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5388934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20paintings%20by%20Paul%20Gauguin | List of paintings by Paul Gauguin | This is an incomplete list of paintings by the French painter Paul Gauguin.
Overview
Paul Gauguin (1848–1903) was a leading 19th-century Post-Impressionist artist, painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist and writer. His bold experimentation with color directly influenced modern art in the 20th century while his expression of the inherent meaning of the subjects in his paintings, under the influence of the cloisonnist style, paved the way to Primitivism and the return to the pastoral. He was also an influential proponent of wood engraving and woodcuts as art forms.
Timeline
1873–1884 Family life in Paris
1884 Family life in Rouen
1884 Family life in Copenhagen
1885 Dieppe, Paris
1886–1887 Artist's colony, Pont Aven, Brittany
1887 Trip to Martinique
1888 Pont Aven
1888 Staying with Van Gogh in Arles, Provençal
1889 Pont Aven
1891–1893 Trip to Tahiti
1894 Pont Aven
1895–1901 Living in Tahiti
1901–1903 Living at Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands
List
Titles in French and English were not necessarily given by Gauguin. Titles in Tahitian are those written on the paintings. Click on the image for more information about the painting.
Column WIN indicates the Wildenstein Index Number (W. Georges/Daniel) and/or the Gabriele Mandel Sugana Index Number (S.)
1873–1885 (Paris, Rouen, Copenhagen)
1885–1886 (Dieppe, Paris)
1886-1891 (Brittany, Martinique, Provençal)
1891–1893 (Tahiti, Brittany)
1896–1903 (Tahiti, Marquesas Islands)
References
External links
Gauguin |
5388940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farther%20India | Farther India | Farther India, or Ultraindia, is an old term, now rarely used, for Southeast Asia, seen in colonial days from Europe as the part of the Far East beyond the Indian subcontinent, but south of China.
It refers to Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (aka Burma), Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand (former Siam), and Vietnam) and the Malay states (Brunei, East Malaysia and Singapore), but usually not including East Timor or the Philippines; these neighbouring predominantly Malay states usually belong to the wider East Indies (which includes all of the above as well as the Indian subcontinent).
Other uses
Farther India is also a title of a book written by Sir Hugh Clifford.
See also
ASEAN
Greater India
Sources and references
External links
A.N. Ram, Historical Perspectives
Southeast Asia
History of geography
Historical regions |
5388950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%20Jung%20Christian%20University | Chang Jung Christian University | Chang Jung Christian University (CJCU; ) is a privately funded, research-intensive, Presbyterian, co-educational university located in Gueiren District, Tainan, Taiwan. Chang Jung means everlasting glory in Mandarin.
History
The university was founded in 1993.
Academic profile
Chang Jung Christian University (CJCU) is a private university located in southern Taiwan. In association with the Presbyterian beliefs, CJCU is committed in developing the God-given gifts and abilities of each student with love, respect, and service. Even though the university was founded in 1993, our vision began more than a hundred years ago, in 1885, with the founding of the first Western-methodology high school in Taiwan, Chang Jung Senior High School.
There are currently 54 bachelors programs, 17 masters programs, and 1 doctoral program.
Organization
A president heads the university, which is divided into the following colleges:
College of Management
College of Health Science
College of Humanities and Social Sciences
School of Information and Design
School of Theology
College of Continuing Education
International College of Practice and Education for the Environment
School of Safety and Health Sciences
College of Fine Arts
School of Liberal Arts Education
Transportation
The university is accessible within walking distance South of Chang Jung Christian University Station of the Taiwan Railway Administration.
See also
List of universities in Taiwan
References
External links
Chang Jung Christian University
Location in Tainan
Campus map
1993 establishments in Taiwan
Association of Christian Universities and Colleges in Asia
Presbyterianism in Taiwan
Educational institutions established in 1993
Presbyterian universities and colleges
Universities and colleges in Taiwan
Universities and colleges in Tainan
Comprehensive universities in Taiwan |
5388963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20of%20Things%20to%20Come%20%28Max%20Frost%20and%20the%20Troopers%20album%29 | Shape of Things to Come (Max Frost and the Troopers album) | Shape of Things to Come is the first and only album released by Max Frost and the Troopers. It was produced in 1968 by Mike Curb, Ed Beram, and Harley Hatcher (engineer) and directed by Rick Stephens for Sidewalk Productions and released on Tower Records.
The back cover of the album contains the following quotation:
"All things that have gone before are but the bleak, cold grayness of the early dawn... listen! Beyond the far edge of the world, the first yellow rays of sunlight are flooding toward us like the tide. Youth everywhere is ready to awake. Man stands poised to spring up from the Earth and thrust himself out, out, laughing, to stake a bright new homeland amid the stars!"
-- Angus Scrimm (Puket '83)
A brief review in Billboard highlighted several tracks and suggested that the album would be a commercial success like the single, which peaked at 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 28, 1968.
Shape of Things to Come was re-released by Captain High in 2014 with bonus tracks.
Track listing
Side one
"Shape of Things to Come" (Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil) – 1:55
"Lonely Man" (Paul Wibier) – 2:32
"Shine It On" (Wibier) – 2:29
"It's Wrong" (Barney Hector and Wibier) – 2:12
"Captain Hassel" (Dale Beckner, Hector, Stewart Martin, Gary McClain, and Wibier) – 2:21
Side two
"Fifty Two Per Cent" (Mann and Weil) – 2:41
"Try to Make Up Your Mind" (Wibier) – 1:55
"Let Your Mind Run Free" (Wibier) – 2:31
"She Lied" (Beckner and Martin) – 2:36
"A Change Is Gonna Come" (Beckner and Wibier) – 2:38
Bonus tracks on 2014 re-release from Captain High
"Love to Be Your Man"– 2:12
"Free Lovin'"– 2:19
"Psychedelic Senate"– 2:16
"Fourteen or Fight"– 2:48
"Wild in the Streets"– 2:45
"Listen to the Music"– 2:50
"Sally LeRoy"– 2:40
"Shelly in Camp"– 1:41
"Paxton Quigley's Had the Course"– 2:00
Personnel
Max Frost and the Troopers
Paul Wibier
Technical personnel
Eddie Beram– production
Mike Curb– production
The Edric Agency– supervision
Harley Hatcher– engineering, production
Drew Struzan– cover
References
External links
1968 debut albums
Albums produced by Mike Curb
Albums with cover art by Drew Struzan
Max Frost and the Troopers albums
Tower Records albums |
5388964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Kompong%20Speu | Battle of Kompong Speu | The Battle of Kompong Speu began on June 12, 1970 when the combined forces of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and the Khmer National Armed Forces (FANK) fought to recapture the provincial capital of Kampong Speu. The town was captured by People's Army of Vietnam forces on 13 June but was retaken by ARVN/FANK forces on 16 June.
References
Conflicts in 1970
1970 in Cambodia
Military history of Cambodia
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1970
Kompong Speu |
5388972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20Thomas%20%26%20Uber%20Cup | 2004 Thomas & Uber Cup | The 2004 Thomas & Uber Cup was held from 7 May to 16 May 2004 in Jakarta, Indonesia. It was the 23rd edition of World Men's Team Badminton Championships, Thomas Cup and 20th edition of World Women's Team Badminton Championships, Uber Cup.
After a 12-year drought China finally lifted their fifth title of Thomas Cup and also won their ninth title of Uber Cup.
Host city selection
Indonesia, Japan, and the United States are the countries to submit a bid for hosting the event. Indonesia was selected as host during IBF council meeting in Birmingham.
Teams
The following nations from 5 continents, shown by region, qualified for the 2004 Thomas & Uber Cup. Of the 16 nations, defending champions of Uber Cup, China, and host nation as well as defending champion of Thomas Cup, Indonesia and its Uber Cup team qualified automatically and did not play the qualification round.
Thomas & Uber Cup
China
Denmark
Germany
Indonesia
Japan
Malaysia
Korea
South Africa
Thomas Cup
England
Thailand
New Zealand
United States
Uber Cup
Australia
Canada
Chinese Taipei
Netherlands
Thomas Cup
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Knockout stage
Final round
Uber Cup
Group stage
Group W
Group X
Group Y
Group Z
Knockout stage
Final round
References
External links
Thomas Cup
Uber Cup
Thomas Uber Cup
Thomas & Uber Cup
T
Badminton tournaments in Indonesia |
5388986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20Katembula | Jordan Katembula | Jordan Katembula (born 1978) known professionally as JK, is a Zambian singer, songwriter and record producer. He is regarded as one of the pioneers of Zambian music and the R&B genre in Zambia.
Early life
Born in 1978 in Ndola, Zambia, He attended his junior school at Chilengwa Basic School in Ndola and he completed his secondary education at Lubuto Secondary School. At the age of eight he identified himself as a musician.
Music career
1997-2000:Early Years
JK begun his music journey in 1997 when he first recorded a demo at savoy hotel in Ndola with a band known as the ukwa band. In order to accomplish his childhood dream of been a musician, Jk relocated to Lusaka were the grass seemed greener. Within a short while he met rapper MC Wabwino and later featured on his (MC Wabwino) popular album Yamene Yamene album. In 1999 he joined a group called New Age where he was lead vocalist. Before long, in 2000 he left the group and decided to become a sole artist. because of his unblemished voice he was featured on a number of songs including Shatel's hit song naitopela of the Chikondi album.
2001-2003:The Rise
In 2001 Jk he released his own debut album, the self-titled [JK]. In 2002, J.K. received a Ngoma Award as well as a KORA Award nomination. He also performed in London and South Africa. Furthermore he received great support from the public.
J.K.'s second album, the 14-track Helena, was released in 2003. On one track, he performed a duet with renowned Oliver Mutukudzi, a Zimbabwean musician. This album's style varies from upbeat dance raps, ragga, to slow ballads. On No Pressure, he collaborated on one song with Hugh Masekela from South Africa.
In 2010, Katembula released another album, Kapiripiri, titled after the single "Kapiripiri". It features Salma Doldia, a female Zambian artist. The album was produced by Digital X, a Lusaka based studio. The "Kapilipili" music video received air play on MTVbase and channel-O.
In 2014 he released a song titled "Telemundo loving" which aired on channel O and all local TV stations in Zambia. Some of his music videos are available on YouTube
Discography
Studio albums
JK - 2001
Helena (album)|Helena - 2003
Balapembela - 2006
Akapilipili" - 2010
Telemundo Loving'' - 2014
References
21st-century Zambian male singers
Living people
1978 births
People from Lusaka |
5388988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like%20a%20Hurricane%20%28song%29 | Like a Hurricane (song) | "Like a Hurricane" is a song written by Neil Young in 1975 and first released on the album American Stars 'n Bars in 1977.
History
There is a story that Young wrote the song in July 1975 with the help of his friend and La Honda neighbor Taylor Phelps in the back of his DeSoto Suburban, during a time when Young was unable to sing because of an operation on his vocal cords. Driven by Young's trademark fierce guitars, the song became a landmark of the 'electric side' of his concerts. The song has been played on nearly every tour Young has done since its release. It has also appeared on the compilations Decade and Greatest Hits and on the live albums Live Rust, Weld, Unplugged (this rendition is played almost entirely on a pump organ) and Way Down in the Rust Bucket.
An edited version of "Like a Hurricane" was released as a single on August 8, 1977, with "Hold Back the Tears" as B-side.
Composition
The melody of Like a Hurricane was inspired by Del Shannon's 1961 song Runaway.
Reception
Cash Box said that "the melodies are carried by Young's voice and guitar, all brought into focus against a distant landscape of multi-layered string effects."
Cover versions
Recorded for music release:
Roxy Music released their live version of the song, recorded at the Glasgow Apollo in 1982, on the 1983 EP The High Road and the live LP Heart Still Beating.
The song was also covered by The Mission on their second single "Garden of Delight". It was later included on the album The First Chapter (a compilation of their first singles) and Ever After - Live.
Jay Farrar, backed by country-rock band Canyon, covered this song on his live album Stone, Steel, & Bright Lights.
Heather Nova recorded the song at a 1995 concert in Hiroshima, released on import-only CDs Maybe An Angel (Japan) and Truth & Bone (Germany).
Jeff Healey covered the song on his 2008 album Mess of Blues.
The Coal Porters covered the song on the 2010 album Durango.
Adam Sandler covered the song on the 2009 album Covered, A Revolution in Sound, of Warner Brothers artists performing cover songs. He also performed the song on the Late Show with David Letterman, to promote the release.
Jason Isbell and The 400 Unit covered the song on the 2012 album Live From Alabama.
New Orleans singer Theresa Andersson sings it in the 2006 film New Orleans Music in Exile.
In 2018, Pony Boy (the recording pseudonym of Los Angeles singer-songwriter Marchelle Bradanini) covered the song on a split 7-inch single with Australian singer Emma Swift, on which both musicians covered Neil Young songs.
Personnel
Neil Young – lead guitar and lead vocals
Frank "Poncho" Sampedro – Stringman synthesizer and background vocals
Billy Talbot – bass guitar and background vocals
Ralph Molina – drums and background vocals
See also
The Unplugged Collection, Volume One
References
External links
Like a Hurricane (Adobe Flash) at MySpace (streamed copy where licensed)
1975 songs
1977 singles
Neil Young songs
Reprise Records singles
Songs written by Neil Young
Roxy Music songs
Song recordings produced by David Briggs (record producer)
Song recordings produced by Neil Young
Crazy Horse (band) songs |
5388992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behnke | Behnke | Behnke is a surname originating from west Prussia and the western part of Pomerania, which is now modern north west Poland and north east Germany.
People
Albert R. Behnke (1903–1992), American physician
Bev Behnke, American curler
Elmer Behnke (1929–2018), American basketball player
Gerhard Behnke (1910–1962), German Wehrmacht officer
Gunther Behnke (born 1963), retired German basketball player
Heinrich Behnke (1898–1979), German mathematician
Heinrich Behnke (Medal of Honor) (1882–1952), United States Navy seaman who received the Medal of Honor
Heinz Behnke (1919–2002), German Wehrmacht officer
Julia Behnke (born 1993), German handball player
Robert E. Behnke (1932–1999), Democratic assemblyman
Robert J. Behnke (1929–2013), American fisheries biologist
Stephen H. Behnke, former Director of Ethics Office of the American Psychological
See also
Benke
Behncke
Benkei
Low German surnames |
5389001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%20of%20Castile | Council of Castile | The Council of Castile (), known earlier as the Royal Council (), was a ruling body and key part of the domestic government of the Crown of Castile, second only to the monarch himself. It was established under Queen Isabella I in 1480 as the chief body dealing with administrative and judicial matters of the realm. With the 1516 ascension of King Charles I (later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) to the throne of both Castile and Aragon, the Royal Council came to be known as the Council of Castile because Charles was king of many dominions other than Castile, while the Council retained responsibility only over Castile.
During periods in which there was no monarch, an absent monarch, or an incompetent monarch, the Royal Council would rule as a regency council in his place. The Council weakened in the 19th century, where it was abolished and re-established several times before being dissolved permanently.
History
Origins
The earliest form of the Royal Council was created at the end of the fourteenth century in 1385 by King John after the disaster at the Battle of Aljubarrota. It consisted of 12 members, four from each of the clergy, the cities, and the nobility. In 1442 the nobility increased its influence on the council, adding many nobles as titular members of the council. Sixty became the new number of members.
Under the Catholic Monarchs: Centralization
This council was rather ineffective and the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I, sought to change it in their drive to centralize the country and bring it more firmly in line with national interests rather than the nobles. In 1480, they passed the Act of Resumption at the Cortes of Toledo. This act would allow Ferdinand and Isabella to directly appoint bureaucrats, rather than letting the independent and erratic nobles rule. The Royal Council would control both a royal army and manage tax disputes, which would place nobles more securely under the control of the Crown.
The new composition of the reformed Council was a president, a treasurer, a church prelate, three caballeros (often minor nobility), and between eight and ten letrados (lawyers or jurists). These were Council's chief duties:
To advise the Crown on matters of appointments, both military and civil
Until the creation of the Council of the Indies, to supervise works, projects, expeditions, and colonizations commissioned by the Castilian government, in the Old World and New World (Requerimiento)
To offer consideration of and judgment to the Crown regarding the conferring of pensions, emoluments, and sundry favors
To serve as the supreme court of justice of the Kingdom of Castile
To have all members of the Council sign all legal documents that in any way effected the working of the Crown, including detailed, day-to-day governmental decisions
In order to prevent it from falling under control of the great noble houses, as had happened with the original royal council, non-appointed nobles were allowed to attend Council meetings but were given no vote. The result of this meant that the council, and its bureaucracy, was composed chiefly of "new men": the minor nobility, townsmen, and civilian magistrates.
After Queen Isabella's death in 1504, the Royal Council began to grow corrupt and influenced by the nobility once more. King Philip I was an ineffective ruler who only reigned two years; after him, the government theoretically fell to Ferdinand and Isabella's daughter, Queen Joanna I of Castile, and her six-year-old son Charles of Ghent, the future Emperor Charles V. Joanna was considered incompetent, and Charles too young. Archbishop Cisneros ruled a brief time as regent, but was undercut by noble schemes and spent much of his time simply trying to hold together the national government.
Cisneros was then replaced by Joanna's father King Ferdinand II, whose claim to rule Castile with his wife's death was rather weak, but no other plausible choice than his being regent existed. Ferdinand was often an absent ruler of Castile, living in Aragon, and the Royal Council managed his affairs. During this period, it became even more corrupt and ineffectual. Nobles illegally expanded their domains by force, sending soldiers to "claim" land that was owned by the royal government or free peasants. The council, corrupt and bribed, usually ignored these incidents, allowing nobles to freely enrich themselves at the cost of justice and the national government.
Charles I of Habsburg: Revolt and reform
After Ferdinand's death in 1516, Cisneros served as regent again for a brief time more, and then Charles I was crowned king now that he was of age. However, the young king was at the time almost completely controlled by Flemish advisors such as William de Croÿ, sieur de Chièvres, and he did not undertake any efforts to change the Council at first. Additionally, Charles' new government levied high taxes and demands on Castile, with its ambitions over all Europe. Charles was the King, becoming Charles V Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, of one of the largest empires, the Spanish Empire, in European and world history - "The empire on which the sun never sets." The Bishop of Badajoz, Ruiz de la Mota, was an influential member of the Royal Council and declared to the Cortes of Corunna that Castile was to be the empire's "treasury and sword."
When Charles left Spain in 1520, the Revolt of the Comuneros broke out against royal government. Much of their complaints were against the Council—representatives of Valladolid's radical parishes were unanimous in a statement blaming the council's "bad government" for the kingdom's troubles. The Royal Council would lead the royalist forces against the rebels in Charles' absence. Charles left as regent the Dutch Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht, by most accounts a decent ruler saddled with a difficult situation. Much of the Royal Council agitated for vigorous punishment against the rebels, such as its hated president, Antonio de Rojas. These early reprisals would backfire, and intensified the revolt's spread.
Eventually, the rebels were defeated, but Charles (who had also matured and distanced himself from his earlier advisers) realized that the Council direly needed reform. Charles embarked upon a vigorous program to change the nature of the council, dismissing the unpopular Antonio de Rojas and replacing him with Juan de Tavera, the Archbishop of Santiago. He also added three new councilors, Juan Manuel, Pedro de Medina, and Martín Vázquez, and generally sought to replace nobles with gentry and educated lawyers. More importantly, Charles changed the council's functions. The Royal Council would no longer deal with the vast majority of civil law disputes and cases, allowing them to focus on administration instead. Judicial complaints and appeals would now be dealt with by a new and expanded judiciary, the audiencias. With the reputation of the Council restored, the quality of its appointees rose.
During this period, the Royal Council became known as the Council of Castile, to reflect that the council's power extended only over Castile and not the whole empire. With the growth of Spain's overseas conquests, and the prodding of Charles' grand-counselor and close friend Mercurino Guttinara, the Council of Castile expanded and split.
Between the years 1522–1524, the Council of Castile reorganized the government of the Kingdom of Navarre, dismissing its viceroy, the Duke of Nájera. A Council of Finance (Hacienda) was created, and, on 1 August, the Council of the Indies () was split from the Council of Castile.
Thirty years later, in 1555, the Council of Italy was formed, yet another offspring of the Council of Castile. Guttinara also saw the establishment of the Consejo de la Cámara de Castilla, composed of three or four trusted members of the Council who had power to deal with unpopular or secret issues.
Post Charles I: Prominence and decline
The Royal Council came to prominence again during the minority of Charles II of Spain from 1665 to 1675–1677 in which his mother, Mariana of Austria, acted as regent. After Philip V of Spain became the first Bourbon king in 1700, the Nueva Planta decrees approved between 1707 and 1716 abolished the autonomy of the former Crown of Aragon and centralised power in Madrid. The council also played a prominent role under Charles III and Charles IV of Spain, before being abolished in 1812 by the Cortes of Cádiz. Restored in 1814 by Ferdinand VII of Spain, it was finally dissolved in 1834 by Isabel II.
References
Bibliography
Government of Spain
History of Castile |
5389036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomiech%C3%B3wek | Pomiechówek | Pomiechówek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pomiechówek, within Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies on the Wkra river, approximately north-east of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki and north-west of Warsaw.
References
External links
Jewish Community in Pomiechówek on Virtual Shtetl
Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County |
5389069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington%2C%20Queensland | Paddington, Queensland | Paddington is an inner suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the , Paddington had a population of 8,562 people.
Paddington is located west of the Brisbane CBD. As is common with other suburbs in the area, Paddington is located on a number of steep ridges and hills. It was settled in the 1860s. Many original and distinctive Queenslander homes can be found in the suburb. Houses are frequently built on stumps, owing to the steep nature of their blocks. Between 2005 and 2010, the median house price has risen over 50% to $1,125,000.
Paddington includes the neighbourhood of Rosalie, which has its centre at the junction of Baroona Road and Nash Street () and was a separate suburb until 1975.
Geography
Paddington lies in a valley in the foothills of Mount Coot-tha The area is extremely hilly with many peaks and gullies. Most of the retail is located along the ridgetops which contain the main roads of Given Terrace and Latrobe Terrace. Given Terrace commences near Suncorp Stadium and rises to the west (colloquially referred to as "lower Paddington"). At the junction of Latrobe Terrace and Given Terrace, Given Terrace turns south-west downhill towards Rosalie on the left while on the right there is a steep drop to a gully which then rises again to the Red Hill ridge. The Latrobe Terrace is colloquially known as "upper Paddington" with the road sticking to the ridgetop with gentle slopes on either side until moving uphill towards the suburb of Bardon.
The suburb is predominantly residential, on small blocks of land by Queensland standards, with many workers cottages and Queenslander-style homes with corrugated iron roofs. Paddington includes the small locality of Rosalie. The suburb of Petrie Terrace lies to the east.
Ithaca Creek, which now largely exists in the suburb of Red Hill, runs down from the Taylor Mountain Range and Paddington originally developed around a series of water holes that ran from the Creek to the Brisbane River.
History
The wooded slopes and ridges were home to the Turrbal, known by British settlers as the Duke of York's clan. In the early days Aborigines camped in Armstrong's Paddock on what is now Armstrong Terrace and also on the former Paddington Tram Depot on Enoggera Terrace.
British settlement
British settlement in Paddington commenced in the 1850s and the area was known as "Ti-Tree Flats" as the first residents moved there to cultivate gardens on the flats and to cut timber. The first sale of land occurred in 1859 with the sale of fifty-five lots. The name Paddington comes from the name of the farm of Mr B, Clay who named his farm after his London birthplace of Paddington. The Paddington farm was sold and subdivided in 1864.
Petrie Terrace State School opened in March 1868 with separate sections for boys and girls. In 1875 the school was split into Petrie Terrace Boys State School and Petrie Terrace Girls and Infants State School. In 1953 there was another re-arrangement resulting in Petrie Terrace Infants State School for the younger children and Petrie Terrace State School for the older children. In 1960 Petrie Terrace Infants State School closed and the Infants were transferred to Petrie Terrace State School.
A Primitive Methodist Church opened at 244 Given Terrace circa June 1877. In 1906, a new church building was erected on the site at 238 Given Terrace with the old church building moved to one side to become the church hall. The 1906 church was burned down in 1996. Some brick fencing from the church remains on the site, now occupied by modern commercial buildings.
Development was slow as the steep slopes created challenges for the emerging public transport and even architecture. In 1879 a horse bus was introduced and by the 1880s hill-top mansions and workers cottages in the gullies had been built.
Paddington was in the local government area of Ithaca Division from 1879 to 1887, then Shire of Ithaca from 1887 to 1903, and then Town of Ithaca from 1903 to 1925, after which Ithaca was amalgamated into the present City of Brisbane.
The Morris family owned and operated the boot and footwear factory on the corner of Hale and Caxton Streets from the 1880s until it was sold in the 1960s. The second factory building was built in 1930 and the F.T Morris Footwear company employed up to 180 workers and could make 630 pairs of boots and shoes a day. The company was sold in the 1960s to Dixon & Sons and while the business continued to make a profit for a while bit eventually could not compete with cheaper imports and nylon and canvas mass-produced shoes. The factory closed in 1973. The second factory building in Caxton Street was reopened in 1976 as the "Spaghetti Emporium" restaurant, complete with a giant boot on the roof. In the 1980s, the building became the nightclub "Brisbane Underground" but it was demolished for the controversial Hale Street city by-pass in 1990.
At one stage gold was found near the old Paddington Cemetery and shafts were sunk.
The Brisbane Tramways Company, a private enterprise formed in 1895, introduced the first electric trams to Brisbane in mid-1897. Following lobbying by the Ithaca Shire Council, a tramway was extended along Musgrave Road to Red Hill, and a line was laid along Caxton Street and Given Terrace as far as Latrobe Terrace in 1898. By 1906-7 electric trams ran along Caxton Street and the Paddington line was extended until it reached Bardon in 1937. The Red Hill line was extended to Ashgrove in 1924. The tramways substation was erected in 1929–30 at the corner of Latrobe and Enoggera Terraces.
In 1898 the Roman Catholic Archbishop Robert Dunne purchased land on the corner of Given Terrace and Fernberg Road, Rosalie (), to build a Catholic church called Sacred Heart at a cost of £500. It was part of the parish of Red Hill and Father Hegarty, parish priest of Red Hill, celebrated the first Mass.
The 1900s
The spread of the tramways network was a catalyst for residential development in the western suburbs. It was during the first decade of the 20th century that Ithaca experienced a housing and population boom which was largely attributable to the expansion of the tramways through the area.
Sacred Heart Parish School was opened in 1906 in a building beside the church and was operated by the Sisters of Mercy. It closed on 12 November 1995 due to the changing demographics of the area reducing the number of children wanting Catholic education.
In the 1910s the Ithaca Town Council embarked on a programme of civic improvements which included the establishment of Lang Park (1917), the Ithaca Swimming Pool (1917), and the Ithaca Children's Playground (1918) and associated formation of roads, tree planting, construction of embankment gardens, small reserves and street gardens throughout the suburbs of Red Hill, Kelvin Grove, Paddington, Rosalie, Bardon, and parts of Milton. Because of the hilly terrain, many of the new streets were divided, leaving embankments which the Ithaca Town Council considered were cheaper to plant and beautify than to cut down. This approach placed the Council at the forefront of street beautification projects in the Brisbane metropolitan area and Australia and led to numerous requests for advice in civic landscaping from other councils, interstate as well as within Queensland. At the second Australian Town Planning Conference and Exhibition, held in Brisbane in July–August 1918, the Ithaca Town Council exhibited photographs showing treatment of ugly cuttings and street improvements which beautify the street and at the same time solve practical difficulties. The Ithaca Embankments on mid Latrobe Terrace are a good example of the same.
On 25 February 1922, Sir Matthew Nathan, the Governor of Queensland unveiled the Ithaca War Memorial () to commemorate local people who had died in World War I.
Prior to 1925 the suburb was administered by the Ithaca Town Council. In that year the council was amalgamated with 24 other councils to form the Brisbane City Council.
In 1927 the water tower at Garfield Terrace was opened. At the opening the President said it had always been the aim of the Water Board to afford facilities to provide a full water supply to all residents on elevated land. For a time the area was referred to as Paddington Heights, supposedly to differentiate it from the more traditional working class Paddington.
Archbishop James Duhig wanted to establish a monastery and school in Rosalie for the Marist Brothers. On 29 July 1928 the foundation stone was laid by B. Catteneo at a site opposite the church on Fernberg Road (). Building work was completed in time for Marist Brothers College Rosalie to open on 28 January 1929 with an initial enrolment of 135 boys. The school was officially opened on 20 February 1929 by Archbishop Duhig. The monastery was also used as a boarding school until 1940. On Sunday 6 June 1948 the foundation stone for the new Brothers school building was laid by Duhg accompanied by Éamon de Valera, who was travelling around Australia to speak and associate with the many Irish immigrants who had made Australia their home, at the end of his term of office of Taoiseach (Prime Minister) of Ireland. De Valera's visit was controversial given his role in the Irish War of Independence against the British Government and there was reluctance to hold civic receptions in his honour. Nonetheless, a crowd of nearly 2.000 people attended the laying of the foundation stone including the Labor Premier of Queensland (and staunch Catholic and local resident) Ned Hanlon and the Works Minister, Bill Power. At the ceremony at Rosalie, de Valera said "...the new school was part of the evidence of the magnificent works of charity and community effort that he had seen in every capital of the Commonwealth." On 2 October 1949 Duhig formally opened the new school building which had cost £35,000. The school closed in 2008 despite considerable protests from families currently and formerly associated with the school. The school buildings are now used as the Lavalla Centre, a conference and meeting facility.
In the early 1960s Lord Mayor Clem Jones of the Labor Party embarked on an ambitious programme to "sewer" Brisbane and within five years all the residences were sewered. Occasionally "outhouses" can still be seen in back yards. Following on from that over the next 10 years or so bitumen was laid to the sides of all roads. Bitumen used to extend to curbs only on the main roads. The 1960s saw the first steps of inner Brisbane moving away from a "country" town to an urban city.
Until December 1968 electric trams, operated first by the Brisbane Tramways Company and later the Brisbane City Council, operated along all four main thoroughfares in the suburb. A tram depot (garage) was located on Latrobe Terrace between 1915 and 1962, when it was destroyed in one of Brisbane's largest fires. The cause of the Paddington tram depot fire is not known however arson and public corruption has been rumoured for years. Sixty-five of Brisbane's trams were destroyed which was a large proportion of its fleet. After the fire Old Dreadnought trams were pressed into service, and eight replacement (Phoenix) trams were built, but Lord Mayor Clem Jones began to close lines almost immediately. The destruction of the depot is generally seen as the beginning of the end for Brisbane's tram system, providing the justification for the subsequent closure of four tram routes, the gradual encroachment of bus operation on other tram routes with the final closure of the tram system occurring on 13 April 1969.
The 1970s reflected the new ethnic mix in Paddington and though still a working class area many Italian restaurants opened in the area as did various "fish and chip" shops, delicatessens, and tailors. Though hardly cosmopolitan by Melbourne and Sydney standards, Paddington along with New Farm and West End, was at the forefront of exposing traditional Brisbane residents to cuisines and cultures from around the world.
The 1974 Brisbane flood which ravaged much of Brisbane largely left Paddington proper alone. The main roads and shops of Paddington were on the ridge tops and it was only the houses in the gullies and dips that were affected. The same cannot be said of the Rosalie area or that part of Paddington near Milton where flood waters affected most properties, at some points reaching roof lines.
In 1975 the suburb of Rosalie was merged into Paddington with Rosalie being accorded neighbourhood status within Rosalie.
Paddington was one of the first suburbs in Brisbane to undergo "gentrification" in the mid-1980s. Accommodation prices rose sharply as younger white collar workers moved closer to the CBD as factories, and factory workers, were relocated to the outer suburbs. As a result, there was much development in the area. The old Paddington Hotel in Given Terrace was demolished and an American style "tavern" was built in its place, whilst across the road the Paddington movie theatre was demolished in 1981 and a shopping arcade, "The Paddington Centre", was built on its site. On Latrobe Terrace the basic brick functional "Paddington Central" shopping centre (formerly the Paddington Tram Depot) was demolished and a more modern shopping centre was built.
The Hale Street Inner City Bypass North-West Ring Road effectively split Petrie Terrace from Paddington and Red Hill and upset the local community greatly. What was a suburban street became a 4 lane main road. In the process a number of houses were resumed by the State government who already had been criticized for a lack of community consultation. To make matters worse the residents of the area were elderly or workers and otherwise people without a political voice. Some of those whose houses were to be resumed refused to be evicted and were forcibly ejected by the Queensland Police. The only local benefit was that when the development occurred, land, previously unallocated state land, was given to the adjoining playground.
The 2000s
At the turn of century again there was a substantial local opposition to the Queensland Governments proposed redevelopment of Lang Park. The park was widely perceived to be adequate for the Rugby League games it held however the Labor Party State government and the Lang Park Trustees had other ideas of turning it into a modern large scale money making venue. The State government sold the idea, rather disingenuously, as an upgrade to the "home of the working mans game Rugby League in Queensland". Local opposition to the redevelopment was concerned with the lack of car parking at the venue, remote access to public transport as well as difficulties the suburb would have in dealing with the increased numbers of crowds. Vocal opponents frequently referred to the Brisbane Exhibition Grounds in the nearby Bowen Hills as being more suitable, with all the transport infrastructure already there and the already proven ability to deal with large crowds every Exhibition week. The issue threatened to be an election issue and though Labor was returned in the area and locally it is significant to note that Labor locally lost a substantial number of votes which were picked up by the local Greens party candidate who ran on a "no stadium" platform. With little public consultation the project went ahead and was renamed "Suncorp Stadium" after the chief money sponsor. Ultimately though the venue is an "eyesore" the surrounds are better maintained and neater than that of the previous Lang Park. Ironically, though crowd movement on event days is still a problem, the rugby league crowds are not greatly larger than before leading to the need for other sports to be played there including soccer and rugby union.
In the , the population of Paddington was 7,987, 52.2% female and 47.8% male. The median age of the Paddington population was 32 years of age, 5 years below the Australian median. 73.6% of people living in Paddington were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%; the next most common countries of birth were England 4.5%, New Zealand 3.5%, Ireland 1.1%, United States of America 1%, South Africa 0.9%. 86% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 1.3% Italian, 0.8% German, 0.8% French, 0.8% Spanish, 0.5% Mandarin.
In the , Paddington had a population of 8,562 people.
Culture
Prior to the late 1980s many factories circled the Brisbane CBD which had very little residential accommodation. Accordingly, the suburbs of Paddington, Red Hill, Milton, New Farm, Spring Hill, Fortitude Valley were considered "inner city" suburbs and housed many workers families as well as seasonal workers who worked in those factories. The relatively cheap housing also meant that new migrants, itinerants, students, artists, and disenfranchised Aboriginals lived in the area.
Accordingly, Paddington was traditionally working class mainly made of Australians, old Irish Catholic Australians, indigenous aboriginal people and new waves of Catholics migrants. The first Catholic migrants were the Irish and then the Italians, Croatians, Polish and Hungarians came in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.
The high proportion of Catholics in the area during those years is attested to by the fact that there are seven Catholic churches, one boys Catholic High school (threatened with closure), two girls Catholic high schools, four primary Catholic schools (one defunct), and various Catholic halls and refectories all within a three-mile radius.
Similarly the Catholic migrants had their clubs nearby with the Polish club in the neighbouring suburb of Milton, the Italian club a suburb away in Newmarket and the Croatian club formerly in Roma Street in the Brisbane CBD and then Fortitude Valley before securing premises at Morningside and then building a club and soccer fields at Rocklea.
Today the sons and daughters of immigrant families are a continuing presence in the Paddington area as many of the commercial and residential premises are owned by the "new" migrant families that settled in the area.
The low cost of the area also meant that young people and students moved to the area and brought their own "do it yourself" entertainment with them. By 1976 various members of the punk band "The Saints" lived in a share house in Petrie Terrace and even created a club there, "Club 76". It was Bailey's sister who rented the terrace house on the corner of Petrie Terrace and Milton Road, near the Windmill Café in Petrie Terrace. Bailey moved into the basement and, when his sister moved out, Hay and Wegener ( of "The Saints") moved in. The band would frequently play parties there when no other venues were available, until the storefront was smashed in by an unhappy neighbour. Undaunted, the band nailed boards up and splashed "Club 76″ across the front of the place. Though in reality the club was a room in the house where they lived and was constantly harassed by police, and closed down by the Health department when it was found to have only one toilet. In January 1977 the Saints celebrated the release of the album and the cover picture (and subsequent video clip) was taken down the road from Club '76 in an abandoned terrace house.
With the influx of young people into the area there was a resurgence of popularity in the area as an entertainment precinct. The Paddington Tavern became a well known drinking spot for younger people. The Paddington Workers Club has at various times been used as a live band venue as has the Caxton Street Hall while the Paddington Centre upstairs housed the famous night clubs, Café Neon and Viva and the old boot factory on Caxton Street housed the "Spaghetti Emporium" restaurant and then the "Underground" night club before being demolished.
The Caxton Street Hall (which since has been the Velvet Cigar strip club and is now Lefty's Old Time Music Hall) was also a notorious live venue which hosted gigs by "The Saints", "The Go-Betweens", "The X-Men", "Died Pretty", "Xero", The Black Assassins, les Bon Bons, Razar and others as did the Lang Park Leagues Club. The general mood of the time was captured by The Saints in their song "Brisbane (Security City)"(1978).
Police had been wary and aggressive towards the local Brisbane punks for some time and had employed their "baton" first ask questions later attitude on many occasions. The Queensland Police Service was a tight knit unit under the right wing Conservative State government who had been in power since 1957 and were largely seen to be the front line troops enforcing the government's conservative views on religion, social policy and public behaviour.
The Caxton Street Hall was a natural target for plainclothes police and undercover operatives. The hall (then known as the Baroona Hall) had since its inception in the 1890s been a community centre with a largely working class association including being used by the suffrage movement, the anti World War I movement, as a meeting place for strike organisation, an Australian Labor Party meeting place and a co-operative community welfare centre. By the 1970s it was serving as a venue of the burgeoning civil liberties movement and in 1976 the Baroona Legal Service (the Caxton Street legal Service after 1980) was established, much to the chagrin of the police, to provide free legal advice for people who could not afford it otherwise. It was there that the young people and elderly sought advice. At night the hall became a venue for local punks and local independent radio station 4ZZZ to put on concerts. Local Brisbane punks however because of the stifling and oppressive political climate were more politicized than punks in other States.
The most notorious gig at the Caxton was on 30 November 1979 following a gig by local punk band "The Sharks". As the crowd came out onto the footpath, police waded in and began arresting patrons. 12 teenagers were arrested and assaulted on the footpath and back and at the police watch house.
In the 2000s, prices for housing continue to rise in the area; however many of the traditional residents of the area still reside there giving the area a colourful mix of young urbanites and older retired working people.
Transport
By road: the main thoroughfares of Paddington are Given, Latrobe and Enoggera Terraces. Most shops are located on Given and Latrobe Terraces.
By bus: Buses operated by Brisbane Transport continue to serve the suburb. And in conditions free of traffic congestion a bus trip from the Brisbane CBD takes around ten minutes to upper Paddington.
Attractions
Nightlife and entertainment
Largely due to Paddington's proximity to the Brisbane CBD, tertiary institutions as the University of Queensland (in St Lucia), Kelvin Grove campus of the Queensland University of Technology (in Kelvin Grove), the Queensland University of Technology itself (in the Brisbane CBD), the Red Hill TAFE (in Red Hill), as well as housing suitable for "share-housing" (older wooden houses with multiple small rooms) and the general culture of the area (former working class and multicultural) many young people, especially students, live in the area.
As a result, there are a number of night clubs on Given Terrace including the Paddington Tavern, and many smaller bars that change owners on a regular basis. The Paddington Tavern also plays hosts to the "Sit Down Comedy Club" which over the years has hosted Arj Barker, Carl Barron, Dave Hughes, Eric Bana, Jimeoin, Judith Lucy, Kitty Flanagan, Lano and Woodley, Mick Molloy, Rodney Rude, Ross Noble, Shane Bourne, Steady Eddy, Tripod, The Umbilical Brothers and Wil Anderson amongst many others.
Paddington was one of the first, if not the first, suburbs to be gentrified, and developed a coffee culture in the 1980s which is still significant and vibrant today. Similarly, being an area with a large migrant population in the 1960s and 1970s, there are many restaurants in the area. Most of these coffee houses, small bars, eateries and restaurants are located along the Given Terrace and Latrobe Terrace that run through Paddington.
Similarly, there are many art galleries in the area and many artists as well as musicians and budding writers live in the area.
Traditional institutions like the Union Cooperative Society Ltd incorporating the Paddington Workers Club and the Brisbane Workers Community Centre exist. It is a member-owned organisation that aims to improve the social and economic well-being of its members and their community and was formed in 1965 to protect the incomes of workers from rising prices by providing goods and services at the lowest possible cost. While the Cooperative has largely moved out of retail there is still a small bar which doubles as a live venue but otherwise it is now a financial organisation that cares for members' financial interests.
Senior citizens are catered for by the Brisbane West Senior Citizens Club at 132 Latrobe Terrace which host activities and respite services for senior citizens.
The Centre for Multicultural Pastoral Care at 333 Given Terrace which was originally established in 1949 and provides pastoral care for post World War II immigrants from traditionally Catholic countries.
The nearby Brisbane Arts Theatre at 210 Petrie Terrace is a theatre company that has been producing plays for over 60 years.
The smaller localities of Rosalie and Torwood also has a thriving restaurant, café, and gourmet culture along Baroona Road which also hosts an annual Cheese Festival and where art house cinema can be viewed at the Blue Room Cinebar.
Shopping
Many houses along Given Terrace and Latrobe Terrace were converted into small shops in the 1980s and accordingly Paddington has a vibrant shopping scene for speciality shops of all types including fashion (clothes, shoes, male and female), food (chocolate, cheese, alcohol and organic), home wares ( bathroom supplies and hardware) and entertainment ( new and secondhand book stores, picture framing, video stores) and is largely devoid of the larger "chain" shops.
A thriving antique, second hand and opportunity shop scene exists in the area with the Paddington Antique Centre being the centrepiece. The Paddington Antique Centre is in the former Paddington Plaza Theatre located on Latrobe Terrace. The building has at various times been a movie theatre, dance hall and storage facility. It accommodates over 50 antique dealers trading under the one banner. The centre attracts many collectors both interstate and overseas.
The Union Cooperative Society building on the corner of Given and Latrobe Terraces was originally home to a grocery and petrol co-operative that provided lower cost household goods, groceries and petrol to its members. The building still houses the Workers' social club and is a hub of locally owned small businesses such as Chercher La Femme, Biome Eco Stores and Cocoon Petit Living and Simpatico restaurant.
Paddington Central on Latrobe Terrace, situated on the site of a former shopping complex which was originally the site of the Paddington Tram Station is the largest shopping complex in Paddington and contains a supermarket, a number of cafes, Il Posto Italian Restaurant as well as Paddington Medical Centre and Travel Clinic, a local family owned pharmacy Paddington Central Pharmacy and other speciality shops.
Outdoor
There a number of small parks in the area including the Neal Macrossan Park on Caroline Street (also known as Ithaca Playground) which also incorporates Paddington Skate Park and Tennis Courts and the adjacent Ithaca public pool on lower Caxton Street. The site has aesthetic significance as a public open space with extremely large Moreton Bay fig trees which line lower Caxton Street and Moreton Street and are significant landmark elements. The playground comprises three buildings along the northern boundary, adjacent to the kindergarten; a tennis court in the north eastern along Caroline Street; a skate bowl, known as Father Perry Place on the eastern side of the swimming pool; a large oval on the western side of the swimming pool and terraced playground space in the central area. The three buildings at the Neal Macrossan Playground are a large public hall facing Moreton Street, a small former free library to the east of this, and abutting this on the eastern side is a covered play area. A locomotive was added to the playground on 20 March 1973 but this was removed in 1995.
A larger multiuse park, Gregory Park, is located on Baroona Road near the Rosalie café precinct.
There is a fallen soldiers Memorial Park on the corner of Latrobe Terrace and Enoggera Terrace and a small park named after the former tram workers of the area, "Trammies Corner" on the corner of Latrobe Terrace and Prince Street.
The Suncorp Stadium (formerly known as Lang Park) is located on Castlemaine Street in Milton but fronts lower Caxton Street and hosts a number of sporting events. The Old Stadium, Lang Park, was the official home of Brisbane Rugby League, the defunct South Queensland Crushers, and then finally when Brisbane sponsored a national Rugby League club it became the home the "Brisbane Broncos". The old stadium was torn down in 2001 and te new stadium was built which hosts Brisbane Broncos Rugby league games, Rugby Union international test games, Brisbane Roar soccer games, as well as a number of other sporting and music one-offs.
Worship
There are a number of churches in Paddington proper including two Catholic and one Presbyterian Church. The Catholic parish of Jubilee has its parish headquarters on Given Terrace. The churches are located at:
Sacred Heart Catholic Church, 355 Given Terrace, Paddington.
St Thomas More Catholic Church, 111 Hale Street, Petrie Terrace, with mass in Italian.
Enoggera Presbyterian Church Building, 100 Enoggera Terrace, Paddington.
There are a further three Catholic churches in adjoining suburbs, a number of small Catholic Chapels, an Anglican church (in Milton, based at St Francis College on the historic Bishopbourne site), a Baptist church, and a Uniting Church. The nearest cemetery is the nearby Brisbane General Cemetery at Toowong (locally known as Toowong Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Brisbane though it is largely closed.
Nearby
Paddington adjoins the suburbs of:
Auchenflower, which is home to The Wesley Hospital a private hospital located near the Auchenflower train station and Auchenflower Stadium (also known as NAB Stadium), previously known as The Auchendome, a basketball centre.
