korak, a role that has been described as "anticipating John Sheffield's 'Boy' roles [in later Tarzan films]." He continued to act in silent films well into his teen years, including a role as Mary Pickford's older brother in Little Annie Rooney (1925).
Both of Griffth's parents died in the 1920s—his mother in 1921 and his father in 1926. At the time of the 1930 census, he and his brother were living with his sister and her family in Pasadena, California.
Sound era
Although his career survived the transition from silent films to sound, Griffith received smaller and smaller roles—occasionally not even being credited for his performances. As his acting career cooled, Griffith moved into other areas of the film industry. At the age of twenty-three he got his first job as an assistant director. His final acting credit came six years later in 1936's Outlaws of the Range. Griffith continued to work in the film industry until his death. Between 1931 and 1940, he worked as an assistant director in over 20 films, including those at Monogram Pictures.
Between 1941 and 1953 he was an associate producer or producer on four films. He was an associate producer under Robert E. Sherwood, and for Gregory Ratoff Productions. In 1941, Griffith became a production manager at Columbia Pictures, and later served as an associate producer for RKO.
In 1958, Griffith died of a heart attack in Hollywood at the age of 51. He was survived by his sister.
Selected filmography as actor
A Bath House Beauty (1914)
Little Billy's Triumph (1914)
Little Billy's Strategy (1914)
Little Billy's City Cousin (1914)
Chicken Chaser (1914)
Those Country Kids (1914)
Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914) as Paperboy (uncredited)
Kid Auto Races at Venice (1914)
Little Sunset (1915)
Billy's Cupidity (1915)
If My Country Should Call (1916)
Naked Hearts (1916)
Two Mothers (1916)
Tarzan of the Apes (1918)
The Romance of Tarzan (1918)
Hitting the High Spots (1918)
Cupid Forecloses (1919)
The Son of Tarzan (1920)
Huckleberry Finn (1920)
The Kentucky Colonel (1920)
The Adventures of Tarzan (1921)
Cameron of the Royal Mounted (1921)
Penrod (1922)
More to Be Pitied Than Scorned (1922)
The Village Blacksmith (1922)
Main Street (1923)
The Street of Tears (1924)
Little Annie Rooney (1925)
The Cat's Pajamas (1926)
The Branded Man (1928)
Forgotten Women (1931)
Danger Ahead (1935)
Bars of Hate (1935)
Gun Play (1935)
Speed Limited (1935)
Hot Off the Press (1935)
Blazing Justice (1936)
Outlaws of the Range (1936)
References
Bibliography
Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, pp. 30–32.
External links
Picture of Gordon Griffith without heavy makeup in the Young Hollywood Hall of Fame
1907 births
1958 deaths
Male actors from Chicago
American male child actors
American male film actors
Film producers from Illinois
American male silent film actors
20th-century American male actors |
5386918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaries%20tax | Salaries tax | Salaries tax is a type of income tax that is levied in Hong Kong, chargeable on income from any office, employment and pension for a year of assessment arising in or derived from the territory. For purposes of calculating liability, the period of assessment is from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.
Salaries tax is also charged on the unrealized capital gain of shares or options granted as part of an employee share scheme that are subject to a vesting period. Events that trigger tax are when the vesting period ends or when the employee leaves Hong Kong.
Chargeable scope
Salaries tax is imposed on any office, employment and pension sourced in Hong Kong.
Office basically refers to the holding of office as a director or company secretary of the company resident in Hong Kong. Director's fee is fully taxable in Hong Kong irrespective where the director rendered services in Hong Kong or not.
Income derived from employment sourced in Hong Kong is taxable in Hong Kong. The source of employment is laid down in the Goepfert Rules and Departmental Interpretation and Practice Note No.10. However, those individuals who visit Hong Kong for periods not exceeding 60 days will be exempt from paying Salaries Tax. This provision is known as the "sixty-day rule".<ref>Inland Revenue Ordinance Cap 112, s.8(1B)</ref> Employment sourced in Hong Kong will be fully chargeable to Salaries Tax whereas offshore employment will be chargeable on a "time-in-time-out" basis, the taxable income of which will be apportioned by reference to the days present in Hong Kong. Employment of a government civil servant is considered sourced in Hong Kong and therefore its income is always fully taxable in Hong Kong.
The above-mentioned "sixty-day rule" shall not be applied to seamen and aircrew. Instead, they are bound by stricter conditions for exemption. To be exempt from liability to Salaries tax, they shall be present in Hong Kong not more than 60 days in the year and not more than 120 days in the two consecutive years, one of them being the current tax year.
A pension will be considered to be sourced in Hong Kong if it is managed and controlled in Hong Kong.
Liability to tax
Employers must report details relating to new hires to the Inland Revenue Department within three months of the commencement of employment, which will enable to IRD to send out tax returns for the year of assessment. If the employee does not receive a return, he is required to send the Department a notification of chargeability by 31 July following the year of assessment.
The tax is payable directly by the taxpayer, who is also obliged to remit provisional salaries tax by instalments based on the previous year's liability.
Income subject to tax
Liability for salaries tax arises from two separate sources:
employment income and pensions arising or derived from Hong Kong, and
income derived from services rendered in Hong Kong (other than from visits totalling 60 days or less in any given year), except for:
income earned from services rendered wholly outside Hong Kong in connection with employment (except for those who work for the Government, or on board ships or aircraft), or
income earned in any territory on which tax similar to salaries tax has been paid.
Under Commissioner of Inland Revenue v George Andrew Goepfert'', the following factors must be taken into account to determine where the source of income arises for an employment (whether inside or outside the territory):
where the contract of employment was negotiated, entered into and is enforceable;
where the employer is resident; and
where the employee's remuneration is paid to him.
Employment income is deemed to include the following:
wages, salaries and other compensation (other than severance payment or long service payment on termination of employment) whether from the employer or another person,
amounts received from a pension or provident fund connected with the employment,
amounts received from a recognized occupational retirement scheme,
the rental value of any place of residence provided rent-free (or any discount from the rental value from any rent paid) by the employer or an associated corporation, and
any gain realized by the exercise of, or by the assignment or release of, a stock option.
Calculation of liability
Salaries tax is chargeable on the lower of:
net chargeable income (total income less deductions and allowances)
net total income (total income less deductions)
Deductions include expenses necessary for earning such income (such as professional membership dues for one association), expenses for self-education (subject to a ceiling of $80,000), charitable donations (subject to minimum and maximum limits), contributions to the Mandatory Provident Fund or other occupational retirement schemes, home loan interest (subject to a lifetime limit of 15 years) and elderly residential care expenses (subject to a ceiling of $76,000). Allowances are available for married persons, single parents and various dependents.
Personal assessment is also available where a taxpayer is also subject to property tax and/or profit tax. Married couples may opt for joint assessment of their liability.
See also
Inland Revenue Department (Hong Kong)
Tax treaty
Share options
Rental value
Profit tax
References
External links
Taxation in Hong Kong |
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