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5390649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thady%20Quill | Thady Quill | "Thady Quill" (or "Bold Thady Quill") is a popular traditional Irish song. The song was written about a man living in County Cork, depicting him "as a beer-swilling, lady-loving sportsman" when he was actually none of those things. Recordings include The Clancy Brothers on their album Come Fill Your Glass with Us.
Composer
The ballad "The Bould Thady Quill" was composed by Johnny Tom Gleeson around 1895 and first put to paper in 1905. Gleeson (1853–1924) was a farmer who lived near Rylane, County Cork. He fancied himself a poet/balladeer, lampooning many of his neighbors and acquaintances.
Subject
Timothy "Thady" Quill (c.1860–1932) was a poor laborer and occasional cattle jobber, who, owning no land nor house, did odd-jobs for the local farmers. Thady, although a burly man, was no athlete, apparently teetotal, while sleeping in barns did not endear him to the ladies—he died a bachelor. Johnny Tom Gleeson engaged Thady as a labourer. However, instead of paying him, he "immortalized" Thady with this ballad, which pleased Thady no end.
Published versions
A version of the ballad with music was published in "Soodlum's Irish Ballad Book" by Oak Publications, London, England, 1982, and another in "Comic Songs of Cork and Kerry" by James N. Healy, published by Mercier Press, 1978.
References
External links
Lyrics at beltainemusic.com
"Bold Thady Quill" by The Clancy Brothers via YouTube
Irish folk songs |
5390652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand%20Kowarz | Ferdinand Kowarz | Ferdinand Kowarz (23 February 1838, Planá – 22 September 1914, Františkovy Lázně), was a Bohemian-Austrian entomologist who described many new species of Diptera mainly from central Europe
Kowarz was a post office official. To supplement his income he sold collections of Diptera to others in the same field.
Publications
1867 Beschreibung sechs neuer Dipteren-Arten. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 17: 319–324, 4 figs.
1868 Dipterologische Notizen II. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien., 18: 213–222
1868 Dipterologische Notizen II. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien., 18: 213–222.
1869 Beitrag zur Dipteren fauna Ungarns. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien., 19: 561- 566.
1874 Die Dipteren-Gattung Chrysotus Meig. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien., 24: 453–478 + 1 pl.
1878 Die Dipteren-Gattung Medeterus Fischer. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien., 27 (1877): 39–76, 24 figs.
1879 Die Dipteren-Gattungen Argyra Macq. und Leucostola Lw. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien., 28 (1878): 437–462, 26 figs
1880 Die Dipterengattung Lasiops Mg. ap Rd., ein Beitrag zum Studium der europäischen Anthomyiden. Mitt. Münch. ent. Ver., 4: 123–140.
1882 Eine neue Art der Dipteren-Gattung Leucostola Lw. Wien. Ent. Zeitg., 1: 32–33.
1883 Beiträge zu einem Verzeichnisse der Dipteren Böhmens I. -III. Wien. Ent. Zeitg., 2: 108–110 (I), 168–170 (II), 241- 243 (III) .*.
1883 Contributiones ad faunam Comitatus Zemplémensis in Hungaria superiore. Diptera Comitatus Zempléniensis collectionis Dies Cornelli Chyzer. Mag. orvos. term., 22: 233–246. (In Hung.; Latin title.)
1884 Beiträge zu einem Verzeichnisse der Dipteren Böhmens IV. Wien. Ent. Zeitg., 3: 45–57.
1885 Mikianov. gen. Dipterorum. Wien. Ent. Zeitg.., 4: 51–52.
1885 Beiträge zu einem Verzeichnisse der Dipteren Böhmens VI. Wien. Ent. Zeitg.., 4: 105–108, 133–136, 167–168, 201–208, 241–244.
1887 Beiträge zu einem Verzeichnisse der Dipteren Böhmens VI. Wien. Ent. Zeitg., 6: 146–154.
1889 Die europäischen Arten der Dipteren-Gattung SympycnusLw. Wien. Ent. Zeitg., 8: 175–185.
1894 Catalogus insectorum faunae bohemicae. -II. Fliegen (Diptera) Böhmens. Prag, 42 pp
There is an online biography Online Biography
Notes
Sources
Osten-Sacken, C. R. 1903: Record of my life and work in entomology. – Cambridge (Mass.) 135–137.
Pont, A. C. 1997: [Kowarz, F.] – Studia dipterologica 4(2) 353–358.
Rozkošný, R. 1971: Bibliography of Diptera in Czechoslovakia 1758–1965. – Vyd. Univ. Brno 91–93.
1838 births
1913 deaths
19th-century Austrian scientists
Austrian entomologists
German Bohemian people
Austrian people of German Bohemian descent
Dipterists
People from České Budějovice District |
5390663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittenden-3-2%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012 | Chittenden-3-2 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012 | The Chittenden-3-2 Representative District is a one-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Chittenden-3-2 District includes a section of the Chittenden County city of Burlington defined as follows:
The rest of Burlington is in Chittenden-3-1, Chittenden-3-3, Chittenden-3-4, Chittenden-3-5 and Chittenden-3-6.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The one member Chittenden-3-2 District had a population of 4,070 in that same census, 0.27% above the state average.
District Representative
Mark Larson, Democrat
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Detail map of the Chittenden-3-1 through Chittenden-3-10 districts (PDF)
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts -- Statistics (PDF)
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Burlington, Vermont |
5390666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Durantaye%2C%20Quebec | La Durantaye, Quebec | La Durantaye is a parish municipality in the Bellechasse Regional County Municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches administrative region of Quebec.
The municipality had a population of 722 in the Canada 2011 Census.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, La Durantaye had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
References
Parish municipalities in Quebec
Incorporated places in Chaudière-Appalaches |
5390669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotta%20Hedlund | Lotta Hedlund | Charlotte Jean "Lotta" Hedlund (born Charlotte Jean Butler; March 10, 1944, later Charlotte Walker) is an American-Swedish singer who has been living in Sweden since the late 1960s.
Life and career
She started her career in the girl-group Sherrys. The Sherrys toured Sweden with Swedish rock singer Jerry Williams, and after one of the gigs they met up with Hep Stars, Sweden's most successful group of the 1960s. One of the members was Benny Andersson (later of ABBA fame), another was Sven "Svenne" Hedlund – and they later wed. She joined her husband by becoming a member of Hep Stars and later as a singer duo Svenne & Lotta in the 1970s, called "Sven & Charlotte" in certain countries.
Svenne & Lotta competed in the Swedish heats for Eurovision Song Contest, Melodifestivalen, in 1975, with a song penned by the men of ABBA, called "Bang en boomerang", and also recorded the song in English and had a hit in several European countries with "Bang a boomerang". ABBA later covered the song as an album track. Svenne & Lotta went on to become one of the best selling groups of all times in Denmark, and even recorded a single in Danish.
Hedlund and her husband toured Sweden as a duo as well as solo artists until their divorce in 2014, and were considered a cult act.
Discography – commercially available solo records
"Bad Girl" (CD-single, 2007. Recorded in Philadelphia and Stockholm).
See also discographies of Sherrys, Hep Stars, Svenne & Lotta, Sven & Charlotte.
Personal life
Hedlund was married to Swedish singer Svenne Hedlund (Sven Hedlund) from 1969 until they divorced in 2014 after 45 years of marriage.
She and her family live in Sävsjö in Småland in southern Sweden.
References
1944 births
Living people
Swedish women singers
Swedish people of American descent
American expatriates in Sweden
20th-century African-American women singers
Swedish people of African-American descent
American women singers
American emigrants to Sweden
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women |
5390675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%20Can%20Never%20B2%20Straight | U Can Never B2 Straight | U Can Never B2 Straight is a 2002 album by Boy George. The album includes acoustic songs from George's London play Taboo, new and previously unreleased songs, as well as selected songs taken from his albums Cheapness and Beauty and The Martyr Mantras, the latter from when George was part of the band Jesus Loves You.
Album overview
The album includes 16 songs (8 previously unreleased), each dedicated to someone in particular or in general. Three songs are dedicated to George's ex-boyfriend Michael Dunne ("If I Could Fly", "Losing Control" and "The Deal"), whereas "Unfinished Business" is for Kirk Brandon (who took George to court for this song, but lost).
The hidden track "Out of Fashion" was taken out as a single in remixed form as a collaboration with dance duo Hi-Gate; a version of the song is also featured on the Taboo musical soundtrack. Another track which was released as video-only was the opener "Ich Bin Kunst", a song dealing with the late performance artist Leigh Bowery, a great friend of George's, whose character he took on in his musical. (George would re-record the song again as Bowery in a more campy and rock-style arrangement for the 2004 Broadway cast recording of the musical.)
U Can Never B2 Straight includes all the acoustic ballads originally on George's 1995 album Cheapness and Beauty, including the single "Il Adore", as well as "Same Thing in Reverse" (a different version from the dance remix which reached No. 1 on the US Billboard Dance Chart). "Same Thing in Reverse" is dedicated in the booklet credits to 'Eminem and all scared, pretty homosexuals'... The song "Julian", a new song, is also featured on the EP Straight, a CD which was included with George's 2005 autobiography of the same name.
The album also contains the following three tracks: "She Was Never He", taken from the 1999 fan-requested compilation The Unrecoupable One Man Bandit; "Fat Cat", originally on Culture Club's 1999 reunion album Don't Mind If I Do, and the popular Krishna-inspired "Bow Down Mister", which gave George one of his last UK chart successes after splitting from Culture Club.
Reviews
AllMusic gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5. It also got four stars from Q magazine.
Track listing
"Ich Bin Kunst" (2002) (song from the musical Taboo) – 2:38 (Boy George, Kevan Frost)
"St. Christopher" (2002) (new song) – 3:46 (Boy George, Kevan Frost)
"She Was Never He" (1996) (unreleased mixed version) – 3:33 (Boy George, John Themis)
"Cheapness & Beauty" (1995) (acoustic version taken from the "Il Adore" single) – 3:47 (Boy George, John Themis)
"Fat Cat" (1999) (acoustic version) – 3:24 (Boy George, Emily Themis)
"If I Could Fly" (1995) (taken from Cheapness and Beauty) – 4:08 (Boy George, John Themis)
"Unfinished Business" (1995) (taken from Cheapness and Beauty) – 3:36 (Boy George, John Themis)
"Julian" (2002) (new song) – 3:39 (Boy George, Kevan Frost)
"Wrong" (2002) (new song originally in Taboo) – 4:07 (Boy George, Kevan Frost)
"Letter to a School Friend" (1996) (unreleased) – 3:49 (Boy George, John Themis)
"The Deal" (2002) (old live favourite performed circa 1991–93) – 4:41 (Boy George, John Themis)
"Losing Control" (1992–2002) (unreleased version adapted from a 1992 Jesus Loves You country demo) – 3:15 (Boy George, John Themis)
"Same Thing in Reverse" (1995) (from Cheapness and Beauty) – 3:35 (Boy George, John Themis)
"Il Adore" (1995) (from Cheapness and Beauty) – 6:14 (Boy George, John Themis)
"Bow Down Mister" (1991) (from Jesus Loves You's The Martyr Mantras) (Boy George) - 6:30
"Out of Fashion" (2002) (acoustic version of a song from Taboo) – hidden bonus track - 6:30 (begins after 28 seconds of silence, following "Bow Down Mister")
Personnel
Ich Bin Kunst
dedicated to Leigh Bowery, Nicola and Christine Bateman
Boy George: co-production
Kevan Frost: keyboards, drum programming & brass arrangements; mix at Frosty Bros. Studio (Kev's flat); co-production
Ben Castle: saxophone & brass arrangements
Raul D'Olivera: trumpet
Mike Innes: trombone
St. Christopher
dedicated to Chris Manning
Boy George: co-production
Kevan Frost: backing vocals, acoustic guitar & brass arrangements; mix at Frosty Bros. Studio (Kev's flat); co-production
Ben Castle: saxophone & brass arrangements
Raul D'Olivera: trumpet
Mike Innes: trombone
Sharleen Hector: backing vocals
She Was Never He
dedicated to Natasha and Jody
Boy George: co-production
John Themis: guitars, backing vocals, co-production; mix at Mayfair Studios
Kevan Frost: backing vocals
Alan Branch: engineer
Cheapness & Beauty
dedicated to all tattooed car thieves – dedicated to Jon Moss
Jessica Corcoran: production
John Themis: guitars, backing vocals, strip & remix
Zee Asha: backing vocals
Alan Branch: engineer
Fat Cat
dedicated to all sexually confused straight boys?
John Themis: guitars, production; mix at home
Emily Themis, Katherine Themis: backing vocals
If I Could Fly
dedicated to Michael Dunne
Jessica Corcoran: production
John Themis: guitars & string arrangements; mix at Abbey Road Studios
Nick Ingman: string arrangements
London Chamber Orchestra: strings
Unfinished Business
dedicated to Kirk Brandon
Jessica Corcoran: production & mix
John Themis: guitars, string arrangements & mix
Julian
dedicated to Julian
Boy George: co-production
Kevan Frost: acoustic guitar, backing vocals and co-production; mix at Frosty Bros. Studio (Kev's flat)
Wrong
dedicated to Luke and all dreamers
Boy George: co-production
Kevan Frost: acoustic guitar, bass guitar, backing vocals and co-production; mix at Frosty Bros. Studio (Kev's flat)
Pete Adams: piano & Hammond
Liz Chi: Chinese violin "edu" solo
Joel Pott, Sharleen Hector, John Gibbons: backing vocals
Letter To A School Friend
dedicated to Miss Carter and Michael Crome
John Themis: guitars, production; mix at Mayfair Studios
Zee Asha, Linda Duggan, Mary Pearse: backing vocals
Richie Stevens: drums
Winston Blisset: bass
Peter Adams: keyboards
Alan Branch: engineer
The Deal
dedicated to Michael Dunne
Boy George: co-production
Kevan Frost: acoustic guitar, keyboards, backing vocals and co-production; mix at Frosty Bros. Studio (Kev's flat)
Liz Chi: violins & violin solo
Sarah Chi: violins
Sharleen Hector, John Gibbons: backing vocals
Losing Control
dedicated to Michael Dunne
John Themis: guitars, keyboards, bass, backing vocals, production & mix
Sugar Hajishakalli: bouzouki
Andy Kyriacou: drums
Jimmy "Mixologist" Sarikas: engineer
Same Thing In Reverse
dedicated to Eminem and all scared, pretty homosexuals
John Themis: guitars, backing vocals
Zee Asha: backing vocals
Jessica Corcoran: production & mix
Il Adore
dedicated to Stevie Hughes and all the lost boys
Jessica Corcoran: production
John Themis: guitars, string arrangements; mix at Abbey Road Studios
Nick Ingram: string arrangements
London Chamber Orchestra: strings
Christopher Warren Green: violin solo
Bow Down Mister
dedicated to Lord Krishna and John Richardson & family
Bruce Forest: production
Soho Krishna Temple, London Gospel Choir & Basil: special thanks
References
2002 albums
Boy George albums
Virgin Records albums |
5390685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Hargrave%20Drive | Lawrence Hargrave Drive | Lawrence Hargrave Drive, part of the Grand Pacific Drive, is a scenic coastal road and popular tourist drive connecting the northernmost suburbs of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia, to Wollongong, in the south, and Sydney, in the north. The road was originally constructed in the 1870s as Lower Coast Road, until it was renamed in 1947 after Lawrence Hargrave, an Australian aviation pioneer and explorer who had a house at Stanwell Park and flew his devices from Bald Hill.
Route
The road begins at the Old Princes Highway, Helensburgh (Princes Motorway exit) and passes through Stanwell Tops to descend the steep Illawarra Escarpment at Bald Hill, the site of a spectacular lookout and hang gliding area. The road then passes south through Stanwell Park and Coalcliff to cross the Sea Cliff Bridge and adjoining Lawrence Hargrave Drive Bridge. Together, the Sea Cliff Bridge and Lawrence Hargrave Drive Bridge construction were completed in December 2005, replacing the former cliff-hugging route which was prone to rockfalls and consequent closures. Remnants of the former road can still be seen to this day, including some of the guard rail and most of the road section which is now overgrown with trees and ridden with boulders and rocks that have fallen freely since the roads closure, essentially acting as a ditch.
The road then winds its way through the coastal villages of Clifton, Scarborough, Wombarra, Coledale, Austinmer and finally Thirroul where it meets the Princes Highway at the bottom of Bulli Pass.
History
The passing of the Main Roads Act of 1924 through the Parliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (later the Department of Main Roads, and eventually Transport for NSW). Main Road No. 185 was declared along this road on 8 August 1928, from the intersection with Princes Highway in "The Dummies", via Bald Hill, Stanwell Park, Clifton, Austinmer, and Thirroul to the intersection with Princes Highway at the foot of Bull Pass.
See also
Bald Hill
Bulli Pass
Grand Pacific Drive
Illawarra escarpment
References
External links
Roads in New South Wales
Tourist attractions in Wollongong
Scenic routes in Australia
Sutherland Shire
1870s establishments in Australia |
5390692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geonet | Geonet | Geonet may refer to:
Geosynthetic, products used to solve civil engineering problems
GEOnet Names Server, a database of place names used outside of the United States
GeoNet, an early international on-line services network
GeoNet, a geological hazards monitoring service in New Zealand run by GNS Science |
5390702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocomposite | Geocomposite | Geocomposite is a composition / combination of two or more geosynthetic materials to perform multiple number of geosynthetic functions for specific civil engineering application(s) the purpose of providing this composition is to minimize the application costs whereas the technical properties of the soil or the geotechnical structure are enhanced.
There are five basic functions that can be provided: separation, reinforcement, filtration, drainage, and containment.
Geotextile-geonet composites
When a geotextile is used on one or both sides of a geonet, the separation and filtration functions are always satisfied, but the drainage function is vastly improved in comparison to geotextiles by themselves. Such geocomposites are regularly used in intercepting and conveying leachate in landfill liner and cover systems and for conducting vapor or water beneath pond liners of various types. These drainage geocomposites also make excellent drains to intercept water in a capillary zone where frost heave or salt migration is a problem. In all cases, the liquid enters through the geotextile and then travels horizontally within the geonet to a suitable exit.
Geotextile-geomembrane composites
Geotextiles can be laminated on one or both sides of a geomembrane for a number of purposes. The geotextiles provide increased resistance to puncture, tear propagation, and friction related to sliding, as well as providing tensile strength in and of themselves. Quite often, however, the geotextiles are of the nonwoven, needle-punched variety and are of relatively heavy weight. In such cases the geotextile component acts as a drainage media, since its in-plane transmissivity feature can conduct water, leachate or gases away from direct contact with the geomembrane.
Geomembrane-geogrid composites
Since some types of geomembranes and geogrids can be made from the same material (e.g., high-density polyethylene), they can be bonded together to form an impervious membrane barrier with enhanced strength and friction capabilities.
Geotextile-geogrid composites
A needle punched nonwoven geotextile bonded to a geogrid provides in-plane drainage while the geogrid provides tensile reinforcement. Such geotextile-geogrid composites are used for internal drainage of low-permeability backfill soils for reinforced walls and slopes. The synergistic properties of each component enhances the behavior of the final product.
Geotextile-polymer core composites
A core in the form of a quasi-rigid plastic sheet, it can be extruded or deformed in such a way as to allow very large quantities of liquid to flow within its structure; it thus acts as a drainage core. The core must be protected by a geotextile, acting as a filter and separator, on one or both sides. Various systems are available, each focused on a particular application. The first is known as wick drains in the U.S. and prefabricated vertical drains, PVDs, in Europe. The 100 mm wide by 5 mm thick polymer cores are often fluted for ease of conducting water. A geotextile acting as a filter and separator is socked around the core. The emergence of such wick drains, or PVDs, has all but eliminated traditional sand drains as a rapid means of consolidating fine-grained saturated cohesive soils.
The second type is in the form of drainage panels, the rigid polymer core being nubbed, columned, dimpled or a three-dimensional net. With a geotextile on one side it makes an excellent drain on the backfilled side of retaining walls, basement walls and plaza decks. The cores are sometimes vacuum formed dimples or stiff 3-D meshes. As with wick drains, the geotextile is the filter/separator and the thick polymer core is the drain. Many systems of this type are available, the latest addition having a thin pliable geomembrane on the side facing the wall and functioning as a vapor barrier.
The third type within this area of drainage geocomposites is the category of prefabricated edge drains. These materials, typically 500 mm high by 20 to 30 mm wide are placed adjacent to a highway pavement, airfield pavement, or railroad right-of-way, for lateral drainage out of and away from the pavement section. The systems are very rapid in their installation and extremely cost effective.
References
Geosynthetics |
5390714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Stenger | William Stenger | William Shearer Stenger (February 13, 1840 – March 29, 1918) was an American Democratic Party politician.
William S. Stenger was born in Fort Loudon, Franklin County, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Class of 1858, where he was a Charter Member of the Zeta Chapter of the Chi Phi Fraternity. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1860 and commenced practice in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. He served as executive director of the Philadelphia Record. He was district attorney of Franklin County from 1862 to 1871.
Stenger was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth and Forty-fifth Congresses. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1878. He served as Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from 1883 to 1887.
He died in Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania.
Interment at Falling Spring Presbyterian Church Cemetery, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.
Sources
The Political Graveyard
External links
1840 births
1918 deaths
Pennsylvania lawyers
Politicians from Philadelphia
Franklin & Marshall College alumni
People from Chambersburg, Pennsylvania
Secretaries of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers |
5390721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial%20tuberosity | Radial tuberosity | Beneath the neck of the radius, on the medial side, is an eminence, the radial tuberosity; its surface is divided into:
a posterior, rough portion, for the insertion of the tendon of the biceps brachii.
an anterior, smooth portion, on which a bursa is interposed between the tendon and the bone.
Ligaments that support the elbow joint also attach to the radial tuberosity.
References
External links
()
Additional images
Radius (bone) |
5390724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Keeping%20Place | The Keeping Place | The Keeping Place is a science fiction novel by Australian writer Isobelle Carmody, set in a post-apocalyptic world. It is the fourth book in the Obernewtyn Chronicles.
Synopsis
After a kidnapping, the Misfit community at Obernewtyn are forced to join the rebellion against the totalitarian Council, using their extraordinary mental abilities. Yet Elspeth must also seek out clues left by a long-dead seer, Kasanda, necessary to her quest to destroy the Beforetime weaponmachines. When one is hidden in the past, Elspeth must travel the Dreamtrails, stalked by a terrifying beast, with Maruman, her cat, as guide and protector. Only now can she learn more of the Beforetime Misfits and their enemy, Govamen, and realise her quest is intimately linked with the Misfit's Obernewtyn - its past and its future.
Plot
The Misfits at Obernewtyn are all experiencing dreams and nightmares in which they are terrorized by a dragon, Dragon's form on the Dreamtrails. Dragon herself remains in a comatose state and is unable to be reached mentally by the healers. Her strong aura causes all around her in Obernewtyn to experience nightmares.
Rushton, Master of Obernewtyn and Elspeth's betrothed, is kidnapped while returning from a meeting with the rebels in Sutrium. The Misfits receive a letter disclosing that Rushton will lose his life if the Misfits do not join the rebellion. They immediately believe that a rebel has kidnapped their Master as Rushton had refused letting the Misfits join the rebellion.
With Rushton missing, and under Elspeth's command, the Misfits join the rebellion, offering limited aid. However, they are betrayed by the Misfit-hating rebel, Malik in a decoy scheme involving soldierguards, leading to significant loss of life for beasts, Misfits and soldierguards alike. This bloodshed would have been greater if it weren't for Swallow, a pureblood gypsy recently appointed as D'rekta, 'King' of the Twentyfamily gypsies.
On the east coast of the land, the rebellion is successful without trouble from the Landfolk. The west coast, however, remains occupied by the Council after a traitor spreads news of the rebellion to the Herder Faction. The Misfits had not been able to identify the traitor, most likely because he or she wore a demon band, a tainted band made by the Herders to ward off evil that also blocks Misfits' mental probes.
While freeing prisoners in one of the abandoned Herder cloisters in Sutrium, the Misfits find Rushton. While not physically harmed, he is heavily drugged and suffering from delirium and convulsions.
After returning to Obernewtyn with the unconscious Rushton, Elspeth travels to the City under Tor to witness for herself the discovery of a glass monument made by Cassy, a Beforetimer, who Elspeth had encountered in multiple dreams. The glass monument is of Elspeth herself, who believes that Cassy must have had futuretelling abilities.