Petrie Terrace, which is home to the upper Caxton street hotels, restaurants and shops
Red Hill, which is the home of the Broncos football club, Ithaca campus of Brisbane North Institute of TAFE, the Ithaca Bowls club and a State primary School;
Milton, which has Suncorp Stadium (also known as Lang Park), the Park Road café and restaurant precinct, and the Milton railway station;
Bardon which backs onto the Mt Cootha native reserve and has the Wests Rugby League Club, Bardon Junior Soccer Club, the Bardon Bowls Club, Brisbane Irish Rugby Football Club, and the West Brisbane Cricket Club. Local schools include one Catholic Primary School, two State Primary Schools and a Catholic Girls High School
Ashgrove (at the "sub-suburb" Jubilee end of Ashgrove) which has shopping complexes, parks and Catholic boys' and girls' high schools.
Education
Petrie Terrace State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 40 Moreton Street (). It is nestled below St Brigid's Church, Red Hill and behind the fig trees near the Ithaca Swimming Pool. In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 234 students with 20 teachers (15 full-time equivalent) and 18 non-teaching staff (9 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
Schools in nearby suburbs also supply primary education to children in Paddington, including Ithaca Creek State School to the north in Bardon, Rainworth State School also in Bardon to the west, and Milton State School in Milton to the south.
There are no secondary schools in Paddington. The nearest secondary school is Kelvin Grove State College in Kelvin Grove.
There is a C&K childcare on Charlotte Street. There are also several nearby kindergartens including three Lady Gowrie Centres in Spring Hill. There is a Lady Gowrie day care centre and kindergarten on Enoggera Terrace, Red Hill, Kindy Patch Paddington, also on Enoggera Terrace behind a church, Chatterbox Long Day Care, which offers a Qld Govt approved Kindergarten program and is located on Guthrie Street and another in Elizabeth St, Rosalie. Avenues Child Care and Kindergarten and others are cropping up in the local area as well as a result of a focus by the federal government on early years education. From 2013 to Dec, 2019, the Federal Government has subsidised primary teachers wishing to/willing to transition to Early Years Education and Care.
Architecture
Brisbane has a lower inner city population density than Australia's two largest cities, Sydney and Melbourne. The lower population density reflects the fact that most of Brisbane's housing stock formerly consisted of detached houses. Early legislation decreed a minimum size for residential blocks resulting in few terrace houses being constructed. The high density housing that did exist came in the form of miniature Queenslander-style houses which resemble the much larger traditional styles but are sometimes only 1/4 the size. Commonly they were called "workers cottages". Many of the residences in the area are still the original and distinctive workers cottages, which are frequently built on stumps owing to the steep nature of their blocks. Most of the blocks are 16 perch (405 square metres) in size though 24 perch (607 square metres) and 32 perch (809 square metres) are common though typical to all blocks the houses tend to be at the front of the block close to the street. There has been a tendency, mainly by real estate agents for selling purposes to label these houses "Queenslanders" and though they do exist in the area the vast majority of houses are the small wooded 2 or 3 bedroom "workers cottages" with front verandas. These houses are all wood as the material was cheap in south east Queensland. The houses usually had "hopper" windows, high ceilings, vertical internal "VJ" wall boards and wooden floors covered in linoleum floor covering. They were usually on wooden stumps with wooden vertical palings between the stumps. The height of the stumps, and how high off the ground the house was depended not so much on utilising the underneath of the house area but rather on the angle of the block or how likely the area was to flood. The houses were also raised to allow air to circulate freely underneath thereby reducing the internal temperature of the house in the summer months. Roofs were traditionally of corrugated iron.
There was a tendency to enclose the verandas in the 1940s and 1950s and create "sun rooms" or "sleep outs" so the family could have more internal living space. These modifications were usually made with fibro which was popular and affordable at the time (though if there was enough money wood was used) with windows in the vertical louver style.
The other noticeable influence on the local architecture came with the influx of southern European migrants, mainly Italians and Croatians in the 1950s and 1960s. These migrants brought trade skills with them from Europe, mainly brick laying, plastering or steel work. It became the norm for migrants to "convert' and update the workers cottages for their needs. Hopper windows were replaced with casement windows, internal "VJ" wall boards were covered with masonite, wood parquetry replaced the linoleum, wooden stumps were replaced with concrete stumps, the underneath of the house was enclosed with besser blocks, air blocks, or brick work whilst allowing a garage for a car, common areas underneath and around the house were concreted, and wooden hand rails were replaced with steel handrails in a number of designs popular in the early 1960s. There has been a tendency to "revert" these renovations to the more traditional cottage design though many examples of this unofficial architectural style still exist and have a charm in themselves which refers to a distinct era of development.
Subsequent to the mini housing boom of the 1980s, there was a flurry of activity in the area with many of the larger 32 perch blocks of land being sub-divided into two 16 perch blocks and residences in the workers cottage style being made on the new land.
Recent housing renovations trends have been to "lift" and build in underneath or more commonly extend off the back into the back yard to give more living space popular with families today. The increased "internal" living space means that the "big back yard" concept has virtually disappeared.
Multi residence accommodations (such as apartment blocks) are relative newcomers to Brisbane, with few such blocks built before 1970. Perhaps because of the trade skills of the new migrants though there were a number of "6 pack" brick apartment blocks made in the 70s and 80s.
Heritage listings
Paddington has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
14 Caroline Street: Neal Macrossan Playground
50 Elizabeth Street: Rosalie RSL Hall
57 Elizabeth Street: Rosalie Community Kindergarten and Preschool
Enoggera Terrace: Ithaca War Memorial
140 Enoggera Terrace: former Ithaca Fire Station
150 Enoggera Terrace: Paddington Tramways Substation
Fernberg Road: Marist Brothers College Rosalie Buildings
23 Fernberg Road: Lucerne
170 Fernberg Road: Government House
16 Garfield Drive: Paddington Water Tower
34 Howard Street: Glenworth
50 Howard Street: Boondah
90 Howard Street: Baroona
16 Latrobe Terrace: Foresters' Hall
163-169 Latrobe Terrace: Paddington Antiques Centre
Notable buildings
The majority of notable non-residential buildings exist in the area, notably along Caxton Street, Given Terrace, Latrobe Terrace and Enoggera Terrace.
Given Terrace
The Paddington Tavern at 186 Given Terrace, which is a modern tavern built on the site of the old Paddington Hotel which was demolished in the early 1980s
The Hanlon shops at 216-228 Given Terrace, which are "terraced" styled shops with accommodation above formerly owned by the family of Pat Hanlon, who was the brother to Premier Ned Hanlon. The building was originally constructed in the 1880s and has been modified since however the original structure is still visible.
The old Uniting Church at 234-244 Given Terrace was sold to private interests in the 1980s and burnt down in 1996 after development proposals were rejected by the Brisbane City Council (a fate that was to befall the Red Hill Roller Skating rink). The wooden building was built in 1906 to accommodate the new congregation of the merged local Wesleyan and Primitive Methodist churches. The building was designed specifically for the triangular block and the new commercial and residential building largely reflects the shape of the original building. The only remaining feature of the Church are the brick retaining walls facing Given Terrace.
The old Sheard's Bakery at 265 – 267 Given Terrace. Constructed around 1888 it was a bakery for many years before being sold and converted into a shop and then restaurant.
The Kookaburra Café at 280 Given Terrace. Built around 1888 the building stands on land once owned by a person using the name Louis Le Gould who claimed he was the son of a French General who was Aide-de-camp to Napoleon Bonaparte. Le Gould was a licensed surveyor who was an unsuccessful candidate for alderman in November 1863, a local newspaper calling him pseudo-Gallic, lacking honor and reputable conduct.
The former Paddington Post Office on 293 Given Terrace at the corner of Latrobe Terrace, is a classic example of a Type T15 Federation Timber design, built in 1900. These commercial buildings feature a gable in the facade, including vent; veranda / porch with near flat roof, columns span the front with a balustrade around the porch and a large lantern vent centrally place in the roof.
The Sisters of Mercy Sacred Heart Convent at 327 Given Terrace, Paddington built in 1917. The building is representative of the Federation Queen Anne style in the timber detailing and asymmetrical façade. It is a good typical of the design of convents throughout Australia, which were built as prominent and substantial buildings, and were designed with the chapel within, often expressed as a projecting bay. The convent was designed by the architect T. R. Hall who designed other buildings for the Catholic Church including Our Lady of Victories, Bowen Hills, in partnership with GG Prentice. Hall designed other prominent buildings during this partnership, including the city hall, McDonnell and East building and the travel centre of New South Wales. The building is in private ownership though is heritage listed.
The Sacred Heart Church, Rosalie, at 358 Given Terrace, is a large Catholic church which was opened on 16 June 1918 and designed by prominent architect G. M. Addison. The church has a single-manual mechanical action organ was originally installed by J. W. Walker & Sons of London in 1885 and it is fully enclosed. It suffered damage by fire in 1942. In 1982 restoration was undertaken by H. W. Jarrott of Brisbane. The building is heritage listed
The old Ashton butchers building at 7-9 Latrobe Terrace (now a private business). Originally built in 1888 it housed Ashton's Butchers until the 1910s when it was taken over by the government and became the State Butchery.
Foresters' Hall, at 16 Latrobe Terrace (now a St Vincent de Paul "Vinnies" opportunity Shop). This timber hall was built between June and September in 1888 for the Trustees of Court Foresters' Hope, number 6535 of the Ancient Order of Foresters' Friendly Society, United Brisbane District and demonstrates a way of life during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when friendly societies, which provided a welfare service by means of mutual aid, were a prominent and expanding part of Queensland society. The friendly societies came to Australia as part of the British philosophy of self-help and mutual aid which became prevalent during the industrial revolution. The building is also of interest for its legacy as part of the 1880s development boom which transformed Paddington from a semi-rural area into a commuter suburb of Brisbane. The Paddington Foresters' Hall had a seating capacity of 320 people and provided a thriving community service to the growing population of Paddington as a hall which could be let to the public for meetings including local Rechabites, the Salvation Army, the Ithaca Ratepayers Association, the Women's Christian Charity and the Theodore Unmack Society of Masons, the local Labour Party. In 1996, the hall was purchased by the present owners and Vinnies, an opportunity shop run by the Order of St Vincent de Paul, is there now.
The former Salvation Army Hall at 29 Latrobe Terrace (now Endeavour Opportunity Shop). The hall was built in 1897 and the "Army" played a vital role in providing relief during the various depressions. Its presence in the area reflects the former working class area of the suburb. The building was sold to private owners in the 1970s.
The former Paddington Plaza Theatre on 153 – 171 Latrobe Terrace (now the Paddington Antique Centre) is a traditional example of the 1930s movie house. It is a large and imposing timber building with rendered brickwork at either end and an awning which protrudes from the facade. The roof is gabled and constructed of corrugated iron. The building has been little modified internally and the main area is a large rectangular space with a vaulted plaster ceiling. The building is important in illustrating the pattern of development of suburban cinemas in Brisbane, and in illustrating the evolution of cinemas in Queensland, during the interwar years of the 20th century. It is important also in illustrating the pattern of development of the Paddington district. The building was erected circa 1929 by Brisbane contractor John Hutchinson [later J Hutchinson & Sons] for Greater Brisbane Motion Pictures Ltd and probably designed by Brisbane architect Richard Gailey jnr, the Plaza is a rare early 20th century 'atmospheric' theatre in Queensland. This ceiling was painted a vibrant blue and stars used to twinkle and backlit clouds and a moon moved across the sky on tracks. The blue paint is still apparent and some of the clouds still exist as does the proscenium which is constructed of plaster and features ornate plaster work. The term "atmospheric" denotes a picture theatre with an interior décor that simulated an exotic outdoor setting. Atmospheric cinemas were popularised in Australia in the late 1920s and early 1930s after the architect for Sydney-based Union Theatres, Henry White, travelled to the United States to study picture theatre design. Shortly after construction commenced, the Hutchinson family acquired both the building and the land, commencing a long association with the theatre. In 1929 the Plaza Theatre faced strong competition from at least two rival picture shows in the Paddington-Red Hill district: Stephens New Paddington Theatre on Given Terrace [c1924] (which was demolished in the early 1980s to make the Paddington Centre) and Red Hill Picture Pops on Enoggera Terrace [c1920] (which became the Red Hill Roller Skating rink and "mysteriously" burnt down following a development proposal in the early 2000s). Although the Plaza was by no means the first picture theatre in the Paddington district, it was the most ornate, erected in a third wave of picture theatre construction which swept Brisbane suburbs in the late 1920s and 1930s. The picture theatre was open seven days a week, with serials shown on Monday and Tuesday nights, films and newsreels on other nights, and a matinee programme on Sunday afternoons. On Saturdays, trams reputedly would stop outside the theatre at opening time and wait until the film finished to take patrons home again. Popular films attracted audiences of around 1200, for the movies appealed to all ages. A special soundproofed glass room, called the 'cry room', was provided for young mothers and their babies. The Plaza theatre also hosted dances and balls mainly for the local school of Marist Brothers Rosalie. The theatre operated successfully until television was introduced to Brisbane in the late 1950s, by which time Plaza audiences were reduced to 20-30 patrons per screening ( though the auditorium in 1960 contained seating for 932 persons). In 1961 the Plaza Theatre ceased to operate as a cinema and a level floor was installed and the building was used for indoor basketball until a court case instigated by a neighbour who complained of the noise. The plaza remained mostly vacant until 1974 and was sold in 1977. It now houses an antiques retailing centre. The shops fronting Latrobe Terrace are still occupied by a variety of tenants, and the complex is still the focus of a small nodal shopping centre. The Plaza Theatre (Paddington Antique Centre) complex now includes a series of small retail shops on either side of the foyer entrance.
The Ithaca Embankments on Latrobe Terrace below the Ithaca War memorial on first blush appear to be nothing more than a cut away into the side of a hill. They however are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the Ithaca Town Council's early 20th century street beautification projects, being some of the best surviving examples, and provide important surviving evidence of stone retaining wall and edging techniques practised by Brisbane's public landscape gardeners in the early 20th century, which were influential on civic landscaping throughout Queensland and Australia.
Enoggera Terrace
Ithaca Presbyterian Church, 100 Enoggera Terrace, Paddington, built in 1928 and of the Interwar Gothic style with the use of simple Gothic details such as the pointed entrance arch and simple tracery to the windows and entrance. The building is heritage listed.
The distinctive Paddington Substation at 150 Enoggera Terrace erected in 1929-30 during a period of tramways expansion which followed the Brisbane City Council's 1925 acquisition of the tramways system from the Brisbane Tramways Trust. It was erected on Cook's Hill, along the Paddington line, on land which was formerly part of the adjacent Ithaca Fire Station. The function of the Paddington substation, was to assist the Petrie Terrace substation (erected 1927–28) in providing a better distribution of power to the increased western suburbs tram services from the powerhouse at New Farm. The Paddington substation, constructed of bricks and structural steel from the old Countess Street power house which closed in mid-1928, was the first of his substation designs to incorporate a parapet wall, flat roof and exterior render. The substation commenced operation on 11 August 1930 and remained in service until the phasing out of Brisbane's trams in the late 1960s. In 1969 the Paddington line was closed, the substation's electrical equipment was removed, and the building became a storage depot and subsequently an art space and art centre.
The former Ithaca Fire Station, at 140 Enoggera Terrace, constructed in two stages, 1918–19 and 1928, is an excellent example of "between the wars" Queensland civic architecture. The place is an integral member of an historic group on Cook's Hill which includes the adjacent Ithaca War Memorial and Park, The Paddington Substation, and Ithaca Embankments. The brigade was formed in 1918 by the merger of the Ithaca and Milton Volunteer Fire Brigades, and provided the inner western suburbs with a permanent fire fighting force of four, with six auxiliary staff. It was closed down in the early 1980s.
The Ithaca War Memorial located on a parcel of land sandwiched between Enoggera and Latrobe Terraces on Cooks Hill and erected circa 1922. The memorial at Ithaca demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event but also is rare as an early example of the clock tower type of memorial in the Brisbane area. The memorial provides evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War and memorial services are still held there every year on Anzac day. The stone memorial honours the 130 local men who died on active service during the First World War. The small park surrounding the memorial also has special associations with landscape gardener Alexander Jolly as one of the few remaining examples of his work, and with monumental masonry firm AH Thurlow. Much of the impetus for the work came from Ithaca Town Council's landscape gardener, Alexander Jolly, (father of the first Mayor of Greater Brisbane, William Jolly), who was a horticultural enthusiast and whose lifetime of gardening experience transformed the Ithaca townscape in the period c1915-25. Some of Jolly's more prominent projects included the rockeries along Musgrave and Waterworks Roads; the landscaping of Cook's Hill; and the Ithaca War Memorial garden, which, after his death, was named Alexander Jolly Park, in memory of one of the most esteemed men in the district, and as a unique tribute to the pick and shovel. Only small sections of the Waterworks Road rockeries remain, and most of the Cook's Hill garden was destroyed when the Paddington Tramways Substation was erected in 1929–30.
Others
Government House at 168 Fernberg Road in upper Paddington and is the official residence of the governor of Queensland and has been since 1911. The main house, built in 1865 and originally known as Fernberg there were extensive additions in the 1880s. The building is the only remaining substantial residence and villa estate, of almost original proportions, in Brisbane from the 1860s and with the later additions is regarded among the finest examples of a Victorian Italianate villa in Brisbane. The building was originally built by businessman Johann Christian Heussler who is believed to have given his home "Fernberg" a name of German origin that meant "distant mountain". The property was sold to businessmen George and Nathan Cohen in 1878 and then to various other businessmen before finally being bought by the State Government in 1911.
The Marist Brothers Monastery, Fernberg Road, Rosalie. The building is heritage listed.
Paddington Water Tower at 16 Garfield Drive (on what is known as Archibald's Hill) is an elevated reinforced concrete water tank on Paddington's highest point which can be seen from miles around. It is probably the only one of its type in Queensland being a reinforced concrete tank elevated on concrete columns. The tank's height from the highest point is 70 feet (21.34 metres) and the tank has a capacity of 100,000 gallons (.38 megalitre) though it is not in use at present. It is important in demonstrating a phase in the history of Brisbane's water supply and the technological difficulties of providing reticulated water to elevated sites. It was constructed for a cost of £12,000 and completed in 1927.
The La Boite building which formerly housed the "La Boite Theatre Group" at Hale Street, Milton. The building was Australia's first purpose-built, 200 seat theatre in the round (designed by architect Blair Wilson). The award-winning "modernist" building became an iconic and much loved Brisbane theatrical landmark. The La Boite officially opened on Sunday 4 June 1972 and hosted many plays, both mainstream and controversial before relocating in 2003 to the more sterile State sponsored Kelvin Grove Village. The building is occupied by Evans Harch builders.
Notable residents
Ned Hanlon (1887–1952) – railway worker, grocer and Premier of Queensland 1946–1952 was born in Paddington.
Hector Hogan (1931–1960), sprinter and Olympic medallist was educated at Marist Brothers Rosalie
Terry Lewis – former disgraced Queensland Commissioner of Police lived in Paddington prior to his incarceration on corruption charges
Barry Maranta (educator, businessman, sports management, co-founder of the Australian-based Brisbane Broncos rugby league team) was educated at Marist Brothers Rosalie
Warren Moon (Australian Footballer, soccer player, plays in the Scottish Football first division) was educated at Marist Brothers Rosalie
Sir Arthur Morgan (1856–1916), newspaper proprietor and "progressive" Premier of Queensland 1903–1906 lived in Paddington at the time of his death.
Sir Kenneth Morris (1903–1978), army officer, shoe/boot manufacturer, liberal/conservative politician, deputy premier of Queensland 1957–1962 was born in Paddington.
Gordon Olive (1916-1987)- Australian fighter ace in the Battle of Britain, World War II
Stan Pilecki (1947)(Australian Team Rugby Union Captain 1970s–1980s) was educated at Marist Brothers Rosalie
Santo Santoro (1956)(former Liberal Party Senator) was educated at Marist Brothers Rosalie
Bull Tillney, WW2 veteran and POW lived next door (oral history J. Campbell)
The band The End lived in Paddington and played at the Caxton Street Hall in 1981, before transforming into the band Died Pretty.
Paul Piticco, music and hospitality entrepreneur, grew up in the suburb and attended Petrie Terrace State School.
Errol O'Neill (1945 - 2016) playwright, actor, writer, director, dramaturg and producer, specialising in the creation of new work for the theatre lived in Glanmire Street, Paddington for many years
Cultural references
Caxton Street is mentioned in the song "Brisbane (Security City)" by The Saints, from their 1978 album Prehistoric Sounds.
"THE PADDO BOYS - A baby boomer's journey through the Seventies" (Zeus Publications, 2017) by Peter Coman is a memoir, in part, about growing up in the Paddington working class milieu of the 1960s and 1970s. Peter Coman was raised in Paddington and went to school at Marist Brothers Rosalie.
Nick Earls’ 1996 novel "Zigzag Street" takes place around Brisbane's inner west - Red Hill, Paddington and Milton. Local references are frequent and specific.
References
Further reading
Heritage Trail: Latrobe and Given Terraces, Paddington, Series No 10, 2nd Edition, Brisbane City Council, 1995.
Padd, Paddo, Paddington, Dawn Buckberry (ed), Paddington History Group, 1999
The History of the Sacred Heart Parish Rosalie 1898–1998, Ellen Ries, Private Publication, 1998
Radical Brisbane: An Unruly History, Raymond Evans & Carole Ferrier (eds), The Vulgar Press, 2004
External links
Suburbs of the City of Brisbane |
5389070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazzaj | Blazzaj | Blazzaj is a Romanian acid jazz band founded in 1996 by Eddie Neumann and Florin Barbu as FunkinLeFree. Since August 1998, the band is known as Blazzaj. The band's name backwards spells "Jazz Alb" (Romanian for "White Jazz").
Current members
Tavi Horvath - Vocal (1998–present)
Gabriel Almasi - Guitar/Electronics (2015–present)
Petrică Ionuțescu - Trumpet/Keyboards (1998–present)
Uțu Pascu - Bass (2002–present)
Vali Potra - Drums (1996–present)
Sergiu Catana - Percussion (2015–present)
Past members
Cristina Păduraru - Vocal, Flute (2004–2007)
Eddie Neumann - Vocal, Saxofon (1996–2003)
Horia Crisovan - Guitar (1998–2015)
Florin Barbu - Bass (1996–2002)
Sasi Vuscan - Guitar (1996–1998)
Discography
1998 - Blazzaj!
2003 - Macadam
External links
Blazzaj Official Site
Official MySpace
Romanian dance musical groups
Acid jazz ensembles |
5389086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna%20Reid | Susanna Reid | Susanna Reid (born ) is an English television presenter and journalist. She was a co-presenter of BBC Breakfast from 2003 until 2014 alongside Bill Turnbull and Charlie Stayt. In 2013, she finished as a runner-up on the eleventh series of Strictly Come Dancing. Since 2014, Reid has been the lead presenter of the ITV Breakfast programme Good Morning Britain alongside Ben Shephard, Kate Garraway and formerly Piers Morgan. She also presented Sunday Morning Live on BBC One from 2010 to 2011.
Early life and education
The youngest of three children, Reid was born in Croydon, South London. She was educated at the independent Croham Hurst School, from 1975 to 1981, followed by the independent Croydon High School (1981–87) and St Paul's Girls' School (1987–89) in London. Her parents separated and divorced when she was aged 9. Her father was a management consultant, her mother was a nurse. Reid appeared as an actress while an adolescent, in a stage production of Agatha Christie's Spider's Web (1982) with Shirley Anne Field, and then alongside Peter Barkworth and Harriet Walter in The Price (1985) on Channel 4.
Reid studied Politics and Philosophy at the University of Bristol (1989–92), where she was editor of Epigram, the student newspaper, and then trained as a journalist at Cardiff University's Centre for Journalism, earning a Postgraduate Diploma in Broadcast Journalism.
Career
Reid began her career at BBC Radio Bristol and then became a reporter for Radio 5 Live, as well as a producer. She then joined BBC News 24, where she spent two years as a reporter. When the 23:00 presenter did not arrive one night, Reid became a stand-in presenter for an hour (while three months pregnant with her first child), which turned into a permanent position.
Reid was one of the main presenters on BBC Breakfast, presenting with Bill Turnbull on Mondays, Tuesdays and Wednesdays and previously presenting with Charlie Stayt on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. She held that role from 2012, when she replaced lead presenter Sian Williams. In 2010, Reid stepped down from presenting Breakfast on Saturdays and Sundays to take a role on a new programme Sunday Morning Live. As of the final episode of the first series on 21 November 2010, she resumed her weekend presenting duties on BBC Breakfast within 2 weeks.
Reid was also previously the regular newsreader during the headlines on The Andrew Marr Show. On 16 May 2010, she stood in briefly for Andrew Marr for the Sunday newspaper review, when he arrived late for the programme after interviewing the new Prime Minister David Cameron. Reid handed back to Marr following the paper review. Reid presented the main show for the first time on 10 March 2013 following Marr's extended absence after suffering a stroke in January 2013. On 22 February 2009, Reid presented the BBC's live coverage of the 2009 Oscars from Los Angeles and also presented coverage of the 2010 Oscars on 7 March.
On 31 December 2013, Reid presented the New Year Live programme on BBC One.
In February 2014, it was reported that ITV were attempting to recruit Reid for their new breakfast programme, with a £1 million salary. Reid had previously rejected claims of moving to ITV in December 2013, during her Strictly Come Dancing stint, saying she would "bleed BBC" if cut open. On 3 March 2014, the BBC confirmed Reid's move to ITV to front rival breakfast programme Good Morning Britain, which replaced its former breakfast show Daybreak. She co-hosts the show alongside rotating male presenters Monday-Wednesday and with Ben Shephard every Thursday. She hosts the show from 6 am to 9 am.
On 19 December 2014, Reid appeared on a special Text Santa episode of Tipping Point with fellow Good Morning Britain presenters. In 2017, Reid co-presented Save Money: Good Food alongside Matt Tebbutt.
In October 2018, Reid appeared as a cameo in Hollyoaks.
In July 2020, Reid appeared on Celebrity Gogglebox alongside barrister and TV judge Robert Rinder.
On 3 May 2022, Reid interviewed Prime Minister Boris Johnson live on Good Morning Britain.
Awards
In March 2014, the Television and Radio Industries Club named Reid Newsreader of the Year at their annual awards, the week after it was announced she would join ITV. In 2015, she again won the same award. In 2015, she also received an Honorary Fellowship from her alma mater, Cardiff University.
Personal life
Reid separated from partner, former sports correspondent Dominic Cotton in 2014 after 16 years together. Reid lives in South London with her three children. Reid is a supporter of Crystal Palace, visiting the club's Selhurst Park ground with her dance partner while taking part in Strictly Come Dancing, in 2013. In November 2018, Reid revealed that she was in a relationship with Crystal Palace chairman Steve Parish. However it was announced in April 2019 that the relationship had ended.
Reid is a pescetarian, something she used to discuss occasionally with chef James Martin when commenting on the dishes on Saturday Kitchen. In 2015, she said she suffers "very mild tinnitus".
Charity work
Reid is a regular contributor to Media Trust, a charity linking other charities to the media industry, and has hosted events for the Myotubular Trust and Voluntary Arts England. In 1998, just before she became a reporter for Breakfast News, she worked for three months in Sri Lanka as a voluntary media consultant for a charity which counsels victims of the civil war and operates orphanages and social development programmes.
On 22 April 2012, Reid took part in the London Marathon, raising money for Sport Relief, completing the course in just over five hours.
Filmography
Television
Film
Honours
Scholastic
Chancellor, visitor, governor, rector and fellowships
References
External links
Living people
Alumni of Cardiff University
Alumni of the University of Bristol
BBC newsreaders and journalists
English television presenters
ITV Breakfast presenters and reporters
People educated at Croham Hurst School
People educated at Croydon High School
People from Croydon
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5389096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child%20cannibalism | Child cannibalism | Child cannibalism or fetal cannibalism is the act of eating a child or fetus.
Ritual practice accusations
Historical accounts
According to 14th century traveller Odoric of Pordenone, who gave an account of a place called Lamuri (the account was later borrowed by Sir John Mandeville's in his Book of Marvels and Travels), describing the people Lamuri as cannibals who purchased children from merchants to slaughter them.
Modern cases
China
The performance artist Zhu Yu claimed that he prepared, cooked and ate real human bodies, including fetuses, as an artistic performance. The performance was called Eating People, and he claimed it was to protest against cannibalism. It was intended as "shock art". The Chinese Ministry of Culture cited a menace to social order and the spiritual health of the Chinese people, banned exhibitions involving culture, animal abuse, corpses, and overt violence and sexuality and Zhu Yu was prosecuted for his deeds.
Snopes and other urban legend sites have said the "fetus" used by Zhu Yu was most likely constructed from a duck's body and a doll head. Other images from another art exhibit were falsely circulated along with Zhu Yu's photographs and claimed to be evidence of fetus soup.
Critics see the propagation of these rumors as a form of blood libel, or accusing one's enemy of eating children, and accuse countries of using this as a political lever.
Capsule pills purported to be filled with human baby flesh in the form of powder were seized by South Koreans from ethnic Koreans living in China, who had tried to smuggle them into South Korea and consume the capsules themselves or distribute them to other ethnic Korean citizens of China living in South Korea. Experts later suggested that the pills had actually been made of newborn placenta for the documented practice of human placentophagy.
Satire
Jonathan Swift's 1729 satiric article "A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public" proposed the utilization of an economic system based on poor people selling their children to be eaten, claiming that this would benefit the economy, family values, and general happiness of Ireland. The target of Swift's satire is the rationalism of modern economics, and the growth of rationalistic modes of thinking at the expense of more traditional human values.
See also
Albert Fish
Child sacrifice
Filial cannibalism
Human placentophagy
Saturn Devouring His Son
Kindlifresserbrunnen
Traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body
References
External links
Photos in South-Korean newspaper
Italian Asian article
Urban legends website
LJ News
Cannibalism
Child murder |
5389102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slingerlands%2C%20New%20York | Slingerlands, New York | Slingerlands is a hamlet in the town of Bethlehem, Albany County, New York, United States. It is located immediately west of Delmar and near the New Scotland town-line and south of the Albany city-limits, and is thus a suburb of Albany. The Slingerlands ZIP Code (12159) includes parts of the towns of New Scotland and Guilderland.
History
The history of Slingerlands begins in 1850 when the Albany, Rensselaerville, and Schoharie Plank Road Company was established by the state to construct a plank road from Albany, through Slingerlands, to Gallupville in Schoharie County. In 1854, the state authorized the company to abandon or sell portions and to turn other sections (including that part in Slingerlands) into a turnpike and charge tolls. The post office was originally called Normanskill and was built in 1852 with William H. Slingerland as the first post master. In 1863, the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad was built through Slingerlands with a station established here as well. William H. Slingerland was the surveyor of the road, and since his route came in $600,000 less than a previous survey the company named the station here Slingerlands in his honor. In 1870, the post office also took the name Slingerlands. After having been in the rear of a grocery store for a hundred years it moved to the Tollgate Building in 1953, until the 1990s when a newer larger location was built near the Price Chopper Plaza. In 1989, the New Scotland post office was closed and the 400 residents it served were transferred to Slingerlands' ZIP Code.
New Scotland Road through Slingerlands was labeled as part of New York State Route 85 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways. In 1968, the Slingerlands Bypass was constructed as a two-lane extension of the Crosstown Connection, a limited-access highway in the city of Albany; Route 85 was then routed onto this highway. The original plan was to connect with the Delmar Bypass near New York State Route 85A, thereby bypassing Slingerlands, it and the Delmar Bypass were never finished due to a lack of funding. In 1987, the developer of the Juniper Fields sub-division agreed to build for the town a 1,700 foot extension of the Delmar Bypass to Van Dyke Avenue, and the developer of Delmar Village agreed to build a 2,750 foot extension of Fisher Boulevard to Delaware Avenue, this then left only a 6,000 foot extension of the Delmar Bypass to complete a full loop around Delmar and Slingerlands. At the time it was still the long-term goal of the town to extend both bypasses themselves to their original meeting point near Route 85A. In 2007, the existing Slingerlands Bypass was reconstructed from two to four lanes and the highway was extended behind the Price Chopper Plaza to meet New Scotland Road over Le Grange Road opposite Cherry Avenue Extension. Each intersection, four in all, were converted to two-lane roundabouts.
The Slingerlands Homeowners Association was founded in 1972 and is the oldest neighborhood association in the town of Bethlehem. The neighborhood group had become moribund by the late 1980s, but was reactivated by controversy over a new shopping center and succeeded in having the shopping center, today the Price Chopper Plaza, scaled back by almost half.
In 1987, Slingerlands was the site of filming for some scenes in the movie Ironweed, which starred Jack Nicholson, based on the book of the same name written by William Kennedy. Scenes were filmed of a recreated 1930s era steam locomotive and the Dillenbeck House at 1511 New Scotland Road (built in 1876).
The Slingerlands Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. Also listed are the House at 698 Kenwood Avenue, LeGrange Farmstead, and Albert Slingerlands House.
Geography
Slingerlands is situated along New Scotland Road (New York State Route 85) from the Albany city-limits south and west to Fisher Boulevard near the New Scotland town-line; and along Kenwood Avenue east from NY 85 to Adrianca Lane.
Location
Demographics
The population of Slingerlands ZIP code, which is larger geographically than the hamlet itself is 7,646.
Architecture
Slingerlands is predominately residential, with commercial properties mostly along New Scotland Road from the Albany city-line south to the intersection with Kenwood Avenue. Many historic homes and buildings from the 1800s still stand in the heart of the hamlet, many of which are associated with the founding family of the Slingerland's, such as the Dillenback House built by Albert Slingerland. The oldest house in the hamlet is that of John Albert Slingerland, and Albert I. Slingerland built the Slingerlands Community Methodist Church in 1872. The Old Slingerlands Schoolhouse built in 1908 has been converted into apartments.
Much of the newer residential construction has been built in a style to imitate that of the historic house-styles, such as Greek Revival, Federal, Victorian, and Colonial. A house in Slingerlands built in 1922 was once the official residence for the president of the University at Albany, SUNY. Among the relatively new, yet still historic, is a 1929 cottage built from a kit bought from the Sears, Roebuck catalogue.
Education
Slingerlands is a part of the Bethlehem Central School District (BCS) and the children attend Slingerlands Elementary School for kindergarten through fifth grade; and Bethlehem Central Middle School and Bethlehem Central High School for sixth through twelfth.
References
External links
Bethlehem, New York
Hamlets in New York (state)
Hamlets in Albany County, New York |
5389139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awidnik%20County | Świdnik County |
Świdnik County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest city is Świdnik, which lies east of the regional capital Lublin. The only other town in the county is Piaski, lying south-east of Świdnik.
The county covers an area of . As of 2019, its total population is 71,897, including a population of 39,217 in Świdnik, 2,553 in Piaski, and a rural population of 30,127.
Neighbouring counties
Świdnik County is bordered by Łęczna County to the north-east, Chełm County to the east, Krasnystaw County to the south-east, and Lublin County and the city of Lublin to the west.
Administrative division
The county is subdivided into five gminas (one urban, one urban-rural and three rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
References
External links
Statystyczne Vademecum Samorządowca 2016
Land counties of Lublin Voivodeship |
5389153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Koei%20Tecmo%20games | List of Koei Tecmo games | This is a list of video games developed and/or published by Koei Tecmo, one of their internal development houses, or the pre-merger companies Tecmo (formerly known as Tehkan) or Koei. Some games were only published by Tecmo or Koei in a specific region or for a specific platform; these games will only list the publisher relevant to this list (i.e. Tecmo or Koei) and will be notated appropriately. Also, many games have different release dates for different regions, platforms, or re-releases. For the purposes of simplicity, and to ensure easy automated sorting, only the earliest date will listed on this table.
References
Koei Tecmo
Koei Tecmo games |
5389166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20%26%20EE | MV & EE | MV & EE is a Vermont-based group of musicians focused around partners Matt "MV" Valentine and Erika "EE" Elder. Matt Valentine was in the neo-psychedelic group, The Tower Recordings and has also released music under his own name and the pseudonym, Matthew Dell. While the duo recorded under many different names, including MV & EE Medicine Show and The Bummer Road, most of the records center on both artists and feature a rotating cast of additional musicians. Their style is self-described as "lunar ragas", with many of the lyrics dealing with celestial imagery. They combine Indian raga style composition with Appalachian folk and post-psychedelic electrical experimentalism. They use Western and Eastern acoustic instruments amplified and augmented with effects such as reverb, delay, and flange. Their compositions occasionally feature vocal work from both Elder and Valentine, the latter of which is reminiscent of Neil Young's vocal style.
Discography
Albums
Tonight! One Night Only! MV & EE In Heaven 2001 (Child of Microtones)
Ragantula 2002 (Child of Microtones)
Daybreak Of Cocola & The Plumage Overtones Of Black Patti 2003 (Child of Microtones)
Fantastic String Music 2003 (Child of Microtones)
Moon Jook 2004 (Child of Microtones)
Cosmic Dust & The Electrobeam Hermit Thrush 2004 (Child of Microtones)
Lunar Blues 2004 (Child of Microtones)
The Uranian Ray 2004 (Child of Microtones/Spirit Of Orr)
Ragas & Blues 2004 (IDEA)
Livestock Moon Forms: Rural Ragas Volume One 2005 (Child of Microtones)
The Light Of Cocola Octo Escapes The Golden Dawn Of Blues: Rural Ragas Volume Two 2005 (Child of Microtones)
The Suncatcher Blossoms A Nova And Is So Grateful It Is No Longer Willing To Dark The Sun: Rural Ragas Volume Three 2005 (Child of Microtones)
Zone of Domes 2005 (Child of Microtones)
We Offer You Guru 2005 (Child of Microtones)
Suncatcher Mountain 2006 (Child of Microtones)
Mother of Thousands 2006 (Time-Lag Records)
The Cowboy's Road 2006 (Child of Microtones)
Play Ellas McDaniel's "Who Do You Love" 2006 (Three Lobed Recordings)
Rural Dimensions 2006 (Child of Microtones)
Green Blues 2007 (Ecstatic Peace)
Goodbye Moonface 2007 (Wabana Records)
Mars Delta 2007 (Child of Microtones)
Eye in the Pines 2007 (Child of Microtones)
Ragas of the Culvert: The Ground Ain't Dirty 2007 (Child of Microtones)
Gettin' Gone 2007 (Ecstatic Peace!)
Foxgod in Flight 2008 (Child Of Microtones)
Pray For Less w/ Willie Lane 2008 (Blackest Rainbow)
Total Loss Songs 2008 (Three Lobed Recordings)
MV & EE Meet Snake's Pass & Other Human Conditions 2008 (Singing Knives)
Drone Trailer 2009 (Dicristina Stair)
Barn Nova 2009 (Ecstatic Peace!)
Space Homestead 2012 (Woodist)
Shade Grown 2013 (Blackest Rainbow)
Alpha Lyrae 2014 (self-released)
Singles
Moment Spacing / Bong Judge 2008 (Golden Lab Records)
Old Black Joe / Huna Cosm 2008 (The Great Pop Supplement)
External links
MV & EE page at Ecstatic Peace Records
Ecstatic Peace! artists
Psychedelic folk groups |
5389174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yegor%20Tolstoy | Yegor Tolstoy | Count Yegor Petrovich Tolstoy ; 19 July 1802 – 12 March 1874) was an Imperial Russian lieutenant-general, senator, and governor of Taganrog, Kaluga, and Penza.
Military career
Son of Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy, Yegor Tolstoy was born on 9 July 1802 (Old Style) in the Tolstoy family. He received home education and in 1819 enrolled to serve in the Uglitsk regiment. In 1821, he was transferred into the regiment of chasseurs of the Leib Guards. Tolstoy was aide-de-camp to general Alexander von Neidgart, and was stationed in Laibach (Ljubljana) during the Congress, where he was appointed head of the Russian headquarters of the detachment against Piedmont. In 1826, Count Tolstoy participated in the Russo-Persian War, 1826–1828, serving as aide de camp to Mayor-General Prince Aleksandr Sergeyevich Menshikov. On 21 April 1827 Tolstoy was appointed aide de camp to the Emperor Nicholas I of Russia. During the campaign of Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829, he was awarded with an Order of St. George of the 4th degree and the rank of colonel for the action in the siege of Anapa. He was awarded with a golden sword for the restoration of the communication between the main army and the corps of general Loggin Rot in July of the same year; and was wounded in the head during the Siege of Varna.
In 1831, Yegor Tolstoy participated in the military actions against Polish rebels during November Uprising and was awarded with an Order of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree for the seizure of Warsaw.
Government Work
In 1835 Count Tolstoy received an appointment at the Ministry of Interior and gave his resignation in 1840. In April 1851, he was appointed governor of Kaluga, and on 27 April 1854, governor-general of the city of Taganrog. Tolstoy held this office until September 1856 and participated in the defense of the city from bombardments and landing operations during the Siege of Taganrog in 1855. On 31 August 1859 he was appointed governor of Penza and on 4 August 1861, Russian senator. In 1870, Tolstoy was decorated with an Order of St. Alexander Nevsky for the 50 years of service.
Count Yegor Tolstoy died on 12 March 1874.
External links and references
Governor Yegor Petrovich Tolstoy
1802 births
1874 deaths
Counts of the Russian Empire
Imperial Russian Army generals
Russian people of the Crimean War
Politicians of the Russian Empire
Governors of Taganrog
Yegor
Governors of Penza Governorate |
5389180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings%20Meadows%20High%20School | Kings Meadows High School | Kings Meadows High School is a government co-educational comprehensive secondary school located in , a southern suburb of , Tasmania, Australia. Established in 1960, the school caters for approximately 550 students from Years 7 to 12. The school is administered by the Tasmanian Department of Education.
In 2019 student enrolments were 540. The school principal is Cary Stocks.
The school services the Kings Meadows, Youngtown, and Northern Midlands area.
See also
List of schools in Tasmania
Education in Tasmania
References
External links
Kings Meadows High School
Public high schools in Tasmania
Schools in Launceston, Tasmania
Rock Eisteddfod Challenge participants
Educational institutions established in 1960
1960 establishments in Australia |
5389189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas%20of%20Chennai | Areas of Chennai | The city of Chennai is classified into three regions: North Chennai, Central Chennai and South Chennai. It is further divided into 15 zones, consisting of 200 wards.
References
Geography of Chennai
Chennai-related lists |
5389195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Isidro%2C%20Buenos%20Aires | San Isidro, Buenos Aires | San Isidro is a city in Greater Buenos Aires. It is located 27.9 km from the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA). It ranks as the province's most affluent neighborhood.
History
In 2007, San Isidro celebrated its 300 years of existence with different celebrations taking place in the Hippodrome and in other venues. The settlement was first incorporated in 1784 as the Alcaldía de la Hermandad and was granted municipality status by the province in 1850. It maintains sister city relationships with Herzliya, Israel; Nagoya, Japan; and San Isidro, Peru.
Geography
The center of San Isidro is a historic area with cobbled streets and old single-story houses. At the heart of Plaza Mitre is the neo-gothic San Isidro Cathedral built in 1898. The sloping plaza, home to the recently opened Rugby Museum, hosts an antiques and crafts fair. The plaza leads down to the Río de la Plata, where the riverside park is popular with mate drinkers and tourists. The city is also known as the "National Capital of Rugby" being the cradle of many important players and hosting the national rugby union's derby match between CASI and SIC.
San Isidro is served by two rail lines, the Mitre Line and the Tren de la Costa (Train of the Coast). The latter station is a vintage 1891 building designed in the style of British stations. The facility also houses a shopping arcade, a cinema complex and restaurants. The station is located just 200 meters from the San Isidro Cathedral.
Many large houses surround the historic center and line the riverside. The oldest is the House of General Pueyrredón, built in 1790 by Juan Martín de Pueyrredón and expanded by his son Prilidiano Pueyrredón. The house, with its old giant algarrobo tree under which Pueyrredón and San Martín discussed independence, is a national historic monument and hosts the municipal historic museum of San Isidro. The home of writer Victoria Ocampo, the Villa Ocampo, is owned by Unesco and is open to the public.
The San Isidro Hippodrome is one of Argentina's most important race courses and covers a large part of the area inland from the city. Built in the striking 1930s architectural style, the race track has faced tough times since the economic crises of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
Notable people
Francisco Javier Muñiz, physician and naturalist
Melchor Angel Posse, former mayor and vice presidential candidate
Gustavo Angel Posse, mayor
Puccio family, including Arquímedes Rafael Puccio, convicted murderer and kidnapper
Ronald Scott, Fleet Air Arm pilot during the Second World War.
Gallery
References
External links
Centro de Guias Turisticas de San Isidro (Español)
Municipalidad de San Isidro (Español)
Paintings by local artist Susana D'Mono
Populated places in Buenos Aires Province
Populated places established in 1784
Cities in Argentina
1707 establishments in the Spanish Empire |
5389202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadar | Kadar | Kadar may refer to:
People
First name
Kadar Brock (born 1980), American contemporary abstract artist
Ka'dar Hollman (born 1996), American football player
Kadar Khan, an alternate spelling of Kader Khan (born 1935/1936), Indian actor
Last name
Danny Kadar (born 1969), American producer, engineer, and mixer
Gyula Kadar (disambiguation), several people
János Kádár (1912–1989), Hungarian communist party and government leader
M. A. Kadar (born 1942), Indian politician
Places
Kadar, Russia, a rural locality near Karamakhi in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia
Kādar, alternative spelling of Kodur-e Bala, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
Other
Kadar language, a Dravidian language of Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Kadar people, one of the scheduled tribes of India
See also
Kádár, a Hungarian surname
The Night of Kadar, 1978 science fiction novel by Garry Kilworth
Language and nationality disambiguation pages |
5389221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassel | Fassel | Fassel (translated "barrel") is a surname of German origin. Notable people with the surname include:
Hirsch Bär Fassel, pioneer of the Reform Judaism movement
Jim Fassel, American football coach
Preston Fassel, Jewish-American writer
See also
Fasel, surname
Fossel, surname
Surnames of German origin |
5389222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fass | Fass | Fass () may refer to:
Fass 57 (SIG 510), a battle rifle
FASS 90 (SIG 550), an assault rifle
Fass or Faß is the surname of:
John Fass, American graphic designer
Baddon Fass, a fictional character in Dark Empire and Dark Empire II
Bob Fass (1933–2021), American radio personality
Frederick Fass (1853–1930), American baseball player
George Fass and Gertrude Fass, see 77 Sunset Strip
Myron Fass, 1970s magazine entrepreneur
Patricia Fass Palmer, producer of The Powers That Be
FASS may also refer to:
FASS curve, a curve in mathematical analysis which is space-filling, self-avoiding, simple and self-similar
FASS (drug formulary), Farmaceutiska Specialiteter i Sverige, the Swedish national formulary of drugs
Friends of Assam and Seven Sisters, an international non-profit NGO - see Assamese Associations
FASS, a University of Waterloo theater group
See also
Fas (disambiguation)
Heidelberg Tun (Großes Fass von Heidelberg) |
5389229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20DiMaggio | Paul DiMaggio | Paul Joseph DiMaggio (born January 10, 1951 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American educator, and professor of sociology at New York University since 2015. Previously, he was a professor of sociology at Princeton University.
