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5386921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Latin%20Americans | List of Latin Americans | This is a list of notable Latin American people, in alphabetical order within categories.
Actors
Norma Aleandro (born 1936)
Héctor Alterio (born 1929)
Rafael Amaya (born 1977)
Imperio Argentina (1906–2003)
Pedro Armendáriz (1912–1963)
Carla Baratta (born 1990)
Adrian Bellani (born 1982)
Diego Bertie (born 1967)
Rubén Blades (born 1948)
Marcela Bovio (born 1979)
Sônia Braga (born 1950)
Richard Cabral (born 1984)
Cantinflas (1911–1993)
Barbara Carrera (born 1951)
Grecia Colmenares (born 1962)
Ricardo Darín (born 1957)
Colman Domingo (born 1969)
Dolores del Río (1904–1983)
Lali Espósito (born 1991)
Jade Esteban Estrada (born 1975)
María Félix (1914–2002)
Andrés García (born 1941)
Andy García (born 1956)
Danay García (born 1984)
Gael García Bernal (born 1978)
Diane Guerrero (born 1986)
Darío Grandinetti (born 1959)
Maribel Guardia (born 1959)
Salma Hayek (born 1966)
Pedro Infante (1917–1957)
Oscar Isaac (born 1979)
Raul Julia (1940–1994)
Katy Jurado (1924–2002)
Libertad Lamarque (1908–2000)
John Leguizamo (born 1964)
Federico Luppi (1936–2017)
Santiago Magill (born 1977)
Christian Meier (born 1970)
Carmen Miranda (1909–1955)
Ricardo Montalbán (1920–2009)
Maria Montez (1912–1951)
Rita Moreno (born 1931)
Jorge Negrete (1911–1953)
Gianella Neyra (born 1977)
Miguel A. Núñez Jr. (born 1964)
Edward James Olmos (born 1947)
Natalia Oreiro (born 1977)
J.D. Pardo (born 1980)
Manny Pérez (born 1969)
Silvia Pinal (born 1931)
Danny Pino (born 1974)
Anthony Quinn (1915–2001)
Dania Ramirez (born 1980)
Emilio Rivera (born 1961)
Zoe Saldana (born 1978)
Catalina Sandino Moreno (born 1981)
Christian Serratos (born 1990)
Benicio del Toro (born 1967)
Christy Turlington (born 1969)
Lupe Vélez (1908–1944)
Sofía Vergara (born 1972)
China Zorrilla (1922–2014)
Gina Rodriguez (born 1984)
Isabela Moner (born 2001)
Artists and designers
See also List of Latin American artists.
Julio Abril (1911–1979), sculptor
Tarsila do Amaral (1886–1973), painter
Fernando Botero (born 1932), painter and sculptor
Luis Camnitzer (born 1937), conceptual artist
José Campeche (1751–1809), painter
Lygia Clark (1920–1988), painter and sculptor
Marcela Donoso (born 1961), painter
Pancho Fierro (1810–1879), illustrator
Gego (1912–1994), geometric-abstract sculptor
José Guadalupe Posada (1852–1913), illustrator and cartoonist, printmaker
Alfredo Jaar (born 1956), installation artist
Frida Kahlo (1907–1954), realist and symbolist painter
Guillermo Kuitca (born 1961), painter
Wifredo Lam (1902–1982), painter
Roberto Matta (1911–2002), painter
Ana Mendieta (1948–1985), performance artist
Lola Mora (1866–1936), sculptor
Hélio Oiticica (1937–1980), painter and sculptor
Francisco Oller (1833–1917), impressionist painter
José Clemente Orozco (1883–1949), mural painter and lithographer
Candido Portinari (1903–1962), painter
Benito Quinquela Martín (1890–1977), painter
Diego Quispe Tito (1611–1681), Cuzco School painter
Armando Reverón (1889–1954), painter
Diego Rivera (1886–1957), muralist
Emilio Hector Rodriguez (born 1950), painter and photographer
José Sabogal (1888–1956), indigenist painter
David Alfaro Siqueiros (1896–1974), social realist painter and muralist
Jesús Rafael Soto (1923–2005), kinetic and op artist
Rufino Tamayo (1899–1991), painter
Joaquín Torres-García (1874–1949), constructivist painter
Remedios Varo (1908–1963), surrealist painter
Fashion
Oscar de la Renta (1932–2014), fashion designer
Nina García (born 1965), fashion editor
Gabriela Hearst (born 1976), fashion designer
Alexandre Herchcovitch (born 1971), fashion designer
Carolina Herrera (born 1939), fashion designer
Mario Testino (born 1954), fashion photographer
Film directors
Alejandro Amenábar (born 1972)
Alfonso Arau (born 1932)
Adolfo Aristarain (born 1943)
Héctor Babenco (born 1946)
Luis Buñuel (1900–1983)
Juan José Campanella (born 1959)
Román Chalbaud (born 1931)
Alfonso Cuarón (born 1961)
Juan Downey (1940–1993)
Guillermo Fantástico González (1945–2020)
Alejandro González Iñárritu (born 1963)
Alejandro Jodorowsky (born 1929)
León Klimovsky (1906–1996)
Fernando Meirelles (born 1955)
Franco de Peña (born 1966)
Arturo Ripstein (born 1943)
Raúl Ruiz (director) (1941–2011)
Walter Salles (born 1956)
Amy Serrano (born 1966)
Guillermo del Toro (born 1964)
Leaders and politicians
José Mujica (born 1935), President of Uruguay
Ali Lenin Aguilera (born 1967), politician
Leandro N. Alem (1841–1896), politician
Nayib Bukele (born 1981), President of El Salvador
Óscar Arias (born 1940), statesman, Nobel Peace Prize
Francisco de Miranda (1750–1813), Supreme Chief of First Republic of Venezuela
Antonio Saca (born 1965), President of El Salvador
Rómulo Betancourt (1908–1981), President of Venezuela
Simón Bolívar (1783–1830), Libertador in Spanish American wars of independence
Anastasio Bustamante (1780–1853), President of Mexico
Plutarco Elías Calles (1877–1945), President of Mexico
Fidel Castro (1926–2016), Prime Minister, later President of Cuba
Alfonso García Robles (1911–1991), diplomat and politician, Nobel Peace Prize
José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia (1766–1840), Supreme Dictator of Paraguay
Che Guevara (1928–1967), Marxist revolutionary
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753–1811), Chief instigator of Mexican War of Independence
Benito Juárez (1806–1872), President of Mexico
Juscelino Kubitschek (1902–1976), President of Brazil
Alberto Lleras Camargo (1906–1990), President of Colombia
Leopoldo López (born 1971), Mayor of Chacao, Venezuela
José Martí (1853–1895), leader of Cuban Independence movement
Rigoberta Menchú (born 1959), activist, Nobel Peace Prize
Chico Mendes (1944–1988), trade union leader and environmentalist
Antonio Nariño (1765–1824), political and military leader
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (1920–2020), United Nations Secretary-General
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (born 1931), activist, Nobel Peace Prize
Juan Perón (1895–1974), President of Argentina
Carlos Saavedra Lamas (1878–1959), academic and politician, Nobel Peace Prize
José de San Martín (1778–1850), Libertador in Spanish American wars of independence
Augusto César Sandino (1985–1934), guerilla leader and revolutionary
Pancho Villa (1878–1923), guerrilla leader of the Mexican Revolution
Emiliano Zapata (1879–1919), guerrilla leader of the Mexican Revolution
Lula da Silva (born 1945), President of Brazil
Pedro Albizu Campos (1891–1965), president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
Monarchs
Agustin I (1783–1824), independence leader, Emperor of Mexico
Pope Francis (born 1936), Sovereign of Vatican City State
Pedro I (1798–1834), independence leader, Emperor of Brazil
Pedro II (1825–1891), Emperor of Brazil
Imperial/royal consorts
Ana María Huarte (1786–1861), Empress consort of Mexico
Amélie of Leuchtenberg (1812–1834), Empress consort of Brazil
Carlota of Mexico (1840–1927), Empress consort of Mexico
Maria Leopoldina of Austria (1797–1826), Empress consort of Brazil
Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (born 1956), Grand Duchess consort of Luxembourg
Máxima of the Netherlands (born 1971), Queen consort of the Netherlands
Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies (1843–1889), Empress consort of Brazil
Musicians
Miguel del Águila (born 1957), composer
Michel Camilo (born 1954), pianist and composer
Simón Díaz (1928–2014), composer, actor and singer
Gilberto Gil (born 1942), singer and composer, founder of Tropicália
Chabuca Granda (1920–1983), singer and composer
Rafael Hernández Marín (1892–1965), composer
Antônio Carlos Jobim (1927–1994), pianist, singer and composer
Agustín Lara (1900–1970), composer
Ernesto Lecuona (1896–1963), composer, pianist and conductor
Vinicius de Moraes (1913–1980), singer and composer
Ástor Piazzolla (1921–1992), tango composer
Tito Puente (1923–2000), Latin jazz and mambo musician
Omar Rodríguez-López (born 1975), guitarist
Carlos Santana (born 1947), composer, songwriter and guitarist
Lalo Schifrin (born 1932), composer and pianist
Pedro Suárez-Vértiz (born 1966), pianist, singer and composer
Caetano Veloso (born 1942), singer and composer, founder of Tropicália
Lito Vitale (born 1961), composer and performer
Atahualpa Yupanqui (1908–1992), folk musician
Rosa Antonelli, pianist
Classical
José Antonio Abreu (born 1939), pianist, conductor and composer
Miguel del Águila (born 1957), composer
Claudio Arrau (1903–1991), pianist
Daniel Barenboim (born 1942), pianist and conductor
Agustín Barrios (1885–1944), guitarist and composer
Teresa Carreño (1853–1917), pianist, conductor and composer
Reynaldo Hahn (1874–1947), music, critic, conductor and composer
Eduardo Marturet (born 1953), conductor and composer
Eduardo Mata (1942–1995), conductor and composer
Juan Orrego Salas (1919–2019, composer
Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887–1959), composer
Opera singers
Luigi Alva (born 1927), tenor
Fabiana Bravo (born 1969), soprano
Eduardo Brito (1906–1946), baritone
José Cura (born 1962), tenor
Juan Diego Flórez (born 1973), tenor
Singers
Christina Aguilera (born 1980), pop/R&B singer-songwriter and actress
Álvaro Torres (born 1954), singer-songwriter
Anitta (born 1993), singer-songwriter, actress, and dancer
Desi Arnaz (1917–1986), salsa singer
Rubén Blades (born 1948), salsa singer
Roberto Carlos (singer) (born 1941), singer-songwriter
Cazuza (1958–1990), singer-songwriter
Gustavo Cerati (1959–2014), alternative rock singer-songwriter
Celia Cruz (1925–2003), salsa singer
Kat DeLuna (born 1987), singer
Lali Espósito (born 1991), pop singer-songwriter
Gloria Estefan (born 1957), singer-songwriter
José Feliciano (born 1945), singer-songwriter
Juan Gabriel (1950–2016), ranchera and ballad singer-songwriter
Charly García (born 1951), rock musician
Juan Luis Guerra (born 1957), singer-songwriter
Pedro Infante (1917–1957), singer and actor
Víctor Jara (1932–1973), singer-songwriter
Juanes (born 1972), singer-songwriter
Jennifer Lopez (born 1969), singer-songwriter, dancer, actress, producer
Jorge Negrete (1911–1953), singer-songwriter
Fito Páez (born 1961), singer-songwriter, producer and film director
Prince Royce (born 1989), singer-songwriter
Santaye, singer-songwriter
Ivete Sangalo (born 1972), singer-songwriter
Raul Seixas (1945–1989), composer, singer-songwriter and producer
Shakira (born 1977), Latin pop singer-songwriter
Luis Alberto Spinetta (1950–2012), singer-songwriter
Lynda Thomas (born 1981), alternative rock and eurodance singer-songwriter
Carlos Vives (born 1961), vallenato singer and composer
Bad Bunny (born 1994), reggaeton and latin trap singer-songwriter
Camila Cabello (born 1997), actor, singer-songwriter
Philosophers and humanists
Juan Bautista Alberdi (1810–1884), political theorist
Andrés Bello (1781–1865), humanist, philosopher, educator and philologist
Leonardo Boff (born 1938), early Liberation theologians
Mario Bunge (1919–2020), philosopher
Miguel Antonio Caro (1843–1909), humanist, linguist and politician
Rufino José Cuervo (1844–1911), philologist and linguist
Manuel DeLanda (born 1952), philosopher, professor
José Ingenieros (1877–1925), philosopher and sociologist
Enrique Krauze (born 1947), historian, political and social essayist
Humberto Maturana (1928–2021), proponent of embodied philosophy
Ernesto Mayz Vallenilla (1925–2015), humanist, philosopher and educator
Edmundo O'Gorman (1906–1995), philosopher
Francisco Varela (1946–2001), proponent of embodied philosophy
José Vasconcelos (1882–1959), thinker, educator and essayist
Science and technology
Manuel de Abreu (1894–1962), physician, scientist, inventor of abreugraphy
Francisco Rubio (astronaut) (born 1975), NASA astronaut
Joseph M. Acaba (born 1967), NASA astronaut
Luis Agote (1868–1954), physician and researcher
Ricardo Alegría (1921–2011), physical anthropologist
José Antonio Balseiro (1919–1962), nuclear physicist
Gregorio Baro (1928–2012), radiochemist
Baruj Benacerraf (1920–2011), immunologist, Nobel Prize Medicine
Martha E. Bernal (1931–2001), psychologist
Francisco José de Caldas (1768–1818), naturalist, mathematician, geographer and inventor
Fernando Caldeiro (born 1958), NASA astronaut
Víctor A. Carreño (1911–1967), NASA aerospace engineer
Nabor Carrillo Flores (1911–1967), nuclear physicist
Carlos Chagas (1879–1934), physician and scientist
Franklin Chang Díaz (born 1950), NASA astronaut
Nitza Margarita Cintrón (born 1950), NASA Chief of Space and Health Care Systems
Aracely Quispe Neira (born 1982), NASA senior astronautical engineer, professor, researcher
Jacinto Convit (1913–2014), medical scientist, discoverer of vaccines
Oswaldo Cruz (1872–1917), physician, bacteriologist, epidemiologist
René Favaloro (1923–2000), cardiologist, created the technique for coronary bypass
Humberto Fernández-Morán (1924–1999), medical research scientist
Orlando Figueroa (born 1955), NASA Director for Mars Exploration and for Solar System Division
Carlos Finlay (1833–1915), medical scientist, researcher
Julio Garavito Armero (1865–1920), astronomer
Guillermo González Camarena (1917–1965), inventor of an early color television system
Juan Gundlach (1810–1896), naturalist, taxonomist
Salomón Hakim (1922–2011), physician and scientist
Guillermo Haro (1913–1988), astrophysicist, specialist in observational astronomy
Bernardo Houssay (1887–1971), physiologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Miguel de Icaza (born 1972), free software programmer
Luis Federico Leloir (1906–1987), biochemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Domingo Liotta (1924–2022), cardiologist, created first artificial heart
Adolfo Lutz (1855–1940), physician, scientist, infectious disease specialist
Humberto Maturana (1928–2021), biologist, co-author of the theory of autopoiesis
César Milstein (1927–2002), biochemist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Luis E. Miramontes (1925–2004), chemist, co-inventor of the oral contraceptive
Mario J. Molina (born 1943), chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Salvador Moncada (born 1944), pharmacologist
Rodolfo Neri Vela (born 1952), Ph.D, NASA astronaut
Carlos I. Noriega (born 1959), NASA astronaut
Antonia Novello (born 1944), 14th Surgeon General of the United States
Manuel Elkin Patarroyo (born 1947), pathologist, vaccines specialist
Feniosky Peña-Mora (born 1966), engineer and educator
Felipe Poey (1799–1891), zoologist, specialist in ichthyology
Eduardo H. Rapoport (1927–2017), ecologist, biogeographer
L. Rafael Reif (born 1950), engineer, president of MIT
Andrés Manuel del Río (1764–1849), geologist, chemist
Helen Rodríguez Trías (1929–2001), pediatrician, early advocate for women's reproductive rights
Wilfredo Santa-Gómez (born 1949), psychiatrist
José Santana (economist) (born 1962), specialist in technology and development
Sarah Stewart (cancer researcher) (1905–1976), microbiologist, discovered Polyomavirus
Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez (born 1942), USSR Space Program cosmonaut
Francisco Varela (1946–2001), biologist, co-author of the theory of autopoiesis
Lydia Villa-Komaroff (born 1947), biologist, early Mexican American PhD in the sciences
Klaus von Storch (born 1962), aerospace engineer
Alberto Santos-Dumont (1873–1932), early aviation inventor
Marcos Pontes (born 1963), first AEB/NASA astronaut
César Lattes (1924–2005), experimental physicist
Social scientists
Eugenio María de Hostos (1839–1903), sociologist and educator
Miguel León-Portilla (1926–2019), cultural anthropologist and historian
Milton Santos (1926–2001), human geographer and writer
Hernando de Soto Polar (born 1941), economist
Julio C. Tello (1880–1947), archeologist
Sports
Athletics to Cycling
Athletics
Daniel Bautista (born 1952), Olympic race walk gold medalist
Thiago Braz (born 1993), Olympic pole vault gold medalist
Delfo Cabrera (1919–1981), Olympic marathon gold medalist
Ernesto Canto (born 1959), race walk Olympic gold medalist and World Champion
Joaquim Cruz (born 1963), Olympic 800m gold medalist
Adhemar da Silva (1927–2001), Olympic 2x triple jump gold medalist
Anier García (born 1976), Olympic 110 m hurdles gold medalist
Raúl González (racewalker) (born 1952), Olympic gold medalist
Alberto Juantorena (born 1950), Olympic 2x track gold medalist
Iván Pedroso (born 1972), Olympic long jump gold medalist and 4x World Champion
Jefferson Pérez (born 1974), Olympic 2x race walk gold medalist and 4x World Champion
Dayron Robles (born 1986), Olympic 110 m hurdles gold medalist
Irving Saladino (born 1983), Olympic gold medalist and World Champion
Félix Sánchez (born 1977), Olympic 400m hurdles gold medalist and 2x World Champion
Javier Sotomayor (born 1967), Olympic high jump gold medalist and World Record holder
Juan Carlos Zabala (1911–1983), Olympic marathon gold medalist
Baseball
Luis Aparicio (born 1934), Major League Baseball (MLB) shortstop, Baseball Hall of Fame
Miguel Cabrera (born 1983), MLB first baseman
Roberto Clemente (1934–1972), MLB right fielder, Baseball Hall of Fame
Juan Marichal (born 1937), MLB pitcher, Baseball Hall of Fame
Dennis Martínez (born 1955), MLB pitcher, first Latino to pitch a perfect game
Pedro Martínez (born 1971), MLB pitcher, 3x Cy Young Award winner
Sammy Sosa (born 1968), MLB right fielder, first Latino to hit 500 home runs
José Reyes (infielder) (born 1983), MLB player
Fernando Valenzuela (born 1960), MLB pitcher
Basketball
Carlos Arroyo (born 1979), National Basketbal Association (NBA) point guard
Leandro Barbosa (born 1982), NBA Champion
J. J. Barea (born 1984), NBA Champion
Manu Ginóbili (born 1977), Olympic gold medalist, NBA 2x Champion
Al Horford (born 1986), NBA
Horacio Llamas (born 1973), NBA
Eduardo Nájera (born 1976), NBA
Butch Lee (born 1956), NBA Champion
Boxing
Rosendo Álvarez (born 1970), World Champion
Alexis Argüello (born 1952), World Champion, International Boxing Hall of Fame
Wilfred Benítez (born 1958), World Champion in 3x weight divisions, International Boxing Hall of Fame
Jorge Castro (boxer) (born 1967), World Champion
Julio César Chávez (born 1962), World Champion in 3x weight divisions
Juan Martin Coggi (born 1961), World Champion
Carlos Cruz (boxer) (1937–1970), World Champion
Oscar De La Hoya (born 1972), World Champion in 6x weight divisions
Carlos De León (1959–2020), World Champion
Roberto Durán (born 1951), World Champion in 4x weight divisions
Víctor Galíndez (1948–1980), World Champion
Wilfredo Gómez (born 1956), World Champion
Éder Jofre (born 1936), World Champion
Santos Laciar (born 1959), World Champion
Raúl Macías (1934–2009), World Champion
Kina Malpartida (born 1980), World Champion
Ricardo Mayorga (born 1973), World Champion
Carlos Monzón (1942–1995), World Champion
José Luis Ramírez (born 1958), World Champion
John Ruiz (born 1972), World Champion
José Torres (1936–2009), World Champion
Félix Trinidad (born 1973), World Champion
Chess
Esteban Canal (1896–1981), International Master, honorary International Grandmaster
José Raúl Capablanca (1888–1942), World Champion, International Grandmaster
Cycling
Santiago Botero (born 1972), World Time-Trial Champion
Football to Tennis
Football (soccer)
Alfredo Di Stéfano (1926–2014), chosen one of Spain's Golden Anniversary Players
Diego Maradona (born 1960), co-winner FIFA Player of the 20th Century
Lionel Messi (born 1987), 6x World Footballer of the Year
Pelé (born 1940), co-winner FIFA Player of the 20th Century
Golf
Chi-Chi Rodríguez (born 1935), World Golf Hall of Famer
Horse racing
Javier Castellano (born 1977), jockey, 3x U.S. Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey
Ramon Domínguez (born 1976), jockey, 3x U.S. Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey
Motor sports
Johnny Cecotto (born 1956), 2x Motorcycle World Champion
Juan Manuel Fangio (1911–1995), 5x Formula One World Champion
Emerson Fittipaldi (born 1946), 2x Formula One World Champion
Carlos Lavado (born 1956), 2x Motorcycle World Champion
Juan Zanelli (1906–1944), Le Mans and European Hill Climb and Formula One race winner
Juan Pablo Montoya (born 1975), 1x CART Champion, 2x Indianapolis 500 winner, Formula One and NASCAR race winner
Nelson Piquet (born 1952), 3x Formula One World Champion
Ayrton Senna (1960–1994), 3x Formula One World Champion
Surfing
Sofía Mulánovich (born 1983), 3x World Champion, Surfing Hall of Fame
Phil Rajzman (born 1982), 2x World Champion
Tennis
Maria Bueno (1939–2018), 19x Champion of Grand Slam events, International Tennis Hall of Fame
Rosemary Casals (born 1948), 12x Champion of Grand Slam events
Gigi Fernández (born 1964), 1x Champion of Grand Slam event
Mary Joe Fernández (born 1971), 2x Champion of Grand Slam events, 2 Olympic gold medals
Gastón Gaudio (born 1978), 1x Champion of Grand Slam event
Andrés Gómez (born 1960), 1x Champion of Grand Slam event
Fernando González (born 1980), 2x Olympic medalist
Gustavo Kuerten (born 1976), 1x Champion of Grand Slam event
Anita Lizana (1915–1994), 1x Champion of Grand Slam event, first Latin American to be ranked World Number One
Nicolás Massú (born 1979), 2x Olympic gold medals
David Nalbandian (born 1982), Tennis Masters Champion
Alex Olmedo (1936–2020), 3x Champion of Grand Slam events
Rafael Osuna (1938–1969), 4x Champion of Grand Slam events
Monica Puig (born 1993), Olympic gold medalist
Marcelo Ríos (born 1975), first Latín Américan man ranked World Number One in the ATP
Gabriela Sabatini (born 1970), 2x Champion of Grand Slam events
Pancho Segura (1921–2017), International Tennis Hall of Fame
Paola Suárez (born 1976), 1x Champion of Grand Slam event
Guillermo Vilas (born 1952), 1x Champion of Grand Slam event
Writers
See also List of Latin American writers (by country).
A-L
Juan Ruiz de Alarcón (c. 1581–1639), dramatist
Isabel Allende (born 1942), best selling novelist
Arambilet (born 1957), created first Latin American story using computerized linetext/ASCII art
Julia Alvarez (born 1950), poet, novelist and essayist
Jorge Amado (1912–2001), modernist writer
Mário de Andrade (1893–1945), poet, novelist, musicologist, art historian and critic
José María Arguedas (1911–1969), novelist
Roberto Arlt (1900–1942), short-story writer, novelist, and playwright
Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899–1974), Nobel Prize in Literature
Mario Benedetti (1920–2009), novelist and poet
Adolfo Bioy Casares (1914–1999), novelist, Cervantes Prize
Roberto Bolaño (1953–2003), novelist, Rómulo Gallegos Prize
Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986), Cervantes Prize
Giannina Braschi (born 1953), poet, novelist, and essayist
Alfredo Bryce (born 1939), novelist and short story writer
Guillermo Cabrera Infante (1929–2005), novelist and essayist, Cervantes Prize
Alejo Carpentier (1904–1980), novelist and essayist, Cervantes Prize
Carlos Castaneda (1925–1998), New Age and Shamanism author
Julio Cortázar (1914–1984), novelist and short story writer
Juana Inés de la Cruz (1648/1651–1695), poet and dramatist
Rubén Darío (1867–1916), modernist poet
Virgilio Dávila (1869–1943), poet
Julia de Burgos (1914–1953), poet
Jorge Edwards (born 1931), Cervantes Prize
Laura Esquivel (born 1950), novelist
Rosario Ferré (1938–2016), poet, novelist, and essayist
Carlos Fuentes (1928–2012), novelist and essayist, Rómulo Gallegos Prize, Cervantes Prize and Prince of Asturias Award
Rómulo Gallegos (1884–1969), novelist
Gabriel García Márquez (1928–2014), novelist and journalist, Nobel Prize Laureate
Nicolás Guillén (1902–1989), poet
José Hernández (writer) (1834–1886), poet and journalist
Vicente Huidobro (1893–1948), poet, initiator of Creacionismo movement
José Lezama Lima (1910–1976), novelist
Amelia Denis de Icaza (1836–1911) romantic poet
Clarice Lispector (1925–1977), novelist
Luis Lloréns Torres (1878–1944), poet
Luis López Nieves (born 1950), best-selling novelist and tale writer
Dulce María Loynaz (1902–1997), poet, Cervantes Prize Laureate
Leopoldo Lugones (1874–1938), poet
M-Z
Machado de Assis (1839–1908), realist novelist, poet and short-story writer
Monteiro Lobato (1882–1948), novelist and short story writer
Jorge Majfud (born 1970), novelist and essayist
José Martí (1853–1895), poet and essayist
Gregório de Matos (1636–1696), baroque poet
Leopoldo Minaya (born 1963), Cervantes Cultural Association Award
Pedro Mir (1913–2000), poet and writer, Poet Laureate of Dominican Republic
Gabriela Mistral (1889–1957), poet, Nobel Prize
Augusto Monterroso (1921–2003), short story writer, Prince of Asturias Award
Manuel Mujica Láinez (1910–1984), novelist, essayist, journalist and short story writer
Álvaro Mutis (1923–2013), poet, novelist, and essayist, Cervantes Prize, Prince of Asturias Award
Pablo Neruda (1904–1973), poet, Nobel Prize
Amado Nervo (1870–1919), modernist poet
Juan Carlos Onetti (1909–1994), novelist and short-story writer, Cervantes Prize
Nicanor Parra (1914–2018), anti-poet
Fernando del Paso (1935–2018), novelist, essayist and poet, Rómulo Gallegos Prize
Octavio Paz (1914–1998), Cervantes Prize and Nobel Prize
Sergio Pitol (1933–2018), novelist, short story writer and translator, Cervantes Prize
Elena Poniatowska (born 1932), novelist
Manuel Puig (1932–1990), novelist
Horacio Quiroga (1878–1937), short story writer
José Eustasio Rivera (1888–1928), poet and novelist
Augusto Roa Bastos (1917–2005), novelist, Cervantes Prize
Gonzalo Rojas (born 1917), poet, Cervantes Prize
Juan Rulfo (1917–1986), novelist, Prince of Asturias Award
Ernesto Sabato (1911–2011), novelist and essayist, Cervantes Prize
Jaime Sabines (1926–1999), poet
Alfonsina Storni (1892–1938), postmodernist poet
Lygia Fagundes Telles (1923–2022), novelist and short-story writer, Camoens Prize
Arturo Uslar Pietri (1906–2001), novelist, Prince of Asturias Award
César Vallejo (1892–1938), poet
Fernando Vallejo (born 1942), novelist, Rómulo Gallegos Prize
Mario Vargas Llosa (born 1936), novelist and essayist, Cervantes Prize, Nobel Prize
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1539–1616), first mestizo author in Spanish language
Xavier Villaurrutia (1903–1950), poet
Others
Ali Lenin Aguilera (born 1967), businessman
José Antonio Bowen (born 1952), jazz musician and college president
Enrique Gratas (1944–2015), television journalist
María Julia Mantilla (born 1983), Miss World 2004
Denise Quiñones (born 1980), Miss Universe 2001
Geraldo Rivera (born 1943), television journalist
Ricardo Salinas Pliego (born 1956), businessman
Carlos Slim (born 1940), businessman, 4x Forbes richest person in world
Lists by nationality
Argentines
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List of people by nationality
See also
List of Hispanic and Latin American Britons
List of Eastern Caribbean people
List of Latin American Jews
Notable U.S.A. Hispanics
Lists of people by ethnicity |
5386923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%2C%20Duke%20of%20Lower%20Lorraine | Henry, Duke of Lower Lorraine | Henry I ( – c. 1119) was the count of Limburg and Arlon from 1082 to his death and duke of Lower Lorraine between 1101 and 1106. His mother was Jutta, daughter of Frederick, Duke of Lower Lorraine, and his father is uncertain, but possibly named Count Udon.
He opposed Egilbert, Archbishop of Trier, and took back some property which the former Countess Adela had given to the church. Egilbert summoned him to return them, but he refused and was excommunicated. Egilbert took up arms and seriously defeated him.
As superior advocate of the abbey of Sint-Truiden, a title he had inherited from his grandfather Duke Frederick, he intervened in the internal affairs of the abbey. The abbot Herman, named by Poppo, Bishop of Metz, and supported by Godfrey of Bouillon and Henry, fell out with the Emperor Henry IV. Arnold, Count of Loon forced Henry and Godfrey to withdraw from the monastery.
After many local nobles left on the First Crusade, among them Godfrey, Henry's power in the region of Lower Lotharingia (or Lorraine) was greatly increased and he abused it, especially against the monasteries. The emperor intervened and took Limburg in July 1101. Henry was now forced to make submission and he was granted the duchy of Lower Lorraine, which Godfrey had abandoned on Crusade.
As duke, he fell into competition with Godfrey I of Louvain. He demonstrated little in the way of loyalty to the emperor either. He joined Henry V against his father the emperor, but then turned back to the emperor's side. This was unfortunate for the duke, for the emperor died in 1106 and the partisans of Henry V attacked those of his father. The fields were devastated, Limburg was taken, and Henry was imprisoned in Hildesheim. The duchy was transferred to Godfrey of Louvain.
Henry later escaped and tried to retake Limburg and Lower Lorraine. He failed and made peace with the new emperor and duke. He continued nevertheless to employ the ducal title as "Duke of Limburg," the first of a long line. He also readily joined revolts against Henry V, fighting at the side of Lothair, Duke of Saxony at the victories of Andernach in 1114 and Welphesholt on 11 February 1115. He was succeeded by his son Waleran Paganus.
He married Adelaide of Pottenstein (1061–1106), a daughter of Botho of Pottenstein (or Potenstein) and Judith, the daughter of Otto III, Duke of Swabia and Immilla of Turin. They had the aforementioned Waleran and three daughters. One daughter, Adelaide, married Conrad I, Duke of Merania. Henry may also have been the father of Simon, Constable of Jerusalem after the First Crusade.
References
Sources
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Dukes of Lower Lorraine
Dukes of Limburg
Margraves of Antwerp
1050s births
1110s deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain |
5386927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsy%20Clark%20Mansion | Patsy Clark Mansion | The Patsy Clark Mansion is a Spokane, Washington, United States, residence that was designed by architect Kirtland Cutter in 1897 for mining millionaire Patsy Clark. It is located at 2208 West Second Avenue in the city's historic Browne's Addition. The mansion had long been used as a restaurant. In 2002, a law firm purchased the mansion for $1.03 million in order to rescue the landmark from further deterioration. The mansion now houses a law firm, while still remaining open for private rentals for small events.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Clark Mansion in 1975. It is included also as a contributing property in Browne's Addition Historic District.
References
External links
Sunset at the Patsy Clark Mansion, Spokane, Washington
Information and Event Reservations Patsy Clark Mansion
HauntedHouses.com
Spokane City-County Historic Preservation Department Patsy Clark Mansion
Henry C Matthews, Kirtland Cutter: Architect in the Land of Promise, University of Washington Press 1998
Buildings and structures in Spokane, Washington
Houses completed in 1898
Houses in Spokane County, Washington
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Kirtland Cutter buildings
Clark Mansion |
5386934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amvrosiivka%20Raion | Amvrosiivka Raion | Amvrosiivka Raion (, translit.: Amvrosiivs'kyi raion; , translit.: Amvrosievskiy raion) was a raion (district) within the eastern part of Donetsk Oblast in Eastern Ukraine. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Donetsk Oblast to eight. However, since 2014 the raion was not under control of Ukrainian government and has been part of the Donetsk People's Republic which continues using it as an administrative unit. The administrative center of the raion is the town of Amvrosiivka.
The last estimate of the raion population, reported by the Ukrainian government, was .
Geography
The raion has an international border with the Russian Federation (Rostov Oblast) to its east and south, Starobesheve Raion to its southwest, cities of Donetsk and Makiivka to the west, and Shakhtarsk Raion to its north. The border with Russia stretches here for . The raion was established on 7 March 1923 as a part of Taganrog Uyezd (county), Donetsk Governorate initially, a month later it was included into the Stalino Okruha (Yuzivka, at first). Eventually the raion became a part of the Donetsk Oblast.
The raion is located in the southern portion of the Donetsk Ridge and its territory belongs to a steppe zone of Ukraine. On the territory of the raion are located following natural landmarks:
Gultch Horka - here can be found eremurus of the Ice Age
Regional landscape park "Donetsk Ridge"
Berdyanka tract, a part of the Berdyansk State Reserve
Pristenske tract, a local reserve
Gultch Kazenna, an archaeological landmark of Paleolithic period
Within the Amvrosiivka Raion there is: one city (Amvrosiivka), 3 urban-type settlements (Kuteynykove, Novoamvrosiivs'ke, and Voykovskyi), 30 selsoviets, and 43 settlements. Also included within the raion are: 14 industrial organizations, 4 construction and transport organizations, 12 kolhozy, 11 sovhozy, 2 pizza companies, 10 hospitals, 35 schools, 24 clubs, 38 libraries and music schools.
An architectural monument in the raion is the Ioanno-Bohoslovska Church (1905-selo Vasyl'evka). Before 1917 the raion was part of the Don Host Oblast in the Russian Empire.
Settlements
Voikovskyi (; formerly: since the 19th century-1940 Kapany) is an urban-type settlements (townlet) with a population of 1,476. A brick factory by the name of Voikova lies within the city, formerly known as Metallist, as well as 2 libraries.
Kuteinykove (; since 1878) is an urban-type settlement (townlet) with a population of 2,156. The town comprises the Bondaryevskoe, Zaliznichnoe, Zerkalnoe, Klenovka, Merzhki, Metallist, Petrenki, Pobeda and Svobodnoe settlements.
Novoamvrosiivske (; since the 19th century) is an urban-type settlements (townlet) with a population of 2,582. A hospital, and 2 libraries are located within the city.
Blahodatne (; in 1801-1926 Amvrosiivka) is a selo (village) with a population of 3,648. Blahodatne is a former kolkhoz, Kalinina. A hospital, and 2 libraries are located within the city. The city comprises the Velikoe Mishkove, Zhukova Balka, Kotovskogo, Mala Shishovka, Novoklinovka, Novopetrovka, Podniki, Svistuny and Seyatel' settlements.
Demographics
As of the Ukrainian Census of 2001:
Ethnicity
Ukrainians: 71.0%
Russians: 26.2%
Belarusians: 0.6%
Armenians: 0.5%
Language
Russian: 55.8%
Ukrainian: 43.5%
See also
Administrative divisions of Donetsk Oblast
References
External links
Verkhovna Rada website - Administrative divisions of the Amvrosiivka Raion
Former raions of Donetsk Oblast
1923 establishments in Ukraine
Ukrainian raions abolished during the 2020 administrative reform |
5386935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%20Town%2C%20Tennessee | Bell Town, Tennessee | Bell Town, Tennessee (also known as Belltown) is an unincorporated rural community located in southern Cheatham County along U.S. Highway 70.
Bell Town has traditionally been an African American community. Folk history has it that the traditional residents are descendants of the slaves of Middle Tennessee ironmaster Montgomery Bell; as Bell was widely reputed to have had several slave mistresses, many inhabitants claim descent from Bell via these women. A primary school was located here until it was closed by racial integration in the 1960s; the renovated building now serves as an office for a religious ministry.
In the last two decades there has been considerable growth in the area, including, as racial attitudes have softened, a considerable influx of whites.
Apparently Bell Town has never had a United States Post Office; the community's address is Kingston Springs, Tennessee. As neither Kingston Springs nor the nearby community of White Bluff have traditionally had an appreciable black population, Bell Town has served the purpose of providing these two towns with a black-oriented residential area, a purpose the community still functions in to some degree.
As Bell Town is neither an incorporated town nor a census-designated place, any estimate of its population is of necessarily limited accuracy due to the absence of any well-defined boundaries, but is generally regarded to be less than 200 persons.
Cemetery
The Bell Town Cemetery is a historic cemetery that has been used by African Americans for generations. In 2017, the cemetery was an area of conflict when neighboring white landowners denied family members of the buried persons access to the graves.
References
Unincorporated communities in Cheatham County, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Tennessee |
5386941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic%20shock | Osmotic shock | Osmotic shock or osmotic stress is physiologic dysfunction caused by a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, which causes a rapid change in the movement of water across its cell membrane. Under hypertonic conditions - conditions of high concentrations of either salts, substrates or any solute in the supernatant - water is drawn out of the cells through osmosis. This also inhibits the transport of substrates and cofactors into the cell thus “shocking” the cell. Alternatively, under hypotonic conditions - when concentrations of solutes are low - water enters the cell in large amounts, causing it to swell and either burst or undergo apoptosis.
All organisms have mechanisms to respond to osmotic shock, with sensors and signal transduction networks providing information to the cell about the osmolarity of its surroundings; these signals activate responses to deal with extreme conditions. Cells that have a cell wall tend to be more resistant to osmotic shock because their cell wall enables them to maintain their shape. Although single-celled organisms are more vulnerable to osmotic shock, since they are directly exposed to their environment, cells in large animals such as mammals still suffer these stresses under some conditions. Current research also suggests that osmotic stress in cells and tissues may significantly contribute to many human diseases.
In eukaryotes, calcium acts as one of the primary regulators of osmotic stress. Intracellular calcium levels rise during hypo-osmotic and hyper-osmotic stresses.
Recovery and tolerance mechanisms
For hyper-osmotic stress
Calcium plays a large role in the recovery and tolerance for both hyper and hypo-osmotic stress situations. Under hyper-osmotic stress conditions, increased levels of intracellular calcium are exhibited. This may play a crucial role in the activation of second messenger pathways.
One example of a calcium activated second messenger molecule is MAP Kinase Hog-1. It is activated under hyper-osmotic stress conditions and is responsible for an increase in the production of glycerol within the cell succeeding osmotic stress. More specifically, it works by sending signals to the nucleus that activate genes responsible for glycerol production and uptake.
For hypo-osmotic stress
Hypo-osmotic stress recovery is largely mediated by the influx and efflux of several ions and molecules. Cell recovery after hypo-osmotic stress has shown to be consistent with an influx of extracellular Calcium. This influx of calcium may alter the cell's permeability.
Additionally, some organisms have been shown to use phenothiazines to regulate and prevent the efflux of amino acids. Changes in the cell's permeability allows the efflux of amino acids during recovery.
Hypo-osmotic stress is correlated with extracellular ATP release. ATP is used to activate purinergic receptors. These receptors regulate sodium and potassium levels on either side of the cell membrane.
Osmotic damage in humans
See also
Osmolyte
Myo-Inositol
Taurine and Taurine-transporting ATPase
Creatine
Betaines
Trimethylglycine – A Betaine and metabolite of Choline
Sorbitol
Glycerophosphocholine
References
Cell biology |
5386942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timewyrm%3A%20Exodus | Timewyrm: Exodus | Timewyrm: Exodus is an original Doctor Who novel, published by Virgin Publishing in their New Adventures range of Doctor Who novels. It is a sequel to author Terrance Dicks' 1969 Second Doctor story The War Games as well as the second part of the ongoing four novel Timewyrm narrative.
Synopsis
The Doctor and Ace arrive in London 1951, but discover that somehow the Nazis have won the war. They must travel back into the history of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party to ensure that history is restored to its proper course.
Plot
After escaping from a trap devised by the Doctor, the Timewyrm sets about plotting her revenge. She decides to use the Earth against the Doctor, and travels forward in history until she finds a moment where human technology reached the point where global devastation was possible. She also needed a living vessel to execute her plans, and soon finds a bitter, neurotic madman filled with hate and resentment. But as soon as the Timewyrm enters the chosen mind, she became trapped within it.
The TARDIS follows the Timewyrm's course through time, and arrives in 1951 London, at the Festival of Britain. The Doctor and Ace set out to find the Timewyrm, but quickly notice that something is different – the Nazis have won World War II. Overheard by a local Nazi informant, the Doctor and Ace are arrested by the British Free Corps for making seditious, anti-Nazi statements. They are put under the charge of Lieutenant Hemmings.
The Doctor decides that they must return to the TARDIS and track down the source of the changes to history. After calmly enduring some Nazi psychological interrogation techniques, the Doctor tricks Hemmings into allowing them to escape, but the TARDIS was gone, taken by the British Free Corps. The Doctor decided to impersonate a high-ranking Nazi official (previously murdered by the British resistance, and found by the Doctor and Ace) to ingratiate himself with the Nazis. He and Ace walk into the office of Nazi General Strasser and convince him that the Doctor was conducting a secret investigation into Nazi security.
The Doctor uses his freedom and influence to visit the war archives, housed in the former British Museum, hoping to pinpoint where history diverged. While there, he comes into brief psychic contact with the Timewyrm. However, the Doctor wasn't sure that she was really behind the revised timeline, as it seems too subtle and precise for her. Meanwhile, Ace makes contact with the British resistance to find out more about what happened during World War II. She learns of rumours of a Black Coven, a cult of mystics who were using supernatural powers to assist the Reich.
Though their cover is eventually exposed, the Doctor and Ace manage to evade Hemmings and get back to the TARDIS. Before they leave 1951, Ace catches a glimpse of Hemmings entering something that looked like the Doctor's TARDIS, which disappeared with the same familiar TARDIS sound.
The TARDIS arrives in 1923, where the Doctor and Ace witness a failed demonstration by the young and disorganised Nazi Party on the War Office in Berlin. The police break up the demonstration, injuring a young Adolf Hitler. The Doctor rushes to Hitler's aid, resets his dislocated shoulder, and tells him that one day he will rule Germany. The Doctor asks that Hitler remember him when that day comes. As they are returning to the TARDIS, a shadowy figure in dark clothes approaches the Doctor, clearly recognising him, and attempts to kill him with some sort of laser gun. Thanks to a bit more nitro-nine-a, Ace helps the Doctor escape from his would-be assassin.
Travelling forward to 1939, the Doctor and Ace witness another Nazi rally, this time in Nuremberg, which is far, far larger. Hitler is now ruling Germany, as the Doctor promised. As Ace listens to Hitler's speech, she realised that his words are having a hypnotic effect even on her. The Doctor suspects that his speech was being boosted somehow, using technology that shouldn't exist in 1939. The Doctor and Ace ingratiate themselves once again with Hitler, and are treated as honoured guests. Later that night, Hitler and the Doctor discuss the impending war, when Hitler suddenly bursts into an uncontrollable rage. He threatens not only to destroy his enemies throughout Europe, but also to destroy the entire planet, the galaxy, and the universe itself. Later, the Doctor tells Ace that he believes the Timewyrm is trapped within Hitler's mind, providing him with knowledge but unable to exercise any real control.