Elspeth later returns to Obernewtyn to find herself summoned onto the Dreamtrails by the oldOnes. Elspeth enters Dragon's mind, with Maruman, having been told by the latter that they would find Rushton there. Elspeth learns about Dragon's fateful past, and realizes that the cause of her delirium lies in the loss of her beloved Mother, the Red Queen. Inside Dragon's mind, Elspeth encounters and saves Rushton, who is in the form of a wounded bear.
After she leaves Dragon's mind, Dragon is awakened from her coma but has no recollection of her life at Obernewtyn. Rushton recovers from his soul-less state, buy his recovery will be lengthy. Elspeth now knows that she must continue her quest for the five signs left for her by the Beforetimer, Kasanda.
Publication history
Single Book Publications:
Combined Volumes:
References
External links
1999 Australian novels
1999 science fiction novels
Australian science fiction novels
Science fantasy novels
Australian fantasy novels
Young adult fantasy novels
Australian young adult novels
Children's science fiction novels
Obernewtyn Chronicles
Viking Press books |
5390728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique%20cord | Oblique cord | The oblique cord is a ligament between the ulnar and radius bones in the forearm near the elbow. It takes the form of a small, flattened band, extending downward and lateralward, from the lateral side of the ulnar tuberosity at the base of the coronoid process to the radius a little below the radial tuberosity. Its fibers run in the opposite direction to those of the Interosseous membrane of the forearm.
It is called by other names including oblique ligament, chorda obliqua, radio-ulnar ligament, chorda oblique antebrachii anterior, proximal interosseous band, dorsal oblique accessory cord, proximal band of the interosseous membrane, superior oblique ligament, oblique ligament proper, round ligament, and ligament of Weitbrecht.
It has no known function and can be cut without apparent consequence.
Structure
A study upon the arms of 38 people found that its mean length is 3.4 cm (range 2.4 to 4.2 cm) and in most people it tapers from the ulna to the radius end, being at the ulna 9 mm, in its middle, 7mm and its radius end 4 mm.
Variation
The shape and form of the ligament have been found in humans cadavers to vary from a rounded cord to a flat membrane. Further, it is not found in all humans being variably found to be absent in half of arms, and a third or 15% of people. It is found in most primates though not in the family of New World monkeys that includes spider and woolly monkeys called atelines.
Function
It has been suggested to strengthen the interosseus membrane proximally, provide restraint for the rotatory movements of the forearm, or that the ligament may stop bone bending and preventing buckling failure. However, due to the orientation of its fibers, the oblique cord is unlikely to transfer force due to limb loading from the radius to the ulna.
One recent comparative study upon primates concluded:
The oblique cord does not limit supination, nor does it seem to have a role in preventing radial buckling failure or
reducing bending strain. What, then, is the oblique cord for? The oblique cord may simply be an additional tie between the radius and ulna aiding other soft tissue structures such as the annular ligament and interosseous membrane. Additionally, the oblique cord may prevent anterior shearing of the proximal radius under extreme compressive loads.
A study on humans concluded that it "appears insignificant in stability of the proximal forearm." It has been suggested that its presence in modern humans may be a vestigial body part for a biped that was important due to the load-bearing function of the upper limb in evolutionarily earlier quadruped human ancestors.
Notes
External links
Ligaments of the upper limb |
5390729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh%2C%20Quebec | Armagh, Quebec | Armagh (2021 Population 1,439) is a municipality in the Bellechasse Regional County Municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec. Its coordinates are .
It was named after Armagh in Ireland.
Demographics
References
External links
Armagh Official site.
Municipalities in Quebec
Designated places in Quebec
Incorporated places in Chaudière-Appalaches |
5390731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRQ | BRQ | BRQ may refer to:
Brno–Tuřany Airport (IATA airport code: BRQ), airport in Brno, Czech Republic
Buraq Air (ICAO airline code: BRQ), airline based in Tripoli, Libya
Breri language (ISO 639-3 language code: brq), a Ramu language of Papua New Guinea
B-R-Q, a given name of Semitic origin frequently spelled as "Barack", "Barak" or "Baraq"
Bus request, a control bus signal |
5390736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenne%20Hedlund | Svenne Hedlund | Sven Ove "Svenne" Hedlund (born 1 March 1945, in Solna, Sweden) is a Swedish pop singer. He is a member of the music group Idolerna.
He sang in the Swedish bands Clifftones and Hep Stars in the 1960s. In 1968, the singer Charlotte Walker (born 1944) became a member of the band, and they formed the duo Svenne and Lotta (called "Sven and Charlotte" in several countries) the following year. The couple were married from 1969 until they divorced in 2014.
References
External links
1945 births
Living people
Swedish pop singers
People from Solna Municipality
Swedish male singers |
5390741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Devlin%20%28Oz%29 | James Devlin (Oz) | Governor James Devlin is a fictional character on the HBO drama Oz, played by Željko Ivanek.
Character overview
James Devlin is the governor of an unspecified U.S. state. His draconian legislation, designed to emphasize punishment in the correctional system, makes him a figure hated by Oz's inmate population and several staff members. He is frequently shown as opportunistic and morally dubious, using his strict laws to deflect attention from his political corruption. Devlin is shown as a sadistic elitist only out for himself, an image he doesn't bother to hide in private. He knows that the public views him as such but will vote for him because he gets the results they want.
Season 1
Devlin passes laws prohibiting several basic freedoms, such as smoking and conjugal visits, from inmates statewide; as a result, tension builds within prison walls. He also reinstates the death penalty, which had been abolished in the state for thirty years. Kareem Saïd, an inmate in Oz, and Tim McManus, the manager of Oz's "Emerald City" cell block, openly oppose Devlin. However, the governor's edicts are enforced by Warden Leo Glynn. Saïd decides to protest Devlin's measures by leading Oz's inmates in a prison riot, issuing a list of demands and holding several guards hostage. While Glynn and McManus feel that several of the demands are reasonable, Devlin orders a SORT team to recapture Em City. During the ensuing violence, two guards and six inmates are killed while Em City is left a ruin.
Season 2
Devlin has law school dean Alvah Case investigate the riot, offering to appoint him as state attorney general if he prosecutes the guilty parties. However, Case concludes that no one in particular was at fault and suggests that Devlin is just as culpable as the prisoners. When the governor furiously rescinds his appointment offer, Case threatens to run against him in the next election. Devlin is forced to acknowledge Case's findings at a press conference. Meanwhile, Devlin ends funding for McManus' inmate GED program, and decides to make the announcement after Oz's graduation ceremony. However, McManus undermines Devlin's stunt by announcing the completion of the program earlier than the governor anticipated. Off camera, Devlin tells McManus that this ploy will ultimately make no difference as to what the state's voters will think about his actions.
After an Oz inmate named Jiggy Walker accuses Devlin of purchasing crack cocaine from him, the governor holds a press conference discrediting Walker and proving his innocence. However, Glynn wonders if Devlin bribed Walker as a means of setting up the press conference. During the month of Ramadan, Devlin decides to pardon a Muslim inmate as a means of boosting his popularity in both the state's Muslim and African-American communities. He pardons Saïd, who then humiliates him by refusing the pardon and accusing him of instigating the riot.
Season 3
Devlin deals with issues involving Dr. Gloria Nathan, the chief attending physician in Oz, who opposes a bid by the Weigart Corporation to privatize the prison's health care system, and objects when Weigart head Frederick Garvey orders that inmate Miguel Alvarez be taken off of anti-depressants as a way of reducing the costs of medical care. Alvarez is later found trying to hang himself in solitary confinement. Garvey fires Nathan — only to be fired himself when Devlin ends Weigart's contract. Devlin blackmails Garvey into re-hiring Nathan, in a ploy to make himself look compassionate to voters.
Season 4
Part I
Glynn runs as Devlin's lieutenant governor, even though he realizes that he is a token minority in an otherwise all-white campaign. Devlin's office quickly pressures Glynn to fire McManus, replacing him with Martin Querns. When Alvarez and Agamemnon Busmalis break out of Oz, Devlin's office suggests that while their escape is initially appealing to the public, they will want them captured and returned promptly. Later, at Devlin's suggestion, Glynn publicly divulges his brother's life sentence for murder and his daughter's rape. Clayton Hughes, a former corrections officer at Oz, makes numerous speeches condemning Devlin as representing all that is evil within white society. At a press conference, Hughes attempts to assassinate Devlin, temporarily crippling him. Glynn is forced to drop out of the race, while Devlin wins re-election.
Part II
Devlin is reinaugurated as governor, but not before allowing a television crew to investigate happenings at Oz, but the footage is not aired. He is then seen at Oz's annual warden's conference on crutches, mockingly telling Glynn to thank Hughes for helping him win the election. Devlin encounters controversy in the death sentence of William Giles, who wishes to be stoned to death. After Sister Pete makes an unsuccessful attempt to change the form of capital punishment, other psychiatrists deem Giles as insane, and his death sentence is overturned.
Season 5
Devlin appoints Eleanor O'Connor, McManus' ex-wife, as a state liaison to address political concerns from Oz's staff. Devlin reaffirms his support for the death penalty during the sentencing of Oz inmate Cyril O'Reily for the murder of another prisoner, Li Chen. As O'Reily has a low IQ, his execution causes several liberal groups to call for an appeal against his sentence. Devlin's public image then diminishes, although efforts to stop O'Reily's execution fail.
Season 6
Race riots erupt statewide as Wilson Loewen, a powerful mayor who aided Devlin's election, is convicted for his involvement in a 1963 murder of two black girls by the Ku Klux Klan. Devlin makes the situation worse when, off the record, he says that he will pardon Loewen. He is forced to publicly backtrack and send Loewen to Oz to placate the black community. However, Devlin tells Glynn that he will pardon Loewen after the public uproar dies out, and orders the warden to protect Loewen while he is incarcerated. When Loewen blackmails Devlin for an immediate pardon, Devlin has his African-American assistant, Perry Loftus, use staff member Adrian Johnson to arrange Loewen's murder. Meanwhile, Devlin suggests that O'Reily undergo ECT treatment despite the protests of O'Reily's family and attorneys.
As Glynn and a detective investigate Loewen's murder, they discover Johnson's involvement. When Devlin and Loftus are informed of what's happening, the governor has the detective replaced to draw suspicion away from himself. Glynn ultimately learns the truth, causing Devlin and Loftus to order Johnson to arrange for Glynn's death. Johnson pays an inmate to kill Glynn, whose death angers Oz's staff. After McManus ties the governor's office to the murders, Devlin orders Querns to fire him. When Oz is evacuated during an anthrax attack, Devlin realizes that McManus is on the verge of ending his political career. During the final episode, several clues indicate that Devlin remains in office. However, McManus is still shown in his position, making the ultimate outcome inconclusive.
Oz (TV series) characters
Fictional state governors of the United States
Fictional smokers
Fictional Republicans (United States)
Television characters introduced in 1997 |
5390743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EKEB | EKEB | Ekeb or EKEB may refer to:
Eikev, the 46th weekly parshah or portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the third in the book of Deuteronomy
Esbjerg Airport, near Esbjerg, Denmark (ICAO airport code) |
5390744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBJ | EBJ | EBJ may refer to:
Esbjerg Airport in Denmark
European Biophysics Journal
Canadian Tabby Cat |
5390747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Stanger%20%28footballer%29 | William Stanger (footballer) | William Stanger (born 19 September 1985 in Quimper) is a footballer who plays for Vendée Poiré sur Vie.
Career
Stanger joined Rangers in May 2006. He was signed by fellow countryman Paul Le Guen from Stade Rennais FC, along with Rennes youth team-mate Antoine Ponroy.
On 22 January 2007, he joined Swedish side GAIS for a week-long trial, but was not signed. He left Rangers by mutual consent on 8 February 2007, as he was not considered to feature in new manager Walter Smith's future plans. He played only one game for the squad during his time with the Rangers, on 14 December 2006 in a 2006–07 UEFA Cup game against FK Partizan.
He signed for PSG in October 2007, in August 2008 leave Paris and moved to AFC Compiègne. After two years with AFC Compiègne signed in summer 2010 with Vendée Poiré sur Vie.
In 2013, he joins ESOF Vendee La Roche sur Yon in CFA2.
References and notes
External links
AFC Comiegne Profile
Living people
1985 births
French footballers
French expatriate footballers
Rangers F.C. players
Vendée Poiré-sur-Vie Football players
Expatriate footballers in Scotland
AFC Compiègne players
Sportspeople from Quimper
Association football midfielders
Footballers from Brittany |
5390748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGC | EGC | EGC may refer to:
Bergerac Dordogne Périgord Airport, in France
E. Gluck Corporation, an American watch company
East Greenland Current
Église Gnostique Catholique, a French Gnostic church organisation
Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica, a Gnostic church organization
El Nasr Girls' College, in Alexandria, Egypt
Electrical Guitar Company, an American guitar company
Embryonic germ cell
Eosinophilic granuloma complex
Equipment Ground Conductor, equipment bonding conductor
European Green Coordination, a predecessor of the European Green Party
Epigallocatechin
European Gliding Championships
European Go Championship, or European Go Congress
General Court (European Union) |
5390749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change%20Everything | Change Everything | {{Album ratings
| rev1 = AllMusic
| rev1score =
| rev2 = Encyclopedia of Popular Music
| rev2score =
| rev3 = Entertainment Weekly
| rev3score = B+
| rev4 = The Great Rock Discography
| rev4score = 7/10
| rev5 = Q
| rev5score =
| rev6 = Select
| rev6score = <ref name="Select">{{cite web |first=David |last=Cavanagh |title=Del Amitri: Change Everything" > Review |url=http://selectmagazinescans.monkeon.co.uk/showpage.php?file=wp-content/uploads/2013/05/albums11.jpg}}</ref>
}}Change Everything is the third studio album by Del Amitri, released on 1 June 1992 in the UK. It reached number 2 in the UK Albums Chart – the band's biggest hit LP – and was nominated by Q Magazine as one of the top 50 albums of 1992. It included the single "Always the Last to Know", which reached number 13 in the UK Singles Chart and entered the top 40 of the US Hot 100.
Track listing
2014 expanded edition
Disc 1 as per the original album''
Note
Tracks 16-18 recorded live at the Town & Country Club, London, 1993.
Personnel
Del Amitri
Justin Currie – vocals, bass, guitar
Iain Harvie – guitar
David Cummings – guitar
Andy Alston – keyboards
Brian McDermott – drums
Additional musicians
Nick Clark – bass on "When You Were Young", "I Won't Take the Blame" and "Sometimes I Just Have to Say Your Name"
Gary Barnacle – baritone and tenor saxophone on "Always the Last to Know"
Technical
Gil Norton – producer
Steven Haigler – engineer
John McDonald – assistant engineer
Kenny Patterson – assistant engineer
Bob Ludwig – mastering (at Masterdisk, New York City)
Stylorouge – artwork
Kevin Westenburg – photography
Rob O'Conner – photography
Steve Double – photography
Charts
References
External links
Official Del Amitri homepage
Del Amitri albums
1992 albums
A&M Records albums
Albums produced by Gil Norton |
5390751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radzy%C5%84%20County | Radzyń County |
Radzyń Podlaski County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Radzyń Podlaski, which lies north of the regional capital Lublin.
The county covers an area of . As of 2019, its total population is 59,057, including a population of 15,709 Radzyń Podlaski and a rural population of 43,348.
Neighbouring counties
Radzyń Podlaski County is bordered by Biała Podlaska County to the north-east, Parczew County to the south-east, Lubartów County to the south and Łuków County to the north-west.
Administrative division
The county is subdivided into eight gminas (one urban and seven rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
References
Land counties of Lublin Voivodeship |
5390760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20W.%20Hale | Nathan W. Hale | Nathan Wesley Hale (February 11, 1860 – September 16, 1941) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 2nd congressional district of Tennessee.
Biography
Born on February 11, 1860 near Gate City, Virginia in Scott County, Hale was the son of Drayton Smithton and Ruth C. Frazier Hale. He attended the common schools of Nicholasville, Virginia and Kingsley Academy near Kingsport, Tennessee.
Career
Hale taught school at Hale's Mill, Virginia in 1876. He moved to Knoxville, Tennessee in 1878 and engaged in the nursery business as well as the wholesale dry goods business, banking, and farming. He married Laura Adelaide Sebastian in 1890, and they had five children. He served as a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1891 to 1893. He was a member of the Tennessee Senate from 1893 to 1895. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination in 1902 as a Representative to the Fifty-eighth Congress.
Elected as a Republican to the Fifty-ninth and Sixtieth Congresses, Hale served from March 4, 1905 to March 3, 1909. He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 1908 to the Sixty-first Congress.
Hale was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1908 and a member of the Republican National Committee from 1908 to 1912. In 1909, he moved to Los Angeles, California and engaged in the oil and real estate business until his death.
Death
On September 16, 1941, Hale died in Alhambra, California at age 81 years, 217 days. He is interred at Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California. Hale Road in Knoxville is named after him.
References
External links
1860 births
1941 deaths
People from Gate City, Virginia
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Tennessee state senators
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
California Republicans
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Politicians from Knoxville, Tennessee
Burials at Rose Hills Memorial Park |
5390766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagne | Plagne | Plagne may refer to:
Plagne, Ain, a French commune in the Ain department
Plagne, Haute-Garonne, a French commune in the Haute-Garonne department
La Plagne, a French ski resort
Plagne, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Bern |
5390778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Turramurra%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | East Turramurra, New South Wales | East Turramurra is an urban locality of Turramurra which is a suburb of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. It is the area of Turramurra which is within Bobbin Head Road to the west, Pentecost Avenue to the south, Burns Road to the north and the South Branch of Cowan Creek to the east.
The Princes Street Shops is a little shopping area within East Turramurra. Kent Oval is a park which is situated in East Turramurra and Irish Town Grove is a little Grove which runs from Princes Street shops up to Adams Avenue. Mostly it is a residential part of Turramurra.
Climate
References
Sydney localities
Ku-ring-gai Council |
5390782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence%20of%20Lorraine%20toponyms%20in%20French%20and%20German | Correspondence of Lorraine toponyms in French and German | The various toponyms in the historical region of Lorraine are often known by very different names depending on the language in which they are expressed. This article provides an understanding of the linguistic and historical origin of this diversity and lists a number of correspondences for communes and lesser localities in the four departments of the former region: Meuse, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Moselle, and Vosges.
Exonyms and endonyms
In the context of toponyms, and with regard to the scope of this article, exonyms and endonyms are the differing external and internal names, respectively, used by different languages or cultures for a specific geographic place. For the people that speak German and live in Germany, for example, Deutschland is their endonym for that country. Conversely, Allemagne is the exonym in French, 'Germany' is the exonym in English, and so on.
The same idea can apply within a country too, between regions having vastly different linguistical and cultural histories. The emphasis in this article is on those toponyms that began as Gallo-Roman endonyms in some cases, but more often as endonyms following the Germanic migrations, and particularly what emerged from the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties. Now, more than a millennium later, many of these toponyms have three different names—in Lorraine Franconian, French, and German—due to shifts in culture and language and changes in land possession.
Linquistical aspects of toponyms in Lorraine
The 'determinant-determined' of the Romano-Francs
The origin of toponyms, of which exonyms are a certain type, is sometimes controversial, especially in Lorraine where successive or simultaneous occupations by different peoples and changes in culture have often influenced toponymy more than elsewhere.
As in all regions marked by Germanic influence, adjectives or appellatives often precede nouns. Many toponyms are formed with the name of a local lord or land owner. In some cases, however, a particular topographical, religious, or historical aspect may have played a more important role, which is difficult to determine in Gallo-Romance formations in particular. While Gallic toponyms are often poorly clarified due to insufficient knowledge of the language, Romanesque toponyms often play the role of those older Celtic toponyms that have been redesigned in the Romanesque style.
The Ripuarian and Salian Franks, and for some time also the Alemanni in eastern Lorraine, introduced Germanic toponyms. A patronymic practice of the Romano-Francs that developed from the Merovingian Dynasty was to merge Roman and Germanic habits. The Germanic rule of word composition from right to left (i.e. the decisive-determined order), largely governs the formation of Lorraine toponyms, both in Germanic and in Roman dialect.
For example, the Lorraine dialect places the adjective epithet before the noun it describes. A "white rupt" is a "white stream" (clear and transparent meaning). This is especially true for oronyms and toponyms in localities that make extensive use of local dialect. Gerardmer (Giraumouè) is the "Lake of Gerold", which can therefore be translated in the same order in German language: Geroldsee. The use of Geroltzsee is attested locally as early as 1484.
This information is fundamental in Romanesque toponymy and the determining-defined order, sometimes misunderstood, is the rule in Normandy (except Avranchin), Picardy, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Champagne-Ardenne, northern Franche-Comté and Île-de-France, so it is not surprising that this method of composition is present in Romanesque Lorraine.
In the west and south, the reverse order — determined-determinant — is more dominant. Thus, for example, names like Neufchâteau, Neufchâtel, Neuville, and Neubourg du nord have opposite construction to Chateauneuf, Castelnau, Villeneuve, and Bourgneuf further south. Even if a Lorrain does not feel completely at home in Flanders because of the Flemish forms (-kerque, -em, -hem, -hout, -brouck, -berghe, -dorp) largely different from German forms, and even more so in Normandy with the Anglo-Norroese appellatives (-crique-, -ham, -londe, brique- [?], hougue / hogue, / {{Not a typo|-tour(ps))}}, they can easily feel a common practice (-kirch, -om, -heim, -holtz, -bruck, -berg, -troff / -droff).
In German-speaking Lorraine, the word dorf (for 'village') is often passed to troff by hardening from /d/ to /t/ and metathesis from /r/.
The toponyms in -angel (Common Germanic -ing) are typically Lorrainian and correspond to a relatively recent decline in Germanic speaking in Lorraine. Elsewhere this form is exceptional except in Luxembourg and the Luxembourgish part of Wallonia. In Flanders and Artois, -inge, -in, -ain, its correspondents, are also the expression of a decline in the Flemish language or at least a desire to make toponyms more Gallicized. In the Romanesque area, where Germanic speakers disappeared very early, the suffix is found in the forms -ans in Franche-Comté or Burgundy, in the southwest and a little in Languedoc in the forms -eins, -ens, -ein and sometimes also -ans. This suffix is much rarer in the west, where it sometimes takes the form of -an or -angles. Its absence is remarkable in northern Picardy, a region where Romanesque toponymy is the most "Germanized" in France.
Paradoxically, in Romanesque Lorraine, there is no common series of calls in the north and northwest, whose Germanic origin is proven. Thus, these types are not frequently found:
Husdinium of *husidinja (shelter) in Hodeng, Hodent, Houdan, Hesdin...
hlar (wasteland) in Mouflers, Flers, Meulers...
(temple) in Neauphe, Neaufles, Neauphle or Niafles, and Boffles, Bouafles...
afisna / avisna (pasture) in Avesnes, Avernes...
*Rosbaki (reed stream) has evolved in Frankish Lorraine in Rohrbach, Rorbach, elsewhere in the north and northwest, and there are Robecq, Rebecques, Rebais, or Rebets...
You can find toponyms in short from the Doubs to Normandy, from Ile-de-France to Walloon Belgium. The -court toponyms have been chronologically replaced by the -ville toponyms, of which Romanesque Lorraine is the second 'provider' after Normandy and before the exceptional area of Beauce. There are also some in the Charentes and in the southwest around Toulouse.
Lorraine diglossia
Independent ducal Lorraine included a Bailiwick of Germany that crossed the current Moselle border to the north. The Lorraine Romans referred to all those who spoke a Germanic dialect as 'Germans' as opposed to their Romance language. So a German (or Ollemand) for a Romanesque Lorrain can also be a Lorrain of the Bailiwick of Germany or an Alsatian, or any person living beyond that. Conversely, neighbouring German-speaking people often called the Welsches romanophones. This is also the case in Switzerland.
Lorraine's toponymy is not only a back-and-forth between the German and French forms more specific to the last two centuries. It is older, and shows a sensitivity common to all of eastern France where the 'determinant-determined' pair largely dominates while respecting habits and rules that ignore the heritage language.
In the Lorraine of the Ancient Regime Society, the coexistence of a Romanesque and Germanic form for the same place was not uncommon. It was only with the integration into France under Stanislaus and then under the Jacobin regime and Prussian imperialism that both language and toponyms took on a political, patriotic, symbolic and identity value. Previously, the Duke of Lorraine recognized the official existence of German and French on his lands at the risk of having to have the most important acts and charters translated one way or the other. In the regions of passage between the Germanic area and the Romanesque basin, the same place was named in the language of the respective speaker. This is the case for the toponym, Hautes Chaumes, in the Vosges, which is in a Vosges dialect and differs from the initial Alsatian dialect.