Biography
A graduate of Swarthmore College, DiMaggio earned his Ph.D. in sociology from Harvard in 1979. He was the executive director of Yale's program on nonprofit organizations (1982–87), and through 1991 he was a professor in the sociology department at the university. He was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (1984–85) and at the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1990). He also served on the Connecticut Commission on the Arts and on the board of the National Assembly of State Arts Agencies. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2016.
Work
DiMaggio's major works have been in the study of institutions and organizations and the formation of "high culture" in the U.S. His recent research explores social inequality in the Internet.
According to DiMaggio, belief systems and cultural frames are imposed on and adapted by individual actors and organisations. Thus, roles are for a large part determined by larger structures.
In a much-quoted article, DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell argued that organizations, whether corporate, governmental, or non-profit, adopt business practices not because they are efficient, but because they furnish legitimacy in the eyes of outside stakeholders, e. g. lenders, government regulators, and shareholders, as they need to maintain the confidence of these often poorly-informed outside parties. This makes them less creative and innovative in their practices, and leads to institutional isomorphism.
In his cultural studies, DiMaggio's historical research documented the self-conscious creation of "high culture" in the late 19th-century America. DiMaggio argues that, unsettled by the weak class distinctions in growing industrial cities, local elites created a "sophisticated" culture (via the arts, universities, social clubs, and the like) that would separate commoners from those of high standing. DiMaggio says that "high culture" models developed by founders of museums and orchestras were then adopted by patrons of opera, dance, and theatre.
DiMaggio's recent research considers the cultural advent of the Internet. He compares the emergence of the Internet with the rise of television in the 1950s. Television was introduced to American consumers in 1948, and within ten years 90% of households had TV. In contrast, Internet diffusion (introduced on a large scale in 1994) seems to have stalled at approximately 60% of American households. DiMaggio believes that this difference is the result of the so-called digital divide - inequalities in Internet usage by race, income, and education level. DiMaggio maintains that these inequalities were not found in the adoption of TV in the 1950s, and suggests that differences in Internet usage among social groups will continue. This remains an open question, and some recent data suggest Internet usage is growing, with more than 70% of American adults reporting that they use the Internet.
Selected bibliography
The Twenty-First Century Firm: Changing Economic Organization in International Perspective (editor), Princeton University Press 2001
Race, Ethnicity, and Participation in the Arts with Francie Ostrower, Seven Locks Press 1992
The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (editor with Walter Powell), University of Chicago Press 1991
Managers of the Arts, Seven Locks Press 1988
Nonprofit Enterprise in the Arts: Studies in Mission and Constraint (editor), Oxford University Press 1987
"The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields,” in American Sociological Review 48:147-160, 1983. (With Walter W. Powell).
References
External links
Princeton University webpage
Getcited.org webpage on works by DiMaggio
1951 births
Living people
American sociologists
Swarthmore College alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Princeton University faculty
New York University faculty
Educators from Philadelphia
Members of the American Philosophical Society |
5389236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20N.%20Cox | Nicholas N. Cox | Nicholas Nichols Cox (January 6, 1837 – May 2, 1912) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the Tennessee's 7th congressional district.
Biography
Cox was born in Bedford County, Tennessee on January 6, 1837, the son of Caleb and Nancy Cox. He went to Seguin, Texas as a child, attended the common schools, served on the Mexican frontier, and graduated with a law degree from Cumberland University in 1858. He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice at Linden, Tennessee. He was married on January 6, 1859, to Mary Slayden, daughter of Thomas Boyd and Jane (Lewis) Slayden, and had five children, with three boys and three girls, four surviving his death.
Career
During the Civil War Cox was a colonel in the Tenth Tennessee Cavalry of the Confederate Army, serving principally with General Forrest. He settled in Williamson County, Tennessee in 1866 and engaged in agricultural pursuits. In 1860, he was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket of Breckinridge and Lane.
Cox was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-second and the four succeeding Congresses. He served from March 4, 1891 to March 3, 1901. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1900. He resumed the practice of law and engaged in the practice of banking in Franklin, Tennessee.
Death
Cox died in Franklin, Tennessee on May 2, 1912 (age 75 years, 117 days). He is interred at Mount Hope Cemetery. His home in Brentwood (a suburb of Nashville), the Owen-Cox House, was add to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It is also known as Maplelawn.
References
External links
1837 births
1912 deaths
People from Seguin, Texas
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
19th-century American politicians
People from Franklin, Tennessee |
5389244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Cox | Nicholas Cox | Nicholas Cox may refer to:
Nicholas N. Cox (1837–1912), member of the United States House of Representatives
Nicholas Cox (British Army officer) (1724–1794), first Lieutenant-Governor of New Carlisle, Quebec |
5389246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederkirchnerstra%C3%9Fe | Niederkirchnerstraße | Niederkirchnerstraße () is a street in Berlin, Germany and was named after Käthe Niederkirchner. The thoroughfare was known as Prinz-Albrecht-Straße until 1951 but the name was changed by the socialist German government. The street was the location of the SS Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), the headquarters of the Sicherheitspolizei, SD, Einsatzgruppen and Gestapo. The site is now marked by the Topography of Terror memorial and a museum, which includes a permanent exhibition showing the crimes of Nazism.
Course
The street runs east-west from Wilhelmstraße to Stresemannstraße near Potsdamer Platz, forming the border between the districts of Mitte and Kreuzberg.
Niederkirchnerstraße is also the site of the Martin-Gropius-Bau exhibition hall, built in 1881 by Martin Gropius and Heino Schmieden as a Museum of Decorative Arts, and the Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin, from 1899 until 1933 seat of the Preußischer Landtag, the second chamber of the Prussian parliament. On 1 January 1919 the Communist Party of Germany was founded in this building. Since 29 April 1993 it houses the parliament of the Berlin city state.
History
The street was laid out in 1891 and named for Prince Albrecht of Prussia, son of King Friedrich Wilhelm III, who had owned a large house called Prinz-Albrecht-Palais on the corner of this street and Wilhelmstraße.
In 1905 an extension building of the Museum of Decorative Arts was erected adjacent to the Martin-Gropius-Bau on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8. From May 1933 this building served as the headquarters of the Gestapo created by the order of Hermann Göring, where many political prisoners were tortured and executed. In December 1934, it also housed the headquarters of the Concentration Camps Inspectorate, which oversaw all the concentration camps. It formed the nucleus of the complex of buildings including the neighbouring Hotel Prinz Albrecht on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 9 and the Prinz-Albrecht-Palais itself, which was taken over by the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) under Reinhard Heydrich in 1934. In September 1939, it developed into a centre for the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), which was created by Heinrich Himmler and placed under the command of Heydrich for the whole of Germany and occupied Europe. Himmler himself operated out of the building from an office on the top floor, thus making #8 Prince Albrecht Street the default headquarters for the entire SS.
The buildings, including the first building of the Ethnological Museum of Berlin (at the southern corner with Stresemannstraße), were destroyed by Allied bombing in early 1945 and demolished after the war. After World War II, in 1951, the authorities of East Berlin renamed Prinz-Albrecht-Straße to Niederkirchnerstraße in honour of Käthe Niederkirchner (1909–1944), a member of the communist resistance to the Nazis. The Berlin Wall ran along the southern side of the street from 1961 to 1989, one of the few preserved sections is located at the eastern end.
In popular culture
A building labeled "SS Headquarters" appears in the 2008 motion picture Valkyrie, the complex shown appearing as a large concrete building in a plaza draped with swastika flags. In reality, this was never an SS building but was the Berlin fairgrounds. The mini-series Hitler's SS: Portrait in Evil further depicts SS headquarters as a grand hotel in a courtyard plaza, with the interior shown as a large lobby with a grand staircase leading up to Heinrich Himmler's office. Both depictions in no way resemble the historic Prinz-Albrecht-Straße, although "Hitler's SS" did accurately depict the building as being located within a former hotel. Numerous historical novels and thrillers set in Nazi Germany have sections taking place in the Prinz-Albrecht-Straße headquarters.
References
External links
Stätten des NS Terrors in Berlin und rund um den Potsdamer Platz
Das Gelände
Streets in Berlin
Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg |
5389249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Cronin%20%28actor%29 | Michael Cronin (actor) | Michael Cronin (born 1942) is an English actor.
Personal life
Born in Cranfield, Bedfordshire during World War II, he was educated at St Brendan's College by the Christian Brothers in Bristol, and at the University of London where he studied English. He is married and has two sons.
Acting career
Cronin is a television and stage actor, particularly remembered for his role as the tough but fair PE teacher Geoff 'Bullet' Baxter in the television series Grange Hill between 1979 and 1986. He also made a cameo appearance as Baxter in a 2000 edition of The Grimleys. He also appeared in Fawlty Towers as Irish cowboy builder Lurphy (whom Manuel memorably called a "hideous orangutan"), and as Eliphaz in the 1977 television miniseries Jesus of Nazareth. He has appeared in episodes of Foyle's War, Midsomer Murders, The Gentle Touch, The Sweeney and Bergerac, and played Vyacheslav Molotov in the 1989 TV movie Countdown to War. In 1990 he played Alfred Inglethorp in the Agatha Christie's Poirot film The Mysterious Affair at Styles, and played Sergei in the 2000 television adaptation of Anna Karenina. He also occasionally appeared in the BBC television programme Merlin (2008), as the character Geoffrey of Monmouth. He also made an appearance in the second episode of the second series of Citizen Khan as a friend of Naani's who turns out to be gay.
Other television work includes: Marie Curie, The Chinese Puzzle, Midnight at the Starlight, Invasion, Tiny Revolutions, Glorious Day, The Bill, Wycliffe, The History of Tom Jones: a Foundling, Shakespeare Shorts, Our Mutual Friend, Goodnight Mr Tom, My Dad's the Prime Minister, Law & Order: UK, and Mayor of Casterbridge.
His film appearances include The Sexplorer (1975), Secrets of a Superstud (1976), What's Up Nurse! (1977), Le Pétomane (1979), Hopscotch (1980), Captive (1986), The Hour of the Pig (1993), The Grotesque (1995), Double Identity (2009), The Wolfman (2010), The Raven (2012), In Secret (2013) and In the Heart of the Sea (2015).
His theatre work includes: An Empty Desk (Royal Court); Duet for One, Hamlet, Due Process of Law (Dukes, Lancaster); Hamlet, Jail Diary of Albie Sachs, and Gloo Joo (Young Vic); Hedda Gabler (Octagon, Bolton); Caesar and Cleopatra, The Prisoner of Zenda, and The Corn is Green (Greenwich Theatre). From 1986 to 1991 he worked with the English Shakespeare Company in Richard II, Henry IV Pts 1 and 2, Henry V, Henry VI, Richard III, Coriolanus, and The Winter's Tale, and toured with them in the UK, Europe, Japan, US, India and Australia; All My Sons (Oxford Stage Company/ Wolsey); Purcell's The Indian Queen with the King's Consort and NYMT at the Queen Elizabeth Hall and Schwetzingen Festival in Germany; Hamlet, and, Comedians (The Belgrade, Coventry); Northanger Abbey (Greenwich Theatre); The Merchant of Venice (Salisbury Playhouse); Timon of Athens (AJTC Brix Theatre) The Taming of the Shrew, Don Juan The Masterbuilder, The Cherry Orchard, Love’s Labour’s Lost, Ghosts, King Lear, Romeo and Juliet, Twelfth Night, (English Touring Theatre) Mary Stuart (Derby Playhouse) Richard II (Steven Berkoff) Hamlet, Mother Courage (English Touring Theatre); The Last Confession (Chichester/The Haymarket London); The Ruling Class, Dir Jamie Lloyd, Trafalgar Studios.
Writing career
Michael Cronin has written three children's novels, published by Oxford University Press. His first novel, Against the Day, was short listed for the 1999 Angus Book Award. The story is set after the end of Second World War in an England that has fallen under Nazi occupation. It follows the adventures of two boys who become dangerously involved in a secret resistance movement. A sequel, Through the Night, was published in 2003. A third book in the series, In the Morning, was published in 2005.
He is also a screenwriter with two film screenplays to his credit.
Bibliography
Against the Day - 1998 novel ()
Through the Night - 2003 novel ()
In the Morning - 2005 novel ()
No Final Truth - film script
Stealing the Fire - film script
External links
Author Bio at Oxford Education
1942 births
Living people
Male actors from Bedfordshire
English children's writers
21st-century English novelists
English male television actors
People from Cranfield
Date of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of London
English male novelists
21st-century English male writers |
5389250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20amphibians | List of amphibians | Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Thus amphibians typically start out as larvae living in water, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this.
A list of amphibians organizes the class of amphibian by family and subfamilies and mentions the number of species in each of them.
The list below largely follows Darrel Frost's Amphibian Species of the World (ASW), Version 5.5 (31 January 2011). Another classification, which largely follows Frost, but deviates from it in part is the one of AmphibiaWeb, which is run by the California Academy of Sciences and several of universities. The major differences between these two classifications are:
Frost's ASW has split several families from other families (i.e. elevated to distinct families), whereas AmphibiaWeb has not (i.e., keeping them within the original families as subfamilies):
From Dendrobatidae: Aromobatidae
From Myobatrachidae: Limnodynastidae
From Ranidae: Ceratobatrachidae, Dicroglossidae, Mantellidae, Micrixalidae, Nyctibatrachidae, Petropedetidae, Phrynobatrachidae, Ptychadenidae, Pyxicephalidae, Ranixalidae, Rhacophoridae
AmphibiaWeb has also split a few families off from other families (i.e. elevated to distinct families), where Frost's ASW has not (i.e., keeping them within the original families):
From Alytidae: Discoglossidae
From Leiopelmatidae: Ascaphidae
From Ambystomatidae: Dicamptodontidae
From Caeciliidae: Scolecomorphidae, Typhlonectidae
From Ichthyophiidae: Uraeotyphlidae
Class Amphibia
There are a total of 8216 amphibian species in three orders.
Order Anura: frogs and toads
, 7243 species of frogs and toads are recognised by Amphibian Species of the World.
Suborder Archaeobatrachia
Family Alytidae – painted frogs or disc-tongued frogs, 12 species. Includes the genus Discoglossus (5 species) which is sometimes considered a distinct family, Discoglossidae.
Family Bombinatoridae – firebelly toads, 8 species
Family Leiopelmatidae – New Zealand primitive frogs, 3 species in genus Leiopelma.
Family Ascaphidae – tailed frogs. Two species in genus Ascaphus. Sometimes considered part of family Leiopelmatidae.
Suborder Mesobatrachia
Family Megophryidae – litter frogs or short legged toads, 268 species
Subfamily Megophryinae – Asian spadefoot toads, 106 species
Family Pelobatidae – European spadefoot toads, 6 species
Family Pelodytidae – parsley frogs, 5 species
Family Pipidae – tongueless frogs, 41 species
Family Rhinophrynidae – Mexican burrowing toad, 1 species
Family Scaphiopodidae – American spadefoot toads, 7 species
Suborder Neobatrachia
Family Allophrynidae – Tukeit Hill frogs, 3 species
Family Alsodidae – 30 species
Family Arthroleptidae – screeching frogs or squeakers, 149 species
Subfamily Arthroleptinae – 67 species
Subfamily Astylosterninae – 30 species
Subfamily Leptopelinae – 52 species
Family: Batrachylidae, 12 species
Superfamily Brachycephaloidea – 1170 species
Family Brachycephalidae – saddleback toads, 74 species
Family Craugastoridae – 865 species
Subfamily Ceuthomantinae – 573 species; includes species formerly in subfamily Strabomantinae
Subfamily Craugastorinae – 139 species
Subfamily Holoadeninae – 153 species
Family Eleutherodactylidae – 201 species
Subfamily Eleutherodactylinae – 217 species
Subfamily Phyzelaphryninae – 12 species
Family Brevicipitidae – 36 species
Family Bufonidae – true toads, 627 species
Family Calyptocephalellidae – 5 species
Family Centrolenidae – glass frogs, 156 species
Subfamily: Centroleninae – 119 species
Subfamily: Hyalinobatrachiinae – 35 species
Family Ceratobatrachidae – 102 species
Subfamily Alcalinae – 5 species
Subfamily Ceratobatrachinae – 90 species
Subfamily Liuraninae – 7 species
Family Ceratophryidae – 12 species, formerly contained Batrachylidae and Telmatobiidae as subfamilies
Family Conrauidae – 6 species
Family Cycloramphidae – 36 species, formerly contained Alsodidae as subfamily
Superfamily Dendrobatoidea – 328 species
Family Aromobatidae – 128 species, considered a subfamily of Dendrobatidae by AmphibiaWeb
Subfamily Allobatinae – 55 species
Subfamily Anomaloglossinae – 34 species
Subfamily Aromobatinae – 38 species
Family Dendrobatidae – poison dart frogs, 200 species
Subfamily Colostethinae, 66 species
Subfamily Dendrobatinae, 61 species
Subfamily Hyloxalinae, 72 species
Family Dicroglossidae – 212 species
Subfamily Dicroglossinae – 197 species
Subfamily Occidozyginae – 15 species
Family Heleophrynidae – ghost frogs, 7 species
Family Hemiphractidae – 118 species
Subfamily Cryptobatrachinae – 8 species
Subfamily Hemiphractinae – 110 species
Family Hemisotidae – shovelnose frogs, 9 species
Family Hylidae – tree frogs, 734 species; formerly contained families Pelodryadidae and Phyllomedusidae as subfamilies
Subfamily Acrisinae – 21 species
Subfamily Cophomantinae – 187 species
Subfamily Dendropsophina – 111 species
Subfamily Hylinae – 173 species
Subfamily Lophyohylinae – 88 species
Subfamily Pseudinae – 13 species
Subfamily Scinaxinae – 140 species
Family Hylodidae – 47 species
Family Hyperoliidae – sedge frogs or bush frogs, 228 species
Subfamily Hyperoliinae – 203 species
Subfamily Kassininae – 25 species
Family Leiopelmatidae – 3 species; formerly part of Ascaphidae
Family Leiuperidae – 86 species
Family Leptodactylidae – southern frogs or tropical frogs, 219 species
Subfamily Leiuperinae – 101 species
Subfamily Leptodactylinae – 103 species
Subfamily Paratelmatobiinae – 14 species
Family Mantellidae – 231 species, formerly considered part of the family Ranidae
Subfamily: Boophinae – 79 species
Subfamily: Laliostominae – 7 species
Subfamily: Mantellinae – 145 species
Family Micrixalidae – 24 species, considered part of the family Ranidae by AmphibiaWeb
Family Microhylidae – narrow-mouthed frogs, 698 species
Subfamily Adelastinae – 1 species
Subfamily Asterophryinae – 349 species
Subfamily Cophylinae – 113 species
Subfamily Dyscophinae – 3 species
Subfamily Gastrophryninae – 79 species
Subfamily Hoplophryninae – 3 species
Subfamily Kalophryninae – 26 species
Subfamily Melanobatrachinae – 1 species
Subfamily Microhylinae – 101 species
Subfamily Otophryninae – 6 species
Subfamily Phrynomerinae – 5 species
Subfamily Scaphiophryninae – 11 species
Superfamily Myobatrachoidea – 132 species
Family Limnodynastidae, 43 species; considered a subfamily of Myobatrachidae by AmphibiaWeb
Family Myobatrachidae – Australian ground frogs, 85 species
Family Nasikabatrachidae – 2 species; formerly included in family Sooglossidae
Family Nyctibatrachidae – 39 species; formerly considered part of the family Ranidae
Subfamily Astrobatrachinae – 1 species
Subfamily Lankanectinae – 2 species
Subfamily Nyctibatrachinae – 36 species
Family Odontobatrachidae – 5 species
Family Odontophrynidae – 52 species
Family Pelodryadidae – 215 species; formerly a subfamily of Hylidae
Subfamily Litoriinae – 93 species
Subfamily Pelodryadinae – 115 species
Family Petropedetidae – 13 species; formerly considered part of Ranidae
Family Phrynobatrachidae – 95 species; formerly considered part of Ranidae
Family Phyllomedusidae – 66 species; formerly a subfamily of Hylidae
Family Ptychadenidae – 60 species, formerly considered part of Ranidae
Family Pyxicephalidae – 85 species; formerly considered part of Ranidae
Subfamily Cacosterninae – 79 species
Subfamily Pyxicephalinae – 6 species
Family Ranidae – true frogs, 409 species
Family Ranixalidae – 18 species, formerly considered part of the family Ranidae
Family Rhacophoridae – moss frogs, 430 species, formerly considered part of the family Ranidae
Subfamily Buergeriinae – 5 species
Subfamily Rhacophorinae – 425 species
Family Sooglossidae Seychelles frogs, 4 species.
Family Telmatobiidae – 63 species
Order Caudata: Salamanders
, 759 species of salamanders are recognised by Amphibian Species of the World.
Suborder Cryptobranchoidea
Family Cryptobranchidae – giant salamanders, 4 species
Family Hynobiidae – Asiatic salamanders, 81 species
Subfamily Hynobiinae, 71 species
Subfamily Onychodactylinae – 10 species
Suborder Salamandroidea
Family Ambystomatidae – mole salamanders, 37 species. The Pacific mole salamanders of genus Dicamptodon (4 species) are considered a distinct family, Dicamptodontidae, by AmphibiaWeb:
Family Amphiumidae – amphiumas or Congo eels, 3 species
Family Plethodontidae – lungless salamanders, 488 species
Subfamily Hemidactyliinae – 382 species; includes species formerly assigned to subfamilies Bolitoglossinae and Spelerpinae.
Subfamily: Plethodontinae – 106 species
Family Proteidae – mudpuppies and waterdogs, 9 species
Family Rhyacotritonidae – torrent salamanders, 4 species
Family Salamandridae – true salamanders and newts, 128 species
Subfamily Pleurodelinae, 110 species
Subfamily Salamandrinae, 16 species
Subfamily Salamandrininae, 2 species
Suborder Sirenoidea
Family Sirenidae – sirens, 5 species
Order Gymnophiona: Caecilians
, 214 species of caecilians are recognised by Amphibian Species of the World.
Family Caeciliidae – common caecilians, 44 species
Family Chikilidae – 4 species
Family Dermophiidae – 14 species
Family Herpelidae – 10 species
Family Ichthyophiidae – fish caecilians, 57 species. The genus Uraeotyphlus (7 species) is sometimes considered a distinct family, Uraeotyphlidae.
Family Indotyphlidae – 24 species
Family Rhinatrematidae – beaked caecilians, 13 species
Family Scolecomorphidae – 6 species; formerly considered a subfamily of Caeciliidae
Family Siphonopidae – 28 species
Family Typhlonectidae – 14 species; formerly considered a subfamily of Caeciliidae
See also
List of California amphibians and reptiles
List of amphibian genera
List of prehistoric amphibians
Amphibian
Sources
Frost, Darrel R. (2011). Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 5.5 (31 January 2011). American Museum of Natural History, New York, US.
External links
Amphibian Species of the World
AmphibiaWeb |
5389251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing%20Out%21 | Sing Out! | Sing Out! was a quarterly journal of folk music and folk songs that was published from May 1950 through spring 2014. It was originally based in New York City, with a national circulation of approximately 10,000 by 1960.
Background
Sing Out! was the primary publication of the tax exempt, not-for-profit, educational corporation of the same name. According to the organization's website, "Sing Out!'''s mission is to preserve and support the cultural diversity and heritage of all traditional and contemporary folk musics, and to encourage making folk music a part of our everyday lives." Irwin Silber was an important co-founder along with Pete Seeger, and was the magazine's long-time editor from 1951 to 1967. Its final editor and executive director, since 1983, was Mark D. Moss. The editors applied a very broad definition of folk music including material from contemporary singer-songwriters, Americana, roots, blues, bluegrass, and world music.
One defining feature of the magazine was the inclusion of 15 or more songs with lyrics and music within the pages of each issuesupplemented with an illustrative CD from 2001 until it ceased publication in 2014. The magazine also contained in-depth articles profiling musicians and musical traditions, "teach-ins," reviews of recordings and print publications, a comprehensive festival and camp listing, and columns covering topics such as songwriting, storytelling, children's music, and the folk process.
The corporate headquarters of Sing Out! were located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania which is also home to the Sing Out! Resource Center. The magazine was distributed by mail subscriptions, and could be found in some North American bookstores and libraries.
Sing Out! publications
In addition to the quarterly magazine, the corporation also offered an extensive mail order catalog of printed material on folk-music and folklore. The catalog included other Sing Out! publications, such as the folk music fake book, Rise Up Singing.
The Sing Out! Resource Center
The Sing Out! Resource Center (SORCe) is a collection of recordings, photos, books, periodicals and other items. It is located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
Sing Out! Radio Magazine
Even after the magazine's print publication ceased, the Sing Out! Radio Magazine'' has continued as a weekly syndicated radio program featuring songs, news and interviews with musicians. The show is hosted by Tom Druckenmiller.
Notes
External links
Official site
text from recent issues from findarticles.com
additional text reprints from highbeam.com
Sing Out! Magazine Discography from folklib.net (not up-to-date).
1950 establishments in Pennsylvania
Music magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Folk music magazines
Magazines established in 1950
Music organizations based in the United States
Magazines published in Pennsylvania
2014 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines disestablished in 2014 |
5389257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Hawkins%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201988%29 | Tom Hawkins (footballer, born 1988) | Thomas John Hawkins (born 21 July 1988) is an Australian rules footballer playing for the Geelong Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). At 198 cm (6 ft 6 in) tall and weighing , Hawkins has the ability to play as either a full-forward or centre half-forward. He grew up in New South Wales before moving to Victoria to attend Melbourne Grammar School, where his football abilities earned him a spot in the first XVIII in year ten. He played top-level football with the Sandringham Dragons in the TAC Cup and Vic Metro in the AFL Under-18 Championships. His accolades as a junior include national and state representation, the Larke Medal as the AFL Under-18 Championships most valuable player, and All-Australian selection.
As the eldest son of former Geelong champion Jack Hawkins, Hawkins was drafted by Geelong under the father–son draft rule with the forty-first selection in the 2006 national draft. He made his AFL debut in 2007, which saw former coach, Denis Pagan compare him to the highest goal scorer in the history of the league and former full-forward, Tony Lockett, after his debut game. His debut season saw him earn an AFL Rising Star nomination and he was part of Geelong's Victorian Football League (VFL) premiership side. He has since become a three-time AFL premiership player, a Coleman Medalist, an All-Australian full forward, a Carji Greeves Medallist as the club best and fairest player, a ten-time leading goalkicker for Geelong, and a recipient of the former AFL Army Award—awarded to a player who produces significant acts of bravery or selflessness during a season.
Early life
Hawkins was born in Finley, New South Wales to Jack and Jenny Hawkins. He grew up in the New South Wales region of Finley as the second child among four children. He attended Finley High School and played for the Finley Football Club before making the move south of the border to begin boarding at Melbourne Grammar School. Hawkins' footballing ability was recognised early on when he was selected to play first XVIII football for the school while still in year ten, when many of his teammates were completing their final year of schooling at year twelve. Hawkins kicked four goals on debut for the school and his performances up forward soon received attention from AFL recruiting teams. By the time he had reached his final school year he was rewarded with joint captaincy of the football team alongside Hawthorn draftee Xavier Ellis. He was also selected in the Associated Public Schools (APS) team to play the Associated Grammar School (AGS) selected football team in the traditional annual clash of schools, where he won best on ground honours for his performance.
Having gained permission to join local under-18 club in 2006, the Sandringham Dragons for numerous games during the season, Hawkins impressed in his limited appearances within the elite TAC Cup competition, highlighted by a twenty-two disposal, nine mark, and five goal effort in just his third game. In the same year, he was awarded an AIS/AFL academy scholarship as part of the ninth intake. The scholarship, awarded to outstanding young athletes entering the last year of their junior football development, saw Hawkins participate in several training camps, capped off with representation for Australia in the under-18 International Rules Series, before completing his summer training with the Geelong Football Club.
In the mid-year of 2006, Hawkins was selected to play in the 2006 AFL Under-18 Championships, lining up at full forward for Vic Metro. A best on ground performance which yielded twelve marks and six goals in the opening match against South Australia began a wave of unprecedented hype and attention, with Hawkins drawing comparisons to former forward, Jonathan Brown and leading Vic Metro coach David Dickson to declare the young forward as "the best footballer I've seen...since Chris Judd". Hawkins was awarded the Larke Medal as the most valuable player within division one and named as the tournament's All-Australian full-forward, just falling short of the all-time contested marking record held by Justin Koschitzke.
AFL career
2007–2011: early career
Hawkins was officially selected by Geelong in the 2006 national draft under the father–son rule. While many pundits lauded him as the best key position prospect within the draft, and felt Hawkins' junior performances warranted possible selection with the top overall pick, the father-son rules at the time only required Geelong to use a middle-tier third round pick to draft him. The subsequent controversy over what was widely acknowledged as a bargain gain for the Cats led to the AFL amending the father-son ruling for future use. With a reputation as one of the finest young tall forwards in the land, Hawkins was immediately billed as the successor to the legendary Gary Ablett, whose retirement ten years earlier had left a gaping hole in Geelongs forward line. A stress reaction injury to his right leg, however, halted Hawkins' pre-season, forcing his much-awaited debut in Geelong colours to take place in the Victorian Football League (VFL) side.
Hawkins made his highly anticipated debut for the Geelong seniors in round two of the 2007 season against . Opposed to Carlton captain Lance Whitnall, Hawkins impressed with three goals and several strong marks in Geelong's seventy-eight point victory, prompting then-Carlton coach, Denis Pagan to label him the next Tony Lockett. Other revered media figures, such as Gerard Healy and David Parkin, were moved enough to describe the debut as the best first-up performance in recent memory. Uncommonly for AFL debutants, he followed up with an even more impressive performance in his second game, kicking four first half goals to help set up a victory against at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), earning the AFL Rising Star nomination for round three in the process. Question marks, however, were raised over his fitness and ability to run out entire games, and after nine games in his debut season, which saw him kick twelve goals, Hawkins saw out the rest of the year with the clubs' VFL side. There, Hawkins helped Geelong reach the VFL Grand Final for the second successive year, booting three goals as the Cats defeated the Coburg Tigers to claim their first VFL premiership since 2002.
Despite inconsistencies in Hawkin's form, he played twenty-four matches for the 2009 season including the grand final, where he played alongside other father-son selections, Gary Ablett, Matthew Scarlett and Mark Blake. He scored two goals in the game to help Geelong defeat by twelve points, winning the 2009 AFL premiership. One of his goals was notably controversial, as it was later ruled it had hit the goal post, which should have been registered as a behind; this was one of the reasons behind the introduction of the goal review system implemented by the AFL during the 2012 season.
A mid-year footy injury saw Hawkins miss seven weeks of football in 2010, and he finished the season with eighteen matches and twenty-one goals. He did, however, play in Geelong's final series; a narrow loss to St Kilda in the qualifying final hampered Geelong's chances of retaining the premiership and a forty-one point loss to eventual premiers, , in the preliminary final ended Geelong and Hawkins' season.
Hawkins faced scrutiny during the 2011 season for his inconsistent form which saw him dropped from the senior side in the middle of the season. He was highly praised during Geelong's finals series in which Herald Sun journalist, Scott Gullan labelled the qualifying win against the best match of Hawkins' career at the time. He bettered that performance two weeks later in the 2011 AFL Grand Final, where he finished the day with nineteen disposals, nine marks and three goals to win his second premiership medallion. An injury to fellow forward, James Podsiadly in the second quarter meant Hawkins was the main target in the forward line where he kicked three goals in the third quarter and he was labelled as the unlikely hero by Fox Sports Australia journalist, Mike Hedge. His performance saw him awarded five votes for the Norm Smith Medal, coming third behind Jimmy Bartel with thirteen votes and Joel Selwood with nine votes. It was later revealed in the book, Greatness, Inside Geelong's Path to Premiership History, he was nearly dropped for the final series for retiring forward, Cameron Mooney.
2012–present: Geelong leading goalkicker
In 2012, Hawkins had a break out year, kicking sixty-two goals to finish equal second in the Coleman Medal. In the round 19 match against Hawthorn, he kicked six goals including a goal after the siren to deliver Geelong a two-point victory. The win was Geelong's ninth consecutive victory over the Hawks since losing to them in the 2008 AFL Grand Final. After every season he participated in finished in at least making the preliminary final, Geelong exited the final series in the first week after the sixteen point loss to at the MCG. His emergence was rewarded with selection in the 2012 All-Australian team, the Carji Greeves Medal as the club best and fairest player and he was Geelong's leading goalkicker.
After Hawkins' emergence in 2012, a bulging disc in his back impacted his abilities during the 2013 season; struggling with form throughout the season, he received bronx cheers from Geelong supporters in the round 20 match against at Simonds Stadium after he managed only six disposals and a goal. The persistent back injury forced him to miss the start of the finals series by missing the qualifying final match against Fremantle at Simonds Stadium. He played in the next two finals matches, including the five point loss against Hawthorn in the preliminary final which ended Geelong's season. Despite the back injury, he managed to play twenty-two matches for the season kicking forty-nine goals and he was Geelong's leading goalkicker for the second consecutive year.
Described as returning to being a "genuine match winner" during the 2014 season by teammate, Tom Lonergan, Hawkins overcame his back injury to replicate his form from the 2012 season. He kicked sixty-eight goals for the season including a career-high seven goals against the in round 23. He had strong performances against Hawthorn, kicking five goals and , kicking four goals in rounds five and ten respectively; his performance against Hawthorn earned him the maximum three Brownlow votes making him the best player on the ground adjudged by the field umpires. During the qualifying final match against , he was scrutinised for a jumper punch against Ben Stratton, which was pondered whether Hawkins would face a suspension; he was ultimately cleared of the incident, which allowed him to play in the semi-final loss against North Melbourne. His season was rewarded with selection in the initial forty man All-Australian squad, although he missed out on the final team. In addition, he finished second in the best and fairest count behind Joel Selwood, he finished second in the Coleman Medal and he was Geelong's leading goalkicker for the third consecutive season.
Personal tragedy hit Hawkins early in the 2015 season when his mother, Jenny, died in April. He subsequently missed the round three match against before returning the next week against North Melbourne in which he paid tribute to his mother after his only goal in the match; in addition, the game saw him reach his 150th AFL match milestone. He missed only one match for the remainder of the season, the round seven match against . Since joining Geelong, it was the first season the club missed the finals series, and he ultimately played nineteen games for the season and kicked forty-six goals, making him Geelong's leading goalkicker for the fourth consecutive season. Entering the season, he remained unsigned, meaning he would become a free agent if he remained out of contract at the end of the season. He ultimately ignored the lure of free agency, and he signed a five-year contract in July, tying him to the club until the end of the 2020 season.
The first half of the 2016 season saw Hawkins play inconsistently due to his form wavering, with Geelong coach, Chris Scott noting Hawkins' "impact isn't what he'd like it to be and hasn't been for some time"; despite his inconsistency, Scott reassured fans that he believed Hawkins' best was still ahead of him. It was revealed at the end of the season, that he had played with a small tear in his meniscus, which resulted in post-season surgery. He missed one match for the season after he was suspended for striking captain, Phil Davis, in round 11. The decision by the match review panel was criticised by the Herald Sun chief of football writer, Mark Robinson, where he labelled the decision "a joke", and the backlash forced match review panel member, Nathan Burke to publicly defend the decision. Geelong returned to the final series in 2016, making it to the preliminary final and losing to Sydney by thirty-seven points at the MCG. He finished with twenty-three matches for the season, kicking fifty-five goals and he was Geelong's leading goalkicker for the fifth consecutive season.
Statistics
Updated to the end of round 23, 2022.
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|
| 26 || 9 || 12 || 10 || 52 || 25 || 77 || 33 || 9 || 1.3 || 1.1 || 5.8 || 2.8 || 8.6 || 3.7 || 1.0 || 0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|
| 26 || 10 || 13 || 5 || 71 || 48 || 119 || 51 || 15 || 1.3 || 0.5 || 7.1 || 4.8 || 11.9 || 5.1 || 1.5 || 2
|-
| scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 2009#
|
| 26 || 24 || 34 || 17 || 148 || 130 || 278 || 131 || 56 || 1.4 || 0.7 || 6.2 || 5.4 || 11.6 || 5.5 || 2.3 || 0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
|
| 26 || 18 || 21 || 13 || 95 || 131 || 226 || 102 || 47 || 1.2 || 0.7 || 5.3 || 7.3 || 12.6 || 5.7 || 2.6 || 0
|-
| scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 2011#
|
| 26 || 18 || 27 || 17 || 125 || 98 || 223 || 88 || 38 || 1.5 || 0.9 || 6.9 || 5.4 || 12.4 || 4.9 || 2.1 || 0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
|
| 26 || 22 || 62 || 38 || 198 || 80 || 278 || 144 || 25 || 2.8 || 1.7 || 9.0 || 3.6 || 12.6 || 6.5 || 1.1 || 10
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013
|
| 26 || 23 || 49 || 20 || 141 || 74 || 215 || 93 || 22 || 2.2 || 0.4 || 6.4 || 3.4 || 9.8 || 4.2 || 1.0 || 0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|
| 26 || 24 || 68 || 40 || 222 || 75 || 297 || 161 || 32 || 2.8 || 1.7 || 9.3 || 3.1 || 12.4 || 6.7 || 1.3 || 7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|
| 26 || 19 || 46 || 20 || 145 || 51 || 196 || 93 || 31 || 2.4 || 1.1 || 7.6 || 2.7 || 10.3 || 4.9 || 1.6 || 3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016
|
| 26 || 23 || 55 || 31 || 198 || 90 || 288 || 126 || 39 || 2.4 || 1.3 || 8.6 || 3.9 || 12.5 || 5.5 || 1.7 || 2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2017
|
| 26 || 22 || 51 || 26 || 199 || 100 || 299 || 116 || 61 || 2.3 || 1.2 || 9.0 || 4.5 || 13.6 || 5.3 || 2.8 || 3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2018
|
| 26 || 21 || 60 || 29 || 212 || 113 || 325 || 153 || 40 || 2.9 || 1.4 || 10.1 || 5.4 || 15.5 || 7.3 || 1.9 || 9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2019
|
| 26 || 24 || 56 || 32 || 203 || 106 || 309 || 126 || 37 || 2.3 || 1.3 || 8.5 || 4.4 || 12.9 || 5.3 || 1.5 || 5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2020
|
| 26 || 21 || style="background:#CAE1FF; width:1em" | 49† || style="background:#CAE1FF; width:1em" | 36† || 172 || 87 || 259 || 114 || 40 || style="background:#CAE1FF; width:1em" | 2.3† || style="background:#CAE1FF; width:1em" | 1.7† || 8.2 || 4.1 || 12.3 || 5.4 || 1.9 || 11
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2021
|
| 26 || 25 || style="background:#CAE1FF; width:1em" | 62†|| 37 || 215 || 127 || 342 || 129 || 50 || 2.5 || 1.5 || 8.6 || 5.1 || 13.7 || 5.2 || 2.0 || 6
|-
| scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 2022#
|
| 26 || 22 || 59 || 36 || 197 || 93 || 290 || 129 || 31 || 2.7 || 1.6 || 9.0 || 4.2 || 13.2 || 5.9 || 1.4 ||
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 324
! 724
! 407
! 2593
! 1789
! 4021
! 1789
! 607
! 2.2
! 1.3
! 8.0
! 4.4
! 12.4
! 5.5
! 1.9
! 58
|}NotesHonours and achievementsTeam AFL premiership player (): 2009, 2011, 2022
4× McClelland Trophy (): 2007, 2008, 2019, 2022Individual 3× All-Australian team: 2013, 2019, 2022
Coleman Medal: 2020
Kevin Sheedy Medal: 2013
9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
AFLPA best first year player: 2012
AFLCA best young player of the year: 2013
2× 22under22 team: 2013, 2015
AFL Rising Star nominee''': 2012
Personal life
As well as his father, Hawkins' uncles, Michael Hawkins and Robb Hawkins, and his maternal grandfather, Fred Le Deux, all played football for Geelong.
Hawkins' famous nickname 'Tomahawk', is a play on his first name and surname, with references to a tomahawk axe or tomahawk missile, and has proven a popular calling card within the league.
References
External links
1988 births
People educated at Melbourne Grammar School
Living people
Sandringham Dragons players
Geelong Football Club players
Geelong Football Club Premiership players
Australian rules footballers from New South Wales
All-Australians (AFL)
Carji Greeves Medal winners
Coleman Medal winners
Three-time VFL/AFL Premiership players |
5389265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage%20investment%20corporation | Mortgage investment corporation | Requires updating to reflect the current Income Tax Act and the growth of MICs that trade on the TSX.
A mortgage investment corporation or MIC is an investment and lending company designed specifically for mortgage lending (primarily residential mortgage lending) in Canada. Owning shares in a mortgage investment corporation enables you to invest in a company which manages a diversified and secured pool of mortgages. Shares of a MIC are qualified investments under the Income Tax Act (Canada) for RDSPs, RRSPs, RRIFs, TFSAs, or RESPs. Mortgage investment corporations are generally provincially registered and licensed, with the management of the mortgage fund under the direction of provincially licensed mortgage brokers and real estate agents.
A MIC mortgage portfolio can include everything from small second mortgages on residential property to commercial and development mortgages on new projects. Every investment is typically based on a thorough investigation of the property. A typical MIC loan (ideally) should never exceed a specified percentage (typically from 60% to 85%) of the current value of the property. Compare this to a conventional bank's willingness to routinely loan 80% of the value of the property, and sometimes even 100%. MIC's investment strategies vary considerably, as do their rates of return on invested capital. Recent MIC's have generated returns between 6% and 12% for investors, however, returns vary based not only on the investment strategy of the specific MIC but also on the nature of the investment share itself. Some MIC shares are designed to be held for a period as short as a year, and other MIC shares require the investor to hold them for a longer period, up to 10 years in some cases. Yields typically increase when the hold periods are longer, and are lower for shares that are immediately liquid after a short hold period, such as one year.
MIC's are organized for investing in pools of mortgages. Profits generated by MICs are distributed to its shareholders according to their proportional interest. The mortgages are secured on real property, often in conjunction with other forms of security, such as personal and corporate guarantees, general security agreements and assignments of material contracts, such as insurance policies, prepared by lawyers for the MIC.
Income Tax Act
Income Tax Act, Section 130.1: Salient Rules
1. A MIC must have at least 20 shareholders.
2. A MIC is generally widely held. No shareholder may hold more than 25% of the MIC's total share capital. Shareholders whose MIC holding are held in registered accounts (RRSP, TFSA, etc.) are limited to 10% due to regulations restricting ownership in those capital accounts.
3. At least 50% of a MIC's assets must be residential mortgages, and/or cash and insured deposits at Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation member financial institutions.
4. A MIC may invest up to 25% of its assets directly in real estate, but may not develop land or engage in construction. This ceiling on real estate holdings does not include real estate acquired as a result of mortgage default.
5. A MIC is a flow-through investment vehicle, and distributes 100% of its net income to its shareholders.
6. All MIC investments must be in Canada, but a MIC may accept investment capital from outside of Canada.
7. A MIC is a tax-exempt corporation, as its income is instead taxed in the hands of its shareholders.
8. Dividends received with respect to directly held shares, not held within RRSPs or RRIFs, are taxed as interest income in the shareholder's hands. Dividends may be received in the form of cash, or additional shares.
9. MIC shares are qualified RRSP and RRIF investments.
10. A MIC may distribute income dividends, typically interest from mortgages and revenue from property holdings, as well as capital gain dividends, typically from the disposition of its real estate investments.
11. A MIC's annual financial statements must be audited.
12. A MIC may employ financial leverage by using debt to partially fund assets.
Benefits
The following are some benefits associated with investing in a MIC:
Syndicated in Canadian real estate from both domestic and foreign investors.
High yield. Targeting > 6%
Unregulated. Flexible amortization and LTV ratios.
Special tax treatment (Income tax act section 130.1 or 130.1(6)(B)) Shares of a MIC will generally be “qualified investments” for deferred income plans including registered retirement savings plans (“RRSPs”), registered retirement income funds (“RRIFs”), tax-free savings accounts (“TFSAs”), deferred profit sharing plans (“DPSPs”), registered education savings plans (“RESPs”) and registered disability savings plans (“RDSPs”)
Risks
The following are some risks associated with investing in a MIC:
Fraud - less likely since a MIC must produce audited financial statements every year. Check out the financial statements and see if the MIC is subject to any lawsuits.
Losing MIC status - failing to keep within the Income Tax Act rules would cause the MIC to have its income taxed before being distributed to shareholders and would lower returns considerably.
Manager (In)competence - the success of the MIC depends to a critical degree on the experience, expertise, judgement and good faith of the managers. Do they know the business, do they know their market, and do they have a record of success? Can, and will, they find a steady flow of new mortgages to keep the income flowing in? Think of it as a job interview.
Leveraging - the rules allow the MIC to borrow money, but some do more than others. The spread between the lower rate of the MIC's borrowing and the lending will boost the ability to generate shareholder returns, but it also increases risk. The audited financial statements will show how much the MIC has borrowed. The prospectus will say if the MIC has a policy to cap what it will borrow. Many of the MICs are fairly short term lenders - 24 months or so - which reduces interest rate risk and should allow the MIC to continually readjust its lending rate to match increases or decreases in general interest rates and keep the spread between its lending and its bank borrowing rates constant.