The following day, the invasion of Poland begins. The Doctor is with Hitler and his inner circle, waiting to receive the United Kingdom's official response to the invasion. Hitler is confident that the British will stop short of declaring war, but the Doctor advises him otherwise. When the Doctor turns out to be correct, Hitler goes into another rage, from which the Doctor manages to calm him. Meanwhile, Ace receives a letter intended for the Doctor asking him to meet with a Dr. Kriegslieter of the Aryan Research Bureau. Thinking this meeting might reveal information useful to the Doctor, Ace goes in his place.
While the Doctor has clandestine meetings first with Goering, then with Himmler, both involving the state of Hitler's mental health, Ace walks into a trap set for the Doctor. Ace is transported somehow to a castle in Drachensburg and held in a dungeon. When the Doctor extricates himself from the political intrigue surrounding Hitler, he finds a note left by Ace. Fearing the worst, he follows her path to the Berlin office of the Aryan Research Bureau, where he finds a crystal ball that showing an image of Ace being shackled to a dungeon wall and threatened menacingly with a knife. The Doctor finds a transport device linking the offices in Berlin with the castle in Drachensberg, using the device to go after Ace.
In Drachensberg, the Doctor is introduced to the mysterious Dr. Kriegslieter, a hideously misshapen man. Kriegslieter turns out to be the War Chief, a renegade Time Lord the Doctor had faced long ago (see The War Games), the deformities being a result of a botched regeneration. Once again, the War Chief was working with the War Lords to develop a superior race of soldiers from Earth's history. They had been amplifying Hitler's natural leadership abilities to manipulate World War II. They would make sure Hitler avoided his major mistakes (such as the delay at Dunkirk and the opening of the second front against the Soviet Union), and with the aid of a nuclear reactor in the basement, see to it that Nazi Germany takes over the world, and eventually, beyond. Ace would be sacrificed according to ancient mystical rites invented by the War Chief to amuse the gullible Himmler, whose SS were loyal to the War Chief.
When Himmler arrives for the ceremony, the Doctor attempts to expose the War Chief as a traitor to the Reich, but to no avail. As the ritual sacrifice proceeds, the Doctor appeals to Himmler to allow him to perform the sacrifice personally, arguing that the ritual would have more meaning if he were to personally sacrifice this young woman whom Himmler believed was his niece. The Doctor uses the sacrificial knife to cut Ace's bonds, and uses Ace's last nitro-nine-a capsule to give escape to the top of the castle's tower. Outside, Goering has arrived with a panzer division, advancing against Drachensberg. The Doctor explains that he had told Goering that treachery against Hitler was taking place at the castle. The War Chief's zombified soldiers are unable to repel Goering. As the battle concludes, Hitler arrives by aeroplane. The Doctor explains to Hitler that Kriegslieter was behind everything, while also convincing him that both Himmler and Goering are loyal heroes of the Reich. Hitler thanks the Doctor again for his service, then states that, with the Doctor's assistance, he has learned to tame the Timewyrm within him and draw on her immense power as his own. The Doctor realises with horror that he had given Hitler the emotional control necessary to win the war.
After Hitler and the others leave, the War Chief rises from the battlefield. At his command, all of the apparently dead SS soldiers rise as well. The Doctor and Ace run back into the castle and bolt the door. While Ace holds the zombies off with grenades, the Doctor runs to basement to set the nuclear reactor to overload. The Doctor and Ace then return to the top of the tower, where the Doctor produces a small device that brings the TARDIS to them, and they make their escape. The reactor explodes, triggering the War Chief's regeneration, but destroying his zombie soldiers.
Back in the TARDIS, the Doctor devises a plan to deal with Hitler and the Timewyrm. Consulting a World War II almanac, the Doctor picks the precise time, May 1940. and place, codenamed Felsennest, for their confrontation. There, armed only with a lantern, the Doctor confronts Hitler. He tells Hitler that Hitler alone is in charge, and that the Timewyrm was nothing compared to his greatness. This has the desired effect, luring the Timewyrm out into the open. The Doctor offers to allow the Timewyrm to take over his mind if she releases Hitler. The Timewyrm accepts, but the Doctor's lantern was really an extension of the TARDIS forcefield which he uses to repel the Timewyrm. Hitler becomes confused, suddenly robbed of his power and confidence. The Doctor persuades him to halt the advance on Dunkirk and delay the invasion of Britain, and the historical course of the war is maintained.
Back in the TARDIS, Ace celebrates their success, but the Doctor blames himself for freeing the Timewyrm from the mortal trap of Hitler's mind, but instead she is free to roam the universe. To console him, Ace suggests that they return to 1951 to see the real Festival of Britain. When they arrive, everything is back to normal.
Somewhere in the universe of time and space, the Timewyrm congratulates Lieutenant Hemmings on his progress, and promises him that he will soon have his revenge upon Ace and the Doctor.
See also
Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II This page includes an extensive list of other Wikipedia articles regarding works of Nazi Germany/Axis/World War II alternate history.
References
External links
The Cloister Library – Timewyrm: Exodus
Virgin New Adventures
1991 British novels
1991 science fiction novels
Novels by Terrance Dicks
Alternate Nazi Germany novels
Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler
Cultural depictions of Heinrich Himmler
Cultural depictions of Hermann Göring
Seventh Doctor novels
Novels about time travel
Novels set during World War II
Fiction set in 1923
Fiction set in 1939
Fiction set in 1951 |
5386961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermani | Kermani | Kermani () may refer to:
Kermani (surname)
Kermani, Kerman, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
Kermani, Yazd, a village in Yazd Province, Iran
See also
Kamani (disambiguation)
Kirmani |
5386969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirmani | Kirmani | Kirmani or Kermani () is a locational surname of Persian origin, which originally meant a person from the city of Kerman, Iran. Notable people with the surname include:
Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani (died 1066), Andalus philosopher
Afdhal al-Din abu Hamid Kermani (1136–1218), Persian writer
Ali Movahedi-Kermani (born 1931), Iranian politician
Asif Kirmani, Pakistani senator
Auhaduddin Kermani (died 1298), Persian poet
Burhan-ud-din Kermani (died 1449), Persian physician
Faris Kermani (born 1952), Pakistani film director
Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani (died 1021), Persian theologian
Daud Bandagi Kirmani (born 1513), Sufi Saint of Qadria Order (modern day Pakistan)
Houshang Moradi Kermani (born 1944), Iranian writer
Karim Khan Kermani (1810-1873), Persian scholar
Kazem Sami Kermani (1935–1988), Iranian politician
Khwaju Kermani (1280–1352), Persian poet
Mehdi Sadegh Taghavi Kermani (born 1987), Iranian wrestler
Milad Kermani (born 1992), Iranian football player
Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani (1854–1897), Iranian literary critic
Morteza Kermani-Moghaddam (born 1965), Iranian football player
Muhammad Aqa-Kermani (fl. 1747), Persian physician
Navid Kermani (born 1967), German writer
Sadiq Kirmani (born 1989), Indian cricketer
Sayed Jaffar (field hockey) (born 1911), Indian Olympian (1932 & 1936 Olympics)
Shams-ud-Din Kermani (died 1384), Persian scholar
Syed Kirmani (born 1949), Indian cricketer
Zaheer Abbas (born 1947), Pakistani Cricketer & President of International Cricket Council
See also
Kermani (disambiguation)
Kerman
List of people from Kerman
Persian-language surnames |
5386979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timewyrm%3A%20Apocalypse | Timewyrm: Apocalypse | Timewyrm: Apocalypse is an original Doctor Who novel, published by Virgin Publishing in their New Adventures range of Doctor Who novels, and is the third volume in the Timewyrm quartet. It features the Seventh Doctor and Ace, as well as brief flashbacks and a telepathic message of the Second Doctor.
Synopsis
The Doctor and Ace follow the Timewyrm to the planet Kirith in the far, far future. There they find a peaceful, happy society that hides a dark secret.
Plot
The Doctor and Ace track the Timewyrm to the planet Kirith in the far distant future. When they arrive, they rescue a young Kirithon man named Raphael, who has fallen into the sea. At first, Kirith seems to be a pleasant enough place filled with kind, friendly, and strikingly beautiful people. The Doctor quickly becomes suspicious.
In Kirith town, the Doctor meets a librarian named Miríl, who explains much of Kirith’s background. The Kirithons were once a backward and savage species, until benevolent aliens known as the Panjistri arrived. They shared their knowledge and technology with the Kirithons, and in exchange were given an island known as Kandasi, where they could pursue their studies in private isolation. The Panjistri also provide an endless supply of nourishing food known as zavát. Miríl reveals that, despite all they have learned from the Panjistri, the Kirithons are unable to leave their planet and explore the stars. Certain areas of study were forbidden to the Kirithons by the Panjistri, space flight being one of them. The Doctor studies first the library records and then a nearby ruin before concluding that the Panjistri are lying to the Kirithons to prevent them from developing technologies that could be dangerous to the Panjistri.
Ace, meanwhile, is finding it difficult to spend time with Raphael. Revna, another Kirithon, is very possessive of Raphael and jealous of Ace. Lord Procurator Huldah, the liaison between the Panjistri and Kirithons, warns Raphael to keep away from the strangers. Nevertheless, Ace’s persistence pays off. Raphael tells her he had a friend named Darien who years ago had been accepted into the Brotherhood of the Panjistri due to his amazing musical talent. No one has seen him since, and more strangely, no one except Raphael remembers him. Ace decides they should investigate Kandasi to find out what happened. Reluctantly, Raphael agrees, and they sneak aboard a ship that travels between Kandasi and the mainland. Exploring a base used by the Panjistri reveals strange biological experiments, and a huge, hideous Homunculus which is being grown in a laboratory. The Panjistri discover the intruders, and sends their vicious slaves, known as Companions, to apprehend them. Forced to split up, Raphael returns to Kirith town with Ace’s backpack, while Ace takes refuge in the Darkfell, a creepy-looking forest where the Kirithons were forbidden to venture.
Ace discovers a small group of hideously disfigured people living in the Darkfell known as the Unlike. Their leader, Arun, explains to Ace that they are victims of advanced genetic experimentation who have escaped from the Panjistri. Arun reveals to Ace the secret of zavát: not only does this ubiquitous food source make the Kirithons pliable and easy to control, but it is made from the processed remains of dead Kirithons. Back in Kirith town, Raphael finds the Doctor and Miríl in the library and tells them what he and Ace had discovered. Lord Huldah arrives with four Companions to arrest the Doctor and Miríl. They try to escape, aided by Raphael, but to no avail. Deep in the heart of Kandasi, the Grand Matriarch of the Panjistri and her Companion Fetch observe the capture of the Doctor with interest. But it is really Ace that they needed…
The Unlike tell Ace that their spies had witnessed the Doctor’s capture and saw him taken to the Harbours. Ace makes a bargain with them: if they will help her rescue the Doctor, the Doctor will help cure them of the radiation poisoning inflicted on them by the Panjistri. In the Harbours, the Doctor, Raphael, and Miríl are put in a prison cell with no hope of escape. Reptu, a Panjistri, arrives and informs them that the Doctor will be taken to Kandasi to see the Grand Matriarch. As Reptu leads the Doctor out of the cell, the Doctor bombards him with questions. Beyond the hearing of Raphael and Miríl, Reptu admits that the Panjistri have lied about Kirith’s history and are manipulating the development of the Kirithons. They board a hovercraft for the journey across the water to Kandasi. When they arrive, Reptu’s Companion knocks out the Doctor.
Raphael and Miríl remained trapped in the prison cell, until Raphael realizes that he still had Ace’s backpack. He finds four canisters of Nitro-9 and sets them all off against the door of the cell, blowing it off its hinges. The explosion attracts the attention of Ace and the Unlike, who are just about to enter the Harbours in search of the Doctor. At the insistence of the Unlike, who had previously worked as genetic scientists for the Panjistri, they seek out the Homunculus. Arun insists that the creature be destroyed, but Raphael protests, arguing that the creature is a living being and should be helped. Arun and Raphael argue, with Ace in the middle, and argument awakens the Homunculus, which bursts free of its tank. As the creature rages about the room, it briefly turns toward Ace and prepares to attack her. Unthinkingly, Raphael grabs a nearby gun and kills the creature.
Ace, Raphael, Arun, and Miríl set out to reach Kandasi. They steal a boat and set out across the water to reach the mysterious island. Along the way, they are attacked by a horrible sea creature, and Miríl is killed. Meanwhile, the Doctor has a half-real, half-imagined conversation with his former self. The Second Doctor informs him that, after his first regeneration, he had briefly met and befriended a young girl named Lilith. That young girl, five thousand years later, became the Grand Matriarch of the Panjistri. When Ace and the others reach Kandasi and find the Doctor, they don’t find any Panjistri. The Doctor discovers a matter transmitter tuned to preset coordinates. Using the transmat, the Doctor and company find themselves on a space station 300,000 miles above the surface of Kirith. This is Kandasi. The Doctor explains that Kirith is simply one massive genetic experiment.
The group explore Kandasi for a short time before they are met by Reptu, who explains what the Panjistri are really up to. In order to extend the life of the universe past its natural point of collapse, which is rapidly approaching, the Panjistri plan to create a single organism which has within it the sum total of all life in the universe. The one attribute their God Machine lacked was aggression, the one attribute that the Kirithons could never develop. That is why the Panjistri are developing the Homunculus. With that experiment destroyed, Ace is the next best thing. She is taken to join the Panjistri, as so many Kirithons had been over the centuries. The Doctor suddenly realizes the truth: the God Machine is a trick. The Grand Matriarch is in fact the Timewyrm, who used her control over time to hide in the Doctor’s own past. She had possessed the little girl Lilith five thousand years before, and is planning to use Ace to complete her God Machine, whereby she will achieve supreme power over the universe itself. The Doctor convinces Reptu that the Grand Matriarch must be stopped.
Raphael hears the phantom sound of his old friend Darien’s music, and is drawn down into the God Machine. Eager to save Ace’s life, Raphael offers himself to the God Machine. Exposed as he had been to Ace’s aggression, this is enough to complete it, and Raphael uses his new powers to challenge the Timewyrm herself. The Timewyrm is defeated by her own creation. Defeated, but not destroyed.
References
External links
The Cloister Library - Timewyrm: Apocalypse
1991 British novels
1991 science fiction novels
Virgin New Adventures
Novels by Nigel Robinson
Seventh Doctor novels |
5386990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20criticism | Political criticism | Political criticism (also referred to as political commentary or political discussion) is criticism that is specific of or relevant to politics, including policies, politicians, political parties, and types of government.
See also
Bad Subjects
Political communication
Political satire
Criticism
Criticism |
5386994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye%20of%20the%20Beholder%20II%3A%20The%20Legend%20of%20Darkmoon | Eye of the Beholder II: The Legend of Darkmoon | Eye of the Beholder II: The Legend of Darkmoon is a 1991 role-playing video game and the sequel to the first Eye of the Beholder. It used a modified version of the first game's engine, added outdoor areas and greatly increased the amount of interaction the player had with their environment, along with substantially more role-playing aspects to the game. A sequel, Eye of the Beholder III: Assault on Myth Drannor, was released in 1993.
Plot
After the adventures of the first game, the heroes head to a local inn to rest and enjoy their newfound fame but a note gets slipped to them from Khelben "Blackstaff" Arunsun, Archmage of Waterdeep, who says that he sent a scout to investigate reports of evil brewing in a temple known as Darkmoon but she has not returned. Khelben then transports the heroes to the temple to find Amber and continue the investigation. While battling their way through the temple's clerics and other inhabitants, the players discover that the high priest, Dran Draggore, is assembling legions of skeletal warriors to attack Waterdeep. The players need to pass an acolytes' test to gain access to the inner parts of the temple. In the final confrontation, Draggore turns out to be a red dragon.
Gameplay
Much of the game remains within the confines of the temple, where the player is allowed to roam freely between locations once inside. The game itself features the catacombs beneath the Temple Darkmoon, the upper levels of the temple, and its three towers; silver, azure and crimson. Like the first game in the series, Eye of the Beholder II was also ported to the Amiga computer.
Music
The game's music was composed by Frank Klepacki, and was one of the first games he worked on. To write the music, Klepacki used Visual Composer by AdLib for the AdLib YM3812 sound chip. Paul Mudra, who composed the music to the first game, did not have any involvement with the music, and worked only on sound effects along with Dwight Okahara. The PC-98 version contains all the songs from the DOS version with the inclusion of new in-game songs for each main part of the game.
Reception
SSI sold 73,109 copies of Eye of the Beholder II. The Eye of the Beholder series overall, including Eye of the Beholder II, reached combined global sales above 350,000 units by 1996. The Lessers (Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk) reviewed the game in 1992 in Dragon #179, giving the game 5 out of 5 stars. Scorpia of Computer Gaming World in 1992 again criticized the sequel's user interface, noting that monsters attacked in real time while the player searched through spell books, but stated that the game had a "fancy ending". She concluded that it was "a more substantial game" than its predecessor, with "more to do, a bigger variety of critters to fight and a larger area to explore". That year the magazine named it as one of the year's top role-playing games, stating that it followed in "the strong graphic and solid play-balance tradition of the original". In 1993 Scorpia reiterated her criticism but stated that the game was "a definite must for all EOB fans". GameSpy stated that Eye of the Beholder II "sported a completely original ending, something that was badly needed, considering the game's biggest flaw -- the almost insane level of difficulty".
The One gave the Amiga version of Eye of the Beholder II an overall score of 87%, calling the graphics "beautifully-drawn" and animation "excellent". The One praises Eye of the Beholder II's sound effects and music, expressing that "the sampled sound effects are suitably spooky and the music is appropriately atmospheric", and calls the UI "a tried and true one which is easy to pick up". The One criticises Eye of the Beholder II as "unoriginal", comparing it to similar RPGs such as Dungeon Master, and expressing a desire for more innovation.
References
External links
1991 video games
Amiga 1200 games
DOS games
First-person party-based dungeon crawler video games
FM Towns games
Forgotten Realms video games
NEC PC-9801 games
Role-playing video games
ScummVM-supported games
Strategic Simulations games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender
Video games scored by Frank Klepacki
Westwood Studios games |
5386999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye%20of%20the%20Beholder%20III%3A%20Assault%20on%20Myth%20Drannor | Eye of the Beholder III: Assault on Myth Drannor | Eye of the Beholder III: Assault on Myth Drannor is a 1993 role-playing video game and the sequel to Eye of the Beholder and Eye of the Beholder II: The Legend of Darkmoon.
Plot
After defeating Dran the heroes tell the patrons of a local tavern about their success over Dran Draggore and how it saved the town. After that, a mysterious man enters the tavern and asks the heroes to save the ruined city, Myth Drannor, which is ruled by a Lich named Acwellan. The man then tells the heroes that they need to save Myth Drannor by getting an ancient artifact from the Lich known as the Codex. After the heroes accept the quest, the mysterious man teleports the heroes just outside Myth Drannor.
The explorable areas include the forest around the city, the mausoleum, and finally the city ruins including a mage guild and a temple.
Gameplay
Despite employing an updated version of the engine, interesting and oft-unique NPC selection and welcome gameplay tweaks such as an 'All Attack' button and the ability to use polearms from second rank, it was not well received.
Development
Eye of the Beholder III: Assault on Myth Drannor was not developed by Westwood, the developer of Eye of the Beholder and The Legend of Darkmoon, but rather in-house by the publisher SSI. Westwood had been acquired by Virgin Interactive in 1992 and they created the Lands of Lore series instead.
The game uses the AESOP engine which later used in Dungeon Hack. Both games share the same enemy sprites, graphics, and sound effects.
Reception
SSI sold 50,664 copies of Eye of the Beholder III. The Eye of the Beholder series overall, including the game's two predecessors, reached combined global sales above 350,000 units by 1996. GameSpy commented that "Eye of the Beholder III was a classic example of a company churning out a quick sequel to a good game and simply not giving it the love and care it really deserves". Computer Gaming Worlds Scorpia wrote that since the game "is the closeout of the EOB series, one would expect it to be on the spectacular side. Unfortunately, for several reasons, that isn't the case". She stated that the graphics were inferior to the previous games', that "Aurally, the game is a nightmare", and that the "big fight at the end is a letdown". Scorpia concluded that "Assault on Myth Drannor is a disappointment ... [it] just doesn't stack up against the previous two games. What started as a series with great promise has, alas, ended on a mediocre note". She later called the game "dreary" with a "letdown" of an ending, and "only for the hard-core EOB player. (Note: Westwood had nothing to do with it.)"
Reviews
ASM (Aktueller Software Markt) - Jun, 1993
PC Player (Germany) - Jul, 1993
PC Games - Jun, 1993
PC Format - Dec, 1994
References
External links
Eye of the Beholder III: Assault on Myth Drannor at MobyGames
1993 video games
DOS games
FM Towns games
First-person party-based dungeon crawler video games
Forgotten Realms video games
NEC PC-9801 games
Role-playing video games
Single-player video games
Strategic Simulations games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender |
5387022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timewyrm%3A%20Revelation | Timewyrm: Revelation | Timewyrm: Revelation is an original Doctor Who novel, published by Virgin Publishing in their New Adventures range of Doctor Who novels. It features the Seventh Doctor and Ace, as well as cameo appearances by the Doctor's mental representations of his first, third, fourth and fifth incarnations.
This is the first novel to feature a personification of Death, who turns out to be one of the Eternals, and sets the scene for future New Adventures in which the Doctor becomes Time's Champion. Death has also crossed over into the Big Finish Productions audio dramas; in Master, the Master is described as Death's Champion. The novel is also the final part of the Timewyrm quartet. It has been described as the point at which "the books entered adult terrain".
Synopsis
The battle to defeat the Timewyrm having taken the Seventh Doctor and Ace to Ancient Mesopotamia, 1950s Britain and the edge of the universe at the end of time finally ends within the Doctor's own mind with only his past incarnations to help him after Ace is killed by a playground bully.
Plot
Having lost track of the Timewyrm, the Doctor chooses the TARDIS's next destination apparently at random. The TARDIS arrives in the village of Cheldon Bonniface in the late 19th century. While the Doctor is playing chess with an old friend, Ace is attacked by a child-sized astronaut. Ace evades her attacker, but as she flees the village, she suddenly discovers that they're actually on the surface of the Moon. Away from the protective environment of the faux-village, Ace dies. The astronaut, an eight-year-old boy named Chad Boyle, uses a small device to extract Ace's memories and transmit them elsewhere.
The Doctor discovers the illusion, but is surprised to see that his old friend is in fact Lieutenant Hemmings of the British Free Corps (from Timewyrm: Exodus). The Doctor makes his way back to the TARDIS, where he discovers that he is really on the moon in December 1992. The Timewyrm killed Chad Boyle and Hemmings and sent their minds after Ace's. She took possession of Boyle's body and waited for the Doctor to confront her.
Ace wakes up on a pier overlooking a beach. She comes across a receptionist, who informs her that she died as the result of the Doctor finally losing one of his games. Ace is taken to the afterlife to be judged. She found herself in a library where she meets a kindly old Librarian. After exploring for a while, she decides that she must be dreaming. She concentrates on the village of Cheldon Bonniface.
In Cheldon Bonniface in 1992, the Reverend Ernest Trelaw is conducting the usual Sunday service, the last before Christmas. Present in his church are two newcomers, Peter and Emily Hutchings. Also present is the self-aware non-corporeal intelligence that has existed on the site of the church since long before the church existed. The Rev. Trelaw knows this intelligence as Saul, and both of them are shocked to see their old friend the Doctor run into the church in the middle of the service and deliver a baby into the arms of Emily Hutchings, before running out again. Later in the same service, Saul receives a psychic warning and shouts for all the congregants to leave. Hearing a disembodied voice speak, the congregants exit, except for Emily and Peter. Suddenly, and with a tremendous explosion that devastates the surrounding countryside, the entire church is transported to the surface of the moon. Elsewhere, Ace suddenly gets the feeling that she has done something terribly wrong.
The church materializes around the Doctor and Ace's body. The Doctor retrieves an amulet that he had hidden in the church the last time he had been there, and gives it to Peter and Emily, telling them to find a use for it. The Doctor leaves the church to confront the Timewyrm. After a brief conversation, the Doctor dances with the personification of Death that the Timewyrm had conjured, and dies. The Timewyrm extracts the Doctor's memories and sends them after Ace's, animates the Doctor's body, and marches it into the church where it collapses.
In Hell, Ace is being subjected to excruciating torment by her childhood nemesis, Chad Boyle. She is once again eight-years-old and helpless to defend herself as Boyle imposes his bigoted eight-year-old worldview on the school. The Doctor arrives and rescues Ace, returning her to adulthood. She responds by punching him in the face, her way of saying "Thanks for getting me killed." They meet the Librarian in a splendid rose garden. The Librarian gives Ace her bomber jacket, rucksack, and ghetto blaster, and then speaks with the Doctor. The Timewyrm is trying to take control of the garden, but the Librarian is opposing her. Ace hears Boyle's laugh in the distance, and goes to find him. The Doctor follows. Ace finds Boyle in the center of a maze, covering his eyes and counting, armed with a sub-machine gun and many grenades. As she creeps up behind him, she thinks about blasting him with a Nitro-9 canister, but decided that murder was still murder, even in Hell.
The Doctor meditates. Back at the church on the moon, Saul begins chanting a peculiar rhyme. The others try to puzzle out what it might mean. They eventually figure out that it is a message from the Doctor. On the Doctor's instructions, they find Hemmings's disembodied head on the moon's surface, and Saul telekinetically returns it to the church.
Following a battle against Boyle involving grenades and Nitro-9, the Doctor rejoins Ace and explains that they aren’t literally in Hell, but in some alternative dimension to their own. They are soon joined by the Timewyrm, who is trying to drive a wedge between the Doctor and Ace. To that end, she summons a wave of beings: intelligent reptilian people, soldiers in UNIT uniforms, and three individuals named Katarina, Sara Kingdom, and Adric, who all blame the Doctor for their deaths. The Doctor is tormented by their accusations. The Timewyrm leaves them to continue their hopeless journey to The Pit, the center of this strange world.
Meanwhile, Hemmings has been given another area of this world to control, and has imprisoned the previous occupant, a tall, elegantly dressed man with a shock of wild white hair. When the Doctor and Ace arrive, they are arrested by Nazis and placed in a cell with the tall man. While Ace is taken away to be tortured, the Doctor and the Prisoner manage to escape. Back at the church, Saul, Emily, and Peter try to find a way to communicate with the head, over Ernest's religious objections. They succeed, but only for a moment, after which Hemmings finally dies. The zone Hemmings created begins to fall apart. The Doctor and the Prisoner escape while the zone collapses. The Doctor tells the Prisoner he is making for the Pit, and to that end, they made their way to a river which divides the various zones, and are met by a Ferryman wearing a floppy brown hat and long multi-colored scarf.
Ace wakes up again, this time in a world where she grew up in a happy and uncomplicated life. She never became a rebellious youth, but merely went along with the prevailing fashions of the time. At the back of her mind, she knows this is wrong. Eventually, she realizes the truth and escapes the trap. She finds the Doctor facing off with Chad Boyle, who stabs him with a sword. Ace helps the Doctor as they continue their journey toward the Pit. The Timewyrm appears again and explains to Ace that they are within the Doctor's mind.
At the Church, Ernest can see the Doctor's body is faring poorly. The medallion suddenly began to pulse with energy and grows before their eyes. The runes written on it coalesce into another message from the Doctor, this time telling them to open a dimensional portal. Saul's psychic powers provide the energies while Peter's mathematical abilities establish and stabilize the conduit. Emily travels along it to find the Doctor and Ace. She finds them immediately upon arrival and tries to get them back through the medallion portal, but they are being chased by the horde of the Doctor's demons. Emily manages to get herself and the Doctor away, but Ace is left behind.
Once freed from his own mind, the Doctor knows he can destroy the Timewyrm forever, but not without sacrificing Ace. Meanwhile, Ace decides to continue down into the Pit, where she finds the Doctor's conscience, a fair-haired man in light-colored clothes being perpetually tortured. Ace sets him free, and as his wounds heal before her eyes, Ace sees that he is dressed like a cricketer. The Doctor pilots the TARDIS to the intersection between reality and the fiction of his own imagination and rescues Ace. He also spares the Timewyrm, taking her consciousness and depositing it into the body of the baby he had given to Emily. The Hutchings agree to raise the child as their own, and at the Doctor's behest, name her Ishtar. The battle with the Timewyrm is over.
Development
Cornell originally wrote the story with the Fifth Doctor and his companions and it was serialised in the fanzine Queen Bat. He then substantially re-worked it for Virgin.
References
External links
The Cloister Library - Timewyrm: Revelation
1991 British novels
1991 science fiction novels
Virgin New Adventures
Novels by Paul Cornell
Novels set in Norfolk
Seventh Doctor novels |
5387023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Dillon%20%28businessman%29 | David Dillon (businessman) | David B. Dillon (born March 30, 1951) was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Kroger in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Early life
Born in 1951 in Hutchinson, Kansas, Dillon graduated from Hutchinson High School in 1969. Dillon is an Eagle Scout and was a senior patrol leader in Boy Scout Troop 301, of which his father was Scoutmaster.
J.S. Dillon, Dillon's great-grandfather, a Presbyterian pastor, started a self-service grocery store in Sterling, Kansas. His sons, including David's grandfather, continued growing the enterprise into a chain of stores. David's father, Paul, along with two cousins, guided the corporation in the next generation when Dillon Stores became a public corporation. It was headquartered in Hutchinson, 20 miles from Sterling.
Education
Dillon attended the University of Kansas, where he was student body president and initiated into Sigma Chi. Dillon also attended Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas.
Career
Dillon worked for Dillons Stores with various leadership roles in the company. In 1982, Kroger bought out Dillon Stores.
In 1990, Dillon was named the Vice President of Kroger. In 2003, Dillon became the CEO of Kroger.
Dillon succeeded its previous CEO Joe Pichler.
It was announced on September 20, 2013 that Dillon would be retiring as CEO of Kroger effective January 1, 2014. Dillon was succeeded as CEO by Rodney McMullen, a COO of Kroger. Dillon remained on as Chairman of the Board through the end of 2014.
Dillon sits on the Board of Directors of the Consumer Goods Forum.
References
1951 births
American retail chief executives
Kroger
Living people
People from Hutchinson, Kansas
Southern Methodist University alumni
University of Kansas alumni |
5387040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiaceae | Chlamydiaceae | The Chlamydiaceae are a family of gram-negative bacteria that belongs to the phylum Chlamydiota, order Chlamydiales. Chlamydiaceae species express the family-specific lipopolysaccharide epitope αKdo-(2→8)-αKdo-(2→4)-αKdo (previously called the genus-specific epitope). Chlamydiaceae ribosomal RNA genes all have at least 90% DNA sequence identity. Chlamydiaceae species have varying inclusion morphology, varying extrachromosomal plasmid content, and varying sulfadiazine resistance.
The family Chlamydiaceae currently includes one genus and one candidate genus: Chlamydia and candidatus Clavochlamydia.
Chlamydia
Three species belong to Chlamydia: C. trachomatis, C. muridarum, and C. suis. C. trachomatis has been found only in humans, C. muridarum in hamsters and mice (family Muridae), and C. suis in swine. Chlamydia species produce a small amount of detectable glycogen and have two ribosomal operons.
Chlamydia trachomatis is the cause of an infection commonly transmitted sexually (often referred as just "Chlamydia") and also is the cause of trachoma, an infectious eye disease, spread by eye, nose, and throat secretions.
Phylogeny
Taxonomy
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
"Ca. Amphibiichlamydia" Martel et al. 2012
Chlamydia Jones et al. 1945
"Chlamydiifrater" Vorimore et al. 2021
Chlamydophila Everett, Bush & Andersen 1999
"Ca. Medusoplasma" Viver et al. 2017
See also
List of bacterial orders
List of bacteria genera
References
Chlamydiota
Bacteria families |
5387058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pops | Pops | Pops may refer to:
Name or nickname
Pops, an informal term of address for a father or elder
Pops (nickname), a list of people
Pops (Muppet), a Muppets character
Pops (Johnny Bravo), a character from the Cartoon Network animated television series Johnny Bravo
Pops Maellard, a fictional character in the Cartoon Network animated series Regular Show
Pops Mensah-Bonsu, a British basketball executive and former player
Other uses
Sirius XM Pops, a Sirius XM Satellite Radio station
Pops CB, a baseball club in Spain in the 1950s and '60s
Pops (restaurant), a themed roadside attraction in Arcadia, Oklahoma
Privately owned public space (POPS), a physical space that, though privately owned, is open to the public
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation
See also
Pops orchestra, an orchestra that plays popular music (generally traditional pop) and show tunes as well as well-known classical works, including:
Boston Pops Orchestra, a subsection of the Boston Symphony Orchestra
Philly Pops
Corn Pops (also termed Pops), a Kellogg's breakfast cereal
Pop (disambiguation) |
5387075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divi-Dead | Divi-Dead | Divi-Dead is a Japanese 2D adult game released by C's Ware in 1998. The game's theme falls into the category of adult horror, as it deals with supernatural and sexual topics. Certain images from the game are brutally violent and strange, while others are lighthearted and erotic. It is a visual novel that involves a supernatural mystery which the player solves in order to complete the game. The player makes certain decisions throughout the story, which may lead to different endings for the game. An English translation was released by Himeya Soft.
The game has been ported to the Dreamcast and PSP by homebrew community "Tales Translations", the group that's also behind the Spanish translation and fixing/replacing the Japanese map notations. German, Italian, French and Portuguese translations also exist, as well as a Flash version.
Plot
Life has been rough for Ranmaru Hibikiya. Bedridden as a child with a mysterious illness, he's had to spend most of his time alone, drugged, wondering if he would live to adulthood. Now, however, things are getting better for him. His health has improved; he only experiences the occasional
seizure. Also, he's been enrolled in his uncle's distinguished institution, the Asao Private School.
Of course, this fortuitous turn isn't without a catch. His uncle, a rather mysterious man, installed Ranmaru at Asao to serve as his spy. Ranmaru begins an innocuous investigation, not really expecting to find anything important. Soon, however, he finds himself immersed in horrifying, supernatural events that could claim his life at any moment.
References
Official English product listing (Archived from the original on October 11, 2004)
Screen shots and reviews in English
1998 video games
Bishōjo games
Eroge
Video games developed in Japan
Visual novels
Windows games
Windows-only games
Mystery video games |
5387080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egbert%20Hayessen | Egbert Hayessen | Egbert Hayessen (28 December 1913 – 15 August 1944) was a German resistance fighter in the struggle against Adolf Hitler, and a major in the army.
Born in Eisleben, Hayessen grew up on the Hessian state domain of Mittelhof near Felsberg-Gensungen. In 1924, he went to Roßleben. There, in 1933 at the Roßleben Monastery School he did his Abitur. After his Abitur, Hayessen completed military training at Artillery Regiment no. 12 in Schwerin as a career officer and rose to major on the General Staff with General Friedrich Fromm, Commander-in-chief of the Reserve Army. Hayessen first learnt of the plot against Hitler and Operation Valkyrie on 15 July 1944 from Robert Bernardis. He turned away from National Socialism and took part in the attempt to assassinate Hitler at the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia on 20 July 1944, taking on the foreseen logistical connections between City Commandant Paul von Hase and Police President Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorf. On the day of the attack, Egbert Hayessen brought Paul von Hase the news of General Fromm's arrest at headquarters on Bendlerstraße in Berlin. At the City Commandant's office, Hayessen then took part in the preparations to occupy the radio building in Berlin and to arrest Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels.
On 15 August 1944, Hayessen was sentenced to death by hanging at the Volksgerichtshof, and the sentence was carried out the same day at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin.
Egbert Hayessen is memorialized at the Plötzensee Memorial Centre. Furthermore, a plaque in memory of his act of conscience may be seen outside the Mittelhof near Gensungen.
Literature
Plötzensee Memorial Centre Archive
References
External links
Biography at Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand
Article about Hayessen on his school's website
1913 births
1944 deaths
People from Eisleben
People from Saxony-Anhalt executed at Plötzensee Prison
Executed members of the 20 July plot
German Army personnel of World War II
People from the Province of Saxony
People condemned by Nazi courts
People executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison |
5387081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backus%20Mill%20Heritage%20and%20Conservation%20Centre | Backus Mill Heritage and Conservation Centre | The Backus Heritage Conservation Area is located in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada.
Summary
The area contains the Backhouse Mill (known in French as Moulin-à-Farine Backhouse and containing the alternate name of Backhouse Grist Mill), a gristmill that was built in 1798. It was one of the few mills to not be burned during the War of 1812. The mill stayed in operation until 1957 and is now a national historic site.
The conservation area has facilities for both short-term and seasonal camping. This area is full of local history found in the Backhouse Homestead. In September, the area becomes the site of a reenactment of a battle during the War of 1812.
The Backus Mill Conservation Education Centre features exhibits about the area's natural history and traditions of waterfowl hunting.
The Heritage Village is an open-air museum that includes restored or reconstructed buildings and structures, including the 19th century Backhouse Homestead, Backhouse Mill, church, carriage shop, barn with agriculture equipment, drive shed with buggies and wagons, two log houses, schoolhouse, saw mill and farm and 19th century industrial equipment. The Museum building includes exhibits about the Long Point Area, 19th century period business displays, and an exhibit about the shipwrecks of Lake Erie at Long Point.
It also features a fully lifeguarded pool.
References
External links
Backus Mill Heritage and Conservation Centre - official site
Backus Heritage Conservation Area at Ontariotravel.net
Long Point Region Conservation Authority
1798 establishments in Canada
Mill museums in Canada
Museums in Norfolk County, Ontario
National Historic Sites in Ontario
Nature centres in Ontario
Open-air museums in Canada
Protected areas of Norfolk County, Ontario
Grinding mills in Canada
Industrial buildings in Ontario
History of Norfolk County, Ontario |
5387082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin%20Young | Quentin Young | Quentin David Young (September 5, 1923 – March 7, 2016) was an American physician who was recognized for his efforts in advocating for single-payer health care in the United States. An activist who opposed the Vietnam War and worked on the Civil Rights Movement, Young was best known for speaking out about social justice in the realm of health policy.
Education and career
Young was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Sarah Wolf and Abraham Young, a real estate salesman. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. He attended Hyde Park High School, the University of Chicago, and Northwestern University Medical School. He interned at Cook County Hospital in 1947 and did his residency there.
He was a founder and served as National Chairman of the Medical Committee for Human Rights, which was formed in June 1964 to provide medical care for civil rights workers, community activists, and summer volunteers working in Mississippi during Freedom Summer. Quentin Young and MCHR also volunteered and helped set up Black Panthers and Young Lords health clinics and provided emergency medical care to protesters at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. In October 1968 he was called to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee about his knowledge of the DNC protests.
Young was Chairman of Medicine at Cook County Hospital in Chicago from 1972 to 1981.
Young founded Health and Medicine Policy Research Group in 1980, and for many years was Chairman of the Board of that organization.
Young was President of American Public Health Association in 1988.
In April 2008, Young retired from his private practice in Hyde Park, Chicago, which he co-ran with fellow activist David Scheiner. For many years was the national coordinator for Physicians for a National Health Program (PNHP).
April 17. 2009, Appointed by Illinois Governor Pat Quinn to Chair the Illinois Health Facilities Planning Board. From 1967-2008 he was senior physician of Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center.
He died on March 7, 2016 in California. Dr. Young was survived by five children: Nancy, Polly, Ethan, Barbara and Michael.
Positions of note
Clinical Professor of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Illinois Medical Center
Senior Attending Physician, Michael Reese Hospital
Member, American Medical Association (since 1952))
National Coordinator, Physicians for a National Health Program
Chairman, American College of Physicians' Subcommittee on Human Rights and Medical Practice
Member, Humana-Michael Reese Medical Board
Member, American College of Physicians Health and Public Policy Committee
Personal physician to Martin Luther King Jr. during his stay in Chicago, and also to Chicago Mayor Harold Washington, author Studs Terkel, Illinois Governor Pat Quinn and personal physician to Chemist, the late Samuel Shore. President Barack Obama was the patient of Dr. Young's practice partner, Dr. David Scheiner, for twenty years before becoming president.
Personal physician to the Reverend Jesse Jackson.
Featured (and documented) in the book "The Enemies Within" by Trevor Loudon
The public's physician
Young appeared regularly at public health events and was considered the de facto authority on public health in Chicago. He was a frequent guest on Chicago Public Radio, especially the weekday news magazine program Eight Forty-Eight. The medical Students for Human Rights worked with him to set up several free neighborhood clinics in Chicago including the Black Panthers and Young Lords. clinics.
Efforts for single-payer healthcare
According to Young, "national health insurance is no longer the best solution, it's the only solution: All other alternatives have been proven disastrous failures."
Young has worked with Physicians for a National Health Program (PNHP) since 1987, a Chicago-based not-for-profit organization. He was the National Coordinator for PNHP.
Activism during the Bush administration
NSA domestic surveillance
In May 2006, Young signed on as a plaintiff in a suit filed by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) against AT&T, alleging that the telecommunications company provided its customers' phone records to the United States government without a court-issued warrant. Young joined historian and author Studs Terkel who was also a plaintiff in the case. This suit was part of the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy, during which it was reported that the National Security Agency was maintaining a database of phone calls placed domestically in the United States.
Medical savings accounts
Young is an outspoken opponent of medical savings account (MSAs), a public health policy promoted by President George W. Bush. Young calls them a "scam on American patients and taxpayers," and "based on the incorrect assumption that Americans are addicts for health care and that if there isn’t a dollar barrier, they’ll overconsume. In fact, Americans get fewer doctors’ visits than people in countries with universal health care."
Illinois Sports Facilities Authority Scandal
In November, 2012 at age of 89, Young was the last-minute appointment of his long-time political associate Illinois Governor Patrick Quinn, to displace the Latino incumbent. Young agreed to the appointment for the sole purpose of voting to install a young white aide of the governor to the directorship of the state sports authority. The governor's candidate, a former television reporter, won the position with Young's support in a contentious vote of the authority's board despite her demonstrated history of financial mismanagement including filing for personal bankruptcy due to excessive credit card expenditures to luxury retailers such as Bloomingdales. Mayor Rahm Emanuel and his appointees had sought to appoint the African American former CFO of Sara Lee Corp, a Yale graduate and criticized the move to install an individual whose incompetence could subject Illinois' taxpayers to significant financial liability Young stayed on the board until 2015.
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
Young Lords in Lincoln Park
1923 births
2016 deaths
American health activists
Physicians from Illinois
Feinberg School of Medicine alumni
People from Chicago
20th-century American physicians
21st-century American physicians
Young Lords |
5387097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richer%2C%20Count%20in%20Luihgau%20and%20Hainaut | Richer, Count in Luihgau and Hainaut | Count Richar (or Richer, sometimes equated to the similar name "Richard") (died 16 October 972) was a 10th-century Lotharingian count. He had a well-attested county in the Luihgau, a territory between Liège and Aachen, and he is generally considered to have held comital status in the County of Hainaut, possibly in the area of Mons.
Life
After the death of Duke Godfrey, count of Hainaut and Duke of Lower Lotharingia in 964 in Italy, it has been proposed that the Emperor Otto I gave Count Richar at least part of the county of Hainault.
Count Richar appears in a charter of 2 June 965 making a grant of land at St Villers St Ghislain in memory of Duke Godfrey.
In 966 Count Richar was described in a royal charter, as the count holding a county in Liuhgow which included Voeren (Furon), and Cortils in Blegny (Curcella). They were described as being in pago Liuhgouui in comitatu Richarii.
In 972 Richer was killed in an attack upon his apparent uncle, Wigfried, Bishop of Verdun, by a certain Count Sigebert in "Wandersalis". This was described in the chronicle of the bishops of Verdun.
In a grant of 973 to St Pauls in Verdun, Bishop Wigfried, granted land at Lockweiler arranged between him and his two relatives (sobrini), Count Luithard and his brother Count Richwin, for the soul of his nephew (nepos) Count Richer.
15 March 973, the emperor Otto I granted Eckfeld in the Eifel to the Abbey of Echternach, which Count Richar had previously held.
Richer was memorialized in both St Paul in Verdun and St Gereon in Cologne on 16 October.