More than standard French, the Lorraine dialect allows a cross-reading of the region's toponyms and makes it possible to establish a correspondence between the two families of languages present on Lorraine's territory. This is one of Lorraine's unique characteristics, its function as a language buffer region, or space between.
Historical aspects of toponyms in Lorraine
Definition of terms
The subject of terms is very sensitive. It is linked to recent history, therefore the definition of terms is important.
Since that which is Germanic cannot be 'Germanized', the term "Germanization" for the periods 1870-1918 and 1940-1945 should be understood as an adaptation of form or graphics to standard German as intended by the heads of state of the last German empires. The Anglo-Saxons speak here rather of 'prussification' to avoid confusion. Moreover, many Moselle toponyms, characteristic of the Franconian Lorraine dialect, also exist in Germany or Austria. For a Francophone, Merlebach is objectively no less Germanic than Merlenbach.
The phenomenon is not specific to Moselle, a large part of Germany, especially in the south, had to willingly adopt standard German names for their official signs, but on the ground, the inhabitants continued to designate their village in the local form. No one is expecting to see 'Stuegert' on a city sign instead of Stuttgart today. Even today, an Alsatian and a Mosellan have their local form to designate their agglomeration. This also applies to village names in Lorraine dialect and beyond for all regions of France in local languages and dialects.
The difference is that Moselle suffered the arrival of 'prussification' as a denial of its specificity in view of the brutality of certain measures that followed the de facto annexation after the abandonment of the territories by the parliament meeting in Bordeaux in May 1871. This annexation was difficult to experience throughout the annexed Moselle because of the desire to 'prussify' Moselle by erasing its specificities. This was experienced as a constraint even in the Lorraine-Franco-speaking (Germanic) areas. It must also be said that part of the annexed Moselle known as Bezirk Lothringen, has always been Romanesque, mainly Metzgau and Saulnois, except formerly the Dieuze region. Here, the Germanization of the toponym is an indisputable fact (Fresnes - Eschen). The locals were forced to change their names. This is why it must always be borne in mind that the phenomenon of "Germanization" does not cover the same thing depending on whether you start from an original Romanesque or historically Germanic toponym.
French and Lorraine Franconian (and Alsatian in Alsace) serve to make an ideological and political break with everything that sounds 'Prussian' or 'standardized German', because the occupants forbade or fought them. Thus, a simple 'n' at the end of a local toponym is enough to "Germanize" it when it is Germanic: Thedinge becomes Thedingen. At the same time, French Francizes the name by removing the dialectal 'e' to give Théding. The accent adds a little more gallicity. As well, it frequently reverses the names from -er to -re. Diacritical signs such as accents and umlauts have indeed played a role in francization or Germanization (e.g. Buding / Büdingen). Similarly, the accentuation of names is central. Lorraine Franconian and German emphasize the same linguistic relationship, placing a tonic accent at the initial of words, in general. On the other hand, the French name is unemphasized and is characterized by an increase in tone on the final part of the word. The difference between the Germanic and French form is audible.
Waves of francization and germanization
In the south of the Pays de Nied, there are current toponyms using -court that were formerly -troff / -torff. For example, Arraincourt from Armestroff, Thicourt from Diederstroff, Thonville from Oderstroff, Hernicourt (in Herny) from Hermerstorf.
At the time of the Ancien Régime, referring to the sociopolitical system that prevailed in France for the two centuries preceding and up to the French Revolution, several Lorraine towns were recognized by two names, one in French and one in German. The following name-pair examples are found the dictionaries of Henri Lepage and Ernest de Bouteiller, respectively, and noted as recognized in 1594:
Mulcey was (fr) Mellecey alias (de) Metzingen
Zommange was (fr) Semanges alias (de) Simingen
Chemery-les-Deux was (fr) Clsmey alias (de) Schomberg
Les Étangs was (de) Tenchen alias (fr) Lestanche
Macker was (de) Machern alias (fr) Maizières
Many was (de) Niderheim alias (fr) Magny
Morhange was (fr) Morhanges alias (de) Morchingen
Ottonville was (de) Ottendorf alias (fr) Ottonville
Roupeldange was (de) Rupplingen alias (fr) Ruppeldanges
Suisse was (fr) Xousse alias (de) Soultzen
Varize was (fr) Warize alias (de) Weybelsskirchen
Pontigny, was (de) Nidbrücken alias (fr) Pont de Niet
These were certainly not the only spellings before or after 1594. The history for Pontigny, for example, a locality (or hamlet) in the commune Condé-Northen since 1810, is attested as:
(de) Bruque 1339
(de) Brücke 1485
(de) Nydbrück alias (fr) Pont de Nied by the 16th century
(de) Nidbrück and (fr) Pontnied in 1542
(de) Nidbrücken alias (fr) Pont de Niet in 1594
(de) Niedbruch in 1606
(de) Niedbroug by the 17th century
(fr) Pontigni 1756
(fr) Poutigny 1793
(de) Niedbrücken 1940-44
(fr) Pontigny ever since
There were further name or spelling differences in the centuries prior, after localities were formed under the Frankish dynasties up to when first attestations are known.
The names of many communes in Moselle were Francized at the end of the Revolution, in particular those having the suffix -engen or -ingen, which was sometimes simplified into -ing or definitively replaced by the Romanesque form in -ing (e.g. -ingen was Romanized into -ingas and -inges since the Middle Ages, hence -ang). While in Bas-Rhin -ingen was preserved. To a lesser extent, this suffix has also been Francized over the centuries in other forms, including -ang, -in, -court, -gny, and so forth.
The toponyms in German-speaking Moselle were often spelled -willer (sometimes -weiller) in the Bulletins des lois and several dictionaries from the 19th century until 1870. This form subsequently disappeared in the 20th century, after the World Wars. While in Alsace, the -willers were preserved, although they were sometimes mentioned -viller and -viler in 1793–1801.
Some municipalities had a standard German name between 1793 and 1802, such as Folschviller (Folschweiler 1793), Ébersviller (Ebersweiler 1793), Berviller-en-Moselle (Berweiler 1793), Schmittviller (Schmittweiler 1793), Bisten-en-Lorraine (Bisten im Loch 1793), Château-Rouge (Rothdorf 1793), Mouterhouse (Mutterhausen 1801), Soucht (Sucht 1801), Rodalbe (Rodalben 1801), Merlebach (Merlenbach 1801), Dalem (Dalheim 1801), Altrippe (Altrippen 1793).
The dictionaries of Henri Lepage on the Meurthe and Ernest de Bouteiller on the Moselle, written before 1871, prove that many municipalities still had an alias in German during the 19th century. For example, Hagondange, Haute-Vigneulles, and Lorquin cited 'in German' as Hagelingen, Oberfillen and Lœrchingen in these same dictionaries, most recently written in 1868. The Germanization of names by the Prussians from 1871 onwards is therefore not an invention (except in certain cases), which used old Germanic references, sometimes the latest one. For example Argancy Germanized in Argesingen during the World War II, refers to an old Germanic mention Argesinga dating from 848. and Chicourt Germanized as Diexingen (1915-1918) from the Diekesinga mention from 1121 and 1180 (-inga being the primitive form of -ingen).
All the toponyms in the department had been gradually Germanized in the German period of the Alsace-Lorraine. The place names of German-speaking Lorraine were first Germanized, adjectives (top, bottom...) were then translated, then the names of villages close to the linguistic boundary of Moselle and the last ones, including all those of French-speaking Moselle, were Germanized on 2 September 1915 (e.g. Augny).
At the end of the First World War in 1918, these place names reverted to their pre-1870 version.
All toponyms are Germanised after the annexation of 1940, most of the time using their 1918 form or another more or less different one. They were re-Francized in 1945.
Roman / Germanic correspondences
Comparison of Lorrain appellatives
Toponymic correspondences with communes in Meuse
Toponymic correspondences with communes in Moselle
Toponyms from the reorganization of territory
The reorganization of territory is a common occurrence throughout history, thus an important consideration in toponymy. Counties and cantons can be broken apart. New communes can be formed by joining several localities together. And sometimes through these changes a given name can migrate to a different locality that where it was originally used. Records of such territorial changes are increasingly scarce with the centuries, thus territorial histories tend to obscure with time. Few attestations are available for the founding or change of territory through the late first millennium, but records gradually improve, and by the late second millennium, scholars like Cassini, Lepage, and Boutilleir have largely collated all the toponyms attested in charts concerning the history of Austrasia into dictionaries and other tombs of reference.
Consider Condé-Northen in Moselle, which began as the ancient commune, Condé (specifically Condium or Condicum), attested as existing in 787. In 1804, a neighboring commune, Northen, was attached to Condé and the new territory became known by the name it bears today. But the growth did not stop there. In 1810, Pontigny was attached, and finally Loutremange was attached in 1979 by order of a prefectoral decree (arrêté préfectoral). While Northen, Pontigny, and Loutremange are no longer communes, thus no longer considered territorial collectivities, they are still recognized as localities within Condé-Northen.
Today communes increasingly join around large cities, where suburban communes grow into each other. For this to be possible, the communes must be adjacent and within the same department. Officials from both communes must jointly request the merger. The new municipality is typically named by hyphenating the two former toponyms together (seemingly in alphabetical order). Examples include Ancy-Dornot (formerly the communes of Ancy and Dornot) and Freyming-Merlebach (formerly Freyming and Merlebach), both in Moselle. Others certainly exist, and more likely will in the future. Municipalities of this kind are formed in the historical region of Alsace as well.
Yet another situation, though more rural and rare, is a large commune originally formed around multiple hamlets, farms, or other lesser localities that are nevertheless on the map. An example here concerns Métairies-Saint-Quirin, a relatively new commune formed around 1790 when the jurisdiction of the priory of Saint-Quirin was partially changed, possibly in relation to the National Convention. The distributed commune's domain originally encompassed eleven large farms, called censes: Craon (then Créon), Cubolot, Fontaine aux Chênes, Halmoze, Heille (or Helde), L'hor, Le Jardinot (became Haute-Gueisse during the Revolution), Jean Limon, La Petite Maladrerie, Rond-Pré, and Viller (or Courtegain). Of the original eleven properties making up the commune, only six still remain: Cubolot, Halmoze, Heille, Haute-Gueisse, Jean Limon, and Rond-Pré, as found on the map of Métairies-Saint-Quirin. The town hall of Métairies-Saint-Quirin has been located in Cubolot since 1920.
See also
German exonyms
List of European exonyms
References
Exonym
Moselle
Meuse (department)
Meurthe-et-Moselle
Moselle (department)
Vosges (department)
Lorraine
Names of places in France |
5390799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFRD | LFRD | LFRD may refer to:
Lycée Français René Descartes (disambiguation), various schools
The ICAO code of Dinard–Pleurtuit–Saint-Malo Airport |
5390808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Fredkulla | Margaret Fredkulla | Margaret Fredkulla (Swedish: Margareta Fredkulla; Danish: Margrete Fredkulla; Norwegian: Margret Fredskolla; 1080s – 4 November 1130) was a Swedish princess who became successively queen of Norway and Denmark by marriage to kings Magnus III of Norway and Niels of Denmark. She was also de facto regent of Denmark. An English exonym is Margaret Colleen-of-Peace.
Biography
Margaret was born a princess as one of four children of King Inge the Elder of Sweden and Queen Helena. The exact year of birth and place of birth is not recorded.
Queen of Norway
In 1101, she was married to King Magnus of Norway. The marriage had been arranged as a part of the peace treaty between Sweden and Norway. She was often referred to as Margaret Fredkulla (Margaret the Maiden of Peace). She brought with her large fiefs and areas in Sweden as her dowry, probably in Västergötland. In 1103, she was made widow after two years of marriage, and soon left Norway. The marriage was childless. Her departure from Norway was seen as an insult by the Norwegians who expected her to stay, and she was accused of having stolen the holy relics of Saint Olav.
Queen of Denmark
In 1105, she married King Niels of Denmark. Niels was made king in 1104, but he was described as a passive monarch who lacked the capacity to rule and who left the affairs of the state to his queen. With his blessing, Margaret governed Denmark. She is described as a wise ruler, and the relationship between Denmark and her birth country Sweden was very peaceful during her time as queen. It was said that: Styrelsen beroede for størstedelen paa den ædle dronning Margrete, saa at fremmede sagde, at Danmarks styrelse laa i kvindehaand ("The rule was so much dependent on the noble Queen Margaret, that foreigners remarked that the rule of Denmark lay in a woman's hand"). She minted her own coins, something unique for a queen consort of this time. The Danish coins printed during this period bears the inscription: Margareta-Nicalas ("Margaret-Niels").
Her father, king Inge the Elder, died in 1110, and was succeeded on the Swedish throne by his nephews. Her elder sister, Christina, lived in Russia, and was in Sweden counted as too far away to be given a share in the inheritance of their father, leaving only Margaret and her younger sister Catherine among the sisters as heirs. It is known that Margaret shared her inheritance with her niece Ingrid in Norway, and her niece Ingeborg in Denmark, giving each one-fourth.
In 1114, Margaret was sent a letter by Theobald of Étampes (Theobaldus Stampensis) thanking her for a liberality to the Church of Caen.
Death
After her death in 1130, King Niels married Queen dowager Ulvhild of Sweden. Margaret's lands in Sweden became a base for her son, Magnus when he claimed the throne of Sweden through her. When Margaret's first cousin King Inge the Younger died, Magnus claimed the throne as the eldest grandson of King Inge the Elder and reigned as King Magnus I of Sweden.
Issue
Queen Margaret had two children with King Niels:
Inge Nielsen (died as a child)
Magnus I of Sweden (born about 1106)
References
Other sources
Harrison, Dick Gud vill det – Nordiska korsfarare under medeltiden (2005)
Nanna Damsholt Kvindebilledet i dansk højmiddelalder (1985)
External links
Margareta Fredkulla
Norwegian royal consorts
Danish royal consorts
Regents of Denmark
1080s births
1130 deaths
Margaret 1080
11th-century Danish people
11th-century Danish women
11th-century Swedish people
11th-century Swedish women
11th-century Norwegian people
11th-century Norwegian women
12th-century Danish people
12th-century Danish women
12th-century Swedish people
12th-century Swedish women
12th-century Norwegian people
12th-century Norwegian women
Remarried royal consorts |
5390810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibblesworth | Kibblesworth | Kibblesworth is a village west of Birtley, Tyne and Wear, England. Kibblesworth was a mainly rural community until the development of the pit and brickworks and the resulting increase in population. Following the closure of the pit in 1974, few of the residents now work in the village. Historically in County Durham, it was transferred into the newly created county of Tyne and Wear in 1974.
After being predominantly a council estate project consisting of prefabricated homes built in the 1950s, Kibblesworth has seen a massive change in recent times with the 'pre-fabs' being demolished and the new 'Ridings Estate' homes built by Keepmoat replacing them all, providing a much needed facelift and more providing more homes to buy.
There are plans to build around 220 new homes by Taylor Wimpey on the surrounding outskirts of the village, with previous green belt land being downgraded to brown belt by the Government, with planning permission at an advanced stage, although this has had some strong opposition from current Kibblesworth residents due to already strained amenities including the local school and road systems.
Kibblesworth has a number of amenities: two play parks; a bowling green; a cricket and football pitch; the Kibblesworth Academy school; a working men's club; a local pub, The Plough Inn; a community centre, the Millenium Centre, opened by Princess Anne in 2000, which also features a hair salon and a beauty 'pod'; a convenience store, including the local post office run by the Thandi family; and an Italian bistro, Giuseppe's opened in 2019.
It is served by buses from Gateshead, Newcastle upon Tyne and Chester-le-Street, featuring three bus stops within the village and a scholars bus for the nearby Lord Lawson of Beamish, based in Birtley.
The village's name means "Cybbel's Enclosure".
Churches and chapels
Kibblesworth is in the parish of St. Andrews, Lamesley. While the area was agricultural, this was the centre of worship for the people of Kibblesworth. After the development of the mining industry, the Primitive Methodist Chapel (1869) and Wesleyan Methodist Chapel (1868), provided social as well as religious life for the village. The present chapel was built by the Wesleyan Methodists in 1913. The Primitive Methodist Chapel has now been converted into flats.
The colliery
Although there had been coal-mining in the Kibblesworth area from medieval times, relatively few men were employed in the industry until the sinking of Robert Pit in 1842. From this date the fortunes of the village followed those of the industry with particular black spots during the strikes of 1921 and 1926 and the depression of the 1930s, high spots in the boom of the 1950s and 60s, and eventually closure of the pit in 1974.
The Bowes Railway was used for the transport of coal from Kibblesworth to the River Tyne at Jarrow. The line was started by George Stephenson in 1826 and extended to Kibblesworth when Robert Pit was sunk in 1842. The railway used three types of power – locomotives, stationary steam engines and self-acting inclines. There is now a cycletrack that runs along the former track bed.
Notable buildings and structures
The square at Spout Burn was built to house the miners of Robert Pit. It was demolished between 1965 and 1966, and replaced by old people's bungalows the following year and the Grange Estate from 1973.
Better known as 'the Barracks', Kibblesworth Old Hall was divided up into tenements. The memory survives, in the street named Barrack Terrace. The hall was demolished and replaced by the Miner's Institute in 1934. The area has recently been redeveloped for housing.
In 1855 a short test tunnel for the London Underground was built in Kibbleworth, because it had geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train; in 1861 it was filled in.
Kibblesworth Hall was for many years the home of the colliery manager. It was demolished in 1973.
The original Kibblesworth School was built in 1875, and closed in 1972. It has since been redeveloped using Lottery funding to house the village community centre known as the 'Millennium Centre'. The present school opened in 1972.
Chronology
1842 – The sinking of Robert Pit
1842–50 – Square and Barrack Terrace built; Old Hall (Barracks) converted to tenements
1855 – Metropolitan Railway dug a small tunnel to test digging skills before moving onto London
1862 – Causey Row built
1864 – Opening of Primitive Methodist Chapel
1867 – Opening of Wesleyan Methodist Chapel
1875 – Opening of school
1901 – School extensions built, Coronation Terrace built
1908– Old Plough Inn demolished
1913 – Opening of New Wesleyan Chapel
1914 – The Crescent built and Grange Drift opened
1921 – Miners' strike
1922 – First aged miners' homes, opposite Liddle Terrace
1926 – General Strike
1932 – Closure of Grange Drift
1934 – Barracks demolished and Miners' Welfare Institute built on site
1936 – First council housing in Ashvale Avenue and Laburnum Crescent
1947 – Nationalisation of the pits
1965 – Square demolished
1974 – Closure of the pit
Notable people
Si King, co-presenter of BBC television food programme Hairy Bikers, is from Kibblesworth.
References
External links
Villages in Tyne and Wear |
5390811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittenden-3-3%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012 | Chittenden-3-3 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012 | The Chittenden-3-3 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Chittenden-3-3 District includes a section of the Chittenden County city of Burlington defined as follows:
The rest of Burlington is in Chittenden-3-1, Chittenden-3-2, Chittenden-3-4, Chittenden-3-5 and Chittenden-3-6.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Chittenden-3-3 District had a population of 8,865 in that same census, 9.2% above the state average.
District Representatives
Jason P. Lorber, Democrat
Rachel Weston, Democrat
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Detail map of the Chittenden-3-1 through Chittenden-3-10 districts (PDF)
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts -- Statistics (PDF)
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Burlington, Vermont |
5390821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20Discovery | MV Discovery | MV Discovery (formerly Island Venture, Island Princess, Hyundai Pungak and Platinum) was a cruise ship, which was formerly operated by Voyages of Discovery and was last in service for Cruise & Maritime Voyages.
History
The ship began operation in 1972 with Flagship Cruises, under the name Island Venture. In 1974, she was sold to P&O's Princess Cruises along with sister ship Sea Venture. The pair were renamed Island Princess and Pacific Princess, the latter, laid up since 2008 at the San Giorgio del Porto shipyard in Genoa, Italy, and as of early 2013 apparently destined for scrapping at Aliaga, Turkey. Both appeared in the 1970s television sitcom The Love Boat, although the Pacific Princess was the main feature of the show. The Island Princess operated as part of the Princess fleet until 1999, when she was sold on to Hyundai Merchant Marine of South Korea. Renamed Hyundai Pungak her role was to transport South Korean pilgrims to religious sites in North Korea.
After a brief stint as the Platinum, the ship went through a major refit between 2001 and 2003, after which the vessel sailed as Discovery under the care of the cruise company Voyages of Discovery (part of the All Leisure Group Plc), cruising out of Harwich and Liverpool in England. Voyages of Discovery sold these cruises predominately to the British, American, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand and South African markets.
For the most part Discovery could be found in the Baltic, Scandinavia, the Mediterranean and Aegean Sea, and North Africa from April through September (Spring and Summer in the Northern Hemisphere), and in South America, Antarctica, the Indian Ocean, India, and the Mediterranean from October through March (Spring and Summer in the Southern Hemisphere).
In February 2013, for 249 days, the Discovery sailed for Cruise & Maritime Voyages following a joint agreement with All Leisure Group, in which both companies would operate the ship.
From 2012 through 2013 the owners of Discovery replaced her under their Voyages of Discovery brand with the refurbished ship MV Voyager.
March 2013 Maritime and Coastguard Agency detention
In early March 2013, on her maiden voyage with Cruise & Maritime Voyages, the Discovery was detained in Portland Harbour by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency after a recent routine inspection revealed that the ship's safety drills and crew's familiarisation of the vessel were inadequate. The cruise was cancelled after passengers spent around 24 hours aboard the ship, before leaving the vessel and boarding coaches out of the port. Afterwards, passengers expressed their anger about the cruise being cancelled but also about dirty wash areas and exposed electrics aboard the ship. Passengers were offered a full refund as well as £250 compensation and 40 percent off their next cruise with the company.
Cruise and Maritime voyages issued a statement in response to the incident.
"Due to unusual and unforeseeable circumstances beyond our control and notwithstanding the recent dry-docking, the vessel has encountered technical problems which prevent her from sailing. We have been unable to resolve these technical issues to enable us to continue with the cruise on time and further works will have to be undertaken to ensure all issues are fully resolved.".
The ship was due to set sail from Avonmouth after arriving from Italy after refit but due to weather conditions it was diverted to Portland, with the passengers being brought to the port from Avonmouth by coach.
On 11 March 2013, Cruise and Maritime Voyages announced that the Maritime and Coastguard agency had cleared the ship for active service. The ship left on her second cruise with Cruise and Maritime Voyages on 15 March, from Avonmouth, the first cruise ship to do this in around 20 years.
Retirement
All Leisure Group took Discovery out of service in late 2014 due to operating losses. In mid-September, Discovery was sold by All Leisure Group "as is" for $5 million and her service with Cruise Maritime Voyages terminated two cruises early. For October she was replaced by Portuscale Cruises' MV Funchal and in 2015 was replaced by MV Azores. Discovery departed Bristol, Avonmouth for the final time on October 9, 2014, bound to anchor off Falmouth for a few hours the day after. Following her brief anchorage off Falmouth, she sailed south to the Strait of Gibraltar. Upon entering the Mediterranean, she was reported to have been renamed AMEN and flagged in St. Kitts and Nevis. She sailed directly towards Port Said and days later transited the Suez Canal. Discovery was broken up in Alang in 2015. Her sister ship, Pacific, was broken up two years prior at Aliağa.
General characteristics
The ship was long and beam, originally measured 19,910 GRT and was built at Nordseewerke, Germany. She could carry 646 passengers, and had a top speed of . The Discovery Cruises website listed her gross tonnage as 20,186, top speed as and passenger capacity as 698. Propulsion was by four Fiat medium-speed diesel engines with a combined power output of 18,000 shaft horsepower. The engines were individually clutched and geared in pairs to each of the two shafts which drive controllable-pitch propellers. This arrangement enabled one or more engines to be shut down and de-clutched as required. Last registry was under the Saint Kitts and Nevis flag.
On board eight decks were open to the public: Sky Deck, Sun Deck, Bridge Deck, Promenade Deck, Riviera Deck, Pacific Deck, Bali Deck and Coral Deck.
References
External links
M/S Island Venture
Expedition cruising
Ships built in Emden
Ships of Princess Cruises
Cruise ships of Norway
Passenger ships of Panama
Passenger ships of Bermuda
Hyundai Group
1971 ships |
5390822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr%20cell%20shutter | Kerr cell shutter | A Kerr cell shutter is a type of photographic shutter used for very fast shutter speeds down to nanosecond level.