Default on mortgages - mortgage borrowers may not pay back what they owe; all the MICs claim to be very careful about who they lend to, but some are explicitly in a niche where the banks don't tread or in second mortgages. The MIC gets a higher interest rate, but that is associated with the higher risk. At least one MIC - Cooper Pacific - has two funds, one that lends out first mortgages with an 8% return and another with second mortgages with a 12% return. "You make your pick, and you take your chances."
Market downturn / geographical concentration - some MICs, the smaller ones, are concentrated in very limited markets, like Westboro in Ottawa or Edgeworth in northern Alberta. Ottawa is a stable market, but what happens to Edgeworth if the oil industry cools off considerably, as it has done in the past? A general economic recession would everywhere increase the number of borrowers having difficulty to repay.
Liquidity (can't sell) - the basic method to get your money back is not a sale in some market, since while some MICs (23 or so) are publicly quoted companies, not all are. For non-public MICs management must redeem the shares; the restrictions vary by MIC, whether funds can be sold / withdrawn immediately, or with 30/60/90 days notice; for smaller MICs, the Income Tax Act restriction that each MIC must have at least 20 shareholders might come into play.
Price sensitivity to yield - As is the case with bonds, Real Estate Investment Trusts and other investments purchased for yield, a rise in interest rates will reduce the price that other investors are willing to pay for shares in the MIC. The degree of risk would depend upon the length of the mortgages held by the portfolio, with those focused on short-term construction mortgages having less risk than longer-term mortgages.
References
Investment companies of Canada
Mortgage-backed security
Mortgage lenders |
5389287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20King%20George%20V%20Playing%20Fields%20in%20Somerset | List of King George V Playing Fields in Somerset | A King George's Field is a public open space in the United Kingdom dedicated to the memory of King George V (3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936).
References
Somerset
King G
King G
Lists of buildings and structures in Somerset |
5389294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Am%20%28Killing%20Heidi%20song%29 | I Am (Killing Heidi song) | "I Am" is a rock song written by Ella Hooper, Jesse Hooper, Warren Jenkin and Adam Pedretti, and produced by John Travis for Killing Heidi's third album Killing Heidi (2004). The song was written in Los Angeles after "a couple of gross guys wolf-whistled" at the lead singer, Hooper, while she was walking down the street. It became the band's fifth top twenty single in Australia, peaking at number sixteen and also was featured on the Australia/New Zealand soundtrack of the 2004 film Spider-Man 2.
The music video was directed by Michael Spiccia in Sydney, Australia, featured scenes from the Spider-Man 2 2004 film and was released to Australian music channels on 3 July 2004. The band's bass player/co-writer of the song, Warren Jenkin, states "the video is a destroyed New York street scene, after Doc Ock and Spider-Man have had a fight. The whole thing is totally demolished, and there's lots of Marvel comic skyscraper-style backdrops, which looks fantastic. It really looks like it's in New York."
Columbia Tristar Films' Suzanne Stretton-Brown states "We were thrilled to have a rare opportunity to support an Australian band on the Spider-Man 2 soundtrack and when we heard Killing Heidi's new single 'I Am' we were astonished by how beautifully their lyrics seemed to capture the emotion of the character Peter Parker in the new movie. The song expresses an isolation that mirrors Spider-Man's lonely quest and burning inner conflict in the continuing story."
"I Am" became a hit upon its release on 12 July 2004, debuting at number 16 on the Australian Singles Chart and remaining in the top 50 for almost three months, eventually selling over 35,000 copies and achieving Gold status. It was the first time Killing Heidi had been in the charts since 2002's Present album, and the song served to introduce to the public the band's new image, both musically and physically.
Track listing
Australian CD single
"I Am" – 3:27
"Fresh Air" – 3:26
"I Am" (Lukas Burton remix) – 3:36
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end chart
Certification
References
2004 singles
2004 songs
Columbia Records singles
Killing Heidi songs
Songs written by Ella Hooper
Songs written by Jesse Hooper |
5389306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew%20of%20Braga | Bartholomew of Braga | Bartholomew of Braga (3 May 1514 - 16 July 1590) - born Bartolomeu Fernandes and in religious Bartolomeu dos Mártires - was a Portuguese Roman Catholic and a professed member from the Order of Preachers as well as the Archbishop Emeritus of Braga. Fernandes participated in the Council of Trent and also collaborated with Charles Borromeo at the council while also establishing a series of hospitals and hospices in Braga while publishing a range of works from catechism to other topics.
The sainthood process commenced under Pope Benedict XIV on 11 September 1754 and he was titled as a Servant of God while Pope Gregory XVI later named him as Venerable on 23 May 1845. Pope John Paul II beatified Fernandes in Saint Peter's Square on 4 November 2001. Pope Francis approved the equipollent canonization for him on 5 July 2019 after waiving the miracle needed for him to become a saint therefore acknowledging him as such.
Life
Bartolomeu Fernandes was born near Lisbon on 3 May 1514 to Domingos Fernandes and Maria Correia; he was baptized mere hours after in the local parish church of Nossa Senhora dos Mártires.
He entered the Order of Preachers on 11 November 1527 and later made his solemn profession into the order on 20 November 1529. On the completion of his own studies in 1538 he taught philosophical studies in the convent of the order at Lisbon and then for about two decades taught theological studies in the various houses of his order. In 1551 he received his master's degree at the provincial chapter of Salamanca in Spain. He taught in Batalha and then in Évora. He also served as the prior of the Benfica convent from 1557 to 1558 and was in Évora as a teacher from 1538 until 1557.
During the course of teaching theological studies at the Batalha convent he was summoned to Évora at the request of Luis of Portugal, Duke of Beja to undertake the religious education of his son who was entering the ecclesiastical life himself; he dedicated time to this great task. In 1558 - against his own desires - and out of obedience to his provincial superior (Louis of Granada) he accepted the appointment to the archepiscopal see of Braga for which Queen Catherine had chosen him for and in 1559 received his episcopal consecration at the convent of Saint Dominic on 3 September 1559 from the Bishop of Coimbra João Soares. In fact it was Luis of Grenada who was to become the archbishop though Luis urged the queen to select Fernandes instead. Pope Paul IV confirmed this appointment in the papal bull "Gratiae divinae praemium" on 27 January 1559. He devoted himself to the duties of his new office with his installation in his archdiocese on 4 October 1559.
On the resumption of the Council of Trent in 1561 the archbishop repaired to the council and took part in the last sessions. He made a total of 268 suggestions at the council and collaborated with Charles Borromeo. There was also one instance in which he pushed for the defense of a certain topic and opposed view of the Archbishop of Toledo Bartolomé Carranza. He was esteemed and held in high regard among the Council Fathers both on the account of his theological learning and the holiness of his life. The archbishop exercised great influence in the discussions and more so with regard to the decrees on the reform of ecclesiastical life and development. The conclusion of that council saw him return to Braga in February 1564 and in 1566 he held an important provincial gathering of the diocese in which decrees were passed for the restoration of ecclesiastical discipline and the elevation of the moral life of priests and people ("Concilium provinciale Bracarense quartum" in 1567). The archbishop now devoted himself to the task of enacting the reforms of the Council of Trent in addition to the decrees of his own provincial synod. A great famine and a visitation of the plague revealed the depths of his charitable and merciful nature in addition to his willingness to aid his flock in their time of need; he also constructed a series of hospitals and hospices.
He made repeated requests to resign from his episcopal see and received papal permission from Pope Gregory XIII on 20 February 1582 to resign and withdraw to his order's convent at Viana do Castelo where he lived in solitude for the remainder of his life but also serving as a teacher for some time.
Fernandes died at Viana do Castelo on 16 July 1590.
A statue of him mounted on a donkey can be found in Viana do Castelo, Portugal. Part of the name on the pedestal reads, "Bartolomeu dos Martires".
Works
In the interests of Christian life and the promotion of ecclesiastical discipline he wrote the following publications:
"Compendium spiritualis doctrinae ex variis sanc. Patrum sententiis magna ex parte collectum" (Lisbon, 1582)
"Stimulus pastorum ex gravissimis sanct. Patrum sententiis concinnatus, in quo agitur de vita et moribus episcoporum aliorumque praelatorum" (Rome, 1564; published at the insistence of Charles Borromeo)
"Catechismo ou Doutrina christiana" (Lisbon, 1562).
All of these writings have been republished on numerous occasions and have also been translated into several languages. A collective edition is: "Opera omnia cura et studio Malachiae d'Inguinbert, archiepisc. Theodos." (1 vol. Fol. In 2 parts, Rome, 1734–35).
Sainthood
The beatification process opened in an informative process that Archbishop Rodrigo da Cunha inaugurated on 20 January 1631 though it is unknown when this process ended - theologians also approved his writings at some stage during the process to ascertain whether or not such spiritual writings were within the faith and not in contradiction of it. The formal introduction to the cause came under Pope Benedict XIV on 11 September 1754 and he became titled as a Servant of God. Archbishop Gaspar de Bragança inaugurated the apostolic process on 24 September 1760 and then oversaw its closure in May 1766 while the Congregation of Rites validated these previous processes in Rome on 7 March 1716.
An antepreparatory congregation that the C.O.R. instituted approved the cause in a meeting on 31 August 1819 with a preparatory committee to follow on 1 July 1840 and then a meeting of the C.O.R. officials on 26 November 1844 in which approval was also confirmed. The late archbishop was declared to have lived a model Christian life of heroic virtue in a move that allowed for Pope Gregory XVI to title Fernandes as Venerable on 23 May 1845.
The miracle required for beatification was investigated in Portugal and later received validation in Rome on 12 March 1999 from the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in a move that later allowed for a medical board to assess and approve the miracle (determining there was no medical or scientific explanation) on 20 December 2000 while theologians met sometime in 2001 to also approve it (confirming the miracle was a result of his intercession). The cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. also issued their approval to the miracle on 3 July 2001 while Pope John Paul II declared on 7 July 2001 that the healing was indeed a genuine miracle in a move that confirmed the late archbishop's beatification; the pope beatified him on 4 November 2001 in Saint Peter's Square.
Pope Francis – on 20 January 2016 – authorized the C.C.S. to work towards the equipollent canonization of the late archbishop and authorized that the second miracle required for his canonization be waived as a result. The pope approved the late archbishop's equipollent canonization in a decree issued on 5 July 2019 therefore naming him as a saint.
The current postulator assigned to this cause is Vito Tomás Gómez García.
References
External links
Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN
Catholic Hierarchy
1514 births
1590 deaths
16th-century venerated Christians
16th-century Portuguese people
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Canonizations by Pope Francis
Participants in the Council of Trent
People from Lisbon
Portuguese beatified people
Portuguese Roman Catholic saints
Portuguese Dominicans
Roman Catholic archbishops of Braga
Venerated Catholics
Dominican saints |
5389307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVEE | MVEE | MVEE can refer to:
MV & EE - a modern group of musicians
Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment - British defence research unit
Multi-variant Execution Environment - a way of executing computer programs to improve security |
5389358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Cuthbertson | Allan Cuthbertson | Allan Darling Cuthbertson (7 April 1920 – 8 February 1988) was an Australian-born British actor. He was best known for playing stern-faced military officers in British films of the 1950s and 1960s.
Early life
Born in Perth, Western Australia, son of Ernest and Isobel Ferguson (Darling) Cuthbertson, he performed on stage and radio from an early age.
During the Second World War, he served as a flight lieutenant with the RAAF from 6 December 1941 to 1 July 1947, including service with 111 Air Sea Rescue Flight.
Career
Cuthbertson arrived in Britain in 1947, and appeared shortly thereafter as Romeo in Romeo and Juliet at the Boltons. In London's West End, he appeared as Laertes in Hamlet, Aimwell in The Beaux Stratagem, and Octavius Robinson in Man and Superman, among many other roles.
He was often cast in military roles, which was quite common in actors of his generation, especially those with a military air about them. He was Captain Eric Simpson in Tunes of Glory (1960) as well as being cast as more stuffy regimental types in such films as The Guns of Navarone (1961) and Carrington V.C. (1954), which also starred David Niven. He also made a brief appearance as a harassed staff officer, who then gets blown up, at the beginning of Ice Cold in Alex (1958). In 1962 he played a school teacher in Term of Trial with Laurence Olivier. He appeared four times in the television series The Avengers.
Cuthbertson also had a talent for playing comedy, which led to his best known role, although again playing a mustachioed military character, as Colonel Hall in the "Gourmet Night" episode of the hit sitcom Fawlty Towers in 1975. He appeared in many roles on British television, including with Tommy Cooper, Dick Emery and Frankie Howerd, and in All Gas and Gaiters, Gideons Way episode The V Men (1964) as Chief Supt Bill Parsons and episode The Thin Red Line (1965) as Major Donald Ross, The Champions (1969 episode The Experiment as Cranmore), Danger Man, UFO (1970 episode "The Square Triangle"), an episode of The Persuaders! as Colonel Wright and Terry and June, where he played annoying neighbour Tarquin Spry. He was a regular guest on The Morecambe & Wise Show from 1973 to 1976. In the acclaimed 1985 Suspense Serial; Edge of Darkness, Allan played as Investigative Speaker Mr. Chilwell. One of his last TV appearances was in Michael Palin's East of Ipswich in 1987.
One of his last stage roles was in The Corn Is Green by Emlyn Williams at the Old Vic in 1985.
Personal life
Cuthbertson was long married to Dr Gertrude Willner, a refugee from Nazi-occupied Czechoslovakia, who had been a lawyer originally, but became a teacher in Britain. They had an adopted son.
At the time of his death, Cuthbertson was living in Surbiton, Greater London.
Filmography
Carrington V.C. (1954) – Lt. Col. Henniker
Portrait of Alison (1955) – Henry Carmichael
On Such a Night (1956) – 1st Gentleman
Doublecross (1956) – Clifford
Cloak Without Dagger (1956) – Colonel Packham
The Man Who Never Was (1956) – Vice-Admiral
Eyewitness (1956) – Det Insp (uncredited)
Anastasia (1956) – Blond Man (uncredited)
The Passionate Stranger (1957) – Dr. Stevenson
Yangtse Incident: The Story of H.M.S. Amethyst (1957) – Captain Donaldson RN
Barnacle Bill (1957) – Chailey
Law and Disorder (1958) – Police Inspector
Ice Cold in Alex (1958) – Brigadier's Staff Officer
I Was Monty's Double (1958) – Guards Officer
Room at the Top (1959) – George Aisgill
The Crowning Touch (1959) – Philip
Shake Hands with the Devil (1959) – Captain
The Devil's Disciple (1959) – British Captain
Killers of Kilimanjaro (1959) – Sexton
North West Frontier (1959) – Monocled Officer (uncredited)
The Stranglers of Bombay (1960) – Capt. Christopher Connaught-Smith
Tunes of Glory (1960) – Capt. Eric Simpson
The Malpas Mystery (1960) – Lacey Marshalt
Man at the Carlton Tower (1961)
The Guns of Navarone (1961) – Maj. Baker
On the Double (1961) – Captain Patterson
Solo for Sparrow (1962) – Supt. Symington
Term of Trial (1962) – Sylvan-Jones
The Boys (1962) – Randolph St. John
The Brain (1962) – Da Silva (uncredited)
The Fast Lady (1962) – Bodley
Freud: The Secret Passion (1962) – Wilkie
Nine Hours to Rama (1963) – Capt. Goff
The Running Man (1963) – Jenkins
The Mouse on the Moon (1963) – Member of Whitehall Conference
Tamahine (1963) – Housemaster
Bitter Harvest (1963) – Mr. Eccles
The Informers (1963) – Smythe
The 7th Dawn (1964) – Colonel Cavendish
Operation Crossbow (1965) – German Technical Examiner
Life at the Top (1965) – George Aisgill
Game for Three Losers (1965) – Garsden
Cast a Giant Shadow (1966) – Immigration Officer
Press for Time (1966) – Mr. Ballard
The Trygon Factor (1966) – Det. Thompson
Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon (1967) – Scuttling
Half a Sixpence (1967) – Wilkins
Sinful Davey (1969) – Captain Douglas
The Body Stealers (1969) – Hindesmith
Captain Nemo and the Underwater City (1969) – Lomax
The Adventurers (1970) – Hugh
One More Time (1970) – Belton
Performance (1970) – The Lawyer
The Firechasers (1971) – D.O Jarvis
Assault (1971) – Coroner
Diamonds on Wheels (1974) – Gus Ashley
The Outsider (1979) – Stanley
The Sea Wolves (1980) – Melborne
Hopscotch (1980) – Chartermain
The Mirror Crack'd (1980) – Peter Montrose ('Murder at Midnight')
Thirteen at Dinner (1985) – Sir Montague Corner
References
External links
Allan Cuthbertson Biography (1920–1988)
1920 births
1988 deaths
20th-century Australian male actors
20th-century English male actors
Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Australian male film actors
Australian male television actors
Male actors from Perth, Western Australia
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Surbiton
Royal Australian Air Force officers
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II |
5389369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercharn%20Singh | Hercharn Singh | Major Hercharn Singh ( / ) (born 1987) is the first Sikh officer to be commissioned in the Pakistan Army. He was born in Nankana Sahib, Pakistan, which is also the birthplace of the founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak.
Early life
Hercharn passed his matriculation from Government Guru Nanak High School and passed his FSc (pre-engineering) in 2004 from Forman Christian College in Lahore. He then passed the ISSB examination in 2006 and joined the Pakistan Military Academy.
Personal Life
He is currently 36 years old and married his wife on 3 December 2017
Graduation
Hercharn passed out from PMA from 116 L/C and was commissioned into the Pakistan Army on 27 October 2007.
Hercharn had told reporters:
References
External links
Pakistan Army recruits first Sikh officer
Sikh warriors
Pakistani Sikhs
Pakistan Army officers
1986 births
Living people
Punjabi people
People from Nankana Sahib District
Forman Christian College alumni |
5389390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic%20networking | Autonomic networking | Autonomic Networking follows the concept of Autonomic Computing, an initiative started by IBM in 2001. Its ultimate aim is to create self-managing networks to overcome the rapidly growing complexity of the Internet and other networks and to enable their further growth, far beyond the size of today.
Increasing size and complexity
The ever-growing management complexity of the Internet caused by its rapid growth is seen by some experts as a major problem that limits its usability in the future.
What's more, increasingly popular smartphones, PDAs, networked audio and video equipment, and game consoles need to be interconnected. Pervasive Computing not only adds features, but also burdens existing networking infrastructure with more and more tasks that sooner or later will not be manageable by human intervention alone.
Another important aspect is the price of manually controlling huge numbers of vitally important devices of current network infrastructures.
Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the part of the nervous system of the higher life forms that is not consciously controlled. It regulates bodily functions and the activity of specific organs. As proposed by IBM, future communication systems might be designed in a similar way to the ANS.
Components of autonomic networking
As autonomics conceptually derives from biological entities such as the human autonomic nervous system, each of the areas can be metaphorically related to functional and structural aspects of a living being. In the human body, the autonomic system facilitates and regulates a variety of functions including respiration, blood pressure and circulation, and emotive response. The autonomic nervous system is the interconnecting fabric that supports feedback loops between internal states and various sources by which internal and external conditions are monitored.
Autognostics
Autognostics includes a range of self-discovery, awareness, and analysis capabilities that provide the autonomic system with a view on high-level state. In metaphor, this represents the perceptual sub-systems that gather, analyze, and report on internal and external states and conditions – for example, this might be viewed as the eyes, visual cortex and perceptual organs of the system. Autognostics, or literally "self-knowledge", provides the autonomic system with a basis for response and validation.
A rich autognostic capability may include many different "perceptual senses". For example, the human body gathers information via the usual five senses, the so-called sixth sense of proprioception (sense of body position and orientation), and through emotive states that represent the gross wellness of the body. As conditions and states change, they are detected by the sensory monitors and provide the basis for adaptation of related systems. Implicit in such a system are imbedded models of both internal and external environments such that relative value can be assigned to any perceived state - perceived physical threat (e.g. a snake) can result in rapid shallow breathing related to fight-flight response, a phylogenetically effective model of interaction with recognizable threats.
In the case of autonomic networking, the state of the network may be defined by inputs from:
individual network elements such as switches and network interfaces including
specification and configuration
historical records and current state
traffic flows
end-hosts
application performance data
logical diagrams and design specifications
Most of these sources represent relatively raw and unprocessed views that have limited relevance. Post-processing and various forms of analysis must be applied to generate meaningful measurements and assessments against which current state can be derived.
The autognostic system interoperates with:
configuration management - to control network elements and interfaces
policy management - to define performance objectives and constraints
autodefense - to identify attacks and accommodate the impact of defensive responses
Configuration management
Configuration management is responsible for the interaction with network elements and interfaces. It includes an accounting capability with historical perspective that provides for the tracking of configurations over time, with respect to various circumstances. In the biological metaphor, these are the hands and, to some degree, the memory of the autonomic system.
On a network, remediation and provisioning are applied via configuration setting of specific devices. Implementation affecting access and selective performance with respect to role and relationship are also applied. Almost all the "actions" that are currently taken by human engineers fall under this area. With only a few exceptions, interfaces are set by hand, or by extension of the hand, through automated scripts.
Implicit in the configuration process is the maintenance of a dynamic population of devices under management, a historical record of changes and the directives which invoked change. Typical to many accounting functions, configuration management should be capable of operating on devices and then rolling back changes to recover previous configurations. Where change may lead to unrecoverable states, the sub-system should be able to qualify the consequences of changes prior to issuing them.
As directives for change must originate from other sub-systems, the shared language for such directives must be abstracted from the details of the devices involved. The configuration management sub-system must be able to translate unambiguously between directives and hard actions or to be able to signal the need for further detail on a directive. An inferential capacity may be appropriate to support sufficient flexibility (i.e. configuration never takes place because there is no unique one-to-one mapping between directive and configuration settings). Where standards are not sufficient, a learning capacity may also be required to acquire new knowledge of devices and their configuration.
Configuration management interoperates with all of the other sub-systems including:
autognostics - receives direction for and validation of changes
policy management - implements policy models through mapping to underlying resources
security - applies access and authorization constraints for particular policy targets
autodefense - receives direction for changes
Policy management
Policy management includes policy specification, deployment, reasoning over policies, updating and maintaining policies, and enforcement. Policy-based management is required for:
constraining different kinds of behavior including security, privacy, resource access, and collaboration
configuration management
describing business processes and defining performance
defining role and relationship, and establishing trust and reputation
It provides the models of environment and behavior that represent effective interaction according to specific goals. In the human nervous system metaphor, these models are implicit in the evolutionary "design" of biological entities and specific to the goals of survival and procreation. Definition of what constitutes a policy is necessary to consider what is involved in managing it. A relatively flexible and abstract framework of values, relationships, roles, interactions, resources, and other components of the network environment is required. This sub-system extends far beyond the physical network to the applications in use and the processes and end-users that employ the network to achieve specific goals. It must express the relative values of various resources, outcomes, and processes and include a basis for assessing states and conditions.
Unless embodied in some system outside the autonomic network or implicit to the specific policy implementation, the framework must also accommodate the definition of process, objectives and goals. Business process definitions and descriptions are then an integral part of the policy implementation. Further, as policy management represents the ultimate basis for the operation of the autonomic system, it must be able to report on its operation with respect to the details of its implementation.
The policy management sub-system interoperates (at least) indirectly with all other sub-systems but primarily interacts with:
autognostics - providing the definition of performance and accepting reports on conditions
configuration management - providing constraints on device configuration
security - providing definitions of roles, access and permissions
Autodefense
Autodefense represents a dynamic and adaptive mechanism that responds to malicious and intentional attacks on the network infrastructure, or use of the network infrastructure to attack IT resources. As defensive measures tend to impede the operation of IT, it is optimally capable of balancing performance objectives with typically over-riding threat management actions. In the biological metaphor, this sub-system offers mechanisms comparable to the immune system.
This sub-system must proactively assess network and application infrastructure for risks, detect and identify threats, and define effective both proactive and reactive defensive responses. It has the role of the warrior and the security guard insofar as it has roles for both maintenance and corrective activities. Its relationship with security is close but not identical – security is more concerned with appropriately defined and implemented access and authorization controls to maintain legitimate roles and process. Autodefense deals with forces and processes, typically malicious, outside the normal operation of the system that offer some risk to successful execution.
Autodefense requires high-level and detailed knowledge of the entire network as well as imbedded models of risk that allow it to analyze dynamically the current status. Corrections to decrease risk must be considered in balance with performance objectives and value of process goals – an overzealous defensive response can immobilize the system (like the immune system inappropriately invoking an allergic reaction). The detection of network or application behaviors that signal possible attack or abuse is followed by the generation of an appropriate response – for example, ports might be temporarily closed or packets with a specific source or destination might be filtered out. Further assessment generates subsequent changes either relaxing the defensive measures or strengthening them.
Autodefense interoperates closely with:
security - receives definition of roles and security constraints, and defines risk for proactive mitigation
configuration management - receives details of network for analysis and directs changes in elements in response to anticipated or detected attack
autognostics - receives notification of detected behaviors
It also may receive definition of relative value of various resources and processes from policy management in order to develop responses consistent with policy.
Security
Security provides the structure that defines and enforces the relationships between roles, content, and resources, particularly with respect to access. It includes the framework for definitions as well as the means to implement them. In metaphor, security parallels the complex mechanisms underlying social interactions, defining friends, foes, mates and allies and offering access to limited resources on the basis of assessed benefit.
Several key means are employed by security – they include the well-known 3 As of authentication, authorization, and access (control). The basis for applying these means requires the definition of roles and their relationships to resources, processes and each other. High-level concepts like privacy, anonymity and verification are likely imbedded in the form of the role definitions and derive from policy. Successful security reliably supports and enforces roles and relationships.
Autodefense has a close association with security – maintaining the assigned roles in balance with performance exposes the system to potential violations in security. In those cases, the system must compensate by making changes that may sacrifice balance on a temporary basis and indeed may violate the operational terms of security itself. Typically the two are viewed as inextricably intertwined – effective security somewhat hopefully negating any need for a defensive response. Security’s revised role is to mediate between the competing demands from policy for maximized performance and minimized risk with auto defense recovering the balance when inevitable risk translates to threat. Federation represents one of the key challenges to be solved by effective security.
The security sub-system interoperates directly with:
policy management - receiving high-level directives related to access and priority
configuration management - sending specifics for access and admission control
autodefense - receiving over-riding directives under threat and sending security constraint details for risk assessment
Connection fabric
The connection fabric supports the interaction with all the elements and sub-systems of the autonomic system. It may be composed of a variety of means and mechanisms, or may be a single central framework. The biological equivalent is the central nervous system itself – although referred to as the autonomic system, it actually is only the communication conduit between the human body’s faculties.
Principles of autonomic networking
Consequently, it is currently under research by many research projects, how principles and paradigms of mother nature might be applied to networking.
Compartmentalization
Instead of a layering approach, autonomic networking targets a more flexible structure termed compartmentalization.
Function re-composition
The goal is to produce an architectural design that enables flexible, dynamic, and fully autonomic formation of large-scale networks in which the functionalities of each constituent network node are also composed in an autonomic fashion
Atomization
Functions should be divided into atomic units to allow for maximal re-composition freedom.
Closed control loop
A fundamental concept of Control theory, the closed control loop, is among the fundamental principles of autonomic networking. A closed control loop maintains the properties of the controlled system within desired bounds by constantly monitoring target parameters.
See also
Autonomic Computing
Autonomic system (computing)
Cognitive networks
Network Compartment
The Autonomic Network Architecture (ANA) Project
Collaborative innovation network
In-Network Management
Generic Autonomic Networking Architecture (GANA) EFIPSANS Project http://www.efipsans.org/
External links
IBM Autonomic Computing Website
Intel White Paper: Towards an Autonomic Framework
Ipanema Technologies: Autonomic Networking applied to application performance optimization
Research projects
ANA Project: Autonomic Network Architecture
ANAPORT is an open bibliography reference developed within the ANA project
Beyond-The-Horizon: Coordination Action by the European Commission
Bionets: Biologically-inspired concepts for networking
BiSNET: Biologically-inspired architecture for Sensor NETworks
BiSNET/e: A Cognitive Sensor Networking Architecture with Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization
Component-ware for Autonomic Situation-aware Communications, and Dynamically Adaptable Services
Diet Agents: Indefinitely scalable hosting for systems of autonomic interacting processes
EFIPSANS Project: Exposing the Features in IP version Six protocols that can be exploited/extended for the purposes of designing/building autonomic Networks and Services
Haggle: An innovative Paradigm for Autonomic Opportunistic Communication
SOCRATES: Self-Optimization and Self-Configuration in Wireless Networks
Dynamically Self Configuring Automotive System
Self-NET: Self-Management of Cognitive Future InterNET Elements
AutHoNe: Autonomic Home Networking
SymbioticSphere: A Biologically-inspired Architecture for Scalable, Adaptive and Survivable Network Systems
TRANS: TRANS demonstrate a tightly integrated network and service overlay architecture with advanced traffic-aware and self-organisation functionality
UniverSELF project: Realising autonomics for Future Networks
Blogs and Wikis
Autonomic Networking Wiki: A wiki dedicated to Autonomic Networking
Autonomic networking at the core of enterprise Wan governance blog
Artificial intelligence
Information technology governance
Wide area networks
WAN optimization
Network performance |
5389403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystaria%3A%20The%20Realms%20of%20Lore | Mystaria: The Realms of Lore | Mystaria: The Realms of Lore, released as Riglord Saga in Japan, is a tactical role-playing game for the Sega Saturn. In late 1996 it was re-released as Blazing Heroes in North America. Its graphics consist of pre-rendered sprites and polygonal backgrounds. Its sequel, Riglord Saga 2, was released in Japan only in 1996.
Story
Ten years ago, the legendary Twelve Warriors fought against the War-Mage Bane to stop his plans to take over the continent of Mystaria. But Bane was not defeated, he was only forced to retreat to his own kingdom.
Ten years have passed, and his army, commanded by five super-powerful leaders, has managed to abduct the Queen of the realm before retreating. Prince Aragon, the Queen's only son and the hero of our story, has lost his rightful throne. But in Queensland's darkest hour he knows he is the only hope left, and will fight to the end to win back his homeland.
Prince Aragon needs help. The five commanders under Bane's command are powerful adversaries. Aragon must enlist the aid of eleven adventurers, the strongest warriors he can find. He must travel through the lands of Mystaria, fighting Bane's legions as he gathers his group together for the final showdown – against the dreaded War-Mage Bane himself!
The player controls Aragon and his party to try to reclaim the land to free the people. Aragon's mother, the Queen of Queensland, has been placed under a spell by Lord Bane and has handed her country over to him. Lord Bane has complete control over her and she believes that the prince and the others are traitorous rebels.
Gameplay
The player manipulates characters along grid-based battlefields, upon which the characters may interact with objects, enemies, and other characters that are within their range. Battles are turn-based according to party; first the player maneuvers all his party members, then the enemy AI maneuvers all enemy units, then the player takes control again, and so on. Each turn, the player can move each character once and have them either attack, defend, cast a spell, or use an item. Unlike most Tactical RPGs, battles in Mystaria frequently require something other than eliminating all enemy units to be completed, such as reaching a specific destination or avoiding contact with enemies entirely.
Playing as primarily Aragon, the player gathers a team of 12 heroes. The recruitment of team members, however, is non-linear and the story adjusts itself to the newest character that has joined.
Each characters has specific fighting techniques and will develop new techniques with practice. Which techniques are learned next depends on which already known techniques the characters practice, allowing creative development of each character. For example, utilizing Ferral's "Spear Attack" will lead to Ferral learning stronger Spear techniques such as "Spinning Spear" more quickly, while using "Punch" and "Kick" will help him acquire more Hand to Hand techniques such as "Martial Throw" and "Hundred Hands". Once acquired, new techniques must be added to the character's quick menu so that they can actually be used. Additionally, all techniques used by enemies can be acquired by having Galford use "Steal Technique".
The graphics are in 3D throughout the game, and a few battlefields take place on multiple levels. Three different views are possible for playing the game: aerial, 1st person, and horizontal. It is also possible to view a grid overlay of the battlefield.
Reception
On release, Famicom Tsūshin scored the game a 31 out of 40, giving it a 9 out of 10 in their Reader Cross Review. Sega Saturn Magazine argued that the game has too little story to win over European gamers, most of whom held a firm dislike for RPGs at the time Mystaria was released. Electronic Gaming Monthly commented that the menu system seems cumbersome at first but proves to be easily accessible and engaging. Though some of the reviewers felt the battles went on too long, they all praised the high level of strategy the game demands of the player. Maximum contended that Mystaria has too much gameplay, and that it should have focused more on cutscenes. They also criticized the absence of voice acting, and concluded that "at times it's even quite good fun and it's certainly big enough to warrant a purchase if you like these kinds of titles anyway. However, it's not going to win over any new recruits, because it gets very tedious at times." GamePro praised the graphics, particularly the rotation and scaling used in the attack animations, but criticized the music and absence of voice acting, and argued that turn-based strategy games are by definition boring. Next Generation stated that "for those eager to get a look at a next generation RPG, Riglord Saga is not at all a bad place to start."
References
External links
Review at SEGA-SKY
Sega Saturn games
Sega Saturn-only games
1995 video games
Tactical role-playing video games
Sega video games
Video games developed in Japan |
5389421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflon%20%28disambiguation%29 | Teflon (disambiguation) | Teflon is a registered trademark of the Chemours company used for polytetrafluoroethylene (and other fluoropolymers).
Teflon may also refer to:
Chemicals
Teflon AF, copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole used as membrane materials
Teflon FEP, fluorinated ethylene propylene used as a high-temperature insulation for wire
Teflon tape or thread seal tape, (use deprecated by the trademark owner)
Music
"Teflon" (song), a 1998 song by the Australian band Jebediah
"Teflon", a song on the album Octahedron by the American band The Mars Volta
See also
Teflon Brothers, a hip hop and rap group from Helsinki, Finland
Teflon Diva!, a 1997 album by Arthur Loves Plastic
Teflon-coated bullet, bullets that have been covered with a coating of polytetrafluoroethylene
Teflon flu, inhalation fever caused by the fumes released when polytetrafluoroethylene is heated
ta:டெஃப்லான் |
5389424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino | Arduino | Arduino () is an open-source hardware and software company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a CC BY-SA license, while software is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official website or through authorized distributors.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards ('shields') or breadboards (for prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs. The microcontrollers can be programmed using the C and C++ programming languages, using a standard API which is also known as the Arduino language, inspired by the Processing language and used with a modified version of the Processing IDE. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) and a command line tool developed in Go.
The Arduino project began in 2005 as a tool for students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and motion detectors.
The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.
History
Founding
The Arduino project was started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy. At that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $50. In 2003 Hernando Barragán created the development platform Wiring as a Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas. Casey Reas is known for co-creating, with Ben Fry, the Processing development platform. The project goal was to create simple, low cost tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega128 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library functions to easily program the microcontroller.
In 2005, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, extended Wiring by adding support for the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller. The new project, forked from Wiring, was called Arduino.
The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis.
Following the completion of the platform, lighter and less expensive versions were distributed in the open-source community. It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially produced, and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands.
Trademark dispute
In early 2008, the five co-founders of the Arduino project created a company, Arduino LLC, to hold the trademarks associated with Arduino. The manufacture and sale of the boards was to be done by external companies, and Arduino LLC would get a royalty from them. The founding bylaws of Arduino LLC specified that each of the five founders transfer ownership of the Arduino brand to the newly formed company.
At the end of 2008, Gianluca Martino's company, Smart Projects, registered the Arduino trademark in Italy and kept this a secret from the other co-founders for about two years. This was revealed when the Arduino company tried to register the trademark in other areas of the world (they originally registered only in the US), and discovered that it was already registered in Italy. Negotiations with Martino and his firm to bring the trademark under control of the original Arduino company failed. In 2014, Smart Projects began refusing to pay royalties. They then appointed a new CEO, Federico Musto, who renamed the company Arduino SRL and created the website arduino.org, copying the graphics and layout of the original arduino.cc. This resulted in a rift in the Arduino development team.
In January 2015, Arduino LLC filed a lawsuit against Arduino SRL.
In May 2015, Arduino LLC created the worldwide trademark Genuino, used as brand name outside the United States.
At the World Maker Faire in New York on 1 October 2016, Arduino LLC co-founder and CEO Massimo Banzi and Arduino SRL CEO Federico Musto announced the merger of the two companies. Around that same time, Massimo Banzi announced that in addition to the company a new Arduino Foundation would be launched as "a new beginning for Arduino", but this decision was withdrawn later.
In April 2017, Wired reported that Musto had "fabricated his academic record... On his company's website, personal LinkedIn accounts, and even on Italian business documents, Musto was, until recently, listed as holding a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In some cases, his biography also claimed an MBA from New York University." Wired reported that neither university had any record of Musto's attendance, and Musto later admitted in an interview with Wired that he had never earned those degrees. The controversy surrounding Musto continued when, in July 2017, he reportedly pulled many open source licenses, schematics, and code from the Arduino website, prompting scrutiny and outcry.
By 2017 Arduino AG owned many Arduino trademarks. In July 2017 BCMI, founded by Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, David Mellis and Tom Igoe, acquired Arduino AG and all the Arduino trademarks. Fabio Violante is the new CEO replacing Federico Musto, who no longer works for Arduino AG.
Post-dispute
In October 2017, Arduino announced its partnership with ARM Holdings (ARM). The announcement said, in part, "ARM recognized independence as a core value of Arduino ... without any lock-in with the ARM architecture". Arduino intends to continue to work with all technology vendors and architectures.
Under Violante's guidance, the company started growing again and releasing new designs. The Genuino trademark was dismissed and all products were branded again with the Arduino name. As of February 2020, the Arduino community included about 30 million active users based on the IDE downloads.
In August 2018, Arduino announced its new open source command line tool (arduino-cli), which can be used as a replacement of the IDE to program the boards from a shell.
In February 2019, Arduino announced its IoT Cloud service as an extension of the Create online environment.
Hardware
Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.
Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the developers have requested the name Arduino to be exclusive to the official product and not be used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official product. Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided the project name by using various names ending in -duino.
Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, or ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features. The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012. The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I2C serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs, such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions.
Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino Uno is the Optiboot bootloader. Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. When used with traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system programming (ISP) programming is used.
The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board that can plug into solderless breadboards.
Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education, to simplify making buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent, but change the form factor, sometimes retaining compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying compatibility.
Official boards
The original Arduino hardware was manufactured by the Italian company Smart Projects. Some Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American companies SparkFun Electronics and Adafruit Industries. , 17 versions of the Arduino hardware have been commercially produced.
Shields
Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards use printed circuit expansion boards called shields, which plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin headers. Shields can provide motor controls for 3D printing and other applications, GNSS (satellite navigation), Ethernet, liquid crystal display (LCD), or breadboarding (prototyping). Several shields can also be made do it yourself (DIY).
Software
A program for Arduino hardware may be written in any programming language with compilers that produce binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a development environment for their 8-bit AVR and 32-bit ARM Cortex-M based microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel Studio (newer).
IDE
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application (for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux) that is written in the Java programming language. It originated from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version 2.
The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.
From version 1.8.12, Arduino IDE windows compiler supports only Windows 7 or newer OS. On Windows Vista or older one gets "Unrecognized Win32 application" error when trying to verify/upload program. To run IDE on older machines, users can either use version 1.8.11, or copy "arduino-builder" executable from version 11 to their current install folder as it's independent from IDE.
IDE 2
On October 18, 2019, Arduino Pro IDE (alpha preview) was released. Later, on March 1, 2021, the beta preview was released, renamed IDE 2.0. The system still uses Arduino CLI (Command Line Interface), but improvements include a more professional development environment, autocompletion support, and Git integration. The application frontend is based on the Eclipse Theia Open Source IDE. The main features available in the new release are:
Modern, fully featured development environment
Dual Mode, Classic Mode (identical to the Classic Arduino IDE) and Pro Mode (File System view)
New Board Manager
New Library Manager
Board List
Basic Auto-Completion (Arm targets only)
Git Integration
Serial Monitor
Dark Mode
Sketch
A sketch is a program written with the Arduino IDE. Sketches are saved on the development computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde.
A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consists of only two functions:
: This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch. It is analogous to the function .
: After function exits (ends), the function is executed repeatedly in the main program. It controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset. It is analogous to the function .
Blink example
Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (LED) and a current-limiting resistor connected between pin 13 and ground, which is a convenient feature for many tests and program functions. A typical program used by beginners, akin to Hello, World!, is "blink", which repeatedly blinks the on-board LED integrated into the Arduino board. This program uses the functions , , and , which are provided by the internal libraries included in the IDE environment. This program is usually loaded into a new Arduino board by the manufacturer.
# define LED_PIN 13 // Pin number attached to LED.
void setup() {
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Configure pin 13 to be a digital output.
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn on the LED.
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second (1000 milliseconds).
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn off the LED.
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second.
}
Libraries
The open-source nature of the Arduino project has facilitated the publication of many free software libraries that other developers use to augment their projects.
Operating systems/threading
There is a Xinu OS port for the atmega328p (Arduino Uno and others with the same chip), which includes most of the basic features. The source code of this version is freely available.
There is also a threading tool, named Protothreads. Protothreads are described as "extremely lightweight stackless threads designed for severely memory constrained systems, such as small embedded systems or wireless sensor network nodes.
Applications
Arduboy, a handheld game console based on Arduino
Arduinome, a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome
Ardupilot, drone software and hardware
ArduSat, a cubesat based on Arduino
C-STEM Studio, a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics
Data loggers for scientific research
OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in most modern cars
OpenEVSE an open-source electric vehicle charger
XOD, a visual programming language for Arduino
Simulation
Tinkercad, an analog and digital simulator supporting Arduino Simulation
Wokwi, a digital and free to use simulator for Arduino boards
Recognitions
The Arduino project received an honorary mention in the Digital Communities category at the 2006 Prix Ars Electronica.
The Arduino Engineering Kit won the Bett Award for "Higher Education or Further Education Digital Services" in 2020.
See also
List of Arduino boards and compatible systems
List of open-source hardware projects
Explanatory notes
References
Further reading
Massimo Banzi, Michael Shiloh; Make: Getting Started with Arduino; 3rd ed.; Make Community; 262 pages; 2014; .
Jeremy Blum; Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry; 2nd ed.; Wiley; 512 pages; 2019; .
John Boxall; Arduino Workshop: A Hands-On Introduction with 65 Projects; 1st ed.; No Starch Press; 392 pages; 2013; .
Tero Karvinen, Kimmo Karvinen, Ville Valtokari; Make: Sensors; 1st ed.; Make Community; 400 pages; 2014; .
Simon Monk; Programming Arduino Next Steps: Going Further with Sketches; 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill Education; 320 pages; 2018; .
Simon Monk; Programming Arduino: Getting Started with Sketches; 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill Education; 192 pages; 2016; .
John Nussey; Arduino For Dummies; 2nd ed.; John Wiley & Sons; 400 pages; 2018; .
Jack Purdum; Beginning C for Arduino: Learn C Programming for the Arduino; 2nd ed.; Apress; 388 pages; 2015; .
Maik Schmidt; Arduino: A Quick Start Guide; 2nd ed.; Pragmatic Bookshelf; Pragmatic Bookshelf; 323 pages; 2015; .
External links
How Arduino is open sourcing imagination, a TED talk by creator Massimo Banzi
Evolution tree for Arduino
Arduino Cheat Sheet
Arduino Dimensions and Hole Patterns
Arduino Shield Template
Arduino Board Pinout Diagrams: Due, Esplora, Leonardo, Mega, Micro, Mini, Pro Micro, Pro Mini, Uno, Yun
Historical
Arduino - The Documentary (2010): IMDb, Vimeo
Massimo Banzi interviews: Triangulation 110, FLOSS 61
Untold History of Arduino - Hernando Barragán
Lawsuit documents from Arduino LLC vs. Arduino S.R.L. et al. - United States Courts Archive
Microcontrollers
Open hardware electronic devices
Robotics hardware
Computer-related introductions in 2005
Physical computing
Italian inventions |
5389435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul%20Sartre%20Experience | Jean-Paul Sartre Experience | The Jean-Paul Sartre Experience, later renamed JPS Experience after the estate of Jean-Paul Sartre threatened a lawsuit, were an indie rock band on New Zealand's Flying Nun Records.
History
The band was formed in 1984 by Dave Yetton (vocals, bass guitar), Gary Sullivan (drums), and Dave Mulcahy (guitar). They were later joined by a second vocalist and guitarist, Jim Laing.
Their first crudely recorded demo tape was supplied to university radio stations around the country in a can. It contained early versions of the songs "Einstein" and "Crap Rap" that would appear on subsequent releases. In 1986 they were asked to record a track for the "Weird Culture, Weird Custom" compilation produced by the student radio network. Their track was "Let That Good Thing Grow", which was re-released on their first album. They were subsequently signed by Flying Nun, who issued their eponymous début EP in January 1987, and début album Love Songs the same year, described by AllMusic as "an exceptional - if short - affair". After two further albums for the label, they added keyboard player Russell Baillie and abbreviated their name to the JPS experience after being threatened with legal action by Sartre's estate. After three EPs, Baillie departed in 1993, and the band released their fourth (and final) album, Bleeding Star, which took a noisier approach than their earlier recordings, drawing comparisons with Pixies and My Bloody Valentine. Mulcahy had left during the album's recording, forming Monster and later Superette and Eskimo, who released one album before shortening their name to Kimo. He was replaced by Matt Heine, formerly of Solid Gold Hell. The band continued until their split in 1994.
After the demise of JPS Experience, David Yetton recorded two albums with The Stereo Bus and one solo album, as well as playing with The Mutton Birds. James Laing released one solo album and Gary Sullivan performed on the first Stereo Bus album and on early Dimmer releases. Sullivan joined Solid Gold Hell. Jim Laing died on 12 April 2016 of natural causes. Before his death the band had been in talks to reunite and write new material. The band later played a one off-show, on 22 April 2016 at the newly refurbished Hollywood Theatre in Avondale to commemorate their friend and bandmate Jim Laing.