In 973, after the death of Richer, a Count "Richizo", appears in a Hainaut grant concerning Crespin Abbey. Although this Richizo has sometimes been equated to Richer, Hlawitschka argued in 1969 that above-mentioned apparent brother of Richer, Count Richwin.
After Richer died there was a battle near Mons where Reginar IV and Lambert I attempted to take it over. It was defended by two brothers, Count Werner and Renaud, who were both killed. Hlawitschka believes they may have been brothers of Richer, or in any case close relatives.
Legacy
It has been proposed, for example by Leon Vanderkindere, that he had at least one child, mentioned by Alpertus of Metz as a son of a "Richizo":
Godizo of Aspel Heimbach (d. 1011–1015)
However, it is argued by Hlawitschka that Richizo is a short form name for Richwin, and that Richwin was a different count, probably closely related to Richer. This Richizo, thought to be Richwin, appears in a Hainaut record in 973, after the death of Richar.
Footnotes
Bibliography
972 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Dukes of Lower Lorraine
Counts of Mons
Medieval Belgium |
5387105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Merriman | Catherine Merriman | Catherine A. Merriman (born in London) is an English novelist and short story writer who has lived in South East Wales since 1973. Her work often addresses the experiences of women.
Writings
Merriman has published five novels and three short story collections. Her first novel, Leaving the Light On, won the Ruth Hadden Memorial Award in 1992. Her collection of stories, Silly Mothers, was shortlisted for 1992 Wales Book of the Year, and she has twice won a Rhys Davies short story award, in 1991 and 1998. Many of her short stories have been broadcast on BBC Radio 4.
She also edited Laughing, Not Laughing: Women Writing on 'My Experience of Sex''', an anthology of Welsh women writing frankly about their sexual experiences, which won the publications category of the 2004 Erotic Awards.
Her writing often addresses women's experiences. State of Desire addresses reawakening sexuality after bereavement. Merriman states that two of her novels (Leaving The Light On and Fatal Observations), about domestic power and domestic violence, have their foundations in her eleven years' experience as a volunteer for the charity Women's Aid.
Merriman taught writing for ten years at the University of South Wales, the erstwhile University of Glamorgan. She is a fellow of the Welsh Academy and until recently was co-chair of their members' committee.Academi: Members Committee (accessed 18 February 2009) For several years she was fiction editor for the New Welsh Review, and she has judged numerous short story competitions.
Publications
NovelsLeaving the Light On (1992)Fatal Observations (1993)State of Desire (1996)Broken Glass (1998)Brotherhood (2003)
Short story collectionsSilly Mothers (1991)Of Sons and Stars (1997)Getting a Life (2001)
EditorLaughing, Not Laughing: Women Writing on 'My Experience of Sex''' (Honno; 2004)
References
External links
Academi: biography
University of Glamorgan: biography
University of Glamorgan: MPhil tutors
'Mammary orgasmic potential -- a case study' & 'Learning to speak Klingon' (two short stories available online)
20th-century English novelists
21st-century English novelists
English short story writers
Academics of the University of Glamorgan
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century British short story writers
21st-century British short story writers |
5387123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean%20horror | Korean horror | Korean horror films have been around since the early years of Korean cinema, however, it was not until the late 1990s that the genre began to experience a renewal. Many of the Korean horror films tend to focus on the suffering and the anguish of characters rather than focus on the explicit "blood and guts" aspect of horror. Korean horror features many of the same motifs, themes, and imagery as Japanese horror.
Modern South Korean horror films are typically distinguished by stylish directing, themes of social commentary, and genre blending. The horror and thriller genres are cited as gaining international attention to South Korean Cinema.
Several Korean horror films have been adapted into English-language Hollywood films such as Oldboy (2003), Into the Mirror (2003), and A Tale of Two Sisters (2003). Train to Busan (2016) and The Wailing (2016) are rumored to currently have remakes in talks for production.
The female ghost
The expression, "When a woman is full of resentment, she will bring frost in May and June" may offer some explanation for the popularity of the female ghost that is often featured in Korean horror films. Her deep feeling of resentment is cold enough to freeze the hot air that occurs during those months. The woman's vengeance is a thing to be feared, thus becoming the object of horror. In the past women have been oppressed and ignored for so long that the horrific rage and vengeance we see in the films have been brought upon by the many years of repression. Another belief is that when a woman dies before she gets to enjoy the pleasures of marriage and having children, she will not be able to move on to the "other side". Instead she becomes trapped between the two worlds and causes horrific phenomena. The hierarchical domestic status a man's mother has and the often strained relationship with her daughter-in-laws in Korea is also used as a means of creating female villains in media. Films such as A Devilish Homicide (1965) and The Hole (1997 film) cast a murderous or cruel mother-in-law against the protagonist.
Revenge
South Korean cinema is known for violent thrillers with themes of revenge like Bedevilled, I Saw the Devil (2010), and The Vengeance Trilogy. Recent revenge films also tend to follow the characters seeking revenge rather than the protagonist being a victim of a vengeful ghost or person. The desire to create and see films about revenge is often explained as a result of social anger built up in a populace by South Korea's turbulent history. Park Chan-wook director of The Vengeance Trilogy has said that his revenge motivated movies serve as a reaction to Korean culture's traditional value of peace making and Forgiveness.
2010 Korean Horror Film Festival
The 2010 Korean Horror Film Festival was held in Mandaluyong in the Philippines at the Shangri-La Plaza Mall from October 27–31 and through November 2–4. It worked together with the Embassy of the Republic of Korea, The Korean-Philippine Foundation, Inc. and Shangri-La Plaza. With free admission attendees were treated to some of the best and highly successful Korean horror films. Films such as Arang, The Red Shoes, M, Hansel and Gretel, Ghost, Paradise Murdered, and Epitaph were among the films showcased.
Influential Korean horror films
The Housemaid (1960) has been described in Koreanfilm.org as a "consensus pick as one of the top three Korean films of all time".
Whispering Corridors (1998) is seen as the film to have sparked the explosion of the Korean horror genre. It centers on the theme of school girls and the mysterious "other side", but also offered criticism of the Korean school system. Four more distinct horror films set in all-girls schools were made as part of Whispering Corridors (film series).
A Tale of Two Sisters (2003) is the highest-grossing Korean horror film so far and the first to be screened in America. It was remade in America in 2009 as The Uninvited. Based on a folk tale titled Janghwa Hongryeon jeon, it tells the story of two sisters dealing with a controlling stepmother and a passive father.
Save the Green Planet! (2003) demonstrates Korean cinema's ability to blend genre in non-traditional ways. The film follows an unstable man who kidnaps and tortures an executive he believes to be an alien. It combines slapstick comedy, psychological thriller, and sci-fi horror.
Someone Behind You (2007) is an extremely violent supernatural thriller based on the 2005 comic novel "Two Will Come" by Kang-Kyung-Ok. It focuses on an increasingly escalating unprecedented family murders or the issue of family annihilation and a young woman after witnessing the shocking killings around her area she too is followed by an unexplainable-yet brutal and bloody curse fearing that her family and friends are out to put her to death in their murderous hands.
A strange menacing student warns her not to trust her family, friends, even not herself.
In 2009 the film was released in America under the title "Voices" it premiered at the defunct film festival After Dark Horrorfest.
Train to Busan (2016) is an action horror take on the Zombie apocalypse. A man and his young daughter journey to see the girl's mother when a zombie outbreak occurs, forcing the passengers to attempt to survive till they can reach a safe zone in Busan. The film is one of the most internationally successful films from South Korea and broke domestic box office records.
Films such as Gonjiam: Haunted Asylum (2018) have brought Korean horror films even more international attention.
List of notable films
0.0 MHz
301, 302
4 Horror Tales (Series)
February 29
Forbidden Floor
Roommates
Dark Forest
The 8th Night
Acacia
Alive
Antarctic Journal
APT
Arang
Bloody Beach
Black House
Bunshinsaba
The Cat
Cello
Cinderella
The Closet
The Cursed: Dead Man's Prey
Death Bell (Series)
Death Bell 1: The Movie
Death Bell 2: Bloody Camp
Dead Friend
The Divine Fury
Doll Master
Don't Click
Epitaph
Evil Twin
Face
A Ghost Story of Joseon Dynasty
Ghost House
Gonjiam: Haunted Asylum
Guimoon: The Lightless Door
Hansel and Gretel
The Haunted House: The Secret of the Cave
Horror Stories (Series)
Horror Stories
Horror Stories 2
Horror Stories 3
I Saw the Devil
Into the Mirror
The Isle
Killer Toon
Lingering
Loner
Manhole
Metamorphosis
The Medium
The Mimic
Mourning Grave
Muoi: The Legend of a Portrait
Oh! My Ghost
Paradise Murdered
Phone
The Puppet
The Quiet Family
R-Point
The Record
Red Eye
The Red Shoes
The Ring Virus
Say Yes
Show Me the Ghost
Someone Behind You
Sorum
Spider Forest
Suddenly at Midnight
Svaha: The Sixth Finger
A Tale of Two Sisters
Tell Me Something
Thirst
Three (Series)
Three... The Movie
Three... Extremes
To Sir, with Love
Train to Busan (Series)
Train to Busan
Peninsula
Unborn But Forgotten
The Uninvited
Urban Myths
The Wailing
Warning: Do Not Play
Whispering Corridors (Series)
Whispering Corridors 1: The Movie
Whispering Corridors 2: Memento Mori
Whispering Corridors 3: Wishing Stairs
Whispering Corridors 4: Voice
Whispering Corridors 5: A Blood Pledge
Whispering Corridors 6: The Humming
White: Melody of Death
The Wig
The Witch (Series)
The Witch: Part 1. The Subversion
The Witch: Part 2. The Other One
The Wrath
Yoga
Korean horror directors
Ahn Byeong-ki – director of the horror films Nightmare, Phone, Bunshinsaba, and APT
Bong Joon-ho – director of the horror film The Host and writer of Antarctic Journal
Kim Dong-bin – director of the horror films The Ring Virus and Red Eye
Kim Jee-woon – director of the horror films A Tale of Two Sisters, Three (the segment "Memories"), and The Quiet Family
Kong Su-chang – director of the horror films Tell Me Something, R-Point, and Death Bell
Park Ki-hyung – director of the horror films Whispering Corridors and Acacia
Park Hoon-jung – director of The Witch (Series)
Yu Seon-dong – director of the film Death Bell 2: Bloody Camp
References
External links
2010 Korean Horror Film Festival at Shangri-la Cineplex
KoreanFilm.org |
5387128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millencolin%20and%20the%20Hi-8%20Adventures | Millencolin and the Hi-8 Adventures | Millencolin and the Hi-8 Adventures is a video by Swedish punk rock band Millencolin, released on 23 November 1999 in VHS format by Burning Heart Records. The 74-minute home video was created by guitarist Erik Ohlsson during the course of the band's international tours.
It includes footage of the band on tour, both performing and amusing themselves on the road via activities such as skateboarding, bowling, visiting a zoo, and driving go-karts. It also includes a history of the band told by the members covering their career from 1992 to 1995, a number of live performances, and the music videos for the singles "Da Strike", "The Story of My Life", "Move Your Car", and "Lozin' Must". A soundtrack album to the film was also released in a limited run of 3,000 copies: 1,000 in Europe, 1,000 in the United States, and 1,000 in Australia. Millencolin and the Hi-8 Adventures was re-released in DVD format in 2003. The DVD added the music video for "Kemp" as well as a trailer for an upcoming sequel to the film.
Live performances
The video features a number of the band's songs performed live at various locations during their international tours:
Soundtrack album
The soundtrack to the film was released as an EP in limited quantities. Burning Heart Records produced 1,000 copies for the European market, while Epitaph Records released 1,000 copies in the United States and Shock Records released another 1,000 in Australia. The soundtrack includes the extended version of "Buzzer" which appeared in the film, as well as audio tracks of several of the film's live performances.
Track listing
"Buzzer" (extended version)
"Random I Am" (live)
"Puzzle" (live)
"Dance Craze" (live)
"Move Your Car" (live)
"Killercrush" (live)
"Bullion" (live)
"Twenty Two" (live)
Personnel
Millencolin
Nikola Sarcevic - lead vocals, bass
Erik Ohlsson - guitar
Mathias Färm - guitar
Fredrik Larzon - drums
References
Millencolin video albums
Film soundtracks
1999 video albums
Music video compilation albums
Documentary films about punk music and musicians
Live video albums
1999 compilation albums
1999 EPs
1999 soundtrack albums
Burning Heart Records video albums
Burning Heart Records soundtracks
Burning Heart Records compilation albums
Epitaph Records soundtracks
Shock Records soundtracks
1999 live albums |
5387130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Rousseau | Roger Rousseau | Charles Odilon Roger Rousseau, CC (6 February 1921 – 26 September 1986) was a Canadian ambassador, administrator and soldier. He was head of the Montreal Olympic Organizing Committee (COJO) for the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.
He served in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II, but became a prisoner of war in 1942 until the war's end.
He was born in Trois-Pistoles, Quebec and died of cancer in Ottawa, Ontario.
Diplomatic posts
1969–1972: Ambassador to the Central African Republic
1970–1972: Ambassador to Chad, Gabon, and Cameroon
1977–1981: Ambassador to the Dominican Republic and Venezuela
1981–1985: High Commissioner to New Zealand, Fiji, Kiribati, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Western Samoa
References
1921 births
1986 deaths
Companions of the Order of Canada
People from Trois-Pistoles, Quebec
Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II
Canadian prisoners of war in World War II
Ambassadors of Canada to the Central African Republic
Deaths from cancer in Ontario
Ambassadors of Canada to Gabon
Ambassadors of Canada to Cameroon
Ambassadors of Canada to Chad
High Commissioners of Canada to New Zealand
High Commissioners of Canada to Fiji
High Commissioners of Canada to Kiribati
High Commissioners of Canada to Tonga
High Commissioners of Canada to Samoa
High Commissioners of Canada to Tuvalu
French Quebecers |
5387132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal%20Diocese%20of%20Chicago | Episcopal Diocese of Chicago | The Episcopal Diocese of Chicago is the official organization of the Episcopal Church in Chicago and Northern Illinois, US. The diocese is headed by Bishop Paula Clark, who is the first woman and first African-American to lead the diocese. The diocese was previously served by Jeffrey Lee, who served as bishop until December 31, 2020. The mother church of the diocese is St. James Cathedral, which is the oldest Episcopal congregation in the city of Chicago.
The Diocese of Chicago covers 22 counties located in the northern third of the state of Illinois, stretching from the shores of Lake Michigan on the east, to the banks of the Mississippi River on the west. Its northern boundary is the state of Wisconsin; the southernmost city is Watseka, Illinois.
History
The diocese was founded in 1835 as the Episcopal Diocese of Illinois. Philander Chase, the retired bishop of Ohio, was the first bishop. He was succeeded in 1852 by Henry John Whitehouse, a priest previously from New York. Edward McLaren, elected bishop in 1875, saw the Diocese of Illinois divided into three parts in 1877. The newly formed dioceses of Quincy and Springfield elected their own bishops, while McClaren's diocese was renamed the Episcopal Diocese of Chicago.
Present day
The Diocese of Chicago ranks among the 12 largest Episcopal dioceses in the United States, with 137 congregations, of which 36 are missions. However, in parallel with declining national memberships, the diocese has seen a decline in membership: 47,171 baptized members in 1994, but only 42,667 in 1996. As of 2011 the diocese website said it had 40,000 members.
The diocese is far more ethnically diverse than the Episcopal Church at large. There are four Hispanic congregations, one of which is located in the near western suburbs of Chicago. In addition, four congregations outside Chicago provide Spanish language services, and two others share their facilities with congregations of the Philippine Independent Church. There is one Korean American congregation, and the diocese also serves eight African-American congregations. Minority outreach, like the kind found at the Cathedral Shelter of Chicago continues to this day.
The 25th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, Frank Griswold, was bishop of Chicago when he was elected in 1997.
Bishop Jeffrey Lee assumed office in 2008. On February 14, 2019, Lee announced his intention to retire in August 2020. Paula Clark was elected as the thirteenth bishop on December 12, 2020, to assume office in 2021. Clark experienced health issues in April 2021 which required postponement of her assuming office until her health improved. Clark's health subsequently improved and she was consecrated as Bishop on September 17, 2022.
Reunification
In 2008, a majority of laity and clergy in the neighboring Episcopal Diocese of Quincy left to form a diocese in the more conservative Anglican Church in North America. The remaining Episcopalians in Quincy reformed their diocese, electing John Buchanan, retired Bishop of West Missouri as their provisional bishop. In 2012 Quincy officials approached Lee and the leadership of the Chicago diocese about the possibility of reunification with Chicago, since it was determined that a remnant diocese would be too small in membership and too geographically dispersed to be viable in the long term.
In November 2012 the Chicago diocese's convention agreed that reunification with the Quincy diocese should be pursued. On June 8, 2013, both diocesan conventions voted unanimously to reunify. The reunification was ratified by a majority of bishops and the standing committees of the Episcopal Church, and on September 1, 2013, the Diocese of Quincy merged into the Diocese of Chicago as the Peoria Deanery.
Diocesan Bishops of Illinois and of Chicago
Other bishops of the diocese
List of deaneries
Aurora Deanery
Chicago-North Deanery
Chicago-South Deanery
Chicago-West Deanery
Elgin Deanery
Evanston Deanery
Joliet Deanery
Kankakee Deanery
Oak Park Deanery
Peoria Deanery
Rockford Deanery
Waukegan Deanery
See also
Episcopal Diocese of Springfield
Episcopal Diocese of Quincy
List of Episcopal bishops
References
External links
Official website
Journal of the Annual Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Illinois at the Online Books Page.
Journal of the Annual Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Chicago at the Online Books Page.
Chicago
Chicago
Bishops in the Episcopal Diocese of Chicago
Bishops
Chicago
Christianity in Chicago
Diocese of Chicago
Religious organizations established in 1877
Anglican dioceses established in the 19th century
1877 establishments in Illinois
Province 5 of the Episcopal Church (United States) |
5387152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanos%20Manos | Stefanos Manos | Stefanos Manos (; born 1939) is a Greek politician, former member of the Hellenic Parliament, and a former government minister.
Career
His political career started in the New Democracy party, for which he became a Member of Parliament in 1977. During the 1980s he would be the unpopular forerunner of Greek privatization. In April 1999, he formed his own party, The Liberals, but following its unsuccessful performance in the elections held in June for the European parliament (1,62%), he returned to the Hellenic Parliament firstly in 2000 as MP in co-operation with the major party of New Democracy, and again in the 2004 elections as independent by the statewide list but surprisingly on a rival PASOK ticket.
After he suspended his Liberals' operation in 2002, he established in 2009 his new own party, Drassi, which he continues to lead. Heading Drassi, he took part in the 2009 European parliament election (0,76%). In May 2012, Drassi merged with the newly formed party Recreate Greece for the 2012 elections.
Manos is a notable critic of profligate government spending and waste. He is famous for saying in 1992, while he was Greek finance minister, that "it would be cheaper for Greece to send every rail passenger to their destination by taxi", a quote which was used by Michael Lewis in his book Boomerang: Travels in the New Third World.
References
|-
|-
1939 births
Finance ministers of Greece
Greek MPs 1977–1981
Greek MPs 1981–1985
Greek MPs 1985–1989
Greek MPs 1989 (June–November)
Greek MPs 1990–1993
Greek MPs 2004–2007
Harvard University alumni
Independent politicians in Greece
Living people
New Democracy (Greece) politicians
Politicians from Athens
ETH Zurich alumni |
5387162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Hawgood | Greg Hawgood | Gregory William Hawgood (born August 10, 1968) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Boston Bruins, Edmonton Oilers, Philadelphia Flyers, Florida Panthers, Pittsburgh Penguins, San Jose Sharks, Vancouver Canucks and Dallas Stars. Hawgood was born in Edmonton, Alberta.
Playing career
Hawgood spent his junior career with the Kamloops Blazers of the WHL, and made such an impression that the Blazers retired his #4 sweater. He represented Canada twice at the World Junior Championships, including the infamous Punch-up in Piestany at the 1987 tournament. (Hawgood emerged from the brawl with a broken nose, thanks to a head butt from Vladimir Konstantinov.) Hawgood was named to the all-star team at the following year's WJC in Moscow, leading Canada to the gold medal.
Hawgood would spend two decades in pro hockey, starting with the Boston Bruins (who selected him in the tenth round of the 1986 NHL Draft); he would wind up donning the sweaters of seven other NHL clubs, as well as several minor league and European teams, before finally retiring as a player in 2006.
Coaching career
On November 8, 2007, Hawgood was named head coach of the Blazers. Hawgood then moved to the position of Coach and finally Assistant Coach with the Kamloops Storm of the KIJHL. He started the 2009-2010 season as Head Coach, but lost that position due to the continued poor performance of the team. It was announced prior to the start of the 2010-2011 season that he would not be continuing with the team in any capacity.
Awards
WHL West First All-Star Team – 1986, 1987, & 1988
1988 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships - tournament all-star team
Eddie Shore Award - 1991–92
Governor's Trophy - 1995–96
Larry D. Gordon Trophy - 1998–99
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
External links
1968 births
Living people
Asiago Hockey 1935 players
Boston Bruins draft picks
Boston Bruins players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Finland
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Italy
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Cape Breton Oilers players
Chicago Blackhawks scouts
Chicago Wolves players
Cleveland Lumberjacks players
Dallas Stars players
Edmonton Oilers players
Florida Panthers players
HC TPS players
Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Kamloops Blazers players
Kamloops Junior Oilers players
Kansas City Blades players
Kölner Haie players
Las Vegas Thunder players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
St. Albert Saints players
San Jose Sharks players
Sportspeople from Edmonton
Tappara players
Utah Grizzlies (AHL) players
Vancouver Canucks players |
5387164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Route%20297 | New York State Route 297 | New York State Route 297 (NY 297) is a state highway in the western suburbs of Syracuse, New York, in the United States. It is signed as north–south; however, it follows more of a southwest–northeast alignment for through the towns of Camillus and Geddes. The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 173 in a section of Camillus known as Fairmount. Its northern terminus is at a junction with State Fair Boulevard in Geddes, where NY 297 connects to Interstate 690 (I-690) exit 7. NY 297 passes through the northern portion of the village of Solvay and runs adjacent to the New York State Fairgrounds north of Solvay. The route was assigned in the late 1950s.
Route description
NY 297 begins at an intersection with NY 173 in Fairmount, a neighborhood within the town of Camillus. It heads to the northeast as the two-lane Milton Avenue, running alongside the main line of the Finger Lakes Railway and serving several commercial buildings in an otherwise residential area. After , the route passes under NY 5, here a limited-access highway. There is no connection between NY 297 and NY 5; however, NY 297 does connect to nearby NY 695 by way of Horan Road, a local street just north of the NY 5 overpasses. The route continues northeastward into the town of Geddes and the village of Solvay, where it passes by a mixture of homes and businesses as it slowly turns to the east. The highway continues to follow Milton Avenue along the northern fringe of the village to a junction with Bridge Street.
At this point, the route turns to the north, following Bridge Street as it begins to slowly head downhill from the village. NY 297 immediately crosses the Finger Lakes Railway at-grade before leveling off as it leaves the village limits. The road soon rises again, however, climbing in elevation to cross the CSX Transportation-owned Mohawk Subdivision by way of a long, high bridge that curves to the northeast while crossing the tracks. On the other side of the structure, the route descends one final time, heading generally northeastward along the eastern edge of the New York State Fairgrounds and the western edge of a pair of large industrial plants. NY 297 crosses CSX's Fairgrounds Subdivision line at-grade in its final few yards before ending at an intersection with State Fair Boulevard (NY 931B) at the northeastern tip of the fairgrounds in Geddes. The right-of-way of the route continues on for a short distance, connecting NY 297 to I-690 eastbound by way of exit 7. Access to I-690 westbound by way of State Fair Boulevard (NY 931B) west to I-690 exit 6.
Maintenance of NY 297 is split between Onondaga County, the village of Solvay, and the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT). From NY 173 to the Solvay village line, NY 297 is co-designated, but not signed, as part of County Route 63. The section of the route in Solvay between the village line and Bridge Street is locally maintained, while the remainder of NY 297 is maintained by the state.
History
The portion of Bridge Street between Milton Avenue in Solvay and State Fair Boulevard in Geddes had been a state highway since 1917; however, it was not assigned a signed designation for roughly 40 years. In the late 1950s, Bridge Street became part of the new NY 297, a highway beginning at NY 173 in Fairmount and ending at State Fair Boulevard (then part of NY 48). The bridge carrying NY 297 (Bridge Street) over the CSX Transportation-owned Mohawk Subdivision in Geddes was replaced in 1977. Portions of the bridge deck and abutments were rehabilitated by NYSDOT in 2006. Only one lane was open to traffic during the summer-long project; however, two-way traffic was maintained through the use of temporary traffic signals.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
297
Transportation in Onondaga County, New York |
5387218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20Mathematical%20Philosophy | Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy | Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy is a book by philosopher Bertrand Russell, in which the author seeks to create an accessible introduction to various topics within the foundations of mathematics. According to the preface, the book is intended for those with only limited knowledge of mathematics and no prior experience with the mathematical logic it deals with. Accordingly, it is often used in introductory philosophy of mathematics courses at institutions of higher education.
Background
Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy was written while Russell was serving time in Brixton Prison due to his anti-war activities.
Contents
The book deals with a wide variety of topics within the philosophy of mathematics and mathematical logic including the logical basis and definition of natural numbers, real and complex numbers, limits and continuity, and classes.
Editions
Russell, Bertrand (1919), Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, George Allen & Unwin. (Reprinted: Routledge, 1993.)
Russell, Bertrand (1920), Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, London: George Allen & Unwin / NY: Macmillan, Second Edition, reprintings 1920, 1924, 1930.
See also
Principia Mathematica
The Principles of Mathematics
Logicism
Footnotes
Logic books
Books about philosophy of mathematics
Books by Bertrand Russell
1919 non-fiction books
Allen & Unwin books
Prison writings
Philosophy textbooks |
5387220 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%2C%20Constable%20of%20Jerusalem | Simon, Constable of Jerusalem | Simon was the first known constable of Jerusalem. Maybe he was from the House of Limburg, son of Henry, Duke of Lower Lorraine and Count of Limburg, and Adelaide, daughter of Botho of Pottenstein.
He is cited in two royal charters, the first in 1108 and the second in 1115 as Symon ducis filius. He may be identified with the Simontos, mentioned by Anna Comnena as an envoy of Baldwin I of Jerusalem to Tripoli in order to receive Greek ambassadors in 1108. She calls him a cousin of the king. Together these imply that he was likely a son of Henry, Duke of Lower Lorraine, a great-grandson of Eustace I of Boulogne by his maternal grandmother.
Christians of the Crusades |
5387225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs%20Quadski | Gibbs Quadski | The Gibbs Quadski is an amphibious quad bike/ATV, launched in October 2012 by Gibbs Sports Amphibians. The Quadski is a 4-stroke amphiquad that converts to a personal watercraft. It can attain a top speed of on both land and water, and features a proprietary marine jet propulsion system, and wheel retraction, allowing it to transition between land and water in about five seconds.
Developed and manufactured by a Detroit-based team, the Quadski shares a number of features with the Gibbs Aquada. It uses a marinised version of BMW Motorrad's 1.3-liter engine from the K1300S, developing , although power is further curtailed to about when in land mode. When entering the water, by pressing a button the driver can retract the wheels into the wheel wells within the vehicle’s body and detach them from the drive train. On water, the Quadski uses a stoneguard-protected intake, which draws in water before directing it through the engine-driven impeller, which, with the stator blades and nozzle, propels the Quadski at high speed. The steering nozzle at the Quadski’s rear directs the vehicle via the handlebars.
The Quadski allows for over two hours travel time on the water. Its range on land is up to around .
Approximately 1000 Quadski were produced in Michigan, USA, from 2012 to 2016 when production ended. The vehicle is no longer manufactured, either by Gibbs or under official license. An unlicensed copy of the Quadski has been attempted by Chinese company Hison. However, an actual Quadski is used in much of the marketing material, and there is no strong evidence that the imitation vehicle functions as an amphibian, as one user reported it is a poorly made copy of the original Gibbs, lacking many features, safety and quality.
Official Quadski parts & technical support are supplied by Gibbs Amphibians in New Zealand.
Appearance on Top Gear
A Quadski was used in a 2014 episode of British motoring show Top Gear, when Jeremy Clarkson raced it across Lake Como against an Alfa Romeo 4C driven by co-host Richard Hammond. Despite arriving at the finish line first, Clarkson proceeded to concede the race to the Alfa.
See also
Amphicar (1961)
Gibbs Aquada (2004)
Gibbs Humdinga (2012)
Iguana Yachts (2012)
WaterCar
All-terrain vehicle (ATV)
Amphibious ATV (AATV)
References
External links
Wheeled amphibious vehicles |
5387235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost%20Mountain | Ghost Mountain | Ghost Mountain is the name given by U.S. Army servicemen in 1942 to Mount Obree, a mountain in the Owen Stanley Range in the southeast of Papua New Guinea. Known locally as "Suwemalla," Ghost Mountain rises to a height of .
In October 1942, the U.S. Army's first intended offensive operation in the Pacific Campaign of the Second World War was across the Kapa Kapa Trail. Members of the 2nd Battalion, 126th Regiment, 32nd Red Arrow Division were ordered to flank the Japanese in a march on foot across the Owen Stanley Range, including crossing near Ghost Mountain, considerably east of the more well-known Kokoda Track.
The Kapa Kapa Trail across the Owen Stanley divide was a 'dank and eerie place, rougher and more precipitous' than the Kokoda Track on which the Australians and Japanese were then fighting.
Ghost Mountain earned its name from the eerie phosphorescent glow given off at night by moss-covered trees in the forests on its slopes. The mountain also claimed the lives of a number of U.S. 5th Air Force air crews during the conflict, and a civilian aircraft since then.
See also
Kokoda Track Campaign
32nd Infantry Division
Further reading
plus Author Interview at the Pritzker Military Library on January 10, 2008
References
Mountains of Papua New Guinea |
5387247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey%27s%20Resort%20Hotel%20bombing | Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing | The Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing took place on August 26–27, 1980, when several men masquerading as photocopier deliverers planted an elaborately booby trapped bomb containing of dynamite at Harvey's Resort Hotel (now "Harveys") in Stateline, Nevada, United States. After an attempt to disarm the bomb, it exploded, causing extensive damage to the hotel but no injuries or deaths. The total cost of the damage was estimated to be around $18 million. John Birges Sr. was convicted of having made the bomb with a goal of extorting money from the casino after having lost $750,000 there. He died in prison in 1996, at the age of 74.
Background
John Birges Sr. was a Hungarian immigrant to Clovis, California. He claimed to later biographers he flew for the German Luftwaffe during World War II, during which time he provided intelligence to the United States. He was captured and sentenced to 25 years of hard labor in the Soviet gulag. Eight years into his sentence in the gulag, he was released during a period of mass repatriation of POWs held in the Soviet Union to their home countries and returned to Hungary. From there, he emigrated to the United States. Investigations of Birges's accounts of his life in Europe have not produced any independent evidence of his claims to have flown for the Nazis, spied for the U.S., or been imprisoned in a Soviet gulag.
Birges built a successful landscaping business, but his addiction to gambling led to him losing a large amount of money and prompted the bomb plot. His gambling debt and experience with explosives were primary pieces of evidence linking him to the bombing.
Bombing
As the mastermind behind the bomb, now-former millionaire Birges was attempting to extort $3 million ($ million in ) from the casino, claiming he had lost $750,000 ($ million in ) gambling there.
The FBI went to the spot that they believed to be the ransom drop, but Birges was waiting at a different location due to vague directions. No money was paid to Birges.
The bomb was cleverly built and virtually tamper-proof. The ransom note stated that the bomb could not be disarmed even by the bomb builder, but if paid $3 million, he would give instructions on which combination of switches would allow the bomb to be moved and remotely detonated. The FBI determined that it would take four men to move it, and there was no way to know if the bomb was truly disarmed or safe to move. The FBI decided that the bomb would have to be disarmed in the hotel. All guests and staff were evacuated from the hotel and the gas main was shut off.
After studying the bomb for more than a day through x-rays, bomb technicians decided that, although there were warnings from the bomb maker that a shock would trigger the device, the best hope of disarming it was by separating the detonators from the dynamite. The technicians thought this could be accomplished using a shaped charge of C-4. The attempt to disarm the bomb failed as the technicians did not know that dynamite had also been placed in the top box containing the detonation circuit; the shaped charge detonated the top box explosives, which caused the rest of the bomb to detonate. The bomb destroyed much of the hotel, although no one was injured. The explosion damaged Harrah's Casino (connected to Harvey's Resort via a tunnel), breaking many of the casino's windows.
The bomb, one of the largest the FBI had ever seen, was loaded with an estimated of dynamite stolen from a construction site in Fresno, California. According to FBI experts, the Harvey's bomb remains the most complex improvised explosive device they have examined, and a replica of "the machine", as the extortionists called it, was still used in FBI training .
Investigation
The bomb was delivered to the casino's second floor by two men posing as technicians; witnesses spotted a white van marked with "IBM" on the side. Birges was investigated as a possible suspect due to his white van being identified as being in South Tahoe at the time of the bombing. Birges was eventually arrested based on a tip. One of his sons had revealed to his then-girlfriend that his father had placed a bomb in Harvey's. After the two broke up, she was on a date with another man when they heard about a reward for information, and she informed her new boyfriend about Birges. This man then called the FBI.
John Birges' two sons both entered pleas of guilty in 1981 for their roles in the bombing, serving no prison time in exchange for testifying against their father. Birges was convicted in 1982 and sentenced to life in prison without parole.
Birges' two accomplices who delivered the bomb to Harvey's were subsequently sentenced: Terry Lee Hall, in 1982, of conspiracy and interstate transport of explosives; and Hall's father-in-law Willis Brown, who entered a plea of guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence.
In 1983, the final defendant, Ella Joan Williams, named by prosecutors as the typist of the extortion letter, was convicted of attempted extortion, conspiracy, and interstate travel in aid of extortion.
In 1996, at the age of 74, Birges died of liver cancer at the Southern Nevada Correctional Center, 16 years and a day after the bombing.
References
Further reading
Attacks in the United States in 1980
1980 in Nevada
Attacks on hotels in North America
August 1980 events in the United States
Building bombings in the United States
Crime in Nevada
Improvised explosive device bombings in 1980
Extortion
History of Douglas County, Nevada
Hotel bombings
Stateline, Nevada |
5387285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks%20in%20Turkey | Greeks in Turkey | The Greeks in Turkey () constitute a small population of Greek and Greek-speaking Eastern Orthodox Christians who mostly live in Istanbul, as well as on the two islands of the western entrance to the Dardanelles: Imbros and Tenedos ( and Bozcaada).
They are the remnants of the estimated 200,000 Greeks who were permitted under the provisions of the Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations to remain in Turkey following the 1923 population exchange, which involved the forcible resettlement of approximately 1.5 million Greeks from Anatolia and East Thrace and of half a million Turks from all of Greece except for Western Thrace. After years of persecution (e.g. the Varlık Vergisi and the Istanbul Pogrom), emigration of ethnic Greeks from the Istanbul region greatly accelerated, reducing the Greek minority population from 119,822 before the attack to about 7,000 by 1978. The 2008 figures released by the Turkish Foreign Ministry places the current number of Turkish citizens of Greek descent at the 3,000–4,000 mark.
However, according to the Human Rights Watch the Greek population in Turkey is estimated at 2,500 in 2006. The Greek population in Turkey is collapsing as the community is now far too small to sustain itself demographically, due to emigration, much higher death rates than birth rates and continuing discrimination.
Since 1924, the status of the Greek minority in Turkey has been ambiguous. Beginning in the 1930s, the government instituted repressive policies forcing many Greeks to emigrate. Examples are the labour battalions drafted among non-Muslims during World War II, as well as the Fortune Tax (Varlık Vergisi) levied mostly on non-Muslims during the same period. These resulted in financial ruination and death for many Greeks. The exodus was given greater impetus with the Istanbul Pogrom of September 1955 which led to thousands of Greeks fleeing the city, eventually reducing the Greek population to about 7,000 by 1978 and to about 2,500 by 2006. According to the United Nations, this figure was much smaller in 2012 and reached 2,000.
A minority of Muslim Pontic Greek speakers, using a dialect called "Romeyka" or "Ophitic", still live in the area around Of.
Name
The Greeks of Turkey are referred to in Turkish as Rumlar, meaning "Romans". This derives from the self-designation Ῥωμαῖος (Rhomaîos, pronounced ro-ME-os) or Ρωμιός (Rhomiós, pronounced ro-mee-OS or rom-YOS) used by Byzantine Greeks, who were the continuation of the Roman Empire in the east.
The ethnonym Yunanlar is exclusively used by Turks to refer to Greeks from Greece and not for the population of Turkey.
In Greek, Greeks from Asia Minor are referred to as or (Mikrasiátes or Anatolítes, lit. "Asia Minor-ites" and "Anatolians"), while Greeks from Pontos (Pontic Greeks) are known as (Póntioi).
Greeks from Istanbul are known as (Konstantinoupolítes, lit. "Constantinopolites"), most often shortened to (Polítes, pronounced po-LEE-tes). Those who arrived during the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey are also referred to as (Prósfyges, i. e. "Refugees").
History
Background
Greeks have been living in what is now Turkey continuously since the middle 2nd millennium BC. Following upheavals in mainland Greece during the Bronze Age Collapse, the Aegean coast of Asia Minor was heavily settled by Ionian and Aeolian Greeks and became known as Ionia and Aeolia. During the era of Greek colonization from the 8th to the 6th century BC, numerous Greek colonies were founded on the coast of Asia Minor, both by mainland Greeks as well as settlers from colonies such as Miletus. The city of Byzantium, which would go on to become Constantinople and Istanbul, was founded by colonists from Megara in the 7th century BC.
Following the conquest of Asia Minor by Alexander the Great, the rest of Asia Minor was opened up to Greek settlement. Upon the death of Alexander, Asia Minor was ruled by a number of Hellenistic kingdoms such as the Attalids of Pergamum. A period of peaceful Hellenization followed, such that the local Anatolian languages had been supplanted by Greek by the 1st century BC. Asia Minor was one of the first places where Christianity spread, so that by the 4th century AD it was overwhelmingly Christian and Greek-speaking. For the next 600 years, Asia Minor and Constantinople, which eventually became the capital of the Byzantine Empire, would be the centers of the Hellenic world, while mainland Greece experienced repeated barbarian invasions and went into decline.
Following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Seljuk Turks swept through all of Asia Minor. While the Byzantines would recover western and northern Anatolia in subsequent years, central Asia Minor was settled by Turkic peoples and never again came under Byzantine rule. The Byzantine Empire was unable to stem the Turkic advance, and by 1300 most of Asia Minor was ruled by Anatolian beyliks. Smyrna () fell in 1330, and Philadelphia (), fell in 1398. The last Byzantine Greek kingdom in Anatolia, the Empire of Trebizond, covering the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey to the border with Georgia, fell in 1461.
Ottoman Empire
Constantinople fell in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire. Beginning with the Seljuk invasion in the 11th century, and continuing through the Ottoman years, Anatolia underwent a process of Turkification, its population gradually changing from predominantly Christian and Greek-speaking to predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking.
A class of moneyed ethnically Greek merchants (they commonly claimed noble Byzantine descent) called Phanariotes emerged in the latter half of the 16th century and went on to exercise great influence in the administration in the Ottoman Empire's Balkan domains in the 18th century. They tended to build their houses in the Phanar quarter of Istanbul in order to be close to the court of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, who under the Ottoman millet system was recognized as both the spiritual and secular head (millet-bashi) of all the Orthodox subjects (the Rum Millet, or the "Roman nation") of the Empire, often acting as archontes of the Ecumenical See. For all their cosmopolitanism and often western (sometimes Roman Catholic) education, the Phanariots were aware of their Hellenism; according to Nicholas Mavrocordatos' Philotheou Parerga: "We are a race completely Hellenic".
The first Greek millionaire in the Ottoman era was Michael Kantakouzenos Shaytanoglu, who earned 60.000 ducats a year from his control of the fur trade from Russia; he was eventually executed on the Sultan's order. It was the wealth of the extensive Greek merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the second half of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. Greek merchants endowed libraries and schools; on the eve of the Greek War of Independence the three most important centres of Greek learning, schools-cum-universities, were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce.
The outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in March 1821 was met by mass executions, pogrom-style attacks, the destruction of churches, and looting of Greek properties throughout the Empire. The most severe atrocities occurred in Constantinople, in what became known as the Constantinople Massacre of 1821. The Orthodox Patriarch Gregory V was executed on April 22, 1821 on the orders of the Ottoman Sultan, which caused outrage throughout Europe and resulted in increased support for the Greek rebels.
By the late 19th and early 20th century, the Greek element was found predominantly in Constantinople and Smyrna, along the Black Sea coast (the Pontic Greeks) and the Aegean coast, the Gallipoli peninsula and a few cities and numerous villages in the central Anatolian interior (the Cappadocian Greeks). The Greeks of Constantinople constituted the largest Greek urban population in the Eastern Mediterranean.
In the first half of 1914, the Ottoman authorities expelled more than 100,000 Ottoman Greeks to Greece.
World War I and its aftermath
Given their large Greek populations, Constantinople and Asia Minor featured prominently in the Greek irredentist concept of Megali Idea (lit. "Great Idea") during the 19th century and early 20th century. The goal of Megali Idea was the liberation of all Greek-inhabited lands and the eventual establishment of a successor state to the Byzantine Empire with Constantinople as its capital. The Greek population amounted to 1,777,146 (16.42% of population during 1910).
During World War I and its aftermath (1914–1923), the government of the Ottoman Empire and subsequently the Turkish National Movement, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, instigated a violent campaign against the Greek population of the Empire. The campaign included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, and summary expulsions. According to various sources, several hundreds of thousand Ottoman Greeks died during this period. Some of the survivors and refugees, especially those in Eastern provinces, took refuge in the neighbouring Russian Empire.
Following Greece's participation on the Allied side in World War I, and the participation of the Ottoman Empire on the side of the Central Powers, Greece received an order to land in Smyrna by the Triple Entente as part of the planned partition of the Ottoman Empire.
On May 15, 1919, twenty thousand Greek soldiers landed in Smyrna, taking control of the city and its surroundings under cover of the Greek, French, and British navies. Legal justifications for the landings was found in the article 7 of the Armistice of Mudros, which allowed the Allies "to occupy any strategic points in the event of any situation arising which threatens the security of Allies." The Greeks of Smyrna and other Christians greeted the Greek troops as liberators. By contrast, the majority of the Muslim population saw them as an invading force.
Greece was subsequently awarded Eastern Thrace up to the Chatalja lines at the outskirts of Constantinople, the islands of Imbros and Tenedos, and the city Smyrna and its vast hinterland by the Treaty of Sèvres, all of which contained substantial Greek populations.
During the Greco-Turkish War, a conflict which followed the Greek occupation of Smyrna in May 1919 and continued until the Great Fire of Smyrna in September 1922, atrocities were perpetrated by both the Greek and Turkish armies, however, the Greek atrocities were on a minor scale compared to the scale of the barbaric and horrific Turkish slaughter. For the massacres that occurred during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, British historian Arnold J. Toynbee wrote that it was the Greek landings that created the Turkish National Movement led by Mustafa Kemal: "The Greeks of 'Pontus' and the Turks of the Greek occupied territories, were in some degree victims of Mr. Venizelos's and Mr. Lloyd George's original miscalculations at Paris."
After the end of the Greco-Turkish War, most of the Greeks remaining in the Ottoman Empire were transferred to Greece under the terms of the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. The criteria for the population exchange were not exclusively based on ethnicity or mother language, but on religion as well. That is why the Karamanlides (; ), or simply Karamanlis, who were a Turkish-speaking (while they employed the Greek alphabet to write it) Greek Orthodox people of unclear origin, were deported from their native regions of Karaman and Cappadocia in Central Anatolia to Greece as well. On the other hand, Cretan Muslims who were part of the exchange were re-settled mostly on the Aegean coast of Turkey, in areas formerly inhabited by Christian Greeks. Populations of Greek descent can still be found in the Pontos, remnants of the former Greek population that converted to Islam in order to escape the persecution and later deportation. Though these two groups are of ethnic Greek descent, they speak Turkish as a mother language and are very cautious to identify themselves as Greeks, due to the hostility of the Turkish state and neighbours towards anything Greek.