The Kerr Cell consists of a transparent container (A) filled with nitrobenzene (B) with attached electrodes (C and D). A high voltage is passed through the electrodes which causes an electric field perpendicular to the transmitted light beam to be applied.
The cell makes use of the Kerr effect, in which the nitrobenzene becomes birefringent under the influence of the electric field. This allows it to be used as a shutter that can be opened for a very brief amount of time, around 10ns.
Its primary disadvantage was the use of toxic and flammable substances such as nitrobenzene and o-nitrotoluene. These have now largely been replaced by KTN (potassium tantalate niobate) and barium titanate (BaTiO3).
Speed of Light measurement
The Kerr Cell shutter was used in the 1920-40s to measure the speed of light. A beam of light is timed between an emitter and receiver while passing through a Kerr Cell. When the cell is activated the light beam is diverted and takes a different path to the receiver, this time difference is measured and the speed of light is calculated based on knowledge of the expected return time.
See also
Kerr effect
Rapatronic camera
References
External links
Photographic shutters |
5390828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500th%20Brigade | 500th Brigade | The Israeli Armor Corps 500 Brigade, also known as the Kfir (Young Lion) Formation, was a regular-service tank brigade that existed from 1972 to 2003. It was originally composed of three battalions: the Romach (429), Se'ara (430), and Gur (433) battalions. During the Yom Kippur War, it fought in the battle over the city of Suez under the 162nd Division, and was led by Colonel Aryeh Keren. Primarily relying on the Magach tank, it was situated in the Sinai border, until the beginning of the withdrawal following the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty, when it was moved to the Jordan valley. During the 1982 Lebanon War, it fought in the central front (again under the 162nd Division), where it took part in the Siege of Beirut.
References
Brigades of Israel
Military units and formations disestablished in 2003
Military units and formations established in 1972 |
5390839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaihingen%20an%20der%20Enz | Vaihingen an der Enz | Vaihingen an der Enz is a town located between Stuttgart and Karlsruhe, in southern Germany, on the western periphery of the Stuttgart Region. Vaihingen is situated on the river Enz, and has a population of around 30,000. The former district-capital is now part of the district of Ludwigsburg in the Land (state) of Baden-Württemberg. It is 25 km northwest of Stuttgart, and 15 km west of Ludwigsburg. Not to be confused with Vaihingen, a district of Stuttgart.
Location
Vaihingen lies at an altitude of 200 to 450 metres at the end of the Strohgäus, on the western edge of the Neckarbecken in a valley widening of the Enz. The town centre lies on the east side of the river and is overlooked by the castle Kaltenstein.
History
Vaihingen may date back as far as 799 AD, but the documents are not clear. In 1252 documents refer directly to Vaihingen as a town, established by Count Gottfried von Vaihingen. The town changed hands several times. In the sixteenth century it became a Protestant town. During the Thirty Years' War Vaihingen was besieged by both the Protestant and Catholic warring factions. The consequences of the 1848 revolution caused harvest failures and inflation, and the town population diminished by a large emigration. In the early 1900s, a connection to the railroad network brought more people and industries to Vaihingen. In 1938 Vaihingen became a regional centre.
There was the Vaihingen an der Enz concentration camp during World War II.
Mayor
At the top of the town is since 1256 the mayor and the court, consisting of twelve citizens, including four mayors. Chairman of the court was the official mayor. With the elevation to Große Kreisstadt on January 1, 1973, the mayor bears the official title Lord mayor. He is directly elected by the electorate every 8 years. He is chairman of the municipal council. His general deputy is the first councilor with the official title of mayor.
Mayors since 1893
1893–1899: Karl Friedrich Richard Bohringer, Stadtschultheiß,
1900–1907: Ferdinand Bentel, Stadtschultheiß,
1907–1911: Christian Wilhelm Wischuf, Stadtschultheiß
1912–1923: Matthew Häselin, Stadtschultheiß,
1923–1926: vacant; the official duties were performed by several councilors as temporary administrators
1926–1936: Hermann Linkenheil, mayor
1936–1945: Karl Schmid, mayor
1945–1954: Ludwig Lörcher, mayor
1954–1981: Gerhard Palm, mayor, from 1973 lord mayor
1982–2006: Heinz Kälberer, mayor
2006–2022: Gerd Maisch, mayor
2022-present: Uwe Skrzypek
On May 7, 2006, Gerd Maisch (previously mayor of Tamm), was elected as the new mayor of Vaihingen. He took office on September 1, 2006. Gerd Maisch won against Matthias Ehrlein (Stutensee), and Helga Eberle (Aurich) with 62% of the vote.
On September 1st, 2022, Uwe Skrzypek overtook the role of Lord Mayor from Gerd Maisch after winning the local elections.
Transport
Vaihingen is located on the Württemberger Weinstraße and on the southern route of the German Timber-Frame Road, both routes pass many sights.
Sights
Marketplace
The panoramic sight at the market place includes the town hall and the town church (alternative central/main church). Due to devastating fires in 1693 and 1784, housing facilities had to be rebuilt and their architecture dates back to then.
Town Hall
A fire destroyed the old town hall building in 1693. It was rebuilt in the same location in 1720, following long years of controversy between the citizens of Vaihingen and the administration of Württemberg. Its paintings date back to 1901. The ground floor was originally used as a sales area for tradesmen.
The Town Wall
The former Town Wall is partly preserved in the Baedergasse. It is accessible by foot in the direction of the Klingengasse. A broad alley including a stone portraying the coat of arms was built in 1786. Small bridges connect the top level of the buildings and served as escape routes during high flood water.
St. Peter's Church
The St. Peter's Church is the oldest church in Vaihingen and dates back to 1490 Roman architecture. Modifications were carried out several times. It remained Vaihingen's cemetery church until 1839. From 1871 onwards, it was used as a gym and was rebuilt again in 1980 according to the old style. The town museum can be found on the top floor of the building. Even today, old gravestones from the former cemetery can still be seen.
The Haspelturm (Tower of Pulley)
The Haspelturm, also called "a thief's tower" is the oldest tower in Vaihingen. An old roman ornament ("Rundbogenfries") indicates that it might have been built as early as the 13th century. The tower's six stories dominate the old town's silhouette. In the first floor the "Haspel," a kind of pulley that was used to lower its prisoners into the dungeon, can be found.
The Pulvertum (lit. "Powder Tower")
The Pulverturm is a former prison with massive walls up to three meters thick. The former corner tower of the town's defense wall was built in 1492 and served among others as a prison, a home of homeless people and a slaughterhouse. Today the tower can be used as a place for cultural occasions, in particular art exhibitions.
The Town Church
The Town Church was built in 1513. Its current appearance came to be after the fire of 1693. Before that fire, the church suffered from destructions because of the fires in 1617 and 1618. The tympanum over the south entrance (carrying the cross) is from 1521. In 1892-93 the inside of the church was rebuilt by the master-builder Dolmetsch. That is when the organ was put in the place where it still sits today. Moreover, galleries have been included. These galleries as well as the outside stairways at the south entrance were removed in the 1960s.
Kaltenstein Castle
Kaltenstein Castle was built on a rocket of Muschelkalk (Middle Trias). It was the former seat of the area's duke and was first mentioned in 1096 as castrum vehingen. Duke Karl Alexander had it renovated in 1734 and later fortified. In the following years it was used as a garrison and a hospital, from 1842 onwards as a workhouse. Today, it is the seat of a social Christian charity organisation ("Christlichens Jugenddorf").
Museums
Vaihingen has a municipal museum in the St. Peter's Church and a wine museum in the old winery in the district Horrheim.
KZ-memorial
The memorial for the concentration camp Vaihingen in the Glattbachtal was opened on April 16, 2005. A twenty minute audiovisual presentation reminiscent of the events of the years 1944 and 1945.
Culture
The May Festival Vaihingen Enz is one of the oldest children's festivals in Baden-Württemberg, first documented in 1687. Despite being held yearly on Pentecost (May or June), it is a non-religious festival. The highlight of the festival is a parade presenting several historic events as well as current sportsclubs and institutions of Vaihingen. Many people who moved away from Vaihingen take the opportunity to visit their hometown on this event.
Twin towns – sister cities
Vaihingen an der Enz is twinned with:
Kőszeg, Hungary
Notable people
Johann Jacob Zimmermann (1644–1693), astronomer, mathematician and theologian
Jacob Friedrich von Abel (1751–1829), professor of philosophy
Karl Friedrich Hensler (1759–1825), theatre director and author
Karl Gerok (1815–1890), preacher and religious poet
Konstantin von Neurath (1873–1956), diplomat and politician
Friedrich Kellner (1885–1970) Chief Justice Inspector, diarist
Karl Blessing (1900–1971), President of the Deutsche Bundesbank (1958–1969)
Hartwig Gauder (born 1954), race walker, Olympic and world champion
Carolin Klöckner (born 1995), German wine ambassador
Notes
Vaihingen an der Enz is located on the western periphery of the Middle Neckar region, "Region Mittlerer Neckar", with its old name. See also Stuttgart Metropolitan Region
References
Literature
Aker, Gudrun and others: Die Stadtkirche in Vaihingen an der Enz. Kirchliches Leben unter dem Kaltenstein in acht Jahrhunderten. Mit Beiträgen von Gudrun Aker, Lothar Behr, Stefan Benning, Anne-Christine Brehm, Hartmut Leins, Manfred Scheck, Marc Wartner. Hrsg. von der Evangelischen Kirchengemeinde Vaihingen an der Enz anlässlich der Grundsteinlegung der Stadtkirchen-Erweiterung vor 500 Jahren. Vaihingen 2013.
Behr, Lothar and others (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Stadt Vaihingen an der Enz. Vaihingen 2001.
Keyser, Erich (Hrsg.): Württembergisches Städtebuch; Band IV Teilband Baden-Württemberg Band 2 aus "Deutsches Städtebuch. Handbuch städtischer Geschichte – Im Auftrage der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der historischen Kommissionen und mit Unterstützung des Deutschen Städtetages, des Deutschen Städtebundes und des Deutschen Gemeindetages. Stuttgart 1961.
Paulus, Karl Eduard: Beschreibung des Oberamts Vaihingen. Hrsg. vom Königlichen topographischen Bureau. Stuttgart 1856.
External links
Pictures of the concentration camp cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the Sites of Memory webpage
Pictures of the military and refugee memorials in the municipal cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the Sites of Memory webpage
official internetpresence of Vaihingen Enz town council
internetpresence of district Aurich
Presentation of district Kleinglattbach
Ludwigsburg (district)
Württemberg |
5390845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Zhukov | Igor Zhukov | Igor Mikhaylovich Zhukov (31 August 1936 – 26 January 2018) was a Russian pianist, conductor and sound engineer.
Zhukov was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1936 but his family moved to Moscow in the following year. Four years later, they were evacuated to Vyatka (then known as Kirov) as a result of the Second World War. After the war, they returned to Moscow, where Zhukov studied at the Conservatory in 1955, studying first with Emil Gilels and then, in 1955, with Heinrich Neuhaus. He graduated in 1960, having won second prize in the Long-Thibaud Piano Competition in Paris.
Apart from a career as a pianist, Zhukov also conducted his own ensemble, the Moscow Chamber Orchestra until his retirement from conducting in 1994, and was the pianist of the long-running Zhukov Piano Trio which was founded in 1963 and continued performing until 1980. (The other members were the violinist Grigory Feighin and cellist Valentin Feighin.) The trio was noted for its "Historic Concerts" which featured repertoire spanning the 17th to the 20th centuries.
Zhukov made recordings on the Melodiya/CBS label, among others (e.g. the complete Scriabin sonatas). Zhukov also had a passionate interest in recording, and said of himself "I'm the best pianist among recording engineers, and the best recording engineer among pianists."
Sources
Rueger, Christoph. The multiple talents of Igor Zhukov. Essay included with The Russian Piano School Vol 16: Igor Zhukov, Melodia CD 74321 332142, 1996
External links
Igor Zhukov.info website Website with a purpose to provide detailed info on Igor Zhukov.
1936 births
2018 deaths
Russian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Russian conductors (music)
Russian male conductors (music)
Russian audio engineers
Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition prize-winners
Musicians from Moscow |
5390848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassler | Fassler | Fassler or Fässler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Ron Fassler (born 1957), American actor and author
Marcel Fässler (racing driver) (born 1976), Swiss racing driver
Marcel Fässler (bobsleigh) (born 1959), Swiss bobsledder
Margot Fassler American music historian |
5390868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Morton%20%28photographer%29 | Hugh Morton (photographer) | Hugh MacRae Morton (February 19, 1921 – June 1, 2006) was a photographer and nature conservationist who developed Grandfather Mountain in North Carolina.
Personal life
Morton was born on February 19, 1921, in Wilmington, North Carolina, the grandson of local businessman and politician Hugh MacRae, and the great-grandson of Brigadier General William MacRae of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
Hugh MacRae Morton entered the University of North Carolina in 1940 and took photographs for the student newspaper, The Daily Tar Heel. He left school in 1942 to fight in World War II. In 1942, he joined the Signal Corps (United States Army) as a photographer and was sent to the Pacific Theater. After he returned to the United States, Morton married Julia Taylor in 1945 and they had four children. Morton was well known in North Carolina as a fan of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill sports and friend of many influential North Carolinians. Morton authored two books of his photography: Hugh Morton's North Carolina (University of North Carolina Press, 2003) and Hugh Morton: North Carolina Photographer, which was published in 2006.
Grandfather Mountain
Morton's great-grandfather, Donald MacRae, bought the development rights for the around Grandfather Mountain in 1889 from Walter Waightstill Lenoir, grandson of General William Lenoir. In 1952 Morton inherited more than 4,000 acres on Grandfather Mountain from his grandfather, Hugh MacRae, and immediately set out on making the property more accessible to tourists. In 1952 Morton extended and improved a vehicle road to the top of the mountain, and erected the original Mile High Swinging Bridge to provide visitor access to one of the most spectacular scenic vistas in the southeastern United States. The Mile High Swinging Bridge is a bridge that spans a chasm at exactly one mile of elevation and has killed 7 people from falling off the bridge. In 1968, Morton bought two black bears, one male and one female, to release back into the wild as part of a re-population effort; however, the female bear, named Mildred, would not adapt to the wild, and was required to be recaptured and given an enclosed habitat, which was finished in 1973. The Grandfather Mountain Animal Habitats now contain black bears, deer, eagles, river otters and mountain lions. In 1993 Grandfather Mountain became the first privately owned property in the world to receive UNESCO recognition as an International Biosphere Reserve. Two years after Hugh Morton died in 2006, his family sold approximately 2,650 acres of the mountain's protected wilderness to the state of North Carolina for $12 million, along with a conservation easement on approximately 700 acres that the Morton family gifted to the Grandfather Mountain Stewardship Foundation. The 2,650-acre tract purchased by the state includes Calloway Peak, elevation 5,946 feet, and was turned into North Carolina's 34th state park, Grandfather Mountain State Park, officially receiving that status in April 2009.
Photography
Morton was a prolific photographer who took photographs of all aspects of life in North Carolina. His first published photograph came in 1935, when he was 14; a picture he took of a golfing scene was published as a North Carolina travel advertisement in Time Magazine. During his time at the University of North Carolina, he was a photographer for the student newspaper, the Daily Tar Heel. During World War II, Morton joined as a member of the Signal Corps, where he was assigned the job of newsreel photographer. He was sent to New Caledonia, an island off the coast of Australia, where he was attached to the 37th Infantry Division. Near the end of the war, Morton was assigned to take pictures of General Douglas MacArthur when MacArthur's regular photographer was sick. While on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, Morton was injured by a Japanese explosive and was awarded the Bronze Star and the Purple Heart.
Upon his return from the war, Morton went to work at the University of North Carolina as a sports photographer. He took pictures of sports at the University of North Carolina for over six decades; one anecdote says that people at UNC basketball games were warned not to block the view of "Mr. Morton's seat." In 1949, Morton was elected the president of the Carolina Photographers Association. The next year, Morton became the chairman of the Southern Short Courses in News Photography. That program continues across the state of North Carolina at college campuses and at Grandfather Mountain as the Grandfather Mountain Camera Clinic.
Morton's work has been featured in magazines such as Life, National Geographic, the Associated Press, Esquire, Time, and many other publications. One of his favorite locations was Grandfather Mountain and one of his favorite subjects was Mildred the Bear. He took thousands of pictures of Mildred alone.
Morton's photographic life's work has been donated to North Carolina Collection Photographic Archives in Wilson Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This collection is currently being digitized, a project which is being chronicled on the A View To Hugh blog.
References
External links
Biography from Grandfather Mountain site
A View To Hugh blog
1921 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American photographers
People from Wilmington, North Carolina |
5390878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos%20Michopoulos | Nikolaos Michopoulos | Nikolaos "Nikos" Michopoulos (; born 20 February 1970) is a former Greek professional football player. During his career he played for PAOK Thesaloniki and Burnley, and a short period to Crystal Palace and Omonia Nicosia. He played as a goalkeeper and was known for his reactions and shot-stopping ability.
Michopoulos began his career at Apollon Larissa. In 1992 he joined PAOK Thessaloniki, and made over 187 appearances for the Greek team, earning himself 15 international caps for Greece in the process. He was brought to Burnley by Stan Ternent as one of three Greeks to sign for the Clarets along with goalkeeper Luigi Cennamo and centre-forward Dimitrios Papadopoulos.
'Nik the Greek' as he became known established himself solidly as a fan-favourite at Turf Moor and became somewhat of a cult-hero. He would make almost 100 appearances for the Clarets, his last being in the farcical 7–2 home defeat to Sheffield Wednesday, when he was carried off injured in the first half and replaced by Marlon Beresford.
Michopoulos would return to his native Greece and become goalkeeping coach at his old club, PAOK, a position he still holds. In pre-season training for the 2005/06 season, Michopoulos was able to meet up with several of his old team-mates when Burnley took on PAOK at a neutral ground.
References
1970 births
Living people
Greek footballers
Association football goalkeepers
English Football League players
Cypriot First Division players
Super League Greece players
Burnley F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
AC Omonia players
PAOK FC players
Greece international footballers
Greek expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Cyprus
Footballers from Karditsa
20th-century Greek people
21st-century Greek people |
5390881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGF | PGF | PGF may refer to:
Paternal grandfather
Patterson–Gimlin film, purporting to show Bigfoot
IATA code of Perpignan–Rivesaltes Airport, France
Placental growth factor, a human gene
Vector graphics language in the PGF/TikZ pair
Precision guided firearm
Probability-generating function
Progressive Graphics File, a file format |
5390884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premorbidity | Premorbidity | Premorbidity refers to the state of functionality prior to the onset of a disease or illness. It is most often used in relation to psychological function (e.g. premorbid personality or premorbid intelligence), but can also be used in relation to other medical conditions (e.g. premorbid lung function or premorbid heart rate).
Psychology
In psychology, premorbidity is most often used in relation to changes in personality, intelligence or cognitive function.
Changes in personality are common in cases of traumatic brain injury involving the frontal lobes, the most famous example of this is the case of Phineas Gage who survived having a tamping iron shot through his head in a railway construction accident.
Declines from premorbid levels of intelligence and other cognitive functions are observed in stroke, traumatic brain injury, and dementia as well as in mental illnesses such as depression and schizophrenia.
Other usage in psychology include premorbid adjustment which has important implications for the prognosis of mental illness such as schizophrenia. Efforts are also being made to identify premorbid personality profiles for certain illness, such as schizophrenia to determine at risk populations.
Clinical and diagnostic usage
In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders may be diagnosed as conditions premorbid to the onset of schizophrenia.
See also
Prodrome
References
Symptoms |
5390887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittichenbach%20Abbey | Sittichenbach Abbey | Sittichenbach Abbey (Kloster Sittichenbach), sometimes also known as Sichem Abbey, is a Cistercian monastery in Sittichenbach, now part of Osterhausen near Eisleben in the Mansfeld-Südharz district, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
First foundation
The abbey was founded as a daughter house of Walkenried Abbey in 1141 by Esiko II of Bornstedt, under the first abbot Volkuin. The new foundation rapidly acquired extensive lands on which to establish farms. In 1180 monks from Sittichenbach, at the request of margrave Otto I of Brandenburg, established Lehnin Abbey. Later foundations were Buch Abbey near Leisnig (1192) and Grünhain Abbey in the Erzgebirge (1235). In 1208, Bishop Conrad of Halberstadt retired to Sittichenbach.
In 1346 the abbey suffered greatly from a feud between Ludwig von Meißen, Bishop of Halberstadt, and the Count of Mansfeld. The abbot and monks were taken hostage and treated so harshly that several of them died. The Count of Mansfeld was excommunicated as a result of this incident.
In 1540 in the course of the Reformation the abbey was dissolved. It was at first in the possession of the Counts of Mansfeld and transferred by them in 1612 to John George I, Elector of Saxony.
From this time onwards the abbey premises were used for local government purposes. Amt Sittichenbach passed in 1656 to Saxe-Weissenfels and from 1686 to 1745 to the Principality of Saxe-Querfurt, after which it was included in the Electorate or Kingdom of Saxony. It was incorporated into the new Prussian state in 1815.
Second foundation
After the reunification of Germany in 1990, the lands and remaining buildings were returned after nearly 500 years to the Cistercian order. They have done much restoration, including a very creative re-building of the chapel which is used for daily prayer. Other buildings have been added and restored so that the site has become a hotel and retreat centre. An open field has been developed into a beautiful area for meditative walks which includes gardens, worship spaces, shrines and a labyrinth.
There are a few remains of the original abbey buildings still to be seen: among them are the abbots' chapel, the fishpond and the dovecote.
External links
Excavations of the abbey precinct
Cistercian monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Saxony-Anhalt
1140s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1141 establishments in Europe
Religious organizations established in the 1140s
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Eisleben |
5390894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Cohen%20%28civil%20servant%29 | Henry Cohen (civil servant) | Henry Cohen (June 5, 1922 – January 14, 1999) was appointed in 1946 the director of Föhrenwald, the third-largest Displaced Persons camp in the American sector of post-World War II Germany. A native of New York City and a child of Jewish immigrants from Lithuania, Cohen was a graduate of City College of New York. During World War II, he served as an infantryman in the U.S. Army.
He later served as research director of the New York City Planning Department and as Deputy City Administrator under Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Later, he was First Deputy Administrator of the New York Human Resources Administration under Mayor John Lindsay.
After leaving the city government, Cohen became the founding Dean of the Milano School of Management, Policy, and Environment at The New School.
Early life
Cohen was born on the Lower East Side in New York City of parents who immigrated from Iwyea shtetl near Vilna. He graduated from junior high school P.S. 149 and Thomas Jefferson High School in Brooklyn, then from the City College of New York, and received a master's degree in Urban Planning from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Army service
Cohen served in the U.S. Army infantry, fighting in the Battle of the Bulge and crossing the Bridge at Remagen. After the German surrender, he was assigned to military administration.
Föhrenwald
In January 1946, at the age of 23, he was appointed director of Föhrenwald, aided by a multinational team from the UNRRA. By then, the camp had an exclusively Jewish population, composed of 5,600 refugees who had survived the Holocaust.
Cohen worked to ensure favorable living conditions for the camp's residents. This included providing for Jewish religious observance and supporting the activities of Zionist political parties and youth movements. He worked with a democratically elected Camp Committee that granted a degree of administrative autonomy to its residents. The camp sponsored rehabilitation activities that included school for children, adult education and vocational training, a thriving cultural life with musical and theatrical performances, and the publication of a weekly newspaper. Besides maintaining the camp's physical conditions, particularly sanitation, Cohen endeavored to contain the black market trade that was of particular concern to the American army administration in the sector.
Conflict with the Army
During his tenure, Cohen became aware of what he considered widespread anti-Semitism among U.S. Army personnel, including expressions of such attitudes in official administrative reports. An incident in May 1946, involving GIs who reportedly threatened several Jewish camp residents visiting in the nearby town of Wolfratshausen, provoked a riot by several hundred camp residents, who surged forth from the camp, heading for the town. Cohen and his staff quelleds the riot, but still drew the animosity of the American army. An operations report filed on July 23, 1946, by the 9th Infantry Division Asst. Chief of Staff, accuses Cohen of incitement and fails to mention any impropriety on the part of American soldiers. The recurring friction between the Army and Cohen prompted a campaign for his eventual removal from the director's post.