Discography
Albums
EPs
Compilations
Singles
Compilation appearances
The group have appeared on some compilations and soundtracks both in New Zealand and in Australia. The following is a list of these albums:
(1999) - Scarfies (Flying Nun Records) - "Let There Be Love" & "Grey Parade"
(1987) - Weird Culture, Weird Custom "Let That Good Thing Grow" National Student Radio
References
External links
[ AMG entry]
Jean-Paul Sartre Experience at Flying Nun
AudioCulture profile
Flying Nun Records artists
New Zealand indie rock groups
Dunedin Sound musical groups |
5389444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Nierlich | Rudolf Nierlich | Rudolf "Rudi" Nierlich (20 February 1966 – 18 May 1991) was an Austrian alpine skier. Born in Sankt Wolfgang im Salzkammergut (Upper Austria), he won a total of 8 races in the Alpine Skiing World Cup, and was three times World Champion (1989 and 1991), in Slalom and Giant Slalom.
Death
He died 1991 in a traffic collision in Sankt Wolfgang im Salzkammergut.
World Cup victories
World Championship results
Europa Cup results
Nierlich has won a overall Europa Cup and one specialty standings.
FIS Alpine Ski Europa Cup
Overall: 1986
Giant slalom: 1986
References
External links
1966 births
1991 deaths
Austrian male alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers of Austria
Road incident deaths in Austria
People from Gmunden District
Sportspeople from Upper Austria |
5389445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Resolution%20%281667%29 | HMS Resolution (1667) | HMS Resolution was a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched at Harwich Dockyard on 6 December 1667. She was one of only three third-rate vessels designed and built by the noted maritime architect Sir Anthony Deane.
History
Resolution served as the flagship in an expedition against the Barbary Corsairs in 1669 and took part in the unsuccessful attack on the Dutch Smyrna convoy, which resulted in the Third Dutch War. She was later girdled, which increased her breadth slightly, and underwent a rebuilding in 1698 – although this limited reconstruction did not involve taking her hull to pieces. She was lost in 1703.
By 1685, Resolution was only armed with 68 guns. She was relaunched after a rebuild at Chatham Dockyard on 30 April 1698, as a 70-gun ship once more.
Sinking
In the Great Storm of 1703 in Pevensey Bay, East Sussex, she hit the Owers Bank off Littlehampton before the crew could even get up sail, then blown across the Solent, limping on around Beachy Head. With the ship seriously flooded, her captain, Thomas Liell, tried unsuccessfully to beach her in Pevensey Bay, but the crew had to abandon ship, and all made it ashore.
Wreck
In April 2005, a well-preserved wreck believed to be hers was discovered by 3 divers attempting to recover a tangled-up lobster pot miles offshore and 9 metres below sea level, at approximately . It was only when a 12 ft anchor appeared that Paul Stratford, Martin Wiltshire, and Steve Paice then found dozens of cast-iron cannon around a timber hull. The discovery was kept secret whilst a preliminary survey by Wessex Archaeology was carried out at the site and whilst discussions were carried out as to how best to protect it. This found at least 45 large cannon, along with a ballast mound surrounded by wooden ribs and planking protruding from a seabed of sand and silt. These all seemed to be from a large warship dating between 1600 and 1800 which is 'likely' to be Resolution.
The site was then in May 2006 made public and given official protection under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973, banning unauthorised diving within 100 m, by culture Minister David Lammy Martin Wiltshire and Steve Paice allowed Paul Stratford take on the responsibilities of licensee applicant. The wreck is a Protected Wreck managed by
Ian Oxley, head of maritime archaeology at English Heritage, called the ship 'a crucial part of England's seafaring heritage'.
One of the divers, Mr Paul Stratford, 41, who had only been diving for four years, said they were 'very proud' of their find and added:
'It was unbelievable. We went down there expecting to get some fishing junk and found a huge anchor. Visibility was poor but we kept finding cannon after cannon. We have been fishing and then diving in this area since we were kids, so were astonished to find this in our bay. It feeds your imagination about what else might be down there.'Many people dive for years hoping to find something like this, but we really stumbled upon it. We've been diving for four or five years and fished here as well, and to find this on our own doorstep is unbelievable. There is the anchor, some cannon, a large area of brickwork which is believed to be the galley area, but the site hasn't been dug up or disturbed at the moment. We've only been recording what's down there. We've been working closely with English Heritage and the Nautical Archaeology Society in Portsmouth.'It was obvious once we came across it that it was a big war ship. It had to be because of the number of guns there. The lack of any steel made us realise that we were dealing with a timber ship and very soon afterwards we found the hull structure. We believe it is the HMS Resolution. We can't be certain until we can find something so that we can date it. But with all the information pulled in for us, it looks most likely that it is the Resolution.'
If the wreck does prove to be HMS Resolution, it is already owned by the Nautical Museums Trust in Hastings, which bought rights to the yet-to-be-found vessel from the MoD in 1985. Their representative, Adrian Barak, said,
'This is a hugely significant find. We can't say it is definitely Resolution but it is almost the exact right place. It is remarkable that this wreck hadn't been discovered before. It may be that the seabed was moved by winter storms which uncovered it.'
For now the 3 divers (who are in 2006 taking NAS Training courses up to Part III, which will equip them to carry out sophisticated survey work) have been appointed as the site's joint licensees and will oversee maintenance, survey and any excavation, in partnership with Wessex Archaeology and with involvement from the Nautical Archaeology Society. In relation to this the divers have said:
'We are meeting soon with them, Wessex and English Heritage to discuss the way forward. For one thing, we are in need of project funding to support survey and possible sampling work that might lead to a positive identification.'A physical and virtual dive trail has been developed for the site.
See also
Wreck diving
Maritime archaeology
Underwater archaeology
Nautical Archaeology Society
Archaeology of shipwrecks
List of designations under the Protection of Wrecks Act
Protection of Wrecks Act
Notes
References
Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press. .
External links
Resolution Project
Report
Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
Protected Wrecks of England
Maritime incidents in 1703
1660s ships
1703 in England
2005 in England |
5389456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povorino | Povorino | Povorino () is a town and the administrative center of Povorinsky District in the east of Voronezh Oblast, Russia. Population:
History
It emerged as a settlement around the eponymous railway station in 1870 and was granted town status in 1954.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Povorino serves as the administrative center of Povorinsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Povorinsky District as Povorino Urban Settlement. As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Povorinsky Municipal District.
Transportation
A junction of railroads and motorways, the town is situated between Tambov and Volgograd on European route E119 from Moscow to Astara, Azerbaijan.
Military
The town was home to Povorino air base during the Cold War.
References
Notes
Sources
Cities and towns in Voronezh Oblast
Populated places established in 1870
1870 establishments in the Russian Empire |
5389459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane%20Administration%20Centre | Brisbane Administration Centre | Northbank Plaza is an office building in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Located at 69 Ann Street in the central business district, it is located immediately south of the Brisbane City Hall. Until 2007 it was known as the Brisbane Administration Centre (BAC), and served as the administrative headquarters for the Brisbane City Council.
When originally opened in the 1930s the Brisbane City Hall was intended to house all of the council's office staff, as well as councillors, together with public meeting rooms. However, as Brisbane rapidly grew, the council converted many of the smaller public meeting rooms and vestibules to office space. Eventually by the 1960s offices were being built on the roof and in the basement of the city hall. Some council departments, such as the Transport Department, and part of the Health Department could not fit into City Hall and were located elsewhere.
During the tenure of Lord Mayor Clem Jones (1961–1974) properties were acquired south of the City Hall with the intention of constructing a large office tower to replace the cramped conditions then prevailing in City Hall. The BAC was opened in 1975, together with a shopping plaza below street level. For many years the shopping centre struggled, owing to its awkward layout and dark interior. The plaza was completely revamped in the early 1990s, the shops were relocated to street level and their former location being taken over by a new public library.
The relocation of most council offices from City Hall to the BAC allowed the council to restore the City Hall's meeting rooms and vestibules to their original purpose and to undertake a thorough restoration of the building. This was largely completed by the mid-1980s. An underground public car park is also located beneath the building.
In 2006 the city council moved its offices to another high rise office block Brisbane Square, located in Queen Street. In 2007-08 the building underwent a $30 million upgrade in 2007/2008 and was subsequently renamed Northbank Plaza. The building supports 26,000m2 of office space over twenty-two levels, with the ground floor used as both a lobby and a small retail area. The tenants of Northbank Plaza are Telstra, RemServ, Parsons-Brinckerhoff, and Australian federal government departments.
See also
List of tallest buildings in Brisbane
References
J.R. Cole, "Shaping a City: Greater Brisbane 1925-1985", Brisbane 1984
Office buildings in Brisbane
Office buildings completed in 1975
1975 establishments in Australia
Ann Street, Brisbane |
5389460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography%20of%20Terror | Topography of Terror | The Topography of Terror () is an outdoor and indoor history museum in Berlin, Germany. It is located on Niederkirchnerstrasse, formerly Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse, on the site of buildings, which during the Nazi regime from 1933 to 1945 was the SS Reich Security Main Office, the headquarters of the Sicherheitspolizei, SD, Einsatzgruppen and Gestapo.
The buildings that housed the Gestapo and SS headquarters were largely destroyed by Allied bombing during early 1945 and the ruins demolished after the war. The boundary between the American and Soviet zones of occupation in Berlin ran along the Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse, so the street soon became a fortified boundary, and the Berlin Wall ran along the south side of the street, renamed Niederkirchnerstrasse, from 1961 to 1989. The wall here was never demolished. The section adjacent to the Topography of Terror site is the longest extant segment of the outer wall, as the longer East Side Gallery section in Friedrichshain was part of the inner wall, not visible from West Berlin.
The first exhibitions of the site took place in 1987, as part of Berlin's 750th anniversary. The cellar of the Gestapo headquarters, where many political prisoners were tortured and executed, was found and excavated. The site was then turned into a memorial and museum, in the open air but protected from the elements by a canopy, detailing the history of repression under the Nazis. The excavation took place in cooperation with East German researchers, and a joint exhibition was shown both at the site and in East Germany in 1989.
In 1992, two years after German reunification, a foundation was established to take care of the site, and the following year, it initiated an architectural competition to design a permanent museum. A design by architect Peter Zumthor was chosen. However, construction was stopped due to funding problems after the concrete core of the structure had been built. This stood on the site for nearly a decade until it was finally demolished in 2004 and a new building begun.
The construction of the new Documentation Centre according to a prize-winning design by the architect Ursula Wilms (Heinle, Wischer und Partner, Berlin) and the landscape architect Heinz W. Hallmann (Aachen) was finished in 2010. The new Documentation Centre was officially opened on 6 May 2010 by Federal President Horst Köhler on the occasion of the 65th anniversary of the end of World War II. The new exhibition and documentation building and the redesigned historic grounds were opened to the public on 7 May 2010.
History
After the demolition of the ruins in the 1950s, the area was used as a bumper car site and a dumping ground for rubble from the renovation of Kreuzberg. The plans for a memorial site on the former site of the Gestapo goes back to 1978, when Berlin architecture critic Dieter Hoffmann-Axthelm was one of the first to note, in essays and surveys, the significance of the former site of the Gestapo, SD and RSHA headquarters.
The first exhibition on the site's history was created for the 750th anniversary of Berlin in 1987. The research continued after it, leading to a documentation centre that collected some more evidence for the terror of the National Socialists in Germany. In 1992, a foundation was created for the construction and maintenance of the centre with an associated permanent exhibition. The managing director is Rabbi Andreas Nachama.
A tender in 1993 to design the museum complex was won by the Pritzker Prize-winning Swiss architect Peter Zumthor. Based on the temporary exhibition building, his design was likened to the skeleton of a barracks, allowing light through the glazed gaps in the concrete beams. Although critically acclaimed, the structure proved expensive to build and when the original contractor became insolvent in the middle of construction, no other contractor willing to continue the project for the fixed fee could be found. With the city of Berlin unwilling to pay an additional three to five million Euros for a reduced design and funding from the federal government delayed until more progress was achieved, the site was left with just the concrete stairwells of the design. Having spent 13.9 million Euros already, these were demolished, despite the protests of Zumthor and other architects, in 2004.
Architectural design competition 2005
In June 2005 a new architectural design competition was launched following the aborted partial construction of Zumthor's design. Out of 309 submitted and 23 chosen drafts, architect Ursula Wilms from the Berlin architects office Heinle, Wischer and Partner and landscape architect Heinz W. Hallmann from Aachen won in January 2006 the final round. The draft included a two-storey, ashlar-formed, paned building with an available surface of 3,500 square metres. For the construction around €15 million was available. Another five to nine million Euro was used for the interior and the redevelopment of the historical site. These costs were defrayed jointly by both the federal government and the federal state of Berlin, each contributing 50%. The architects estimated construction costs at a maximum of €20 million and a construction period of two years.
The construction was finished on time and the new building was opened to the public on 7 May 2010.
Building
The open-air exhibition in the trench alongside the excavated segments of cellar wall on Niederkirchnerstraße (formerly Prinz-Albrecht-Straße) was retained and sheltered with glass. The room for the permanent exhibition is 800 cubic metres and presents the development and functions of the security apparatuses during the Nazi regime.
A room for events at the back of the building can accommodate 200 participants.
In the southern part of the area outside is a copse of robinias, the remains of "Harrys Autodrom" from the 1970s, whereas the rest of the open space is covered with greywacke.
Around the flat-roofed building is a façade made of metal lamellae, which opens the building in a way that it is possible to look out of it to the surroundings anywhere on the ground floor of the building. In the basement is the seminar centre, the library with about 25,000 volumes, the memorial department and offices for 17 employees of the Topography of Terror Foundation.
Exhibitions
Permanent exhibitions
With the inauguration of the new Documentation Centre, three permanent exhibitions are open to the public. All three are presented bilingually in German and English.
Topography of Terror. Gestapo, SS, and Reich Security Main Office on Wilhelm- and Prinz-Albrecht-Straße
The "Topography of Terror" permanent exhibition was shown in the open air until the new Documentation Centre opened.
The thoroughly revised and redesigned "Topography of Terror" permanent exhibition is presented over 800 square meters in the new building. The focus of the exhibition is the central institutions of the SS and police in the "Third Reich" as well as the crimes they perpetrated throughout Europe. Attention to the Nazi regime's many victim groups will assume a central place alongside the portrayal of the system of terror.
Berlin 1933–1945 Between Propaganda and Terror
A permanent exhibition about the capital Berlin during the "Third Reich" will be on display in the exhibition trench alongside the excavated segments of cellar wall on Niederkirchnerstraße (formerly Prinz-Albrecht-Straße). It will address National Socialist policy in Berlin and its consequences for the city and its population.
Topography of Terror Site Tour. The History of the Site
With the opening of the new Documentation Centre, the grounds of the "Topography of Terror" are once again completely open to the public. The site tour, which mainly follows the exposed building remnants, encompasses 15 stations. Informational signs provide an overview of the historic location and the site's use during the Nazi period and the postwar era. The tour also integrates remains of the Berlin Wall, which have been designated a historic monument.
Special and temporary exhibitions
The Face of the Ghetto. Pictures taken by Jewish Photographers in the Litzmannstadt Ghetto 1940–1944
This special exhibition will be presented in the Topography of Terror Documentation Centre from 23 June 2010 on. It was developed by Dr. Ingo Loose and Dr. Thomas Lutz in cooperation with the State Archive in Łódź.
The "House Prison" at Gestapo Headquarters in Berlin. Terror and Resistance 1933–1945
A bilingual German-English exhibition on the "House Prison" at the Gestapo Headquarters was shown in a special open-air exhibition area and included the 'ground memorial' including remains of former basement prison cells.
With altogether 400 photos and documents, for the first time the exhibition comprehensively related the history of the prison at Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8 and reminded the fate of numerous detainees.
This presentation lasted from August 2005 to April 2008 on the site of the 'Topography of Terror'.
The Trial of Major War Criminals in Nuremberg
This exhibition was presented on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Nuremberg Trials and comprised around 110 photo and 50 text documents as well as 15 audio stations. It outlined the genesis, process, ambition and importance of the trial led by the Allies at Nuremberg focussing on the accused, whose culpability for the war crimes is demonstrated.
The presentation was located on the construction hoarding at the area of the Topography of Terror from October 2005 to April 2007.
The "People's Court" - Hitler's Political Tribunal
German-English documentation on occasion of the 70th anniversary of the foundation of the people's court.
The exhibition was developed in cooperation with the Memorial to the German Resistance.
Travelling exhibitions
Fire! Anti-Jewish Terror on "Kristallnacht" in November 1938
The exhibition was developed in cooperation with the Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe and the Stiftung Neue Synagoge - Centrum Judaicum. The cooperative project presented on the 70th anniversary of the Kristallnacht pogrom presents historical documentation of the attack, seen around the world, on German Jewry after five and a half years of Nazi dictatorship.
The presentation was displayed from November 2008 to March 2009 in the Centrum Judaicum in Berlin.
Library
The library of the Topography of Terror Foundation is a special library focusing on the police, SS, Gestapo in the Third Reich and on the National Socialism in general. It currently comprises about 25 800 media elements, about 120 regularly and 100 closed magazines. It is situated around a fountain reminding of Zen gardens and freely accessible.
Memorial Museums Department
The Topography of Terror Foundation provides comprehensive advice and coordination tasks in the field of national and international memorial sites. In Germany, the Memorial Museums Department is the central coordination office for memorial sites and initiatives for memorial sites and increasingly promotes the international collaboration.
Exhibition
Nazi Forced Labour Documentation Centre
The last well-preserved former Nazi forced labour camp is located in Niederschöneweide. In the Second World War it served as one of the more than 3000 collective accommodations dispersed throughout the city for forced labourers. The Documentation Centre on Nazi Forced Labour opened in the summer of 2006 on a part of historical grounds that once belonged to the camp and which are today protected as a monument. The Documentation Centre offers two permanent exhibitions: "Forced Labour in the Daily Round 1938-1945" and "Between two stools. The History of the Italian Military Internees 1943-1945". Entrance and guided tours are free.
"Topography of Terror" tours in Russia
In several Russian cities activists of Memorial have organised alternative tours, showing visitors locations, buildings and monuments associated with the political terror of the Soviet period, especially of Lenin and Stalin. Such tours are regularly held in Ryazan (Central Russia), Krasnoyarsk (Siberia) and Khabarovsk (Far East) while Moscow has tours and a website devoted to the theme, "It happened right here" (Это прямо здесь).
References
Further reading
Publisher: Topography of Terror Foundation, represented by Prof. Dr. Andreas Nachama: Topography of Terror. Gestapo, SS and Reich Security Main Office on Wilhelm- and Prinz-Albrecht-Straße. A Documentation 1. edition. Berlin 2010, .
Publisher: Topography of Terror Foundation, represented by Prof. Dr. Andreas Nachama: Site Tour "Topography of Terror". History of the Site 1. edition. Berlin 2010, .
Movies
Schaltzentrale der Hölle. Was passiert mit der "Topographie des Terrors" in Berlin? Documentary, Germany, 2004, 7'08 Min., ZDF-aspekte, 20 July 2004
Dokumentationen des Terrors. News programme, Germany, 2007, 1'52 Min., Production: ZDF-heute, first run: 2 November 2007
External links
Official site
Gedenkstättenforum
Nazi Forced Labour Documentation Centre
Berlin Wall
Gestapo
Museums in Berlin
Nazi SS
Nuremberg trials
World War II museums in Germany
Buildings and structures in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg |
5389506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%20Omar%20Issa | Jama Omar Issa | Aw Jama Omar Issa (, ) (c.1922 – 6 January 2014) commonly known as Aw Jaamac, was a Somali scholar, historian and collector of oral literature of Somalia. He wrote the first authoritative study of Dervishes, the polity of monarch Diiriye Guure.
Biography
A recorder and collector of oral history and poetry. The title aw or sheikh generally indicates a man of religion; Aw Jama is therefore called Sheikh Jama as well. Jamaac is from Buuhoodle, Somalia. His formal education was Arabic and Islamic and he became a certified teacher in Hargeisa in Somalia in 1957. In the early 1960s, Aw Jama moved to Mogadishu to teach and continue to collect the poems of Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, known in the West as the "Mad Mullah".
Aw Jamac Cuumar Ciise has 14 children and 74 grandchildren.
Jama has spent some twenty years collecting and transcribing orally transmitted poetry before publishing it in Diiwaanka Sayid Maxamed, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1974. The name "Sayid Maxamed" refers to Sayyid Mohammed Abdulle Hasan.
This collection of poetry served as material for interpretation and analysis in his next book, Taariikhdii Daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan, (1895-1921), Wasaaradda Hiddaha iyo Tacliinta Sare, edited by Akadeemiyaha Dhaqanka, Mogadishu, 1976.
Before the Somali script was formally adopted, Aw Jama published in Arabic: Tarikh al-Sumal fi al-'Usur al-Wusta waal-Haditha (The modern and Middle Ages of Somali history) and Zu’ama al- Harakah al-Siyasiyya fi al-Sumal (The leaders of political movements in Somalia), both in 1965. In 1966, he published in Arabic Tarikh al-Liwa Da'ud (The life of General Daud Abdulla Hirsi) a book on the biography of the first Commander-in-Chief of the Somali army. As a member of the Academy of Culture, Aw Jama researched the history of the towns of the Banadir coast. In 1979, he published, in Arabic, Muqdishu Madhiha wa Hadhiriha (Mogadishu: Past and present). In collaboration with Somali historians Mohamed Haji Omar and Ahmed Jimale "Castro", he wrote Speared from the Spear:Traditional Somali Behaviour in Warfare, published by the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1997.
Death
On 6 January 2014, Jama Omar Isse died in the neighboring country of Djibouti at the age of 91. He had been living in Djibouti since the collapse of Somalia's central government in 1991 after which the Djibouti government hosted him following widespread of insecurity in Somalia.
References
Somalian non-fiction writers
Ethnic Somali people
1920s births
2014 deaths |
5389526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn%20Rojas | Benjamín Rojas | Benjamín Rojas Pessi (born April 16, 1985) is an Argentine actor and singer. He was part of the pop-rock band Erreway together with Camila Bordonaba, Felipe Colombo and Luisana Lopilato.
Acting career
Breakthrough (1998–2003)
Rojas was born in La Plata, and began his professional acting career in 1998, when he was 12 years old: he was cast as Yago in Cris Morena's production, Chiquititas. His portrayed a Tarzan–like boy who helped Jimena, played by María Jimena Piccolo, to get out of a jungle. In turn Jimena took him to the Rincón de Luz orphanage. In 1999, for its fifth season, Chiquititas got a complete makeover and renewed its story completely. Rojas continued on the show but playing a new character, Bautista Arce. He reprised the role in Chiquititas feature film Chiquititas: Rincón de Luz.
In 2002, he renewed his contract with the Cris Morena Group and was cast for the role of Pablo Bustamante in the Martín Fierro Award—nominated hit television series Rebelde Way. Along with former Chiquititas fellows Camila Bordonaba, Felipe Colombo and Luisana Lopilato, he formed a music band, named Erreway, which sold more than 10 million compact disc units worldwide. In 2004, Rojas reprised his role of Pablo Bustamante in Erreway: 4 Caminos, a Rebelde Way spin–off film. His films have grossed 8.7 billion in global box office.
Stardom (2004–present)
In 2004, Rojas starred in the El Trece series Floricienta, his third consecutive project with the Cris Morena Group in the span of seven years. He starred the series as Franco Fritzenwalden for two seasons, alongside Florencia Bertotti and Juan Gil Navarro. Rojas also reprised his character in the theatre version of Floricienta. In 2006, he once again worked with Cris Morena on television series Alma Pirata, opposite Luisana Lopilato, Mariano Martínez and Elsa Pinilla. Rojas also recorded several songs for Alma Pirata soundtrack album.
Throughout 2007 and 2009, Rojas had several guest appearances in the television series Casi Ángeles. In 2008, he appeared in two films, Kluge alongside Alejandro Awada, and La leyenda alongside Pablo Rago. These were his first projects done independently from the Cris Morena Group. In 2008, Rojas signed a contract with the Cris Morena Group and the Disney Channel Latin America for a new television sitcom, Jake & Blake, his first project in English. The series, based on the story of The Prince and the Pauper, went on to reach a worldwide success. Rojas signed up for two television series in 2011, Venezuelan series Amigos y Rivales and Argentine series Cuando me sonreís, opposite Facundo Arana and Mariana Espósito.
Musical career
During the development of Rebelde Way, Rojas and his co-stars: Luisana Lopilato, Felipe Colombo and Camila Bordonaba have become the members of the band Erreway. They immediately reached worldwide popularity, especially in Latin America, Spain, Europe and Israel. All their studio albums, Señales (2002), Tiempo (2003) and Memoria, reached Platinum certification. The band was partially inactive from 2005 to 2007, when they reunited as a trio, without Lopilato. They released Erreway presenta su caja recopilatoria, the greatest hits compilation, in 2007, and a new album Vuelvo was announced. However, Vuelvo has never been released. In 2010, Bordonaba and Colombo began their independent musical project, La Miss Tijuana, marking the final split of Erreway.
Rojas has recorded several soundtrack albums for his television series. This includes five Chiquititas soundtrack albums, released from 1998 to 2001. He also had songs in the Floricienta soundtrack album. Rojas also recorded a soundtrack album for Alma Pirata in 2006 and appeared in 2007 soundtrack album of Casi Ángeles. In 2010, Rojas released the soundtrack album for his television series Jake & Blake.
Personal and media life
Rojas was born in La Plata, Argentina, as the youngest of four children of Juan Carlos Rojas and Rosalinda Pessi. He has two brothers, Carlos María and Juan Luis, and a sister, Milagros. Rojas attended the Gimnasia La Plata and played for its rugby team. However, he quit his sports career due to his role in Chiquititas. Rojas is a fan of football soccer and a passionate supporter of Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata. He is fluent in Spanish and English, which he studied for six months in New York City as the preparation for the television series Jake & Blake, which was shot in English.
From 1998 to 2004, Benjamín Rojas was in a relationship with his co-star the actress, Camila Bordonaba at the time they were both cast for Chiquititas and Rebelde Way.
From 2006 to 2008, Benjamín Rojas was in a relationship with the actress and model, María Del Cerro with whom he was engaged.
Since 2011, Benjamín Rojas has been in a relationship with Martina Sánchez Acosta, a television producer. On December 21, 2018, the couple's first child was born; a girl they named Rita.
Filmography
Television
Theater
Television programs
Movies
Discography
Soundtrack albums
1998 — Chiquititas Vol. 4
1999 — Chiquititas Vol. 5
2000 — Chiquititas Vol. 6
2001 — Chiquititas Vol. 7
2001 — Chiquititas: Rincón de Luz
2004 — Floricienta
2005 — Floricienta
2007 — Floricienta
2006 — Alma Pirata
2010 — Jake & Blake
Erreway
2002 — Señales
2002 — Erreway en Grand Rex
2003 — Tiempo
2003 — Nuestro Tiempo
2004 — Nuestro Tiempo
2004 — Memoria
2004 — Gira 2004
2006 — El Disco de Rebelde Way
2006 — Erreway en Concierto
2007 — Erreway presenta su caja recopilatoria
2007 — Erreway en España
2007 — Vuelvo
Roco
2013 — Pasarán años
2013 — Como baila la novia
2013 — Gira
2013 — Quien se ha tomado todo el vino
2013 — Tornado
Singles
2017 — Polarizado
Awards and nominations
2022
|Estrella de Mar Awards
|Supporting Actor
|Una semana nada mas
|
|-
|}
Notes
References
External links
1985 births
Argentine male film actors
21st-century Argentine male singers
Argentine male models
Argentine pop singers
Argentine male stage actors
Argentine male telenovela actors
Argentine male television actors
Argentine people of Spanish descent
Argentine people of Italian descent
Living people
People from La Plata
20th-century Argentine male actors
21st-century Argentine male actors |
5389532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem%20Johan%20Kolff | Willem Johan Kolff | Willem Johan "Pim" Kolff (February 14, 1911 – February 11, 2009) was a pioneer of hemodialysis, artificial heart, as well as in the entire field of artificial organs. Willem was a member of the Kolff family, an old Dutch patrician family. He made his major discoveries in the field of dialysis for kidney failure during the Second World War. He emigrated in 1950 to the United States, where he obtained US citizenship in 1955, and received a number of awards and widespread recognition for his work.
Netherlands
Born in Leiden, Netherlands, Kolff was the eldest of a family of 5 boys. Kolff studied medicine in his hometown at Leiden University, and continued as a resident in internal medicine at Groningen University. One of his first patients was a 22-year-old man who was slowly dying of chronic kidney failure. This prompted Kolff to perform research on artificial renal function replacement. Also during his residency, Kolff organized the first blood bank in Europe (in 1940). Kolff's first prototype dialyzer was developed in 1943, built from orange juice cans, used auto parts, and sausage casings. Over a two-year span, Kolff had attempted to treat 15 people with his machine, but all had died. In 1945, Kolff successfully treated his first patient, a 67-year-old woman, from kidney failure using his hemodialysis machine.
During World War II, he was in Kampen, where he was active in the resistance against the German occupation. Simultaneously, Kolff developed the first functioning artificial kidney. He treated his first patient in 1943, and in 1945 he was able to save a patient's life with hemodialysis treatment. In 1946 he obtained a PhD degree summa cum laude at University of Groningen on the subject. It marks the start of a treatment that has saved the lives of millions of acute kidney injury or chronic kidney failure patients ever since.
United States
When the war ended, Kolff donated his artificial kidneys to other hospitals to spread familiarity with the technology. In Europe, Kolff sent machines to London, Amsterdam, and Poland. Another machine sent to Dr. Isidore Snapper at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City was used to perform the first human dialysis in the United States on January 26, 1948 under the supervision of Drs. Alfred P. Fishman and Irving Kroop.
In 1950, Kolff left the Netherlands to seek opportunities in the US. At the Cleveland Clinic, he was involved in the development of heart-lung machines to maintain heart and pulmonary function during cardiac surgery. He also improved on his dialysis machine. At Brigham and Women's Hospital, with funding from New York real estate developer David Rose he developed the first production artificial kidney, the Kolff Brigham Artificial Kidney, manufactured by the Edward A. Olson Co. in Boston Massachusetts, and later the Travenol Twin-Coil Artificial Kidney.
He became head of the University of Utah's Division of Artificial Organs and Institute for Biomedical Engineering in 1967, where he was involved in the development of the artificial heart, the first of which was implanted in 1982 in patient Barney Clark, who survived for four months, with the heart still functioning at the time of Clark's death.
In 1976 Kolff became a corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Impact
Kolff is considered to be the Father of Artificial Organs, and is regarded as one of the most important physicians of the 20th century. He obtained more than 12 honorary doctorates at universities all over the world, and more than 120 international awards, among them the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh in 1964, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1971, the Harvey Prize in 1972, AMA Scientific Achievement Award in 1982, the Japan Prize in 1986, the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research in 2002 the Russ Prize in 2003. In 1990 Life Magazine included him in its list of the 100 Most Important Persons of the 20th Century. He was a co-nominee with William H. Dobelle for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003. Robert Jarvik, who worked in Kolff's laboratory at the University of Utah beginning in 1971, credited Kolff with inspiring him to develop the first permanent artificial heart. Theodor Kolobow, the inventor of the silicone spiral coil membrane lung and pioneer of artificial organ development, was inspired by Kolff.
Kolff died three days short of his 98th birthday on February 11, 2009, in a care center in Philadelphia. On February 29, 2012, Yad Vashem recognized Willem Johan Kolff and his wife as Righteous Among the Nations, for their part in concealing a Jewish medical colleague and his son.
References
Sources
Paul Heiney. The Nuts and Bolts of Life: Willem Kolff and the Invention of the Kidney Machine. Sutton Publishing, 2003. .
Herman Broers. Inventor for Life: The Story of W. J. Kolff, Father of Artificial Organs. B&V Media, 2007. .
Patrick T. McBride, Genesis of the artificial kidney. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 1987.
External links
Kolff's papers at the University of Utah
Willem Kolff Stichting - Kampen, The Netherlands foundation honouring the life and work of Kolff
Familievereniging Kolff Family Association
W.J. Kolff Institute - Groningen, The Netherlands. Research Institute within the UMCG named after W. J. Kolff
Obituary in the Telegraph newspaper
Obituary in the New York Times
1911 births
2009 deaths
Dutch emigrants to the United States
20th-century Dutch inventors
Dutch nephrologists
University of Groningen alumni
University of Utah faculty
People from Leiden
American nephrologists
American medical researchers
Dutch Righteous Among the Nations
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Recipients of the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
20th-century American inventors
Leiden University alumni |
5389537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang%20presence%20in%20the%20United%20States%20military | Gang presence in the United States military | About one to two percent of United States Armed Forces members are estimated to belong to criminal gangs in the United States, a much higher proportion than in the civilian population.
Extent
In 2008, according to FBI gang investigator Jennifer Simon, 1 to 2% of the U.S. military belonged to gangs, which is 50 to 100 times the rate in the general population. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment, the NGIC identified members of more than 53 gangs who served in the military. U.S. gangs have sometimes encouraged their members to join the military in order to learn warfare techniques.
The FBI’s 2007 report on gang membership in the military stated that the military's recruit screening process is ineffective, and allows gang members/extremists to enter the military. The report listed at least eight instances in the previous three years in which gang members obtained military weapons for their own use.
The report "Gang Activity in the U.S. Armed Forces Increasing", dated January 12, 2007, stated that street gangs including the Bloods, Crips, Black Disciples, Gangster Disciples, Hells Angels, Latin Kings, The 18th Street Gang, Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), Mexican Mafia, Norteños, Sureños, and Vice Lords have been documented on military installations both domestic and international, although recruiting gang members violates military regulations.
Notable cases
White power skinheads
In 1995, James N. Burmeister and Malcolm Wright Jr were charged in the murder of an African American couple in North Carolina. Burmeister and Wright were in the U.S. Army, and part of Fort Bragg's 82nd Airborne Division. Burmeister and Wright were both arrested at a trailer park where police found a 9-mm semiautomatic pistol, a Nazi flag, white supremacist pamphlets, and other gang paraphernalia. Both men were sentenced to life in prison.
Former skinhead T.J. Leyden was in the U.S. Marines. He spent 15 years in the Skinhead movement before renouncing racism, and going to work as a consultant for Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles.
Gangster Disciples
On July 3, 2005, members of Gangster Disciples street gang killed Sergeant Juwan Johnson of the U.S. Army in the small town of Hohenecken near Ramstein, Germany. Prosecutors accused U.S. Air Force Senior Airman Rico Williams of being the first one to start attacking Johnson in a six-minute beating that he had to endure to join the gang. After the beating Johnson asked one of his fellow gang members to take him to the hospital, Williams then ordered his gang members not to take him there. Johnson later died from multiple blunt-force trauma injuries. According to the government's investigations, Williams was the leader of the gang set operating on base. Senior Airman Williams was sentenced to 22 years in prison, while other servicemen faced sentences ranging from 2 to 12 years. Some of the charges against the servicemen were: Williams, second-degree murder and witness tampering; Air Force Staff Sergeant Jerome Jones, conspiracy to commit assault, gang participation, and other charges; Airman Nicholas Sims and Army Sergeant Rodney Howell; involuntary manslaughter; Private Terrance Norman, voluntary manslaughter.
Norteños
January 9, 2005, Officer Sam Ryno was first to respond to a call of a man with a gun in front of George's Liquors. Andres Raya, a U.S. Marine on leave after coming back from Iraq, was armed with an SKS rifle and opened fire on officers, hitting Officer Ryno and killing Sergeant Howard Stevenson. Raya was shot dead some time later after he opened fire on SWAT team members.
Portrayed by local media as a calculated attack on law enforcement, the Stevenson slaying sparked attention from the national media which suggested that Raya snapped due to his experience in the Iraq War. Family, friends, and fellow Marines close to Raya spoke of Raya's violent nightmares and distress which led to heavy drinking and drug use while on leave. However, local law enforcement officials claimed Raya had been involved in gangs for years prior to him signing up for military service. Modesto authorities discovered information during the investigation into the shooting that shows Raya was a Norteño gang member who was not involved in combat during his tour of duty in Iraq. A cooperative effort between the Stanislaus Sheriff's Detectives, local law enforcement, the FBI, NCIS, the U.S. Department of Justice, and the U.S. Marine Corps revealed a large amount of information about Raya in a short amount of time.
King Cobra Boys
In July 2000 in Orange County, California, members of the King Cobra Boys gang engaged in a fight with a rival gang named Lao Family. One of the King Cobra Boys gang members was in the U.S. Marines. He was stationed at MCAS Camp Pendleton. He worked in the Marines armory, and was experienced with weapons. Using his military training, he arranged his gang members in a location where they were able to observe and ambush the rival gang members. No one was fatally injured. Authorities later arrested the U.S. Marine gang member on base. A search warrant was executed at his residence where numerous military-issued manuals for machine guns and handguns were seized.
Gang graffiti in Iraq
U.S. gang-related graffiti has shown up in Iraq since the beginning of the Iraq War in 2003. Among the largest American street gangs represented in Iraq are the Gangster Disciples, Crips, Bloods, 18th Street, Norteños, Black Disciples, Sureños, Latin Kings, TAP Boyz, Tiny Rascal Gang, Vice Lords, and Black P. Stones, which originated in some of America's most violent and impoverished neighborhoods.
Reported gangs
The gangs present in the US military include:
18th Street
Almighty Vice Lord Nation (abbreviated AVLN)
Aryan Brotherhood
Asian Boyz
Bandidos
Barrio Azteca
Black Disciples
Bloods
Crips
Gangster Disciples
Hells Angels
King Cobra Boys
Ku Klux Klan
Latin Kings
Mexican Mafia
MS-13
Norteños
Sureños
TAP Boyz
Tiny Rascal Gang
Vagos
White power Skinheads
References
External links
Iraq War
Military
Military of the United States |
5389539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Ridley | Lee Ridley | Lee Ridley (born 5 December 1981) is an English professional footballer who plays as a left back for Winterton Rangers.
He has previously played for Scunthorpe United, Cheltenham Town, Darlington and Lincoln City, Grimsby Town, Gainsborough Trinity and Worksop Town.
Career
Scunthorpe United
Born in Scunthorpe, Lee started his career with Scunthorpe United as a young child and went on to make 117 appearances in all competitions scoring three goals between 2000 and 2007. Despite being offered a new 2-year contract by Scunthorpe after their promotion to the Championship in 2007, he opted to stay in League One.
Cheltenham Town
He joined Cheltenham Town signing a three-year deal at Whaddon Road. Possibly deciding that he will get a greater regularity of first team football after making only 20 appearances in his final year at Scunthorpe. On 22 November 2007 he joined Darlington on a one-month loan deal. He then joined Lincoln City on a one-month loan deal on 4 January 2008.
He was released by the club along with 7 other players in May 2010.
Grimsby Town
He signed a two-year contract with Grimsby Town on 24 June 2010 as a direct replacement for the departed Joe Widdowson. Ridley was the favoured left back at the club throughout his first season with the club, but during the 2011–12 season he lost his way in the side down to the signing of Jamie Green and coupled with several injury problems this would eventually see him have his contract mutually terminated on 25 November 2011.
Non-league
On 5 December 2011 he signed with Conference North side Gainsborough Trinity.
In November 2012, he joined Worksop Town on a one-month loan deal. The loan deal was extended to the end of the season however he returned to Trinity in February where after a weeks loan with Grantham Town he joined the club permanently. He joined Bottesford Town for the 2014–2015 season. Outside of his football career Lee now works at Scunthorpe United's charity arm, Scunthorpe United Community Sport & Education Trust, where he delivers the National Citizen Service alongside non-league player Alex Hipkins.
Honours
- Scunthorpe United's Fans Player of the season 2001 and 2003
References
External links
Lee Ridley player profile at ctfc.com
1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Scunthorpe
English footballers
Association football defenders
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Gainsborough Trinity F.C. players
Worksop Town F.C. players
Grantham Town F.C. players
Bottesford Town F.C. players
Winterton Rangers F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players |
5389541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Gracie%20Jr. | Carlos Gracie Jr. | Carlos "Carlinhos" Gracie Jr. is a Brazilian 8th-degree coral belt Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioner and instructor. A member of the Gracie family, he is the son of Carlos Gracie, and first cousin to the Machado family brothers.
Career
Gracie is the founder of the Confederação Brasileira de Jiu-Jitsu (CBJJ), also known as International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation (IBJJF), which runs multiple jiu-jitsu tournaments around the world, including the World Jiu-Jitsu Championship, Pan Jiu-Jitsu Championship and European Jiu-Jitsu Championship. He is a co-founder of the Gracie Barra team.
Gracie is also the creator and director of Gracie Magazine, a monthly Brazilian jiu-jitsu publication.
Personal life
Carlinhos is one of twenty-one children fathered by Brazilian jiu-jitsu co-founder Carlos Gracie. He has three children: daughter Caroline, and sons Kayron and Kyan. Kayron is a black belt under his father and is a professor at Gracie Barra Rancho Santa Margarita.
Instructor lineage
Kanō Jigorō → Mitsuyo Maeda → Carlos Gracie Sr. → Helio Gracie → Carlos Gracie Jr.
See also
List of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners
References
Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Martial arts school founders
1956 births
Living people
Carlos Jr.
IBJJF Hall of Fame inductees
People awarded a coral belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu |
5389548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garageland | Garageland | Garageland are a New Zealand indie rock band on the Flying Nun record label formed in Auckland in 1992. Influenced by Pixies, Pavement, The Clean and The Velvet Underground, they were critically acclaimed in the UK and United States for their well-crafted and catchy pop songs. The band took its name from "Garageland", a song by The Clash. Their non-album single "Feel Alright" from 1998 included former The Velvet Underground member John Cale on piano.
They re-formed for a one-off gig in Auckland in November 2007 and to play The Others Way festival in September 2015
Band members
Current
Jeremy Eade – vocal, guitar
Dave Goodison – guitar
Mark Silvey – bass guitar
Andrew Gladstone – backing vocalist, drums
Past
Debbie Silvey – guitar, on early recordings including "Last Exit to Garageland"
Andrew Claridge – guitar
Discography
Albums
Featured appearances
The group have appeared on several compilations over the years in New Zealand and overseas. The following is a list of these albums that have featured tracks by Garageland.
Singles
References
External links
[ AMG entry]
Garageland official site
Dunedin Sound musical groups
Flying Nun Records artists
New Zealand indie rock groups
Musical groups established in 1992
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
Musical groups reestablished in 2007 |
5389553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophoresis | Photophoresis | Photophoresis denotes the phenomenon that small particles suspended in gas (aerosols) or liquids (hydrocolloids) start to migrate when illuminated by a sufficiently intense beam of light. The existence of this phenomenon is owed to a non-uniform distribution of temperature of an illuminated particle in a fluid medium. Separately from photophoresis, in a fluid mixture of different kinds of particles, the migration of some kinds of particles may be due to differences in their absorptions of thermal radiation and other thermal effects collectively known as thermophoresis. In laser photophoresis, particles migrate once they have a refractive index different from their surrounding medium. The migration of particles is usually possible when the laser is slightly or not focused. A particle with a higher refractive index compared to its surrounding molecule moves away from the light source due to momentum transfer from absorbed and scattered light photons. This is referred to as a radiation pressure force. This force depends on light intensity and particle size but has nothing to do with the surrounding medium. Just like in Crookes radiometer, light can heat up one side and gas molecules bounce from that surface with greater velocity, hence push the particle to the other side. Under certain conditions, with particles of diameter comparable to the wavelength of light, the phenomenon of a negative indirect photophoresis occurs, due to the unequal heat generation on the laser irradiation between the back and front sides of particles, this produces a temperature gradient in the medium around the particle such that molecules at the far side of the particle from the light source may get to heat up more, causing the particle to move towards the light source.
If the suspended particle is rotating, it will also experience the Yarkovsky effect.
Discovery of photophoresis is usually attributed to Felix Ehrenhaft in the 1920s, though earlier observations were made by others including Augustin-Jean Fresnel.
Applications of photophoresis
The applications of photophoresis expand into the various divisions of science, thus physics, chemistry as well as in biology. Photophoresis is applied in particle trapping and levitation, in the field flow fractionation of particles, in the determination of thermal conductivity and temperature of microscopic grains and also in the transport of soot particles in the atmosphere. The use of light in the separation of particles aerosols based on their optical properties, makes possible the separation of organic and inorganic particles of the same aerodynamic size.
Recently, photophoresis has been suggested as a chiral sorting mechanism for single walled carbon nanotubes. The proposed method would utilise differences in the absorption spectra of semiconducting carbon nanotubes arising from optically excited transitions in electronic structure. If developed the technique would be orders of magnitudes faster than currently established ultracentrifugation techniques.
Theory of photophoresis
Direct photophoresis is caused by the transfer of photon momentum to a particle by refraction and reflection. Movement of particles in the forward direction occurs when the particle is transparent and has an index of refraction larger compared to its surrounding medium. Indirect photophoresis occurs as a result of an increase in the kinetic energy of molecules when particles absorb incident light only on the irradiated side, thus creating a temperature gradient within the particle. In this situation the surrounding gas layer reaches temperature equilibrium with the surface of the particle. Molecules with higher kinetic energy in the region of higher gas temperature impinge on the particle with greater momenta than molecules in the cold region; this causes a migration of particles in a direction opposite to the surface temperature gradient. The component of the photophoretic force responsible for this phenomenon is called the radiometric force. This comes as a result of uneven distribution of radiant energy (source function within a particle).
Indirect photophoretic force depends on the physical properties of the particle and the surrounding medium.
For pressures , where the free mean path of the gas is much larger than the characteristic size of the suspended particle (direct photophoresis), the longitudinal force is
where the mean temperature of the scattered gas is (thermal accommodation coefficient , momentum accommodation coefficient )
and the black body temperature of the particle (net light flux , Stefan Boltzmann constant , temperature of the radiation field )
.
is the thermal conductivity of the particle.