Republic of Turkey
Due to the Greeks' strong emotional attachment to their first capital as well as the importance of the Ecumenical Patriarchate for Greek and worldwide orthodoxy, the Greek population of Constantinople was specifically exempted and allowed to stay in place. Article 14 of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) also exempted Imbros and Tenedos islands from the population exchange and required Turkey to accommodate the local Greek majority and their rights. For the most part, the Turks disregarded this agreement and implemented a series of contrary measures which resulted in a further decline of the Greek population, as evidenced by demographic statistics.
Punitive Turkish nationalist exclusivist measures, such as a 1932 parliamentary law, barred Greek citizens living in Turkey from a series of 30 trades and professions from tailoring and carpentry to medicine, law and real estate.
In 1934, Turkey created the Surname Law which forbade certain surnames that contained connotations of foreign cultures, nations, tribes, and religions. Many minorities, including Greeks, had to adopt last names of a more Turkish rendition.
As from 1936, Turkish became the teaching language (except the Greek language lessons) in Greek schools. The Wealthy Levy imposed in 1942 also served to reduce the economic potential of Greek businesspeople in Turkey. When the Axis attacked on Greece during WW2 hundreds of volunteers from the Greek community of Istanbul went to fight in Greece with the approval of Turkish authorities.
In 6–7 September 1955 an anti-Greek pogrom were orchestrated in Istanbul by the Turkish military's Tactical Mobilization Group, the seat of Operation Gladio's Turkish branch; the Counter-Guerrilla. The events were triggered by the news that the Turkish consulate in Thessaloniki, north Greece—the house where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in 1881—had been bombed the day before. A bomb planted by a Turkish usher of the consulate, who was later arrested and confessed, incited the events. The Turkish press conveying the news in Turkey was silent about the arrest and instead insinuated that Greeks had set off the bomb. Although the mob did not explicitly call for Greeks to be killed, over a dozen people died during or after the pogrom as a result of beatings and arson. Jews, Armenians and others were also harmed. In addition to commercial targets, the mob clearly targeted property owned or administered by the Greek Orthodox Church. 73 churches and 23 schools were vandalized, burned or destroyed, as were 8 asperses and 3 monasteries.
The pogrom greatly accelerated emigration of ethnic Greeks from Turkey, and the Istanbul region in particular. The Greek population of Turkey declined from 119,822 persons in 1927, to about 7,000 by 1978. In Istanbul alone, the Greek population decreased from 65,108 to 49,081 between 1955 and 1960.
In 1964 Turkish prime minister İsmet İnönü unilaterally renounced the Greco-Turkish Treaty of Friendship of 1930 and took actions against the Greek minority that resulted in massive expulsions. Turkey enforced strictly a long‐overlooked law barring Greek nationals from 30 professions and occupations. For example, Greeks could not be doctors, nurses, architects, shoemakers, tailors, plumbers, cabaret singers, iron-smiths, cooks, tourist guides, etc. Many Greeks were ordered to give up their jobs after this law.
Also, Turkish government ordered many Greek‐owned shops to close leaving many Greek families destitute. In addition, Turkey has suspended a 1955 agreement granting unrestricted travel facilities to nationals of both countries. A number of Greeks caught outside Turkey when this suspension took effect and were unable to return to their homes at Turkey. Moreover, Turkey once again deported many Greeks. They were given a week to leave the country, and police escorts saw to it that they make the deadline. Deportees protested that it was impossible to sell businesses or personal property in so short a time. Most of those deported were born in Turkey and they had no place to go in Greece. Greeks had difficulty receiving credit from banks. Those expelled, in some cases, could not dispose of their property before leaving.
Furthermore, it forcefully closed the Prinkipo Greek Orthodox Orphanage, the Patriarchate's printing house and the Greek minority schools on the islands of Gökçeada/Imbros and Tenedos/Bozcaada. Furthermore, the farm property of the Greeks on the islands were taken away from their owners. Moreover, university students were organizing boycotts against Greek shops. Teachers of schools maintained by the Greek minority complained of frequent "inspections" by squads of Turkish officers inquiring into matters of curriculum, texts and especially the use of the Greek language in teaching. In late 1960, the Turkish treasure seized the properties of the Balıklı Greek Hospital. The hospital sued the treasury on the ground that the transfer of its property was illegal, but the Turkish courts were in favor of the Turkish treasure. On August 4, 2022, a fire broke out on the roof of the Balıklı Greek Hospital. The roof was completely destroyed and the upper floor was also destroyed except for the exterior walls. However, the ground floor of the hospital remained unscathed from the fire.
In 1965 the Turkish government established on Imbros an open agricultural prison for Turkish mainland convicts; farming land was expropriated for this purpose. Greek Orthodox communal property was also expropriated and between 1960 and 1990 about 200 churches and chapels were reportedly destroyed. Many from the Greek community on the islands of Imbros and Tenedos responded to these acts by leaving. In addition, at the same year the first mosque was built in the island. It was named Fatih Camii (Conqueror's Mosque) and was built on an expropriated Greek Orthodox communal property at the capital of the island.
In 1991, Turkish authorities ended the military "forbidden zone" status on the island of Imbros.
In 1992, Panimbrian Committee mentioned, that members of the Greek community are "considered by the authorities to be second class citizens" and that the local Greeks are afraid to express their feelings, to protest against certain actions of the authorities or the Turkish settlers, or even to allow anybody to make use of their names when they give some information referring to the violation of their rights, fearing the consequences which they will have to face from the Turkish authorities. The same year the Human Rights Watch report concluded that the Turkish government has denied the rights of the Greek community on Imbros and Tenedos in violation of the Lausanne Treaty and international human rights laws and agreements.
In 1997, the Turkish state seized the Prinkipo Greek Orthodox Orphanage which had been forcefully closed in 1964. After many years of court battles, Turkey returned the property to the Greek community in 2012.
In August 2002, a new law was passed by the Turkish parliament to protect the minorities rights, because of Turkey's EU candidacy. With this new law, it prevented the Turkish treasury from seizing community foundations properties.
Current situation
Today most of the remaining Greeks live in Istanbul. In the Fener district of Istanbul where the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople is located, fewer than 100 Greeks live today. A handful also live in other cities of Anatolia. Most are elderly.
Another location where the Greek community lives is the islands Imbros and Tenedos near the Dardanelles, but this community diminished rapidly during the 20th century and only 200 elderly Greeks have remained there, less than 2%. In the 1950s, an estimated 98% of the island was Greek. In the last years the condition of the Greek community in these islands seems to be slightly improving.
The Antiochian Greeks (Rum) living in Hatay are the descendants of the Ottoman Levant's and southeast Anatolia's Greek population and are part of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch. They did not emigrate to Greece during the 1923 population exchange because at that time the Hatay province was under French control. The majority of the Antiochian Greeks moved to Syria and Lebanon at 1939, when Turkey took control of the Hatay region, however a small population remained at this area. After a process of Arabization and Turkification that took place in the 20th century, today almost their entirety speaks Arabic as a mother language. This has made them hard to distinguish from the Arab Christians and some argue that they have become largely homogenized. Their majority doesn't speak Greek at all, the younger generation speaks Turkish, and some have Turkish names now. Their population is about 18,000, and they are faithful to the Patriarchate of Antiochia, although ironically it is now in Damascus. They reside largely in Antakya and/or the Hatay province, but a few are also in Adana province.
The Greek minority continues to encounter problems relating to education and property rights. A 1971 law nationalized religious high schools, and closed the Halki seminary on Istanbul's Heybeli Island which had trained Orthodox clergy since the 19th century. A later outrage was the vandalism of the Greek cemetery on Imbros on October 29, 2010. In this context, problems affecting the Greek minority on the islands of Imbros and Tenedos continue to be reported to the European Commission.
In July 2011, Istanbul's Greek minority newspaper Apoyevmatini declared that it would shut down due to financial difficulties. The four-page Greek-language newspaper faced closure due to financial problems that had been further aggravated by the economic crisis in Greece, when Greek companies stopped publishing advertisements in the newspaper and the offices have already been shut down. This ignited campaign to help the newspaper. Among the supporters were students from Istanbul Bilgi University who subscribed to the newspaper. The campaign saved the paper from bankruptcy for the time being. Because the Greek community is close to extinction, the obituary notices and money from Greek foundations, as well as subscriptions overwhelmingly by Turkish people, are the only sources of income. This income covers only 40 percent of the newspaper expenditures.
That event was followed in September 2011 by a government cash grant of 45,000 Turkish Liras to the newspaper through the Turkish Press Advertisement Agency, as part of a wider support of minority newspapers.
The Turkish Press Advertisement Agency also declared intention to publish official government advertisements in minority newspapers including Greek papers Apoyevmatini and IHO.
As of 2007, Turkish authorities have seized a total of 1,000 immovables of 81 Greek organizations as well as individuals of the Greek community. On the other hand, Turkish courts provided legal legitimacy to unlawful practices by approving discriminatory laws and policies that violated fundamental rights they were responsible to protect. As a result, foundations of the Greek communities started to file complaints after 1999 when Turkey's candidacy to the European Union was announced. Since 2007, decisions are being made in these cases; the first ruling was made in a case filed by the Phanar Greek Orthodox College Foundation, and the decision was that Turkey violated Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which secured property rights.
A government decree published on 27 August 2011, paves the way to return assets that once belonged to Greek, Armenian, Assyrian, Kurd or Jewish trusts and makes provisions for the government to pay compensation for any confiscated property that has since been sold on, and in a move likely to thwart possible court rulings against the country by the European Court of Human Rights.
Since the vast majority of properties confiscated from Greek trusts (and other minority trusts) have been sold to third parties, which as a result cannot be taken from their current owners and be returned, the Greek trusts will receive compensation from the government instead. Compensation for properties that were purchased or were sold to third parties will be decided on by the Finance Ministry. However, no independent body is involved in deciding on compensation, according to the regulations of the government decree of 27 August 2011. If the compensation were judged fairly and paid in full, the state would have to pay compensation worth many millions of Euros for a large number of properties. Another weakness of the government decree is that the state body with a direct interest in reducing the amount of compensation paid, which is the Finance Ministry, is the only body permitted to decide on the amount of compensation paid. The government decree also states that minority trusts must apply for restitution within 12 months of the publication of the government decree, which was issued on 1 October 2011, leaving less than 11 months for the applications to be prepared and submitted. After this deadline terminates on 27 August 2012, no applications can be submitted, in which the government aims to settle this issue permamenetly on a legally sound basis and prevent future legal difficulties involving the European Court of Human Rights.
Demographics of Greeks in Istanbul
The Greek community of Istanbul numbered 67,550 people in 1955. However, after the Istanbul Pogrom orchestrated by Turkish authorities against the Greek community in that year, their number was dramatically reduced to only 48,000. Today, the Greek community numbers about 2,000 people.
Notable people
Patriarch Bartholomew I (1940): current patriarch of Constantinople. Born in Imbros as Dimitrios Arhondonis.
Elia Kazan (1909-2003): American film director. Born Elias Kazancıoğlu in Istanbul
Archbishop Elpidophoros of America (1967): current archbishop of America. Born in Bakirkoy, Istanbul as Ioannis Lambriniadis.
Patriarch Benedict I of Jerusalem (1892-1980): Patriarch of Jerusalem from 1957 to 1980. Born in Bursa as Vasileios Papadopoulos.
Gilbert Biberian (1944): guitarist and composer. Born in Istanbul from a Greek-Armenian family.
Chrysanthos Mentis Bostantzoglou (1918-1995): cartoonist known as Bost, born in Istanbul.
Thomas Cosmades (1924-2010): evangelical preacher and translators of the New Testament in Turkish. Born in Istanbul.
Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople (1914-1991): patriarch of Constantinople from 1972 to 1991. Born in Istanbul.
Antonis Diamantidis (1892-1945): musician. Born in Istanbul.
Savas Dimopoulos (1952): particle physicist at Stanford University. Born in Istanbul.
Aleksandros Hacopulos (1911-1980): politician, member of Grand National Assembly twice
Violet Kostanda (1958): former volleyball player for Eczacıbaşı and the Turkish National Team. She was born in Istanbul from a Greek-Romani family. Her father Hristo played football for Beşiktaş.
Minas Gekos (1959): basketball player and coach who played mainly in Greece. Born in Kurtuluş district of Istanbul.
Patroklos Karantinos (1903-1976): modernism architect. Born in Istanbul.
Kostas Kasapoglou (1935-2016): footballer player, once capped for the Turkish National Team. Born in Istanbul, he was known with his Turkishized name Koço Kasapoğlu.
Konstantinos Spanoudis (1871-1941): politician, founder and first president of AEK Athens. Born in Istanbul, was forced to relocate to Athens.
Antonis Kafetzopoulos (1951): actor. Born in Istabul moved in Greece in 1964.
Michael Giannatos (1941-2013): actor. Born in Istanbul moved in Greece in 1964
Kostas Karipis (1880-1952): rhebetiko musician. Born in Istanbul.
Nikos Kovis (1953): former Turkish football international. Born in Istanbul.
Lefteris Antoniadis (1924-2012): Fenerbahçe legend and member of the Turkish national football team. He was born in Büyükada island near Istanbul and was known in Turkey as Lefter Küçükandonyadis.
Ioanna Koutsouranti (1936): philosopher and Maltepe University Academic. Born in Istanbul from a Greek-Roma family, she's known in Turkey as İoanna Kuçuradi.
Sappho Leontias (1832-1900): writer, feminist and educationist. Born in Istanbul.
Petros Markaris (1937): writer. Born in Istanbul.
Kleanthis Maropoulos (1919-1991): Greek international footballer. Born in Istanbul, fled to Greece during the Greek-Turks population exchange when he was 3 years old.
See also
Orthodox Christianity in Turkey
Minorities in Turkey
Treaty of Lausanne
Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
Istanbul Pogrom
Imbros
Tenedos
Greek Muslims
Pontic Greeks
Antiochian Greeks
Cretan Muslims
Istanbul Greek dialect
References
Further reading
Alexandrēs, Alexēs. "The Greek minority of Istanbul and Greek-Turkish relations, 1918-1974." Center for Asia Minor Studies, 1983.
External links
Istanbul Greek Minority Information Portal for present Greek Minority of Turkey in Greek, Turkish and English
Athens protests latest desecration of Orthodox cemetery in Turkey
Greeks of Istanbul (İstanbul Rumları) (Video)
The Greeks of Turkey
Greek - Turkish minorities
Greeks Living in Turkey Today
Turkey's Greek Community Grapples with adversity
Turkey - Greeks
Demographics of Turkey |
5387292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstormer | Barnstormer | Barnstormer, Barnstorm or Barnstorming may refer to:
Sports
Barnstorming, aerial stunts performed for entertainment, popular in the 1920s
Barnstorming (sports), athletic practice of traveling and playing exhibition matches outside of established leagues
Iowa Barnstormers, a professional indoor football team from Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.
Lancaster Barnstormers, a professional baseball team from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Arts and entertainment
Barnstorm (band), an American rock band 1972–74
Barnstorm (album), 1972
Barnstormer (ride), a thrill ride at Dollywood in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, U.S.
The Barnstormer, a junior roller coaster at Walt Disney World in Florida, U.S.
The Barnstormer (film), a 1922 American silent comedy film
"Barnstormers", an episode of The Shield TV series
Barnstormer (band), a music project of Attila the Stockbroker
Barnstorming (video game), for the Atari 2600, 1982
Other uses
Fisher Barnstormer, a biplane ultralight aircraft
Operation Barnstormer, a 2006 coalition military operation of the Iraq War
Ashley and Shane Barnstormer, characters from the 2014 web series Video Game High School
See also |
5387296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangulzai%20tribe | Bangulzai tribe | The Bangulzai () are one of the Sarawan Brahui tribes of Balochistan, Pakistan.
References
Brahui tribes |
5387301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Comrie | Paul Comrie | Paul Gordon Comrie (born February 7, 1977) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Edmonton Oilers during the 1999–2000 NHL season.
Hockey player
Before his short professional career, Paul played for the Fort Saskatchewan Traders, and then for the University of Denver from 1996 until 1999. He was selected in the 9th round of the 1997 NHL Entry Draft, 224th overall, by the Tampa Bay Lightning, but never played for them. On December 30, 1997, the Lightning traded Comrie, along with Roman Hamrlik, to the Edmonton Oilers (the team his brother, Mike Comrie, also played for) in exchange for Bryan Marchment, Steve Kelly, and Jason Bonsignore. He played in fifteen NHL games for the Oilers during the 1999–2000 NHL season. Comrie was forced to retire at the age of 24 due to concussion problems.
Business career
Comrie, who studied business at the University of Denver, is the oldest son of Bill Comrie, founder of the home furnishings store The Brick. Following his retirement from hockey, Comrie entered into the family business, The Brick, as Case Goods Buyer in 2002 and Director of Imports in 2003. From 2004 onwards, Comrie was appointed to various executive positions and as a director of the Brick:
President of United Furniture Warehouse LP 2004-2006
Vice President, Merchandising, Furniture and Mattresses of the Brick Group Income Fund 2006-2008
Chief Merchandising Officer of the Brick Group Income Fund 2008–2014
Chief Executive Officer of Elements International 2014–Present
Transactions
December 20, 1997 – Comrie and Roman Hamrlik traded to Edmonton by Tampa Bay in exchange for Jason Bonsignore, Steve Kelly, and Bryan Marchment
Personal life
Comrie's half-brother Eric plays goal for the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League. He was selected 59th overall in the 2013 NHL draft by the Winnipeg Jets.
Comrie is the former brother-in-law of Hilary Duff, through brother Mike, who also played for the Oilers.
Awards and honours
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Denver Pioneers men's ice hockey players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Edmonton Oilers players
Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players
Sportspeople from Edmonton
Ice hockey people from Alberta
San Diego Barracudas players
Tampa Bay Lightning draft picks
AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans |
5387320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidri | Sidri | The Sidri, also known as Sidrian Hunters, are a fictional race of extraterrestrial beings appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are depicted as adversaries of the X-Men. Created by writer Chris Claremont and artist Dave Cockrum, they first appeared in Uncanny X-Men #154 (February 1982).
Physical characteristics and abilities
The Sidri look roughly like giant beetles, crabs or sting rays. The dorsal portion of their bodies resembles a shell and is dark purple. The underbelly is yellow. Sidri have six apparently digit-less limbs. Four limbs are large, purple, and located on the sides. Two are small, yellow and located near the front of the underbelly. Each Sidri has a single, large, red eye.
Sidrian's live in colonies and are so closely linked that they can combine into a "ship matrix." The matrix is a giant collective Sidri being roughly resembling a manta ray. The ship matrix also has a tail and two limbs with digits on the underbelly. This bioship form is capable of faster than light flight and survival in space.
Sidri are said to be a techno-organic race with adaptive capability, they can project an energy beam of unknown nature from a visor like aperture to stun their opponents but are particularly vulnerable to heat. They reproduce by laying eggs.
Encounters with the X-Men
The Sidri first encounter the X-Men when a group of Sidri bounty hunters followed Corsair to the X-Mansion. The Sidri attacked Corsair, Cyclops, and Storm and destroyed the mansion. The Sidri ship matrix then pursued the trio who had escaped in the Blackbird jet. Corsair killed the Sidri by igniting a petroleum storage facility.
Later, Kitty Pryde was attacked by a group of Sidri in a maintenance tunnel of the reconstructed X-Mansion's sub-basement. The sub-basement had survived the attack, and several Sidri had hid there to lay eggs. Colossus and Lockheed came to Kitty's aid, and the three defeated the Sidri. Lockheed destroyed thousands of Sidri eggs by burning them with his fire-breath and eating them.
An all female team of X-Men consisting of Jubilation Lee, Rachel Summers, Monet St. Croix, Ororo Munroe and Elizabeth Braddock ended up in a confrontation with an enclave of Sidrian Hunters while caring for the formerly comatose Shi'Ar imperial Deathbird. All while she was pursuing their employers; the Providian Order across star systems and towards Earth.
Another batch of Sidri hatchlings secretly takes over the now abandoned X-Mansion, where they surprise and capture Lady Mastermind when she comes looking for a portal to the X-Men's new domicile on Krakoa. However, when a team of X-Men is sent to investigate the presence of a mutant in the mansion, one of its members - Cypher - manages to establish a rapport with the Sidri, enabling the X-Men to free Lady Mastermind peacefully and permitting the Sidri to guard the portal.
Powers and abilities
The Sidri are an adaptive biomechanical species with the ability to survive in the vacuum of deep space. Possessing high resistance to extreme cold yet are vulnerable to intense heat, they can project force blasts or other forms of energy from their visor like eye, can grow additional natural body armor, and merge with other Sidri to double their size. They are of a collective consciousness with FTL-flight capacity.
References
Characters created by Chris Claremont
Characters created by Dave Cockrum |
5387327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%20Army%20National%20Guard | Florida Army National Guard | The Florida Army National Guard is Florida's component of the United States Army and the United States National Guard. In the United States, the Army National Guard comprises approximately one half of the federal army's available combat forces and approximately one third of its support organization. Federal coordination of various state National Guard units are maintained through the National Guard Bureau. The Florida Army National Guard was composed of approximately 10,000 soldiers (as of March 2009). The main state training grounds is Camp Blanding.
Florida Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army. The same enlisted ranks and officer ranks and insignia used by the United States Army are used by Army National Guardsmen and the latter are eligible to receive all United States military awards. The Florida National Guard also bestows a number of state awards for local services rendered in or to the state of Florida.
History
The predecessor of the Florida Army National Guard was a Spanish Florida militia formed in 1565 in the newly established presidio town of St. Augustine. On September 20, 1565, Spanish admiral and Florida's first governor, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, attacked and defended Florida from an attempted French settlement at Fort Caroline, in what is now Jacksonville. The subsequent Florida militia served with the Spanish crown for 236 years, Great Britain for a 20 years, and the Confederate States of America for 5 years.
In 1702–1704, an inter-Indian Native American conflict started as part of Queen Anne's War involving the English armies on one side and the Spanish on another resulted in the Apalachee massacre. The conflict later also escalated into the Yamasee War. After the end of the First Seminole War in 1821, the Florida provinces joined the United States, a process finalized in the ratification of the Adams–Onís Treaty. From 1835 to 1842 the Second Seminole War resulted in the elimination by force of most of the Native Americans from the territory. Florida was incorporated into the United States as a state in 1845. After Florida's incorporation into the United States problems with Seminoles continued until almost 1860.
Some of the immediate origins of the Florida ARNG today can be traced to the Florida State Troops. Today's 124th Infantry Regiment was reorganized and established in the Florida State Troops as five battalions between 1888 and 1892.
The Militia Act of 1903 organized the various state militias into the present National Guard system. The Florida ARNG included elements of the 51st Infantry Division from 11 September 1946 to 1963 and was originally headquartered at the Fort Homer Hesterly Armory in Tampa, Florida. The Florida ARNG also included the 48th Armored Division from 1954 to 1968.
In 1986, the 1st Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment, was organized from pre-existing Florida ARNG aviation units at Craig Airport in Jacksonville and Lakeland Linder Regional Airport in Lakeland, the Lakeland unit relocating to Brooksville–Tampa Bay Regional Airport in Brooksville in 1999 and the Craig Airport unit relocating to Cecil Airport, the former NAS Cecil Field, in 2000.
The Florida Army National Guard was composed of approximately 9,950 soldiers in January 2001, subsequently increasing to its current size
Historic units
124th Infantry Regiment
153rd Cavalry Regiment
116th Field Artillery Regiment
111th Aviation Regiment
265th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
187th Armored Regiment
Units
53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team
Headquarters and Headquarters Company
1st Battalion 167th Infantry Regiment
1st Battalion 124th Infantry Regiment
2nd Battalion 124th Infantry Regiment
1st Squadron 153rd Cavalry Regiment
753rd Brigade Engineer Battalion
83rd Troop Command
3rd Battalion, 20th Special Forces Group
1st Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment
2nd Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment (Airfield Operations Battalion) Returned home from an deployment in Iraq and Kuwait on May 8, 2010.
2nd Battalion, 151st Aviation Regiment (Support & Security/ Reconnaissance and Interdiction Detachment)
146th Expeditionary Signal Battalion
870th Engineer Company
868th Engineer Company
50th Regional Support Group
927th Combat Service Support Battalion
Headquarters and Headquarters Company
631st Maintenance Company
256th Medical Company
144th Transportation Company
Detachment 1, 32nd Army Air & Missile Defense Command
211th Infantry Regiment (Regional Training Institute)
260th Military Intelligence Battalion (Linguist)
A Military Intelligence Company
B Military Intelligence Company
C Military Intelligence Company
356th Quartermaster Company
856th Quartermaster Company
13th Army Band
164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade
1st Battalion, 265th Air Defense Artillery Regiment (Avenger)
3rd Battalion, 265th Air Defense Artillery Regiment (Avenger)
3rd Battalion, 116th Field Artillery Regiment
254th Transportation Battalion
Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment
715th Military Police Company
806th Military Police Company
690th Military Police Company
1218th Transportation Company (Cargo)
Duties
National Guard units can be mobilized at any time by presidential order to supplement regular armed forces, and upon declaration of a state of emergency by the governor of the state in which they serve. Unlike Army Reserve members, National Guard members cannot be mobilized individually (except through voluntary transfers and Temporary Duty Assignments, e.g. TDY), but only as part of their respective units.
Active Duty Callups
Army National Guard personnel who are "Traditional Guardsmen" (TG) typically serve "One weekend a month, two weeks a year", with a smaller portion of personnel working for the Guard in a full-time capacity as either Active Guard Reserve (AGR) or Army Reserve Technicians (ART). TG personnel in more intensive combat specialties, such as on active flying status in Army Aviation or in unique ground units such as Special Forces, will often perform additional military duty beyond the standard 48 weekend drills and 17 days on active duty annual training, with such periods of duty often totaling in excess of 100 days per year.
Current Department of Defense policy is that no Guardsman will be involuntarily activated for a total of more than 24 months (cumulative) in one six-year enlistment period (this policy has changed 1 August 2007, the new policy states that soldiers will be given 24 months between deployments of no more than 24 months, individual states have differing policies). The largest mobilization in state history began in mid-2009. More than 4,000 FLARNG soldiers were called to active duty and most were to be deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan.
See also
Florida Naval Militia
Florida State Guard
MCTFT
References
External links
Bibliography of Florida Army National Guard History compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
Florida National Guard, accessed 20 Nov 2006
GlobalSecurity.org Florida Army National Guard
United States Army National Guard by state
Military in Florida |
5387343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehri%20tribe | Lehri tribe | Lehri () is a Baloch () tribe in Balochistan, Pakistan. They are descended from the Rind Baloch and have emerged from the Domki tribe. The Lehris originally had their headquarters in Narmuk, Kalat District. They are spread in and around, Sibi, Dadar, Usta Mohammad, Mastung, Kalat, Kachhi District and Quetta
History
During Mir Abdullah Khan Wai's rule Sardar Kakkar Khan Haibatzai Lehri Baloch lost his life in Bibi Nani whilst fighting the Kalhora tribe from Kachhi District The Kalhora were forced to leave Kachhi District when a retaliatory attack was launched on them by a collection of Baloch tribes Battle of Kachhi
Sardar Mir Jahangir Khan Lehri Baloch actively assisted the Khan of Kalat (Mir Khudaidad Khan) in controlling rebels in Kadh region of Mastung and lost his life in the process. After his death Sardar Mir Dost Mohammad Khan Lehri supervised the tribe until his decease in the year 1905. Sardar Mir Dost Mohammad Lehri was succeeded by Sardar Mir Mohammad Bahram Khan who was well loved and respected by the Lehris as well as Baloch from other tribes.
In the past, the Lehris were mostly land owners; agriculture being the main means of their livelihoods. They have an estimated population of about 113,000 in Balochistan.
References
Brahui tribes
Baloch tribes
Social groups of Pakistan |
5387349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393%20UEFA%20Cup | 1992–93 UEFA Cup | The 1992–93 UEFA Cup was won by Juventus, who beat Borussia Dortmund 6–1 on aggregate in the final, a record score for a UEFA Cup final. It was the third victory in the competition for the Italian team (first club to reach this record).
Three seasons had now passed since the ban on English clubs in European competitions as a result of the Heysel disaster (1985) had been lifted, and for this campaign the number of English clubs in the competition was increased from one to two. English league runners-up Manchester United were joined by third placed Sheffield Wednesday, though both teams ultimately had a short-lived run in the competition. Even Poland earned one more seat, while Finland and Hungary lost one.
Ajax were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Auxerre.
First round
Former Soviet Union now Community of Independent States had three places, and clubs qualified according to 1991 Soviet Top League, but after that UEFA recognized to Ukraine its own spot in the Cup Winners Cup, Chornomorets ceded their place in UEFA Cup to Dynamo Moscow.Yugoslavia was disqualified after UN ban: UEFA awarded one of its two places to Scotland, while the other one was given to Romania.Albanian clubs were excluded from all competitions in the 1992-93 season which allowed Austria to have three entries.East Germany ceased to participate as an independent association (having merged with the West German association due to the German reunification). This left UEFA one country short for the UEFA Cup, and therefore a new country (Slovenia) were given one spot. East Germany were no longer counted for the 1991 UEFA Country Ranking (decisive for the number of spots in the 1992-93 UEFA Cup). Turkey moved up to 21st place in that ranking and therefore were entitled to enter two clubs.
|}
1: The match was stopped in the 51st minute, while Paris Saint-Germain were leading by 2–0, due to incidents in the stands. Paris Saint-Germain were later awarded a 0–3 walkover win by UEFA.
First leg
Second leg
Celtic won 3–2 on aggregate.
Dynamo Moscow won 5–3 on aggregate.
Panathinaikos won 10–0 on aggregate.
3–3 on aggregate; Dynamo Kyiv won on away goals.
Copenhagen won 10–1 on aggregate.
Roma won 5–1 on aggregate.
Real Madrid won 5–1 on aggregate.
Fenerbahçe won 5–3 on aggregate.
Borussia Dortmund won 8–2 on aggregate.
Galatasaray won 2–1 on aggregate.
Grasshopper won 4–3 on aggregate.
3–3 on aggregate; Anderlecht won on away goals.
Torino won 3–1 on aggregate.
Juventus won 10–1 on aggregate.
Kaiserslautern won 7–0 on aggregate.
0–0 on aggregate; Torpedo Moscow won 4–3 on penalties.
BK Frem won 6–3 on aggregate.
Match abandoned after 51 mins with Paris Saint-Germain leading 2–0 (Weah 15', Sassus 32'), game awarded 3–0 to Paris Saint-Germain.
Paris Saint-Germain won 5–0 on aggregate.
Auxerre won 9–3 on aggregate.
Ajax won 6–1 on aggregate.
Sheffield Wednesday won 10–2 on aggregate.
Sigma Olomouc won 3–1 on aggregate.
Hearts won 4–3 on aggregate.
Benfica won 9–0 on aggregate.
Real Zaragoza won 4–3 on aggregate.
Standard Liège won 5–0 on aggregate.
Vác FC-Samsung won 2–1 on aggregate.
Napoli won 6–1 on aggregate.
Vitesse won 5–1 on aggregate.
Vitória de Guimarães won 3–2 on aggregate.
Eintracht Frankfurt won 11–2 on aggregate.
KV Mechelen won 2–1 on aggregate.
Second round
|}
First leg
Second leg
Kaiserslautern won 5–3 on aggregate.
Roma won 6–4 on aggregate.
Auxerre won 7–0 on aggregate.
Zaragoza won 6–1 on aggregate.
Borussia Dortmund won 3–1 on aggregate.
Galatasaray won 1–0 on aggregate.
Sigma Olomouc won 7–2 on aggregate.
Standard Liège won 2–0 on aggregate.
Juventus won 1–0 on aggregate.
Paris Saint-Germain won 2–0 on aggregate.
Anderlecht won 7–2 on aggregate.
Real Madrid won 7–5 on aggregate.
Benfica won 6–1 on aggregate.
Dynamo Moscow won 2–1 on aggregate.
Vitesse won 2–0 on aggregate.
Ajax won 5–1 on aggregate.
Third round
|}
First leg
Second leg
Roma won 5–4 on aggregate.
Ajax won 3–0 on aggregate.
Borussia Dortmund won 4–3 on aggregate.
Benfica won 4–2 on aggregate.
1–1 on aggregate; Paris Saint-Germain won on away goals.
Juventus won 7–1 on aggregate.
Auxerre won 4–3 on aggregate.
Real Madrid won 2–0 on aggregate.
Quarter-finals
|}
First leg
Second leg
Borussia Dortmund won 2–1 on aggregate.
Auxerre won 4–3 on aggregate.
Paris Saint-Germain won 5–4 on aggregate.
Juventus won 4–2 on aggregate.
Semi-finals
|}
First leg
Second leg
2–2 on aggregate; Borussia Dortmund won 6–5 on penalties.
Juventus won 3–1 on aggregate.
Final
First leg
Second leg
Juventus won 6–1 on aggregate.
Top scorers
The top scorers from the 1992–93 UEFA Cup are as follows:
See also
1992–93 UEFA Champions League
1992-93 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
External links
1992–93 All matches UEFA Cup – season at UEFA website
Official Site
Results at RSSSF.com
All scorers 1992–93 UEFA Cup according to protocols UEFA
1992/93 UEFA Cup - results and line-ups (archive)
UEFA Cup seasons
2 |
5387350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%20Army%20National%20Guard | Pennsylvania Army National Guard | {{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Pennsylvania Army National Guard
| image = PA STARC.png
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Distinctive shoulder sleeve insignia
| dates =
| country =
| allegiance =
| branch = Army National Guard
| type = Reserve land force
| role =
| size = 15,514
| command_structure = Pennsylvania National Guard
| commander1 = President Joe Biden(Commander-in-Chief)Christine Wormuth(Secretary of the Army)Governor Tom Wolf(Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania)
| commander1_label = Civilian leadership
| commander2 = Major General Mark J. Schindler (The Adjutant General)| commander2_label = Commonwealth military leadership
| garrison = Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles =
| notable_commanders =
| anniversaries =
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label = Seal of the Pennsylvania National Guard
}}
The Pennsylvania Army National Guard, abbreviated PAARNG''', is part of the United States Army National Guard and is based in the U.S. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Together with the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, it is directed by the Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans Affairs. The PAARNG maintains 124 armories and is present in 87 communities across the Commonwealth.
Creation
The Pennsylvania National Guard traces its lineage back to the militia organized by Benjamin Franklin in 1747 known as the Associators. Franklin organized artillery and infantry units to defend the city of Philadelphia against French and Spanish privateers. The first meeting of the Associators occurred on 21 November 1747, and on 7 Dec. 1747, the enlistees and officers were formally commissioned by the Provincial Council President, Anthony Palmer. On that day, hundreds of armed Associators presented themselves to Palmer at the Philadelphia Courthouse. Official National Guard webpages state that 'he wisely stated their activities were "not disapproved" and duly commissioned all of them.'
Only in 1755 did this volunteer militia gain official status. On November 25, 1755, the Pennsylvania Assembly passed the Militia Act of 1755. This measure 'legalized a military force from those who were willing and desirous of being united for military purposes within the province.' This was as a result of citizens' pleas for protection from the French and Indians on the western borders. Two years later, a compulsory militia law was also enacted. All males between 17 and 45 years of age, having a freehold worth 150 pounds a year, were to be organized into companies. Every enrolled militiaman was required to appear for training, arming himself, on the first Mondays of March, June, August, and November.
In 1793, the Governor of Pennsylvania, Thomas Mifflin established the Adjutant General's Office to provide for "a new system for the regulation of the militia." The next year, Pennsylvania contributed 4,000 militiamen to a four-state force which quelled the Whiskey Rebellion in the western part of the state. Amongst the force were men of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry, the oldest continuously serving U.S. Army unit.
The War of 1812 drew 14,000 Pennsylvanians into active service. During the war, the ancestors of three present day PA ARNG units gained campaign credit. Today those ARNG units are the 103rd Engineer Battalion, the 111th Infantry Regiment, and the Headquarters & Headquarters Troop, 2nd Squadron, 104th Cavalry Regiment. Before the Battle of Lake Erie, an artillery company provided volunteers to serve as cannoneers aboard Commodore Perry's ships. That unit is known today as Wilkes-Barre's 109th Field Artillery Regiment.
The Washington Grays of Philadelphia (also known as Volunteer Corps of Light Infantry, Light Artillery Corps, Washington Grays, Artillery Corps, Washington Grays) was a Volunteer regiment which functioned during peace and war. The Regiment was formed in 1822 and was eventually integrated into the Pennsylvania National Guard in 1879.
At the start of the American Civil War in April 1861, five units from the Lehigh Valley raced to Washington, D.C., which was under threat, in response to an urgent plea from Congress. President Lincoln proclaimed them the "First Defenders"—an honor still borne by their descendants in varied PA National Guard units.
Over 360,000 Pennsylvanians served in the Union Army, more than any other Northern state except New York. Beginning with President Abraham Lincoln's first call for troops and continuing throughout the war, Pennsylvania mustered 215 infantry regiments, as well as dozens of emergency militia regiments that were raised to repel threatened invasions in 1862 and 1863 by the Confederate States Army. Twenty-two cavalry regiments were also mustered, as well as dozens of light artillery batteries.
Pennsylvania National Guard
In 1870, the name "militia" was dropped, and the force became by state law the "National Guard of Pennsylvania."
In 1879, the Pennsylvania National Guard established a division, organized in a fashion not specifically approved by the War Department. The keystone was prescribed as the designated symbol of the National Guard of Pennsylvania on 27 August 1879.
The Pennsylvania National Guard was mobilized for the Spanish–American War and the Pancho Villa Expedition. When the United States Army created the Spanish War Service and Mexican Border Service Medals, Major General Charles M. Clement was designated as the first official recipient of each, in recognition of his status as the longest-tenured National Guard officer eligible for the medals at the time they were authorized. Clement served in the Pennsylvania National Guard from 1877 to 1917, and commanded the 28th Infantry Division at the start of World War I.
During the mobilization after the U.S. entry into World War I in 1917, a number of previously separately numbered Pennsylvania infantry regiments were given U.S. Army designations. Thus the 109th Infantry Regiment, the 110th Infantry Regiment, the 111th Infantry Regiment, and the 112th Infantry Regiment were established. These regiments formed the two brigades (55th and 56th) of the newly designated 28th Division, which then saw war service in Europe. Alongside the four regiments of infantry were created four machine-gun battalions.
The 104th Cavalry Regiment (United States) was formed on 1 June 1921 by reorganization of the 8th Infantry, PA ARNG. It became a part of the 21st Cavalry Division. On 1 May 1922, elements of the machine gun battalions which had served in World War I were reorganized as the 213th Coast Artillery.
On 17 February 1942, as part of the triangularization of Army divisions, the previous 103rd Engineer Regiment was broken up and the 103rd Engineer Battalion established. The other battalion of the regiment became the 180th Engineer Battalion.
After being activated in February 1941, the 28th Infantry Division was reorganized in February 1942, and the 111th Infantry Regiment detached for other duties. The division trained in the Carolinas, Virginia, Louisiana, Texas, and Florida. It went overseas on 8 October 1943, arriving in South Wales. On 22 July 1944, the division landed in Normandy. It took part in the Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, and Central European campaigns. It saw 196 days of combat.
In February 1942, the 111th Regiment was re-formed as a regimental combat team in the Army Ground Forces Reserve to guard militarily important facilities in the Chesapeake Bay area. From this assignment, it was transferred to the Pacific Theater in late 1943.
After being inactivated as part of the Army on 13 December 1945 at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, the 28th Infantry Division was reorganized on 20 November 1946 and returned to the Pennsylvania Army National Guard, with its headquarters established at Harrisburg.
Among the units formed after the end of World War II reorganization of the National Guard was the 628th Tank Battalion.
Following the outbreak of the Korean War, several Pennsylvania units saw active service there. Meanwhile, the 28th Division was ordered into active federal service 5 September 1950 at Harrisburg. The Division re-opened the mothballed Camp Atterbury, Indiana and remained there from 13 September 1950 to 23 November 1951. It was sent to Germany to augment NATO forces in Germany. During the Korean War, the 28th was mobilized and deployed to Europe as a part of the NATO command defending Western Europe from the threat of Soviet attack and remained on federal service until 22 May 1954.
In June 1959 the Pennsylvania Army National Guard was extensively reorganized in line with the Pentomic (ROCID) organization then coming into force. At that time, a number of separate Tank and Field Artillery Battalions which had served through World Wars I and II were reorganized as regiments. Thus the 103rd Armor Regiment (constituted 1 June 1959, partially from the 628th Tank Bn), 107th Field Artillery Regiment, the 108th Field Artillery Regiment, the 109th Field Artillery Regiment, the es)|166th Field Artillery Regiment, the 229th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), and the 28th Aviation Company were established or re-established.
From 1959 to 1974, the 176th Air Defense Artillery Regiment was part of the force. 1-176 and 2-176 were part of the 218 AG(AD) from 1 June 1959 to 1 Apr 1963, after which the 2-176 joined the 213th Artillery Group (Air Defense) until 17 February 1968, and thereafter until 1974 just with the PA ARNG.
In 1972, widespread flooding in the aftermath of Hurricane Agnes resulted in 45 deaths and $3 billion in property damage. Nearly 13,000 Army and Air Guard members were called to state active duty to help with relief operations.
In 1987-1988 Army National Guard aviation units were converted into regiments, and thus the 104th Aviation Regiment was formed in Pennsylvania. The regiment traced its history to the activation of an aviation company for the 28th Infantry Division in 1959. In August 1989, the 165th Military Police Battalion was reorganized as the 1st Battalion, 213th Air Defense Artillery Regiment. Two years earlier, the 165th MP Bn had been headquartered in Lehighton.
After the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, eight Army and Air Guard units from Pennsylvania (seemingly including the 228th Transportation Det, the 121st and 131st Transportation Companies, the 28th Finance Unit, and the 3623rd Maintenance Company) were mobilized for duty during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Seemingly the four units were scheduled to all return home by May 1991. Every member returned home safely.
Following the end of the Cold War, National Guard State Partnership Programs were established across Europe. In 1993, the Pennsylvania–Lithuania National Guard Partnership was initiated.
In 1996, Pennsylvania Guard members opened roads, transported doctors and patients, and mounted dangerous helicopter rescue operations during statewide flooding and blizzards. The Philadelphia Daily News reported that the 103rd Engineer Battalion had helped clear roads in the city, in conjunction with the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation.
From that year also to 2001, hundreds of Pennsylvania soldiers and airmen deployed to Germany, Hungary (Taszar Air Base, the forward staging base) and Bosnia-Herzegovina as part of peacekeeping efforts (IFOR and SFOR) in the former Yugoslavia. In 1996–97, elements of Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), 213th ASG, HHC 28th Infantry Division, the 28th Personnel Services Battalion, and the 28th Finance Battalion deployed to Europe. The 213th ASG's headquarters processed many active troops through Taszar Air Base on their way into Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Twenty-first century
In 2001, the 56th Brigade was selected as the only reserve component Brigade to be equipped with the Stryker armored personnel carrier, out of seven in the entire United States Army. The brigade was reflagged the 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team on 24 October 2004 at Fort Indiantown Gap's Muir Army Airfield.
Elements of the 28th Infantry Division deployed twice quickly in succession to Bosnia and Kosovo as part of SFOR and KFOR from 2002. In 2002–03, the Division deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina (SFOR) and in 2003–04 to Kosovo (KFOR).
From 2005 three brigades deployed to Iraq. The 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team deployed to Iraq in 2005–06, the 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team deployed to Iraq in 2008–09, and the Combat Aviation Brigade, 28th Infantry Division, deployed in 2009.