Service to New York City
After returning to the US, he received a master's degree in Urban Planning from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, then served as Director of Research of the New York City Planning Department. He was Deputy City Administrator of New York City during the Wagner Administration. Later he was First Deputy Administrator of the New York Human Resources Administration during the Lindsay Administration.
Later years
After leaving the city government, Cohen became the Founding Dean of the Milano School of Management, Policy, and Environment at The New School.
He died on January 14, 1999, in Greenwich Village at the age of 76, leaving his wife, daughter, son, and two grandchildren.
References
External links
Talk (1996) by Henry Cohen, on his experiences as director of the Föhrenwald DP camp
Article at US Holocaust Memorial Museum
Displaced persons camps in the aftermath of World War II
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers
Jewish American government officials
Politicians from Brooklyn
People from the Lower East Side
MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni
City College of New York alumni
1922 births
1999 deaths
Thomas Jefferson High School (Brooklyn) alumni
American expatriates in Germany
20th-century American Jews |
5390895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipotassium%20phosphate | Dipotassium phosphate | Dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4) (also dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate; potassium phosphate dibasic) is the inorganic compound with the formula K2HPO4.(H2O)x (x = 0, 3, 6). Together with monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4.(H2O)x), it is often used as a fertilizer, food additive, and buffering agent. It is a white or colorless solid that is soluble in water.
It is produced commercially by partial neutralization of phosphoric acid with two equivalents of potassium chloride:
H3PO4 + 2 KCl → K2HPO4 + 2 HCl
Uses
As a food additive, dipotassium phosphate is used in imitation dairy creamers, dry powder beverages, mineral supplements, and starter cultures. It functions as an emulsifier, stabilizer and texturizer; it also is a buffering agent, and chelating agent especially for the calcium in milk products..
As a food additive, dipotassium phosphate is categorized by the United States Food and Drug Administration as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
References
Potassium compounds
Phosphates
Acid salts
Food additives
E-number additives
Inorganic fertilizers |
5390897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register%20office%20%28United%20Kingdom%29 | Register office (United Kingdom) | A register office or The General Register Office, much more commonly but erroneously registry office (except in official use), is a British government office where births, deaths, marriages, civil partnership, stillbirths and adoptions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland are registered. It is the licensed local of civil registry.
In Scotland, The General Register Office for Scotland (GROS) was in service until 2011, when this department was transferred to National Records of Scotland.
England and Wales
In England and Wales, register offices record births, marriages, deaths, civil partnership, stillbirths and adoptions. Set up by Act of Parliament in 1837, the statutory registration service is overseen by the Registrar General as part of the General Register Office, part of the Home Office Identity and Passport Service but provided locally by local authorities.
Similar rules regarding registration have applied in Scotland since 1855 and in Northern Ireland since 1845 for non-Catholic marriages and 1864 for births, deaths and all marriages.
The Register Office is the office of the Superintendent Registrar of the district, in whose custody are all the registers dating back to 1837. The Superintendent Registrar is also responsible for conducting the legal preliminaries to marriage and conducting civil partnership ceremonies.
Registrations are carried out by a registrar and each registration district will have one or more registrars and each may be responsible for a particular sub-district.
Since 1994, the range of services offered by register offices has expanded so that they may now provide additional celebratory services including statutory citizenship and civil partnership ceremonies and non-statutory ceremonies such as naming and renewal of vows. All civil ceremonies may also take place in local approved premises, including hotels and public buildings.
On 1 December 2007, all Registrars and Superintendent Registrars in England and Wales became employees of the local authorities providing the registration service, having been statutory officers with no legal employment status. This came about as a result of the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 following decades of campaigning by the trade unions that represented registration officers in England and Wales, the Society of Registration Officers and UNISON.
Ireland
In Ireland, legislation came into force in 1845 which provided for the registration of civil marriages and for the regulation of all non-Catholic marriages. Roman Catholic marriages were reported to the relevant superintendent registrar.
Equivalents outside the UK
There is no direct equivalent in the USA, but the bureaus of vital statistics perform some similar tasks. In Italy the function is fulfilled by the Ufficio di Stato Civile and in Germany by the Standesamt.
See also
Onomastics
Name change
Pseudonym
References
External links
General Register Office at Direct.gov (England and Wales)
Online Certificate Ordering (England and Wales)
General Register Office for Scotland
General Register Office Northern Ireland
Register a Birth in United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Local government in the United Kingdom
Civil Registration and Vital Statistic |
5390898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%20Geva | Eli Geva | Eli Geva (; born 1950) is an Israeli brigade commander, who during the Siege of Beirut (in the early stage of the 1982 Lebanon War), refused to lead his forces into the city for moral reasons which he termed "endangerment of both soldiers and civilians in urban warfare". The Israeli Chief of Staff, Rafael Eitan, and Prime Minister Menachem Begin attempted to negotiate with Geva, but he insisted and was consequently dismissed from the Israel Defense Forces. At the time, Geva was the youngest Colonel in the IDF.
The event drew a great deal of controversy in Israel at the time, and to this day remains a symbol of moral insubordination in the Israeli military. Geva initially declined to grant press interviews, but reversed himself after the Sabra and Shatila massacres and granted an interview to Israeli State Radio which aired prior to the Peace Now rally in Tel Aviv on September 25, 1982.
The New York Times reported on Colonel Geva's interview with Menachem Begin:
Prime Minister Menachem Begin, who spent 45 minutes with the colonel before he asked to be relieved of his command, recalled today that the officer had told him: "I am a brigade commander. I look through my binoculars and I see children."
Mr. Begin said he asked the colonel, "Did you get an order to kill those children?" The officer said there had been no such order and Mr. Begin asked, "So what are you complaining about?"
In 2014 Norwegian songwriter Moddi released a song named after Eli Geva in support of his insubordination and pacifism. This song was written by Richard Burgess in 1982 for Norwegian singer Birgitte Grimstad. She was persuaded to refrain from performing the song on her Israel tour the same year.
References
External links
Middle East: Talking Under the Gun - Article from 9 August 1982
The siege of Beirut -- and the reluctant Israeli colonel
1950 births
Living people
Israeli colonels
Bar-Ilan University alumni
Tel Aviv University alumni
People from Nahalal |
5390899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pis%20%28disambiguation%29 | Pis (disambiguation) | Pis is a village in south-western France.
Pis, PiS or PIS may also refer to:
P.I.S. – Politiets Indsats Styrke, a 2001 Danish mockumentary
Polled Intersex Syndrome, a disorder of sexual development found in Goats
Law and Justice (Polish: ), a Polish political party
State Sanitary Inspection in Poland, Państwowa Inspekcja Sanitarna
Manneken Pis, a 1619 sculpture of a urinating boy, a Brussels landmark
Pakistan International School (disambiguation)
Passenger information system at a railway station
Phoenix Indian School
Pijin language, a language spoken in the Solomon Islands
Ping Shan stop in Hong Kong (Station code: PIS)
Platform Invocation Services (Microsoft)
Poitiers–Biard Airport in France (IATA code: PIS)
See also
PI (disambiguation)
Piss (disambiguation) |
5390900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD%20Quad%20FX%20platform | AMD Quad FX platform | The AMD Quad FX platform is an AMD platform targeted at enthusiasts which allows users to plug two Socket F Athlon 64 FX or 2-way Opteron processors (CPUs) into a single motherboard for a total of four physical cores. This is a type of dual processor setup, where two CPUs are installed on a motherboard to increase computing power. The major difference between the platform and past dual processor systems like Xeon (pre Intel 5000X/P chipset) is that each processor has its own dedicated memory stores. The Quad FX platform also has HyperTransport capability targeted toward consumer platforms.
In May 2007, AMD officially codenamed the eight core setup with two Phenom FX processors to be the FASN8 (pronounced as "fascinate", , in short for First AMD Silicon Next-gen 8-core Platform) from the previous codename "4x4+" used in Analyst Day presentations.
Configuration
In each socket resides an AMD Athlon 64 FX CPU. Each socket is connected using AMD's Direct Chip Module, this dual-processor architecture was dubbed by AMD as the "Dual Socket Direct Connect Architecture" (DSDC Architecture), providing a dedicated channel between the CPU cores and from each CPU out to the system memory. Due to the nature of the Direct Connect architecture, each CPU can access the other's dedicated memory store. The both of them, constituting one four-core system, have a power consumption (TDP) of 250 W for each 125 W labelled TDP.
AMD first announced the platform as "Socket 4x4" on June 1, 2006, citing customer feedback for such a system. A four-core system has been exhibited as a demo at AMD headquarters on July 25, 2006. AMD has claimed that the systems which consist of a pair of CPUs will cost below US$1000 altogether with a suitable motherboard. The motherboards strongly resemble dual-socket Opteron 22xx series motherboards as they share the same socket and one bank of memory DIMMs per CPU, but the motherboards of the platform have support for regular unbuffered DDR2 RAM while the Opteron setup requires registered memory. The platform also has support for multiple graphics cards.
An eight core reference system was demonstrated in an event held early May 2007 by AMD.
Competing products
The major competition of the platform is from Intel, which launched its Core 2 Duo desktop microprocessors in late July 2006 and its multi-chip module quad-core processor codenamed "Kentsfield" in November 2006 as the Core 2 Extreme series.
Intel had also responded in 2007 with two upcoming platforms, one in CeBIT codenamed V8, targeting workstation market and one in 2007 Beijing Intel Developer Forum (IDF), codenamed Skulltrail for enthusiasts, both with similar dual-processor configuration but with V8 lacking multi-graphics support.
Reception
Reviews of the platform have been largely unfavourable. Reviewers have noted that the platform requires significantly more power than a Core 2 Extreme QX6700 processor system, with performance being generally inferior. In some cases, performance was seen to be even lower than the dual-core FX-62, which has been blamed on higher memory latency introduced by the platform's use of Non-Uniform Memory Access.
Availability
The platform was launched in November 2006. Three new processors, the FX-70, FX-72 and FX-74 are released simultaneously with clock speeds of 2.6 GHz, 2.8 GHz and 3.0 GHz respectively. FX-76, clocked at speed of 3.2 GHz, was scheduled to be released in 2007, but was cancelled for the newer 65 nm microarchitecture Phenom FX processors replacing the 90 nm fabrication process line of Athlon 64 FX series processor.
Chipsets
Nvidia
Nvidia has introduced a chipset for the platform, called "nForce 680a", provides 4 PCI-Express slots of x16-x8-x16-x8 configuration, and support up to 12 SATA 3.0 Gbit/s hard disks. ASUSteK will produce the first motherboard that will support two Socket F (dubbed as socket L1FX by Nvidia) processors each with its own dedicated memory banks, dubbed as "ASUS L1N64-SLI WS" (instead of the L1N64-SLI Deluxe that Nvidia announced), based on Nvidia nForce 680a chipset.
Reports suggested that ASUStek is the sole motherboard manufacturer for the chipset and left other motherboard manufacturers out, some of which stated that they will produce motherboards based on Intel chipsets instead. There are also reports showing that the L1N64-SLI WS motherboard supports a pair of 2200 series CPU in the Opteron family without modifications to the motherboard, and the chipset was recognized as "nForce 570 SLI" chipset revision A1 instead of "nForce 680a" chipset.
ATI Technologies/AMD
In October 2006, sites leaked ATI chipset updates that ATI will also introduce a chipset connecting two AMD processors and four PCI-Express graphic cards, dubbed as "790FX chipset" (codenamed RD790), which provides PCI Express slots of x8-x8-x8-x8 configuration, and was available during the first half of 2007. In September and October 2007 news sites reported that AMD had dropped Quad Phenom from their road maps.
Source also revealed that a revamped "580X" chipset, which is due first half of 2007, will allow two CPUs and at most three graphic cards to run on the same board, but was obviously cancelled as AMD demonstrated the 790FX chipset recently in internal events and Computex 2007 instead of a revamped 580X chipset.
System builders
Since the platform launched in November, AMD has announced a list of System Builders, which have announced PC systems for the platform, those includes Vigor Gaming, IBuyPower, CyberPowerPC, MainGear and Velocity Micro.
American-based system builder, Alienware, a subsidiary of Dell Computers have announced that there will be a system using the platform once the product released. Alienware has announced products for the platform, however, as of today, none of the expected product lineup have been officially released.
Another system builder, VoodooPC, subsidiary of Hewlett Packard, has demonstrated an Omen PC, supporting the platform in CES 2007. With a similar system featuring Dual CPU configuration dubbed as the Omen a:221 SIlent DCC workstation, equipping two Opteron 200 or 800 series CPU dated back to 2006, and the "OMEN AMD Quad FX SLI" system was announced later in the year.
Several system integrators have also announced special Quad FX themed platforms, most notably Vigor Gaming's Force Recon QX4 "Quadfather" system.
Future updates
AMD announced in Analyst Day that, sometime during 2008, users should be able to use two, future quad-core AMD processors using the chipset, providing a total of eight physical cores, dubbed as "4x4++" with DDR3 support. While backward compatible AMD quad-cores will also support an update to HyperTransport which will benefit more from a new chipset released at the same time.
The eight-core variant has never materialized, since AMD canceled development of the platform in 2007.
References
External links
Advanced Micro Devices platforms |
5390903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendon%20Dedekind | Brendon Dedekind | Brendon Dedekind (born 14 February 1976 in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal) is a South African retired swimmer. He won an international championship gold medal in the 50 m freestyle at the 1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships. Nicknamed Skinny Man, he competed in two consecutive Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1996, when he was a finalist in the 50 m freestyle.
See also
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)
References
1976 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Pietermaritzburg
South African male freestyle swimmers
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers of South Africa
Swimmers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for South Africa
South African male swimmers
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Alumni of Maritzburg College
African Games gold medalists for South Africa
African Games medalists in swimming
Universiade medalists in swimming
Competitors at the 1999 All-Africa Games
Universiade bronze medalists for South Africa
Medalists at the 1997 Summer Universiade
20th-century South African people
21st-century South African people |
5390905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Cape%20York%20Paman%20languages | North Cape York Paman languages | The North Cape York Paman languages are a subdivision of the Paman languages consisting of forty languages, all spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia. The languages are grouped largely according to R. M. W. Dixon. The only extant branches of this family are Umpila and the Wik languages. The now-extinct Northern Paman branch was unique among Pama-Nyungan languages in containing fricatives.
The languages are,
Northern Paman
Anguthimri (incl. dialects Alngith, Linngithigh) †
Gudang (alt. Djagaraga) †
Uradhi (incl. Atampaya, Yinwum, Wuthati) †
Luthigh (Mpalityan) †
Awngthim †
Ndra'ngith †
Ngkoth †
Arritinngithigh †
Adithinngithigh †
Mbiywom †
Andjingith †
Umpila (= Northeastern Paman, several dialects)
Wik languages (Middle Paman) (See)
Sutton (2001) also distinguishes a Ndwa'ngith language among Northern Paman.
References
Indigenous Australian languages in Queensland |
5390924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLN | TLN | TLN may refer to:
Toulon-Hyères Airport, France, IATA code
Telelatino, Spanish and Italian cable channel in Canada
Total Living Network, a US religious television network
Thermolysin, an enzyme |
5390925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS%20Pacific | MS Pacific | MS Pacific (known as Sea Venture from 1971 to 1975, Pacific Princess from 1975 to 2002, and simply Pacific from 2002 to 2013) was a cruise ship owned and operated by the Brazil-based Viagens CVC. She was built for Flagship Cruises in 1971 by the company Nordseewerke in Emden, West Germany, and named Sea Venture. She operated cruises between the United States and Bermuda, which had been settled by the survivors of the wreck of the original Sea Venture in 1609. Between 1975 and 2002 she sailed for Princess Cruises as Pacific Princess, becoming famous for appearing in the romantic comedy anthology TV series The Love Boat, airing from 1977 to 1986, along with several later made-for-TV movies with the same theme. The Pacific Princess was also the setting for much of the 1980 book More Tales of the City by Armistead Maupin, which was later made into a miniseries which aired in 1998.
In 2008, Pacific was chartered by the newly established Quail Cruises to operate cruises out of Valencia, Spain, but was retired from service when renovation work proved more expensive than had been anticipated, and was sold in 2012 to a company specializing in ship breaking. After that sale fell through, she remained laid up in Genoa for an extended period before being towed to Aliağa where she arrived on 6 August 2013 for breaking. Before she was dismantled, on 10 August 2013, there was a fatal accident in which there was a flood in the compartment below the engines. While electrical pumps were operating, two men were killed and nine injured by toxic exhaust gases.
History
The ship began operation in 1971 with Flagship Cruises, under the name Sea Venture. In April 1975, she was sold to P&O's newly acquired Princess Cruises along with sister ship Island Venture. The pair were renamed Pacific Princess and Island Princess.
As Sea Venture, Pacific Princess came to the rescue of Cunard's Queen Elizabeth 2, after the latter had major engine trouble.
Princess Cruises agreed to have their cruise ships featured in the television romantic comedy anthology series The Love Boat, which debuted in 1976 as a made-for-TV movie and as regular show in 1977. The ship featured in nearly every episode of the series (which was filmed primarily on sets in a production studio) was Pacific Princess, although other ships also appeared, including Island Princess. The term "Love Boat" was heavily used by Princess Cruises in their marketing, and became synonymous with Pacific Princess. The success of the up-beat television show, which remained on the air until 1987, is largely credited with the increase in popularity of cruise ship travel in North America.
In 1998 Pacific Princess was impounded by police in Piraeus, Greece after 25 kg of heroin was found on board, smuggled by Filipino crewmen. According to police sources quoted in the BBC report at the time, there was evidence the ship had become a major tool for drug smugglers in the Mediterranean.
Pacific Princess was sold in 2001, but was leased back and continued to operate as part of the Princess fleet until 2002, when the former Renaissance Cruises R3 replaced her and took her name.
Pacific Princess made her final voyage with Princess Cruises in October/November 2002, sailing from New York City to Rome, Italy. She then began operating for Pullmantur Cruises of Spain as Pacific, sailing in the Caribbean. Pacific was later chartered to and operated by CVC in Brazil during the Southern summer and by Quail Cruises in Spain during the Northern Summer.
Lien seizure and Scrapping
Pacific was seized by the Italian Coast Guard in 2008 for a repair bill owed to Genoa's San Giorgio del Porto shipyard by her former owners Templeton International Inc. Quail Cruises claimed that the debt was much lower than initially reported, and had nothing to do with the ship's current operators.
In order to satisfy the debt, Italian authorities tried to sell Pacific at auction three times between 2010 and 2011, but no bids were received. In March 2012 the ship was sold for €2.5 million to a ship breaking company, Cemsan Ship Breaker of Izmir, Turkey, but Cemsan defaulted on its payment and in May 2012 the ship once again went up for sale. Pacific Princess remained laid up in Genoa for several months, but on 27 July 2013 the ship was reported as being under tow for demolition. On 6 August 2013, she arrived in Aliağa to be dismantled by the Izmir Ship Recycling Company, which acquired her for €2.5 million. On 10 August 2013, two employees dismantling the ship died from the inhalation of toxic fumes, and an additional ten others were hospitalized. By February 2014, the ship was "half to two-thirds gone". By late 2014, she was completely gone.
Statistics
Pacific was , with a beam, and was built at Nordseewerke, West Germany. She was propelled by four medium speed Fiat Diesel engines with a combined power output of 18,000 shaft horsepower. The engines were individually clutched and geared in pairs to each of the two shafts that drive controllable pitch propellers. This enabled one or more engines to be shut down and declutched as required. As Pacific Princess, her tonnage was and she carried 646 passengers at a top speed of , cruising at . As Pacific, her capacity was increased to 780 passengers and cruising speed reduced to 18 knots. Country of registry was the Bahamas.
More reading
References
External links
Professional photographs
- "To Be Broken Up"
60 photos of the Pacific
1970 ships
Ships built in Emden
Ships of Princess Cruises |
5390932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding%20post | Binding post | A binding post is a connector commonly used on electronic test equipment to terminate (attach) a single wire or test lead. They are also found on loudspeakers and audio amplifiers as well as other electrical equipment.
History
A binding post contains a central threaded metal rod and a cap that screws down on that rod. Binding posts slowly evolved from 19th century general purpose fasteners into 20th century electrical binding posts. Examples of binding posts used during the 19th century are telegraph key and blasting machine devices.
Caps are commonly insulated with plastic and color-coded: red commonly means an active or positive terminal; black indicates an inactive (reference or return) or negative terminal; and green indicates an earth (ground) terminal. Caps during the 19th century were typically bare metal until synthetic plastic, such as Bakelite, became available in the early 20th century.
During the late 1940s, General Radio created a new binding post that had a jack in a cap. Today it is commonly known as a "five-way" or "universal" binding post, which allows many types of connection methods:
Banana plugs, inserted into the top open end of the binding post.
Bare wire inserted through the same hole and clamped.
Bare wire wrapped around the metal post and clamped.
Pin connector, inserted into a hole drilled through the metal post and clamped by the screw-down portion of the binding post.
Alligator clip.
Safety
Even so-called isolated binding posts are typically not sufficiently isolated to protect users from coming into contact with their metal parts carrying voltage. As such they are not suitable to be used for carrying dangerous voltages (cf. extra-low voltage). On several types of equipment it has been becoming common to no longer use the traditional binding posts, but safety banana jacks. The universal property of binding posts is lost here, since safety banana jacks can only be used with traditional and safety banana plugs.
In the past, it was common for multiple five-way binding posts to have their drilled holes lined up; this provided convenience in some applications as a bare wire could be strung from post to post to post. But this also impaired safety as two wires or pin connectors could be inserted from opposite sides of two binding posts and the tips of the wires or probes might inadvertently short together. Holes are now normally aligned in such a fashion that such shorts cannot occur.
Standard spacing
In order to permit the use of double banana plugs, the most common distance between the centers of the plugs should be inch (19.05 mm), which originated on General Radio test equipment during the 1920s, however inch is not the only spacing.
See also
Banana connector
Fahnestock clip — an earlier device, now largely supplanted by binding posts
References
External links
About.com glossary definition
Binding Posts - Pomona Electronics
Electrical connectors |
5390940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDH | FDH | FDH may refer to:
Biology, health and medicine
(-)-Endo-fenchol dehydrogenase]
Other uses
Daglish railway station, in Western Australia
FDH Bank, Malawi
Freies Deutsches Hochstift, a foundation in Frankfurt, Germany
Frères des Hommes, a French aid organization
Friedrichshafen Airport in Friedrichshafen, Germany
Full Domain Hash |
5390943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdev%20Shorelink%20Buses | Transdev Shorelink Buses | Transdev Shorelink was an Australian bus company operating services in the northern suburbs of Sydney. It was a division of Transdev. In 2013, Transdev Shorelink was absorbed into Transdev NSW. Rebranding into Transdev NSW did not happen until 2014.
History
In the 1920s Ku-ring-gai Bus Company was formed and commenced operations along the Pacific Highway between Chatswood and Hornsby. In 1949 a 25% share in the business was purchased by Jim Knox who in 1965 took full control.
The company expanded with the purchase of Hornsby District Bus Service (July 1967), Pennant Hills - Hornsby Bus Co (July 1968), Warringah Bus Lines (July 1972), Griffith's Bus Service, Berowra Coach Services and Talbot's Transport Service (September 1978). It was renamed Hornsby Bus Group in the early 1970s.
In January 1989 Deanes Coaches was purchased doubling the size of the fleet. with the enlarged operation rebranded as Shorelink in January 1990. In August 1991 the Warringah Bus Lines operation was sold to Forest Coach Lines.
In October 1992 Shorelink was sold to John A Gilbert. In March 1996, Shorelink was sold to Frank D'Apuzzo and Peter Simpson, along with other John A Gilbert bus operations.
Since at least the early 1980s a coach operation had been operated under the Koala Tours brand. This was sold in May 1998 to Murrays.
In September 2001 Shorelink was sold to Transdev. In 2005 Transfield Services purchased a 50% interest in Shorelink, forming a 50/50 joint venture with Transdev called TransdevTSL. Rebranding on all buses took place in 2008 when Shorelink was renamed TransdevTSL Shorelink Buses. In 2010 Transfield sold their shares back to Transdev, and the bus company was renamed Transdev Shorelink.
From 2005 Shorelink's services were part of Sydney Bus Region 12. In November 2012 it was announced that Shorelink had retained the contract to operate Region 12.
Following the merger of Transdev and Veolia Transport in 2011, Transdev Shorelink was absorbed into Transdev NSW in 2013. Even so, buses did not get rebranded to the new Transdev logo until mid 2014, and the new Transdev NSW website only opened on 8 September 2014. The Transdev Shorelink website finally closed soon after.