The asymmetry factor for spheres is usually (positive longitudinal photophoresis).
For non-spherical particles, the average force exerted on the particle is given by the same equation where the radius is now the radius of the respective volume-equivalent sphere.
References
External links
Photophoresis in the context of astrophysics
Negative photophoresis
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
Physical phenomena |
5389577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate%20industry | Slate industry | The slate industry is the industry related to the extraction and processing of slate. Slate is either quarried from a slate quarry or reached by tunneling in a slate mine. Common uses for slate include as a roofing material, a flooring material, gravestones and memorial tablets, and for electrical insulation.
Slate mines are found around the world. 90% of Europe's natural slate used for roofing originates from the Slate Industry in Spain. The major slate mining region in the United Kingdom is Wales; in Cornwall there are a number of slate quarries (famously the village of Delabole), and in the Lake District there are numerous slate mines and quarries. In the remainder of Continental Europe and the Americas, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Brazil, the east coast of Newfoundland, the Slate Valley of Vermont and New York, and Virginia are important producing regions. The Slate Valley area, centering on a town called Granville in the state of New York is one of the places in the world where colored slate (i.e. slate which is not grey or blue) is obtained. (A fuller account is given in the article Slate: section Slate extraction.)
Slate industry in Spain
90% of Europe's natural slate used for roofing originates from the slate industry in Spain, with the region of Galicia being the primary source of production.
In Galicia, the larger slate production companies are concentrated in Valdeorras in Ourense, with other important sites being situated in Quiroga, Ortigueira and Mondoñedo.
The slate deposits in this region of northern Spain are over 500 million years old, having formed during the Palaeozoic period. The colour and texture of the slate produced is largely dependent upon the tectonic environment, the source of the sedimentary material from which the slate is comprised, and the chemical and physical conditions prevalent during the sedimentation process. The region has been subjected to periods of volcanism and magmatic activity, leading to a unique geological development in the region.
An important use of Spanish slate is as a roofing material. It is particularly suitable for this purpose as it has a low water absorption index of less than 0.4%, making it very resistant to frost damage and breakage due to freezing. Tiles produced from Spanish slate are usually hung using a unique hook fixing method, which reduces the appearance of weak points on the tile since no holes are drilled, and allows narrower tiles to be used to create roofing features such as valleys and domes. Hook fixing is especially prevalent in areas subject to severe climatic conditions, since there is a greater resistance to wind uplift as the lower edge of the slate is secured.
Slate industry in Wales
Background
Slate has been quarried in north Wales for almost two millennia with the Segontium Roman fort at Caernarfon being roofed by local slate in the late second century. Export of slate has been carried out for several centuries, which was recently confirmed by the discovery in the Menai Strait of the wreck of a 16th-century wooden ship carrying finished slates.
Large-scale commercial slate mining in North Wales began with the opening of the Cae Braich y Cafn quarry, later to become the Penrhyn Quarry near Bethesda in the Ogwen Valley in 1782. Welsh output was far ahead of other areas and by 1882, 92% of Britain's production was from Wales (451,000 t): the quarries at Penrhyn and Dinorwic produced half of this between them.
The men worked the slate in partnerships of four, six or eight and these were known as "Bargain Gangs". "Bargains" were let by the "Bargain Letter" when a price for a certain area of rock was agreed. Adjustments were made according to the quality of the slate and the proportion of "bad" rock. The first Monday of every month was "Bargain Letting Day" when these agreements were made between men and management. Half the partners worked the quarry face and the others were in the dressing sheds producing the finished slates. In the Glyndyfrdwy mines at Moel Fferna each bargain worked a horizontal stretch of 10 by 15 yards. Duchesses, Marchionesses, Countesses, Viscountesses, Ladies, Small Ladies, Doubles and Randoms were all sizes of slates produced.
Rubblers helped to keep the chambers free from waste: one ton of saleable slate could produce up to 30 tons of waste. It is the mountainous heaps of this very same waste that is perhaps the first thing to strike someone visiting the old regions nowadays. The men had to pay for their ropes and chains, for tools and for services such as sharpening and repairing. Subs (advances) were paid every week, everything being settled up on the "Day of the Big Pay". If conditions had not been good, the men could end up owing the management money. At Moel Fferna a team could produce up to 35 tons of finished slate a week. In 1877 they received about 7 shillings a ton for this. After paying wages for the manager, clerks and 'trammers' the company could make a clear profit of twice this amount. This system was not finally abolished until after the Second World War.
Working methods
Early workings tended to be in surface pits, but as the work progressed downwards, it became necessary to work underground. This was often accompanied by the driving of one or more adits to gain direct access to a Level. In some rare instances, such as Moel Fferna, there is no trace of surface workings and the workings were entirely underground.
Chambers were usually driven from the bottom, by means of a "roofing shaft" which was then continued across the width of the chamber: the chamber would then be worked downwards. Slate was freed from the rockface by blasting in shot holes hammered (and later drilled) into the rock.
Slate would be recovered from the chamber in the form of a large slab, which would be taken by truck to the mill where it would be split and cut into standard-sized roofing slates.
Slate mines were usually worked in chambers which followed the slate vein, connected via a series of horizontal "Floors" (or "Levels"). The chambers varied in size between mines and were divided by "pillars" or walls which supported the roof. The floors were connected by underground "Inclines" which used wedge-shaped trolleys to move trucks between levels.
In some mines, where slate was worked away below the main haulage floor, the route was maintained through the construction of a wooden bridge across the chamber, often supported from chains attached to the roof above. These bridges could be as much as 100 feet/30 m above the floor below.
Significant mines
In North Gwynedd, the large slate producing quarries were usually confined to open-cast workings, sometimes with an adit to gain access to the bottom of the pit:
Penrhyn Quarry, Bethesda. The largest slate producing quarry in the world. Bought by Alfred McAlpine plc in 1964.
Dinorwic Quarry, Llanberis.
Cilgwyn quarry, Nantlle Valley. Dating from the 12th century it is thought to be the oldest in Wales.
In the Blaenau Ffestiniog area, most of the workings were underground as the slate veins are steeply angled and open cast workings would require the removal of a massive amount of rock to gain access to the slate. The larger mines in the Ffestiniog area include:
Llechwedd quarry – now open to the public as a "tourist mine". Most of the underground workings destroyed by quarrying. Llechwedd Slate Caverns
Manod – used by the National Gallery, London to store artworks in World War II
Maenofferen
Oakeley – now partially untopped as an opencast working by Alfred McAlpine plc
Cwmorthin
Rhosydd
Croesor
There were also a number of slate mines in the Llangollen area which produced a much darker "black" slate:
Berwyn
Deeside and Moel Fferna
Penarth
Another cluster of mines were found in mid Wales centered on Corris. These all worked a pair of slate veins that ran across the Cambrian mountain range from Tywyn in the west through Corris and Aberllefenni in the Dulas Valley to the mines around Dinas Mawddwy in the east. Slate was also mined in Pembrokeshire in places like Maenclochog.
Remains
Most underground slate mines in north Wales were closed by the 1960s although some open-cast quarries have remained open, including the Penrhyn Quarry and the untopping work at Oakeley in Blaenau Ffestiniog. Work also continues at Berwyn near Llangollen. The final large-scale underground working to close was Maenofferen Quarry (which is owned by the Llechwedd tourist mine) in 1999 although opencast quarrying continues at this location.
Many of the mines are now in a state of considerable decay and those that are accessible should not be entered as they are on private property and contain many hidden dangers.
Historical and adventurous underground tours are provided at several mines including Rhiwbach (by Go Below), Llechwedd (Zip World and Llechwedd/Quarry Tours Ltd) and Cwmorthin (Go Below).
The lower levels of many mines are now flooded and collapses are commonplace; for example, the hillside above the Rhosydd workings has many pits where the roofs of the chambers below have collapsed.
Other slate producing areas in Great Britain
The most significant non-Welsh British slate industry is that of Cornwall and Devon where the Delabole Quarry is thought to be the largest single quarry in the island. Many of these are no longer worked owing to lower costs of extraction in the larger British workings. The quarrying of slate in Cornwall is known to have been carried out from the late mediaeval period and there was a considerable export trade from some of the quarries near the coasts in the 19th century.
Slate has also been quarried at Swithland in Leicestershire.
There are considerable workings in Cumbria. During the last 500 years, much slate extraction has taken place in the Lake District at both surface quarries and underground mines. The major workings are:
Broughton Moor
Old Man Complex (Coniston); Cove Quarries (south of Coniston Old Man)
Elterwater Quarries
Hodge Close
Honister Slate Mine (including Yew Crag and Dubs)
Kentmere Workings
Kirkby Moor (Burlington Slate Quarries)
Petts, Kirkstone
Little Langdale Quarries
Skiddaw Slate
Tilberthwaite
Common Wood, Ulpha
Slate was also quarried in Scotland.
Slate industry in North America
Slate was first quarried in the United States as early as 1734 along the Pennsylvania Maryland border; however, it was not until 1785 that the first commercial slate quarry was opened in the United States, by William Docher in Peach Bottom Township, Pennsylvania. Production was limited to that which could be consumed in local markets until the middle of the nineteenth century. The slate industry in the United States has existed in several locations in the country including areas in the western states, however the majority of slate has come from three principal regions along the Great Valley of the Appalachian Mountains. Of those regions, the Taconic Mountains region of Vermont and New York, as well as Lancaster, Lehigh and Northampton counties in Pennsylvania all still have active quarries.
The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission states that in the Slateford Water Gap area the first verified quarry started some time around 1808 . The industry in this region of Pennsylvania spread across the northern edges of both Lehigh and Northampton counties which contain between them the remains of approximately 400 individual quarries. The origins of quarrying in the Lehigh Valley are obscured by conflicting evidence, although it is safest to say that it started near the town of Slateford in the early Nineteenth Century and moved toward Bangor over a fifty-year period. By 1929, the value of slate production in Pennsylvania was approximately 5 million dollars, accounting for almost half of the 11 million dollar value of slate production for the entire United States. Quarries in this region of the country remained active throughout the first quarter of the 20th century producing roofing slate, slate for electrical uses, as well as being the largest producer of school slates and chalkboards in the country. The Slatington Slate Trade report for January 4 of 1880 showed that quarries in the town of Slatington alone had shipped 81,402 squares of roofing slates (over 8 million square feet) as well as 40,486 cases of school slates and 243 cases of blackboards.
The Slate Valley (the district of Granville, New York) is well known for its slate. Slate was quarried in 1839 at Fair Haven, Vermont. An influx of immigrants from the North Wales slate quarrying communities saw a boom in slate production that peaked in the latter half of the 19th century. The slate of the region comes in a variety of colors, notably green, gray, black and red. Some production continued in 2003 with 23 operating full-time mines employing 348 people.
Additionally, one of the oldest quarries in America continues to quarry slate in Buckingham County, Virginia. Their trademark Buckingham Slate has been continually quarried since the 18th century and has a distinct, unfading blue/black color and Mica sheen. Buckingham Slate is used on many Federal buildings in the Washington, D.C. area.
Large scale slate quarrying also took place around the town of Monson, Maine where an extensive series of quarries flourished from the 1860s onwards. A small scale quarrying and dressing operation continues in Monson into the 21st century.
Slate is also found in the Arctic and was used by the Inuit to make the blades for ulus.
Slate industry in Brazil
95% of the slate extraction in Brazil comes from Minas Gerais. Slate from this region is formed differently from traditional slate areas such as Galicia. Such products are sedimentary rocks that have split along their original bedding plane, whereas true slate has been subjected to metamorphism and does not split along bedding, but rather along planes associated with the realignment of minerals during metamorphism. This realignment, known as ‘schistosity’, bears no relationship to the original horizontal bedding planes
.
The independent Fundación Centro Tecnológico de la Pizarra’s report into the ’Technical properties of Bambui Slate from the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil) to ascertain its compliance with the Standard EN12326’ describes how certain products originating from Brazil on sale in the UK, are not entitled to bear the CE mark. Because such Brazilian products display higher water absorption indexes than those from other areas such as Galicia, this makes them less suitable for use as roofing tiles since the study showed a significant loss of strength when subject to thawing and freezing.
See also
British industrial narrow gauge railways
British narrow gauge slate railways
Mine exploration
References
Further reading
External links
Bal Maidens & Mining Women
British Isles
History of the Welsh slate industry
Slatesite — bilingual site focusing on Welsh slate
Aerial photographs of slate quarries in Wales
John T F Turner – A Familiar Description of the Old Delabole Slate Quarries, 1865
http://www.darkplaces.co.uk
http://www.aditnow.co.uk
http://www.mine-explorer.co.uk/
http://www.mineexplorer.org.uk/
Outside the British Isles
Fell Exhibition Slate Mine — near Trier (Mosel), Germany
Granville Slate Museum
Buckingham Slate
Galician and Spanish Slate |
5389579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20Miaodeng | Chen Miaodeng | Chen Miaodeng (陳妙登) was an imperial consort during the Chinese dynasty Liu Song. She was a concubine of Emperor Ming (Liu Yu), and during his reign, she carried the rank of Guifei (貴妃), which was not a regular rank for Liu Song imperial consorts but a title that Emperor Ming created to honor her.
Chen Miaodeng was from a household that was viewed lowly by the society at the time—a butchers' household—at the Liu Song capital Jiankang. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowu, he often had his attendants seek out beautiful women to be added to the rank of his concubines. On one occasion, when he saw the Chens' house, which was made of hay, from a distance, he sent an attendant to deliver money to the house, so that the people in the household could build a brick house. When the attendant arrived at the house, only Chen Miaodeng was home. The attendant saw that she was beautiful and informed Emperor Xiaowu about her. He therefore took her into the palace, and she resided with his mother Empress Dowager Lu Huinan. After a while, however, she lost his favor, and Empress Dowager Lu decided to instead give her to Emperor Xiaowu's younger brother Liu Yu the Prince of Xiangdong, who initially greatly favored her. After more than a year, however, she lost his favor as well, and he gave her to his attendant Li Dao'er (李道兒). He, however, later took her back, and she gave birth to his oldest son Liu Yu (different character than Emperor Ming) in 463. It is because she spent time as Li's concubine that there later were rumors, which her son apparently gave some credence to, that it was actually Li, and not the Prince of Xiangdong, who was her son's biological father. Indeed, historical accounts, written during the succeeding Southern Qi Dynasty indicate that Liu Yu was impotent, and that although he had 12 sons, those were the results of his having seized his brothers' pregnant concubines and kept the children if they bore males, or his having had his concubines have sexual relations with others. (However, the fact that his wife Princess Wang Zhenfeng had two daughters, although no sons, may argue against such allegations, because it appeared rather unlikely that Liu Yu would do this over female children—indeed, the allegations stated that he would only do this if his brothers' concubines bore males—or that the morally upright Princess Wang would engage in sexual relations with others, thus suggesting that the allegations were made to delegitimize Emperor Ming's sons Liu Yu and Emperor Shun (Liu Zhun) vis-à-vis Southern Qi.) After Liu Yu became emperor (as Emperor Ming) in 465 following the assassination of his nephew Emperor Qianfei (Emperor Xiaowu's son), he created her son crown prince in 466 and gave her the title of Guifei, designating the rank as equally honorable as a crown princess. Crown Prince Yu was an impulsive child who appeared to be hyperactive and emotional, often putting himself into physical danger. At Emperor Ming's orders, Consort Chen often gave him beatings.
After Emperor Ming died in 472, Crown Prince Yu took the throne as Emperor Houfei. Consort Chen was honored as "Consort Dowager" (皇太妃), but not as empress dowager—that title was given to Emperor Ming's wife Empress Wang. Initially, both Empress Dowager Wang and Consort Dowager Chen were able to somewhat rein the young emperor in, but by 477, they had nearly lost all control over him, who spent day and night outside the palace with his attendants, killing anyone or anything that came near them. When he considered killing his general Xiao Daocheng, Consort Chen rebuked him and persuaded him not to—stating to him that Xiao had greatly contributed to his reign (by having suppressed the rebellion of his uncle Liu Xiufan (劉休範) the Prince of Guiyang in 473) and that if he killed Xiao, no one would again be loyal to him. Xiao, in fear, nevertheless persuaded Emperor Houfei's attendant Yang Yufu (楊玉夫) to assassinate him in fall 477, making Emperor Houfei's brother Liu Zhun the Prince of Ancheng emperor. Emperor Houfei was posthumously demoted to the title of Prince of Cangwu, and Consort Dowager Chen was accordingly demoted to the title of Princess Dowager of Cangwu. Nothing further is known about her, and it is not known when she died.
Chen Miaodeng, Consort |
5389602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Crosby | Andy Crosby | Andrew Keith Crosby (born 3 March 1973) is an English professional football manager and former player who is the assistant to manager Darrell Clarke at club Port Vale.
A defender during his playing days, he began his career at Leeds United, but made his debut in the English Football League after joining Doncaster Rovers in July 1991. He spent two-and-a-half seasons with Rovers, before moving on to Darlington in December 1993 following a brief loan spell with Halifax Town. He played 211 games for Darlington in a stay which lasted almost five years. He spent the 1998–99 season with Chester City and was sold to Brighton & Hove Albion for £10,000 in July 1999. He helped Brighton to win the Third Division title in the 2000–01 season, before joining Oxford United on a free transfer in December 2001. He was named on the Third Division's PFA Team of the Year for the 2003–04 season and took a free transfer to Scunthorpe United in June 2004. He spent six seasons with Scunthorpe, winning three promotions: from League Two in 2004–05, with the League One title in 2006–07 and via the League One play-offs in 2009. He made 715 league and cup appearances during his 20-year playing career, scoring 43 goals.
He joined the backroom staff at Scunthorpe United and would follow manager Nigel Adkins to Southampton, Reading, Sheffield United and Hull City. During his time at Southampton the club would win successive promotion from League One into the Premier League in 2010–11 and 2011–12. He served as Northern Ireland U21's caretaker-manager in 2020 and joined the coaching staff at Port Vale in March 2021. He served as Port Vale's acting manager during manager Darrell Clarke's absence in the latter half of the 2021–22 season.
Playing career
Early career
Crosby was born in Rotherham, West Riding of Yorkshire. He began his football career as a trainee with Leeds United, having been with the club as a youth-team player since at least 1987. He was released to Doncaster Rovers – managed by former Leeds boss Billy Bremner – after failing to break into the first-team at Elland Road. He featured 26 times in the 1991–92 season as Rovers finished 21st in the Fourth Division. The creation of the Premier League saw the Fourth Division renamed the Third Division, and Doncaster ended the 1992–93 season in 16th-place under the stewardship of Steve Beaglehole. Crosby spent a brief part of the 1993–94 season on loan at Halifax Town, featuring just once for the Conference club.
Darlington
Crosby signed with Alan Murray's Darlington in December 1993, which went on to end the 1993–94 campaign second-from-bottom of the Football League. Darlington also finished second-from-bottom in 1994–95, with Crosby clocking up 41 appearances. The "Quakers" improved under new manager Jim Platt, and Crosby played 55 games in the 1995–96 campaign as Darlington qualified for the play-offs after finishing in fifth-place; he played in a back five alongside centre-backs Sean Gregan and Matty Appleby, supported by wing-backs Mark Barnard and Simon Shaw. He captained the club in their play-off final defeat to Plymouth Argyle, the club's first appearance at Wembley Stadium. However Darlington returned to the lower half of the division under new manager David Hodgson, finishing 18th in 1996–97 and 19th in 1997–98, with Crosby bringing his final tally at Darlington to 211 league and cup appearances.
Chester City
He joined Chester City in July 1998, where he partnered Matt Woods in central defence. Kevin Ratcliffe's "Seals" would finish 14th in the Third Division at the end of the 1998–99 season, with Crosby scoring four goals in 46 games and being sent off twice. He was transfer-listed by controversial owner Terry Smith and told the media that the club was "falling apart". Chester City were later ordered to pay Crosby £3,800 in outstanding bonuses and wages.
Brighton & Hove Albion
Crosby was sold on to Brighton & Hove Albion for a fee of £10,000 in July 1999. He recovered from a "mysterious illness" that kept him in hospital for two nights in September 1999; it turned out to be caused by a virus in his left ear. He went on to make 41 appearances across the 1999–2000 campaign. He formed a strong centre-back partnership with Danny Cullip during the 2000–01 season as Brighton won promotion out of the Third Division as champions; he scored two goals in 39 games, including one goal scored with his ear against Blackpool. He had a "clear the air meeting" with manager Micky Adams in September 2001 after being dropped for Matt Wicks. Following the meeting he was transfer-listed at his own request after finding his first-team chances at the Withdean Stadium limited.
Oxford United
Crosby signed with Oxford United in December 2001. Ian Atkins led the "U's" to a 21st-place finish in the Third Division at the end of the 2001–02 season. Crosby scored seven goals from 53 appearances in the 2002–03 campaign – including winning goals against Bury, Leyton Orient, Lincoln City and Boston United – as Oxford came within a point of reaching the play-offs. He scored five goals in 46 games during the 2003–04 season – including winning goals against Carlisle United, Leyton Orient and Cheltenham Town – as the club this time finished three points outside the play-off places. Crosby was named on the PFA Team of the Year. He was offered a new contract by incoming manager Graham Rix on greatly reduced terms, but decided to leave the Kassam Stadium to move closer to his family in the north of England.
Scunthorpe United
Crosby joined Scunthorpe United on a two-year contract in June 2004. Manager Brian Laws wanted to add experience to his young side, which he found in Crosby, Paul Musselwhite and Ian Baraclough. Together with existing veteran players Peter Beagrie and Steve Torpey, the five players had close to 2,500 games between them. He replaced Mark Jackson as club captain. Crosby formed a centre-back partnership with Andy Butler which would last for four seasons. He scored three goals from 48 games in the 2004–05 season as United won promotion out of League Two as runners-up to champions Yeovil Town. He also scored an own goal as the club were beaten by Chelsea in the FA Cup. He was again named on the PFA Team of the Year, along with teammate Peter Beagrie, as recognition for the team having the division's best defensive record with only 42 goals conceded, as compared to 73 goals conceded the previous season.
He recovered from a dip in form to feature 49 times in the 2005–06 campaign as Scunthorpe posted a 12th-place finish in League One. He was sent off in a defeat at Blackpool but scored in wins over Barnsley, Oldham Athletic, Hartlepool United and Chesterfield. Now playing alongside Steve Foster, he captained Scunthorpe to promotion as champions of League One at the end of the 2006–07 season, the club's first divisional trophy in 49 years. He scored three goals in September 2007, including a header that secured a 2–1 win over Preston North End, maintaining Scunthorpe's unbeaten record at Glanford Park at the start of the 2007–08 season. Crosby featured in 38 Championship games, but Scunthorpe were eventually relegated to League One after finishing second-from-bottom.
A knee injury restricted Crosby to just nine appearances during the 2008–09 campaign; Krystian Pearce and David Mirfin meanwhile established themselves at centre-back. Crosby's contribution proved crucial however as Pearce was dropped due to injuries and loss of form with four games of the regular season left to play. Scunthorpe qualified for the play-offs and Crosby converted his penalty in a shoot-out victory over Milton Keynes Dons in the semi-finals. He played the whole 90 minutes of the 3–2 victory over Millwall in the final – the last match of his 715 game career. Having been the club's assistant manager since November 2006, he focused on coaching for the 2009–10 season and did not make it onto the pitch as a player.
Style of play
Crosby was an "uncompromising, no-nonsense, hard-tackling" defender with a strong frame. He had good leadership and organisational skills, being described as a "natural leader" by former Scunthorpe teammate Paul Musselwhite. He was a penalty kick specialist and missed just one in his career, though he scored from the rebound. He was nicknamed 'Crozzer' whilst at Scunthorpe.
Coaching career
Following Brian Laws's move to Sheffield Wednesday on 6 November 2006, Nigel Adkins became Scunthorpe United's caretaker-manager with Crosby and Ian Baraclough as his assistants. Adkins was given the job on a permanent basis the following month and it was reported by the BBC that "the position of assistant manager will be reviewed in the close season", with Crosby, Baraclough and Tony Daws supporting Adkins until then.
On 12 September 2010, Crosby joined Southampton as assistant to manager Nigel Adkins. The pair took the club from League One to the Premier League with successive promotions in 2010–11 and 2011–12. He was dismissed, along with Adkins, on 18 January 2013. The decision to sack Adkins proved highly unpopular with Southampton supporters, who waved white handkerchiefs at St Mary's Stadium to show their displeasure with chairman Nicola Cortese's decision to replace Adkins with former Espanyol manager Mauricio Pochettino.
On 26 March 2013, he reunited with Adkins as he became his assistant at Reading. Crosby said the pair had tried to continue the work done by popular former manager Brian McDermott, however Reading were relegated from the Premier League at the end of the 2012–13 season. Crosby was strongly linked with the vacant management position at Scunthorpe United in November 2013. Reading aimed for an immediate promotion but narrowly missed out on the Championship play-offs in 2013–14 and Adkins and Crosby were sacked in December 2014.
On 2 June 2015, Crosby joined Adkins as his assistant at Sheffield United. Adkins was sacked in May 2016 after overseeing an 11th-place finish in League One during the 2015–16 season. On 7 December 2017, Crosby was appointed as Adkins' assistant at Hull City on an 18-month contract. During this 18-month period Hull would avoid relegation out of the Championship at the end of the 2017–18 season and then finish 13th in the 2018–19 season. In June 2019, Adkins announced that he would be leaving Hull City, together with Crosby. Crosby said that they had decided not to renew their contracts as the wage bill had been cut and the playing squad was in need of a rebuild.
He began working as Ian Baraclough's assistant in the Northern Ireland U21 coaching set-up, before being appointed as caretaker-manager after Baraclough was promoted to the senior team management position in August 2020. Baraclough described him as "a safe pair of hands". Crosby named his squad at the end of August and took charge for the remaining five group games of the 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification. He won his first game as a manager on 4 September, a 2–0 win over Malta, and said that "it's a great opportunity for me as this is a really good group and Ian has put together a really good culture". However a 1–0 defeat to Denmark at the Ballymena Showgrounds on 8 September ended the team's chances of qualification. The rest of the campaign saw a defeat at home to Finland and a home win and away loss to Ukraine. Northern Ireland finished fifth in the group and it was reported in January 2021 that Crosby was expected to be given the manager's job on a permanent basis.
In March 2021, he joined the coaching staff at Port Vale until the end of the season. He extended his contract at Vale Park in June 2021, at which point both manager Darrell Clarke and director of football David Flitcroft emphasised his importance to the club. He stepped down from his management position at Northern Ireland in order to concentrate fully on his role at Vale Park. On 15 February 2022, Clarke took a period of leave after a close family bereavement, with Crosby standing in during his absence. Clarke completed a phased return to the manager role on 6 May. Clarke allowed Crosby to lead the team out at Wembley in the play-off final as Vale secured promotion with a 3–0 win over Mansfield Town.
Statistics
Playing statistics
Managerial statistics
Honours
Awards
PFA Team of the Year (Third Division / League Two): 2003–04, 2004–05
Brighton and Hove Albion
Football League Third Division: 2000–01
Scunthorpe United
Football League Two second-place promotion: 2004–05
Football League One: 2006–07
Football League One play-offs: 2008–09
References
1973 births
Footballers from Rotherham
Living people
Association football defenders
English footballers
Leeds United F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Oxford United F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Association football coaches
Scunthorpe United F.C. non-playing staff
Southampton F.C. non-playing staff
Reading F.C. non-playing staff
Sheffield United F.C. non-playing staff
Hull City A.F.C. non-playing staff
Port Vale F.C. non-playing staff
English football managers
Port Vale F.C. managers
English Football League managers |
5389606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulu%20language | Bulu language | Bulu is a Bantu language of the Bulu people of Cameroon. The language had 174,000 native speakers in 1982, with some 800,000 second language speakers in 1991. Its dialects include Bene, Yelinda, Yembana, Yengono, and Zaman. Bulu was formerly used by colonial and missionary groups as a lingua franca in the region for commercial, educational, and religious purposes, though it is today becoming less frequent in those spheres.
Bulu belongs to the group of Beti languages and is intelligible with Eton, Ewondo, and Fang.
Distribution
Bulu speakers are concentrated primarily in Cameroon's South Province, with the largest number at Ebolowa and Sangmélima. Some speakers live in the Nyong-et-Mfoumou division of the Centre and the Haut-Nyong division of the East.
According to ALCAM (2012), Bulu is spoken in the departments of Mvila and Dja-et-Lobo (Southern Region), and also the south of the department of Haute-Sanaga (Central Region) where the Yezum dialect of Ewondo is also spoken. Along with the Yébékóló and Omvan languages, it is also spoken in the north of Nyong-et-Mfoumou department (Central Region) and part of Haut-Nyong department (south of Nguelemendouka commune, Eastern Region).
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels/Nasals
Writing system
The Bulu language was codified by the first Presbyterian missionaries who arrived in Cameroon. They made it a language of instruction in Protestant doctrine during the colonial era. This language has a dictionary (French-Bulu/Bulu-French) one of whose authors is Moïse Eyinga. The first novel written in Boulou is Nnanga Kôn.
EPC Alphabet
The Bulu alphabet of the Presbyterian Church of Cameroon consists of 24 letters: a, b, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, o, ô, p, s, t, u, v, w, y, z. é and è are variants of e in this alphabet.
PROPELCA alphabet
PROPELCA has also coded Bulu with an alphabet based on the General Alphabet of Cameroonian Languages.
References
Beti languages
Languages of Cameroon |
5389631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Raines | Andrew Raines | Andrew Raines (born 8 March 1986) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Richmond Football Club, and Gold Coast Suns in the Australian Football League (AFL). He is the son of Geoff Raines, a premiership centreman who played for , , and .
In 2016, Raines was appointed as the Head Coach of the Gold Coast Suns Academy.
In 2018, Raines founded One on One Football An online platform connecting AFL accredited coaches with footballers for private coaching - Australia wide.
Early life
Raines was born in Melbourne, Victoria but moved to the Gold Coast, Queensland at 10 months of age when his father, Geoff, agreed to play for the Brisbane Bears. Andrew attended Marymount College on the Gold Coast during his schooling years.
Junior football
Raines began playing his junior football for the Palm Beach Currumbin Lions and later switched to the Southport Sharks. He was drafted in 2003 AFL Draft at the late pick of 76. The selection was questioned by some at the time, with suggestions that if Andrew had not been the son of former Richmond premiership great Geoff Raines, that Richmond would not have drafted him. Still he was a very young player (only eligible for the draft by 8 weeks) and had shown potential playing under-18 football for the Southport Sharks, however having a very small body frame he was considered a long-term prospect.
AFL career
Raines made his debut for Richmond in the final game of the 2004 season, gathering 9 disposals and 4 marks. He then played six matches for Richmond in the 2005 season, averaging 10 disposals.
In 2006, Raines became one of Richmond's most consistent performers, playing in all 22 games and averaging 18 disposals. He finished second in both the 2006 AFL Rising Star award and Richmond's best and fairest, the Jack Dyer Medal. Raines played on some of the competitions best small and medium forwards, and came to prominence when he restricted dual All-Australian and Brownlow Medal winner Mark Ricciuto to only 4 disposals and 1 goal. He represented Australia in the 2006 International Rules series against Ireland.
In 2006, Raines signed a three-year deal with Richmond until the end of the 2009 season. However, after playing every game in 2006 and 2007, he only played a total of five games during the 2008 and 2009 seasons due to injuries and poor form. Raines requested to leave Richmond at the end of the 2009 season, and was traded to the Brisbane Lions in 2010 in exchange for a third-round draft pick (#44 overall). His first game for the Lions was in Round 1, 2010 against West Coast at the Gabba.
On 27 August 2014, Raines was delisted by Brisbane. At Brisbane, Raines evolved into a quality defensive midfielder and was often assigned a tagging role on the opposition's most damaging midfielder.
Raines was rookie listed by his hometown club, at the end of 2014 after being delisted by the Brisbane Lions. After six matches with Gold Coast, he announced his immediate retirement in August 2015.
Statistics
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 38 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 4 || 9 || 4 || 0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 5.0 || 4.0 || 9.0 || 4.0 || 0.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 27 || 31 || 58 || 16 || 3 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 4.5 || 5.2 || 9.7 || 2.7 || 0.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 22 || 1 || 0 || 216 || 181 || 397 || 100 || 39 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 9.8 || 8.2 || 18.0 || 4.5 || 1.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 22 || 0 || 2 || 223 || 205 || 428 || 101 || 35 || 0.0 || 0.1 || 10.1 || 9.3 || 19.5 || 4.6 || 1.6
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 21 || 15 || 36 || 4 || 2 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 10.5 || 7.5 || 18.0 || 2.0 || 1.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 24 || 24 || 48 || 7 || 5 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 8.0 || 8.0 || 16.0 || 2.3 || 1.7
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 29 || 10 || 0 || 1 || 94 || 99 || 193 || 36 || 13 || 0.0 || 0.1 || 9.4 || 9.9 || 19.3 || 3.6 || 1.3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 29 || 16 || 1 || 5 || 140 || 155 || 295 || 25 || 49 || 0.1 || 0.3 || 8.8 || 9.7 || 18.4 || 1.6 || 3.1
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 29 || 19 || 8 || 6 || 167 || 138 || 305 || 31 || 74 || 0.4 || 0.3 || 8.8 || 7.3 || 16.1 || 1.6 || 3.9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 29 || 18 || 4 || 8 || 116 || 150 || 266 || 34 || 41 || 0.2 || 0.4 || 6.4 || 8.3 || 14.8 || 1.9 || 2.3
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 29 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 35 || 41 || 76 || 10 || 6 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 8.8 || 10.3 || 19.0 || 2.5 || 1.5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 29 || 6 || 2 || 0 || 40 || 36 || 76 || 11 || 18 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 6.7 || 6.0 || 12.7 || 1.8 || 3.0
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 129
! 17
! 22
! 1108
! 1079
! 2187
! 379
! 285
! 0.1
! 0.2
! 8.6
! 8.4
! 17.0
! 2.9
! 2.2
|}
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Queensland
Brisbane Lions players
Richmond Football Club players
Gold Coast Football Club players
Southport Australian Football Club players
Sportspeople from the Gold Coast, Queensland
Australia international rules football team players |
5389636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have%20You%20Seen%3F | Have You Seen? | Have You Seen? is the second studio album by American rapper Rampage. It was released on June 6, 2006 via Sure Shot Recordings. Audio production of the twenty-seven-track record was handled by Felony Muzik, Prayon, Mac G, The Boogiii Men, DJ Scratch, The Neptunes, Turay, Yountie Strickland, and DJ Blaze. Sean Paul, Lady Day, City Boyz, DJ Kool, Hollywood Dave made guest appearances on the album, as well as Rampage's Flipmode Squad bandmate Busta Rhymes.
Track listing
Personnel
Roger "Rampage" McNair - main artist, executive producer
Dereck Z. McKinnis - guest artist (tracks: 8, 10), producer (tracks: 1, 6, 10, 12-13, 15, 18, 20, 23, 27), co-producer (track 21), executive producer, mixing & recording (tracks: 1-2, 4, 6-8, 10-15, 18-21, 23, 25, 27)
D. "Lady Day" Pringle - guest artist (tracks: 2, 6, 17)
Trevor George Smith Jr. - guest artist (tracks: 3-4)
Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques - guest artist (track 7)
John W. Bowman Jr. - guest artist (track 15)
"Hollywood Dave" Kirkland - guest artist (track 22)
Eran Prion - producer (tracks: 2, 7, 21)
Jermaine Russ - producer (tracks: 14, 19, 25)
George Spivey - producer (track 4)
Chad Hugo - producer (track 16)
Pharrell Williams - producer (track 16)
Yountie Strickland - producer (track 22)
D. "Turay" Wesley - producer (track 24)
Alexa Motley - executive producer, management
Isaac "Ike" Hamm III - management
References
2006 albums
Rampage (rapper) albums
Albums produced by DJ Scratch
Albums produced by the Neptunes
Conglomerate (record label) albums |
5389648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Hinds | Richard Hinds | Richard Paul Hinds (born 22 August 1980 in Sheffield, South Yorkshire) is an English footballer who most recently played as a defender for Llandudno in the Welsh Premier League.
Playing career
Hinds started his career at the academy of Tranmere Rovers before being promoted to the senior squad where he made a name for himself as a consistent and reliable performer.
After 51 appearances, in July 2003 he signed for Hull City in League Two. Having initially signed a one-year deal with the club, an impressive start to his Tigers career saw him, in October 2003, sign an extension to his deal which would keep him at the KC Stadium until the end of the 2004/05 season. He helped the club win promotion to League One and in all made 48 appearances for the Tigers and scoring once against Macclesfield Town.
In March 2005 he joined Scunthorpe United on loan.
In May 2005 he was released by Hull City and was signed on a Bosman transfer only two months in his spell.
In July 2007, Hinds transferred to his boyhood club Sheffield Wednesday after rejecting a contract from his former club Scunthorpe United and agreeing to sign on a two-year deal with the Owls. His first goal came as he headed home the winner in a 2–1 victory against Blackpool at Hillsborough on 27 October 2007.
In only the second game of the 2008–09 season, a 1–4 defeat away at Wolverhampton Wanderers, Hinds suffered a severe fracture of his left leg. The injury looked like keeping him out for the majority of the remaining season but he returned in late February and once again became a regular member of the squad and in mid-march began claiming his place in the centre of the Owls defence at the expense of Mark Beevers. Hinds remained a firm fan favourite at Sheffield Wednesday, as he became one of the shining lights of the team and a rock at the centre of the defence. However, in the 2009–10 season he failed to hold down a place in the squad.
On 10 May 2011, Hinds was released from his contract by Sheffield Wednesday along with teammate Tommy Miller.
On 4 November 2011, Richard Hinds signed with Conference side Lincoln City until the end of the year.
On 2 February 2012, Hinds signed for League One side Yeovil Town on a contract until the end of April 2012 as cover for suspended captain Paul Huntington. He made his debut against former club Sheffield Wednesday, and scored his first Yeovil goal in a 3–1 win over Rochdale. With Hinds short-term contract finishing at the end of April he missed the club's final match of the season but agreed a new one-year deal in late May. On 14 August 2012, Hinds scored two of Yeovil's goals in a 3–0 win over Colchester United in the Football League Cup. He then scored again the following Saturday in League One, against Coventry City, in a 1–1 draw. Hinds was an unused substitute in the 2013 League One play-off final against Brentford on 19 May 2013, as Yeovil won promotion to the Championship for the first time in the club's history. Hinds was released by the Yeovil at the end of the season having not been offered a new contract.
On 18 July 2013, Bury signed Hinds on a one-year contract after a successful trial. Hinds scored his first goal for Bury in the 1st round of the Football League Cup against Crewe Alexandra. Bury went on to win the match 3–2. He scored his first league goal for the club in a 3–0 win over Hartlepool United. Hinds was released at the end of the 2013–14 season by Bury.
Hinds joined Cymru Alliance side Llandudno on 22 August 2014 in a player/ assistant manager capacity.
Outside football
In 2011, Hinds attained a first-class honours degree in Law from the Open University, believing that footballers should plan for life after football while they are still playing.
Career statistics
A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the Football League Trophy and Play-off matches.
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Sheffield
English footballers
Association football defenders
Association football utility players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Llandudno F.C. players |
5389654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partho%20Sen-Gupta | Partho Sen-Gupta | Partho Sen-Gupta (also spelled Partho Sen Gupta or Partho Sengupta pronounced Partho Shen-Goopto) is an independent film director and screenwriter. He is a French citizen, of Indian origin. He has a post-graduate in Film Direction from FEMIS.
Biography
Sen-Gupta was born in Mumbai (Bombay), on 2 September 1965. He has been working in cinema since the age of seventeen, starting his career as an apprentice in the art department, in the studios of "Bollywood" in Mumbai. He worked with an Indian art director Bijon Dasgupta on the sets of big budget commercial Hindi films like Saagar and Mr. India among others.
After having spent a few years and finishing his apprenticeship, he became assistant art director. In 1988, he worked on his first film as art director or production designer in an Indian art movie called Main Zinda Hoon (I am Alive) directed by Sudhir Mishra. He then set up his design studio working on numerous advertising films and art movies, designing sets and specializing in real-time SFX. He won the Best Art Director Award in 1989. He also worked as production designer on the French film Nocturne Indien directed by Alain Corneau and shot in Mumbai.
In 1993, he was selected to do a two-month summer workshop at FEMIS, the French film institute in Paris. During the workshop, he directed his first short film "La Derniere..." based on Samuel Beckett's radio play Krapp's Last Tape. He was then awarded a three and a half year full scholarship to study film direction at the same school.
During his film school years, he made four short fiction films Le Cochon, La Partition, Trajet Discontinu, and La Petite Souris which took him to different European film festivals and won awards.
After graduation in 1997, he directed his first feature film Hava Aney Dey (Let the Wind Blow) which premiered at the Berlin Film Festival in 2004. It was selected in many international film festivals and won awards. The film was part of the Global Lens 2008 series of the Global Film Initiative. and premiered at the MoMA NYC, in January 2008.
In 2005, he made a documentary film The Way of Beauty on the Indo-fusion group Shakti which was released on the DVD in May 2006.
In 2008, his new feature film project Sunrise, was selected among 30 other international projects at the 11th Pusan promotion Plan (3 to 6 October 2008) at the Pusan International Film Festival. Sunrise was the only Indian project in the selection.
Sunrise was completed and released in October 2014 and premiered at the 2014 Busan International Film Festival and numerous international film festivals, received awards and international critical acclaim.
In 2017, Sen-Gupta wrote and directed his first Australian feature film Slam. It was an official selected project at the 2016 International Film Festival Rotterdam's CineMart and the 2016 Berlinale Co-oproduction Market. The film starring Adam Bakri, from the Academy Awards nominated film Omar and award winning Australian actress Rachael Blake, was filmed in October and November 2017 in Sydney, Australia.
Slam is selected in the Official Selection Competition at the 2018 Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival and had its world premiere on 27 November 2018.
Filmography
Writer/Director
Slam - 2018/Fiction/115 min/English
Sunrise - 2014/Fiction/85 min/Marathi
The Way of Beauty - 2006/Documentary/180 min/English
Hava Aney Dey (Let the Wind Blow) - 2004/Fiction/93 min/Hindi
Trajet Discontinu - 1998/Fiction/26 min/French
Le Cochon - 1996/Fiction/12min/French
Production Designer/Art Director
Nocturne Indien - 1989/Fiction/110 min/French
Raakh - 1989/Fiction/153 min/Hindi
Main Zinda Hoon - 1988/Fiction/120 min/Hindi
References
External links
Arunoday - Sunrise - A film by Partho Sen-Gupta
Official Website
2004 interview in Nantes, Festival de 3 continents
1965 births
Living people
Film directors from Mumbai
Hindi-language film directors
Bengali male artists
Indian production designers
20th-century Indian designers |
5389661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20Polo | Dean Polo | Dean Polo (born 5 August 1986) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Richmond Football Club and the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Playing career
2005–2010: Career with Richmond
Polo was drafted by the Richmond Football Club with the 20th selection in the 2004 AFL draft.
In his first season at Richmond in 2005, Polo initially struggled with the move from a small country town to the "big city", and was dropped to the Coburg reserves early on in the season. However, in the second half of the season his performances earned him a promotion to the Coburg seniors, where his performances continued to improve to the point where he was considered a possibility to debut for Richmond towards the end of the 2005 season.
After starring for Coburg in the early part of the 2006 season, Polo made his AFL debut in Round 6 against Essendon in the "Dreamtime at the 'G" game. He starred in the game, collecting 28 disposals and kicking three goals, helping Richmond beat their arch-rivals Essendon. Polo was rewarded with the Yiooken Award for his best-on-ground performance and was also nominated for the 2006 NAB Rising Star award.
In 2010 Polo was banned by the club for one week following a drunken incident in a Sydney hotel. This only added to the pain of Richmond's previously-winless start to the season. On 14 October 2010 he was delisted by the Tigers after 56 senior games in his six seasons at the club.
2011–2012: Career with St Kilda
On 18 November 2010, Polo was drafted by St Kilda for the 2011 season. He played 15 games and kicked 6 goals in his first season at the Saints.
Polo was delisted by St Kilda after the 2012 season.
References
External links
Richmond Football Club players
St Kilda Football Club players
1986 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Gippsland Power players
Sandringham Football Club players
Coburg Football Club players |
5389689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Burnett | John Burnett | John Burnett may refer to:
Law
John Burnett (advocate) (c. 1764–1810), Scottish advocate and judge
John Burnett (judge) (1831–1890), American judge on the Oregon Supreme Court
Politics
John Burnett (colonial secretary) (1781–1860), colonial secretary of Van Diemens Land
John Burnett (trade unionist) (1842–1914), British trade unionist and civil servant
John George Burnett (1876–1962), British politician, Member of Parliament
John Burnett, Baron Burnett (born 1945), British politician, Member of Parliament
John L. Burnett (1854–1919), U.S. Representative from Alabama
Sports
John Burnett (cricketer) (1840–1878), English cricketer
Johnny Burnett (baseball) (1904–1957), American baseball player
John Burnett (footballer) (born 1939), English association (soccer) footballer
John Burnett (rugby league), English rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s
Other
John Burnett (merchant) (1729–1784), Aberdeen merchant
John Napier Burnett (1899–1989), Canadian educator
John Harrison Burnett (1922–2007), British botanist and mycologist
John Burnett (historian) (1925–2006), English social historian
John Burnett (priest) (fl. 1955–1969), Australian Anglican priest
John F. Burnett, American film editor
See also
John Burnet (disambiguation)
Johnny Burnette (1934–1964), musician |
5389714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence%20factor | Virulence factor | Virulence factors (preferably known as pathogenicity factors or effectors in plant science) are cellular structures, molecules and regulatory systems that enable microbial pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) to achieve the following:
colonization of a niche in the host (this includes movement towards and attachment to host cells)
immunoevasion, evasion of the host's immune response
immunosuppression, inhibition of the host's immune response (this includes leukocidin-mediated cell death)
entry into and exit out of cells (if the pathogen is an intracellular one)
obtain nutrition from the host
Specific pathogens possess a wide array of virulence factors. Some are chromosomally encoded and intrinsic to the bacteria (e.g. capsules and endotoxin), whereas others are obtained from mobile genetic elements like plasmids and bacteriophages (e.g. some exotoxins). Virulence factors encoded on mobile genetic elements spread through horizontal gene transfer, and can convert harmless bacteria into dangerous pathogens. Bacteria like Escherichia coli O157:H7 gain the majority of their virulence from mobile genetic elements. Gram-negative bacteria secrete a variety of virulence factors at host-pathogen interface, via membrane vesicle trafficking as bacterial outer membrane vesicles for invasion, nutrition and other cell-cell communications. It has been found that many pathogens have converged on similar virulence factors to battle against eukaryotic host defenses. These obtained bacterial virulence factors have two different routes used to help them survive and grow:
The factors are used to assist and promote colonization of the host. These factors include adhesins, invasins, and antiphagocytic factors.