As of February 20, 2016, under permanent order 051–03, the 55th Armored Brigade Combat Team was redesignated the 55th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade. Under permanent order #051-02 dated February 20, 2016, elements of the 165th Military Police Battalion began to be established, reforming a unit seemingly last active in 1989. As the PA National Guard gained back an MP battalion, it was once again named the 165th based upon the PA ARNG's history. The 1st Battalion, 109th Infantry regiment was transferred to the 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (2nd IBCT). The 3rd Battalion, 103rd Armor Regiment was reassigned to the 278th Armored Brigade Combat Team (278th ABCT), now designated the 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment (278th ACR) Tennessee Army National Guard, with operational control remaining with the Pennsylvania National Guard.
Structure
28th Infantry Division (Mechanized)
28th Division Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (2nd IBCT)
55th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (55th MEB) (designation changed from 55th ABCT to 55 MEB February 20, 2016)
56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team (56th SBCT)
28th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade (28th ECAB) headquartered at Fort Indiantown Gap.
213th Regional Support Group, headquartered at Allentown, Pennsylvania
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)
109th Public Affairs Detachment (109th PAD)
1928th Contingency Contracting Team (1928th CCT)
1902nd Contingency Contracting Team (1902nd CCT)
1955th Contingency Contracting Team (1955th CCT)
108th Area Support Medical Company (108th ASMC)
728th Combat Support Sustainment Battalion (728th CSSB)
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)
28th Finance Management Support Unit
528th Finance Detachment
628th Finance Detachment
828th Finance Detachment
928th Finance Detachment
213th Personnel Company
252nd Quartermaster Company
3622nd Maintenance Company
228th Transportation Battalion
Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment (HHD)
131st Transportation Company
121st Transportation Company
1067th Transportation Company
721st Transportation Company
166th Regiment (Regional Training Institute), headquartered at Fort Indiantown Gap
1st Battalion (Maneuver)
2nd Modular Training Battalion
3rd Battalion Non-Commissioned Officer Academy (NCOA)
Medical Battalion Training Site
Eastern Army National Guard Aviation Training Site
3rd WMD Civil Support Team, Fort Indiantown Gap. (A Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear Event Unit to support homeland defense missions.)
3rd Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Task Force.
Pennsylvania Task Force North
Pennsylvania Task Force Fort Indiantown Gap
See also
:Category:Pennsylvania militiamen in the American Revolution
List of Pennsylvania Civil War regiments
Pennsylvania State Guard
List of United States militia units in the American Revolutionary War
References
Further reading
Weaver, Michael E. Guard Wars: The 28th Infantry Division in World War II.'' Indiana University Press, 2010.
External links
Bibliography of Pennsylvania Army National Guard History compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
GlobalSecurity.org, Pennsylvania Army National Guard
State agencies of Pennsylvania
Military units and formations established in 1870 |
5387354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%20mud | Bay mud | Bay mud consists of thick deposits of soft, unconsolidated silty clay, which is saturated with water; these soil layers are situated at the bottom of certain estuaries, which are normally in temperate regions that have experienced cyclical glacial cycles. Example locations are Cape Cod Bay, Chongming Dongtan Reserve in Shanghai, China, Banc d'Arguinpreserve in Mauritania, The Bristol Channel in the United Kingdom, Mandø Island in the Wadden Sea in Denmark, Florida Bay, San Francisco Bay, Bay of Fundy, Casco Bay, Penobscot Bay, and Morro Bay. Bay mud manifests low shear strength, high compressibility and low permeability, making it hazardous to build upon in seismically active regions like the San Francisco Bay Area.
Typical bulk density of bay mud is approximately 1.3 grams per cubic centimetre. Bay muds often have a high organic content, consisting of decayed organisms at lower depths, but may also contain living creatures when they occur at the upper soil layer and become exposed by low tides; then, they are called mudflats, an important ecological zone for shorebirds and many types of marine organisms. Great attention was not given to the incidence of deeper bay muds until the 1960s and 1970s when development encroachment on certain North American bays intensified, requiring geotechnical design of foundations.
Bay mud has its own official geological abbreviation. The designation for Quaternary older bay mud is Qobm and the acronym for Quaternary younger bay mud is Qybm. An alluvial layer is often found overlying the older bay mud.
In relation to shipping channels, it is often necessary to dredge bay bottoms and barge the excavated material to an alternate location. In this case chemical analyses are usually performed on the bay mud to determine whether there are elevated levels of heavy metals, PCBs or other toxic substances known to accumulate in a benthic environment. It is not uncommon to dredge the same channel repeatedly (over a span of ten to thirty years) since further settling sediments are prone to redeposit on an open estuarine valley floor.
Depositional scenarios
Bay muds originate from two generalized sources. First alluvial deposits of clays, silts and sand occur from streams tributary to a given bay. The extent of these unconsolidated interglacial deposits typically ranges throughout a given bay to the extent of the historical perimeter marshlands. Second, in periods of high glaciation, deposits of silts, sands and organic plus inorganic detritus (e.g. decomposition of estuarine diatoms) may form a separate distinct layer. Thus bay muds are important time records of glacial activity and streamflow throughout the Quaternary period.
Some depositional formation is quite recent, such as in the case of Florida Bay, where much of the bay mud has accumulated since 2000 BCE, and consists of primarily decayed organic material. In the case of Florida Bay these bay muds can accrete as much as 0.5 to 2.0 centimeters per annum, although the dynamic equilibrium of erosion, wave action redistribution and deposition complicate the net rate of layer growth. In the case of the Bristol Channel in the United Kingdom bay, mud formation has been occurring at least since the Eemian Stage (known as the Sangamonian Stage in North America), or about 130,000 years ago. In other cases such as with San Francisco Bay, deposition has been interrupted by sea-level changes, and strata of vastly different vintages are found. In the San Francisco Bay Area, these are called Young bay mud and Older bay mud by geologists. Human activities can also affect deposition; close to half of the Young Bay Mud in San Francisco Bay was placed in the period 1855–1865, as a result of placer mining in the Sierra Nevada foothills.
Geotechnical factors
Construction on bay mud sites is difficult because of the soil's low strength and high compressibility. Very lightweight buildings can be constructed on bay mud sites if there is a thick enough layer of non-bay-mud soil above the bay mud, but buildings which impose significant loads must be supported on deep foundations bearing on stiffer layers below the bay mud, or obtaining support from friction in the bay mud. Even with deep foundations, difficulties arise because the surrounding ground will likely settle over time, potentially damaging utility connections to the building and causing the entryway to sink below street level.
A number of notable buildings have been constructed over bay muds, typically employing special mitigation designs to withstand seismic risks and settlement issues. Complicating design issues, fill (beginning about 1850 AD) is sometimes found deposited on the surface level. For example, the Dakin Building in Brisbane, California was designed in 1985 to sit on piles 150 feet deep, anchoring to the Franciscan formation, below the bay muds and through an upper fill layer. Furthermore, the structure's entrance ramp has been set on a giant hinge to allow the surrounding land to settle, while the building absolute height remains constant. The Crowne Plaza high-rise hotel in Burlingame, California was also designed to sit over bay muds, as was the Westin Hotel in Millbrae, California and Trinity Church in Boston's Copley Square. Indeed, Boston's entire Back Bay district is named for the tidal bay that it now covers. Logan International Airport and the San Francisco International Airport are also constructed over bay mud.
Mudflats
When the mud layer is exposed at the tidal fringe, mudflats result affording a unique ecotone that affords numerous shorebird species a safe feeding and resting habitat. Because the muds function much like quicksand, heavier mammalian predators not only cannot gain traction for pursuit, but would actually become trapped in the sinking muds. The muds are also an important substrate for primary marsh productivity including eelgrass, cordgrass and pickleweed. Furthermore, they are home to a large variety of molluscs and estuarine arthropods. Richardson Bay, for example, exposes one third of its areal extent as mudflat at low tide, which hosts a productive eelgrass expanse and also a large shorebird community.
Mammals such as the Harbor seal may use mudflats to haul out of estuary waters; however, larger mammals such as humpback whales may become accidentally stranded at low tides. Note that normally humpback whales do not frequent estuaries containing mudflats, but at least one errant whale, publicized by the media as Humphrey the humpback whale, became stuck on a mudflat in San Francisco Bay at Sierra Point in Brisbane, California.
Worldwide occurrences
Bay muds occur in bays and estuaries throughout the temperate regions of the world. In North America, prominent instances are: (a) the Stellwagen Bank formed 16,000 to 9000 BCE by glaciation of Cape Cod Bay in Massachusetts, (b) Florida Bay, (c) in California Morro Bay and San Francisco Bay and (d) Knik & Turnagain Arms in Anchorage, Alaska. In the United Kingdom large bay mud occurrences are found at Morecambe Bay, Bridgwater Bay and Bristol Bay. Straddling Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany is the Wadden Sea, a major formation underlain by bay muds.
In Asia the Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve in Shanghai, China is an example of a large scale bay mud formation. The Atlantic coast of Africa holds the Banc d'Arguin, a World Heritage nature preserve in the country of Mauritania. Banc d'Arguin is a vast area underlain by bay mud.
Regulatory issues and actions
When building on top of bay mud layers or when dredging estuary bottoms, a variety of regulatory frameworks may arise. Normally in the United States, an Environmental Impact Report as well as a geotechnical investigation are conducted precedent to any major construction over bay mud. Combined, these reports have developed much of the data base extant on bay mud characteristics, frequently yielding original field data from soil borings. These data have demonstrated that in many locations the shallower bay muds contain concentrations of mercury, lead, chromium, petroleum hydrocarbons, PCBs, pesticides and other chemicals which exceed toxic limits: a geological record of human activities of the last century. These data are particularly important to consider when dredging of bay muds is contemplated as part of a development project. Such dredging can have impacts to receiving lands as soil contamination, but also water column impacts from sediment disturbance.
In the case of dredging within the United States, a permit is almost always required from the United States Army Corps of Engineers, after submission of extensive data on the project limits, chemical properties of the bay muds to be disturbed, a dredge disposal plan and often a complete Environmental Impact Statement pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act. Further review by the United States Coast Guard would normally be required. Within individual state jurisdictions, such as California, an Environmental Impact Report must be filed for dredging of any significance; furthermore, agency reviews by the California Coastal Commission and the Regional Water Quality Control Board would normally be mandated. All of these regulatory bodies serve an important role in deciding whether an area may be dredged or not. However, the most important body is CEQA, or the California Environmental Quality Act. This guiding legislation is the reason for Environmental Impact Reports, costly mitigation measures and arduous review processes. One of CEQA's main goals is to promote interagency cooperation in the review process of a project. This is one of the main reasons why it is the overseer of all projects in California.
For buildings proposed over bay mud layers, typically the municipality involved will, in addition to the usual engineering and design review issues common to all building projects (which are more complicated because of the site conditions), require an Environmental Impact Report . This process would include reviews by that city's building department, as well as applicable regional and state agencies such as those cited above for dredging projects, except that Coast Guard agencies would not typically be concerned. In developing in California, proposed development over bay mud layers would also have to go through a planning commission and a city council in order to be allowed. This process would respect the EIR, CEQA, and all the other bodies discussed above. In the case of San Francisco the project would have to get approved by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.
In regards to San Francisco, some interesting negative externalities are being experienced due to the dredging of land by the Bay. The Millennium Towers, which were completed in 2008, are currently sinking. This has had a negative impact on the residents of this building. In response to this subsidence, San Francisco's city attorney has decided to file a lawsuit against the developer, because the developer failed to inform the residents of the accelerated speed that the building was sinking at. If this lawsuit results in success for San Francisco this could lead to policy changes being made in the future surrounding transparency between developers and potential buyers of the developed land.
Sea level rise
Sea level rise will have a huge impact on the ecosystems surrounding and within bays all across the globe. Sea level rise in California will completely engulf bay mud that makes up San Francisco Bay. In order to deal with sea level rise the California Coastal Commission has adopted policy guidelines to help California.
See also
Estuary
Glacier
Liquefaction
United States Army Corps of Engineers
References
External links
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service article on bay mud and environmental features for part of the San Francisco Bay perimeter.
Student project: bay mud food web
Types of soil
Aquatic ecology
Estuaries
Marine biology
Sediments
Environmental chemistry
Environmental soil science
Morro Bay
San Francisco Bay
Diatom biology |
5387361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%20Stewart | Cal Stewart | Cal Stewart (b. 1856 Charlotte County, Virginia, d. December 7, 1919) was an American comedian and humorist who pioneered in vaudeville and early sound recordings. He is best remembered for his comic monologues in which he played "Uncle Josh" Weathersby, a resident of a mythical New England farming town called "Pumpkin Center" or "Punkin Center", leading to a number of small towns across the U.S. adopting those names.
Born in Charlotte County, Virginia in 1856, Stewart spent his early life working in circuses, medicine shows and vaudeville to great acclaim as "Uncle Josh Weathersby from Way Down East". It was on the road that he befriended Mark Twain and later Will Rogers, two men who shared similar wit in comedy.
Around 1897, Thomas Edison's studios hired him to cut several cylinder recordings of his famous speeches and songs. They were well received by the public, and launched an entire series of recordings based on the Uncle Josh character. Stewart's trademark on these recordings is the easily recognizable laugh that precedes his speeches.
Best-selling recordings included "Uncle Josh’s Arrival in New York" (1898), "I'm Old But I'm Awfully Tough (Laughing Song)" (1898), "Jim Lawson's Horse Trade With Deacon Witherspoon" (1901), "Uncle Josh's Huskin' Bee Dance" (1901), and "Uncle Josh Buys an Automobile" (1903). He wrote the song "Ticklish Reuben" in 1900.
Stewart continued recording on Edison, Columbia, Victor, and independent labels up until his death on December 7, 1919. He also wrote two books based on his monologues and performed in theaters across America with his wife Rossini Vrionides and her brother and sister.
Stewart is represented on the 2007 compilation Actionable Offenses: Indecent Phonograph Recordings from the 1890s.
References
External links
Cal Stewart cylinder recordings, from the UCSB Cylinder Audio Archive at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library.
Cal Stewart Fan Site (includes digitized version of his book)
Cal Stewart recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
Researching Cal Stewart and 'Uncle Josh', part 1 - Patrick Feaster interviewed by Jerry Fabris on Thomas Edison's Attic radio program, WFMU, January 9, 2007.
Researching Cal Stewart and 'Uncle Josh', part 2 - Patrick Feaster interviewed by Jerry Fabris on Thomas Edison's Attic radio program, WFMU, January 23, 2007.
1856 births
1919 deaths
Vaudeville performers
Pioneer recording artists
Columbia Records artists
Victor Records artists
Edison Records artists
Pathé Records artists |
5387369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK%20Sloboda | FK Sloboda | FK Sloboda may refer to:
FK Sloboda Mrkonjić Grad
FK Sloboda Mrtvica, Lopare
FK Sloboda Novi Grad
FK Sloboda Tuzla
FK Sloboda Čačak, Čačak
FK Sloboda Lipe, Lipe
FK Sloboda Point Sevojno, Užice – former name of FK Sloboda Užice
FK Sloboda Užice
FC Sloboda Alexeyevka, Alexeyevka
See also
NK Svoboda (disambiguation) |
5387373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Crabbe | Douglas Crabbe | Douglas John Edward Crabbe (born 1947) is an Australian murderer currently imprisoned in Perth for a multiple murder which occurred when he drove his 25-tonne Mack truck into the crowded bar of a motel at the base of Uluru (Ayers Rock) on 18 August 1983. Five people were killed and sixteen seriously injured.
Early life
Crabbe worked as a truck driver and began driving at the age of 14.
In February 1983 Crabbe was arrested and charged for assaulting a car load of youths at a service station near Tennant Creek. The youths were harassing the service station's console operator and also provoked Crabbe, who retaliated by jumping up and down on the bonnet of the victim's car.
On 24 March 1983, Crabbe attended a country and western function in Curtin Springs and became involved in two fights involving police. During Crabbe's later murder trial a witness testified that on his second ejection from the Curtin Springs establishment Crabbe was informed he was barred, to which he replied "If that's the case, I'll drive my truck through the pub." Crabbe denied that he had said this.
The multiple murder
On the evening of 18 August 1983, Crabbe spent an hour at the Inland Motel bar before being refused service for intoxication. The bar was part of the Inland Motel, a short distance from the base of Uluru. It was on the eastern side of the rock, a few minutes walk from the camp site from which Azaria Chamberlain disappeared in 1980 but which had closed by August 1983. Crabbe, then aged 36, walked behind the bar and confronted bar staff before being involved in a fight and being ejected from the premises at 12.30am.
He then walked approximately 500 metres to his parked Mack truck, and drove it to the nearby Uluru Motel, where he unhitched one of two attached trailers. Crabbe then drove the truck and one trailer back to the Inland Motel. According to witness Martin Fisher:
It was estimated that fewer than 50 people were in the bar at the time of the crash. Many of the customers were construction workers from the nearby resort project of Yulara, which was being constructed to replace the Inland Motel and two neighbouring motels to allow the ground around Uluru to revert to its natural state.
Witnesses likened the impact of the truck hitting the motel to that of a bomb exploding. The truck had penetrated the building to the length of one trailer. The truck remained in place after impact, and was the only thing holding up the building's roof. After the crash the dining room adjacent to the bar became an emergency clinic for the injured. Four people were killed instantly in the crash. A fifth person died in a hospital in Alice Springs after surgeons worked for five and a half hours attempting to save her life. The 35-year-old woman had sustained severe internal injuries.
Crabbe's capture occurred at the Yulara Tourist Village construction site after a search by police and Aboriginal trackers. The Yulara settlement is a distance of several kilometres from the former site of the Inland Motel. William Hugh O'Neill, the catering manager from the Yulara Construction Camp, testified that he found Crabbe walking towards him near the construction camp on the morning of 18 August. Crabbe waited with O'Neill for police to arrive, asking the extent of the damage to the motel. Crabbe was informed by O'Neill that at least four people had died, including "one of my boys from the kitchen".
Trials
At an October 1983 court hearing a police video taken on 18 August 1983 was shown to the court. It showed the bodies of the four people killed instantly - two men and two women - in the makeshift mortuary set up at the back of the motel. It also showed the damage to the bar area of the motel, with clothes and boots embedded in the ground under the truck and near its bloodstained bull bar, from which the officer who took the video said many of the dead had been pulled. Crabbe, charged with five counts of murder at the hearing, sat expressionless as the video was shown.
Ronald Slinn, a building manager from Yulara, told the court he was hit by the truck, jamming his left leg under the front axle. He managed to drag himself out and found his 45-year-old wife Patricia Slinn half underneath with her face downward; she had been killed instantly. A motel guest testified he saw a man, later identified from police photographs as Crabbe, running as if fleeing something. The man told the guest "Okay mate, I'm not going any further. I've gone far enough." After leaving to get help the guest found that the man had disappeared.
At the trial in March 1984 a witness testified that Crabbe had been rude and aggressive in the bar. This witness reported she had later seen Crabbe on the floor of the bar, being held down by three men. A second witness corroborated that a man had been involved in a scuffle with three men. The witness testified that after the truck crashed into the bar he saw the man who had been involved in the scuffle leave the truck's cabin and exit "very quickly" towards the rear of the truck via the gaping hole the truck left in the side of the building. The witness had been knocked down by the truck.
Crabbe offered no reason for his actions. At trial he pleaded memory loss from his removal of the second trailer until waking to the sound of the truck's exhaust amid the damaged bar room after impact. He was convicted of all five counts of murder by a jury. The judge sentenced him to the mandatory term of life imprisonment on each count of murder, each term to run consecutively. Asked if he had anything to say, Crabbe replied "No, nothing." Crabbe later appealed to the Federal Court of Australia, which found that the judge at the original trial had erred in his summing up to the jury and the convictions were set aside and a retrial ordered. The Crown then appealed that decision to the High Court of Australia, but this was dismissed.
Crabbe pleaded not guilty at his second trial which was held in the Darwin Supreme Court in 1985. This trial concluded on 7 October 1985 when a second jury convicted him on all five counts of murder. Crabbe was again sentenced to five consecutive terms of life imprisonment.
In 2004, the Northern Territory's mandatory 'life means life' legislation was repealed and an automatic 25-year non-parole period was fixed under the new laws. Later that year, the Northern Territory DPP applied to fix a longer non-parole period, and the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory increased that to a thirty-year minimum (the longest in the Northern Territory's history) backdated to 18 August 1983, the day of the murders and his arrest, to be served at the Alice Springs Correctional Centre.
In early 2005, Crabbe was moved to a prison in Perth, Western Australia after strong pleas from his family, including his sister, Flo.
Crabbe became eligible for release on parole on 18 August 2013 at the age of 66. His first parole application was rejected on 5 September 2013.
Crabbe applied for parole in 2016, but despite the recommendation of the WA Parole Board that Crabbe be paroled, the Attorney-General overruled them and rejected the application.
Crabbe will be reconsidered for parole no later than 2022. If he is paroled, he will be on parole for the rest of his life.
Legal significance
The High Court of Australia appeal of R v Crabbe established the common law precedent test for recklessness in regards to murder. The High Court of Australia ruled that to be guilty of murder, the defendant can be reckless in that they did the act knowing it was probable (meaning a substantial or real chance) that death or grievous bodily harm would occur as a result of their actions.
In popular culture
The episode was documented by Australian rock band Hunters and Collectors on their 1984 album The Jaws of Life, with the lyrics of the opening track, "42 Wheels", sung from Crabbe's point of view. The original artwork of the vinyl LP includes the memorial plaque at the pub where the incident happened.
See also
List of Australian criminals
Australian mass murders
References
1948 births
Australian mass murderers
Australian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Living people
People from the Northern Territory
Australian truck drivers
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the Northern Territory
Australian people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by the Northern Territory
Murders by motor vehicle
1983 murders in Australia |
5387391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%20Cooper | Earl Cooper | Earl Cooper (2 December 1886 Broken Bow, Nebraska – 22 October 1965 Atwater, California) was an American racecar driver.
Racing career
He began his racing career in 1908 in San Francisco in a borrowed car. He won the race, but lost his job as a mechanic after he beat one of his bosses, so he became a full-time racer. He joined the Stutz team in 1912. In 1913 he won seven of eight major races (and finished second in the other), and won the AAA National Championship. He was injured for the 1914 season. He missed the first several months of the 1915 season, but won the AAA championship anyhow. Cooper got another late start in 1916 after Stutz pulled out of racing, and he finished fifth in the championship. He won his third title in 1917 when the season was shortened by the outbreak of World War I, after which Cooper officially retired from full-time racing.
Cooper raced in the 1919 Indianapolis 500.
Cooper returned to replace Joe Thomas who broke his arm in October 1921, and won a race at Fresno. He returned to racing full-time in 1922, and won five races in 1923.
Cooper raced in the 1924 Indianapolis 500, and was leading after . A tire blew, and he had to pit. He returned second, and worked his way back to the lead with left in the race. He blew another tire just as he was passing Joe Boyer, and the pit stop forced him to settle for second. He started at Indy in 1925, and won the pole in his final Indy 500 in 1926. He retired for good in 1928.
Indianapolis 500 results
Awards
He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2001.
References
External links
Biography
Indianapolis 500 statistics
1886 births
1965 deaths
Indianapolis 500 drivers
Indianapolis 500 polesitters
Sportspeople from Nebraska
People from Broken Bow, Nebraska
AAA Championship Car drivers
People from Atwater, California |
5387404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landulf%20V%20of%20Benevento | Landulf V of Benevento | Landulf V (died September 1033) was the prince of Benevento from May 987, when he was first associated with his father Pandulf II, to his death. He was chief prince from his father's death in 1014.
In 999, Otto III visited the shrine of Saint Michael the Archangel at Monte Gargano. On his return through Benevento, he signed a diploma in favour of the monastery of S. Sofia on 11 March. S. Sofia was the familial foundation of Landulf's line and probably acted as a sort of dynastic mausoleum. For reasons unknown, Otto and the Beneventan princes had a falling-out in 1000, possibly over the relics of Saint Bartholomew, patron saint of Benevento, to whom Otto had constructed a new church on the Isola Tiberina—San Bartolomeo all'Isola—just recently. According to the Annales Beneventani, Otto rex cum magno exercitu obsedit Benevento: "King Otto with a large army besieged Benevento." Nothing, however, came of it, except perhaps the yielding of certain relics (the skin of Bartholomew?).
In 1003, a rebellion led by Adelfer, Count of Avellino, ousted Landulf and his father from Benevento. The princes did not remain exiled for long, however. In 1005, they are ruling from their capital again. The revolt was a bad sign, though. Civil unrest was rising in the principality.
He associated his son Pandulf III with the rule of Benevento in 1012 or thereabouts. Two years later, the elder Pandulf died, leaving Landulf sole prince with his son. Immediately after the death, the citizens of Benevento led a revolt against Landulf and Pandulf III. The rebellion, unlike the previous one of Adelfer, failed to dislodge the princes from power. However, the citizens did force concessions of authority to themselves and the city's aristocracy. The Annales say facta est communitas prima: "the first commune is made."
Landulf was forced to make submission to the Byzantine Empire, whose Italian catepan Boiannes had built the fortified city of Troia nearby. In 1022, the Emperor Henry II joined his army with two other armies under Poppo of Aquileia and Pilgrim of Cologne at Benevento, which submitted after a quick siege. From there they marched on Troia, but failed to take it. After making submission to the Western Emperor, Landulf is not heard of again in the pages of history until his death. He was succeeded by his son Pandulf. His other son, Atenulf, as later elected leader of the Normans in southern Italy.
Even more than his father's reign, Landulf's saw the decline of the principality. Forced to make submission to both Byzantium and then Henry, Benevento could hardly claim even de facto independence any longer. Furthermore, the lengthy period (47 years) of his rule saw the beginnings of a Byzantine resurgence in Apulia and the Lombard response. Benevento did its best to be on the winning side, but only offered the anti-Greek rebels clandestine support. By his death, the once-great principality had dwindled territorially to little more than the city and its surrounding countryside.
Sources
Caravale, Mario (ed). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: LXIII Labroca – Laterza. Rome, 2004.
1033 deaths
Lombard warriors
Landulf 5
Year of birth unknown
11th-century Lombard people |
5387409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples%20of%20the%20Caucasus%20in%20Turkey | Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey | Various people of the Caucasus or Caucasian peoples live in Turkey today. They include:
Immigrants from North Caucasus due to the Caucasian War of the 19th century:
Circassians Following the end of Circassian insurgency in 1864 and as an exodus from North Caucasia, Circassian people had settled in the territory of Turkey. Circassian population in Turkey is concentrated on two belts of habitation; first one from the province of Samsun to Hatay, the second from Düzce to Çanakkale, especially in Balıkesir. See also; Circassians in Turkey
Dagestani people: They live in villages in the provinces like Balıkesir, Malatya, Tokat, Yalova and also scattered in other parts of the country. Majority among them are Avars, Lezgins are the second significant ethnic group. Kumyks are also present.
Nakh people: Chechens live in the provinces Kahramanmaraş, Mardin, Sivas and Muş.
Ossetians: This ethnic group is found in provinces Kars and Yozgat.
Karachay: They live in villages concentrated in Konya and Eskişehir.
Autochthonous people of Transcaucasia:
Kartvelians:
Georgians: Muslim Georgians form the majority in parts of Artvin Province east of the Çoruh River. Immigrant groups of Georgian origins, found scattered in Turkey are known as Chveneburi.
Laz: They are found in the territory of former Lazistan sanjak and also in Düzce, Sakarya, Kocaeli, Bartın.
Azerbaijanis (See also; Azerbaijanis in Turkey)
Pontic Greeks
Caucasus Greeks: consisting mainly of Greeks from the former Russian Caucasus province of Kars Oblast and Turkish speaking Christian Greeks from Georgia and northeastern Anatolia, also known as Urums.
Armenians (Armenians in Turkey).
Caucasian refugees
The Ottoman and Russian empires fought at least 17 wars between 1568 and 1917. The Ottomans lost vast and often solidly Turkish and Muslim territories, spanning from the Crimea to Circassia, to the Russians. The Russians killed many inhabitants of these Ottoman lands and expelled the rest to Turkey. So many Turks descend from refugees from Russia that the adage in Turkey is: "If you scratch a Turk, you find a Circassian persecuted by Russians underneath."
See also
Peoples of the Caucasus in Iran
External links
Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, Peter Alford Andrews, Wiesbaden, 1989;
Kafkas Ekipleri Başkan Koçal’ı Ziyaret Ettiler
References
Caucasus diasporas
Ethnic groups in Turkey
Peoples of the Caucasus |
5387416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisani | Raisani | Raisani is one of many tribe that resides in Balochistan. They speak the Brahui language in Mastung and Bolan and Pashto language in Ziarat and Thal-Chotiali.
The Raisani tribal chief is called the Chief of Sarawan from the princely state of Balochistan.
The present Chief of Sarawan is Nawab Muhammad Aslam Khan Raisani.
During the rivalry war in 1987 between Raisani and Rind tribe, both sides faced hundreds of casualties. Shaheed Nawabzada Mir Ismail Raisani, Shaheed Nawabzada Mir Siraj Khan Raisani, and their father Nawab Ghous Bakhsh Raisani are recalled as martyrs of Raisani.
Few of the most recognized personalities from Raisani tribe are Nawabzada Aminullah Khan Raisani the Eldest Son of Nawab Ghaus Bakhsh Raisani (Former Ambassador of Pakistan to Lebanon, Syria and Oman, High Commissioner of Pakistan to Cyprus). Nawab Aslam Raisani (Former CM Balouchistan (2008-2013), Current Member of Provincial Assembly of Balouchistan), Lashkari Raisani because of his political career.
Raisani tribe is most populated in Quetta, Mastung, Ziarat, Thal-Chotiali and then Kanak which is their mainland. Although some people of the tribe still live in different regions of Baluchistan .
Their forefathers are also known for their political power even before Pakistan came into existence to this date, they had great relations with the British. Since the late Nawab Bahadur Sir Asadullah Khan Raisani was Knight Commander of The British Council.
The principal sections into which the tribe is divided are the Laskharizai, Ráhusainzai, Rustamzai, Sirajzai, Sahizai and Jamalzai. Each section is named after brothers and sons of the tribe's founding members.
There is a dispute between the people and different tribes Raisani's try to legitimize their ownership of the Land by quoting Rai Hatu Ram who remained associated with the political affairs of Balochistan for a very long time and served with Sir R. Sandeman, the Raisani Afghans (Tarins P-172 and-570) came from Kandahar via Pishin and occupied the Thal-Chotiali area. Rais Khan Tarin, with a band of his clan, occupied Kalat, while Mastung with the adjoining area was then occupied by the other Afghan tribes and there was no trace of the Brahuis or Balochs in the area (Rai Hatu Ram, Tarikh-i-Balochistan, p-172). There are some statements that Raisani tribe is a branch of Tarin/Tareen tribe. Some of these statements are very contradicting statements for political motives, leverage and credibility more clarification is required.
References
Bibliography
Brahui tribes |
5387443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Shahi | Muhammad Shahi | Muhammad Shahi is a Brahvi speaking Baloch tribe residing in the Kalat region of Balochistan. The Muhammad Shahi are from the Sarawan branch of Baloch tribes. In the early 1500s the tribe with helped the Qambrani's establish the Khanate of Kalat.
References
Bibliography
Brahui tribes
Social groups of Pakistan |
5387453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMU%20Sphinx | CMU Sphinx | CMU Sphinx, also called Sphinx for short, is the general term to describe a group of speech recognition systems developed at Carnegie Mellon University. These include a series of speech recognizers (Sphinx 2 - 4) and an acoustic model trainer (SphinxTrain).
In 2000, the Sphinx group at Carnegie Mellon committed to open source several speech recognizer components, including Sphinx 2 and later Sphinx 3 (in 2001). The speech decoders come with acoustic models and sample applications. The available resources include in addition software for acoustic model training, language model compilation and a public domain pronunciation dictionary, cmudict.
Sphinx encompasses a number of software systems, described below.
Sphinx
Sphinx is a continuous-speech, speaker-independent recognition system making use of hidden Markov acoustic models (HMMs) and an n-gram statistical language model. It was developed by Kai-Fu Lee. Sphinx featured feasibility of continuous-speech, speaker-independent large-vocabulary recognition, the possibility of which was in dispute at the time (1986). Sphinx is of historical interest only; it has been superseded in performance by subsequent versions. An archival article describes the system in detail.
Sphinx 2
A fast performance-oriented recognizer, originally developed by Xuedong Huang at Carnegie Mellon and released as open-source with a BSD-style license on SourceForge by Kevin Lenzo at LinuxWorld in 2000. Sphinx 2 focuses on real-time recognition suitable for spoken language applications. As such it incorporates functionality such as end-pointing, partial hypothesis generation, dynamic language model switching and so on. It is used in dialog systems and language learning systems. It can be used in computer based PBX systems such as Asterisk. Sphinx 2 code has also been incorporated into a number of commercial products. It is no longer under active development (other than for routine maintenance). Current real-time decoder development is taking place in the Pocket Sphinx project. An archival article describes the system.
Sphinx 3
Sphinx 2 used a semi-continuous representation for acoustic modeling (i.e., a single set of Gaussians is used for all models, with individual models represented as a weight vector over these Gaussians). Sphinx 3 adopted the prevalent continuous HMM representation and has been used primarily for high-accuracy, non-real-time recognition. Recent developments (in algorithms and in hardware) have made Sphinx 3 "near" real-time, although not yet suitable for critical interactive applications. Sphinx 3 is under active development and in conjunction with SphinxTrain provides access to a number of modern modeling techniques, such as LDA/MLLT, MLLR and VTLN, that improve recognition accuracy (see the article on Speech Recognition for descriptions of these techniques).
Sphinx 4
Sphinx 4 is a complete rewrite of the Sphinx engine with the goal of providing a more flexible framework for research in speech recognition, written entirely in the Java programming language. Sun Microsystems supported the development of Sphinx 4 and contributed software engineering expertise to the project. Participants included individuals at MERL, MIT and CMU. (Currently supported languages are C, C++, C#, Python, Ruby, Java, and JavaScript.)
Current development goals include:
developing a new (acoustic model) trainer
implementing speaker adaptation (e.g. MLLR)
improving configuration management
creating a graph-based UI for graphical system design
PocketSphinx
A version of Sphinx that can be used in embedded systems (e.g., based on an ARM processor). PocketSphinx is under active development and incorporates features such as fixed-point arithmetic and efficient algorithms for GMM computation.
See also
Speech recognition software for Linux
List of speech recognition software
Project LISTEN
References
External links
CMU Sphinx homepage
Sphinx' repository on GitHub should be considered the definitive source for code
SourceForge hosts older releases and files
NeXT on Campus Fall 1990 (This document is postscript format compressed with gzip.) Carnegie Mellon University - Breakthroughs in speech recognition and document management, pgs. 12-13
Free software projects
Speech recognition software
Software using the BSD license |
5387465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Braden | George Braden | George Braden (November 4, 1949 – May 25, 2015) was a politician from the Northwest Territories, Canada. Elected as "Government Leader", Braden would retroactively become the second premier of the Northwest Territories, after a motion was passed in 1994 to change the official title.
Political career
Prior to seeking election as member of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories, Braden worked extensively with Charles "Bud" Drury, a former federal cabinet minister, who was assigned to look at further constitutional development in the Northwest Territories.
Appointed to the position of Deputy Minister for the Northwest Territories, Braden worked from Ottawa, Ontario with Walter Slipchenko (Inter-governmental Policy Analyst). Braden was first elected to the NWT Legislative Assembly in 1979. At that time the Commissioner of the Northwest Territories, appointed by the Government of Canada, was also the head of the Government of the NWT. In 1980, for the first time, the Legislative Assembly elected the Government Leader, selecting Braden, who served until 1984. Braden was the second person to hold the title as Frederick Haultain had been appointed to the position in 1897.
Some of the changes implemented by Braden allowed for additional representation in the legislative council, the removal of the appointed commissioner and deputy commissioner from the executive council and for the allowance of control of territorial affairs to elected members.
In 2009, Braden accepted the position of Policy Analyst for Dennis Patterson, who was, earlier the same year, appointed to the Canadian Senate for Nunavut.
Personal life
Braden was the owner and CEO of his own company in Ottawa, Ontario from 1994. Having met in 1989, Braden married Lise Beaudry in August 1998. As of 2009 they lived in Barrhaven, Ontario. He was diagnosed with gastric cancer on 7 March 2015, at the age of 65 years. He died at home with Lise on 25 May 2015.
References
External links
Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories list of premiers
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
Premiers of the Northwest Territories
People from Yellowknife
People from Rosthern, Saskatchewan
1949 births
2015 deaths |
5387466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lango%20tribe | Lango tribe | The Langove (),or Langah are a Sulemani-speaking Baloch tribe in Balochistan.
Many Langove communities reside in Pakistani Balochistan, though further communities can be found in Punjab and Sindh. In Punjab and Sindh, Langove are called 'Langah' or 'Laangah' respectively.
Langove is a minor tribe of Baloch, with around four families claiming leadership (the title of 'sardar') of the Langove tribe. Most Langove speak the Sulemani dialect of the Balochi language, although some who live in proximity to Brahui tribes speak Brahui language.
Three salient sub-tribal Langove identity-groups are the Meeranzai, Halizai and Shadizai.
History
According to the historian 'Abd al-Haqq, the origins of the Langove tribe are found in the fifteenth-century decline of the Delhi Sultanate, from which the Baluch tribe conquered territory of balochistan and Ruled Years
References
Baloch tribes
Social groups of Pakistan
Brahui tribes |
5387476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehwar | Dehwar | The Dehwar are an ethnic group of the Balochistan region of Pakistan and Iran. They have traditionally been settled agriculturalists (in contrast to the nomadic Baloch). They speak Dehwari a variety of Persian close to Dari and Tajik. The may be descendants of settled local populations predating the Baloch migration. In the Khanate of Kalat from the 17th century and later, the community was the source of recruits for the state's bureaucracy.
KHAWAJA KHAIL.
A Baloch tribe, branch of Dehwar. Majority lives in Mastung, Kalat & Quatta.
DEHWAR.
In 1901 Dehwars in Kalat numbered 6727: 3790 males and 3018 females, the number of adults males being 2628. besides these 273 were enumerated in Quetta-Pishin and 18 in chagai.
The Dehwars are an industrious and cultured people, whose name is drived from the fact, that they live in dehs or collections of mud houses. They do not migrate annually to the plains, like the Brahuis, among whom they live. They also furnish an adequate quota of troops to Khan of Kalat and at the time of tribal revolts against him, they have invariably helped Khan with men and material. The nucleus of the tribe is undoubtedly of Tajik origin and like Tajiks they all speak Persian. Some sections claim to be Afghan and Turkoman.
Tradition says that it was chiefly through assistance of Dehwars of Kalat that the Ahmedzais acquired Kalat. They killed the Governor named Mandav, and invited Mir Ibrahim to occupy the Masnad. The letter sent his grand son Mir Hassan.
The tribe consists of two divisions: one living at Kalat and the other in Mastung and each division is under a separate Arbab whose status is of a Tribal Sardar. His opinion is revenue and administrative matters is always honoured. The entire valley of Kalat and Mastung id owned by Dehwars. In fact, Khan had no lands, when invited to occupy Masnad of Kalat, but with passage of time has purchased large tracts of lands from Dehwars.
The dehwars of Mastung valley are known from the localities occupied by them, thus: Mastungis, Paringabadis, and Tirchis. The Mastungis includes the Khawaja Khail, Sheikh, Sarang, Hotizai, Saulai, Abizai, Zarkhail, and Dadizai, other minor units which are reckoned with Dehwars of Mastung are Qazis, Jola, Chamkazai, and Gohrazai. The Khawaja khails are said to have come from Shiraz in Persia. The principal headmen are (1904) Arbab Imam Bakhsh, the Arbab of all Dehwars in Mastung Valley: Malik Abdul Rahman and Shadi Khan. They are very old inhabitants of Mastung and played an important part in the early history of the Brahuis: Mir Bijjar Mirwari who drove out the Jadgals, was born of a Khawaja Khail mother and the Khawaja Khail are described as having helped the Mir Waris against the Jadgals. (To be Continued)….
From THE GAZATTEER OF BALOCHISTAN (SARWAN) PUBLISHED FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF BALOCHISTAN. 1ST Published in 1906 & Second Edition Published in 1986.
__
It is an unity of different Persian speaking sections, live at different geographical locations in Balochistan generally. By their genesis, they derive their history from Afghanistan and Iran. They have long been living here in Balochistan, having served for different causes, even paid sacrifices in struggle for an independent Balochistan in British era. They have played a substantial role in state's affairs, socially, economically, politically and physically. Majority of this group consists of Alizai tribe, that dwell in Mastung, Kalat, Quetta, Kharan and other parts of the province. Others are, Abizai, Yousufzai, Kabulizai and Khawaja khail. Dehwar lives in majority in mastung and kalat districts. The chief of dehwar is called Arbab, which is also taken from khawaja khail tribe.
Dehwar are a people in Balochistan province of Pakistan, thought to be the original Persian inhabitants of the land. Dehwar tribe are settled in Kalat,and Mastung . The principal clans into which the tribe is divided are the Yusufzai, Alizai, Sanjarzai and Khwajakhail. The leader of each tribe is called Sardar/ Arbab. The present Sardar of the Dehwar of Mastung is Sardar Mohammad Afzal Khawajakhail and the Sardar of the Dehwar of Kalat tribe is Sardar Mohammed Siddique Dehwar. Others who share in the tribal hierarchy are many Maliks, Takris and Rais who comprise the tribal jirga.
Dehwar means the inhabitants of collective “mud” houses whose name is derived from the fact that they live in Dehs of collections of mud houses. Vide Balochistan “Gazetteer Sarawan page 69” “Balochistan Qadeem aur jadeed tarikh ke Roshni may" page 182 written by Mir Gul Khan Naseer.
__
DEMPGRAPHICS.
The Dehwar are one of the settled Persian tribes and urban dwellers, unlike other tribes Baluchistan, who are traditionally rural dwellers. They are known as ehgan/Parsiwans/Tajiks in Afghanistan and in central asia. Since the Dehwar reside in settled communities they traditionally tend to be better educated involved in skilled professions, uch as accounts and administration and they are also known as Agricultural landowners. It would therefore, be seen that the Dehwars are a people who historically walked into the modern ages as an independent people.
They have intermarried with an admixture of local peoples. The two major communities of Dehwar are the Dehwar of Mastung and the Dehwar of Kalat. The Dehwars appear to have been in the country before the Brahuis rose to power in the 15th century, and according to tradition assisted the latter in conjunction with the Raisanis and Zehris to conquer Kalat from the Baloch. The other major Brahui tribes headed the major armies in support of the Khan of Kalat known as the Sarawan and Jhalawan Lashkars.
The Dehwars were generally associated with the Khan of Kalat by helping them with the administration of the state in terms of revenue and tax collection, communications, record keeping,and general administration of the Darbar. There were extensive intra marriage relationships between the Ahmadzai Rulers of Kalat and the Dehwar. Dehwar tribesmen were the right hand men of the Khan of Kalat, and the Khan of kalat trusted only the DEHWAR tribe with court work and land documentations. Also note that the DEHWAR tribe arrived in KALAT AND MASTUNG areas even before the Khans of Kalat. In addition the Dehwars did their part by sending armed soldiers to support the Brahui rulers, with the Dehwar of Mastung sending men to the lashar of Dasta-e-Khas which was in the personal command of the Khan-e-Azam, and the Dehwar of Kalat sending men to the lashkar of Dasta-e-Doem which was commanded by the Sarawan Sardar of the Raisani tribe.
HISTORY.
Dehwar have made a significant part in the contemporary history of the Baloch, and they have provided intellectual and physical manpower to the organizational break with feudal and tribal politics in the late 1920s, due to the formation of the "Anjuman-e Ittehad-e Balochan" (Organisation for Unity of the Baloch) in Mastung. The bulk of its leadership and membership were largely drawn from the urban bourgeoisie, large and small, educated youth, and nationalist-minded members of the clergy and tribal aristocracy. In 1935, the Anjuman was replaced by the "Kalat State National Party" in 1937, in order to establish constitutional rule in the Khanate with the Khan of Kalat as the constitutional monarch of the Baloch. Many of the prominent Dehwars associated with the comtemporary history of Balochistan are renowned politician and historian Malik Saeed Mohammed Dehwar, Abdul Karim Khwajakhail, Malik Abdur Raheem Khwajakhail Malik Faiz Mohammad Yusufzai,and Haji A Qadir Sanjarzai. The Tribe is highly educated and have skilled persons. Dehwar is old tribe of balochistan, and some records in history make it.