Fleet
At the time of its absorption in 2013, the fleet consisted of 102 buses. Until the early 1980s, the fleet livery was cream and blue when a white and aqua livery was introduced. After experimenting with a blue, grey and yellow scheme, a livery of white with blue, yellow and grey stripes was introduced. This was replaced by John A Gilbert's white and blue livery followed by Transdev's white, green and blue. In 2010 the Transport for New South Wales white and blue livery was adopted.
References
External links
Company website
Bus Australia gallery
Showbus gallery
Bus companies of New South Wales
Bus transport in Sydney
Transdev
Transport companies disestablished in 2013
Australian companies disestablished in 2013 |
5390946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnenden | Winnenden | Winnenden (Swabian: Wẽnnede) is a small town in the Rems-Murr district of the Stuttgart Region in Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany. It lies in a wine-growing area approx. northeast of Stuttgart and has a population of fewer than 28,000. The town is home to the Kärcher Company, makers of cleaning equipment namely pressure washers.
History
The earliest record of Winnenden is found in a document of 1181 where Gottfried of Schauenburg-Winnenden is mentioned as a witness testifying that Emperor Friedrich I held the castle in the town. Around 1200 the castle, which was then called Windin, came into the possession of Heinrich of Neuffen. In 1277 it was transferred to Konrad von Weinsberg. On 10 October 1325 the castle and town were sold to Württemberg.
In the German Peasants' War Winnenden was first under the control of the Armer Konrad or the peasants' army, but by 1519 it was under the control of the Swabian League. In 1616 an epidemic took the lives of approximately half of the population of Winnenden. During the Thirty Years' War the city was pillaged twice, in 1638 and 1643, and Imperial, French, and Swedish troops occasionally occupied Winnenden during this conflict. Around the same time the town's castle became the seat of the Württemberg-Winnental line of the House of Württemberg.
In March 2008, Winnenden and the nearby town of Backnang jointly hosted the World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships in cooperation with the German Debating Society. The competition was conducted at one of Winnenden's high schools, the Lessinggymnasium, and at a high school in Backnang, the Max-Borngymnasium.
Politics
The following parties constitute the city council according to the 2004 municipal elections: the CDU (10 seats), voter Free Association (8), SPD (5), and Green Alternative List (3)
2009 school shooting incident
On 11 March 2009, the town made international headlines following a school shooting at the Albertville-Realschule, one of Winnenden's secondary schools. The gunman was a former pupil who opened fire without warning. The shooting resulted in the deaths of twelve people, and the attacker committed suicide at Wendlingen after killing three civilians. According to Heribert Rech, interior minister for Baden-Württemberg state, most of the victims at the school were female; eight female students, three female teachers, and one male student were killed in the school shooting.
Breuningsweiler
Since 1972, Breuningsweiler is a village in Winnenden in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Breuningsweiler has about 1000 inhabitants.
History
1293 The village was first mentioned on 22 July 1293. At that time the abbey of Lorch agreed with Graf Eberhard to protect "Bruningswilar", as it was called then.
1443 the Schenkin of Winnenden inherited "Bruningswilar".
1542 15 families lived in Breuningsweiler.
1600 the village had 30 households with 150 people living there.
1829 the town hall was built.
1886 The fire department was founded.
1909 the "Brestling" (strawberry) was brought to Breuningsweiler. As a result, Breuningsweiler is also known as "Brestlingsweiler".
1911 Breuningsweiler got electricity.
1922/1923 The church was built.
1939 The census of population from 1939 showed that 293 people lived in Breuningsweiler.
1968 The fire department of Breuningsweiler acquired a fire engine.
1970 The gymnasium was built by the sports club.
1972 Breuningsweiler was suburbanized to Winnenden on 1 January 1972.
1973 The dedication of the new church.
Twin towns – sister cities
Winnenden is twinned with:
Albertville, France (1969)
Santo Domingo de la Calzada, Spain (1993)
References
External links
Homepage (German)
A Chronology of Winnenden's Local History(English)
Rems-Murr-Kreis
Württemberg |
5390957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDNY%20%28disambiguation%29 | EDNY (disambiguation) | EDNY may refer to:
The United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
The ICAO code for Friedrichshafen Airport, Germany
Jameel Edny, a baseball player on the 2015 Bethune–Cookman Wildcats baseball team
Alexander Moffat, Commendator of Edny; born 1590 in Scotland
Edny, an alternative form for Udny of Aberdeenshire
See also |
5390964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked%20Creek%20%28Tioga%20River%20tributary%29 | Crooked Creek (Tioga River tributary) | Crooked Creek is a tributary of the Tioga River located entirely in Tioga County, Pennsylvania in the United States.
Geography
The source is southwest of the unincorporated village of Little Marsh in Chatham Township at an elevation of . The creek first flows east for , then northeast for . The mouth is at the confluence with the Tioga River, just north of the borough of Tioga, at an elevation of .
The difference in elevation ( divided by the length of the creek of gives the average drop in elevation per unit length of creek or relief ratio of 39.1 ft/mi (7.4 m/km ). The meander ratio is 1.07, so despite its name, the creek is fairly straight in its bed.
Watershed
The watershed area is , with a population of 4,570 as of 2000. Of that area, are forested, are given to agricultural uses, and is open water. The watershed accounts for 12.2% of Tioga County by area.
Hammond Reservoir
Crooked Creek has one major impoundment, the Hammond Reservoir, formed by a dam just before it enters the Tioga River. The lake has a surface area of and is administered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, who built the Hammond Dam from 1973 to 1979. Built together with the adjoining Tioga Dam and Tioga Lake (on the Tioga River), the total project cost $200 million.
The dam projects were initially authorized by the United States Congress in the Flood Control Act of July 3, 1958 (Public Law 85-500). A channel connects the two lakes so that Hammond Lake (which has greater storage capacity) may be used to store excess (flood) water from Tioga Lake.
However, in addition to flood control on the Chemung and North Branch Susquehanna Rivers, the dams are also meant to help decrease the acidity of water in the Tioga River downstream of the dams by dilution with the more neutral waters of Crooked Creek. The Tioga River's acidity is caused by acid mine drainage.
The lakes also offer recreational opportunities, including camping, boating, fishing, swimming, and hiking on area trails.
See also
List of rivers of Pennsylvania
References
External links
U.S. Geological Survey: PA stream gaging stations
Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Map of Tioga County showing Crooked Creek
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers page on Tioga-Hammond Lakes
History of the Hammond-Tioga Dam Project
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Rivers of Tioga County, Pennsylvania
Tributaries of the Chemung River |
5390967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSL | SCSL | SCSL is an acronym that can stand for:
Scientific Computing Software Library, by Silicon Graphics
Special Court for Sierra Leone
Sun Community Source Licensing, for Sun Java
Staffordshire County Senior League in English football |
5390973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellerslie-Bideford%2C%20Prince%20Edward%20Island | Ellerslie-Bideford, Prince Edward Island | Ellerslie-Bideford was a municipality that held community status in Prince Edward Island, Canada. It was located in Prince County on Lot 12.
Most residents of Ellerslie-Bideford lived on Ellerslie Road (Route 133) which spans 5 miles from Route 2 to Route 12.
History
The community was incorporated by provincial government in 1977, when Ellerslie merged with Bideford. Ellerslie was founded in 1853 by a local carpenter, being named after Ellerslie, Scotland. Bideford was named in 1818 after Bideford, Devon, England. Ellerslie is currently one of the last communities in the West Prince district of Prince Edward Island prior to the border with East Prince.
The community had a rich history in the fox farming and ship building industries. The Bideford Shipyard launched several sea vessels, including the last one to be christened there, the Meteor. Bideford is also home to a Shellfish Museum; as the fishery is the basis of the local economy.
Over the past several years, the Community Improvement Council (or CIC) has endeavored to undertake several infrastructure projects. These projects include a new set of Soccer Fields and a Running Track. The Council also attempted to move the community towards a central sewer system from the current model of independent septic tanks for each dwelling, however this motion was defeated in a community vote, over much controversy.
On September 28, 2018, the municipality was combined with Lady Slipper, to create the new municipality of Central Prince.
Education
Ellerslie was home to Ellerslie Elementary School, which has approximately 200 students in grades K-6. From this school, area residents go to Hernewood Intermediate, and Westisle Composite High.
Attractions
Bideford Parsonage Museum
The Bideford Shellfish Museum
See also
List of communities in Prince Edward Island
Summerside
Charlottetown
Tignish
References
Government of PEI Municipality Information
External links
Government of PEI Profile
Epodunk Canada Profile
Communities in Prince County, Prince Edward Island
Former rural municipalities in Prince Edward Island
Populated places established in 1901
Populated places disestablished in 2018 |
5390975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Ingvars | Black Ingvars | Black Ingvars is a Swedish humorist heavy metal group. Black Ingvars is famous for cover versions of songs from other musical styles, like pop, children's song (including "Sjörövar Fabbe" and "Här kommer Pippi Långstrump"), dansband music, Christmas songs and gospel. They finished fifth in the Swedish Melodifestivalen 1998 with the song "Cherie".
Bassist Henrik Ohlin died in May 2021.
Discography
1995 - Earcandy Six
1995 - Earcandy Five
1997 - Sjung Och Var Glad Med Black-Ingvars
1998 - Schlager Metal
1999 - Heaven Metal
2000 - Kids Superhits
2000 - The Very Best of dansbandshårdrock
2002 - Sjung Och Var Glad Med Black-Ingvars 2
References
External links
Band website
Television appearance
Melodifestivalen contestants
Swedish heavy metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1995
1995 establishments in Sweden |
5390979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochlear%20notch | Trochlear notch | The trochlear notch (), also known as semilunar notch and greater sigmoid cavity, is a large depression in the upper extremity of the ulna that fits the trochlea of the humerus (the bone directly above the ulna in the arm) as part of the elbow joint. It is formed by the olecranon and the coronoid process.
About the middle of either side of this notch is an indentation, which contracts it somewhat, and indicates the junction of the olecranon and the coronoid process.
The notch is concave from above downward, and divided into a medial and a lateral portion by a smooth ridge running from the summit of the olecranon to the tip of the coronoid process.
The medial portion is the larger, and is slightly concave transversely; the lateral is convex above, slightly concave below.
References
External links
Upperextremity/arm/radiology/lat-elbow at the Dartmouth Medical School's Department of Anatomy
Ulna |
5390984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret%20Windows | Secret Windows | Secret Windows: Essays and Fiction on the Craft of Writing is a collection of short stories, essays, speeches, and book excerpts by Stephen King, published in 2000. It was marketed by Book-of-the-Month Club as a companion to King's On Writing. Although its title is derived from a King novella (Secret Window, Secret Garden), it is not otherwise related to that novella or the film adaptation, Secret Window.
The texts in the collection are primarily concerned with writing and the horror genre. Several of the entries have been published elsewhere, including introductions King had written for other authors' novels, as well as introductions and essays from King's previous books. This volume also includes several short works that had not been previously published elsewhere, including lectures given by King, an interview with King conducted by Muriel Gray, a never-before-published short story by King, titled "In the Deathroom," and an introduction written by Peter Straub.
Contents
2000 non-fiction books
Books about writing
English-language books
Non-fiction books by Stephen King |
5390985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%20British%20Touring%20Car%20Championship | 2000 British Touring Car Championship | The 2000 Auto Trader RAC British Touring Car Championship season featured 24 rounds across 12 meetings, it commenced at Brands Hatch on 9 April and concluded at Silverstone on 16 September.
2000 marked the final year for Super Touring specification cars in the championship. The champion was Alain Menu driving a Ford Mondeo, his teammates Anthony Reid and Rickard Rydell finished 2nd and 3rd respectively. The Michelin Cup for Independents was won by Matt Neal driving a Nissan Primera.
The newly introduced Class B, for Super Production specification cars, was won by Alan Morrison driving a Peugeot 306 GTi.
Background
Driver changes
There were several changes of driver for the 2000 season. Nissan, Renault and Volvo retired their works teams because of the rising costs of staying competitive in the BTCC, thus leaving only three manufacturers with factory supported entries: Ford, Honda and Vauxhall. 1999 Drivers' Champion Laurent Aïello did not return to defend his title; the Frenchman tested for Honda, however he instead joined Audi to compete in the 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance race and the newly revived Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters championship in Germany. His place was taken by 1997 24 Hours of Le Mans co-winner and former Super Tourenwagen Cup driver Tom Kristensen. In the meantime, Peter Kox switched to competing in the European Super Touring Car Championship. Initially Honda planned to run two cars but to level the playing field with Ford and Vauxhall decided to draft in 1994 champion Gabriele Tarquini in a JAS Motorsport prepared car that originally would have been driven alongside Kox in the European championship.
1998 series champion Rickard Rydell joined that year's runner-up Anthony Reid and 1997 overall winner Alain Menu at the Prodrive Ford team following Volvo's departure. At the Vauxhall team, Yvan Muller was partnered by Jason Plato and Vincent Radermecker, having joined from Renault and Volvo respectively. After a difficult 1999 season, former double champion (1989 and 1995) John Cleland announced his retirement from the BTCC. Independent driver Matt Neal drove a 1999 Nissan Primera fielded by Team Dynamics, who had semi-works support from the manufacturer and running with updated 2000 body work. A second Nissan was entered by PRO Motorsport for rookie Colin Blair. David Leslie would race the car at selected rounds later in the season following Blair's withdrawal halfway through the season. Lee Brookes appeared on the entry list but his plans of competing in the championship in 2000 did not come to fruition.
Season review
The Prodrive Ford Mondeo’s would prove to be the class of the season, and it would be their three drivers who would battle for the championship.
Alain Menu had been the favourite going into the year, but despite being arguably the best all-rounder out of the trio, a handful of non-finishes meant he entered the final race of the year behind Anthony Reid in points.
Reid had had a somewhat quiet season, taking until round seventeen to win a race and only winning two all season. But he was easily the most consistent of the three and it allowed him to lead the points going into the final race. The Scot was doing all that he needed in the finale and looked to be on course for the title, until a collision with Vincent Radermecker on the penultimate lap put him out of the race and handed the crown to his colleague Menu.
Team newcomer Rickard Rydell also went to Silverstone with a chance of the title. The Swede claimed a season-best nine pole positions throughout the year, but a number of retirements, both crashes and mechanical, would ultimately prove to be his downfall. Indeed, it would be a car problem which would deny him a chance of competing with his teammates in the final race, as a water leak left him unable to take the start.
Vauxhall’s season started well, both Yvan Muller and Jason Plato won races early on and the Frenchman even lead the points for a while. But the team could not sustain that form, and along with an intra-team rivalry building between Muller and Plato, they were forced to settle for best of the rest behind the Fords. Third driver Radermecker had a poor season, scoring only one podium and being the only full-time main class driver to not win a race during the year.
Honda’s season would be one of frustration. James Thompson went into the season planning a title challenge, but those hopes were dashed by a crash at the opening round at Brands Hatch which forced him to miss the next two meetings. He would win a race on his return, but any hopes of the championship were gone, and come the end of the season he even found himself combining his British campaign with DTM drives for Audi.
The returning Gabriele Tarquini would ultimately end the season as top Honda, picking up three race wins but only finishing sixth in the standings.
British championship rookie Tom Kristensen would also end pick up three race wins, including a double at the Silverstone finale (the final races of the Super Touring era), to end the year just behind Tarquini.
Independent king Matt Neal would once again compete admirably with the works teams. He would finish eighth in the standings with a race win late in the season at Brands Hatch. He won the independents class in every race he finished (21 out of 24 races).
Regulation and sporting changes
Michelin, now the series' control tyre supplier, developed new compounds of tyres for the drivers but an intermediate option would no longer be available. The only choice for drivers was slick dry tyres or full wet compounds which meant tyre choices in greasy or changeable conditions were more crucial than before. To make matters even more difficult, tyre warmers were no longer allowed in advance of the race. As a result, the drivers had to take to the track on ill-handling cold tyres at the beginning of all races and after the mandatory pit stops. All teams were restricted to 28 sets of dry tyres for all race meetings and test sessions to lower operating costs but no limitations existed for wet-weather compounds.
Success ballast to help the championship have close and competitive racing and to prevent any team from dominating the series was introduced for the 2000 season. The top three finishers of the sprint and feature race at a meeting were allocated a ballast to be applied at the next meeting. It was distributed as for a winner, for second place and for third place, with the ballast capped at . No team was permitted to change the engine of their cars between the second qualifying session and the sprint race or the driver would incur a grid penalty that would see him start at the back of the grid. Also, replacement cars were not allowed except in force majeure when he would be allowed to drive his teammate's entry.
The points scoring system for the Drivers' and Teams' Championships remained unaltered from the 1999 championship. However, the Manufacturers' Championship was now limited to each team nominating a maximum of three cars for points, up from two from the previous season, to reward committed manufacturers. Furthermore, a dropped point score system was put into operation for the 2000 season. This meant all drivers would be required to drop their four worst results from the season before tallying his overall points haul.
From 1 March 2000, a complete ban of private testing at any licensed motor racing circuit in the world was enforced, except for official test sessions organised by the series promoter TOCA that lasted for half a day and were held before each race weekend. The ban was enacted to greatly reduce operating costs for all teams and to restrict the amount of available time for drivers to set up their cars for each track to ensure a greater variation in performance and less predictable racing. Furthermore, test cars were barred from all official sessions unless they had been driven in the preceding race meeting.
Class B
The 2000 season saw the introduction of a type of car regulation called "Class B" to bolster the number of entrants on the grid. The class was open to all vehicles that complied with the FIA Super Production regulations and the National Saloon Championship. To allow for suitable grid sizes, Class B entries were accepted on a "first-come, first served" basis from teams who could commit to competing in the BTCC full-time. Class B was created as a consequence of a request to series promoters TOCA from potential competitors in the National Saloon Championship in December 1999 as a means of promoting themselves in a more visible national motor racing series. TOCA subsequently formed a partnership with the British Racing Drivers' Club-organised PowerTour series in January 2000, so that the two championships could work closely with race dates, regulations and marketing and promoting of Class B.
Other
The entry fee for the Independents' Championship was abolished; teams would receive a starting money fee of £5,000 for each race meeting they entered, tyres would be given to teams at no extra cost and the champion of the category would receive £10,000 in prize money.
Entry List
The following 32 drivers and 14 teams took part in the 2000 British Touring Car Championship (BTCC).
Calendar
All races were held in the United Kingdom. A provisional 28-round calendar for the BTCC was officially announced on 28 July 1999. For the first time since the 1996 season, the series raced on the Brands Hatch Grand Prix layout and it served as the championship's season-opening meeting in April. Two meetings were held at night: the sole Snetterton Circuit round in July and the season-closing meeting at the Silverstone Circuit in mid-September. TOCA director Alan J. Gow explained that the advance publication of the calendar was so that the remaining British motorsport series could plain theirs but was told to reduce the number of rounds because of budgetary constraints for some teams.
In response, the management of the Thruxton Circuit agreed to forego its second planned meeting in August and lower the number of rounds to 26. Later, the Donington Park National circuit meeting, which had been proposed to be the season's second meeting on 23 April, was moved to late March to avoid a clash with the 2000 British Grand Prix but this decision was later reversed. The series' planned inaugural meeting in Ireland at Mondello Park was cancelled because the track needed improving to bring it to Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and TOCA standards, bringing the final number of rounds to 24.
Championship results tables
No driver may collect more than one "Lead a Lap" point per race no matter how many laps they lead.
Drivers' top 20 results count towards the championship.
Drivers Championship
Note: bold signifies pole position in class (1 point awarded all races), italics signifies fastest lap in class (1 point awarded all races) and * signifies that driver lead feature race for at least one lap (1 point given).
‡ Retired before second start of race
Independent's Championship
Manufacturers Championship
Touring Teams Championship
‡ Retired before second start of race
References
External links
Official website of the British Touring Car Championship
BTCC Pages
Touring-Cars.net
2000 Season
Touring Car Championship Season |
5390993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20Room%20%28The%20Angels%20album%29 | Dark Room (The Angels album) | Dark Room is the fourth studio album by Australian band The Angels, released in June 1980. It was their first album for CBS/Epic and was co-produced by the group's John and Richard Brewster (brothers). It peaked at number five on the Kent Music Report Albums Chart. It reached number 37 on the New Zealand Albums Chart in July 1980.
In the Australasian market the album provided three singles, "No Secrets", "Poor Baby" and "Face the Day". "No Secrets" peaked at No. 8 on the Kent Music Report Singles Chart – their highest position to that time. The other two reached the top 100 in Australia. "Face the Day" appeared at No. 30 on the New Zealand Singles Chart.
For European and North American markets the album was issued as Darkroom in October 1980 under the name, Angel City, "to avoid confusion with the US glam metal band Angel." Two tracks, "Alexander" and "I'm Scared", were replaced by "Ivory Stairs" and "Straight Jacket". When the group toured the United States to promote this album they performed as Angel City. They released "No Secrets" as Angel City, late in 1980.
In June 2002 Shock Records issued four-disc box set The Complete Sessions 1980–1983 with remastered versions of Dark Room (nine bonus tracks), Night Attack (nine bonus tracks), Watch the Red (five bonus tracks) and The Blow (2× CD). In June 2006 Liberation Music re-issued Dark Room using the version from The Complete Sessions 1980–1983.
Reception
Track listings
Dark Room (June 1980) CBS/Epic (EPC 451066 2)
Personnel
The Angels
Doc Neeson – lead vocals
Rick Brewster – lead guitar, piano, organ
John Brewster – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Chris Bailey – bass guitar, backing vocals
Graham "Buzz" Bidstrup – drums
Recording details
Producer – Graham Bidstrup (track 1), J. Brewster (tracks 2–9), R. Brewster (tracks 2–9)
Audio engineer – Dave Marett, Dave Cafe, Mark Opitz
Art works
Cover – Timewinds
Photography – Shoot and Run
Charts
Certifications and sales
References
External links
Dark Room at Liberation Music
The Angels (Australian band) albums
1980 albums
Epic Records albums |
5391000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial%20notch | Radial notch | The radial notch of the ulna (lesser sigmoid cavity) is a narrow, oblong, articular depression on the lateral side of the coronoid process; it receives the circumferential articular surface of the head of the radius.
It is concave from before backward, and its prominent extremities serve for the attachment of the annular ligament.
Additional images
References
External links
elbow/elbowbones/bones3 at the Dartmouth Medical School's Department of Anatomy
Upper limb anatomy
Ulna |
5391003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanha | Nanha | Rafi Khawar (Punjabi, ) (4 August 1942 – 2 June 1986), popularly known as Nanha (Urdu: ننھا), was a Pakistani actor and comedian. He started his film career in 1966 and earned several awards including 3 Nigar awards.
Career
His first Urdu language film was Watan Ka Sipahi, released in 1966. Nanha got a breakthrough from film Noukar in 1976. He played the lead role in film Tehka Pehlwan in 1979, and in the same year his film Dubai Chalo was a super hit at the box office. His pairing with fellow comedian Ali Ejaz was popular since film Insaniyat (1967 film). Ali Ejaz and Nanha, as popular pair of comedians, were seen together in more than 50 films.
He was regarded as an exceptional comedy talent and for many years was the star of the widely popular Pakistan Television Corporation's TV show Alif Noon that ran for three television seasons during the early 1980s. He was a familiar face, well-known and loved by all. Nanha acted in Alif Noon with his fellow comedian Kamal Ahmed Rizvi better known as Allan in the TV show.
A supporting actress and a then popular film dancer named Nazli usually appeared with Nanha as his love interest in those movies. They were also often seen together in public and became romantically involved in real life. Nanha's success in films and celebrity status was at an all-time high. So money was never an issue with Nanha during his love affair with Nazli. He even pressured his film producers to cast Nazli with him in many films and the pair became inseparable in the early 1980s. This was not to last after Nanha's films started to flop and he fell on hard times financially. Then Nazli also started to lose interest in him.
Death
Certain mysterious circumstances reportedly and allegedly drove Nanha to commit suicide by shooting himself with a shotgun on 2 June 1986.
His final resting place is in a cemetery located in Karim Block, Allama Iqbal Town, Lahore, Pakistan.
Filmography
Awards
See also
List of Lollywood actors
References
External links
1944 births
1986 deaths
Pakistani male comedians
Pakistani male film actors
Pakistani male television actors
Punjabi people
Nigar Award winners
20th-century Pakistani male actors
20th-century comedians
Suicides by firearm in Pakistan |
5391006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon%20Levy | Gideon Levy | Gideon Levy (; born 2 June 1953) is an Israeli journalist and author. Levy writes opinion pieces and a weekly column for the newspaper Haaretz that often focus on the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories. Levy has won prizes for his articles on human rights in the Israeli-occupied territories. His critics characterize him as left-wing and accuse him of being a propagandist for Hamas. In 2021, he won Israel's top award for journalism, the Sokolov Award.