The factors, including toxins, hemolysins and proteases, bring damage to the host.
Attachment, immunoevasion, and immunosuppression
Bacteria produce various adhesins including lipoteichoic acid, trimeric autotransporter adhesins and a wide variety of other surface proteins to attach to host tissue.
Capsules, made of carbohydrate, form part of the outer structure of many bacterial cells including Neisseria meningitidis. Capsules play important roles in immune evasion, as they inhibit phagocytosis, as well as protecting the bacteria while outside the host.
Another group of virulence factors possessed by bacteria are immunoglobulin (Ig) proteases. Immunoglobulins are antibodies expressed and secreted by hosts in response to an infection. These immunoglobulins play a major role in destruction of the pathogen through mechanisms such as opsonization. Some bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, are able to break down the host's immunoglobulins using proteases.
Viruses also have notable virulence factors. Experimental research, for example, often focuses on creating environments that isolate and identify the role of "niche-specific virulence genes". These are genes that perform specific tasks within specific tissues/places at specific times; the sum total of niche-specific genes is the virus' virulence. Genes characteristic of this concept are those that control latency in some viruses like herpes. Murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (γHV68) and human herpesviruses depend on a subset of genes that allow them to maintain a chronic infection by reactivating when specific environmental conditions are met. Even though they are not essential for lytic phases of the virus, these latency genes are important for promoting chronic infection and continued replication within infected individuals.
Destructive enzymes
Some bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce a variety of enzymes which cause damage to host tissues. Enzymes include hyaluronidase, which breaks down the connective tissue component hyaluronic acid; a range of proteases and lipases; DNases, which break down DNA, and hemolysins which break down a variety of host cells, including red blood cells.
GTPases
A major group of virulence factors are proteins that can control the activation levels of GTPases. There are two ways in which they act. One is by acting as a GEF or GAP, and proceeding to look like a normally eukaryotic cellular protein. The other is covalently modifying the GTPase itself. The first way is reversible; many bacteria like Salmonella have two proteins to turn the GTPases on and off. The other process is irreversible, using toxins to completely change the target GTPase and shut down or override gene expression.
One example of a bacterial virulence factor acting like a eukaryotic protein is Salmonella protein SopE it acts as a GEF, turning the GTPase on to create more GTP. It does not modify anything, but overdrives normal cellular internalization process, making it easier for the Bacteria to be colonized within a host cell.
YopT (Yersinia outer protein T) from Yersinia is an example of modification of the host. It modifies the proteolytic cleavage of carboxyl terminus of RhoA, releasing RhoA from the membrane. The mislocalization of RhoA causes downstream effectors to not work.
Toxins
A major category of virulence factors are bacterial toxins. These are divided into two groups: endotoxins and exotoxins.
Endotoxins
Endotoxin is a component (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. It is the lipid A part of this LPS which is toxic. Lipid A is an endotoxin. Endotoxins trigger intense inflammation. They bind to receptors on monocytes causing the release of inflammatory mediators which induce degranulation. As part of this immune response cytokines are released; these can cause the fever and other symptoms seen during disease. If a high amount of LPS is present then septic shock (or endotoxic shock) may result which, in severe cases, can lead to death. As glycolipids (as opposed to peptides), endotoxins are not bound by B or T-cell receptors and do not elicit an adaptive immune response.
Exotoxins
Exotoxins are actively secreted by some bacteria and have a wide range of effects including inhibition of certain biochemical pathways in the host. The two most potent known exotoxins are the tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin) secreted by Clostridium tetani and the botulinum toxin secreted by Clostridium botulinum. Exotoxins are also produced by a range of other bacteria including Escherichia coli; Vibrio cholerae (causative agent of cholera); Clostridium perfringens (common causative agent of food poisoning as well as gas gangrene) and Clostridium difficile (causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis). A potent three-protein virulence factor produced by Bacillus anthracis, called anthrax toxin, plays a key role in anthrax pathogenesis. Exotoxins are extremely immunogenic meaning that they trigger the humoral response (antibodies target the toxin).
Exotoxins are also produced by some fungi as a competitive resource. The toxins, named mycotoxins, deter other organisms from consuming the food colonised by the fungi. As with bacterial toxins, there is a wide array of fungal toxins. Arguably one of the more dangerous mycotoxins is aflatoxin produced by certain species of the genus Aspergillus (notably A. flavus). If ingested repeatedly, this toxin can cause serious liver damage.
Examples
Examples of virulence factors for Staphylococcus aureus are hyaluronidase, protease, coagulase, lipases, deoxyribonucleases and enterotoxins. Examples for Streptococcus pyogenes are M protein, lipoteichoic acid, hyaluronic acid capsule, destructive enzymes (including streptokinase, streptodornase, and hyaluronidase), and exotoxins (including streptolysin). Examples for Listeria monocytogenes include internalin A, internalin B, listeriolysin O, and actA, all of which are used to help colonize the host. Examples for Yersinia pestis are an altered form of lipopolysaccharide, type three secretion system, and YopE and YopJ pathogenicity. The cytolytic peptide Candidalysin is produced during hyphal formation by Candida albicans; it is an example of a virulence factor from a fungus. Other virulence factors include factors required for biofilm formation (e.g. sortases) and integrins (e.g. beta-1 and 3).
Inhibition and control
Strategies to target virulence factors and the genes encoding them have been proposed. Small molecules being investigated for their ability to inhibit virulence factors and virulence factor expression include alkaloids, flavonoids, and peptides.
Experimental studies are done to characterize specific bacterial pathogens and to identify their specific virulence factors. Scientists are trying to better understand these virulence factors through identification and analysis to better understand the infectious process in hopes that new diagnostic techniques, specific antimicrobial compounds, and effective vaccines or toxoids may be eventually produced to treat and prevent infection.
There are three general experimental ways for the virulence factors to be identified: biochemically, immunologically, and genetically. For the most part, the genetic approach is the most extensive way in identifying the bacterial virulence factors. Bacterial DNA can be altered from pathogenic to non-pathogenic, random mutations may be introduced to their genome, specific genes encoding for membrane or secretory products may be identified and mutated, and genes that regulate virulence genes maybe identified.
Experiments involving Yersinia pseudotuberculosis have been used to change the virulence phenotype of non-pathogenic bacteria to pathogenic. Because of horizontal gene transfer, it is possible to transfer the a clone of the DNA from Yersinia to a non-pathogenic E. coli and have them express the pathogenic virulence factor.
Transposon, a DNA element inserted at random, mutagenesis of bacteria DNA is also a highly used experimental technique done by scientists. These transposons carry a marker that can be identified within the DNA. When placed at random, the transposon may be placed next to a virulence factor or placed in the middle of a virulence factor gene, which stops the expression of the virulence factor. By doing so, scientists can make a library of the genes using these markers and easily find the genes that cause the virulence factor.
See also
Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division Superfamily (RND)
Filamentation
References |
5389728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20McCallum | Robert McCallum | Robert McCallum may refer to:
Robert McCallum Jr. (born 1946), American attorney and diplomat
Robert Hope McCallum (1864–1939), builder, entrepreneur, and social figure in Auckland, New Zealand
Robert McCallum, pseudonym of Gary Graver, American film director |
5389735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Syria%3A%20Including%20Lebanon%20and%20Palestine | History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine | History of Syria including Lebanon and Palestine is a book written by Philip Khuri Hitti and published in 1951.
Amazon.com writes about it:
''A brilliant history of the land into which more historical and cultural events were crowded than perhaps into any area of equal size. For Syria has either invented or transmitted to mankind such benefits as monotheistic religion, philosophy, law, trade, agriculture and our alphabet.
References
History books about the Middle East |
5389744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beasant | Beasant | Beasant or Besant is an English language surname derived from a coin called the byzantius which is named after the city of Byzantium where they were first minted.
Because of the circular nature of the coins the word byzantius, or bezant, as it travelled across Europe, came to mean the 'circle or disk' represented on a coat of arms (in old French), also known as a roundel.
The Beasants were gardeners in the King's court.
Notable people with the surname Besant
Annie Besant, prominent Theosophist, women's rights activist, writer and orator.
Derek Michael Besant, Canadian artist.
Henry Besant, venue manager.
Mabel Besant-Scott, English Theosophist.
Sir Walter Besant, English novelist and historian.
William Henry Besant, British mathematician.
Notable people with the surname Beasant
Dave Beasant, English football goalkeeper.
Sam Beasant, English goalkeeper.
See also
List of Old English (Anglo-Saxon) surnames
References
English-language surnames |
5389754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell%20Island | Campbell Island | Campbell Island may refer to:
Campbell Island, Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia
Campbell Island (British Columbia), Canada
Campbell Island, New Zealand
Campbell Island (Maine), USA
Campbell Island (North Carolina), USA |
5389764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Diriye%20Abdullahi | Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi | Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi (, ; born 1958) is a Somali-Canadian scholar, linguist, writer, translator and professor.
Biography
Formerly a journalist in his native Somalia, Abdullahi emigrated to Canada, where he earned a Master's degree and a Ph.D. in linguistics from the Université de Montréal in Montreal, Quebec. He also earned a higher diploma in the instruction of French as a second language at the Université de Franche-comté in Besançon, France.
Abdullahi is fluent in Somali, Arabic, English and French. His research interests include the study of the Afro-Asiatic languages in general (particularly its Cushitic branch), as well as Somali history and culture.
He has also written numerous books, notably Culture and Customs of Somalia published by Greenwood Publishing Group in 2001, where he addresses the obscure origins of the Somali people, among other topics.
Abdullahi currently teaches linguistics at the Université de Montréal. He also works as a freelance translator and language consultant.
Bibliography
Major publications
Manuscripts and projects
The Evolution and Meaning of the Cardinal Directions in Somali—Paper showing how the four words for the cardinal directions in the Somali language evolved into their present forms.
The Diachronic Development of the Progressive in Somali—Paper discussing the formation of the progressive tense in the Somali language.
Dissertation
See also
Somali Studies
References
External links
Diriye's Homepage
The Somali Language Page
1958 births
Living people
Somalian emigrants to Canada
Université de Montréal alumni
University of Franche-Comté alumni
Somalian writers
Ethnic Somali people
Linguists from Somalia
Somalian scientists
Somalian non-fiction writers
Somalian scholars
Somalists |
5389769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperol | Aperol | Aperol is an Italian bitter apéritif made of gentian, rhubarb and cinchona, among other ingredients. It has a vibrant orange hue. Its name comes from apero, an Italian slang word for apéritif (aperitivo).
History
Aperol was originally produced by the Barbieri company, based in Padua, but is now produced by the Campari Group. Aperol was originally created in 1919 by Luigi and Silvio Barbieri, but it did not become successful until after World War II. Although it tastes and smells much like Campari, Aperol has an alcohol content of 11% — less than half that of Campari. They have the same sugar content, and Aperol is less bitter in taste. Campari is also much darker in color.
Aperol sold in Germany had an alcohol content of 15% for some time to avoid German container deposit legislation regulations, but since 2021, it is sold with an alcohol content of 11% again.
Mix variants
The Spritz, an aperitif cocktail, is often made using Aperol. The result is known as the Aperol Spritz. Another variant is the Aperol Sour.
Sponsorship
Since April 2010, Aperol has been the official sponsor of Moto GP, the Grand Prix of Motorcycle racing.
Aperol had a partnership with Manchester United as the club's official global spirits partner from January 2014 until the end of the 2016/2017 season.
See also
Campari
Cinzano
Cynar
Fernet
Select
References
External links
Campari Group
Italian liqueurs
Products introduced in 1919 |
5389783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris%20Six%20MS | Morris Six MS | The Morris Six Series MS is a six-cylinder midsize car from Morris Motors Limited which was produced from 1948 to 1953. Announced with Morris Motors' Minor, Oxford and Wolseley ranges on Tuesday 26 October 1948, it was Morris's first post-war six-cylinder car. All the new cars were of integral construction of chassis and body and rode on independent front suspension with torsion bars. At launch, the car was priced at £607 (including tax) on the UK market, though the price rose to £671 on 1 March 1949.
Under the old system, which was dropped that year, its engine rated at just over 20hp. With a clear external likeness to its pre-war 25hp predecessor, the car was also very similar to the Issigonis-designed Morris Oxford MO, sharing the Oxford's body shell from the scuttle backwards, and was also similar to his Minor MM. The bonnet was longer than the Oxford's single SU carburettor, to accommodate the overhead camshaft, six-cylinder engine, which produced at 4800 rpm. The whole car was longer than the Oxford, having a wheelbase of , compared with the wheelbase of the Oxford. The suspension at the front used independent torsion bars, and at the rear there was a conventional live axle and semi elliptic springs. The steering did not use the rack and pinion system fitted to the Oxford, but used a lower-geared Bishop Cam system. The drum brakes were hydraulically operated using Lockheed system. Production was delayed until March 1949 because of difficulties with metal fatigue in the link of the bulkhead or scuttle to the front suspension.
Aside from the grille and identification marks, the whole car was shared with Nuffield Organization's more luxuriously finished stable-mate Wolseley as the 6/80.
A car tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1950 had a top speed of and could accelerate from 0- in 22.4 seconds. A fuel consumption of was recorded. The test car cost £671 including taxes.
In 1950, the rear axle ratio was lowered to improve acceleration, and twin dampers were fitted to the front independent torsion bar suspension.
A de-luxe version was announced at the 1953 London Motor Show, featuring leather upholstery, a heater, and over-riders on the front bumpers.
References
External links
The 6/80 & MO Club Website
Six MS
Cars introduced in 1948
1950s cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sedans |
5389806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanwhile%2C%20back%20at%20the%20ranch | Meanwhile, back at the ranch | "Meanwhile, back at the ranch..." is a catch phrase that appears in a variety of contexts. For example, it may be employed by narrators of American cowboy movies and TV shows to indicate a segue from one scene to another but there is often more to this than meets the eye. The expression originated as a stock subtitle in the silent movies and at first the reference to the ranch was literal. Later, as the phrase became a cliché, it was used more and more loosely and with a growing sense of mockery or levity, often with a vague focus. In this manifestation the phrase came into common use in unrelated contexts.
"Meanwhile, back at the ranch" is the title of a children's book by Trinka Hakes Noble; a crime novel by Kinky Friedman; of the first album of the German country band Texas Lightning; and is the root of the name of the English band Meanwhile, back in Communist Russia... (1999-2004). It is also the name of a song by Badfinger from the album Wish You Were Here (1974).
"Meanwhile back at the ranch" was also the name that Alfred Hitchcock gave to a piece of storytelling advice he gave to filmmakers, whereby you structure the story as two parallel storylines, and cut from the first to the second just as the first reaches its peak. Contemporary filmmaker John Sturges quoted Hitchcock as saying, "the name of making movies is meanwhile back at the ranch. He's absolutely right. You want to have two things going. You reach the peak of one, you go to the other. You pick the other up just where you want it. When it loses interest, drop it. Meanwhile, back at the ranch."
References
English phrases |
5389811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20B.%20Sundarambal | K. B. Sundarambal | Kodumudi Balambal Sundarambal (1908–1980) was an Indian actress and singer from Erode district, Tamil Nadu. She performed in Tamil cinema and was referred to as the "Queen of the Indian stage." A political activist during the Indian independence movement, K.B. Sundarambal was the first film personality to enter a state legislature in India.
Early years
K.B. Sundarambal was born on 10 October 1908 in the town of Kodumudi on the banks of Kaveri river, in Erode district in Tamil Nadu. As a child, she made money by singing on trains and receiving tips.
Acting career
According to some sources, it was while singing thus on a train for alms that the 19-year-old Sundarambal attracted the attention of F. G. Natesa Iyer, an amateur stage actor, producer and talent-scout. According to other sources, it was a police official named Krishnaswamy Iyer, an acquaintance of Balambal, who discovered the talent in Sundarambal and introduced the 19-year-old girl to P. S. Velu Nair, one of the reigning dramatists of that era.
In either case, Sundarambal is believed to have made her debut in 1927, on the Tamil stage, as a member of a travelling theatre troupe. She honed her voice while performing small roles on stage and keeping audiences entertained between acts. Soon enough, she was playing leading roles on stage. Her early stage plays like "Valli Thirumanam," "Pavalakodi" and "Harishchandra" proved to be great hits. In particular, "Valli Thirumanam", where she co-starred with S.G. Kittappa, was a phenomenal success.
Personal life
While working together in the theatre, Sundarambal met S. G. Kittappa. They were married in 1927. The couple, together became popular. S. G. Kittappa died in 1933. Sundarambal left the stage after his death, to pursue a career as a concert artiste. K.B. Sundarambal died in September 1980.
Filmography
Sundarambal acted in films as well with notable appearances in Manimekhalai, Auvaiyar, Thiruvilayadal, Karaikal Ammaiyar and Kandan Karunai. She portrayed Tamil poet Avvaiyar in films Thiruvilayadal and Kandan Karunai. She also acted in social films such as Uyir Mel Aasai, Thunaivan and Gnayiru Thinggal. Gnayiru Thinggal was an unreleased film.
She sang in movies as well. She worked under music directors Mayavaram Venu, M. D. Parthasarathy, Parur S. Anantharaman, R. Sudharsanam, K. V. Mahadevan, S. M. Subbaiah Naidu, T. K. Ramamoorthy, M. S. Viswanathan and Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan.
Political activism
Sundarambal and her husband S.G. Kittappa had been much influenced by the Indian independence movement and they became ardent supporters of the Indian National Congress. They had harnessed their popularity and talents to further that cause. Sundarambal continued to champion the movement, recording several gramophone discs extolling the struggle and sacrifices it entailed. She also made it a point to always wear khadi. She often actively campaigned in support of Congress party candidates at various elections. After India gained independence, K.B. Sundarambal entered the Legislative Council of Madras State in 1951 as a Congress nominee, thus becoming the first film artist to enter an Indian legislature.
Her mentor C.Satyamurthy was prisoned by the British for participating in Quit India Movement in 1942.
Honours
In 1964, the Tamil Isai Sangam conferred upon her the title of "Tamil Isai Perarignar (Most Learned in Tamil Music)." In 1970, the government of India awarded her the Padmashri for her contributions to the arts. She was awarded with the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer by the Government of India, for her work in Thunaivan. She also won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback for Thunaivan in 1969. She was also the first person in the Indian film industry to command a salary of one lakh rupees. She became the first lady member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.
Further reading
Kodumudi Kokilam K.B. Sundarambal varalaru. Biography in Tamil by P. Chozhanadan. Published by Rishabham Pathippagam, K.K. Nagar, Chennai 600 078.
Footnotes and references
External links
Review of a biography on K.B.Sundarambal
Indian government website on Padmashri
Two awards in 1969
From the Hindu newspaper
1908 births
1980 deaths
Indian stage actresses
Indian women playback singers
Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
People from Erode district
20th-century Indian actresses
20th-century Indian singers
Singers from Tamil Nadu
Actresses from Tamil Nadu
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Indian film actresses
20th-century Indian women politicians
20th-century Indian politicians
Women in Tamil Nadu politics
20th-century Indian women singers
Best Female Playback Singer National Film Award winners
Women musicians from Tamil Nadu |
5389821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckhaven | Buckhaven | Buckhaven is a town on the east coast of Fife, Scotland, on the Firth of Forth between East Wemyss and Methil. Buckhaven is on the Fife Coastal Path, and near to Wemyss Caves and Largo Bay.
History
The name Buckhaven is probably from the Scots terms buck or bukk "to gush out" and haven or "harbour".
Once a thriving weaving village and fishing port, in 1831 it was reported as having the second-largest fishing fleet in Scotland with a total of 198 boats. Fishing declined during the 19th century, but in the 1860s Buckhaven developed more into a mining town. Although coal waste blackened its beaches and silted up its now non-existent harbour, it later became a Fife coast holiday resort and recreation area for locals. Nowadays, it is classed as one of Fife's 'Regeneration areas' in need of regeneration both socially and economically.
The first element is probably related to the Sc verb buck, bukk, ‘to pour forth, gush out’ (DSL), perhaps describing the coastal waters at Buckhaven, which is situated at a point where the Fife coastline swings a little further out into the North Sea. A related element occurs also in Buckie Burn DFL q.v. The second element is certainly Sc haven ‘harbour’, and the ‘fishers of Buckhaven’ are mentioned in the earliest known record from 1527 (Fraser, Wemyss ii no. 187).
In 1778, the minister of Wemyss Parish, Rev. Dr Harry Spens, wrote of his own flock at Buckhaven, ‘... the original inhabitants of Buckhaven were from the Netherlands about the time of Philip II of Spain (died 1598). Their vessel had been stranded on the shore. They proposed to settle and remain. The family of Wemyss gave them permission. They accordingly settled at Buckhaven. By degrees they acquired our language and adopted our dress, and for these threescore years past have had the character of a sober and sensible, an industrious and honest people. The only singularity in their ancient customs that I remember to have heard of was that of a richly ornamented girdle or belt, wore by the brides of good condition and character at their marriage, and then laid aside and given in like manner to the next bride that should be deemed worthy of such an honour. The village consists at present of about 140 families, 60 of which are fishers, the rest land-labourers, weavers and other mechanics.’ (OSA 790–1).
There is no doubt that the people of Buckhaven were regarded as different in speech and manners from surrounding communities, and it is probably in this context that such stories grew up (Millar 1895 ii, 50). One Paul Buk, a Dane, is recommended by the Synod to the Presbytery of Kirkcaldy in 1652 (Stevenson 1900, 384); such local encounters might have confirmed folk in their belief that Buckhaven was foreign.
/bʌkˈhevən/, locally /bʌkˈhain/. This latter pronunciation has given rise to the name of a Buckhaven public house, the Buck and Hind.
According to online sources and authors, the fishing community of Buckhaven is said to have been largely the descendants of Norsemen who settled in the district in the 9th century. Centuries later, Buckhaven's fisherfolk bought an Episcopal Church in St Andrews in 1869 and transported it stone by stone to Buckhaven, using fishing boats. The church was restored in the 1980s and converted into a theatre. Many years before, St Andrews had been combined with the other local Church of Scotland churches into one parish. The building continued to be owned by Buckhaven Parish Church after the conversion.
Buckhaven Museum has displays on the history of the fishing industry.
Census
According to estimates in 2006, the population including Methil stood at around 16,240: however, the Levenmouth area including Kennoway, Leven, the Wemyss villages, Largo Bay and Windygates has a combined population of around 37,410. The population of Buckhaven, Methil, Leven is 24,474, according to the 2011 Census.
Notable people
James Ireland Craig FRSE, meteorologist
Robert Dunsire, recipient of the Victoria Cross
Frank O'Donnell, professional footballer
Hugh O'Donnell, also a professional footballer and brother of Frank O'Donnell
John Houston, artist
William Gear, artist
See also
List of places in Fife
References
External links
Gazetteer for Scotland entry for Buckhaven
Fife Council
Information website on Buckhaven
CLEAR Buckhaven - Actions and local issues of local environmental-civic voluntary association
Towns in Fife
Levenmouth
Fishing communities in Scotland
Port cities and towns in Scotland
Mining communities in Fife |
5389829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki%20Forum | Thessaloniki Forum | The Thessaloniki Forum (Greek: Φόρουμ Θεσσαλονίκης) was an indoor sports arena that was located near the center of the city of Thessaloniki, in Greece. The venue was used to host basketball games, handball games, ice hockey games, and athletics competitions.
History
The Thessaloniki Forum's attendance record was 42,000 people, which was set in 1929. The Forum was at one time used as the home venue of the Greek basketball clubs PAOK Thessaloniki, Aris Thessaloniki, Iraklis Thessaloniki, and HANTH. The ice hockey club Penguins Salonica, also used the venue to host games.
In 1972, The Forum was used by 10 different sports clubs. It was used by four basketball clubs, two athletics clubs, two ice hockey clubs, and two handball clubs that year.
Basketball venues in Greece
Defunct basketball venues in Greece
Defunct indoor arenas in Greece
Defunct sports venues in Greece
Handball venues in Greece
Indoor ice hockey venues in Greece |
5389832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skippy%20%28X%29 | Skippy (X) | Skippy is a window management tool for X11 similar to Mac OS X's Exposé feature. It is a fullscreen task switcher that allows a user to quickly see open windows by two different sets of criteria, or to hide all windows and show the desktop without the need to click through many windows to find a specific target. Skippy-XD is a branch that provides 'live' (and updating) snapshots of the windows.
Usage
Skippy (and Skippy-XD) usually needs to be compiled and installed from source, although binaries exist for some platforms (e.g., Ubuntu). After it is launched, the default hotkey for activating it is F11. The user can next choose a window with either the keyboard (by using the up, down, left and right keys) or the mouse and activate it by pressing the left mouse button or the return or spacebar key.
There are also two or three modifiers you can use with the hotkey: hold Control and Skippy (not used in Skippy-XD) will update the snapshots of all the windows. Hold Mod1 (aka the alt key) and skippy will only show the windows of the currently focused window's window group (like, all of gimp's windows, or all of kopete's windows), and if Skippy or Skippy-XD is compiled with Xinerama support and you have several heads, hold shift while pressing the hotkey to make it show the windows on all heads.
Clones
Projects with similar features are Komposé (an Exposé clone for KDE3) and Compiz, the latter containing built-in Exposé-style functionality which can be activated by pressing F12.
See also
Dashboard (Mac OS)
Taskbar
Konfabulator
Zooming User Interface
External links
Skippy Home Page (Currently down, as of Feb 2013.)
Skippy on KDE-Look.org
- A slightly modified version of Skippy-XD
Skippy-XD PPA for Ubuntu - Repository providing Ubuntu binaries of Skippy-XD
Linux windowing system-related software |
5389850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Sung-pan | Liu Sung-pan | Liu Sung-pan (; 3 December 1931 — 18 November 2016) was a Taiwanese politician. He served as the President of the Legislative Yuan from 1992 to 1999. He was the Legislative Yuan's first Taiwan-born speaker and presided over a legislature entirely elected by residents of the Taiwan Area (after the retirement of the elderly mainland representatives in December 1991).
Career
Liu founded a committee seeking Taiwan–United States relations in 1987. The group counted members of the US Congress and Legislative Yuan among its number. He was elected to the speakership of the Legislative Yuan in January 1992. Upon his confirmation, Liu became the first native Taiwanese to lead the legislature. He was also the first to head a parliament entirely elected by residents of the Taiwan Area, as the elderly mainland representatives retired en masse at the end of 1991.
In 1998, during his tenure as legislative speaker, Liu used his status as the former chairman of Taichung Business Bank to broker a NT$1.5 billion loan to the Kuangsan Group, and in return he received a bribe of NT$150 million. During the subsequent investigation, Liu's house was raided.
He left the Kuomintang in 1999, after having served two full elected terms as President of the Yuan. Liu then allied himself with James Soong's independent 2000 presidential campaign. After Soong's loss, Liu was named the leader of the New Taiwanese Service Team, an exploratory committee that preceded the formation of the People First Party. After the end of Liu's speakership, he continued to lead Taiwan in negotiations with China and advocated for the nation to obtain membership in the World Health Organization. Liu also backed the democratization of Myanmar and promoted United States–Taiwan relations.
Trial and temporary disappearance
The Taichung District Court convicted Liu for his role in the Kuangsan Group scandal in July 2003, sentencing him to five years imprisonment and NT$30 million fine. His final appeal was heard by the Taiwan High Court in September 2004. The THC handed Liu a four-year prison sentence and a NT$30 million fine. After the High Court's verdict was announced, Liu resigned his legislative seat. At the time, Liu was at the Republican National Convention in the United States. While there, he suffered a heart attack and was not medically cleared to fly to Taiwan. Though Liu had relinquished his PFP membership a day after his resignation from the Legislative Yuan, the party offered to help him find medical treatment if he would serve his sentence in Taiwan. Liu never acknowledged the proposal, and was subsequently listed as a fugitive in February 2007. In the early 2010s, Liu was reported to have fled to China. Later, he returned to the United States, and died in Los Angeles on 18 November 2016, aged 84.
References
1931 births
2016 deaths
Kuomintang Members of the Legislative Yuan in Taiwan
Members of the 1st Legislative Yuan in Taiwan
Members of the 2nd Legislative Yuan
Members of the 3rd Legislative Yuan
Members of the 4th Legislative Yuan
Members of the 5th Legislative Yuan
Party List Members of the Legislative Yuan
People First Party Members of the Legislative Yuan
Taichung Members of the Legislative Yuan
Taiwanese expatriates in China
Taiwanese expatriates in the United States
Taiwanese politicians convicted of corruption
Taiwanese Presidents of the Legislative Yuan
Changhua County Members of the Legislative Yuan
Nantou County Members of the Legislative Yuan |
5389857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Braide | Chris Braide | Christopher Braide (born 1973) is an English songwriter, record producer and singer, formerly based in Malibu, Los Angeles, California, United States. Braide is known for being a pianist.
First signed as a solo artist by David A. Stewart in the UK and Craig Kallman at Atlantic Records in the US, Braide relocated to Los Angeles to produce and write for artists including Sia, Lana Del Rey, Britney Spears, Nicki Minaj, Christina Aguilera, Selena Gomez, David Guetta, Halsey, Wrabel, Marc Almond, Beth Ditto, Yuna and Beyoncé.
Braide is a frequent collaborator of Sia; together they have written for her own projects, movie soundtracks and for several other artists. Notable songs they have written over the years include "Kill and Run" for The Great Gatsby film and soundtrack, "Helium" for the 2017 Fifty Shades Darker film and soundtrack, "Pretty Isn't Perfect" and "Unstoppable" for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, "God Made You Beautiful" for the Beyoncé film Life Is But a Dream, "Perfume" for Britney Spears, "Blank Page" for Christina Aguilera, and "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)" for David Guetta featuring Sia. Most recently, their song "Helium" was remixed for MAC cosmetics a collaboration for the cosmetic company's AIDS Fund by David Guetta and Afrojack, and a new single, "Flames", was released by David Guetta.
He has a duo group with Geoff Downes (Yes, Buggles, Asia and others), called Downes Braide Association (DBA), since 2012.
Braide has won an Ivor Novello award and been nominated for a Grammy. He is published by BMG Rights Management worldwide and Magical Thinking BMI.
Select songwriting and production discography
Recording artist
In 1993, Braide recorded his first solo album Chapter One - Chris Braide for Polydor Records. The album was produced by Thomas Dolby and Simply Red's Mick Hucknall. In 2014, the album was remastered and released in the UK on Plane Groovy Records
In 1996, Dave Stewart signed Braide to his Warner Bros.-backed label Anxious Records, who released a single co-written with Chris Difford, "If I Hadn't Got You", and second single "Heavenly Rain", followed a year later by the album, Life in a Minor Key, which was co-produced by Braide and David A. Stewart at Electric Lady Studios in New York. The record was released in the US on Atlantic Records and in 2013 a vinyl version was released on Plane Groovy Records.
In 2012, Braide teamed up with Geoff Downes under the name "DBA" ("Downes Braide Association"). The result was an album, Pictures of You, released in Summer 2012 on Plane Groovy Records. Since then, they have released three more studio recordings (Suburban Ghosts in 2015, Skyscraper Souls in 2017 and Halcyon Hymns in 2021), and a live album (Live in England in 2019).
Filmography
Braide wrote, performed or produced songs on the following film soundtracks:
The Princess Diaries (2002)
Without a Paddle (2004)
St Trinian's (2007)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
The Great Gatsby (2013)
Youth (2015)
Leap (2016)
Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016)
Fifty Shades Darker (2017)
Wonder Woman (2017)
Gnome Alone (2017)
Charming (2018)
Vox Lux (2018)
Duck Duck Goose (2018)
Trouble (2019)
Advertising campaigns
He wrote, performed or produced songs in the following advertising campaigns:
Bud Light – Aluminium Super Bowl – 10 ft Tall ft Wrabel (2014)
Gillette – Unstoppable/Pretty Isn't Perfect/ Rio Olympic Games (2016)
Pocky Sticks – Rescue – Yuna (2016)
Estee Lauder ft Kendall Jenner and Elle King / Wild Love (2017)
Estee Lauder – See the world with wide-open eyes – It's You ft Magical Thinker and Wrabel (2017)
MAC – Helium / Guetta Re-mix (2018)
Lancome Paris/ Zendaya ft Sia "Unstoppable" (2019)
References
External links
Official website
Downes Braide Association (DBA)
Interview, MuuMuse 2010
1973 births
Living people
English male singer-songwriters
English record producers
Musicians from Cheshire
21st-century English singers
21st-century British male singers
The Trevor Horn Band members |
5389861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Spencer | Kevin Spencer | Kevin Spencer may refer to:
Kevin Spencer (TV series), a cartoon television series developed by Greg Lawrence
Kevin Spencer (musician) (born 1978), Canadian singer-songwriter
Kevin Spencer (U.S. musician), American musician and lead singer of the group Dynasty
Kevin Spencer (American football) (born 1953), American football coach for the Arizona Cardinals
Kevin Spencer (cyclist), Australian cyclist |
5389875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down%20Two%20Then%20Left | Down Two Then Left | Down Two Then Left is the eighth album by singer Boz Scaggs, released in 1977. The album peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard 200.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Boz Scaggs; except where indicated.
Side One
"Still Falling for You" – 3:52
"Hard Times" – 4:26
"A Clue" – 3:53
"Whatcha Gonna Tell Your Man" (Scaggs, Jai Winding) – 3:50
"We're Waiting" (Michael Omartian, Scaggs) – 6:19
Side Two
"Hollywood" (Omartian, Scaggs) – 3:08
"Then She Walked Away" (Omartian, Scaggs) – 4:04
"Gimme the Goods" (Omartian, Scaggs) – 4:11
"1993" (Omartian, Scaggs) – 4:01
"Tomorrow Never Came/Tomorrow Never Came (Reprise)" – 4:38
Singles released from the album were "Hard Times"/"We're Waiting" and "Hollywood"/"A Clue". Some copies of the "Hard Times" single bear a credit for this album under the title Still Falling for You.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Personnel
Boz Scaggs – lead vocals, backing vocals (1, 5), guitar solo (2, 4)
Ray Parker Jr. – guitar
Steve Lukather – guitar solo (3, 8)
Jay Graydon – guitar, guitar solo (7)
Michael Omartian – keyboards, synthesizers, accordion (1), marimba (1), horn arrangements, string arrangements, conductor
Jai Winding – acoustic piano (4)
David Hungate – bass (1)
Scott Edwards – bass (2-10)
Jeff Porcaro – drums, Syndrum, timbales (8)
Bobbye Hall – bongos (1), congas (8)
Victor Feldman – claves (2), vibraphone (6)
Alan Estes – congas (4)
Don Menza – saxophone
Fred Selden – saxophone, flute
Ernie Watts – saxophone
Dana Hughes – trombone
Chuck Findley – trumpet, flugelhorn solo (5)
Steve Madaio – trumpet
Barbara Korn – French horn
David Duke – French horn
Sidney Sharp – concertmaster
Carolyn Willis – backing vocals (1, 5-7), voices (verses, 4)
Jim Gilstrap – backing vocals (2)
John Lehman – backing vocals (2, 3)
Zedric Turnbough – backing vocals (2)
Venetta Fields – backing vocals (3)
Roy Galloway – backing vocals (3)
Phyllis Saint James – backing vocals (3, 7)
Terry Evans – backing vocals (4)
Bobby King – backing vocals (4)
Eldridge King – backing vocals (4)
Julia Tillman Waters – backing vocals (6)
Myrna Matthews – backing vocals (6, 7)
Stan Farber – backing vocals (9)
Jim Haas – backing vocals (9)
Production
Producer – Joe Wissert
Engineer – Tom Perry
Mastered by Mike Reese at The Mastering Lab (Los Angeles, California).
Design – Nancy Donald
Photography – Guy Bourdin (features the then-shuttered Romanoff's restaurant)
Management – Irving Azoff
References
External links
Down Two Then Left lyrics
Down Two Then Left magazine ad
Boz Scaggs albums
1977 albums
Albums produced by Joe Wissert
Columbia Records albums |
5389881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motiur%20Rahman%20Nizami | Motiur Rahman Nizami | Motiur Rahman Nizami (; 31 March 1943 – 11 May 2016) was a politician, former Minister of Bangladesh, Islamic scholar, writer, and the former leader of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami. He is noted for leading the terror squad Al-Badr during the Bangladesh Liberation War. On 29 October 2014, he was convicted of masterminding the Demra massacre by the International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh. Nizami was the Member of Parliament for the Pabna-1 constituency from 1991 to 1996 and again from 2001 to 2006. He also served as the Bangladeshi Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Industry.
While various political entities and international organizations had originally welcomed the trials, in November 2011 Human Rights Watch criticized the government for aspects of their progress, lack of transparency, and reported harassment of defense lawyers and witnesses representing the accused. Nizami was the last high-profile suspect to be tried for war crimes of the 1971 Bangladesh Genocide; the court delayed his verdict in June 2014 because of the state of his health.
In 2004, Nizami was convicted under separate charges for arms trafficking to the state of Assam, India and was sentenced to death, along with 13 other men in January 2014.
On 29 October 2014, he was convicted and sentenced to death for his role in masterminding the Demra massacre, in which 800–900 unarmed Hindu civilians were killed after the women were raped. He was executed by hanging at Dhaka Central Jail on 11 May 2016. He is the third minister of Bangladesh to be hanged. He was frequently listed on The 500 Most Influential Muslims.
Early life and education
Nizami was born on 31 March 1943 in the village of Monmothpur of Santhia Upazila at Pabna. His father was Lutfur Rahman Khan. He completed his secondary education at a madrasa. In 1963, he received his Kamil degree in Islamic jurisprudence from Madrasa-e-Alia in Dhaka. He earned his bachelor's from the University of Dhaka in 1967.
Political career
Nizami rose in the ranks of the East Pakistan branch of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan in the 1960s, having led the student organization, Islamic Chhatro Shango (now Islami Chhatro Shibir). After the independence of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president, banned Jamaat from political participation as it had opposed the liberation war, and many of its members collaborated with the Pakistan Army during the conflict. Nizami and some other top leaders left the country.
After the assassination by military officers of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in August 1975, Ziaur Rahman became president in a coup in 1977. He permitted top Jamaat leaders, such as Ghulam Azam and Nizami, to return to Bangladesh in 1978; they revived the Jamaat party, which became the largest Islamist party in the country. Nizami emerged as a key leader of the Jamaat, organising the Islami Chhatra Shibir (Jammat Students Organisation), which serves as the youth wing of the Jamaat.
In 1991, he was elected as a Member of Parliament, representing Jamaat-e-Islami for the constituency of Pabna-1; he was Jamaat's Parliamentary Party leader until 1994. During the 1996 elections, he lost to the candidates of both the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), an ally of Jamaat, and the Awami League in his constituency. Professor Abu Sayed of the Awami League gained his seat.
In 1971, Nizami was a chief of the infamous Al-Badr militia. Along with the Pakistan Army, this militia abducted and massacred 989 Bengali intellectuals including professors, journalists, litterateurs, doctors and pro-Bangladesh activists in general.
Leader of Jamaat-e-Islami
Nizami took over as the leader of Jamaat from Ghulam Azam in 2001. In the same year, representing his party as part of a four-party alliance including BNP, Nizami won a seat in Parliament in Pabna-1, receiving 57.68% of the votes. From 2001 to 2003, he served as the Minister of Agriculture, then as the Minister of Industry from 2003 to 2006.
Nizami was defeated in the December 2008 general election as a candidate of the Four-Party Alliance, losing his seat for Pabna-1 to Md. Shamsul Haque of the Awami League. Nizami received 45.6% of the votes. The Awami League took two-thirds of the seats in Parliament.
Controversies
Allegations of corruption
In May 2008, the Anti-corruption Commission of Bangladesh indicted Nizami in the GATCO Corruption case, in which he along with several other politicians were alleged to have illegally granted a container-depot contract to the local firm GATCO. A warrant was issued to arrest Nizami along with 12 others on 15 May 2008.
Nizami was charged with conspiring with 12 other politicians to award the contract to GATCO although the company did not meet the conditions of the tender. The prosecution alleged that the deal with GATCO caused a total loss of more than 100 million Bangladeshi Taka to the Government. Nizami denied the charges and said they were politically motivated. He was released after two months on bail.
Blasphemy charges
In a public speech on 17 March 2010, the Dhaka Jamaat chief, Rafiqul Islam, compared Nizami's life to that of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, persisting in the face of persecution. On 21 March, the Bangladesh Tariqat Federation sued Rafiqul, Nizami and other Jamaat members "for hurting Islamic sentiments of the masses by comparing Nizami with the Prophet".
Nizami, along with three other senior Jamaat leaders, was arrested on charges on 29 March 2010. He secured bail the next day and appealed for dismissal of the case on 14 February 2011. The High Court adjourned the case for four months in March 2011.
Smuggling charges
On 4 May 2011, Nizami was arrested on allegations of smuggling arms to Assamese insurgents in India in 2004. His bail petition on 7 September 2011 was denied.
On 30 January 2014, Nizami and 13 co-conspirators were sentenced to death by hanging after being found guilty of smuggling arms.
International Crimes Tribunal
In 2009, the Awami League-led Bangladesh government established a tribunal in Bangladesh to investigate those suspected of committing atrocities during Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Nizami and eight other leaders of Jamaat-e-Islami were charged with war crimes by the prosecution, as were two leaders of the Bangladesh National Party. Opposition parties and human rights groups alleged political interference in the trial, given that all the accused were leading opposition politicians. Nizami was the last high-profile suspect to be tried for 1971 war crimes; the court delayed his verdict in June 2014 because of the state of his health. On 29 October 2014, it was announced that Nizami had been sentenced to death for war crimes committed during the 1971 independence war against Pakistan.
Death
On 11 May 2016, Nizami was hanged at Dhaka Central Jail, just days after the nation's highest court dismissed his final appeal to overturn the death sentence for atrocities committed during the country's 1971 war. He was hanged just before midnight (1800 GMT) after he refused to seek mercy from the President of Bangladesh. He was executed between 11:50 pm and 12:01 am midnight. He was buried at his family’s home in northern Bangladesh.
Reaction
:Pakistan's foreign office said in statement that "Pakistan is deeply saddened over the hanging of the emir of Jamaat-i-Islami Bangladesh, Mr Motiur Rahman Nizami, for the alleged crimes committed before December 1971.
:Turkey condemned execution of Motiur Rahman Nizami and withdrew Turkish Ambassador from Bangladesh.
See also
Abul A'la Maududi
References
External links
"Martyred Intellectuals: Murdered History: Raising Hopes Only to be Betrayed", New Age, 15 December 2005
AsiaMedia report, University of California Los Angeles
1943 births
2016 deaths
Bangladesh Liberation War
Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami politicians
Bangladeshi people convicted of war crimes
Executed Bangladeshi people
21st-century executions by Bangladesh
People from Pabna District
People executed by Bangladesh by hanging
People executed for war crimes
8th Jatiya Sangsad members
Industries ministers of Bangladesh
Agriculture ministers of Bangladesh
5th Jatiya Sangsad members
University of Dhaka alumni
Executed politicians
Government Madrasah-e-Alia alumni
Executed mass murderers |
5389884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle%20Man%20%28album%29 | Middle Man (album) | Middle Man is the ninth studio album by Boz Scaggs released by Columbia Records in 1980. Scaggs hired members of the band Toto as session musicians and shared songwriting credits with them, returning to the commercial, soul-influenced rock of Silk Degrees (1976).
The album reached No. 8 in the Billboard 200 album chart, and two singles reached the Billboard Hot 100: "Breakdown Dead Ahead" at No. 15 and "Jojo" at No. 17.
Reception
Writing for Smash Hits in 1980, David Hepworth described Middle Man as an "impeccably tasteful collection of sophisticated white soul" that was "useful as background music in the more sedate kind of nite spot". Acknowledging that the album was "well done", Hepworth noted that Scaggs' previous albums were "thrilling as well as perfectly formed". Hepworth went on to say that the album sounded as though "they designed the sleeve first and then made the record to go in it". Interestingly, two cuts from the album, "Jojo" and "Breakdown Dead Ahead", landed higher on the Canadian charts than on another international or US charts, indicating that Canadian audiences had embraced Scaggs' harder rock edge, diverging from slower ballads and hits such as "Look What You've Done To Me", which he deftly wrote in the same year, as a track for the movie, Urban Cowboy.
Allmusic's retrospective review commented that the album "caps off the decade with equal nods to [Scaggs's] '70s hitmaking formulas and the newer, shinier production techniques of the coming decade." They made a point of noting the album's repeated imitation of then-popular fads, while at the same time, opining that these imitations were successful.
Track listing
All songs written by David Foster and Boz Scaggs, except where noted.