KALAT STATE NATIONAL PARTY.
On 5th February, 1937 the Baloch youth once again got together and formed a new political organization by the name of "Kalat State National Party" (KSNP). Mir Abdul Aziz Kurd was elected its President, Mir Gul Khan Nasir the Vice President and Malik Faiz Muhammad Yousafzai became the Secretary General. The Kalat State National Party was affiliated with the Indian National Congress. It played an important role in curbing the power and influence of the Tribal Chieftans or Sardars, abolition of cruel and unusual taxes imposed on the poor by the Sardars and formation of a democratically elected Parliament fashioned after the British Parliament on Kalat State's independence. The KSNP had several ups and downs with the Khan of Kalat. At first most of the top leaders of the party such as Abdul Aziz Kurd, Faiz Muhammad Yoyusafzai, Gul Khan Nasir, Abdul Rahim Khwajakhaill etc. were serving as government officials. In 1939, during an annual session of KSNP in which Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo was also taking part as a representative of a Karachi-based political party, some thugs sent by the local sardars tried to disrupt the rally by firing at the participants. After that all the members of the Party who had government jobs resigned and were arrested. This was the incident which caused Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo to join the KSNP. After some time the Khan reconciliated with the KSNP leaders and reemployed them as government officials. Once again tensions rose between the KSNP and the Khan of Kalat and this time the KSNP leadership resigned for good never to work as government servants again.
From gulkhannasir.
Bibliography
Available online in two parts part 1 and part 2.
Iranian ethnic groups
Social groups of Balochistan, Pakistan
Ethnic groups in Iran |
5387486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Route%20298 | New York State Route 298 | New York State Route 298 (NY 298) is an east–west state highway located entirely within Onondaga County, New York, in the United States. It runs in a generally northeast direction for from an interchange with Interstate 690 (I-690) in the city of Syracuse to a roundabout intersection with NY 31 near the shores of Oneida Lake. Along its course it has exits with all four Interstate Highways in the area. Most of NY 298 was originally designated as part of NY 91 in 1930 before gaining its current designation later in the decade.
Route description
Most of NY 298 is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT); however, one section in Syracuse—from the junction of Bear Street and Genant Drive to the eastern city line—is city-maintained.
City of Syracuse
NY 298 begins just west of downtown Syracuse, where it splits from I-690 at exit 9, a partial interchange providing same-direction connections only. It heads northeast as Bear Street, passing by several commercial and industrial blocks as it crosses over Onondaga Creek, which flows into nearby Onondaga Lake. After four large blocks, NY 298 meets I-81 at exit 22. The route leaves Bear Street here to follow a southeastward track on Genant Drive and Sunset Avenue, which form a one-way couplet in the vicinity of I-81. NY 298 eastbound follows the former along I-81's southwestern edge, while westbound traffic is routed along the latter on the freeway's northeastern side. This stretch of NY 298 provides access from I-690 eastbound to I-81 northbound, one connection missing at the two freeways' interchange in downtown.
The couplet lasts for just two blocks to Court Street, where both directions of NY 298 turn north to enter a more residential area of the city. Just two blocks north of I-81 at North Salina Street, NY 298 intersects with U.S. Route 11 (US 11), which closely parallels I-81 as it runs through Syracuse. From here, the route slowly curves to take a more easterly course through the residential northern portion of the city. It seamlessly crosses into the town of Salina, eventually completing the eastern turn as it heads through the town. The homes begin to give way to businesses and industrial areas at the hamlet of Lyncourt, where NY 298 becomes a four-lane divided highway and connects to the north end of NY 598. From here, NY 298 heads northeast, losing the Court Street name as it passes under the CSX Transportation-owned Mohawk Subdivision and crosses into the town of DeWitt.
Past the railroad overpass, NY 298 enters a heavily industrial area, where it serves industrial parks on both sides of the highway. It connects to Townline Road by way of a traffic circle known locally as Military Circle, from where the road heads due east to a larger traffic circle named Carrier Circle. The circle is one of two in the state that directly connects to an exit on the New York State Thruway (I-90), here exit 35. NY 635 comes in from the south here as well via Thompson Road, terminating inside of the circle. East of the circle, NY 298 turns northward on a long arc, serving a handful of smaller industrial parks before crossing over the Thruway as Kinne Street.
Northeastern Onondaga County
The suburbs slowly begin to taper off north of the Thruway, where NY 298 becomes Collamer Road after Kinne Street leaves at a northeastern turn in the route. It narrows back into a two-lane undivided highway and proceeds through the pockets of residential and commercial development that comprise the hamlet of Collamer on its way to an interchange with I-481 at exit 7. After the I-481 junction, it heads east yet slightly northwards into the town of Manlius, where the dense commercial and residential areas give way to more rural regions with only a handful of homes. NY 298 continues across increasingly flat, wooded and undeveloped country to a four-way junction named Shepps Corners. Here, the route turns northeast once again, changing names to Minoa–Bridgeport Road as it enters Cicero.
Not far from the town line, all development along the road ceases as it enters the Cicero Swamp Wildlife Management Area, which covers part of a large, low-lying swamp known as Cicero Swamp. It heads across wooded swampland for about , becoming Minoa Road in the process. Homes begin to line the highway again just north of the marsh, where NY 298 makes a slight turn to the north as it begins to parallel Chittenango Creek, here forming the boundary between Onondaga County and Madison County. The waterway leads the highway into the commercialized hamlet of Oneida Park, where NY 298 ends at a roundabout intersection with NY 31. On the opposite bank of the creek is the slightly larger community of Bridgeport, located just east of Oneida Park on NY 31.
History
The portion of modern NY 298 from Salina Street (US 11) in downtown Syracuse to NY 31 near Bridgeport was originally designated as the northernmost portion of NY 91 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. At the time, NY 91 was routed on a then-complete Court Street and Collamer Road between Midler Avenue and Molloy Road. NY 91 was truncated to the intersection of US 11 and NY 173 south of Syracuse . Its former routing from the former northern terminus of its overlap with US 11 to Bridgeport was redesignated as NY 298.
In the 1950s, NY 298 was altered between Midler Avenue and Molloy Road to follow its modern alignment. As part of the rerouting, two traffic circles—the Carrier Circle at the intersection with Thompson Road and the New York State Thruway, and Military Circle at Townline Road—were installed along the route. By 1962, NY 298 had been extended southwestward to its current terminus at I-690 exit 9. At the time, traffic on I-690 flowed directly onto NY 298 and vice versa as the remainder of I-690 east of the interchange had yet to be built. I-690 was completed from NY 298 to Midler Avenue in the mid-1960s.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
298
Transportation in Onondaga County, New York
Transportation in Syracuse, New York |
5387506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster%20Creek | Brewster Creek | Brewster Creek is located in the Firestone Park area of Akron, Ohio and is a vital drainage waterway for the region.
The length of the creek is nearly 5.5 miles (8.85 kilometers) with an average width of 13 feet (3.96 meters). The creek originates near Arlington Road and ultimately drains in Nesmith Lake off Manchester Road. Brewster Creek is notorious for flooding at the crossing of Waterloo Road near the Brewster Creek Apartments during long periods of substantial rainfall. The flooding is mainly due to the highly graded hills on the western side of the creek that contribute to considerable amounts of runoff. The creek is also constricted near crossing roads due to drainage cylinders. Brewster Creek averages several floods a year with nearly all occurring in the summer months.
See also
List of rivers of Ohio
References
Summit County Engineer GIS
Rivers of Summit County, Ohio
Rivers of Ohio |
5387510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.%20Prabha | B. Prabha | B. Prabha (1933 – 2001) was a prolific Indian artist who worked primarily in oil on canvas. She is best known for her graceful, elongated figures of pensive rural women, each dominated by a single colour. By the time of her death, her work had been shown in over 50 exhibitions, and had found its way into significant art collections, including India's National Gallery of Modern Art, the TIFR Art Collection and the Air India Art Collection.
Prabha started working at a time when India had few women artists. She was deeply inspired by the work of seminal modernist Amrita Sher-Gil. Much like Sher-Gil, the protagonists of Prabha's works were usually women. She was moved by the plight of rural women, and over time, they became the main theme of her work. In an interview with Youngbuzz India, she said "I have yet to see one happy woman." Her paintings also covered a wide range of subjects from landscapes to social issues like droughts, hunger and homelessness.
Early life and education
Badwelgar or B. Prabha grew up in the small village of Bela, near Nagpur in Maharashtra, India. She studied at the Nagpur School of Art, before moving to Bombay on a scholarship, completing her Diploma in Painting and Mural Painting at the Sir J. J. School of Art in the year 1954-55. It was here that she met her husband, the artist and sculptor, B. Vithal, whom she married in 1956. In Bombay, the artist couple struggled to make their way, selling pieces of family jewellery and sometimes depending on the assistance of friends for a place to stay and store their works.
In her formative years, Prabha was equally interested in music and art. Advised by her elder brother against pursuing two vocations at once, she chose art after completing her schooling. An early inspiration was the pioneering Indian-Hungarian modern artist, Amrita Sher-Gil. Like Sher-Gil, Prabha dreamed of being a renowned artist, taking her paintings to all corners of the world.
Career
At her first exhibition, held when she was still a student at art school, 3 of Prabha's paintings were acquired by Homi J. Bhabha, eminent nuclear scientist and patron of the arts, for the iconic art collection of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. Prabha’s signature formal style evolved after her marriage to B. Vithal, when she moved from a modern abstraction to more decorative figuration. The artist couple held their first joint exhibition in 1956, the year they were married.
Prabha's graceful, elongated figures of rural women spotlighted their lives, labour, and the very real contemporary threat of drought, hunger and homelessness. It is significant to note that Prabha, a female artist practicing in an age where women were unapologetically oppressed, used her position and voice as an artist to comment on the same. While her work today might seem like a simple documentation of the figures of rural women, a few decades ago the works were rebellious, and conscious remarks on spirit and the plight of these women. As she famously said, "It is my aim to paint the trauma and tragedy of women."
Important collections
Air India art collection
Air India bought its first set of six paintings for Rs 87.50 in 1956 from B Prabha, then still a young art graduate. Prabha walked into Air India’s art department and asked if the company would buy some of her paintings of Indian women. The officials agreed and a new art collection was born. The "Maharajah Collection" as it came to called, expanded to 4000 works over the next six decades and more, becoming one of India's most important art collections. The collection, which started with Prabha, aimed to put a little bit of India, both past and modern present, into the booking offices and spaces of the airline worldwide.
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
In 1962-63, B. Prabha was part of a small group of acclaimed young artists invited to participate in a competition process to create the single most significant work commissioned by the TIFR - an over 13 foot mural to be executed in the building's central foyer. Whilst the commission was eventually awarded to the artist M.F. Husain, B. Prabha's proposed painting (Black Moon, 1963) in maquette form, continues to be on display nearby.
Citi India Corporate Collection
Atleast four of Prabha's works are also part of the Citi India Corporate Collection.
Exhibitions
Over the years Prabha held more than 50 exhibitions in India and abroad. She held two solo shows at Delhi's Kumar Gallery in 1959 and 1961. Her solo exhibition 'Shradhanjali' in Mumbai in 1993 was dedicated to her late husband B.Vithal. Prabha's work was also part of the group exhibition 'Contemporary Indian Painters' at Jehangir Art Gallery in Mumbai in 1996. She was also a part of the Bombay State Art Exhibition in 1958 where she was awarded the first prize.
Posthumously, Prabha's work has been included in exhibitions such as 'Winter Moderns' at Aicon Gallery, New York, and 'Pot Pourri' at Gallery Beyond, Mumbai, both in 2008.
Awards and honors
Awarded the First Prize at the Bombay State Art Exhibition in 1958
Received All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society (AIFACS) Awards, New Delhi
References
External links
"B. Prabha Profile, Interview and Artworks"
Article in Hindi from "Abhivyakti" including a picture of the artist and two of her paintings.
1933 births
2001 deaths
Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art alumni
Indian women painters
20th-century Indian painters
20th-century Indian women artists
Women artists from Maharashtra
Painters from Maharashtra
Artists from Nagpur |
5387519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoda%20Station | Sonoda Station | is a station on the Hankyu Kobe Line operated by Hankyu Railway in Japan.
Overview
Layout
There are two island platforms and an island platform serving 4 tracks elevated.
Surrounding area
Although technically situated in Amagasaki, Hyōgo Prefecture, it is a five-minute walk to the neighboring Osaka Prefecture. Trains run from Umeda to at ten-minute intervals, with the frequency of Umeda-bound trains increasing into rush hour.
Below the station itself exists a small shopping centre called Sonoda Hankyu Plaza (園田阪急プラザ) which undertook a major renovation completed at the end of April 2006. It now consists of many restaurants, a Matsumoto Kiyoshi pharmacy, a Mister Donut, a branch of the Kohyo chain of supermarket, a Docomo mobile phone shop as well as various smaller retailers.
Despite the station being named Sonoda, the name of the area it is found in is actually slightly different. The specific location of the station is Higashi-Sonoda (東園田町) and so this can unfortunately sometimes result in confusion.
History
Sonoda Station opened on 20 October 1936.
The station was transformed from a surface-level station to an elevated station in 1980. Work took 2 years to complete.
Station numbering was introduced on 21 December 2013, with Sonoda being designated as station number HK-05.
References
External links
Station website (in Japanese)
Railway stations in Hyōgo Prefecture
Hankyū Kōbe Main Line |
5387524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown%20High%20School%20%28Virginia%29 | Jamestown High School (Virginia) | Jamestown High School is a public secondary school at 3751 John Tyler Highway in James City County, Virginia, just outside Williamsburg, Virginia. The school opened in 1997, becoming the second of three high schools in the county. It is part of Williamsburg-James City County Public Schools. As of 2013 it had 1,211 students.
History
Jamestown High School opened in 1997, with the first student body consisting of Lafayette High School students and various local middle school graduates. Its name derives from the nearby Jamestown Settlement. In 2007 Jamestown High School was replaced as the newest school within the district by Warhill High School, which was built to relieve overcrowding. Some students from Jamestown, Lafayette High School and local middle schools made up the first student body there.
Curriculum
The curriculum is based on standards set by the Virginia Board of Education. Jamestown participates in the AVID program to facilitate preparation for college. Jamestown offers 19 Advanced Placement classes. These include Biology, Calculus AB & BC, Chemistry, English Language, English Literature, French, German, Human Geography, Latin, Microeconomics, Music Theory, Physics 1 & 2, Psychology, Spanish, Studio Art, US Government, and US History. Students can also take additional AP classes online via Virtual Virginia.
Graduation requirements at Jamestown include three credits of mathematics and science; four credits of English; four credits of history; and one credit of a foreign language (Spanish, German, French, Latin or American Sign Language). Finally, students must complete one technology credit and one fine arts credit.
In addition to the basic diploma, an advanced diploma option is available. Requirements for the advanced diploma include additional foreign language credits.
Jamestown offers enrollment at The New Horizons Governor's School for Science and Technology. The Governor's School is a two-year, half-day program for 11th and 12th graders. Admission to the program is highly competitive. Students select either the engineering strand, the biological science strand, or the scientific programming strand.
Culture
In 1999, the school received various bomb threats after the Columbine High School shootings. This has not occurred in recent years. In 2007 a student was apprehended with a small handgun, apparently in an attempt to scare another student into returning a PSP that was stolen from him.
Some incidents related to drug and alcohol usage have resulted in disciplinary action, especially during prom and homecoming weeks. A program called "Every 30 Minutes", which simulates a car accident that occurs after drinking alcohol, attempts to deter students from drinking.
Campus
The first floor contains classrooms for fine arts, technology (split into engineering, graphics and Cooperative Business Education), math and science. The special education classrooms are also on this level. The second floor has the library (or media center) and classrooms for math, social studies, English and foreign languages (along with English as a Second Language (ESL)).
West of the main building, five trailers that acted as 10 classrooms and could hold around a total of 250 students were brought in to relieve overcrowding. In spite of the reduction in enrollment due to the construction of Warhill High School, two of the trailers have become a permanent part of the campus. The school is surrounded by wooded and swamp areas.
Enrollment
[*] A new high school opened this year. Students were redistricted.
Teacher statistics
Full-time- 74 (2012-2013)
Student/Teacher Ratio= 16:4
Demographics
As of the 2012-2013 school year, Jamestown High School's student body is 74% (898) White; 11.5% (139) Black; 7% (90) Hispanic; 3% (31) Asian; and 1% (3) Native American.
Athletics
The school's mascot is an eagle and its sports teams currently play in the AA Bay Rivers District in Region I. Jamestown has won 23 state titles, which include six AA girls' tennis Dynasty state titles from 2000–2002, 2004–2006; five boys' swimming state titles in 2001 and 2006–2008 and 2016; seven AA girls' swimming titles from 2000 to 2002 as well as 2013 to 2017; four AA boys' soccer titles in 2001, 2008, 2012, and 2015; one AA girls' soccer title in 1999; six AA golf titles in 1999, 2013, and 2014,2015, 2016, and 2018; one girls' field hockey title in 2001; one AA boys' cross country title in 2001; and one AA girls' basketball title in 2006.
Jamestown also had their first female football player during the 2000-2001 season.
Theatre
The Jamestown High School Theatre Department formed in September 1997. Traditionally it produces three shows every year. There is a fall one-act, a fall play and a spring musical. Jamestown has competed in the Virginia High School League (VHSL) One-Act competitions at the district, regional, and state level. Its production of Degas C'est Moi won all three VHSL Championships.
Music
Jamestown has several musical groups, including a symphonic band and wind ensemble, a marching band and mixed, jazz and chamber choirs.
Band
The band has won a superior rating every year after its founding year and has traveled to numerous destinations across the US for competition.
Marching band
The marching band is by far the largest musical group at Jamestown. The instrumentation consists of woodwinds, brass, a drum line and a pit (usually keyboard instruments and axillary instruments). There is also a color guard that twirls colorful flags, dance, and use other visuals as the school board does not allow the use of rifles or sabers in performances. The band uses a technique very similar to modern style drum and bugle corps.
Clubs and extracurricular activities
Jamestown has several different clubs and groups. In order for the group to be part of the school, it must first have at least one sponsor and it must have approval by the principal.
Here is a list of all of the clubs and organizations, as listed on the school's website:
Academic Team,
AFS Intercultural Programs,
Art Club,
Color Guard (part of the marching band),
Dance Team,
DECA,
Eagle Eye Newspaper,
Ecology Club,
Envirothon Club,
French Club,
Freshman Class,
Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA),
German Club,
It's Academic,
Jamestown Robotics Club,
Junior Class,
Key Club,
Lacrosse (at JHS lacrosse is considered a club, not a sport),
Latin Club,
Ascent,
Math League,
Model United Nations (Model U.N.),
National Honor Society (NHS),
Parent Teacher Student Association (PTSA),
Peer Mediation,
Peer Partners,
Science Club,
Senior Class,
Sophomore Class,
Spanish Club,
Spanish National Honor Society,
Students Academic Recognition (STAR),
Student Cooperative Association (SCA),
Theatre Programs,
Vocational Industrial Clubs of America (VICA), and
Yearbook.
Ascent
Ascent is the literature and art magazine at Jamestown. It was originally established as Labyrinth.
References
Educational institutions established in 1997
Public high schools in Virginia
Schools in James City County, Virginia
Education in Williamsburg, Virginia
1997 establishments in Virginia |
5387541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland%20Revenue%20Department%20%28Hong%20Kong%29 | Inland Revenue Department (Hong Kong) | The Inland Revenue Department (IRD) is the Hong Kong government department responsible for collecting taxes and duties.
History
The Inland Revenue Department was established on 1 April 1947. Initially it administered only one piece of legislation, the Inland Revenue Ordinance, which was enacted on 3 May 1947.
The department subsequently absorbed various elements of the Treasury, including the Estate Duty Office (in 1949), the Stamp Duty Office (1956), and responsibility for collection of entertainments, bets and sweeps, and public dance-halls taxes (1956).
In December 1979, the department's headquarters moved to Windsor House in Causeway Bay, a building that was specially designed with a second lift core for the department. In order to save on rental costs, the department moved again, in December 1991, to the eponymous government-owned Revenue Tower in Wanchai, where it remains headquartered as of 2020.
Ordinances administered
The IRD is responsible for the administration of the following Hong Kong ordinances on taxes and duties and the related rules and regulations:
Betting Duty Ordinance Cap.108
Business Registration Ordinance Cap.310
Estate Duty Ordinance Cap.111
Hotel Accommodation Tax Ordinance Cap.348
Inland Revenue Ordinance Cap.112
Stamp Duty Ordinance Cap.117
Tax Reserve Certificates Ordinance Cap.289
Commissioners of Inland Revenue
References
External links
1947 establishments in Hong Kong
Revenue services
Hong Kong government departments and agencies
Taxation in Hong Kong
Law of Hong Kong |
5387604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20measurement | Fish measurement | Fish measurement is the measuring of individual fish and various parts of their anatomies. These data are used in many areas of ichthyology, including taxonomy and fisheries biology.
Overall length
Standard length (SL) is the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the last vertebra or to the posterior end of the midlateral portion of the hypural plate. Simply put, this measurement excludes the length of the caudal (tail) fin.
Total length (TL) is the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the tip of the longer lobe of the caudal fin, usually measured with the lobes compressed along the midline. It is a straight-line measure, not measured over the curve of the body.
Standard length measurements are used with Teleostei (most bony fish), while total length measurements are used with Myxini (hagfish), Petromyzontiformes (lampreys), and (usually) Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays), as well as some other fishes.
Total length measurements are used in slot limit and minimum landing size regulations.
In addition, fishery biologists often use a third measure in fishes with forked tails:
Fork length (FL) is the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the end of the middle caudal fin rays, and is used in fishes in which it is difficult to tell where the vertebral column ends.
Fin lengths and eye diameter
Other possible measurements include the lengths of various fins, the lengths of fin bases and the diameter of the eye.
See also
Ichthyology terms
Standard weight in fish
References
External links
Diagram of fish measurements - Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department
Ichthyology
Fishkeeping
Fish anatomy
Fisheries science |
5387608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei%20Morozov | Alexei Morozov | Alexei Alekseyevich Morozov (; born 16 February 1977) is the president of the Kontinental Hockey League and a Russian former professional ice hockey player.
He played professional hockey with the Pittsburgh Penguins in the National Hockey League (NHL) and in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) with Ak Bars Kazan and CSKA Moscow.
He is the former captain of the Russian national team, having held the post from 2007–2011, with the team winning 2 gold, 1 silver (missed tournament due to injury, Kovalchuk captained) and 1 bronze medal at the World Championships during this time. He was succeeded, as national team captain, by his Ak Bars team mate Ilya Nikulin, in 2012.
Playing career
As a youth, Morozov played in the 1991 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Moscow.
Pittsburgh Penguins
Morozov was drafted in the first round, 24th overall, by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. After being drafted, he remained in Russia and did not join the Penguins until the 1997–98 NHL season. Morozov began his career much like Pittsburgh legend Mario Lemieux, scoring on his first shot on his first shift of his first game as a Penguin. He played seven seasons for the Penguins, totaling 451 games, 84 goals, and 219 points.
In his seven-year NHL career, Morozov earned the nickname The Devil Killer for his notorious success against the New Jersey Devils. In fact, New Jersey goaltender Martin Brodeur in an interview before a Penguins/Devils game on Fox Sports Net jokingly stated that he had nightmares of Morozov each night before his club would play the Penguins. Brodeur also stated in an interview with ESPN's Dan Patrick that Morozov is the player that he would not like to see coming in on him on a breakaway adding " The kid's got probably over 25 percent of his career goals on me. It's unbelievable." when asked to explain Morozov's success against him Brodeur added " I don't know. If you figure it out, please tell me. When he shoots the puck, I never catch it really clean. When he's going to make a pass, I think he's shooting. When he's shooting, I think he's making a pass. The guy's in my kitchen. He's in my head. I can't get rid of him." He also won an Olympic Silver Medal on the 1998 Russian Olympic Team during his rookie year with the Penguins. Despite these successes, Morozov never fully developed into the player he had the potential to be as he played a majority of his first few seasons in the NHL on the third and fourth lines due to the tremendous depth of a talent laden Penguins team that included stars such as Mario Lemieux, Jaromír Jágr, Alexei Kovalev, Martin Straka and Robert Lang among others.
He finally got his chance on the starting line during the 2002–03 season and the KLM line of Kovalev, Lemieux and Morozov led the Penguins to a top three record in the conference the first third of the season before being dismantled by injuries and trades. After bursting onto the scene with 25 points in 27 games, Morozov suffered a fractured wrist by a crushing hit that ended his season and Lemieux became bogged down by back problems which forced him to call it a year. Kovalev was later traded at the NHL trade deadline to the New York Rangers.
The next season saw Morozov off to a slow start, mainly due to injury and the lack of talent on a young Penguins team. However, down the stretch of the 2003–04 season, Morozov was instrumental to the Penguins late season success, leading the team with five game-winning goals, including two in the final three games of the season as well as netting 20 points in the final 15 games. He would also finish the season leading all Penguins forwards in points.
Ak Bars Kazan
During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Morozov went back to Russia to hone his skills and play for the Ak Bars Kazan of the Russian Superleague (RSL), for whom he has played since. He would see significant ice-time on a talent laden Ak-Bars team that included NHL stars such as Vincent Lecavalier, Dany Heatley, Ilya Kovalchuk, Brad Richards and Nik Antropov. Despite these marquee NHL names, it would be Morozov who would go on to lead the club in scoring with 46 points.
2005–06 season
With the NHL's future still up in the air, Morozov signed a one-year contract with Kazan in hopes to build upon his previous season's success. The 2005–06 season proved a great one for Morozov, where he finished the regular season leading the league in goals (23) and being second in points (49) after Sergei Mozyakin (52) while leading Ak Bars to its first championship win in nearly ten years. He was instrumental in his team's long playoff run, amassing 26 points (13 goals, 13 assists) in just 13 games en route to Playoff MVP. He was also qualified for six other RSL league awards, two of which he won.
As they built on their chemistry from the 2004–05 season that eventually led to dominance during the 2005–06 season, the Kazan line of Sergei Zinovjev, Danis Zaripov, and Morozov himself came to be known throughout the world as the ZZM Line. During the 2006 RSL playoff run, the ZZM Line amassed 51 points in just 13 games. Although they would only see one more full season together after 2005–06 due to injuries, the ZZM Line has been widely regarded as the best European line produced since the Cold War Era for their championship style of play leading Ak-Bars to one RSL championship, one KHL championship, one European Cup Championship, and Team Russia to two Gold Medal World Championships.
The off-season choice of whether to remain in the RSL or return to the NHL was a very difficult one for Morozov, as he wanted to join his compatriots Evgeni Malkin and Alexander Semin in the NHL but he also had a great relationship and close ties with Ak Bars. However, in the end, Morozov chose to sign an undisclosed contract to stay with his Russian club in hopes of winning back-to-back championships.
2006–07
When the regular season ended, Morozov led the league and established new Super League record in points (83) as Ak Bars Kazan had a league leading 119 points and well on the way to a second straight championship. He became the first and only player in the history of the RSL to top the eighty points in a season and his 83 points broke the old record of 79 held by Sergei Makarov. This is a record that will stand the test of time as in just two more years the RSL would be replaced by a greater league spanning four countries. After quickly dispatching of Metallurg Novokuznetsk in the opening round in three games, Ak Bars then defeated Khimik Moscow Oblast and CSKA Moscow in four games each to advance to the finals to face Metallurg Magnitogorsk. In a final decisive game five, Ak Bars would come up short losing the final game by the score of 2–1. Despite not matching his stellar numbers of the 2005–06 season, Morozov finished the playoffs with a league leading 15 assists in 14 games.
During the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) European Championship Cup (ECC) in January 2007, Morozov earned the titles of best forward and MVP as he led Ak Bars to the championship by defeating the SM-liiga club HPK 6–0, reaffirming Russian dominance at the tournament.
Shortly after the 2006–07 RSL season ended, Morozov was chosen to represent Russia as an Alternate Captain at the International Hockey World Championship (IHWC). Despite missing two games to a minor knee injury, in just seven games he finished first in goals with eight while finishing second in points as well as capturing the title of best forward at the tournament.
2007–08
The following and final RSL season proved another successful one for Morozov as he continued his dominance of the league by finishing in the tops in scoring and leading Ak Bars to the playoffs once again but would come up one game and one goal short of the finals in another heartbreaking 4–3 loss to Salavat Yulaev Ufa. The 2007–08 RSL season would be the last in the league's history, as it would be replaced by the newly formed Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) at the start of the 2008–09 season. The KHL comprised the 20 current teams from the RSL, as well as Avtomobilist Ekaterinburg of the Vysshaya Liga, Barys Astana from Kazakhstan, Dynamo Minsk from Belarus, as well as a team from Latvia based in Riga known as Dinamo Riga.
Due to his previous year's success with the Russian national team at the 2007 World Championship, Morozov was chosen as Captain of the 2008 squad. With Morozov in the lineup the previous year, Russia went undefeated until he suffered a knee injury and the 2007 squad without their alternate captain would finish 1–1 and fall short of the Gold once again. However, with Morozov as their captain and in the lineup, Russia would go undefeated once again and capture the Gold by defeating Canada in a thrilling overtime contest 5–4. The gold medal score was Russia's first in 15 years and would be Russia's 24th overall, tying Canada for the most gold medals by any county. The 2008 IIHF World Championship also marked 100 years of World Championship hockey.
2008–09
In 2008, his Russian club Ak Bars Kazan joined the Kontinetal Hockey League. Although Morozov was limited to only 49 games due to a freak head-on collision with Atlant Moscow goaltender Ray Emery, he finished second in scoring with 70 points (32 goals and 38 assists). Following the season's end, Ak Bars swept Barys Astana in the Round of 16 and defeat them in season series 3–0. In the quarterfinals they would face the talent-laden Avangard Omsk and dispatch them in a final decisive game five 3–2 in overtime.
For the semifinals and finals matches, the playoff series length was increased to seven games for the final four teams in it and in their semifinal match-up, Kazan defeated Dynamo Moscow 4–2 and would go on to face Lokomotiv Yaroslavl in the finals, making it the third time in five years that Ak Bars has made it to the finals. Although Ak Bars would get off to a slow start, getting outscored in their first three games by a combined score of 9–4, including two shutout losses, they and captain Aleksey Morozov would turn it on when it mattered. Finding themselves down 3–2 in the series, Ak Bars would snatch game six away from Lokomotiv in overtime and in the final decisive game seven their captain provided all the offense the team needed as Morozov scored the lone goal in a 1–0 victory, making Kazan the first team to ever capture the Gagarin Cup and first-ever KHL champions.
Due to his incredible success in the KHL as well as his previous success in captaining Russia to a World Championship, Morozov was once again chosen as captain for the 2009 IHWC squad. He would not disappoint, as Russia would go on to steamroll their opponents in the opening rounds of play and would soon find themselves in a rematch of the previous year's championship game against Canada. In yet another exciting contest, Russia would once again capture the Gold by defeating Canada 2–1 giving them the most Gold Medals by any country with 25. From 2006 to 2009, Team Russia was a perfect 21–0 with Morozov in their lineup in World Championship hockey.
2009–10
Morozov was chosen as Captain for Team Russia at the 2010 Winter Olympics, as well as the flagbearer for the Russian Olympic Team. Despite a talented roster, Team Russia would fall to eventual Olympic Gold champion Canada in the opening elimination round. As of 2010, Canada and Russia stand tied with the most gold medals of any ice hockey national team with 25 between Olympic and World Championship tournaments.
Despite the devastating Olympic loss, Morozov did not let it bother him on the ice as he led Ak-Bars to their second straight Gagarin Cup as KHL champions. The 2009–10 season was an up and down one for Morozov as he battle injuries down the stretch in the second half of the KHL season where he missed several key playoff games and even had to miss the 2010 World Championships, where Team Russia would lose for the first time in over 3 years without their Captain and have to settle for Silver.
The injury bug would plague Morozov down the stretch of Ak-Bars KHL playoff run as well; however, due in large part to his leadership on and off the ice, Ak-Bars would capture their second consecutive Gagarin Cup as KHL champions. This victory made Ak-Bars the first club in the KHL to not only win the Gagarin Cup but to win the trophy twice and back-to-back.
2010–2013 seasons
The 2010–11 season would prove another successful one for Morozov as he was amongst the KHL league leaders in points once more with 56; averaging over a point-per-game for the fourth and final time in his professional career. Although Ak-Bars failed to capture their third straight Gagarin Cup, Morozov had yet another successful playoff season with 5 goals, 9 points in just 9 games.
Morozov strung together another excellent season during the 2011–12 campaign where he scored over 50 points for the sixth and final time in his professional ice hockey career and amassed over 20 goals for the tenth and final time in his professional career. Although Ak-Bars would bow out early in the KHL playoffs, Morozov scored 4 goals, 6 points in just 5 games cementing his place as one of league's best all-time clutch performers.
The 2012–13 season was a successful one for Ak-Bars as they enjoyed a long playoff run before falling one win shy of reaching the Gagarin Cup Finals for the first time since 2010 when they lost to Traktor Chelyabinsk in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Finals. Although they wouldn't capture their third Gagarin Cup, the Ak-Bars captain lead the way scoring an impressive 15 points in 18 games in his final season with the club.
CSKA Moscow
In May 2013, it was announced that Morozov had signed a two-year contract with CSKA Moscow. He was named captain of the team later that summer.
On August 24, 2014, after battling through injuries during the 2013-2014 campaign, Morozov announced that he was retiring from professional ice hockey. He leaves behind an impressive legacy as one of Russia's most gifted offensive players of all time as well as several Soviet/Russian league records from his years playing in the CIS, RSL, and KHL.
Among these numerous records and awards are the Russian league record for most points in a season with 83 for his outstanding 2006-07 campaign as well as three championship titles, two of which he earned playoff MVP. Morozov will also be remembered for his outstanding international play helping Team Russia to two World Championship Gold Medals in which he captained the club, a European Championship where he was also team captain, and an Olympic Silver Medal. Morozov has also earned several individual international awards such as Best Forward at the WJC in 1994, Best Forward at the IHWC in 2007, and Best Forward and Most Valuable Player at the ECC in 2007.
Honours
CIS - Rookie of the Year: 1994–95
World Junior Championship All-Star 1996
Best Best Forward at WJC 1997
Olympic Silver Medal (Russia): 1998
Russian Super League Championship: 2006
Ceska Pojistovna: 2006
Kubok Pervogo Kanala: 2006
RSL Goal Scoring Champion: 2006
RSL Playoff MVP: 2006
European Champions: 2007
Best Forward (ECC): 2007
Most Valuable Player (ECC): 2007
RSL Goal Scoring Champion: 2007
RSL MVP: 2007
Best Forward (IHWC): 2007
World Championship (Russia): 2008
Gagarin Cup: 2009
KHL Playoff MVP: 2009
World Championship (Russia): 2009
Gagarin Cup: 2010
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
Ak Bars Kazan players
HC CSKA Moscow players
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Krylya Sovetov Moscow players
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
National Hockey League first round draft picks
Olympic ice hockey players of Russia
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Olympic silver medalists for Russia
Pittsburgh Penguins draft picks
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Russian ice hockey right wingers
Soviet Wings players
Ice hockey people from Moscow |
5387624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robarts | Robarts | Robarts or Robartes may refer to:
Surnames
Charles Robartes (1660–1723), Second Earl of Radnor
Gerald Robarts (1878–1961), British soldier and squash rackets player
John Robartes, 1st Earl of Radnor (1606–1685), succeeded his father, Richard, as Baron Robartes
John Robarts (1917–1982), Canadian politician
John Robarts (Baháʼí) (1901–1991), Canadian Baháʼí, a Hand of the Cause of God
John Robarts (VC) (1818–1888), English recipient of the Victoria Cross
Richard Robarts (born 1944), English Formula One driver
Robert Robartes (1634–1682), Viscount Bodmin
Thomas Agar-Robartes, 6th Viscount Clifden (1844-1930) known as Lord Robartes from 1882 to 1899
Other uses
Baron Robartes, a British hereditary peerage first created on 1625 for Richard Robartes
Robarts Library, the main humanities and social sciences library of the University of Toronto
Robarts Research Institute, a non-profit medical research facility in London, Ontario with a staff of nearly 600 people
See also
Michael Robartes and the Dancer, a 1921 book of poems by William Butler Yeats
Robards (disambiguation)
Robert (disambiguation)
Roberts (disambiguation)
Robertson (disambiguation) |
5387635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal%20Bank%20Pass | Coal Bank Pass | Coal Bank Pass, elevation , is a mountain pass in the San Juan Mountains of western Colorado in the United States. The pass is in the San Juan National Forest.
Route
The pass is traversed by the Million Dollar Highway, U.S. Highway 550 south of Silverton, which is part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway. While the north side is fairly gentle, the descent on the south side is very steep (6.5%), and has a runaway truck ramp for trucks that lose control. It is basically downhill the entire way to Durango.
References
Mountain passes of Colorado
Landforms of San Juan County, Colorado
San Juan Mountains (Colorado)
San Juan National Forest
Transportation in San Juan County, Colorado
U.S. Route 50 |
5387665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral%20Ruins%20in%20Hamar | Cathedral Ruins in Hamar | For the current cathedral in Hamar, see Hamar cathedral.
Hamar Cathedral (Domkirkeruinene på Hamar) are the ruins of the medieval era Hamar Cathedral in Hamar, Norway
Hamar Cathedral was the see of the Ancient Diocese of Hamar. The diocese at Hamar had included much of the (modern) counties of Hedmark, Oppland, and Buskerud. The ruins form part of Anno Museum, formerly Hedmark museum, and were selected as the millennium site for Hedmark county.
History
The cathedral's construction was begun by Bishop Arnaldur (1124–52), who was appointed first Bishop of Hamar in 1150 on his return from Gardar, Greenland. The cathedral was completed about the time of Bishop Paul (1232–52). It was originally built in the Romanesque architectural style and later converted to Gothic. Bishop Thorfinn of Hamar (1278–82) was exiled and died at Ter Doest in Flanders. Thorfinn and many other bishops of the area disagreed with King Eric II of Norway regarding a number of issues, including episcopal elections. Bishop Jörund (1285–86) was transferred to Trondheim.
In the aftermath of the Reformation in Norway, the structure was renamed Hamarhus and became the residence of the local sheriff. Although still used, the cathedral fell into disrepair, which culminated with its besiegement by the Swedish army and attempted demolition in 1567 during the Northern Seven Years' War. Swedish forces had launched attacks into Eastern Norway, capturing Hamar and continued towards Oslo. The Swedes later retreated, torching Hamar on their way, destroying Hamar Cathedral and Hamarhus.
Dating from 1987, construction started on the building of a protective structure to conserve the remains of the cathedral. Completed in 1998, the distinctive arches of the cathedral ruins are today protected by one of the most ambitious construction projects of its kind ever undertaken by the Norwegian government.
Gallery
See also
Hamarhus
References
Other sources
Gunnarsjaa, Arne (2006) Norges Arkitekturhistorie (Abstrakt forlag)
External links
Domkirkeodden website
Anno Museum website
13th-century churches in Norway
Cathedrals in Norway
Former Roman Catholic cathedrals in Norway
Ancient Cathedrals in Norway
Ruins in Norway
Church ruins in Norway
Buildings and structures in Hamar
History of Hamar
Gothic architecture in Norway
Romanesque architecture in Norway
Archaeological sites in Norway
Tourist attractions in Hedmark
Millennium sites |
5387668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate%20Realities%20%28Cherryh%29 | Alternate Realities (Cherryh) | Alternate Realities is a 2000 omnibus collection of three short science fiction novels by American writer author C. J. Cherryh: Wave Without a Shore (1981), Port Eternity (1982), and Voyager in Night (1984). All three novels are set in Cherryh's Alliance-Union universe and share a common theme of people encountering and coping with a reality different from their own.
The original books as well as the omnibus edition were all published by DAW Books. The novels are what Cherryh and her publisher at DAW, Donald A. Wollheim, referred to as "magic cookie" books. Such works explore unusual themes and ideas in science fiction, and can in some sense be seen as thought experiments. Wollheim encouraged Cherryh to experiment in this way during the late 1970s and early 1980s because he felt that the science fiction market would support such unusual offerings at the time.
One consequence of this approach is that the original novels were therefore short by contemporary standards, each having only approximately 90,000 words. The relative brevity of the books facilitated DAW's release of the omnibus edition in 2000.
Novels
Port Eternity
Port Eternity is a romantic thriller set aboard the space yacht Maid of Astolat, owned by an extremely wealthy woman. She, her current lover and her cloned Azi servants live out her fantasy, each representing a figure from the world of Arthurian legend. However, disaster strikes when the ship hits a knot in space-time and they are drawn into a parallel dimension. There they gravitate to a huge mass consisting of ships of various species which had been similarly trapped in the past. With no way back, they join the cobbled-together cosmopolitan society.
The story takes place in the Alliance-Union universe, in Union-side space. Cherryh originally named the story Involutions, because it "spirals in upon itself", but after discussing the title with her publisher, Wollheim's suggestion of Port Eternity was adopted.
Cherryh begins each chapter of the novel with a quote from Alfred Lord Tennyson's series of Arthurian poems Idylls of the King.
Cherryh was interviewed in May 1996 by Raymond H. Thompson but the interview did not get published until December 2010. Cherryh confirmed that the primary source for Port Eternity is Tennyson's Idylls of the King.
In the hardcover edition, the clones are mistakenly referred to as androids in the book's summary on the flaps of the dust-jacket.
Voyager in Night
Voyager in Night is about the Lindy, a small starship used for ore prospecting with a crew of three that collides with an ancient alien ship. But the crew of the alien ship are long dead; it is controlled by the ship's computers, which take the humans aboard and begin replicating and experimenting with them.
The story takes place in 2355–56 in the Alliance-Union universe near the newly constructed Endeavor Station in Union space.
Voyager in Night was a finalist in 1984 for a Philip K. Dick Award. Although clearly a science fiction story, it incorporates elements of the horror fiction genre.
Wave Without a Shore
Wave Without a Shore is an example of soft science fiction and is a philosophical story that takes place on the planet "Freedom" shared by humans and the alien "Ahnit" race which is native to the planet. Humans had been on Freedom for several hundred years and do not recognize the aliens, they do not see them, and instead use terms such as "invisibles" or "pilferage" when referring to the Ahnit.
This idyllic life is shattered when a student confronts the situation and begins consorting with the aliens. As the protagonist begins noticing the Ahnit and even trying to speak about them, he finds, unwillingly, that he too becomes unmentionable. The story is an allegory of race/class/caste relations in modern society with the themes explored including alienation, invisibility, and metaphysics.
The Age of Exploration
Port Eternity and Voyager in Night are part of C. J. Cherryh's Age of Exploration series, a collection of three science fiction novels that share a common theme, but are unrelated to each other. The other novel is Cuckoo's Egg (1985).
References
Sources
Cherryh, C. J. Alternate Realities, DAW Books, 2000.
Cherryh, C. J. Port Eternity, DAW Books, 1982.
Cherryh, C. J. Voyager in Night, DAW Books, 1984.
Cherryh, C. J. Wave Without a Shore, DAW Books, 1981.
Science fiction book series by C. J. Cherryh
2000 fiction books
1980s books
Alliance–Union universe
Novels about extraterrestrial life
Books with cover art by Don Maitz
DAW Books books |
5387700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Port | Le Port | Le Port is the name or part of the name of several communes in France:
Le Port, Ariège, in the Ariège département
Le Port, Réunion, in the island of Réunion
Le Port-Marly, in the Yvelines département
It may also refer to:
Le Port (painting), also known as The Harbor or Marine, by Jean Metzinger
See also
Port (disambiguation) |
5387708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molas%20Pass | Molas Pass | Molas Pass, elevation , is a high mountain pass in the San Juan Mountains of western Colorado in the United States.
The pass is in the San Juan National Forest. It is traversed by the Million Dollar Highway, U.S. Highway 550 south of Silverton, which is part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway.
Though it is one of the higher passes in Colorado, it has only a few switchbacks on the north approach, is considerably less intimidating than Red Mountain Pass on the same highway. It is generally kept open in the winter months.