Biography
Levy was born in 1953 in Tel Aviv.
Levy's father, Heinz (Zvi) Loewy, was born in the town of Saaz in the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, and earned a law degree from the University of Prague. He fled the Nazis in 1939 on a flight organized by two Slovakian Jews, together with 800 others. He spent six months on an illegal immigrant boat, the Frossoula, registered under a Panamanian flag, which was denied entry into Turkey and Palestine, and was permitted only temporary anchorage at Tripoli. He was then imprisoned in a detention camp at Beirut for six weeks. The group was then allowed to leave. During its journey, the ship was strafed by Royal Air Force planes, killing two passengers, after which the group was transferred to another ship, the Tiger Hill, which reached Mandate Palestine, where it ran aground at Tel-Aviv's Frischman Beach. His mother, Thea, from Ostrava, Czechoslovakia, was brought to Palestine in a rescue operation for children in 1939, and was placed in a kibbutz. His grandparents were murdered in the Holocaust. His father initially opened a bakery in Herzliya with his sister and worked as a newspaper deliveryman, but later found a job as an office clerk.
The family initially lived in poverty, but their lives became relatively comfortable when the German Holocaust reparations arrived. Levy attended Tel Aviv's Ironi Aleph High School. He and his younger brother Rafi often sang together, notably songs by Haim Hefer. During the Six-Day War in 1967, the street adjacent to his home was hit by Arab artillery. In 2007, Levy described his political views while a teenager as mainstream: "I was a full member of the nationalistic religious orgy. We all were under the feeling that the whole project [of Israel] is in an existentialistic danger. We all felt that another holocaust is around the corner."
Journalism and media career
Levy was drafted into the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) in 1974 and served as a reporter for Israel Army Radio. From 1978 to 1982, he worked as an aide and spokesman for Shimon Peres, then the leader of the Israeli Labor Party. In 1982, he began to write for the Israeli daily Haaretz. In 1983–87, he was a deputy editor. Despite his coverage of the Israeli-Arab conflict, he speaks no Arabic. He has written a column called "Twilight Zone" about the hardships of the Palestinians since 1988. In 2004, Levy published a compilation of articles entitled Twilight Zone – Life and Death under the Israeli Occupation. With Haim Yavin, he co-edited Whispering Embers, a documentary series on Russian Jewry after the fall of communism. He hosted A Personal meeting with Gideon Levy, a weekly talk show that was broadcast on Israeli cable TV on channel 3, and has appeared periodically on other television talk shows.
Levy has said that his views on Israel's policies toward the Palestinians developed only after joining Haaretz. "When I first started covering the West Bank for Haaretz, I was young and brainwashed", he said in a 2009 interview. "I would see settlers cutting down olive trees and soldiers mistreating Palestinian women at the checkpoints, and I would think, 'These are exceptions, not part of government policy.' It took me a long time to see that these were not exceptions – they were the substance of government policy."
In an interview, he said he doubts that any newspaper in Israel other than Haaretz would give him the journalistic freedom to publish the kind of pieces he writes.
On the issue of copyright violations in journalism, Levy voiced support in June 2011 for Johann Hari, then writing for The Independent of London, who was accused of plagiarism, while confirming that Hari had lifted quotes from Levy's newspaper column.
Views and opinions
Levy defines himself as a "patriotic Israeli". He criticizes what he sees as Israeli society's moral blindness to the effects of its acts of war and occupation. He has referred to the construction of settlements on private Palestinian land as "the most criminal enterprise in [Israel's] history". He opposed the 2006 Lebanon War. In 2007, he said that the plight of Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, then under Israeli blockade, made him ashamed to be Israeli. "My modest mission is to prevent a situation in which many Israelis will be able to say 'We didn't know'", he has said.
Levy supports unilateral withdrawal from occupied Palestinian territories without concessions. "Israel is not being asked 'to give' anything to the Palestinians; it is only being asked to return – to return their stolen land and restore their trampled self-respect, along with their fundamental human rights and humanity."
Levy used to support a two-state solution, but now feels it has become untenable, and supports a one-state solution.
Levy wrote that the 2008–09 Gaza War was a failed campaign that did not achieve its objectives. "The conclusion is that Israel is a violent and dangerous country, devoid of all restraints and blatantly ignoring the resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, while not giving a hoot about international law", he wrote in an editorial.
In 2010, Levy described Hamas as a fundamentalist organization and held it responsible for the Qassam rockets fired at Israeli cities: "Hamas is to be blamed for launching the Qassams. This is unbearable. No sovereign state would have tolerated it. Israel had the right to react". "But the first question you have to ask yourselves", he continued, "is why Hamas launched the missiles. Before criticising Hamas I would rather criticise my own government which carries a much bigger responsibility for the occupation and conditions in Gaza [...] And our behaviour was unacceptable."
Levy supports boycotting Israel, saying it is "the Israeli patriot's final refuge". He has said that economic boycott is more important, but that he also supports academic and cultural boycott.
Reception
Praise
Levy's writing has earned him numerous awards, including the Emil Grunzweig Human Rights Award in 1996 from the Association for Civil Rights in Israel, the Anna Lindh Foundation Journalism Award in 2008 for an article he wrote about Palestinian children killed by Israeli forces, and the Peace Through Media Award in 2012. New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman has called him "a powerful liberal voice". In his review of Levy's book The Punishment of Gaza, journalist and literary critic Nicholas Lezard called him "an Israeli dedicated to saving his country's honour", but said "there is much of the story he leaves out". Le Monde and Der Spiegel have profiled Levy. "He has a global name. He may be [one of] the most famous and the most invited journalists in Israel", wrote Israeli journalist Ben-Dror Yemini.
In 2021, Levy was awarded Israel's top journalism award, the Sokolow Prize. In its citation, the prize committee wrote that Levy "presents original and independent positions that do not surrender to convention or social codes, and in doing so enriches the public discourse fearlessly."
Criticism
Levy has been criticized for being anti-Israeli and supporting Palestinian radicalism. "Is it wrong to ask of reporters in a country that is in the midst of a difficult war to show a little more empathy for their people and their country?" asked Amnon Dankner of the Maariv newspaper. Ben-Dror Yemini, the editor of the opinion page of Maariv, called Levy one of the "propagandists for the Hamas". Itamar Marcus, director of Palestinian Media Watch, wrote "[One of] the current Israeli heroes [of the Hamas], from whom the Palestinians garner support for their ways, [is] Gideon Levy". In 2008, Arutz Sheva reported that Levy's article about the Jerusalem bulldozer attack was translated into Arabic for a Hamas website. In 2006, Gideon Ezra, Israel's former deputy Minister of Internal Security, suggested that the General Security Services should monitor Levy as a borderline security risk.
In 2002, Israeli novelist Irit Linur set off a wave of subscription cancellations to Haaretz when she wrote an open letter to the paper cancelling her own subscription. "It is a person's right to be a radical leftist, and publish a newspaper in accordance with his world view... However Haaretz has reached the point where its anti-Zionism has become stupid and evil", she wrote. She also accused Levy of amateurism because he does not speak Arabic.
Other public figures also cancelled their subscriptions, including Roni Daniel, the military and security correspondent for Israeli Channel 2. Levy himself joked that there is a thick file of anti-Levy cancellations in the Haaretz newsroom.
In an open letter to Levy in 2009, Israeli author A. B. Yehoshua, formerly a supporter of Levy, described his comparison of Gazan-Israeli death tolls as absurd and questioned his motives.
In 2013, Levy published an article about what he views as a disgraceful attitude towards African asylum seekers in Israel. In considering the reasons for this attitude, he wrote, "This time the issue is not security, Israel’s state religion. Nor are still talking about a flood of refugees, because the border with Egypt has been closed. So the only explanation for this disgraceful treatment lies in the national psyche. The migrants' color is the problem. A million immigrants from Russia, a third of them non-Jews, some of whom were also found to have a degree of alcohol and crime in their blood, were not a problem. Tens of thousands of Africans are the ultimate threat." Levy's remarks about Russians produced accusations of racism from Eddie Zhensker, executive director of the Russian advocacy NGO Morashtenu, who accused Levy of "brute and coarse prejudices". Immigrant Absorption Minister Sofa Landver demanded that Levy be placed on trial. Levy later apologised to those who were offended, but claimed that the real problem was that he had called Russian "immigrants" instead of "olim" and compared them to Africans.
During the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict the chairman of the Likud Yisrael Beiteinu faction in the Knesset, Yariv Levin, called for Levy to be put on trial for treason.
In February 2016, after Levy criticized the Israel Labor Party, its Secretary General, Yehiel Bar, wrote in Haaretz that Levy is a Trojan horse: "Sad, that Levy who used to be a moral compass, became a broken compass: at all time, with no connection to circumstances or reality, Levy's compass points negative, points despair, points irrelevant". Bar added that Levy regards Palestinians as uneducated children who are exempted of any responsibility to their actions.
Private life
Levy resides in the Ramat Aviv neighborhood of Tel Aviv, on a site that was, before 1948, part of the Palestinian Arab village of Sheikh Munis. He is a divorced father of two. He says his sons do not share his politics and do not read anything he writes. He has received death threats.
Published works
Twilight Zone – Life and Death under the Israeli Occupation. 1988–2003. Tel Aviv: Babel Press, 2004 ,
The Punishment of Gaza, Verso Books, 2010,
Awards
Emil Grunzweig Peace Award.
2003: Sparkasse Leipzig Prize Media Award
2007: Euro-Med Journalist Prize for Cultural Dialogue
5 May 2012: Peace Through Media Award at the eighth annual International Media Awards
7 January 2016: Olof Palme Prize, shared with Palestinian pastor Mitri Raheb, for their "fight against occupation and violence"
9 November 2021: Sokolov Award.
References
External links
Selection of articles by Levy
Is Gideon Levy the most hated man in Israel or just the most heroic?. Interview by Johann Hari, The Independent, 24 September 2010
1953 births
Living people
Israeli columnists
Israeli Jews
Israeli journalists
Israeli people of Czech-Jewish descent
Israeli people of German-Jewish descent
Israeli political writers
Writers from Tel Aviv
Haaretz people
Writers on the Middle East |
5391024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9rateur%20National%20d%27Ions%20Lourds | Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds | The Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds (GANIL), or Large Heavy Ion National Accelerator, is a French national nuclear physics research center in Caen. The facility has been in operation since 1983, and consists primarily of two serialised synchrocyclotrons.
See also
Projects:
Fazia
Similar facilities:
GSI
Riken, Japan
NSCL, USA
Dubna, Russia
CERN
TRIUMF
External links
GANIL
Scholarpedia article
Laboratories in France
Nuclear research institutes
Research institutes in France
French National Centre for Scientific Research
Institutes associated with CERN |
5391033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%20Freeman | Chapman Freeman | Chapman Freeman (October 8, 1832 – March 22, 1904) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Biography
Chapman Freeman was born in Philadelphia. In 1851, he graduated from Central High School as a "distinguished student" of the 26th session, giving a speech at the graduation ceremony, which was held at the Musical Fund Hall. He went on to study law, but engaged in mercantile pursuits until he entered the United States Navy as acting assistant paymaster in 1863.
In 1864, he resigned due to his impaired health, and subsequently resumed the study of law. He was then admitted to the bar in 1867 and, in 1873, became one of the commissioners of the Centennial in Vienna, Austria, during which time he represented the city of Philadelphia.
He was elected in 1874 as a Republican to the 44th Congress and served two terms. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1878.
References
Retrieved on 2009-5-16
The Political Graveyard
1832 births
1904 deaths
Politicians from Philadelphia
United States Navy sailors
Pennsylvania lawyers
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
19th-century American politicians
Central High School (Philadelphia) alumni |
5391037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%20of%20motion | Constant of motion | In mechanics, a constant of motion is a quantity that is conserved throughout the motion, imposing in effect a constraint on the motion. However, it is a mathematical constraint, the natural consequence of the equations of motion, rather than a physical constraint (which would require extra constraint forces). Common examples include energy, linear momentum, angular momentum and the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector (for inverse-square force laws).
Applications
Constants of motion are useful because they allow properties of the motion to be derived without solving the equations of motion. In fortunate cases, even the trajectory of the motion can be derived as the intersection of isosurfaces corresponding to the constants of motion. For example, Poinsot's construction shows that the torque-free rotation of a rigid body is the intersection of a sphere (conservation of total angular momentum) and an ellipsoid (conservation of energy), a trajectory that might be otherwise hard to derive and visualize. Therefore, the identification of constants of motion is an important objective in mechanics.
Methods for identifying constants of motion
There are several methods for identifying constants of motion.
The simplest but least systematic approach is the intuitive ("psychic") derivation, in which a quantity is hypothesized to be constant (perhaps because of experimental data) and later shown mathematically to be conserved throughout the motion.
The Hamilton–Jacobi equations provide a commonly used and straightforward method for identifying constants of motion, particularly when the Hamiltonian adopts recognizable functional forms in orthogonal coordinates.
Another approach is to recognize that a conserved quantity corresponds to a symmetry of the Lagrangian. Noether's theorem provides a systematic way of deriving such quantities from the symmetry. For example, conservation of energy results from the invariance of the Lagrangian under shifts in the origin of time, conservation of linear momentum results from the invariance of the Lagrangian under shifts in the origin of space (translational symmetry) and conservation of angular momentum results from the invariance of the Lagrangian under rotations. The converse is also true; every symmetry of the Lagrangian corresponds to a constant of motion, often called a conserved charge or current.
A quantity is a constant of the motion if its total time derivative is zero
which occurs when 's Poisson bracket with the Hamiltonian equals minus its partial derivative with respect to time
Another useful result is Poisson's theorem, which states that if two quantities and are constants of motion, so is their Poisson bracket .
A system with n degrees of freedom, and n constants of motion, such that the Poisson bracket of any pair of constants of motion vanishes, is known as a completely integrable system. Such a collection of constants of motion are said to be in involution with each other.
In quantum mechanics
An observable quantity Q will be a constant of motion if it commutes with the hamiltonian, H, and it does not itself depend explicitly on time. This is because
where
is the commutator relation.
Derivation
Say there is some observable quantity Q which depends on position, momentum and time,
And also, that there is a wave function which obeys Schrödinger's equation
Taking the time derivative of the expectation value of Q requires use of the product rule, and results in
{|
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|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|}
So finally,
{|cellpadding="2" style="border:2px solid #ccccff"
|
|}
Comment
For an arbitrary state of a Quantum Mechanical system, if H and Q commute, i.e. if
and Q is not explicitly dependent on time, then
But if is an eigenfunction of Hamiltonian, then even if
it is still the case that
provided Q is independent on time.
Derivation
{|
|
|
|-
|
|
|}
Since
{|
|
|}
then
{|
|
|
|-
|
|
|}
This is the reason why Eigenstates of the Hamiltonian are also called stationary states.
Relevance for quantum chaos
In general, an integrable system has constants of motion other than the energy. By contrast, energy is the only constant of motion in a non-integrable system; such systems are termed chaotic. In general, a classical mechanical system can be quantized only if it is integrable; as of 2006, there is no known consistent method for quantizing chaotic dynamical systems.
Integral of motion
A constant of motion may be defined in a given force field as any function of phase-space coordinates (position and velocity, or position and momentum) and time that is constant throughout a trajectory. A subset of the constants of motion are the integrals of motion, or first integrals, defined as any functions of only the phase-space coordinates that are constant along an orbit. Every integral of motion is a constant of motion, but the converse is not true because a constant of motion may depend on time. Examples of integrals of motion are the angular momentum vector, , or a Hamiltonian without time dependence, such as . An example of a function that is a constant of motion but not an integral of motion would be the function for an object moving at a constant speed in one dimension.
Dirac observables
In order to extract physical information from gauge theories, one either constructs gauge invariant observables or fixes a gauge. In a canonical language, this usually means either constructing functions which Poisson-commute on the constraint surface with the gauge generating first class constraints or to fix the flow of the latter by singling out points within each gauge orbit. Such gauge invariant observables are thus the `constants of motion' of the gauge generators and referred to as Dirac observables.
References
Classical mechanics |
5391044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab%20Lemco | Lab Lemco | 'Lab Lemco' Powder is a refined meat extract that is very light in color and has been in production since 1865. This product is used in a wide range of bacteriological growth media. It has growth-promoting qualities for the culturing of cells in laboratories, and is much easier to handle than most other meat extracts.
Lemco refers to the original producer of the meat extract, the Liebig's Extract of Meat Company.
References
Microbiological media ingredients
Bacteriology |
5391049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio%20Maino | Antonio Maino | Antonio Maino (born 23 November 1951) is an Italian masters athlete who won two medals at the European Masters Games.
Achievements
See also
List of Italian records in masters athletics
References
External links
Antonio Maino at FIDAL
1951 births
Living people
Italian masters athletes |
5391050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20Nigeria | Languages of Nigeria | There are over 525 native languages spoken in Nigeria. The official language of Nigeria is English, the language of former colonial British Nigeria. As reported in 2003, Nigerian Brail and Nigerian Pidgin were spoken as a second language by 60 million people in Nigeria. Communication in the Brail language is much more popular in the country's urban communities than it is in the rural areas, due to globalization.
The major native languages, in terms of population, are Hausa (over 80 million when including second-language, or L2, speakers), Yoruba (over 50 million including L2 speakers), Igbo (over 30 million, including L2 speakers), Efik-Ibibio cluster (over 15 million), Fulfulde (13 million), Kanuri (8 million), Tiv (5 million), Nupe (3 million) and approx. 2 to 3 million each of Karai-Karai Kupa, Kakanda, Edo, Igala, Idoma and Izon. Nigeria's linguistic diversity is a microcosm of much of Africa as a whole, and the country contains languages from the three major African language families: Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan and Niger–Congo. Nigeria also has several as-yet unclassified languages, such as Centúúm, which may represent a relic of an even greater diversity prior to the spread of the current language families.
Afroasiatic languages
The Afroasiatic languages of Nigeria is divided into Chadic, Semitic and Berber. Among these category, Chadic languages predominate, with more than 700 languages. Semitic is represented by various dialects of Arabic spoken in the Northeast and Berber by the Tuareg-speaking communities in the extreme Northwest. The Hausa language is the best known Chadic language in Nigeria; though there is a paucity of statistics on native speakers in Nigeria, the language is spoken by 24 million people in West Africa and is the second language of 15 million more. Hausa has therefore emerged as lingua franca throughout much of West Africa, and the Sahel in particular. The language is spoken primarily amongst Northern Nigerians and is often associated with Islamic culture in Nigeria and West Africa on the whole.
Hausa is classified as a West Chadic language of the Chadic grouping, a major subfamily of Afroasiatic. Culturally, the Hausa people became closely integrated with the Fulani following the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate by the Fulani Uthman dan Fodio in the 19th century. Hausa is the official language of several states in Northern Nigeria and the most important dialect is generally regarded as that spoken in Kano, an Eastern Hausa dialect, which is the standard variety used for official purposes.
Eastern dialects also include some dialects spoken in Zaria and Bauchi; Western Hausa dialects include Sakkwatanchi spoken in Sokoto, Katsinanchi in Katsina Arewanchi in both Gobir and Adar, Kebbi and Zamfara. Katsina is transitional between Eastern and Western dialects. Northern Hausa dialects include Arewa and Arawa, whilst Zaria is a prominent Southern version; Barikanchi is a pidgin formerly used in the military.
Hausa is a very atypical Chadic language, with a reduced tonal system and a phonology influenced by Arabic. Other well-known Chadic languages include Mupun, Ngas, Goemai, Mwaghavul, Bole, Ngizim, Bade and Bachama. In the East of Nigeria and on into Cameroon are the Central Chadic languages such as Bura, Kamwe and Margi. These are highly diverse and remain very poorly described. Many Chadic languages are severely threatened; recent searches by Bernard Caron for Southern Bauchi languages show that even some of those recorded in the 1970s have disappeared. However unknown Chadic languages are still being reported, such as the recent description of Dyarim.
Hausa, as well as other Afroasiatic languages such as Kanuri, Margi, Karai-Karai and Bade (another West Chadic language spoken in northeastern Nigeria), have historically been written in a modified Arabic script known as ajami. However the modern official orthography is now a romanization known as boko introduced by the British regime in the 1930s.
The major native languages, in terms of population, are Hausa (over 80 million when including second-language, or L2, speakers), Yoruba (over 50 million including L2 speakers), Igbo (over 30 million, including L2 speakers) Fulfulde (13 million), Efik-Ibibio cluster (10 million), Kanuri (8 million), Tiv (5 million), Nupe (3 million) and approx. 2 to 3 million each of Karai-Karai Kupa, Kakanda, Edo, Igala, Idoma and Izon. Nigeria's linguistic diversity is a microcosm of much of Africa as a whole, and the country contains languages from the three major African language families: Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan and Niger–Congo. Nigeria also has several as-yet unclassified languages, such as Centúúm, which may represent a relic of an even greater diversity prior to the spread of the current language families.
Niger–Congo languages
Niger–Congo predominates in the Central, East and Southern areas of Nigeria; the main branches represented in Nigeria are Mande, Atlantic, Gur, Kwa, Benue–Congo and Adamawa–Ubangi. Mande is represented by the Busa cluster and Kyenga in the northwest. Fulfulde is the single Atlantic language, of Senegambian origin but now spoken by cattle pastoralists across the Sahel and largely in the northeastern states of Nigeria, especially Adamawa.
The Ijoid languages are spoken across the Niger Delta and include Ịjọ (Ijaw), Kalabari, and the intriguing remnant language Defaka. The Efik language is spoken across the coastal southeastern part of Nigeria and includes the dialects Ibibio, Annang, and Efik proper. The single Gur language spoken is Baatọnun, in the extreme Northwest.
The Adamawa–Ubangian languages are spoken between central Nigeria and the Central African Republic. Their westernmost representatives in Nigeria are the Tula-Waja languages. The Kwa languages are represented by the Gun group in the extreme southwest, which is affiliated to the Gbe languages in Benin and Togo.
The classification of the remaining languages is controversial; Joseph Greenberg classified those without noun-classes, such as Yoruba, Igbo, and Ibibio (Efik, Ibibio, and Annang), as 'Eastern Kwa' and those with classes as 'Benue–Congo'. This was reversed in an influential 1989 publication and reflected on the 1992 map of languages, where all these were considered Benue–Congo. Recent opinion, however, has been to revert to Greenberg's distinction. The literature must thus be read with care and due regard for the date. There are several small language groupings in the Niger Confluence area, notably Ukaan, Akpes, Ayere-Ahan and Ọkọ, whose inclusion in these groupings has never been satisfactorily argued.
Former Eastern Kwa, i.e. West Benue–Congo would then include Igboid, i.e. Igbo language proper, Ukwuani, Ikwerre, Ekpeye etc., Yoruboid, i.e. Yoruba, Itsekiri and Igala, Akokoid (eight small languages in Ondo, Edo and Kogi state), Edoid including Edo (sometimes referred to as) Bini in Edo State, Ibibio-Efik, Idomoid (Idoma) and Nupoid (Nupe) and perhaps include the other languages mentioned above. The Idoma language is classified in the Akweya subgroup of the Idomoid languages of the Volta–Niger family, which include Alago, Agatu, Etulo and Yala languages of Benue, Nasarawa and Northern Cross River states.
East Benue–Congo includes Kainji, Plateau (46 languages, notably Gamai language), Jukunoid, Dakoid and some parts of Cross River. Apart from these, there are numerous Bantoid languages, which are the languages immediately ancestral to Bantu. These include Mambiloid, Ekoid of Cross River State, Bendi, Beboid, Grassfields and Tivoid languages.
The geographic distribution of Nigeria's Niger-Congo languages is not limited to the middle east and south-central Nigeria, as migration allows their spread to the linguistically Afro-Asiatic northern regions of Nigeria, as well as throughout West Africa and abroad. Igbo words such as 'unu' for 'you people', 'sooso' for 'only', 'obia' for 'native doctoring', etc. are used in patois of Jamaica and many Central American nations, Yoruba is spoken as a ritual language in cults such as the Santeria in the Caribbean and South-Central America, and the Berbice Dutch language in Surinam is based on an Ijoid language.