Personnel
Boz Scaggs – lead vocals, guitar (1-8)
David Foster – synthesizers (1, 3, 5, 7-9), acoustic piano (1-5, 7), string arrangements (1, 3, 4, 5, 8), electric piano (3, 4, 8), synthesizer programming
Don Grolnick – electric piano (2), acoustic piano (8)
David Paich – additional synthesizer (3), organ (6), synthesizers (6)
James Newton Howard – clavinet (6)
Michael Boddicker – synthesizer programming
Larry Fast – synthesizer programming
Steve Porcaro – synthesizer programming
Ray Parker Jr. – guitar (1-8), bass (6)
Steve Lukather – lead guitars (1, 3, 5-8), additional guitars (2), guitar solo (2, 7, 8), all guitars (9)
Carlos Santana – guitar solo (4)
John Pierce – bass (1)
David Hungate – bass (2-5, 7-9)
Jeff Porcaro – drums (1, 3-5, 7, 9)
Rick Marotta – drums (2, 8)
Joe Vitale – drums (6)
Lenny Castro – percussion
Adrian Tapia – saxophone solo (1)
Marty Paich – string arrangements (4)
Charlotte Crossley – backing vocals (1)
David Lasley – backing vocals (1, 6)
Sharon Redd – backing vocals (1)
Paulette Brown – backing vocals (2, 3, 5, 8, 9)
Venetta Fields – backing vocals (2, 3, 5, 8, 9)
Bill Thedford – backing vocals (2, 3, 8)
Julia Tillman Waters – backing vocals (5, 9)
Oren Waters – backing vocals (5, 9)
Bill Champlin – backing vocals (6)
Chuck "Fingers" Irwin – backing vocals (6)
Rosemary Butler – backing vocals (7, 8)
Production
Producer and Engineer – Bill Schnee
Assistant Engineers – Stephen Marcussen and Gabe Veltri
Mastered by Doug Sax and Mike Reese at The Mastering Lab (Los Angeles, CA).
Design – Nancy Donald
Photography – Guy Bourdin
Management – Irving Azoff
Charts
Weekly Charts
Year-end charts
References
External links
Middle Man Lyrics
Boz Scaggs albums
1980 albums
Columbia Records albums
Albums recorded at Sunset Sound Recorders
Albums produced by Bill Schnee |
5389888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem%20Rog | Prem Rog | Prem Rog () is a 1982 Hindi-language musical romance film directed by Raj Kapoor. The film tells the story of a man's (Rishi Kapoor) love towards a woman who is a widow and of a higher status (Padmini Kolhapure). This film marked Raj Kapoor's return to social themes. The screenplay was written by Jainendra Jain and Kamna Chandra.
Prem Rog is considered an all-time classic of Raj Kapoor. It received high critical acclaim and was a commercial success at the box-office, becoming the second highest-grossing film of 1982 after Vidhaata.
Prem Rog led the 30th Filmfare Awards with 12 nominations, including Best Film, Best Actor (Rishi Kapoor) and Best Supporting Actress (Nanda), and won a leading 4 awards, tying with Shakti, including Best Director (Raj Kapoor) and Best Actress (Kolhapure).
Plot
Devdhar (Rishi Kapoor) is a poor orphan who in his childhood had a magnetic friendship with Manorama (Padmini Kolhapure), the only niece of the rich and powerful Bade Thakur (Shammi Kapoor) and daughter of Virender Singh known as Chhote Thakur (Kulbhushan Kharbanda), who has a secret affair with Chamiya (Bindu) . The benevolent Thakur helped Devdhar go to the city for higher studies. After eight years, Devdhar returns to his village, where he finds Manorama has grown up. After seeing her again, Devdhar falls in love and expects that Manorama also has feelings for her. However Manorama does not have reciprocal emotions. The day Devdhar intends to ask her hand from Bade Thakur, whom he considers to be broad minded of all the village elders, he meets Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh (Vijayendra Ghatge) Manorama's to-be-groom, who not only is more wealthier than Manorama's family but Manorama also expresses her infatuation towards the man. Devdhar does not express her feelings and only persons who with slight idea about it are his cousin Radha and Manorama's mother Chhoti Maa.
Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh loves Manorama dearly however he dies three days after the marriage in a road accident and she becomes a widow. At her own home, she is being prepared to have her head shaved against the protest of Chhot Maa and Bade Thakur when Raj Rani (Tanuja), sister-in-law of Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh intervenes and takes Manorama with her. Where she slowly tries to piece her life together with help of her Raj Rani and her son but one day, after Raja Virendra Pratap Singh (Raza Murad), her brother-in-law, rapes her, she returns to her parental home. When Devdhar learns of the situation, he works to rebuild Manorama's life and bring a smile to her face. Devdhar is determined to revive her faith in life and love. In doing so, he eventually has to face the wrath of the powerful Thakur, armed with old-age traditions and customs in his favor.
Manorama had only confessed to her mother about the events post her widow ship. Her brother-in-law and father both are enraged about her affair with Devdhar and swear to kill Devdhar and force her to go back to her in-law's palace. A battle ensues in the village and in the end they both reunite.
Cast
Rishi Kapoor as Devdhar "Dev," the hero, a penniless-but-educated orphan raised by his maternal uncle
Padmini Kolhapure as Manorama "Rama" Singh, the heroine, daughter of the local aristocratic family
Shammi Kapoor as Bade Raja Thakur, Rama's uncle
Nanda as Chhoti Maa, Rama's mother
Tanuja as Raj Rani, wife of Raja Virendra Pratap Singh
Sushma Seth as Badi Maa, wife of Bade Raja
Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Virendra "Vir" Singh, Rama's father
Raza Murad as Raja Virendra Pratap Singh Narendra's elder brother
Om Prakash as Panditji, the priest; Dev's maternal uncle
Dulari as Panditji's wife
Vijayendra Ghatge as Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh, Rama's husband
Bindu as Chamiya
Soundtrack
All songs are composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal.
Reception
Critical Reception
Prem Rog was listed by Cosmopolitan magazine as one of its Top 10 "Most Romantic Films Ever".
It received high critical acclaim for its direction, story, screenplay, music, cinematography and performances of the cast.
Box-Office
Prem Rog grossed ₹13 crore, including a nett of ₹6.5 crore. Box Office India gave it a verdict of a blockbuster.
It became the second highest-grossing film of 1982 after Vidhaata.
Awards & Nominations
|-
| rowspan="12"|1983
| Raj Kapoor
| Best Director
|
|-
| Padmini Kolhapure
| Best Actress
|
|-
| Santosh Anand (for "Mohabbat Hai Kya Cheez")
| Best Lyricist
|
|-
| Raj Kapoor
| Best Editing
|
|-
| Raj Kapoor (for R. K. Films)
| Best Film
|
|-
| Rishi Kapoor
| Best Actor
|
|-
| Nanda
| Best Supporting Actress
|
|-
| Kamna Chandra
| Best Story
|
|-
| Laxmikant–Pyarelal
| Best Music Director
|
|-
| Ameer Qazalbash (for "Meri Kismat Mein Tu")
| Best Lyricist
|
|-
| Suresh Wadkar (for "Main Hoon Prem Rogi")
| rowspan="2"|Best Male Playback Singer
|
|-
| Suresh Wadkar (for "Meri Kismat Mein Tu" )
|
|}
References
External links
Films directed by Raj Kapoor
1982 films
1980s Hindi-language films
Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal
R. K. Films films
Films about widowhood in India |
5389899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine%20Cecava | Kristine Cecava | Kristine Cecava is a former Cheyenne County, Nebraska district judge who garnered media attention for sentencing a man to probation for two felony child sexual assault charges, a sentence viewed by many as being too lenient.
In May, 2006, Judge Cecava sentenced Richard W. Thompson to 10 years' probation. It was reported first by local media outlet, The Sidney Sun-Telegraph, that her reason for the probation was that she thought Mr. Thompson, who is 5'1" and 50 years old, would not survive prison. The state filed an appeal of the sentence, calling it too lenient. However, the sentence was found to be correct and the appeal failed.
A petition calling for her resignation was signed by 900 people and submitted to the Nebraska Judicial Qualifications Commission, but was rejected because the commission doesn't have the power to remove her from office for an error in judgement.
Cecava received her law degree from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln College of Law in 1976. During law school, she was a member of the Law Review and received the Order of the Coif. Since that time, she served in a variety of positions, including county attorney. She was later appointed as a county judge and was president of the Nebraska County Judges Association in 1996. She was appointed to the district court in 1999.
Former Judge Cecava was removed from the bench by voters on November 4, 2008, with 52% of voters saying "No" to retaining her services. However, she remained active on the bench for several months following the vote until a new judge, Derek Weimers of Scottsbluff, was selected to replace her.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Nebraska state court judges
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
American women judges
Women in Nebraska politics
20th-century American judges
21st-century American judges
20th-century women judges
21st-century women judges
20th-century American women
21st-century American women |
5389901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub%20Egit | Jakub Egit | Jakub Egit (27 September 1908 – 1996) was a Polish Jewish leader. He was born in Boryslaw, Austria-Hungary. His parents, Marek and Shaindel, and his siblings, Marcus, Rachel, Reisl, Jonas and Genia, were all killed between 1943 and 1945.
In 1945, Egit began a project to create a settlement of 50,000 Jews in Dzierżoniów County (formerly Reichenbach), incl. the town of Dzierżoniów (the peak number of Jews in Drobniszew reached 17,800 in November 1946), Bielawa, Pieszyce, Piława Górna, etc., a Recovered Territory near Wrocław in Silesia, People's Republic of Poland. Egit wanted to make the former German territory into a Jewish settlement. Initially, with Soviet Communist support, Egit's plan went well; starting with a small group of concentration camp survivors, the settlement grew to encompass Jewish schools, hospitals, kibbutzim, orphanages and a book publisher in Wrocław. However, in 1948 the Communists withdrew their support. Egit was put in jail and the majority of Dzierżoniów's citizens subsequently emigrated to Israel.
From his release in 1950, Egit was editor of J'idysz Buch in Warsaw. In 1957 he emigrated to Canada, where he became a prominent member of Canada's Jewish community. In 1991, he published his autobiography Grand Illusion.
Egit died in Florida in 1996.
References
Further reading
Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City Norman Davies and Roger Moorhouse
Grand Illusion, Jacob Egit
1908 births
1996 deaths
Canadian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Polish emigrants to Canada
Jewish Canadian writers
Canadian Zionists
People from Boryslav
Canadian autobiographers |
5389912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Grinberg | Maria Grinberg | Maria Grinberg (Russian: Mария Израилевна Гринберг, Marija Israilevna Grinberg; September 6, 1908 – July 14, 1978) was a Russian pianist. She was born in Odessa, Russian Empire. Her father was a Hebrew scholar and her mother taught piano privately. Until the age of 18, Maria took piano lessons from Odessa's noted teacher David Aisberg. Eventually she became a pupil of Felix Blumenfeld (who also taught Vladimir Horowitz) and later, after his death, continued her studies with Konstantin Igumnov at the Moscow Conservatory. In 1935, she won the Second Prize at the Second All-Union Pianist Competition.
Grinberg became a major figure of the Russian piano school. However, in 1937 both her husband and her father were arrested and executed as "enemies of the people". The pianist was fired by the state-run management and got a job as an accompanist of an amateur choreography group. During that time, she occasionally participated in concert performances playing timpani. Somehow, she later was readmitted as a piano soloist. She became a much-sought-after pianist in Moscow, with concerts in Leningrad, Riga, Tallinn, Voronezh, Tbilisi, Baku and other cities all over the Soviet Union.
At the age of 50, after Joseph Stalin died, she was finally allowed to travel abroad. In all, Grinberg went on 14 performing tours – 12 times in the Soviet bloc countries and twice in the Netherlands where she became a nationally acclaimed figure. Critics compared her performances with those of Vladimir Horowitz, Arthur Rubinstein, and Clara Haskil.
Only at the age of 55, was she granted her first – and last – honorary title of Distinguished Artist of the Russian Soviet Federation. At 61, she was given a professorship at the Gnessin Institute of Music. Among those on the long list of her pupils are Michael Bischoffberger, Naum Shtarkman and Regina Shamvili.
In 1970, her 13-LP album set featuring all of Beethoven's 32 piano sonatas was released. This was the first time a Russian pianist recorded the complete set of the Beethoven piano sonatas. Three months before Grinberg's death in 1978, a review by critic Yudenich in the Sovetskaya Muzyka magazine called these recordings "a true feat of art".
When she was in her late 40s, she noticed that her vision had become significantly worse. She addressed the problem, and it turned out that she had a brain tumor which required surgery. Within a few months, she celebrated her 50th birthday by performing three piano concertos in one evening – Bach's f minor, Beethoven Third, and Rachmaninoff's Third with Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra.
Maria Grinberg died on July 14, 1978, in Tallinn, Estonia, ten weeks before her seventieth birthday. The Gnessin Institute's director, chorus master Vladimir Minin (who a year before had forced Grinberg to resign from her teaching position), refused to hold a memorial ceremony on the Institute's premises, and it was only thanks to the efforts of Deputy Minister of Culture Kukharsky, the great pianist was given her last honor in a proper way.
Her sense of humor was legendary. Those who knew her recall a story. Her patronymic [the name of the father, customarily used in Russian names] was Israilyevna (that is, "daughter of Israel", Israel being the first name of her father). In 1967, during the period of heightened tension between the Soviet Union and the State of Israel which the Soviets always addressed as "Israeli aggressors," Grinberg always introduced herself as "Maria Aggressorovna."
References
External links
"http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Grinberg-Maria.htm"
Soviet classical pianists
Soviet women pianists
Jewish classical pianists
Jewish classical musicians
Ukrainian Jews
Musicians from Odesa
1908 births
1978 deaths
Gnessin State Musical College faculty
Women classical pianists
Jewish Ukrainian musicians
Odesa Jews |
5389914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profits%20tax | Profits tax | In Hong Kong, profits tax is an income tax chargeable to business carried on in Hong Kong. Applying the territorial taxation concept, only profits sourced in Hong Kong are taxable in general. Capital gains are not taxable in Hong Kong, although it is always arguable whether an income is capital in nature.
The persons chargeable to profits tax includes corporations, partnerships, trustees, and sole proprietors.
Chargeable scope
As a general rule, Hong Kong profits tax is levied on any persons who carries on a trade, profession or business in Hong Kong and assessable profits arising in or derived from Hong Kong for a year of assessment. The profits tax rate applied is 15% for individuals and 16.5% for corporations (a.k.a. the standard rate) on their net assessable profits for the year of assessment 2014/15.
Source of profits
To argue whether profits arising in or derived from Hong Kong, case law judgments are often referred. The fundamental source rule was laid down by the landmark case The Commissioner of Inland Revenue ("CIR") v. Hang Seng Bank Ltd Co. (1991) 1 AC 306. Lord Bridge of Harwich of Privy Council held that the source of profits is a question of fact depending on the nature of transaction and stated the broad guiding principle in determining the source is that
The statement is widely retrieved in the context of Taxation in Hong Kong and other jurisdictions and reconfirmed in subsequent cases, such as HK-TVB International Limited v. CIR (1992) 2 AC 397. However, while applying the broad guiding principle, it should not be distracted by the antecedent and incidental matters.
To reduce the complexity in determining the source of profits, the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong ("IRD") issued Departmental Interpretation and Practice Note No. 21 - Locality of profits ("DIPN no. 21") to provides potential taxpayers a guideline on the source of income. Following the guideline in DIPN no, 21, the taxpayers may first determine what kinds of profits do their business earn and make reference to the IRD's views in respect of the particular type of profits.
Tax computation
The formula is:
HK profits tax payable = Net assessable profit × Profits tax standard rate
Net assessable profit = Assessable profit − Loss brought forward (if any) + Loss transferred from partnership (if any)
Assessable profit = Profit or (Loss) per financial account + (Disallowable expenses charged in account − Non-taxable income credited in account) − Depreciation allowances − Approved charitable donations
Approved charitable donations
The Approved charitable donations are limited to 35% (10% for years of assessment up to and including 2002/03; and 25% for years of assessment 2003/04 to 2007/08) of the adjusted assessable profits before deduction of donations, per section 16D of the IRO. Such aggregate must not be less than $100.
Section 14
A person carries on a trade, a profession or a business in Hong Kong
There are profits arising in or derived from (trade, profession, business). Profit is not from the sales of capital assets
The profits must be arising in or derived from Hong Kong
Contract effected test
Operation test
Provision of credit test
Development test or registration test
Badges of Trade
Any trade may be subject to profit tax unless one can provide reasonable evidence to prove that there is not any revenue profit. In Hong Kong, capital profit is not subject to tax.
In order to prove the nature of a trade, the badges of trade are to be considered:
the taxpayer's intention of profit (one acquisition of the commodity)
Subject Matter of the commodity disposal (If enjoyment can be assume on original acquisition, e.g. rental)
the length of ownership,
frequency of similar transactions,
reason for disposal,
supplementary work and so on.
Basis period and year of assessment
The year of assessment of each year starts from 1 April and ends on 31 March in the next year. For example, the year of assessment for 1 April 2014 to 31 March 2015 is "Year of Assessment 2014/15". However, no adjustment is required to align the financial information with the end-date of year of assessment. On the contrary, IRD accepts the profits assessed in accordance with the accounting year-end date. In the context of tax law, this is also referred as basis period.
Tax depreciation
Purchases of industrial building, commercial building and plant and machinery are not deductible because they are capital in nature. Yet, capital expenditure may be deductible if they are categorised into following:
Capital expenditure on plant and machinery for research and development;
Capital expenditure on renovation or refurbishment on buildings other than domestic ones;
Capital expenditure on prescribed fixed assets (excluding lease or hire-purchase);
Capital expenditure on environmental protection facilities (excluding lease or hire-purchase).
If the capital expenditure is not deductible at any of the above provisions, the following depreciation allowances may be granted as an alternative deduction.
Industrial building and commercial building allowance
As derived from its name, the industrial building allowance is only available for buildings used, generally, for the purpose of manufacturing of goods and products. Buildings which are used to carry out other businesses may be qualified for commercial building allowance.
Industrial building allowance is more beneficial to the taxpayer because at the year of purchase, 20% of "initial allowance" on the capital expenditure can be deducted. Such benefit is not available for commercial buildings. For every year, 4% of the capital expenditure can be deducted as "annual allowance", until 25 years after its first use.
On the contrary, the amount which the proceeds received at the time of sales over the allowance claimed will be taxable as "balancing charge".
Depreciation Allowance on Plant and Machinery
Types of plant and machinery that are tax-depreciable and their respective rates (for annual allowance only, see below) are set out in a prescribed schedule. The definition of plant and machinery does not include any implement, utensil and article. Instead, they can be fully deductible for profits tax purpose on replacement basis (i.e. the initial purchase of which is not deductible)
For assets purchased during that year of assessment, an initial allowance of 60% will be granted. Thereafter, the assets sharing the same rates of annual allowance are transferred into a pool, classified by the prescribed schedule in the Rule 2 and annual allowance of either 10%, 20% or 30% will be granted for the entire pooled assets. For example, a motor vehicle, which is 30% pooled, can be first granted a 60% initial allowance and 30% of annual allowance on the remaining 40% asset value. Therefore, 72% (i.e. 60% + 30% x 40% = 72%) of the value of motor vehicle can be deducted from tax in the year of purchase.
Tax loss
Tax losses can be carried forward to set off the profits in the future years until fully absorbed but not backward. Group loss relief is not available in the taxation in Hong Kong.
Taxpayer bears no rights to object a loss determined by IRD because loss is not an assessment in accordance to the definition of Ordinance. Until the time when profits are assessed which affects the tax loss (e.g. offsetting of previous tax loss), the taxpayer may apply for an objection to the CIR. It also implies that a statement of loss, which grants no objection option to the taxpayer, has a different status with the notice of assessment.
An assessment cannot be re-opened after being final and conclusive after 6 years (or 10 years in the case of willful tax evasion). On the contrary, a case of tax loss, even agreed by the CIR in previous year, can be re-opened at any time in the future since it is technically not an assessment.
See also
Inland Revenue Department (Hong Kong)
Section 5 of the IRO - Property tax
Section 8 of the IRO - Salaries tax
Reference links
Section 14 of the IRO
HK Inland Revenue Department: Questions and Answers
A Guide by Law&Trust about corporate (profit) taxation in Hong Kong
Different profit tax standard rates apply to corporation and unincorporated business
References
Taxation in Hong Kong |
5389915 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjum%20Chopra | Anjum Chopra | Anjum Chopra (born 20 May 1977) is an Indian former cricketer and current cricket commentator. The first time she stepped onto the cricket ground was at the age of 9. She played her first friendly match with the college girls' team at the inter-college level, scoring 20 runs and taking 2 wickets. Later the same year she was selected to play for New Delhi in the under −15 tournament.
She played various sports at an early age, representing her school and college in athletics, basketball, and swimming. She was also a member of the Delhi State basketball team that competed at nationals.
Anjum made her debut in one-day internationals at the age of 17, on 12 February 1995 against New Zealand at Christchurch, New Zealand, and made her debut in Test cricket a few months later against England at Eden Gardens, Kolkata, on 17 November 1995. In only her second series for India the same year, she was awarded player of the series in the one-day internationals against the visiting England cricket team, scoring runs at an average of 67.5.
She played as a left-handed batter who bowled right-arm medium pace. She played in 12 Tests, 127 ODIs and 18 T20Is. She was coached by Sunita Sharma, Hardeep Dua and Tarak Sinha from Sonnet Club. She was also the first woman to score 1,000 runs in ODIs for India.
Carving out a niche in the male-dominated sport in the country, Anjum has begun to be recognized as the face of women's cricket in India as a player, captain, consultant, commentator, motivational speaker, author, and actor.
Personal life
She received her undergraduate degree from St. Stephen’s College, Delhi
Anjum belongs to a family of sportspeople:
Maternal grandfather Ved Prakash Sahni was an athlete and represented India. He was also a cricket commentator.
Father Krishan Bal Chopra is a golfer.
Mother Poonam Chopra, a devoted homemaker, has won a Goodyear car rally.
Brother Nirvan Chopra has represented Delhi state in Under−17 and Under-19 cricket.
Maternal uncle Rohit Sahni is a former cricketer. As a schoolboy, he was wicket-keeper and opening batsman for his alma mater, Mayo College. Later, he captained both Hindu college and Delhi University.
Anjum is also a pet lover who loves to spend time with her dogs, who live with her at home.
Career
Anjum Chopra is both a Test and One Day International cricketer who represented India's national women's cricket team. She is currently working as a cricket commentator. She made her One Day International debut in 1995 against New Zealand at Christchurch. In the first ODI she opened the bowling for India, giving 14 runs in her 4 overs. Going in to bat at No 10 for India, she had a crucial partnership of 11 runs to secure the victory for India.
She made her Test match debut in November 1995 against England in Calcutta. She was sent in as a nightwatchman against the English team in her very first Test match for India. Living up to her coach's confidence in her she successfully batted till the next morning till lunch scoring 27 runs for her team.
She was made Vice Captain of the Indian team in 2000 Cricinfo World Cup in New Zealand. With two player of the match awards and the highest scorer from India, Anjum led the batting charts at the World Cup until the Indian team lost in the semi-finals to eventual winners New Zealand.
Anjum was made the Captain of the Indian team in 2002. In her first series as skipper, she led India with 7 debutants to a whitewash win over visiting England side, a record victory. The Indian team's first tour of South Africa saw them record their first overseas Test win, with Anjum Chopra scoring a match-winning 80. Her astute captaincy and using the part-time bowlers got the team 20 South African wickets at Paarl.
In 2005 World Cup in South Africa, India reached the finals of the World Cup for the first time. She was the top scorer from India and was also the Player of the Match against England.
In 2009 World Cup in Australia, in a must-win game for India, Anjum scored 76 match-winning runs and bagged the player of the match award. India finished third at the World Cup behind England and New Zealand.
She has played 6 World Cups for India, including four 50-over World Cups and two T20 World Cups. She is the first player to play 100 ODIs for India. One of the strong fielders on the team and a safe pair of hands, she has held the highest number of slip catches for India. A right arm medium pace bowler, Anjum made her debut as an all-rounder, opening the bowling in her first ODI and batting at No 10. She is the eighth-highest run-getter in women's ODIs.
Anjum has batted at almost all positions for her team, including opening, when needed. She has scored against some of the best of bowling attacks in the world, and is known to occupy the crease and bat for long hours. For example, batting in the 2000 World Cup in New Zealand against Ireland, India was reeling at 3 wickets down with 1 run on the board. She played a patient knock of 70 runs and won the match.
She is known to bat well under pressure and has played numerous knocks to perfection to get the victory. A quick runner between the wickets, her ability to convert ones to twos had been an outstanding feature of Anjum's batting style.
After attending Delhi Public School R.K. Puram and St. Stephen's College, Delhi University, Anjum completed her Master's in Business Administration from FORE School of Management with a dual specialisation in Marketing and Human Resources.
In the corporate world, Anjum is a motivational and corporate speaker/consultant. Also an MBA, Anjum has conducted training programs for globally recognised brands such as General Electric, Standard Chartered, Goldman Sachs, Vodafone, and various schools and colleges.
Domestic career
Anjum Chopra is a Delhi native who has played for the state since her Under-15 days. She has also represented Air India (her employers) for domestic matches where she emerged as the most successful skipper for the women's team.
Under her captaincy:
Delhi state won the National championship in 2012 season, the first time in history that the Delhi women's team has won the national cricket championship.
Air India won the nationals and zonal championships in both 2002 and 2003.
Air India was declared as "Best team of the year" in 2003.
The 2011–12 cricket season saw her achieving victories for Delhi State. Captaining the team, Delhi won the national championship for the first time in history of the women's game. She also went on to lead the North Zone team that won the Zonal championships the same year. In the T20 format, Delhi state finished as runner-up, ending the year as the "Best State Team".
Awards
Records
First Indian player to score an ODI century for India.
First captain to win a Test Series abroad. India won the test match in South Africa in 2002 under her captaincy.
First captain to win a home series 5–0 whitewash against England in India in 2002
First player to play 100 ODIs for India
First to play 6 World Cups for India (four ODI World Cups and two T20s)
Only player in modern-day cricket to have played 12 Test matches with ODI and T20s
First player to get an international appointment when she worked with Cricket South Africa women's team as a technical consultant in 2012–2013
First female sportscaster and player to commentate on men's cricket matches
Achievements
Anjum Chopra co-authored the coffee table book titled Women's Cricket World – A Journey from 1745- 2013. The book showcases the world history of the sport to its present-day under the International Cricket Council.
She has also acted in a docudrama, "Poor Cousins of Million Dollar Babies". The film received national acclaim at the Arnold Sports Film Festival in Ohio in 2011. It talks about that despite the disparities between men's and women's cricket, the girls are very happy playing the sport and enjoy the camaraderie.
To promote the game, Anjum has also participated in a reality show, Fear Factor 'Khatron ke Khiladi' season 4, aired on the Colors channel. She has also walked the ramp with leading names of the fashion industry promoting the women's game.
Anjum is a commentator/subject expert with Doordarshan and other leading news and sports channels. A sportscaster she represents women's cricket on television analysing the game from a player's perspective. She has also forayed into other sports, acting as a commentator for the World Kabaddi League in 2014 on Sony Six.
Anjum Chopra is the first woman cricketer from India to be awarded an honorary life membership of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC).
Television
Anjum was a participant on the reality show Fear Factor - Khatron Ke Khiladi Season 4.
References
External links
1977 births
Air India women cricketers
Delhi women cricketers
India women One Day International cricketers
India women Test cricketers
India women Twenty20 International cricketers
Indian cricket commentators
Indian women cricket captains
Indian women cricketers
Living people
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Delhi University alumni
Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi participants |
5389931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain%20energy%20density%20function | Strain energy density function | A strain energy density function or stored energy density function is a scalar-valued function that relates the strain energy density of a material to the deformation gradient.
Equivalently,
where is the (two-point) deformation gradient tensor, is the right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor, is the left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor,
and is the rotation tensor from the polar decomposition of .
For an anisotropic material, the strain energy density function depends implicitly on reference vectors or tensors (such as the initial orientation of fibers in a composite) that characterize internal material texture. The spatial representation, must further depend explicitly on the polar rotation tensor to provide sufficient information to convect the reference texture vectors or tensors into the spatial configuration.
For an isotropic material, consideration of the principle of material frame indifference leads to the conclusion that the strain energy density function depends only on the invariants of (or, equivalently, the invariants of since both have the same eigenvalues). In other words, the strain energy density function can be expressed uniquely in terms of the principal stretches or in terms of the invariants of the left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor or right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor and we have:
For isotropic materials,
with
For linear isotropic materials undergoing small strains, the strain energy density function specializes to
A strain energy density function is used to define a hyperelastic material by postulating that the stress in the material can be obtained by taking the derivative of with respect to the strain. For an isotropic hyperelastic material, the function relates the energy stored in an elastic material, and thus the stress–strain relationship, only to the three strain (elongation) components, thus disregarding the deformation history, heat dissipation, stress relaxation etc.
For isothermal elastic processes, the strain energy density function relates to the specific Helmholtz free energy function ,
For isentropic elastic processes, the strain energy density function relates to the internal energy function ,
Examples
Some examples of hyperelastic constitutive equations are:
Saint Venant–Kirchhoff
Neo-Hookean
Generalized Rivlin
Mooney–Rivlin
Ogden
Yeoh
Arruda–Boyce model
Gent
See also
Finite strain theory
Helmholtz and Gibbs free energy in thermoelasticity
Hyperelastic material
Ogden–Roxburgh model
References
Continuum mechanics
Rubber properties
Solid mechanics
ja:ひずみエネルギー |
5389955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favaloro%20University | Favaloro University | The Favaloro University () is a private university in the city of Buenos Aires in Argentina. It was founded by surgeon René Favaloro in 1992; it obtained its definitive authorization on October 23, 2003 by decree 963/03 of president Néstor Kirchner. Favaloro did not see his project completely realised, for he committed suicide a few years before completion.
Introduction
The origin of the institution is based in a research center. The university hospital and the University followed a natural development to complement and integrate several areas in the biomedical spectrum. The Research and Development Board (CID) ensures the progress of scientific research and technological development at the Favaloro University, deciding on the principal research orientations and supervising the coherence of scientific policy, particularly regarding the creation of laboratories and research programs. It also establishes the principles and dictates the evaluation mechanisms of research quality and investigator performance.
Research at the Favaloro University is organized in research projects. These projects are under the direction of one or more investigators who are directly responsible for the development of the action plan in the established period. The specific objectives of the relationship between the Research and Development Board and the departmental structure of the Favaloro University are the articulation of the Departments, the Faculty of Medical Sciences, the Faculty of Engineering and Exact and Natural Sciences and the Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery in connection with the research projects. Also, to stimulate teaching activity of the researchers, to promote the research projects coordinated by one or more Departments with the hospital.
Several research activities include surgical experiences with different animals. There are two operating and experimental rooms covering 90m2 equipped with technology for animal instrumentation and experimentation. There is an animal house with a covered area of 432m2 and one computer lab for signal processing and another for hardware development. Other equipments are available including operating tables, anesthesia equipment, monitors, ecography, sonomicrometers, oscilloscopes, defibrillators, PC computers with acquisition systems, respirators, infusion pumps, extracorporeal pump, doppler velocimeter, digital viscometer, oximeters, invasive pressure, diameter and flow velocity transducers. For studies in patients, there is a room for clinical studies in the Hypertension Section of the Favaloro Foundation.
This essential background allows the students to interact directly with the researchers and the medical equipment, not only for research purposes but for clinical training in the operation of new technologies present in the hospital. Finally, the entire faculty is instructed to encourage the future biomedical engineers to interact directly with the hospital environment to ease their future integration in this area.
History
In the beginning, René Favaloro did his medical practice in the Sanatorio Güemes. Later, he realized that an investigation group of his own was necessary. In 1974 he commended Dr. Ricardo Pichel (current Favaloro University rector) for the birth and development of this new area. In 1978, the Newspapers & Magazines Distributors Society (SDDRA) made possible the beginning of investigation and teaching activities. For many years, Favaloro financed investigation costs with his own resources. In 1980 the Teaching and Investigation Department of Favaloro University was founded with Pichel in the lead. Later that year in the Favaloro Foundation, with the collaboration with Willem Kolff in the Artificial Organs Department at the University of Utah, the first artificial heart was implanted in a calf. Between 1980 and 1982 sixteen more hearts were implanted in calves.
At the same time Dr. Peter Willshaw, a Favaloro Foundation investigator, developed (in collaboration with the University of Utah) a measuring device called COMDU (Cardiac Output Monitoring and Diagnostic Unit) which improved artificial heart flux measurement. This device was then used worldwide for investigation and development purposes.
The artificial heart project was then abandoned due to excessive costs. Nevertheless, the acquired equipment made many basic investigation lines in chronically instrumented animals possible, thus an ideal methodology to study the circulatory system. Months later Drs. Alberto Crotoggini, Juan Barra, Pichel and Willshaw made important contributions to the comprehension of heart and circulatory system mechanisms. The agreement signed with California University in 1983 meant a big improvement in ventricular function investigations. That same year Biology Graduates Jorge Negroni and Elena Lascano joined the investigation field and started their work in mathematical models for cardiac function comprehension next to Dr. Edmundo Cabrera Fischer, in charge of arterial function physiology.
Favaloro always supported and collaborated with investigators. He was convinced that without investigation (specifically basic investigation) further development in medicine was impossible: With this idea in mind the Department of Teaching and Investigation and the Division of Basic Investigation turned into the University Institute of Biomedical Sciences and the Institute of Basic Science Investigations, respectively.
Nowadays, the major part of teaching and investigation activities of the Favaloro Foundation is done in the Favaloro University.
Highlights
The major highlights of the university are:
Permanent interaction between the hospital, the faculties and the research center.
Continuous formation (graduate, master and doctorate).
Research, management and development internships.
A reduced number of students in each course.
Special attention to basic sciences.
Most of the professors contribute as researcher or developers in the institution.
Teaching through technology.
Scientific and technical development
As a complement to the academic structure, Favaloro University has created a specialized group for technical developments called i2b. This group interacts between the basic sciences in the university and the prototype design for future final equipments. Some of their principal projects are detailed below.
Numeric simulation
In this analytic area, the main objectives are to simulate differential equations to find the flow movement in rigid and non-rigid tubes solution. Different advanced techniques, including finite elements algorithms, are being designed to fulfill the computational requirements. CFD (computational fluid dynamics) software is being used to model stent patency after surgical instrumentation in coronary patients.
Digital signal processing
The main objective is to develop equipment involving digital signal processing. Includes signal acquisition, signal conditioning, software development, microcontrollers (PIC, Motorola series) programming, Real time signal processing using digital signal processor (DSP) and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA, Altera MAX+PLUS). Signal communication USB, RS232 and digital filters implementation
Imaging processing
The main concerns were focused in echographic images. The automatic non-invasive IMT determination and the diameter evolution of superficial arteries, over different maneuvers, were extensively developed. The whole acquisition system was designed and implemented to be echography-model-independent. Moreover, endothelium studies were performed using this approach. The most recent algorithms include the wavelet transform to study atherosclerotic plaque composition.
Cardiovascular modeling
The main interest is to develop new models that describe the cardiovascular system, including arterial mechanics, ventricular coupling, pulmonary/systemic circulation studies, under pathological states as hypertension. To this end, the multidisciplinary team integrates the physiologic concepts with the most advanced mathematical algorithms.
Bioinformatics
The epidemiologic study of great populations deserves a special statistical analysis. The patients’ database and its associated software are designed and customize to study precisely cardiovascular pathologies and diseases in our hospital. This group concentrates the database design and the networks interconnection between different sections in the university, the hospital and the research center. Different PACS are planned to be designed and installed in the near future to unify the patient clinic history.
Signals, systems and control
Mathematics applied to biomedical engineering. Analysis of blood cells concentrations as long-memory stochastic process, and fractal characteristics. Heart rate variability studies. Wavelet analysis. Automatic detection of epileptic activity in electroencephalograms using wavelets. Analysis of cell migration in the central nervous system. Nonlinear control of HIV in blood
Application of field theory methods to other branches of physics and other sciences
Due to its relation with the most intimate aspects of matter, field theory is the closest branch of theoretical physics to the frontiers of knowledge. Formalisms and other powerful mathematical methods have been developed, in order to solve its problems. The project consists on the application of such formalisms to other branches of physics and, eventually, to other sciences.
Faculties
Faculty of Engineering and Exact and Natural Sciences
Faculty of Medical Sciences
Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies
Degrees
Faculty of Engineering and Exact and Natural Sciences
Biology
Bachelor in Engineering Sciences (BES) is a three-year course devoted to basic sciences, mainly to computing, electronics, mathematics and physics. Students qualify as Bachelors in engineering sciences. This academic level encourages the student to participate as assistant in research and development projects. It is a prerequisite to continuing with anyone of the three branches: Biomedical, Medical Physics and Computer Engineering.
Higher studies cycle
To complete the students development as engineers, three branches are proposed, focusing in the most modern and encouraging domains present in biomedical world. After completing the bachelor's degree, a two-year course is planned to complete the grade degree.
Since hospitals and health care in general are moving into computerization and almost all university doctors — certainly all young doctors — are increasingly computer literate, the opportunities for medical engineers are becoming widespread and significant. Generally, the field has focused on topics, such as image processing, the electronic patient record, equipment development, the semantics of medical terminology, the interpretation of patient data, the security of patient, model creation, simulation and so on.
The aim of the university is to equip students with sufficient knowledge of and insight into the fields of medicine, health care, computing science, physics, electronics and mathematics, divided in three main branches.
Biomedical Engineering (BME)
Medical Physics Engineering (MPE)
Faculty of Medical Sciences
Medicine
Kinesiology and Physiatry
Nursery
Psychology
Faculty of Post-Graduate studies
Careers and courses
Distance careers and courses
IEEE Student Branch
Actual configuration
References
External links
Official site (Spanish)
Favaloro Foundation (English)
Fundación Favaloro (Epañol)
Medical schools in Argentina
Private universities in Argentina
Universities in Buenos Aires Province |
5389978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson%20R-D1 | Epson R-D1 | The original R-D1, announced by Epson in March 2004 and discontinued in 2007, was the first digital rangefinder camera. Subsequently, three modifications of the original R-D1 were produced - R-D1s, R-D1x, and R-D1xG.
R-D1
R-D1 was jointly developed by Seiko Epson and Cosina and manufactured by the latter, which also builds the current Voigtländer cameras. It uses Leica M-mount lenses or earlier Leica screw mount lenses with an adapter.
An unusual feature to note on the R-D1 is that it is a digital camera that has a manually wound shutter with a rapid wind lever. The controls operate in the same way as film-based rangefinder cameras.
Data such as white balance, shutter speed, picture quality, and shots remaining are all displayed with servo driven indicators on a dial like a watch face (made by Epson's parent company Seiko). With the rear screen folded away, it is not obviously a digital camera.
R-D1 and all of the subsequent modifications of the camera have been using the same 1.5x crop factor sensor, interline-transfer CCD (Sony ICX413AQ). The same sensor as used in Pentax *ist D, Nikon D100. Sensor originally dates to 2002.
R-D1s
The successor of R-D1, the R-D1s was released in March 2006. The Epson R-D1s is mechanically identical to the R-D1, but with a firmware upgrade. It adds:
JPEG+RAW mode
Quick view function
Adobe RGB mode
Noise reduction for long exposures
Users of R-D1 could upgrade their camera to have the same functions.
R-D1x
The successors of the R-D1s, the R-D1x and R-D1xG were made available from 9 April 2009 in Japan only. They feature very similar feature set except for few modifications:
Larger 2.5" LCD display (vs 2" in the previous model) but with the same resolution - 235K
LCD is no longer articulated and cannot be closed
Support of SDHC memory cards which increased max. capacity to 32 GB (vs. 2 GB for previous models)
Improvements in accessibility of rangefinder adjustment
R-D1xG model also includes removable grip
On 17 March 2014, Epson announced that the R-D1x is discontinued.
References
External links
Epson R-D1: A field test, The Luminous Landscape
covering history, owner issues, FAQ, accessories, and Rich Cutler's information
R-D1 specific forum on Rangefinderforum.com
Digital rangefinder cameras
R-D1 |
5389988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20United%20Hospital | Royal United Hospital | The Royal United Hospital (RUH) is a major acute-care hospital in the Weston suburb of Bath, England, which lies approximately west of the city centre. The hospital has 565 beds and occupies a site. It is the area's major accident and emergency hospital, with a helicopter landing point on the adjacent Lansdown Cricket Club field. The hospital is operated by the Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust.
History
Founding
The Royal United Hospital takes its name from the union of the Bath Casualty Hospital founded in 1788, and the Bath City Dispensary and Infirmary founded in 1792. The Casualty Hospital was founded in response to the serious injuries sustained to labourers working on the buildings which were being constructed in the city. The Dispensary and Infirmary developed from the Bath Pauper Scheme, a charity founded in 1747 to provide medical treatment for destitute persons in Bath.
The combined institution opened in a building designed by John Pinch the elder in Beau Street as the Bath United Hospital in 1826. It was awarded the title "Royal" by Queen Victoria in 1864 when a new wing, named the Albert Wing after the recently deceased Prince Consort, opened. This building was later occupied by Bath College.
Combe Park site
The hospital moved to its present site, Combe Park, on 11 December 1932. The site had previously been used for the large First World War Bath War Hospital, which opened in 1916. In November 1919, it was renamed the Bath Ministry of Pensions Hospital, which it remained until it closed in 1929.
The site was also used by the Forbes Fraser Hospital and the Bath and Wessex Orthopaedic Hospital, both founded in 1924 and which merged into the RUH about 1980. The former manor house on the site, originally medieval but remodelled in the 18th century, became an administrative building. The building is a Grade II* listed building due to its fine Adam style interior.
In 1959, the hospital absorbed the Ear Nose and Throat Hospital and in 1973, the Bath Eye Infirmary, both located elsewhere in Bath.
In July 2011, the Dyson Centre for neonatal care opened for premature babies. Over half of the £6.1million cost was raised by the hospital's charity, the Forever Friends Appeal.
2014 redevelopment
In 2008, plans were revealed for a £100M redevelopment of the pre-Second World War RUH North buildings, which would include an increase in single-occupancy rooms in line with Government targets. In 2014, a five-year £110M development plan was confirmed; it included a new cancer centre, pharmacy, integrated therapies unit, pathology block, IT centre and 400 extra public car parking spaces.
Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases
In 2015 and 2016, some services were transferred from the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases to the RUH, including endoscopy and children's services, following that hospital's takeover by the RUH Trust. Construction started on a dedicated building at the RUH site in November 2017. The last rheumatic diseases services were transferred to the RUH site in autumn 2019.
Sulis Hospital, Peasedown
Sulis Hospital at Peasedown St John, about south of the Combe Park site, provides both NHS and privately-funded treatment and operates as a subsidiary of the RUH. The hospital was built in 2010 by Circle Health and bought by the NHS in 2021.
Services
The hospital provides acute treatment and care (including Accident & Emergency) for a catchment population of around 500,000 people in Bath and the surrounding towns and villages in North East Somerset and west Wiltshire. The hospital provides healthcare to the population served by three clinical commissioning groups (CCG): Bath and North East Somerset, Swindon and Wiltshire CCG; Bristol, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire CCG; and Somerset CCG.
The Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership offers services at Hillview Lodge on the north of the site and at Bath NHS House to the south of the site.
See also
Healthcare in Somerset
List of hospitals in England
References
External links
Medical Heritage — RUH Bath
Hospital buildings completed in 1826
Hospitals established in 1932
NHS hospitals in England
Hospitals in Somerset
Buildings and structures in Bath, Somerset
1826 establishments in England |
5390012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Way%20%28Limp%20Bizkit%20song%29 | My Way (Limp Bizkit song) | "My Way" is a song by American band Limp Bizkit from their third studio album, Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water (2000). It was the fourth single released from the album. Most famously, this song was used as the theme song for WrestleMania X-Seven while also was a part of the video package for Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. The Rock for the WWF Championship at that event. It features a prominent sample from Eric B. and Rakim's "My Melody."
Music video
At the beginning of the video, Fred Durst and Wes Borland are conversing on what should be done for the song's music video, as the two have no ideas, and Durst suggests that they check "wardrobe" for ideas, as they have some "really funny stuff in wardrobe". The video then follows the band's various antics as they attempt to film the video in a variety of settings, including a big band where Durst conducts the rest of the band, a line of motorcycles on which they ride, and a jungle with them dressed up as cavemen.
Reception
In 2022, Louder Sound and Kerrang ranked the song number five and number six, respectively, on their lists of Limp Bizkit's greatest songs.
Track listing
"My Way" (Album Version)
"My Way" (William Orbit Remix)
"My Way" (DJ Premier Remix)
"My Way" (Enhanced Video)
another version (UE version)
"My Way" (Album Version)
"My Way" (pistols dancehall dub)
"My Way" (dub pistols instrumental)
"Counterfeit" (Lethal dose mix)
Charts
Year-End Charts
Certifications
Release history
References
External links
2000 songs
2001 singles
Flip Records (1994) singles
Interscope Records singles
Limp Bizkit songs
Music videos directed by Fred Durst
Song recordings produced by Terry Date
Songs written by Fred Durst
Songs written by John Otto (drummer)
Songs written by Sam Rivers (bassist)
Songs written by Wes Borland |
5390013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicipital%20aponeurosis | Bicipital aponeurosis | The bicipital aponeurosis (also known as lacertus fibrosus) is a broad aponeurosis of the biceps brachii, which is located in the cubital fossa of the elbow. It separates superficial from deep structures in much of the fossa.
Structure
The bicipital aponeurosis originates from the distal insertion of the biceps brachii, and inserts into the deep fascia of the forearm. The biceps tendon inserts on the radial tuberosity, and the bicipital aponeurosis lies medially to it. It reinforces the cubital fossa, helping to protect the brachial artery and the median nerve running underneath.
Variations
Some individuals (about 3% of the population) have a superficial ulnar artery that runs superficially to the bicipital aponeurosis instead of underneath it. These individuals are at risk for accidental injury to the ulnar artery during venipuncture.
Clinical significance
The bicipital aponeurosis is superficial to the brachial artery and the median nerve, but deep to the median cubital vein. This protection is important during venipuncture (taking blood).
It is one structure that has to be incised during fasciotomy in the treatment of acute compartment syndrome of the forearm and elbow region.
References
External links
Diagram at radsource.edu (seventh diagram from top)
- "Flexor Region of the Forearm: Muscles that Border the Cubital Fossa"
Upper limb anatomy |
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