Molas Pass is also the last mountain pass of the Iron Horse Bicycle Classic race, where riders race the train from Durango to Silverton.
See also
U.S. Route 550 in Colorado
References
Gallery
Mountain passes of Colorado
Landforms of San Juan County, Colorado
San Juan Mountains (Colorado)
San Juan National Forest
Transportation in San Juan County, Colorado
U.S. Route 50 |
5387711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A2 | Ả | A with hook above (majuscule: Ả, minuscule: ả) is a letter of the Latin alphabet formed by addition of the hook above diacritic to the letter A. It is used in Vietnamese language.
Usage
The letter is used in Vietnamese language, where it represents the open front unrounded vowel with falling-rising mid-tone (hỏi) ([a˧˩˧]).
Encoding
References
Latin letters with diacritics |
5387716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavarana | Pavarana | Pavarana () is a Buddhist holy day celebrated on Aashvin full moon of the lunar month. It marks the end of the 3 lunar months of Vassa, sometimes called "Buddhist Lent." The day is marked in some Asian countries where Theravada Buddhism is practiced. On this day, each monk (Pali: bhikkhu) must come before the community of monks (Sangha) and atone for an offense he may have committed during the Vassa.
Mahayana Buddhists also observe Vassa, many Son/Thien monks in Korea and Vietnam observe an equivalent retreat of three months of intensive practice in one location.
Origins
In India, where Buddhism began, there is a three-month-long rainy season. According to the Vinaya (Mahavagga, Fourth Khandhaka, section I), in the time of the Buddha, once during this rainy season, a group of normally wandering monks sought shelter by co-habitating in a residence. In order to minimize potential inter-personal strife while co-habitating, the monks agreed to remain silent for the entire three months and agreed upon a non-verbal means for sharing alms.
After this rains retreat, when the Buddha learned of the monks' silence, he described such a measure as "foolish." Instead, the Buddha instituted the Pavarana Ceremony as a means for dealing with potential conflict and breaches of disciplinary rules (Patimokkha) during the vassa season. The Buddha said:
'I prescribe, O Bhikkhus, that the Bhikkhus, when they have finished their Vassa residence, hold Pavâranâ with each other in these three ways: by what [offence] has been seen, or by what has been heard, or by what is suspected. Hence it will result that you live in accord with each other, that you atone for the offences (you have committed), and that you keep the rules of discipline before your eyes.
'And you ought, O Bhikkhus, to hold Pavâranâ in this way:
'Let a learned, competent Bhikkhu proclaim the following ñatti [motion] before the Samgha: "Let the Samgha, reverend Sirs, hear me. To-day is the Pavâranâ day. If the Samgha is ready, let the Samgha hold Pavâranâ."
'Then let the senior Bhikkhu adjust his upper robe so as to cover one shoulder, sit down squatting, raise his joined hands, and say: "I pronounce my Pavâranâ, friends, before the Samgha, by what has been seen, or by what has been heard, or by what is suspected; may you speak to me, Sirs, out of compassion towards me; if I see (an offence), I will atone for it. And for the second time, &c. And for the third time I pronounce my Pavâranâ (&c., down to) if I see (an offence), I will atone for it."
'Then let (each) younger Bhikkhu adjust his upper robe . . . . (&c.)'
See also
Asalha Puja
Māgha Pūjā
Visakha Puja
Uposatha
Vassa
Vinaya
Wan Ok Phansa
Thadingyut Festival
Esala Mangallaya
Kandy Esala Perahera
Ubon Ratchathani Candle Festival
List of Buddhist festivals
Notes
Bibliography
Rhys Davids,T.W. & Hermann Oldenberg (trans.) ([1881]). Vinaya Texts (Part I). Oxford:Clarendon Press. Available on-line at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe13/sbe1313.htm. The chapter on Pavarana Day, "Fourth Khandhaka (The Parâvanâ Ceremony)," is available at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe13/sbe1315.htm.
Buddhist festivals
Festivals in India
Buddhist holidays
October observances
Observances on non-Gregorian calendars |
5387718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic%20International | Democratic International | The Democratic International, also known as the Jamboree in Jamba, was a 1985 meeting of anti-Communist rebels held at the headquarters of UNITA in Jamba, Angola.
The meeting was primarily funded by former Rite Aid President Lewis Lehrman and organized by anti-Communist activists Jack Abramoff and Jack Wheeler. While the Reagan administration privately supported the meeting, it did not publicize its position. The governments of Israel and South Africa supported the idea, but both respective countries were deemed inadvisable for hosting the conference.
Participants in the conference included at least four leaders of anti-communist insurgent movements: Jonas Savimbi, Adolfo Calero, Pa Kao Her, and Abdul Rahim Wardak. A number of American conservative lobbyists were also in attendance, including Jack Abramoff, Lewis Lehrman, and Jack Wheeler. Military representatives of South Africa and the US, including Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, were present as well.
Security at the event was handled by the South African Defence Force.
The participants released a communiqué stating:
See also
Cold War
International Freedom Foundation
References
Angolan Civil War
Contras
Anti-communism
Front organizations
UNITA
1985 in Angola
Nicaraguan Revolution |
5387721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solovyov | Solovyov | Solovyov, Solovyev, Solovjev, or Soloviev (Russian: Соловьёв) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine forms are Solovyova, Solovyeva or Solovieva. It derives from the first name or nickname Solovei (соловей), which also means nightingale in Russian. The surname may refer to the following people:
Aleksei Solovyov (born 1996), Russian footballer
Alexander Solovyov (disambiguation), multiple people
Alexey Soloviev (disambiguation), multiple people
Anatoly Solovyev (born 1948), Russian cosmonaut
Andrey Soloviev (1953–1993), Russian war photographer
Anjelika Solovieva (born 1980), Kyrgyz swimmer
Anton Solovyov (disambiguation), multiple people
Denis Solovyov (born 1977), Russian footballer
Dmitri Solovyov (disambiguation), multiple people
Irina Solovyova (born 1937), Soviet cosmonaut
Ivan Solovyov (born 1993), Russian football player
Jegor Solovjov (1871–1942), Estonian politician
Leonid Solovyov (disambiguation), multiple people
Maksym Solovyov (born 2002), Ukrainian footballer
Mikhail Solovyov (disambiguation), multiple people
Nikolay Solovyov (disambiguation), multiple people
Oleg Solovyov (born 1973), Russian footballer
Pavel Solovyov (1917–1996), Russian aircraft engine engineer
Soloviev Design Bureau in Russia
Sergey Solovyov (disambiguation), multiple people
Sergey Alexandrovich Solovyov (1944–2021), Soviet/Russian film director
Stefan Soloviev (born 1975), American Agriculture CEO
Vasily Solovyov-Sedoi (1907–1979), Soviet composer
Viktor Solovyov (disambiguation), multiple people
Vladimir Solovyov (disambiguation), multiple people
Vladislav Solovyov (born 1973), Russian businessman
Vsevolod Solovyov (1849–1903), Russian historical novelist
Vyacheslav Solovyov (disambiguation), multiple people
Yuri Soloviev (disambiguation), multiple people
See also
Solovyovo, several rural localities in Russia
Soloveitchik
Ayedonitsky
References
Russian-language surnames |
5387731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%BC | Ẽ | Ẽ, ẽ is a letter in which the tilde indicates a nasal vowel or nasal consonant.
Usage
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, represents a nasalized sound. It is the 5th letter in the Guaraní alphabet and widely used in other Amerindian languages in Brazil, such as Kaingang, representing this nasalized sound. It is also used for the Bantu language Umbundu.
In Emilian-Romagnol, ẽ is used to represent [ẽː], e.g. galẽna [gaˈlẽːna] ("hen").
In Vietnamese, it is used to represent an E with a ngã tone.
Commonly found in medieval and Renaissance-era texts, both in Latin and vernacular languages such as Old Spanish and Middle French, standing for en and em before a consonant or at the end of a word. For example, Old Spanish tiẽpo for tiempo, riẽdas for riendas, fazẽ for fazen.
In older Italian documents, a tilde is used to indicate a missing m after a vowel. So, ẽ is used to abbreviate em, as in tẽpo instead of tempo
Computer encoding
References
E-tilde
E-tilde |
5387733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thommy%20Abrahamsson | Thommy Abrahamsson | Ulf Thomas Abrahamsson (born 8 April 1947) is a retired Swedish ice hockey player. During his career he played in the Swedish Elite League, the National Hockey League and World Hockey Association.
Abrahamsson has a twin brother, Christer Abris (who has legally changed his name), who also played ice hockey, as a goaltender.
Playing career
Abrahamsson played three seasons with the New England Whalers of the WHA from 1974–75 to 1976–77. He also played one season, 1980–81, and 32 games for the Hartford Whalers of the NHL. He represented Sweden at the 1972 Winter Olympics.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1947 births
Living people
Binghamton Whalers players
Hartford Whalers players
New England Whalers players
Sportspeople from Umeå
Twin people from Sweden
Twin sportspeople
Ice hockey players at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Olympic ice hockey players of Sweden
Swedish ice hockey defencemen |
5387742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr%20Seker%C3%A1%C5%A1 | Ľubomír Sekeráš | Ľubomír Sekeráš (born November 18, 1968) is a Slovak professional ice hockey player. Sekeráš is currently playing with hometown team HC Dukla Trenčín of the Slovak Extraliga. Sekeráš has played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Minnesota Wild and Dallas Stars.
Playing career
He started his career with the HC Dukla Trenčín of the then Czechoslovak Extraliga. After the Dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, he continued to play for Dukla Trenčín, but in the Slovak Extraliga winning the Championship in its first season. He continued playing for Dukla Trenčín until 1995. At the start of the 1995-96 season, he began to play for HC Oceláři Třinec of the Czech Extraliga, which he would play for until the end of the 1999-00 season.
Sekeráš was drafted, at the age of 31, in the 8th round (232nd overall) by the Minnesota Wild of the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. He played immediately as part of the expansion team's inaugural 2000–01 season. He continued to play for the Wild through the 2003 playoffs scoring his first playoff goal, a game winner, in the turning point over the Vancouver Canucks in the Conference Semifinals. The Wild continued to make an unexpected run deep into the playoffs until they were eliminated by the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in the Western Conference Finals.
A free agent in the 2003–04 season, Sekeráš signed with Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the Russian Superleague. Lubomir left after 15 games to join Södertälje SK of the Swedish Elite League. Sekeráš whirlwind year continued when he was signed by the injury depleted Dallas Stars on March 9, 2004, to fill in for the remainder of the season. Sekeras played for the Nürnberg Ice Tigers of the German Hockey League in 2004–05, and returned to Sweden in 2006–07, when he played for Malmö Redhawks.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
Czechoslovak ice hockey defencemen
Dallas Stars players
Expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
HC Oceláři Třinec players
HK Dukla Trenčín players
Ice hockey players at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl players
Malmö Redhawks players
Minnesota Wild draft picks
Minnesota Wild players
Nürnberg Ice Tigers players
Olympic ice hockey players of Slovakia
PSG Berani Zlín players
Slovak expatriates in Germany
Slovak ice hockey defencemen
Södertälje SK players
Sportspeople from Trenčín |
5387760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaPerm | LaPerm | The LaPerm is a breed of cat. A LaPerm's fur is curly (hence the name "perm"), with the tightest curls being on the throat and on the base of the ears. LaPerms come in many colors and patterns. LaPerms generally have a very affectionate personality.
Breed profile
The LaPerm is a rex breed which originated in the United States and is now present in many other countries worldwide. The breed is genetically unique and not related to any other rex cat varieties, having a dominant gene causing their curly coats. They have an elegant and athletic build and are affectionate, active, and outgoing in character. They are reputed to be hypoallergenic cats, provoking a significantly lower level of an allergic response in humans than normal cats. Their most significant feature is their coat, which is made up of soft waves, curls, and ringlets, resembling a shaggy perm.
History
The LaPerm emerged around the early 1980s as a spontaneous mutation of cats bred for pest control. The breed founders were Linda and Richard Koehl from The Dalles, Oregon, whose cat Speedy gave birth to a curly-coated kitten, named Curly, from whom all LaPerms descend. The Kohls allowed a free-breeding colony of curly-coated cats to develop over a period of ten years before making contact with members of the cat fancy and initiating a formal breeding program.
The breed was named after their curly coat which bears resemblance to a shaggy perm. The name follows the Chinookan tradition of adopting French words while incorporating the definite article to create a new word; for example, in Chinook Wawa, 'pipe' is and 'apple' is , ( and , respectively, in French).
Description
The LaPerm is in many ways a cat of moderation with no extremes and is still true to its original type. It does however have an unusual coat. The breed standard describes a muscular foreign-type body, which is medium in size with longish legs and neck. The head is a modified wedge with rounded contours and a muzzle which is slightly broad of the wedge. In profile, the straight nose leads into a break between the eyes up to a flattish forehead. LaPerms also have rather broad noses, flared ears, and medium-large almond-shaped eyes.
Like other rexes, all colors and patterns are acceptable, although tabbies, reds and torties are quite common due to their origins. Also, the unusual colors from the early days of the breed have been selected for, so lilac, chocolate and colorpoints are popular. Newer varieties such as ticked tabbies, shades and darker points are also being bred.
The coat itself is described as having a textured feel. It is not silky, having a certain drag on the hand like mohair. It is usually soft, although the shorthairs will have more texture to their coats. The coat is loose and springy and stands away from the body with no thick undercoat. It is light and airy and judges sometimes blow on the coat to see if it will part. The coat varies according to the season and the maturity of the cat but is essentially wavy or curly with the longest and most defined curls in the ruff and on the neck. There is also longer curly fur inside the ears, tufts at the ear tips and "ear muffs", or longer, silky hair on the backs of the ears. The longhairs have a curly plumed tail while the shorthairs have tails rather like bottle brushes, and both have long curled whiskers. The coat sometimes falls into a natural parting along the back.
United States
The first LaPerms were those belonging to breed founders Linda and Dick Koehl at their farm in Oregon. The other breeders who joined Linda to work on the breed's initial development in the USA included Solveig Pfleuger (Manawyddan), who was a well-respected feline geneticist, Anne D Lawrence (Uluru), Beth Fillman (Calicorose) and Dee Borgardt (Deebor and Dairyland). Still, during the early days of the breeding program, they were joined by other breeders, including Pete Meisinger & Donna Lawry (Woodlandacre and Hattkatts), Maureen Neidhardt (Lakotaspirit), Lynne Daggett (Lowriders) and Mary Sharum (Sekani). The LaPerm Society of America (LPSA) was formed in 1997 and became affiliated to CFA, helping to push the breed forward in that organization.
Valued members of the LPSA who have contributed to the breed's development and whose prefixes are seen in key LaPerm pedigrees include Erika Fetz (Vankkadia), Cheryl Cook (PacificGem) Diane Dunn (Lakme), Andrea Brew (Moonrise), Sandy Brew (Sunfall), Dennis Ganoe (Dennigan) and Debbie Estep (Shoalwater). When TICA finally approved championship status for the LaPerm in 2003 the all-important first cat to become a champion was Ch Dennigan's French Maid of Shoalwater, bred by Dennis Ganoe and owned by Debbie Estep. The breed gained championship recognition in CFA in May 2008 and the first champion was Ch Sunfall's BC Kahaha Towanjila. The first grand was Grand Premier Uluru BC Cloudfeet of CavalierCats owned by Cathy Hurley.
United Kingdom
The first LaPerm in the UK was Champion Uluru BC Omaste Po of Quincunx, a lilac tortie and white Longhair who was bred in the United States by A. D. Lawrence and Maureen Neidhardt. She was imported by Anthony Nichols (Quincunx) using a PETS pet passport in May 2002 after a stop-over with LaPerm breeder Corine Judkins in the Netherlands. She arrived pregnantly and gave birth to a litter of five kittens shortly after who were used as the foundation stock for the UK breeding program. A number of other imports followed, including cats from Europe, New Zealand, and the USA. Judy Whiteford (Aswani) and Kate Munslow (Canonna) have been involved from that first litter and have both imported new cats themselves and Corine Judkins (Crearwy) moved to Wales bringing her cats with her including the stud who sired the first UK litter. Other key breeding lines found in UK pedigrees include those of Edwina Sipos (Cicada), Penni Cragg (Wakanda), June Gillies (Gallego), Kate Ekanger (Cloudborn), Sue Amor (Amorcatz) and Sue Pyrke (Bane). The breeding program has been characterized by efforts to breed down from outcrosses for generational advancement by combining outcross lines, old lines, and import lines.
The UK now has an active LaPerm breeding program and is the home of the LaPerm Cat Club. The breed has made solid progress within the GCCF and is often seen at British cat shows. In 2004 the breed gained Preliminary Recognition and the LaPerm Cat Club was formed. In June 2008, the LaPerm gained Provisional Recognition in the GCCF and the first cat to gain an Intermediate Certificate was Aswani Miranda Keys. In June 2012, the LaPerm gained full championship recognition with the GCCF and the first certificate winner was also Aswani Miranda Keys. The first LaPerm to become a GCCF champion was a female, Ballego Happy-Gladys, who went on to also become the first Grand Champion, and the first LaPerm to become a GCCF premier was Pr Wakanda Harriet Potter. The first male champion was Ch Quincunx Umberto Ecarl. The first LaPerm with an Imperial title was also Aswani Miranda Keys, the title being gained at the world's first LaPerm breed show, which was held by the LaPerm Cat Club. The first male LaPerm with an imperial title was Imperial Grand Premier Cloudborn Barb Dwyer, bred by Kate Ekanger and owned by Nicola and Roy Lovell.
Around the world
Breeding programs for LaPerms have spread to many other countries around the world. The breed was brought to Canada by Constance & Martine Sansoucy (Butterpaws), to New Zealand by Twink McCabe (Coiffurr) and Glynne Jackson (Wakijaki), to Australia by Christine Brelsford (Curlz) and later by Anne-Louise Magee (Frisson), to South Africa by Johan Lamprecht (Les Beaux Chats) and later by Grant Leih (Silkenclaw). LaPerms are also present in Japan, having first being exported there in 1997 by Anne D Lawrence. In continental Europe the first LaPerms were imported to Germany by Sabine Albrecht (Isanyati), these included the first LaPerm champion, Ch Uluru BC Wiyaka. However, it was Sylvie Groenveld (Smeralda's) who led the breeding program in that country. The initial imports to the Netherlands went to Corine Judkins (Crearwy) and a breed club was set up: the LaPerm Raskatten Vereniging, with key prefixes belonging to Frank and Rina Stapel (Taricats), Karin Langeveld (Takoda) and Angela Bruynswyck (Brunswick's).
The first Scandinavian breeder was Elinore Kopp (Shangri-La) in Sweden who imported Grand Champion Quincunx Qinkifurr and Champion Crearwy BC Madryn Merch Cari from the UK. The first Russian breeder was Svetlana Ponomareva (Russicurl). The first LaPerm in Taiwan was Triple Tiara Newron, bred by Yumi Masuda and imported from Japan by Archi Wang. Several other countries now also have LaPerms and the breed's popularity continues to spread. Provisional recognition was granted by FIFe in 2013, effective from 1 January 2014, which the first titled LaPerm in FIFe being Champion S*Bla Katten KombiSmart.
Breeding policies
Breeding policies vary slightly between registries, but all encourage the occasional use of controlled outcrossing to maintain healthy genetic diversity within the breed's gene pool. A small range of pedigree breeds have been approved, as well as non-pedigree domestic cats. When undertaking outcross matings to non-pedigrees, reputable breeders seek out cats closely resembling the correct LaPerm body type with coats that are not overly thick. This practice continues the use of the kind of cats which composed much of the original foundation stock for the breed and helps to maintain genetic health by using the widest gene pool available. However, in some countries, such as the UK, there can be legal complications to selling kittens from such matings as pedigrees because of the Trades Description Act 1968 through which it has been established that the legal definition of a pedigree cat in the UK is normally one with a fully recorded three-generation pedigree. After outcrossing to a cat of unknown parentage, at least three generations must be bred to establish a full pedigree record.
In TICA outcrossing has mainly been with the domestic short-haired cat and domestic long-haired cat, although registration rules do allow other breeds to be used and bred down from towards the F3 generation which is eligible for entry in TICA cat shows.
In Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) breeders used the Ocicat for a two-year period, terminating on 1 May 2002; LaPerms registered during this period were permitted to have an Ocicat parent, and by extension, one or two Abyssinian grandparents, as the Abyssinian is an approved outcross of the Ocicat. Currently, CFA breeders may only use non-pedigree domestic cats and after 2025 no outcrosses will be permitted in CFA. However, CFA accepts LaPerms for both breedings and showing with other breeds in their pedigrees if they are imported from another registry.
The GCCF has the most strict of the registration policies and only LaPerms with a full three-generation pedigree (i.e. parents, grandparents, and great-grandparents) of the only LaPerm to LaPerm breeding are permitted on the full register. Only LaPerms or cats from a list of approved breeds are permitted in the 4th and 5th generations. Cats with non-approved breeds anywhere within their five-generation pedigrees, particularly those with other rex genes, cannot be registered as LaPerms. In order not to cause any damaging restriction to the breed's genepool a supplementary register also exists for the registration of LaPerms bred as part of an outcross breeding program. LaPerms can only be registered on the supplementary register if within their five-generation pedigrees only LaPerms and cats from the approved outcross list are present. In the GCCF this list comprises the Somali/Abyssinian, Asian/Tiffanie/(European)Burmese, Ocicat and Tonkinese. Domestic Shorthairs and Domestic Longhairs can be used in outcrossing but certain restrictions apply and the initial offspring are placed on the reference register and cannot be shown without first being assessed and approved by three judges. In other registries the approved list (with some slight variations) is used for outcrossing and cats of unknown parentage are not always permitted.
In FIFe, which has its most active LaPerm breeders in Sweden and the Netherlands, outcrossing is done on a case by case basis. In antipodean countries, Somalis, Tiffanies and Orientals have also been used, but Domestic Shorthairs and Domestic Longhairs are now the preferred choices of an outcross.
Gallery
References
Sources
Morris, Desmond. 1996. Cat World: A Feline Encyclopaedia
Lawrence, A.D. 2000. The LaPerm Cat: The New Wave In Cats For The Millennium.
Helgren, J. Anne. 2001. Rex Cats.
Various. 2007. LaPerm Cats, The Cat To Curl Up With.
Cat breeds
Rex cat breeds
Cat breeds originating in the United States |
5387765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20Death | Liquid Death | Liquid Death is a canned-water company founded by Mike Cessario. Its tagline is "murder your thirst". The drink is sold in a "tallboy" drink can. Its water is supposedly sourced from the Austrian Alps, in fact however it is canned by the Austrian beverage company Starzinger in the Upper Austrian town of Frankenmarkt (altitude 1,759 ft). The drink began selling to consumers on its website in January 2019. Its manufacturer is Supplying Demand, Inc. , the company is valued at $525 million.
Products
The drink is sold in a "tallboy" drink can. Its water is sourced from the Austrian Alps, where it is also canned. In 2020, the brand introduced a sparkling water variety. Its manufacturer is Supplying Demand, Inc. In addition to the original sparkling water, Liquid Death also introduced three flavored carbonated beverages including Mango Chainsaw, Severed Lime, and Berry It Alive. Unlike their unflavored seltzer these flavored carbonated beverages (“sparkling waters”) are actually akin to all-natural, low-calorie sodas as they not only contained added natural flavorings/extracts but also acidulants and some added sugar (from agave nectar) as well.
Liquid Death is also a producer of NFTs, which they called Murder Head Death Club.
History
Mike Cessario, who previously worked as a Netflix creative director, filed a trademark application for the term "Liquid Death" with the United States Patent and Trademark Office on July 6, 2017. Before the water was available to consumers for purchase, Cessario produced a video advertisement to gauge market interest in the product. In 2019, Cessario stated the company's plan was to expand to bars, tattoo parlors, and certain barber shops in Los Angeles and Philadelphia as a "lifestyle play". Cessario stated the brand was initially marketed towards straight edge adherents and fans of heavy metal music and punk rock. The drink began selling to consumers on its website in January 2019.
Liquid Death raised US$1.6 million in seed funding from a round led by Science Inc. in 2019 (for a total amount raised to $2.25 million at that point), $9 million in a series A round in February 2020, and $23 million in a series B round in September 2020.
In February 2020, the brand expanded into Whole Foods Market in the United States, and in August 2020, the brand expanded into two hundred 7-Eleven stores in the Los Angeles and San Diego markets as part of a trial run.
In May 2021, the company raised an additional $15 million in a Series C funding round completed with Live Nation, who said they would exclusively sell the drink in their events and venues for a period of time. As of December 2021, the drink has begun selling in large supermarket chains such as Publix and Sprouts stores. In January 2022, the company raised $75 million in Series C funding. The company received a $525 million valuation at the time. Cessario stated that the company's revenue rose to $45 million in 2021.
Promotions
In May 2020, the company released Greatest Hates, an album of death metal music created with lyrics from hate comments the company received online; a second album of hate comments, described as "punk rock", was released in November. In February 2022, during Super Bowl LVI, the company released an advertisement featuring children enjoying the beverage with metal music. Parodying advertisements for alcoholic beverages, the advertisement ends with the tagline - "Don't be scared, it's just water".
See also
List of bottled water brands
References
External links
Bottled water brands
2019 establishments in the United States |
5387788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%20Kumar%20%28artist%29 | Ram Kumar (artist) | Ram Kumar (23 September 1924 – 14 April 2018) was an Indian artist and writer who has been described as one of India's foremost abstract painters. He was associated with the Progressive artists' group along with greats like M.F. Hussain, Tyeb Mehta, S.H. Raza. He is said to be one of the first Indian artists to give up figurativism for abstract art. His art commands high prices in the domestic and international market. His work "The Vagabond" fetched $1.1 million at Christie's, setting another world record for the artist.
He is also one of the few Indian Modernist masters accomplished in writing as well as painting.
Early life and education
Ram Kumar Verma was born in Shimla, the capital of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh in a large middle-class family of eight brothers and sisters. His father was a government employee from Patiala in Punjab, India who worked in the Civil and Administrative Division in the British Government.
While pursuing M.A. in Economics from St. Stephen's College, Delhi, he chanced upon an art exhibition in 1945. One evening, after "loitering" around Connaught Place with his friends from St Stephen's College, he landed up at an art exhibition.
Ram Kumar took classes at the Sharda Ukil School of Art under Sailoz Mukherjee and gave up employment at a bank in 1948 to pursue art. Sailoz Mukherjee was a painter from Shantiniketan School who introduced him to still life painting with live models. While a student there, he met Raza at an exhibition. Raza and Ram became good friends. He convinced his father to pay for a one-way ticket to Paris and studied further there under Andre Lhote and Fernand Léger. In Paris, the pacificist peace movement attracted him and he joined the French Communist Party. Seeking inspiration in the Social Realists such as Kathe and Fourgenon. He was befriended by S.H. Raza and MF Hussain who are two major artists.
Career
Ram Kumar painted abstract landscapes, usually in oil or acrylic. He was also associated with the Progressive artists' group.
Ram Kumar has participated in various exhibitions in and out of India, including the 1958 Venice Biennale and the Festival of India shows in the then USSR and Japan in 1987 and 1988. One of Ram Kumar's latest solo exhibitions was in 2008 in Delhi. Ram Kumar also wrote in Hindi and eight collections of his works have been published, as well as two novels and a travelogue.
The human condition is the main concern of the painter manifested in his early works by the alienated individual within the city. Later the city, specifically Varanasi with its dilapidated, crammed houses, conveys a sense of hopelessness. Increasingly abstract works done in sweeping strokes of paint evoke both exultation of natural spaces and more recently an incipient violence within human habitation.
As the interest in Indian art has grown, paintings by Ram Kumar are getting increasing recognition in the art market.
Ram Kumar received the Padma Shri in 1972 and the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honour, in 2010. Lal Bhi Udhaas Ho Sakta Hai (Even Red Can be Sad), a 2015 documentary feature directed by Amit Dutta and produced by the Government of India's Films Division charts the various works of Kumar.
Personal life
Ram Kumar was also the older brother of the famous Hindi writer, Nirmal Verma and younger brother of Colonel, Raj Kumar Verma. He lived and worked in Delhi until his death in 2018.
Awards and honours
John D. Rockefeller III Fellowship, New York, 1970
Padmashree, Government of India, 1972
Premchand Puraskar, Government of Uttar Pradesh, 1972
Kalidas Samman, Government of Madhya Pradesh, 1986
Officers Arts et Letters, Government of France, 2003
Lifetime Achievement Award, Government of Delhi, 2010
Padma Bhushan, Government of India, 2010
Fellowship of the Lalit Kala Akademi, 2011
References
External links
Ramkumar Artworks and Public Auction Prices and Economic Data
Ram Kumar Profile, Interview and Collection of Art Works
Ram Kumar – Paintings
Oil Painting of Varanasi by Ram Kumar
1924 births
2018 deaths
20th-century Indian painters
People from Shimla
St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni
Abstract artists
Hindi-language writers
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Rockefeller Fellows
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi
Painters from Himachal Pradesh |
5387796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Gyu-ri%20%28actress%2C%20born%20June%201979%29 | Kim Gyu-ri (actress, born June 1979) | Kim Gyu-ri (born Kim Moon-sun on 27 June 1979), is a South Korean actress.
Filmography
Film
Where Are To Go? (2013)
My Darling FBI (2008)
Tarzan Park Heung-sook (2005)
Bunshinsaba (2004)
Libera Me (2000)
Nightmare (2000)
Weathering the Storms (1999)
Whispering Corridors (1998)
Television series
Lights and Shadows (MBC, 2011-2012)
Can't Stop Now (MBC, 2009)
Lovers (SBS, 2006)
Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin (KBS1, 2004)
Children of Heaven (KBS2, 2002)
Sun-hee and Jin-hee (MBC, 2001)
Medical Center (SBS, 2000)
Popcorn (SBS, 2000)
Roses and Bean Sprouts (MBC, 1999)
School (KBS2, 1999)
Because I Love You (SBS, 1997)
Spin (KBS2, 1997)
One Fine Spring Day (KBS2, 1997)
Hometown of Legends - 90s Series (KBS2, 1996)
LA Arirang (SBS, 1995)
Reporting for Duty (KBS2, 1994)
Music video
Choi Jin-young - "영원" (1999)
Kim Min-jong - "Pure" (1999)
Awards
1999 22nd Golden Cinematography Awards: Best New Actress (Whispering Corridors)
1999 7th Chunsa Film Art Awards: Best New Actress (Whispering Corridors)
References
External links
South Korean film actresses
South Korean television actresses
1979 births
Living people
Chung-Ang University alumni
20th-century South Korean actresses
21st-century South Korean actresses |
5387804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20Technology%20Management%20Reform%20Act%20of%201996 | Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 | The Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 is a United States federal law, designed to improve the way the federal government acquires, uses and disposes information technology (IT). It was passed as Division E of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996 (; ). Together with the Federal Acquisition Reform Act of 1996, it is known as the Clinger–Cohen Act.
The Clinger–Cohen Act supplements the information resources management policies by establishing a comprehensive approach for executive agencies to improve the acquisition and management of their information resources, by:
focusing information resource planning to support their strategic missions;
implementing a capital planning and investment control process that links to budget formulation and execution; and
rethinking and restructuring the way they do their work before investing in information systems.
The Act directed the development and maintenance of Information Technology Architectures (ITAs) by federal agencies to maximize the benefits of information technology (IT) within the Government. In subsequent guidance on implementing the Act, the Office of Management and Budget stipulated that agency ITA's "...should be consistent with Federal, agency, and bureau information architectures.." In keeping with this mandate, in 1999 the US Federal CIO Council initiated the Federal Enterprise Architecture, essentially a federal-wide ITA that would "... develop, maintain, and facilitate the implementation of the top-level enterprise architecture for the Federal Enterprise."
Overview
In February 1996, Congress enacted the Clinger–Cohen Act to reform and improve the way Federal agencies acquire and manage IT resources. Central to implementing these reforms is the need to establish effective IT leadership within each agency. The law requires each agency head to establish clear accountability for IT management activities by appointing an agency chief information officer (CIO) with the visibility and management responsibilities necessary to carry out the specific provisions of the Act. The CIO plays a critical leadership role in driving reforms to:
help control system development risks;
better manage technology spending; and
succeed in achieving real, measurable improvements in agency performance.
The Act provides that the government information technology shop be operated as an efficient and profitable business would be operated. Acquisition, planning and management of technology must be treated as a "capital investment." While the law is complex, all consumers of hardware and software in the Department should be aware of the chief information officer's leadership in implementing this statute.
The Act emphasizes an integrated framework of technology aimed at efficiently performing the business of the Department. Just as few businesses can turn a profit by allowing their employees to purchase anything they want to do any project they want, the Department also cannot operate efficiently with hardware and software systems purchased on an "impulse purchase" basis and installed without an overall plan. All facets of capital planning are taken into consideration just as they would be in private industry.
The Act assigns the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) responsibility for improving the acquisition, use, and disposal of information technology by the federal government. The Director should aim to improve the productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness of federal programs, including through dissemination of public information and the reduction of information collection burdens on the public. The Act supplements the information resources management (IRM) policies contained in the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) by establishing a comprehensive approach to improving the acquisition and management of agency information systems through work process redesign, and by linking planning and investment strategies to the budget process.
History
The "Information Technology Management Reform Act" of 1996 was later renamed "Clinger-Cohen Act" for its co-sponsors, Rep. William Clinger, R-PA., and Senator William Cohen, R-ME.
To provide agencies with guidance on implementing the Clinger–Cohen Act, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in April 2000 distributed an "OMB Circular A-130" about the management of Federal Information Resources. This circular incorporated some other memoranda:
M–96–20, "Implementation of the Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996"
M–97–02, "Funding Information Systems Investments"
M–97–16, "Information Technology Architecture",
as well as new material including;
M-15-14 "Management and Oversight of Federal Information Technology"
Clinger-Cohen Act topics
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996
This "Information Technology Management Reform Act" was part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996, which is organized in five divisions:
(1) Division A — Department of Defense Authorizations.
(2) Division B — Military Construction Authorizations.
(3) Division C — Department of Energy National Security Authorizations and Other Authorizations.
(4) Division D — Federal Acquisition Reform.
(5) Division E — Information Technology Management
This public law was intended to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 1996 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe personnel strengths for such fiscal year for the Armed Forces, to reform acquisition laws and information technology management of the Federal Government, and for other purposes.
Definitions
In the Act, some terms have been explicitly defined:
Information technology
The term Information Technology, with respect to an executive agency means any equipment or interconnected system or subsystem of equipment, that is used in the automatic acquisition, storage, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange, transmission, or reception of data or information by the executive agency. For purposes of the preceding sentence, equipment is used by an executive agency if the equipment is used by the executive agency directly or is used by a contractor under a contract with the executive agency which (i) requires the use of such equipment, or (ii) requires the use, to a significant extent, of such equipment in the performance of a service or the furnishing of a product.
Information technology includes computers, ancillary equipment, software, firmware and similar procedures, services (including support services), and related resources. It does not include any equipment that is acquired by a Federal contractor incidental to a Federal contract.
Information resources
The term Information Resources means information and related resources, such as personnel, equipment, funds, and information technology.
Information resources management
The term Information Resources Management means the process of managing information resources to accomplish agency missions and to improve agency performance, including through the reduction of information collection burdens on the public.
Information system
The term information system means a discrete set of information resources organized for the collection, processing, maintenance, use, sharing, dissemination, or disposition of information.
Information technology architecture
The term Information Technology Architecture, with respect to an executive agency, means an integrated framework for evolving or maintaining existing information technology and acquiring new information technology to achieve the agency’s strategic goals and information resources management goals.
Director of the Office of Management and Budget
Clinger–Cohen Act assigns the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) some ten tasks. The following list represents a selection:
Use of Information Technology in Federal programs
The OMB Director is responsible for improving the acquisition, use, and disposal of information technology by the Federal Government. The Director should aim to improve the productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness of Federal programs, including through dissemination of public information and the reduction of information collection burdens on the public.
Use of budget process
The OMB Director shall develop, as part of the budget process, a process for analyzing, tracking, and evaluating the risks and results of all major capital investments made by an executive agency for information systems. The process shall cover the life of each system and shall include explicit criteria for analyzing the projected and actual costs, benefits, and risks associated with the investments.
Information Technology Standards
The OMB Director shall oversee the development and implementation of standards and guidelines pertaining to Federal computer systems by the Secretary of Commerce through the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Use of Best Practices in Acquisition
The OMB Director shall encourage the heads of the executive agencies to develop and use the best practices in the acquisition of information technology.
Assessment of other models for managing Information Technology
The OMB Director shall assess, on a continuing basis, the experiences of executive agencies, State and local governments, international organizations, and the private sector in managing information technology.
Other tasks are about the comparison of agency uses of IT, training, Informing Congress, and procurement policies.
Performance-based and results-based management
Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) shall encourage the use of performance-based and results-based management in fulfilling the responsibilities assigned. OMB's Director is tasked with the following responsibilities:
to evaluate the information resources management practices of the executive agencies with respect to the performance and results of the investments made by the executive agencies in information technology.
to issue the head of each executive agency to:
establish effective and efficient capital planning processes for selecting, managing, and evaluating the results of all of its major investments in information systems;
determine, before making an investment in a new information system:
whether the function to be supported by the system should be performed by the private sector and, if so, whether any component of the executive agency performing that function should be converted from a governmental organization to a private sector organization;
whether the function should be performed by the executive agency and, if so, whether the function should be performed by a private sector contract or by executive agency personnel;
analyze the missions of the agency and, based on the analysis, revise its mission-related processes and administrative processes, before making significant investments in information technology for those missions;
ensure that the information security policies, procedures, and practices are adequate.
guidance for undertaking efficiently and effectively interagency and Government-wide investments in information technology
periodic reviews of selected information resources management activities of the agencies
to enforce accountability of the head of an agency for information resources management
Executive Agencies
The head of each US Federal executive agency shall comply with several specific matters. A selection.
Design of Process
Each executive agency shall design and implement in the executive agency a process for maximizing the value and assessing and managing the risks of the information technology acquisitions of the executive agency.
Content of Process
The process of an executive agency shall
provide for the selection of information technology investments to be made by the executive agency, the management of such investments, and the evaluation of the results of such investments;
be integrated with the processes for making budget, financial, and program management decisions within the agency;
include minimum criteria to be applied in considering whether to undertake a particular investment in information systems, including criteria related to the quantitatively expressed projected net, risk-adjusted return on investment and specific quantitative and qualitative criteria for comparing and prioritizing alternative information systems investment projects;
provide for identifying information systems investments that would result in shared benefits or costs for other Federal agencies or State or local governments;
provide for identifying for a proposed investment quantifiable measurements for determining the net benefits and risks of the investment; and
provide the means for senior management personnel of the agency to obtain timely information regarding the progress of an investment in an information system, including a system of milestones for measuring progress, on an independently verifiable basis, in terms of cost, capability of the system to meet specified requirements, timeliness, and quality.
Performance and Result-based Management
The head of an executive agency shall (1) establish goals for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of agency operations. (2) prepare an annual report, (3) ensure that performance measurements (4) comparable with processes and organizations in the public or private sectors (5) analyze the missions, and (6) ensure that the information security policies, procedures, and practices of the executive agency are adequate.
Acquisition of Information Technology
The authority of the head of an executive agency to conduct an acquisition of information technology includes several general and specific authorities.
Applications
The CCA generated a number of significant changes in the roles and responsibilities of various federal agencies in managing acquisition of IT. It elevated overall responsibility to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (White House). OMB set forth guidelines that must be followed by agencies.
At the agency level, IT management must be integrated into procurement, and procurement of commercial-off-the-shelf technology was encouraged. CCA required each agency to name a Chief Information Officer (CIO) with the responsibility of "developing, maintaining, and facilitating the implementation of a sound and integrated information technology architecture". The CIO is tasked with advising the agency director and senior staff on all IT issues.
Since these rules went into effect, the agency CIOs also have worked together to form the US Federal CIO Council. Initially an informal group, the council's existence became codified into law by Congress in the E-Government Act of 2002. Official duties for the council include developing recommendations for government information technology management policies, procedures, and standards; identifying opportunities to share information resources; and assessing and addressing the needs of the Federal Government's IT workforce.
In general, National Security Systems (NSS), as defined in 40 USC 11103, are exempt from the Act. However, there are specific exceptions to this exemption regarding:
Capital Planning and Investment Control (CPIC);
Performance- And Results-Based Management;
Agency Chief Information Officer (CIO) responsibilities; and
Accountability.
Raines' Rules
Following the Clinger–Cohen Act, White House budget director Franklin Raines issued a supplementary policy memorandum, M-97-02, in 1996 that became known as "Raines' Rules". The memorandum specified the following eight investment criteria for new IT projects:
support core/priority mission functions that need to be performed by the Federal government;
be undertaken by the requesting agency because no alternative private sector or governmental source can efficiently support the function;
support work processes that have been simplified or otherwise redesigned to reduce costs, improve effectiveness, and make maximum use of commercial, off-the-shelf technology;
demonstrate a projected return on the investment that is clearly equal to or better than alternative uses of available public resources. Return may include: improved mission performance in accordance with GPRA measures; reduced cost; increased quality, speed, or flexibility; and increased customer and employee satisfaction. Return should be adjusted for such risk factors as the project's technical complexity, the agency's management capacity, the likelihood of cost overruns, and the consequences of under- or non-performance
be consistent with Federal, agency, and bureau information architectures which: integrate agency work processes and information flows with technology to achieve the agency's strategic goals; reflect the agency's technology vision and year 2000 compliance plan; and specify standards that enable information exchange and resource sharing, while retaining flexibility in the choice of suppliers and in the design of local work processes;
reduce risk by: avoiding or isolating custom-designed components to minimize the potential adverse consequences on the overall project; using fully tested pilots, simulations, or prototype implementations before going to production; establishing clear measures and accountability for project progress; and, securing substantial involvement and buy-in throughout the project from the program officials who will use the system;
be implemented in phased, successive chunks as narrow in scope and brief in duration as practicable, each of which solves a specific part of an overall mission problem and delivers a measurable net benefit independent of future chunks; and,
employ an acquisition strategy that appropriately allocates risk between government and contractor, effectively uses competition, ties contract payments to accomplishments, and takes maximum advantage of commercial technology.
See also
Department of Defense Architecture Framework
Financial Management Standard
Federal Enterprise Architecture
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002
OMB Circular A-130
References
External links
Summary: Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996
Acts of the 104th United States Congress
United States federal government administration legislation
Enterprise architecture
United States Office of Management and Budget |
5387833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20History%20Boys%20%28film%29 | The History Boys (film) | The History Boys is a 2006 British comedy-drama film adapted by Alan Bennett from his play of the same name, which won the 2005 Olivier Award for Best New Play and the 2006 Tony Award for Best Play. It was directed by Nicholas Hytner, who directed the original production at the Royal National Theatre in London, and features the original cast of the play.
The school scenes were filmed in Watford in two schools, Watford Grammar School for Boys and Watford Grammar School for Girls. The film uses the uniform of Watford Boys. Locations in Elland and Halifax, West Yorkshire, are used to create the broader landscape of Sheffield in which the story is set.
Plot
In a boys' grammar school in Sheffield in 1983, students Crowther, Posner, Dakin, Timms, Akthar, Lockwood, Scripps, and Rudge have recently obtained the school's highest-ever A-Level scores and are hoping to enter Oxford or Cambridge, by taking a seventh-term entrance exam in History. The General Studies teacher, known to staff and boys alike by his nickname "Hector", is much beloved, and works alongside their deputy head and regular History teacher, Mrs Lintott. The Headmaster, known by all as "Felix", appoints a temporary teacher, Tom Irwin, to help the boys. Irwin states that he was at Jesus College, Oxford, when interviewed by the Headmaster. Prior to the entrance examinations, he says to Dakin that he was at Corpus (Corpus Christi College). Dakin discovers on his interview day at Oxford that Irwin did not attend. Irwin is only a little older than his students but proves to be a bold and demanding teacher, and particularly difficult to impress.
As part of their General Studies, the class acts out scenes from romantic films and literature. At the conclusion of each class, Hector offers a lift to one of the students on his motorbike and it is generally known (and initially dismissed as a joke) that he touches them inappropriately on the ride. The only one he never takes along is Posner, a slight Jewish boy, who doesn't hide his infatuation with Dakin. Dakin, who characterises himself as an aspiring lecher, is currently pursuing an affair with the headmaster's secretary, Fiona. He is not displeased by Posner's attention, but finds himself increasingly interested in Irwin. Gradually, Dakin's quest to impress Irwin on an intellectual level evolves into a flirtatious, potentially sexual pursuit of his young teacher, who is visibly attracted to Dakin. Meanwhile, Hector's indiscretions are shockingly revealed and Felix instructs him to "retire early".
The boys continue their studies and all gain places at Oxford and Cambridge, including the dimwitted Rudge, with Posner winning a scholarship and Dakin an exhibition (although both Felix and Scripps later refer to it as a scholarship). On the day they gathered at school on receiving their results, Dakin calls out Irwin on his lie of attending Oxford, Irwin admits that he studied at Bristol and attended Oxford only for a teaching diploma, then Dakin asks him out for a drink, overtly revealing his sexual interest in him, much to Irwin's confusion and repressed enthusiasm. They agree to get together that very Sunday. Dakin then proceeds to the Headmaster's office and, by threatening to reveal Felix's own sexual harassment of Fiona, forces him to reinstate Hector.
As the boys prepare to leave the grammar school, Hector, revealing that he is staying at the school, agrees to give Dakin a ride home on the motorbike "for old times' sake". However, before they leave, the headmaster runs out and stops them, saying that Hector should not take one of the boys. He suggests that Hector take Irwin instead. Dakin gladly hands the helmet to him, and the screen fades to white as they drive off, the boys waving happily and laughing.
A motorcycle accident occurs off-screen, and Hector is killed, although Irwin survives with a broken leg. Dakin (in voiceover) says that Irwin had never been on the back of a bike and so may have unbalanced Hector, causing the accident, and that he and Irwin never got a chance to meet that Sunday. The boys sing "Bye Bye Blackbird" at Hector's memorial service and the Headmaster gives a general speech. Mrs Lintott then turns and asks: "Will they come to my funeral, I wonder?" The school hall is shown with only the boys sitting and each recounts his life. Akthar is a headmaster, Crowther a magistrate, Timms a drug-taking dry-cleaning manager, and Dakin a tax lawyer. Lockwood, a junior army officer, was killed by friendly fire at the age of 28. Rudge is a builder, Scripps a journalist, and Irwin makes history TV programmes, though Mrs Lintott says they are more journalism. Posner is a teacher and takes the same approach that Hector did, save for the touching. The final shot shows the boys and teachers standing at the field trip lawn, with Hector's voice encouraging them to "pass it on".
Cast
Staff
Richard Griffiths as Douglas "Hector", English & General Studies teacher
Clive Merrison as Felix, the Headmaster and Geography teacher
Frances de la Tour as Mrs Dorothy Lintott, History teacher & Deputy Headteacher
Stephen Campbell Moore as Irwin, a temporary History teacher who encourages pupils to dissent from generally accepted viewpoints.
Penelope Wilton as Mrs Hazel Bibby, Art and Art History teacher
Adrian Scarborough as Mr Stanley Wilkes, Physical Education teacher
Georgia Taylor as Fiona, school secretary
Students
Samuel Anderson as Christopher "Chris" Crowther
Samuel Barnett as David Posner, a Jewish boy who believes that he may be gay.
Dominic Cooper as Stuart Dakin
James Corden as Anthony "Tony" Timms
Sacha Dhawan as Adi Akthar
Andrew Knott as James "Jimmy" Lockwood
Russell Tovey as Peter Rudge
Jamie Parker as Donald "Donnie" Scripps
The majority of the main cast later appeared in Bennett's 2015 film The Lady in the Van, with de la Tour in a prominent role and cameo roles for Moore, Anderson, Barnett, Cooper, Corden, Dhawan, Knott, Tovey and Parker. Griffiths died in 2013, before The Lady in the Van was shot.
Reception
Richard Schickel of Time opined that the film is better than the original play. He explained that the transformation to film improved the "flow and intimacy" of the production, while preserving the messages it seeks to convey. Rolling Stone notes that some sense of familiarity with the subject of the film is lost in the cutting of nearly an hour from the original play, but the dialogue remains witty and pointed as is the customary style of the author. New York describes the film as "brilliant and infectious", and filled with Alan Bennett's customary deadpan humour.
Awards
The National Board of Review of Motion Pictures named The History Boys one of the Top Ten Films in its 2006 awards.
The film was nominated for the 2007 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Limited Release.
Griffiths and de la Tour received BAFTA nominations for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress, respectively.
Soundtrack
References
External links
2006 films
2000s teen comedy-drama films
2006 LGBT-related films
British teen comedy-drama films
British LGBT-related films
DNA Films films
Films scored by George Fenton
Films about educators
British films based on plays
Films directed by Nicholas Hytner
Films set in the 1980s
Films set in Sheffield
Fox Searchlight Pictures films
LGBT-related comedy-drama films
LGBT-related coming-of-age films
Films with screenplays by Alan Bennett
2000s English-language films
2000s British films |
5387836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre%20Dame%20High%20School%20%28New%20Jersey%29 | Notre Dame High School (New Jersey) | Notre Dame High School is a coeducational, Roman Catholic, college preparatory school in the Lawrenceville section of Lawrence Township, in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. The school operates under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Trenton. The school is accredited by AdvancED.
As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 915 students and 68.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.5:1. The school's student body was 76.4% (706) White, 7.4% (68) Black, 5.7% (53) two or more races, 5.1% (47) Hispanic, 5.0% (46) Asian, 0.2% (2) American Indian / Alaska Native and 0.2% (2) Native Hawaiian / Pacific Islander.
History
Built in 1957, Notre Dame High School is located in Lawrenceville, near Princeton University, Rider University, The College of New Jersey, The Lawrenceville School, and Hun School of Princeton. The Catholic Diocese of Trenton also neighbors the school. The main building itself is square in shape, housing classrooms on two floors. Its mascot is the "Irish," usually displayed on athletic wear as a shamrock affixed to "ND." The current president is Ken Jennings, accompanied by principal Joanna Barlow.
The school uses a form of block scheduling for its students. In a typical semester, a student has three 80-minute block classes and two 40-minute blocks. One of the 40-minute periods is usually reserved for a lunch period, while the other is reserved for physical education or an additional 40-minute class. There is an "activity period" between the four 80-minute blocks during the day in which students can study, take an additional lunch period, or participate in various school activities (groups, clubs, community service).
The school features a newly renovated theatre, gymnasium, student center (cafeteria), several standard classrooms, offices, computer and science labs, school store (The Leprechaun Shop), a renovated track, wrestling room, cross country path, weight-room, turf field with stands, tennis courts, various outdoor playing fields, media center–library, chapel, campus ministry, broadcasting studio, College & School Counseling office, and courtyard.
Parallel to the school's student parking lot flows Shabakunk Creek, which was the location of a Revolutionary War skirmish between American rebels led by Colonel Edward Hand and the British military, delaying the British before the Second Battle of Trenton. A small commemorative sign marks the spot where the battle occurred.
Performing arts
Notre Dame High School has an active performing arts department which presents three productions annually: a fall drama or comedy, a late-winter musical, and a late-spring comedy, drama, or musical. Past performances have included The Little Mermaid, Show Boat, Kiss Me, Kate, Godspell, Man of La Mancha, Inherit the Wind, Grease, West Side Story, The Crucible, Beauty and the Beast, You Can't Take It with You, Scapino!, Les Misérables, The Pajama Game, Peter Pan, Footloose, Seussical, Hairspray and Anything Goes. The musicals annually perform for audiences from 3,500 to 5,000.
Along with theatrical productions, a dance program entitled Fusion, based on contemporary dance styles, is rehearsed during the fall and performs later in the winter. The dance program, which is headed by Debby Rittler Gibilisco, has three separate levels. The Performing Arts Department, led by Lou Gibilisco, offers classes such as Digital Recording, Piano Technique, and Musical Theory, along with overseeing the various musical groups in the school: Concert Choir, String Ensemble, Concert Band, Jazz Band, and Madrigal Choir (the latter two requiring auditions). The Concert Band, Fusion dance, and Madrigal all travel to Disney World (alternating every year between the Concert Band and the Madrigal/Fusion) to participate in workshops, master classes, and performances.
Athletics
The Notre Dame High School Irish participate in the Colonial Valley Conference, which is comprised of high schools from Mercer, Middlesex and Monmouth counties, and operates under the supervision of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. With 865 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2022–23 school year as Non-Public A for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 381 to 1,454 students in that grade range (equivalent to Group III for public schools). The football team competes in the Capitol Division of the 95-team West Jersey Football League superconference and was classified by the NJSIAA as Non-Public Group IV for football for 2018–2020.
Boys Soccer
The boys soccer team has won 10 New Jersey State Championships. The program's 10 state titles are tied for fifth in the state.
Baseball
The baseball team has won 5 state championships. The program's five state titles are tied for eighth in the state.
Girls Wrestling
In 2019, Angelina Romero became the first wrestler in the school's history to place at state in the inaugural year of Girls Wrestling in NJ. She coming in second in the 118-lb. girl's category during the New Jersey State tournament in Atlantic City.
State Championships
Notre Dame participates in the non-public class A division of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. The Irish have won 44 team State Championships in it's history.
Boys Soccer - 1961, 1966, 1967, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1991
Boys Baseball - 1983, 1985, 1987, 1990, 1991
Girls Track & field - 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
Boys Football - 1983, 1989
Girls Soccer - 1985, 1994
Boys Track & field - 1992, 1996, 1997, 2005
Girls Basketball - 1995, 1996
Girls Indoor Track - 1996, 1997
Boys IndoorTrack - 1997, 1998
Girls Softball - 2006, 2007
Notable alumni
David Bird (1959–2014), financial journalist who covered energy markets at The Wall Street Journal
Edward Bloor (born 1950, class of 1968), author of Tangerine and London Calling.
Melisa Can (born 1984 as Michelle Marie Campbell), professional basketball player at the power forward position who plays for Adana ASKİ.
Martin Connor (born 1945), member of the New York Senate from 1978 to 2008.
Tom Guiry (born 1981), actor who played a lead role in The Sandlot
Rich Gunnell (born 1987), former wide receiver and current coach for Boston College Eagles football
Skip Harlicka (born 1946), former NBA basketball player for the Atlanta Hawks.
Scott Horta (born 1988), capped member of the Puerto Rico national football team
Guy Hutchinson (born 1974), author, broadcaster, theme park historian and comedian
Star Jones (born 1962), television personality
Dick LaRossa (born 1946), politician and former television presenter who served two terms in the New Jersey Senate, where he represented the 15th Legislative District.
Ed Moran (born 1981), professional track and road runner in distances from the 5000 meter to the marathon
E. J. Nemeth (born 1983), retired arena football quarterback
Jake Nerwinski (born 1994, class of 2013), Major League Soccer player for the Vancouver Whitecaps.
Bob Picozzi (born 1951, class of 1968), television and radio announcer for ESPN and Fox Sports.
Chris Prynoski (born 1971), animator.
Duane Robinson (born 1968, class of 1986), retired professional soccer forward who played in the American Professional Soccer League and the United States Interregional Soccer League.
Richard Schmierer (born 1950, class of 1968), State Department Foreign Service Officer who served as United States Ambassador to Oman.
Brian Siemann (born 1989), member of the 2012 United States Paralympic Team who won gold medals in the 100m and 200m.
Bob Terlecki (born 1945), MLB pitcher who played for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1972.
Tiquan Underwood (born 1987), wide receiver for the Carolina Panthers.
Anthony Verrelli (born 1964), union leader and politician who represents the 15th Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly.
References
External links
Official Notre Dame website
Data for Notre Dame High School, National Center for Education Statistics
1957 establishments in New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 1957
Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey
Middle States Commission on Secondary Schools
Roman Catholic Diocese of Trenton
Catholic secondary schools in New Jersey
Private high schools in Mercer County, New Jersey |
5387856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%20Kong%20Correctional%20Services%20Museum | Hong Kong Correctional Services Museum | The Hong Kong Correctional Services Museum () is a museum in Tung Tau Wan Road, Stanley, Hong Kong. It was originally housed in the Staff Training Institute of the Hong Kong Correctional Services Department.
Description
Today it is housed in a two-storey building next to the parade ground of the Staff Training Institute. It has an area of with a collection of over 600 artifacts representing some 170 years of Hong Kong's criminal and rehabilitative past starting in the Qing dynasty (16441911) and extending through the colonial period, when piracy was punishable by death.
Along with ten galleries, the museum contains a mock gallows and two mock cells as well as a mock guard tower on top of the building. One of the galleries displays equipment formerly used for floggings and assorted corporal punishments. An annex for the presentation of correctional and rehabilitative services and for the display of handicrafts produced by prisoners has been added to the museum. Outside the annex is a lookout point for visitors to savour the scenery of Tai Tam Bay.
The museum is under the management of the Correctional Services Department Staff Training Institute (STI).
Exhibits
There are ten galleries in the museum:
Gallery 1: Punishment and Imprisonment
Gallery 2: Prisons History and Development
Gallery 3: Prisons History and Development (continuation)
Gallery 4: Inside Prisons
Gallery 5: Staff Uniform, Insignia and Accoutrement
Gallery 6: Vietnamese Boat People
Gallery 7: Home Made Weapons and Unauthorised Articles
Gallery 8: Staff Events
Gallery 9: Industries and Vocational Training Section
Gallery 10: Overseas Cooperation and Experience Sharing
Also on display are:
two mock cells
one mock gallows.
Opening hours
Tuesdays to Sundays: 10:00 am to 5:00 pm
The Museum is closed on Mondays and Public Holidays.
Group tours are available.
Transport to the museum
Bus No. 6, 6X or 260 from Central
Bus No. 14 from Sai Wan Ho
Bus No. 63 from North Point
Bus No. 65 from North Point (Sundays and Public Holidays only)
Bus No. 73 from Wah Fu Estate
Bus No. 314 from Siu Sai Wan (Sundays and Public Holidays only)
Bus No. 399 from South Horizons (Sundays and Public Holidays only)
Bus No. 973 from Tsim Sha Tsui (via Western Tunnel)
Public Light Bus No. 16X from Chai Wan
Public Light Bus No. 40 from Causeway Bay
Public Light Bus No. 52 from Aberdeen
Gallery
See also
List of museums in Hong Kong
References
External links
Hong Kong Correctional Services Department
Hong Kong Correctional Services Museum
Museums in Hong Kong
Stanley, Hong Kong
Prison museums in Asia |
5387860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan%20Zhongyi | Yuan Zhongyi | Yuan Zhongyi (袁仲一, born 1932) is a Chinese archaeologist.
Biography
He is best known for his work in the excavation and preservation of the Terracotta Army in Xi'an, China and is praised as "the father of the Terracotta Warriors".
Yuan graduated from East China Normal University in Shanghai where he received the bachelor's and master's degrees of history respectively in 1960 and 1963.
References
Europa Publications: The International Who's Who 2004. Routledge 2003, , p. 1861-1862 ()
Chinese archaeologists
Living people
1932 births
East China Normal University |
5387881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Clinger | William Clinger | William Clinger may refer to:
William F. Clinger Jr. (1929–2021), Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
William Clinger (computer scientist), American computer scientist |
5387892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Defense%20Authorization%20Act | National Defense Authorization Act | The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) is the name for each of a series of United States federal laws specifying the annual budget and expenditures of the U.S. Department of Defense. The first NDAA was passed in 1961. The U.S. Congress oversees the defense budget primarily through two yearly bills: the National Defense Authorization Act and defense appropriations bills. The authorization bill is the jurisdiction of the Senate Armed Services Committee and House Armed Services Committee and determines the agencies responsible for defense, establishes recommended funding levels, and sets the policies under which money will be spent. The appropriations bill provides funds.
Legislation from 2007 onwards
John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007, , this NDAA is formally named after John Warner, a U.S. war veteran, long-term Senator, Senate Armed Services Committee chairman, and Secretary of the Navy from Virginia.
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008,
Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009: "expresses the sense of Congress that the Honorable Duncan Hunter, Representative from California, has discharged his official duties with integrity and distinction, has served the House of Representatives and the American people selflessly, and deserves the sincere gratitude of Congress and the Nation". Title 8, Subtitle G: Governmentwide Acquisition Improvements, is known as the "Clean Contracting Act", and focussed on improvements to government procurement such as limiting the term of non-competitive contracts to one year (section 862) and prohibiting excessive use by contractors of sub-contractors or "tiers of sub-contractors" (section 866).
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, , this NDAA contains important hate crimes legislation.
Ike Skelton National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011, , this NDAA is formally named after Ike Skelton, a long-term Congressman and Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee from Missouri.
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, , this NDAA contains several controversial sections, the chief being §§ 1021–1022, which affirm provisions authorizing the indefinite military detention of civilians, including U.S. citizens, without habeas corpus or due process, contained in the Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF), .
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 (; NDAA 2014) was a United States federal law that specified the budget and expenditures of the United States Department of Defense (DOD) for Fiscal Year 2014. The law authorized the DOD to spend $607 billion in Fiscal Year 2014. On December 26, 2013, President Barack Obama signed the bill into law. This was the 53rd consecutive year that a National Defense Authorization Act has been passed.
The Carl Levin and Howard P. "Buck" McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 was one of the proposed NDAA bills for fiscal year 2015. On May 8, 2014, the House Armed Services Committee ordered the bill reported (amended) by a vote of 61-0. The Committee spent 12 hours debating the bill and voting on hundreds of different amendments before voting to pass it.
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018
John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, this NDAA is formally named after John S. McCain III, a U.S. war veteran, prisoner of war, long-term Senator, Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, and 2008 Republican Presidential Nominee.
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020, this NDAA formally established the United States Space Force as an independent branch of the Armed Forces.
William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, this NDAA is formally named after William McClellan "Mac" Thornberry, a long-term Congressman, and ranking member of the House Armed Services Committee.
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022
See also
Internal Security Act of 1950
Clinger–Cohen Act, part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996
References
Further reading
Christophe Paulussen, The US NDAA and its Controversial Counter-Terrorism Provisions (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2012)
External links
National Defense Authorization Acts for 1996 to 2016
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989, from GovTrack.us
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005, from the Congressional Budget Office
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007, from GovTrack.us
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, from GovTrack.us
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009, from GovTrack.us
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010: and
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011, from GovTrack.us
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, from GovTracks.us
S. 1867 : AN ACT To authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2012 for military activities of the Department of Defense
from Reuters.com
pdf of the 112-page ruling from UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
U.S. National Defense Authorization Acts |
5387894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberis%20negeriana | Berberis negeriana | Berberis negeriana is a species of barberry, native and endemic to an extremely small area in coastal range of Bio-Bio Region in Chile. Common name include Neger's barberry and (Chilean Spanish) michay de Neger.
It is an evergreen thorny shrub growing to tall. Its flowers are yellow. It is considered a threatened woody shrub and only two natural populations are known, near Concepción, Chile.
References
External links
Pictures of Berberis negeriana and further information (Spanish).
negeriana
Endemic flora of Chile
Flora of central Chile |
5387903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissure | Commissure | A commissure () is the location at which two objects abut or are joined. The term is used especially in the fields of anatomy and biology.
The most common usage of the term refers to the brain's commissures, of which there are five. Such a commissure is a bundle of commissural fibers as a tract that crosses the midline at its level of origin or entry (as opposed to a decussation of fibers that cross obliquely). The five are the anterior commissure, posterior commissure, corpus callosum, commissure of fornix (hippocampal commissure), and habenular commissure. They consist of fibre tracts that connect the two cerebral hemispheres and span the longitudinal fissure. In the spinal cord there are the anterior white commissure, and the gray commissure. Commissural neurons refer to neuronal cells that grow their axons across the midline of the nervous system within the brain and the spinal cord.
Commissure also often refers to cardiac anatomy of heart valves. In the heart, a commissure is the area where the valve leaflets abut. When such an abutment is abnormally stiffened or even fused, valvular stenosis results, sometimes requiring commissurotomy.
The term may also refer to the junction of the upper and lower lips (see labial commissure of mouth).
It may refer to the junction of the upper and lower mandibles of a bird's beak, or alternately, to the full-length apposition of the closed mandibles, from the corners of the mouth to the tip of the beak.
It may refer to the nasal and temporal meeting points of the upper and lower eyelids (the medial and lateral canthi).
In female genitalia, the joining points of the two folds of the labia majora create two commissures - the anterior commissure just anterior to the prepuce of the clitoris, and the posterior commissure of the labia majora, directly posterior to the frenulum of the labia minora and anterior to the perineal raphe.
In biology, the meeting of the two valves of a brachiopod or clam is a commissure; in botany, the term is used to denote the place where a fern's laterally expanded vein endings come together in a continuous marginal sorus.
See also
Decussation
References
Anatomy
Biology terminology
Parts of a bird beak |
5387908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruicheng%20County | Ruicheng County | Ruicheng County () is under the administration of the Yuncheng City, in the southwest of Shanxi province, China. It is the southernmost county-level division of Shanxi, with the Yellow River demarcating its border with the provinces of Henan to the south and Shaanxi to the west. The population as of the 2020 census is around 350,000.
Ruicheng is home to Yongle Gong (), a Taoist temple complex noted for the wall paintings inside its three main halls. It was moved to Ruicheng in 1959 to preserve it when the Sanmenxia Dam was built, which was expected to put the town of Yongle, the previous location of the temple, under water. The temple is 4 km north of the town centre. The city is also known for its City God Temple and Guangrenwang Temple, the latter of which is the second oldest extant building in China.
The Yellow River lies just south of Ruicheng, and Dayudu (Yu the Great's Crossing) along the river bank is a notable scenic spot. A pumping station on the river doubles as a monument to Yu the Great, the legendary figure credited with controlling the course of the Yellow River and saving many lives in the process.
Administrative divisions
Fenglingdu town
Agriculture
Apples are to be found in abundance in Ruicheng, being the most popular variety of fruit grown by local farmers.
References
External links
http://www.rcx.gov.cn/
County-level divisions of Shanxi |
5387919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20C.%20Houk | John C. Houk | John Chiles Houk (February 26, 1860 – June 3, 1923) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 2nd congressional district of Tennessee.
Biography
Houk was born in Clinton, Tennessee in Anderson County on February 26, 1860, son of Leonidas C. Houk and Elizabeth Houk. He attended the local schools, and moved with his parents to Knoxville in 1871. He graduated from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville.
Career
Employed as a clerk in the Pensions Bureau at Washington, D.C., Houk worked from 1881 to 1883. He studied law at Columbian (now George Washington) University in Washington, D.C. He was admitted to the bar in 1884, and he commenced practice in Knoxville.
Houk was a secretary of the state Republican committee for four years. He was Assistant Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives in the Fifty-first Congress.
Elected as a Republican to the Fifty-second Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of his father, Leonidas C. Houk, Houk was re-elected to the Fifty-third Congress and served from December 7, 1891 to March 3, 1895. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1894.
Houk served in the Tennessee Senate from 1897 to 1899, from 1911 to 1913, and from 1917 to 1923. He resumed the practice of law in Knoxville, Tennessee.
Death
Houk died in Fountain City, Tennessee in Knox County on June 3, 1923 (age 63 years, 97 days). He is interred at Greenwood Cemetery in Knoxville, Tennessee.
References
External links
1860 births
1923 deaths
Tennessee state senators
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
People from Clinton, Tennessee
People from Knoxville, Tennessee |
5387923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphus%2C%20Kentucky | Adolphus, Kentucky | Adolphus is an unincorporated community in southern Allen County, Kentucky, United States. The community is due south of Scottsville. The community is primarily a rural area on farmland.
History
A post office called Adolphus has been in operation since 1888. The community has the name of Adolphus Alexander, a railroad attorney.
Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Adolphus has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
References
Unincorporated communities in Allen County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky |
5387955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan%20Shoufang | Yuan Shoufang | Yuan Shoufang (), born March 1939 in Jilin City, Jilin), is a General and Director of the General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army of China.
References
1939 births
Living people
People's Liberation Army generals from Jilin
People from Jilin City
Date of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Chinese military personnel
Alternate members of the 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Alternate members of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party |
5387978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20H.%20Raza | S. H. Raza | Sayed Haider Raza (22 February 1922 – 23 July 2016) was an Indian painter who lived and worked in France from 1950 until his death, while maintaining strong ties with India. He was born in Kakkaiya (District Mandla), Central Provinces, British India, which is now present-day Madhya Pradesh.
He was a renowned Indian artist. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1981, Fellowship of the Lalit Kala Academi in 1984, Padma Bhushan in 2007, and Padma Vibhushan in 2013. He was conferred with the Commandeur de la Legion d'honneur (Legion of Honour) on 14 July 2015.
His seminal work Saurashtra sold for 16.42 crore ($3,486,965) at a Christie's auction in 2010.
In 1959 he married the French artist Janine Mongillat, who died of cancer in 2002. In 2010 he decided to return to India.
Early life and education
Sayed Haider Raza was born in Kakkaiya, near town Bichhiya, Mandla district, Madhya Pradesh, to Sayed Mohammed Razi, the Deputy Forest Ranger of the district and Tahira Begum. It was here where he spent his early years, completed primary education and took to drawing at the age of 12. He moved to Damoh (also in Madhya Pradesh) at 13; where he completed his high school education from Government High School, Damoh.
After high school, he studied further at the Nagpur School of Art, Nagpur (1939–43), followed by Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai (1943–47), before moving to France in October 1950 to study at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts (ENSB-A), Paris (1950-1953) on a Government of France scholarship. After his studies, he travelled across Europe, and continued to live and exhibit his work in Paris. He was later awarded the Prix de la critique in Paris in 1956, becoming the first non-French artist to receive the honour.
Art career
Early career
Sayed Haider Raza, had his first solo show when he was 24 in 1946 at Bombay Art Society Salon, and was awarded the Silver Medal of the society.
His work evolved from painting expressionistic landscapes to abstract ones. From his fluent water colours of landscapes and townscapes executed in the early 1940s, he moved toward a more expressive language, painting landscapes of the mind.
Raza carefully crafted his career to become an inspiration to two generations of artists. The year of 1947 proved to be a very important year for him. First, his mother died. Then, he co-founded the revolutionary Bombay Progressive Artists' Group (PAG) (1947–1956) along with K. H. Ara and F. N. Souza. This group set out to break free from the influences of European realism in Indian art and bring Indian inner vision (Antar gyan) into the art,. The group had its first show in 1948. A revolutionary amount of art was created by the people in this group from 1940 to 1990. Raza's father died the same year his mother had died in Mandla. The majority of his four brothers and sister, migrated to Pakistan, after the partition of India. In the early years, the group continued its close rapport. Krishen Khanna speaks of the first exhibition Raza, Akbar Padamsee and F. N. Souza mounted together at the Gallery Cruz in Paris. "Souza and Padamsee painted in a quasi-modern fashion. Raza, however, made a throwback to the Mughal period, creating jewel-like water colours, with the pigment rubbed in with a shell. He was vastly successful and acquired by important collectors."
Once in France, he continued to experiment with currents of Western Modernism, moving from Expressionist modes towards greater abstraction and eventually incorporating elements of Tantrism from Indian scriptures. Whereas his fellow contemporaries dealt with more figural subjects, Raza chose to focus on landscapes in the 1940s and 50s, inspired in part by a move to France. In 1956, he was awarded the prestigious Prix de la Critique, this was a monumental award to the art scene in India.
In 1962, he became a visiting lecturer at the University of California in Berkeley, USA. Raza was initially enamored of the bucolic countryside of rural France. Eglise is part of a series which captures the rolling terrain and quaint village architecture of this region. Showing a tumultuous church engulfed by an inky blue night sky, Raza uses gestural brushstrokes and a heavily impasto-ed application of paint, stylistic devices which hint at his later 1970s abstractions.
The "Bindu" and beyond
By the 1970s Raza had grown increasingly unhappy and restless with his own work and wanted to find a new direction and deeper authenticity in his work, and move away from what he called the 'plastic art'. His trips to India, especially to caves of Ajanta - Ellora, followed by those to Varanasi, Gujarat and Rajasthan, made him realize his role and study Indian culture more closely, the result was "Bindu", which signified his rebirth as a painter. The Bindu came forth in 1980, and took his work deeper and brought in, his new-found Indian vision and Indian ethnography. One of the reasons he attributes to the origin of the "Bindu", have been his elementary school teacher, who on finding him lacking adequate concentration, drew a dot on the blackboard and asked him to concentrate on it. The "Bindu" is related to Indian philosophy of being the point of all creation. The reason this interested Raza so much is because he was looking for new inspiration for his art and this created a new point of creation for himself.
After the introduction of "Bindu" (a point or the source of energy), he added newer dimensions to his thematic oeuvre in the following decades, with the inclusion of themes around the Tribhuj (Triangle), which bolstered Indian concepts of space and time, as well as that of "prakriti-purusha" (the cosmic substance and the energy or the spirit respectively), his transformation from an expressionist to a master of abstraction and profundity, was complete. His multiple works of art with the bindu is what truly tied him to his Indian roots and culture. This art created a sense of pride for his culture. The bindu is now widely regarded as a trademark for Raza and he said in 2010 that "It's the centre of my life".
Raza abandoned the expressionistic landscape for a geometric abstraction and the "Bindu". Raza perceived the Bindu as the center of creation and existence progressing towards forms and color as well as energy, sound, space and time.
His work took another leap in 2000, when he began to express his increasingly deepened insights and thoughts on Indian spiritual, and created works around the Kundalini, Nagas, and the Mahabharat.
Public contributions
For the promotion of art among Indian youth, he established the Raza Foundation in India which gives the Annual Raza Foundation Award to young artists in India.
The Raza Foundation in France, based in the artist village of Gorbio, runs the Estate of Sayed Haider Raza.
Later years and death
In 2011, a few years after the death of his wife, S.H. Raza decided to move back from France to New Delhi, where he continued to work several hours a day up until his death on 22 July 2017, at the age of 94, in New Delhi. His last wish being laid to rest in his hometown Mandla beside his father's grave was fulfilled. He was buried in Mandla city's kabristan.
Awards
1946: Silver Medal, Bombay Art Society, Mumbai
1948: Gold Medal, Bombay Art Society, Mumbai
1956: Prix de la critique, Paris
1981: Padma Shri; the Government of India
1984: Fellowship of the Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi
1992–1993: Kalidas Samman, Government of Madhya Pradesh
2004: Lalit Kala Ratna Puraskar, Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi
2007: Padma Bhushan; the Government of India
2013: Padma Vibhushan; the Government of India
2013: one of the greatest living global Indian legends ... NDTV INDIA
2014: D. Litt (Honoris Causa), Indira Kala Sangit Vishwavidyalaya, Khairagarh, Chhattisgarh
2015: Commandeur de la Légion d’Honneur (the Legion of Honour); Republic of France
2015: D. Litt (Honoris Causa), Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh
Solo exhibitions
2016; Nirantar, Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata
2015: Galerie Lara Vincy, Paris, "Raza: Paintings"
2015: Akar Prakar, Kolkata, "Aarambh – Raza at 93"
2015: Art Musings, Mumbai, "Aarambh @ 93: Solo Show of SH Raza"
2014: Grosvenor Vadehra, London, "SH Raza – Pyaas"
2014: Sovereign FZE, Dubai, "Raza: Paysage, Select Works 1950s – 1970s"
2014: Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, "SH Raza - Parikrama – Around Gandhi"
2013: Akar Prakar, Kolkata, "Shabd- bindu – A show of recent works by SH Raza & poetry by Ashok Vajpeyi"
2013: Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, "Antardhwani"
2012: ICIA, The Art Trust, Mumbai, "SH Raza – Solo Show"
2012: Art Musings, Mumbai, "SH Raza: Vistaar"
2012: Grosvenor Gallery, London, "Bindu Vistaar"
2011: Vadehra Art Gallery & Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi, "SH Raza, Punaraagman"
2010: Flora Jansem Gallery, Raza Ceramiques, Paris
2010: Galerie Patrice Trigano, Paris, "Sayed Haider Raza, Œuvres 1950-2001"
2010: Akar Prakar Art Gallery, Kolkata, Ahmadabad, Jaipur, Delhi, INDIA in 2010
2010: Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, "Recent Works – SH Raza"
2008: Art Alive Art Gallery, Delhi, India in 2008
Exhibition Magnificent Seven at Art Alive Gallery
2007: Ayran Art Gallery, Mumbai, New Delhi, Hong Kong, "SH Raza - Celebrating 85 Years of living Legend"
2007: RL Fine ARTS, New York, "SH Raza: Master of Colors – Selected Works"
2007: The Arts Trust at the ICIA, Mumbai, "SH Raza- Solo Show"
2007: National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi, "Swati – S.H. Raza"
2006: TAO Art Gallery, Mumbai, "Rang Ras – S.H. Raza"
2006: RL Fine Arts, New York, SH Raza: Selected Works
2006: Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, "Raza"
2006: Hong Kong, Aryan Art Gallery, "Raza: Metamorphosis"
2005: Aryan Art Gallery, New Delhi, "Raza – Recent Works"
2005: Saffronart & Berkeley Square Gallery, London & New York, "SH Raza: Summer 2005"
2004: Art Musings, Mumbai, "SH Raza"
2003: Berlin, The Fine Art Resource, "SH Raza: Paintings from 1996 to 2003"
2001: Delhi Art Gallery, New Delhi, "Mindscapes: The Sacred Search: a select collection of works from 1951- 2002 by Raza"
1999: Gallery 54, New York, "Raza"
1997: Roopankar Museum of Fine Arts, Bharat Bhavan, Bhopal
1997: Jehangir Art Gallery Mumbai
1997: National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi.
1997: Vadhera Art Gallery & Chemould Gallery, Bhopal, Mumbai & New Delhi, "Raza: Avartan 1991-1996"
1994: The Art Rental Corporate, Group Michael Ferrier, Échirolles, Grenoble
1992: Jehangir Nicholson Museum, National Centre for Performing Arts, Mumbai
1992: Courses Arts Lalouvesc, France
1991: Gallery Eterso, Cannes, "Bindu ou la quête de l'essentiel", 28 June – 17 August
1991: Palais de Carnolès, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Menton, "Raza: Rétrospective 1952-1991"
1991: Chemould Gallery, Bombay, "Raza Anthology 1980-1990"
1988: Chemould Gallery, Bombay; Koloritten Galleri, Stavanger, Norway
1987: The Head of the artist, Grenoble
1985: Galerie Pierre Parat, Paris
1984: Chemould Gallery, Bombay
1982: Gallery Loeb, Bern, Switzerland; Gallery JY Noblet, Grenoble
1980: Galleriet, Oslo
1976: Mumbai, Gallery Chemould at the Jehangir Art Gallery, Raza, 26 February – 1 March 1976.
1975: Sanremo, Galleria Matuzia, Raza, 4 – 31 October 1975.
1969: Paris, Galerie Lara Vincy, Raza: Peintures Recentes, 27 November 1969 – 5 January 1970.
1968: Bombay, Gallery Chemould, Raza, 15 – 27 April 1968.
1968: Toronto, Gallery Dresdnere, Raza – Recent Oil Paintings, 25 October – 9 November 1968.
1968: Cologne, Dom Galerie, Sayed Haider Raza, 26 March – 4 May 1968.
1967: Paris, Galerie Lara Vincy, 1967.
1966: Düsseldorf, Tecta Galerie, Raza – Paris: 25 Oil Paintings from 1962- 1966, 6 October – 10 November 1966.
1963 Cologne, Dom Galerie, Raza, June – July 1963.
1964: Paris, Galerie Lara Vincy, Raza: Peintures récentes, 18 November 1964 – 10 January 1965.
1962: Galerie Dresdnere, Montreal
1962: Galerie Lara Vincy, Paris, Raza, 15 July 1962.
1961: Paris, Galerie Lara Vincy, Raza, 19 April- 18 May 1961.
1960: Montreal, Galerie Dresdnere, Autumn 1960.
1959: Montreal, Galerie Dresdnere, Raza: Peintures et Gouaches, 5th – 19th MAY 1959.
1958: Galerie Lara Vincy, Paris, "Raza - Prix de la Critique 1956. Peintures et gouaches" (April–May)
1956: Galerie Saint-Placide, Paris, "Raza"
1950: Charles Petrat's Institute of foreign Languages, Mumbai (September)
1950: The IFL International Centre, Bombay, "SH Raza: Farewell Exhibition of Paintings" (September)
1948: Exhibition Hall, New Delhi, "Raza: 100 paintings of Kashmir", organised by Rudolf Von Leyden, (September)
1947: Bombay Art Society, "Raza's Watercolour Landscapes", (November)
1946: First solo exhibition at the Bombay Art Society Salon
Selected Biennales
1956: Venice Biennale, Italy.
1957: Biennale 57, Pavillon de Marsan, Paris, France.
1958: Bienal de São Paulo, Brazil.
1958: Biennale, Brussels, Belgium.
1958: Biennale of Young Contemporary Painters, Bruges, Belgium.
1958: Venice Biennale, Italy.
1961: Biennale of Tokyo, Japan.
1962: Salon Comparaisons, Paris, France.
1963: Biennale du Maroc, Rabat, Morocco.
1964: Biennale de Menton, France.
1966: Biennale de Menton, France.
1966: Salon Comparaisons, Paris.
1968: Biennale de Menton, France.
1972: Biennale de Menton, France.
1976: Biennale de Menton, France.
1978: Biennale de Menton, France.
1986: Bienal de la Habana, Havana, Cuba
Further reading
S.H Raza, by Soufiane Bensabra, Les Éditions de la Différence, Paris, 2020
"Yet Again: Nine New Essays on Raza", by Ashok Vajpeyi, Mapin Publishing Pvt, Ahmedabad, India, 2015.
"SH Raza: The Journey of a Master", published by Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, 2014.
"Understanding Raza: Many Ways of Looking at a Master", Ashok Vajpeyi (ed.), Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, 2013.
"My Dear: Letters Between Sayed Haider Raza & Krishen Khanna", Ashok Vajpeyi, The Raza Correspondence, Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, 2013.
"SH Raza: Vistaar", by Ranjit Hoskote, Ashok Vajpeyi, Yashodhara Dalmia and Avni Doshi, Afterimage Publishing, Mumbai, 2012.
"Mandalas", by Olivier Germain-Thomas, Art Alive Gallery, 2009 (originally published in French by Éditions Albin Michel, Paris, 2004)
Raza by Alain Bonfand, Les Éditions de la Différence, Paris, 2008. (French and English Edition. Lithographs Estampes - Éditions de La Différence edited by Éditions de la Différence, Paris)
A Life in Art: S.H. Raza, by Ashok Vajpeyi, Art Alive Masters Series Books, New Delhi, 2007
Raza: A Life in Art, by Ashok Vajpeyi, 2007, Art Alive Gallery, New Delhi. .
Passion....Life and Art of Raza, by Sayed Haider Raza, Ashok Vajpeyi (Ed.). 2005, Rajkamal Books. .
"Atma Ka Taap", by Rajkamal Prakashan, S.H. Raza et Ashok Vajpeyi, New Delhi, 2004.
"Raza. An Introduction to his Painting", by Michel Imbert, Rainbow Publishers, Noida, 2003.
"Raza: Text-Interview-Poetry, Ravi Kumar" by ashok Vajpeyi, New Delhi, 2002.
Bindu: Space and time in Raza's vision, by Geeti Sen. Media Transasia, 1997. .
Jacques Lassaigne, "Raza", in Cimaise, n°79, Paris, January–February–March 1967
References
External links
The Raza Foundation
Documentary produced by NDTV
Interview with Sansad TV (in Hindi)
1922 births
2016 deaths
Indian male painters
Indian Muslims
Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art alumni
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi
People from Mandla
People from Damoh
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
Indian expatriates in France
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts
20th-century Indian painters
21st-century Indian painters
Indian watercolourists
Indian Expressionist painters
Painters from Madhya Pradesh
20th-century Indian male artists
21st-century Indian male artists |
5388029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cert-money | Cert-money | Cert-money, or head-money, was a common fine, paid annually by the residents of several manors to the lords thereof; and sometimes to the hundred; pro certo letae, for the certain keeping of the leet. This in ancient records, was called certum letae.
References
Property law |
5388035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade%20Union%20Confederation%2090%20of%20Slovenia | Trade Union Confederation 90 of Slovenia | The Trade Union Confederation 90 of Slovenia () (KS 90) is a trade union confederation of Slovenia. It was formed in February 1991 and is based in the south-west area of the country.
References
External links
KS 90 official site.
Trade unions in Slovenia
Trade unions established in 1990 |
5388037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenes%20of%20the%20Crime | Scenes of the Crime | Scenes of the Crime is a 2001 film directed by Dominique Forma and written by Daniel Golka, Amit Mehta, and Forma. It stars Jon Abrahams, Jeff Bridges, Noah Wyle, R. Lee Ermey, Peter Greene, Mädchen Amick, Morris Chestnut, Bob Gunton, and Brian Goodman.
The film had its world premiere at the Deauville American Film Festival on September 8, 2001, and was released in the United States on DVD on September 30, 2003. It was met with mixed opinions and moderate, but ultimately positive reviews.
Plot
The story revolves around a young driver, Lenny (Abrahams), working for a gangster, running various errands and asking no questions. After the kidnapping of an enemy mobster, Jimmy Berg (Bridges), a bitter feud erupts between the two groups with Lenny caught in the middle. Stuck in a van alone with Berg, surrounded by Berg's men, the otherwise neutral driver is forced to choose a side, but is torn by the decision.
The film envelops the events that take place amongst various characters involved in the Mexican standoff, finally leading to a twist ending that is surprisingly upbeat.
Cast
Jeff Bridges as Jimmy Berg
Jon Abrahams as Lenny Burroughs
R. Lee Ermey as Mr. Parker
Mädchen Amick as Carmen
Morris Chestnut as Ray
Kerri Randles as Donna
Noah Wyle as Seth
Henry Rollins as Greg
Lombardo Boyar as Zeke
Kenny Johnston as Al
Peter Greene as Rick
Bob Gunton as Steven, Jimmy's Partner
Dominic Purcell as Mark
Robert Wahlberg as Arnon
Brian Goodman as Trevor
Nicholas Gonzalez as Marty
Justin Louis as Louis
Mizuo Peck as Sharon
Nick Carello as Police Officer
Loyd Catlett as Police Officer
Jack Forbes as Tow truck driver
Chase Ellison as Blake Berg
Jon Powell as Customer
Kim Yates as Steven's Maid
Robert Harvey as Chief Accountant
Amy Wieczorek as Theresa
Ian Ruskin as Trevor's Assistant
External links
Dominique Forma's official site
2001 films
American crime thriller films
Films scored by Christopher Young
2001 crime thriller films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films |
5388047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke%20Dermody | Clarke Dermody | Clarke Dermody (born 22 April 1980, in Invercargill) is a former New Zealand rugby union player. He played as a prop. He was first selected for the All Blacks in 2006 for the test series against Ireland and Argentina.
He played 44 games for the Highlanders in Super Rugby and 89 games for Southland in the National Provincial Championship and Air New Zealand Cup. In 2006, he had 3 test appearances, two of which were against Ireland and then one against England.
Dermody was born in Invercargill, New Zealand, and attended Southland Boys' High School. He played for Woodlands in the Invercargill premier competition. He is the second Woodlands player to date who has played for the All Blacks along with Jimmy Cowan.
He was not required in the 30-man squad for the 2006 Tri Nations Series.
In 2007 he announced that he had signed a 2 year 6 month deal with English club London Irish which he was taking up after the World Cup in November. He was the latest in a number of New Zealand players exodus after the World Cup.
On 18 May 2007, Dermody missed out on selection for the All Blacks but was named in the Junior All Blacks for the upcoming Pacific Nations Cup.
He currently is part of the coaching setup of both the in Super Rugby and in the Mitre 10 Cup.
References
External links
London Irish profile
1980 births
New Zealand international rugby union players
People educated at Southland Boys' High School
Living people
London Irish players
New Zealand rugby union players
New Zealand people of Irish descent
Rugby union props
Southland rugby union players
Highlanders (rugby union) players
New Zealand expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in England
Rugby union players from Invercargill
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in England |
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