Even the above listed linguistic diversity of the Niger–Congo in Nigeria is deceptively limiting, as these languages may further consist of regional dialects that may not be mutually intelligible. As such some languages, particularly those with a large number of speakers, have been standardized and received a romanized orthography. Nearly all languages appear in a Latin alphabet when written.
The Efik, Igbo, and Yoruba languages are notable examples of this process. The more historically recent standardization and romanization of Igbo have provoked even more controversy due to its dialectical diversity, but the Central Igbo dialect has gained the widest acceptance as the standard-bearer. Many such as Chinua Achebe have dismissed standardization as colonial and conservative attempts to simplify a complex mosaic of languages.
Such controversies typify inter- and intra-ethnic conflict endemic to post-colonial Nigeria. Also worthy of note is the Enuani dialect, a variation of the Igbo that is spoken among parts of Anioma. The Anioma are the Aniocha, Ndokwa/Ukwuani, Ika and Oshimilli of Delta state.
Standard Yoruba came into being due to the work Samuel Crowther, the first African bishop of the Anglican Church and owes most of its lexicon to the dialects spoken in Ọyọ and Ibadan.
Since Standard Yoruba's constitution was determined by a single author rather than by a consensual linguistic policy by all speakers, the Standard has been attacked regarding for failing to include other dialects and spurred debate as to what demarcates "genuine Yoruba".
Linguistically speaking, all demonstrate the varying phonological features of the Niger–Congo family to which they belong, these include the use of tone, nasality, and particular consonant and vowel systems; more information is available here.
Branches and locations
Below is a list of major Niger–Congo branches and their primary locations based on Blench (2019).
In addition, Ijaw languages are spoken in Rivers State, Bayelsa State, and other states of the Niger Delta region. Mande languages are spoken in Kebbi State, Niger State, and Kwara State.
Nilo-Saharan languages
In Nigeria, the Nilo-Saharan language family is represented by:
Saharan languages:
Kanuri and Kanembu in the northeastern part of Nigeria in the states of Borno, Yobe and parts of Jigawa, and Bauchi states
Teda in northern Nigeria
Songhai languages:
Zarma (Zabarma) and Dendi in Kebbi State near the border with the neighbouring countries of Niger and northern Benin.
Central Sudanic languages:
Lau Laka, a recently discovered Central Sudanic language of Taraba State
List of languages
This is a non-exhaustive list of languages in Nigeria.
See also
Niger-Congo languages
Ethnic groups of Nigeria
Notes
Bibliographies
Crozier, David & Blench, Roger (1992) An Index of Nigerian Languages (2nd edition). Dallas: SIL.mbembe language in cross river
Blench, Roger (1998) 'The Status of the Languages of Central Nigeria', in Brenzinger, M. (ed.) Endangered languages in Africa. Köln: Köppe Verlag, 187–206. online version
Blench, Roger (2002) Research on Minority Languages in Nigeria in 2001. Ogmios.
Blench, Roger (n.d.) Atlas of Nigerian Languages, ed. III (revised and amended edition of Crozier & Blench 1992)
Kwache, Iliya Yame (2016) Kamwe People of Northern Nigeria :Origin, History and Culture
Chigudu, Theophilus Tanko (2017); Indigenous peoples of North clCentral Nigeria Area: an endangered race.
Emenanjo, E. N. (2019). Four Decades in the Study of Nigerian Languages and Linguistics: A Festschrift for KayWilliamson.
Lamle, Elias Nankap, Coprreality and Dwelling spaces in Tarokland. NBTT Press. Jos Nigeria in "Ngappak" journal of the Tarok Nation 2005
External links
African linguistic maps: Nigeria & Cameroun on Muturzikin.com
Ethnologue listing of Nigerian languages |
5391051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chryston | Chryston | Chryston is a village in North Lanarkshire, around east of Glasgow, in Scotland. It lies north of its sister village, Muirhead, which is on the A80. The village has around double Muirhead's population although the exact boundary between the two modern villages is difficult to find.
History
The etymology of the name is uncertain but may refer to the "town of Cristinus". Several old documents show Chryston with various spellings including maps by Timothy Pont, William Forrest, Thomas Richardson, and William Roy.
In the 18th century, Chryston had one of the four schools in the parish of Cadder. William Barclay, himself a school teacher, reported the low pay of his profession in the Old Statistical Account.
One gazetteer, Samuel Lewis, from around 1846, describes a recently established library. He quotes 555 inhabitants. The same publication also stated that Chyston was a quoad sacra parish including the villages of Mollinsburn, Moodiesburn, Muirhead and the hamlet of Auchinloch. Even today Moodiesburn is often included in the Chryston district: Devro headquarters has Chryston as its official address, and Moodiesburn's Stoneyetts Hospital (originally part of East Muckcroft within the "Woodilee Estate") was sometimes listed under Chryston. As with Muirhead, children born of Moodiesburn citizens have Chryston as their birth district on their birth certificate.
Chryston Parish Church serves the villages of Chryston, Moodiesburn and Muirhead and has churches in Chryston and Moodiesburn.
On Friday 18 September 1959, 47 miners lost their lives in the Auchengeich mining disaster at nearby Auchengeich Colliery.
Chryston High School is a six-year non-denominational secondary school situated on Lindsaybeg Road.
Demography
Groome's Gazetteer gives historical statistics including population. The 1891 and 1901 statistics include Muirhead.
See also
List of places in North Lanarkshire
References
External links
local information site
Villages in North Lanarkshire
Greater Glasgow |
5391075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial%20collateral%20ligament%20of%20elbow%20joint | Radial collateral ligament of elbow joint | The radial collateral ligament (RCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL), or external lateral ligament is a ligament in the elbow on the side of the radius.
Structure
The composition of the triangular ligamentous structure on the lateral side of the elbow varies widely between individuals and can be considered either a single ligament, in which case multiple distal attachments are generally mentioned and the annular ligament is described separately, or as several separate ligaments, in which case parts of those ligaments are often described as indistinguishable from each other.
In the latter case, the ligaments are collectively referred to as the lateral collateral ligament complex (LCLC), consisting of four ligaments:
the radial collateral ligament [proper] (RCL), from the lateral epicondyle to the annular ligament deep to the common extensor tendon
the lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL), from the lateral epicondyle to the supinator crest on the ulna. Near the attachment on the humerus this ligament is normally indistinguishable from the RCL and can be considered the posterior portion of it. described the distal part of the LUCL as "a definite bundle which normally crosses the annular band and gains attachment to the supinator crest, frequently to a special tubercle on that crest" but didn't name it.
the annular ligament (AL), from the posterior to the anterior margins of radial notch on the ulna, encircles the head of radius and holds it against the radial notch of ulna.
the accessory lateral collateral ligament (ALCL), from the inferior margin of the annular ligament to the supinator crest.
Clinical significance
The radial collateral ligament may be involved in lateral epicondylitis.
Additional images
Explanations
References
Bibliography
Ligaments of the upper limb |
5391079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernau | Bernau | Bernau may refer to:
Bernau bei Berlin, a town in Brandenburg, Germany
Bernau am Chiemsee, a municipality in the district of Rosenheim in Bavaria, Germany
Bernau im Schwarzwald, a municipality in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Bernau im Rhein-Neckar-Kreis, a part of Waibstadt in Baden-Württemberg, Germany |
5391084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motebennur | Motebennur | Motebennur is one of the largest villages in Haveri district of the state of Karnataka, India. It is the largest village in Byadagi Taluk. It is about 10 km south from Haveri city in NH-4. Local language is Kannada,
Villages in Haveri district |
5391106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilera%20Runner | Gilera Runner | The Gilera Runner is a scooter manufactured by Italian company Piaggio under the Gilera brand, designed by Luciano Marabese of Marabese Design Srl. It is noted for its unusual style, high performance and good handling. The Runner was initially only available with two stroke engines with 125 cc and 180 cc four stroke versions arriving in 1998 and the larger two stroke versions phased out. The model range was revised in 2005 with an all new model introduced in 2009. All 50 cc Runner models were restricted to to comply with European law. The 125, 180 and 200cc models were not restricted.
Two stroke models
The first incarnation of the Gilera Runner was a 50cc that was released in 1997 in Europe. The 50cc model went through a number of revisions; in 1998, a rear disc brake was added with the Gilera Runner 50DD (Double Disc). The colour scheme was also revised with the release of the Runner 50SP. The direct injection Runner Purejet 50 was released in 2003 with lower emissions.
In 1998, the FX Runner was introduced which had the same styling as the 50cc. In 1999, the SP model was released. The biggest difference between the FX (FXR) and the SP is the FX had a petrol tank and battery stowed near the spark plug and a rear drum brake. The SP has a petrol tank, the battery is stowed under the seat and it has a rear disc brake.
In 1999, the FXR was introduced and was by far the fastest of the Runners including the new generation four strokes. It was noted for its high performance and great handling. Unfortunately it has a high fuel consumption.
Four stroke models
The first generation of Gilera Runner had four-stroke variants added initially in VX 125 (124 cc) and VXR 180 guises. The VXR 180 was replaced by the larger capacity VXR 200 (198 cc) in mid 2002. The four-stroke Runner was equipped with a liquid cooled, four valve version of Piaggio's LEADER engine. All of these models came with an immobiliser with programmed keys.
Second Generation (2005)
A second generation of the Runner saw the first major redesign since its original introduction. The revised models were launched in 2005 with a line up of three models which consisted of the two-stroke carburetor SP 50, fuel injected Purejet 50 and the four-stroke VX 125. A revised VXR 200 became available in spring 2006.
The current model line up consists of Runner ST 125 and Runner ST 200 which utilize the LEADER 4-valve engine. Now Runner has an analog-digital board, bigger wheels, the seat opens by pressing the steering wheel lock.
On two-stroke models the oil filler hole has now been moved under the front of the seat, and there is a basic tool in the small compartment at the back.
The 2008 models had minor updates.
References
External links
Official Gilera website
Motor scooters
Gilera motorcycles
Motorcycles introduced in 1997
Two-stroke motorcycles |
5391170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobelodus | Cobelodus | Cobelodus is an extinct genus of holocephalid known from the late Carboniferous to the early Permian period. The type specimen, assigned to the genus Styptobasis, was discovered by Edward Drinker Cope in Illinois Basin black coal shales. Rainer Zangerl reassigned S. aculeata in 1973 to the genus Cobelodus, translating to 'needle tooth'. Cope's description was based from a tooth fragment and was compared to the genus Monocladodus. Cobelodus differs from Styptobasis and Monocladodus in the anatomy of its teeth and pectoral fins.
Cobelodus was a long predator. Although it was related to the chimaera, Cobelodus had a number of differences from modern forms. It had a bulbous head, large eyes, a high-arched back, and a dorsal fin placed far to the rear, above the pelvic fins. Because of its large eyes, it is thought to have lived in the deeper, darker parts of the sea, hunting crustaceans and squid. Another unusual physical feature of Cobelodus are the long, flexible cartilagenous 'tentacles' sprouting from its pectoral fins. Their purpose is unknown.
References
Permian fish of North America
Symmoriiformes |
5391181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxamed%20Daahir%20Afrax | Maxamed Daahir Afrax | Maxamed Daahir Afrax (, ) Ph. D. is a Somali novelist, playwright, journalist and scholar.
Biography
Afrax was born and raised in Somalia. He began his education early as a child and was an excellent student top of his class.
A polyglot, he writes in Somali, Arabic and English. Afrax has published three novels in Somali, Guur-ku-sheeg (1975), Maana-faay (1979) and Galti-macruuf (1980), in addition to an historical novel in Arabic, Nida Al-Horiyah (1976). He has also published several short stories in both Arabic and Somali.
Also a playwright, Afrax has written two plays, the first being Durbaan Been ah ("A Deceptive Dream"), which was staged in Somalia in 1979. His major contribution in the field of theatre criticism is Somali Drama: Historical and Critical Study (1987).
In his novels and plays, Afrax denounces moral corruption and social injustice. When in 1980 his novel Gulti-macruuf ("Pseudo-civilized") began to appear in serialized form in Xiddigta Oktoobar (a leading national daily newspaper at the time), Somalia's government took offence. The publication of the story was subsequently discontinued at its 37th episode. Soon after that, in 1981, Afrax left Somalia and has been living abroad ever since.
Bibliography
Nadaraat fi Athaqaafah As-Soomaaliyah ('An Introduction to Somali Culture', in Arabic). ed. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, by the Culture and Information Department, U.A.E.
Maana-faay : qiso (a Somali novel) ed. London : Learning Design, 1997.(first published in 1981) (reportedly the first novel written in romanized Somali script)
Hal-Abuur : wargeys-xilliyeedka suugaanta & dhaqanka Soomaalida, Hal-Abuur Journal / 1993
The 'Abwaan' as beacon : the centrality of the message in Somali literature with especial reference to the play 'Shabeelnaagoog''', in: Horn of Africa / 2004
New, extensively revised and expanded edition of his book in Somali, Dal Dad Waayey iyo Duni Damiir Beeshay: Soomaaliya Dib ma u Dhalan Doontaa?, 2004 (A Land without Leaders in a World without Conscience: Can Somalia be Resurrected?)Ashakhsiyah Aturathiyah fi Shi'r Hadraawi, in: Al-Hikmah, 135 (Feb.), pp. 44–50.1987A Nation of Poets, or Art-loving People? Some Aspects of the Importance of Literature in Present-day Somali Society, Hal-Abuur: Journal of Somali Literature and Culture, 1:2-4 (Autumn/Winter 1993/4), pp. 32–6., 1994The Mirror of Culture: Somali Dissolution Seen Through Oral literature’, in Ahmed I. Samatar (ed.), The Somali Challenge: from Catastrophe to Renewal, Boulder, CO and London: Lynne Reinner, pp. 233–52., 1994
Further reading
Prof. Lidwien Kapteijns, Window on Somali Society: The Novels of Maxamed D. Afrax'', HAL-ABUUR, Autumn/Winter issue, 1993/94
See also
Nuruddin Farah
Farah Mohamed Jama Awl
Jama Musse Jama
References
Somalian novelists
Somalian dramatists and playwrights
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Somali-language writers |
5391190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulenur | Kulenur | Kulenur is a village in Haveri District, Karnataka, India. It is located 10 km from Haveri city. The river Varada passes nearby. A co-operative sugar factory is located 1 km from Kulenur. Most of the population are involved in agriculture.
Schools and Colleges
The government of Karnataka runs two free schools for students from Kulenur and surrounding villages. HPS Kulenur and GHS Kulenur.
References
Villages in Haveri district |
5391199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Council%20for%20Accreditation%20of%20Teacher%20Education | National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education | The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) was a professional accreditor focused on accrediting teacher education programs in U.S. colleges and universities. It was founded in 1954 and was recognized as an accreditor by the U.S. Department of Education.
On July 1, 2013, NCATE merged with the Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC), which was also a recognized accreditor of teacher-preparation programs, to form the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP).
Founding organizations
Five national education groups were instrumental in the creation of NCATE:
The American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE, which formerly accredited teachers colleges)
The National Education Association (NEA)
The National School Boards Association (NSBA)
The National Association of State Directors of Teacher Education and Certification (NASDTEC)
The Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO)
Coalition of organizations
NCATE was a coalition of 33 member organizations of teachers, teacher educators, content specialists, and local and state policy makers. All are committed to quality teaching, and together, the coalition represented over 3 million individuals. The professional associations that comprise NCATE also provided financial support and participated in the development of NCATE standards, policies, and procedures.
See also
List of recognized accreditation associations of higher learning
References
External links
Official website
Official website of the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP), NCATE's successor organization
School accreditors
Pedagogy
Educational organizations based in the United States
Academic organizations based in the United States
Organizations established in 1954
1954 establishments in the United States
Organizations based in Washington, D.C. |
5391204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%202006%20in%20sports | June 2006 in sports |
Days of the month
30 June 2006 (Friday)
Football: FIFA World Cup, Quarter final
1 – 1 (a.e.t.) A 49th-minute header by Roberto Ayala shocks the huge German crowd, but competition top scorer Miroslav Klose scores his 5th in the 80th minute. No further goals, and so to penalties: both teams have previously been in three World Cup penalty shoot-outs and never lost. Germany win 4–2 on penalties.
3 – 0 A 6th-minute goal by Gianluca Zambrotta gives Italy the lead. Luca Toni scores a header after 59 minutes following poor Ukrainian defending, and he scores a second ten minutes later.
2006 Tour de France: On the day before the prologue in Strasbourg, Jan Ullrich and Óscar Sevilla are suspended by their T-Mobile Team following an anti-doping investigation in Spain and Team CSC rider Ivan Basso has been excluded from the tour. Ullrich and Basso were considered the favorites to claim the overall yellow jersey following the retirement of Lance Armstrong following his seven straight championships. Also excluded from the tour is Francisco Mancebo (Ag2r). Astana-Würth has decided to withdraw its team, on the basis of five of their riders, including Joseba Beloki, appearing on the investigation list, which also removes Alexander Vinokourov from the tour. (BBC Sport)
28 June 2006 (Wednesday)
2006 NBA Draft: Andrea Bargnani is the first European player selected as the overall number one pick by the Toronto Raptors.
MLB: New York Mets pitcher Pedro Martínez is given a standing ovation by fans of the Boston Red Sox as he returns to Fenway Park for the first time since leading them to the 2004 World Series championship, but the Red Sox beat their former ace by scoring eight runs off him (six earned) on seven hits in a 10–2 blowout of the Mets.
27 June 2006 (Tuesday)
Football: FIFA World Cup, Round of 16 (final day)
3 – 0 Ronaldo scores within 5 minutes to become the all-time highest-scoring player in World Cup finals (15). Adriano scores from an offside position just before half time, despite Ghana having the bulk of possession. Ze Roberto ends the Brazilian scoring in the 84th minute as he breaks through the defence and beats Ghana goalkeeper Richard Kingson. Asamoah Gyan gets red carded late in the game for an attempted dive.
1 – 3 Two evenly matched enterprising teams produce a fine advert for the beautiful game. A 28th-minute penalty by David Villa gives Spain the lead, while a 42nd-minute goal by Franck Ribéry following a beautiful run makes things all-square at half time. With seven minutes to full-time Patrick Vieira gives France the lead for the first time. Zinedine Zidane scores France's third goal in the 92nd minute to set up a rematch of the 1998 final against Brazil next Saturday in Frankfurt.
26 June 2006 (Monday)
Cricket: Indian cricket team in West Indies in 2006:
Third Test at St Kitts: Match drawn. Winning the toss and electing to bat, the West Indies compiled 581 in two-and-a-half days. Daren Ganga (135) and Ramnaresh Sarwan (116) scored centuries, while Indian spinner Harbhajan Singh claimed five wickets. India responded with 362 (VVS Laxman 100), short of the follow-on target, but Brian Lara opted to bat again. In the second innings, West Indies declared its innings closed at 172/6, giving India a victory target of 392 with under a day's play remaining. The visitors were unable to achieve the target in the time remaining, the Test ending in a draw. The four-Test series remains tied at 0–0. (Complete scorecard)
Football: FIFA World Cup, Round of 16
1 – 0 A fairly even match with Australia having most possession, conducted in a sporting manner despite Marco Materazzi's 50th minute dismissal for a scything tackle. Francesco Totti scores a penalty with the last kick of the match.
0 – 0 A profoundly tedious match between two teams both afraid of losing – there was not a single offside decision in the whole first 90 minutes, the match goes into extra time, and ends up in a penalty shootout, which Ukraine wins 3–0.
Baseball: NCAA College World Series Championship Series, Game 3 (best-of-three):
Oregon State 3, North Carolina 2. The Beavers, who won the series 2–1 over the Tar Heels, became the first northern-based CWS champions since Ohio State won in 1966, and the first to lose two CWS games since the introduction of the current format in 2002 thanks to Bill Rowe scoring on Tar Heels second baseman Bryan Steed's throwing error.
25 June 2006 (Sunday)
Auto racing
The Indianapolis Star reports that a merger is imminent between the Indy Racing League and the Champ Car series, leading to a single open-wheel series no earlier than 2008 with negotiations of co-ownership. This would end a war between the two when Indianapolis Motor Speedway broke away from what was the CART series to form the IRL.
NASCAR NEXTEL Cup: Jeff Gordon wins the Dodge/Save Mart 350.
Baseball: NCAA College World Series Championship Series, Game 2 (best-of-three):
Oregon State 11, North Carolina 7. Oregon State evens the Championship Series on the power of a seven-run fourth inning. Series tied 1–1
Football: FIFA World Cup, Round of 16
1 – 0 David Beckham's first goal from a free kick for England since 2003, on the hour, separates the teams. (FIFA)
1 – 0 A Maniche goal midway through the first half gives Portugal the lead before the match gets out of hand and sees 16 yellow cards and 4 reds (a World Cup record for dismissals). (FIFA)
24 June 2006 (Saturday)
Baseball: NCAA College World Series Championship Series, Game 1 (best-of-three):
North Carolina 4, Oregon State 3. North Carolina leads series 1–0.
Football: FIFA World Cup, Round of 16
2 – 0 Two goals by Lukas Podolski (4 and 12 minutes) give Germany a fantastic start. Henrik Larsson blows a 52nd minute Swedish penalty chance. Germany go into the last 8 in the World Cup for the 15th time. (FIFA)
2 – 1 (a.e.t.) The game gets off to a scintillating start with two goals in the first nine minutes – Rafael Márquez puts Mexico ahead, then a goal by Hernán Crespo puts Argentina back on level terms. Still 1–1 at full-time, a wondergoal by Maxi Rodríguez in the eighth minute of extra time gives Argentina victory. (FIFA)
Rugby Union: Mid-year Tests:
19–25 (José Amalfitani Stadium, Buenos Aires)
37–15 Ireland (Subiaco Oval, Perth)
Ireland take a 15–11 lead early in the second half, but the Wallabies pull away for a comfortable win. (BBC)
26–36 (Newlands, Cape Town)
Les Bleus send the Springboks to their first home defeat since Jake White took over as Boks coach in February 2004. (BBC)
NHL: The 2006 NHL Entry Draft takes place at GM Place in Vancouver, British Columbia. American defenceman Erik Johnson goes first overall to the St. Louis Blues. Peterborough Pete Jordan Staal goes second to Pittsburgh, and University of North Dakota standout Jonathan Toews is taken third by the Chicago Blackhawks. (TSN)
23 June 2006 (Friday)
Football: FIFA World Cup, Group Phase (final day)
Group H: 0 – 1 Saudi goalkeeper Mabrouk Zaid plays an inspired match as Spain, who had already advanced to the knockout stages, rest their entire first team and the young guns have trouble finding the net except for Juanito, scoring in the 36th minute. (FIFA)
Group H: 1 – 0 An uninspiring Ukrainian performance takes 70 minutes before Andriy Shevchenko sinks a penalty, advancing them to the elimination phase, even though Tunisia were reduced to 10 men before half time, with Ziad Jaziri's second yellow card. (FIFA)
Group G: 0 – 2 In this must-win match for France, they failed to break down the Togolese defence until Patrick Vieira scored in the 55th minute, followed six minutes later by Thierry Henry. (FIFA)
Group G: 2 – 0 A first-half Philippe Senderos header gives the Swiss the lead, and Alexander Frei seals the win – and qualification – in the 77th minute on a controversial non-offside call. (FIFA)
22 June 2006 (Thursday)
MLB: In his first major-league game since coming back from retirement, Roger Clemens of the Houston Astros gives up two runs on six hits in five innings against the Minnesota Twins, but is charged with the loss as the Twins win, 4–2. Jason Kubel had a RBI Double, and Michael Cuddyer, an RBI single in the third inning of Minnesota's win. Meanwhile, Twins rookie pitcher Francisco Liriano pitched eight solid innings for the win. (AP)
NHL: Joe Thornton of the San Jose Sharks wins the Hart Memorial Trophy as the Most Valuable Player at the NHL Awards show in Vancouver, British Columbia. Other major winners included Alexander Ovechkin of the Washington Capitals winning the Calder Memorial Trophy as Rookie of the Year, Lindy Ruff of the Buffalo Sabres winning the Jack Adams Trophy as Coach of the Year, Nicklas Lidström from the Detroit Red Wings as the winner of the Norris Trophy as the league's best defenceman, and Calgary Flames goalie Miikka Kiprusoff winning the Vezina Trophy as the most valuable goaltender. NHL.com
NBA: After only one season, New York Knicks president and general manager Isiah Thomas fires head coach Larry Brown and names himself the new head coach.
Football: FIFA World Cup, Group Phase
Group E: 0 – 2 Jan Polák gets red carded near halftime, and the Czechs flame out to the Italians. Goal scorers for Italy were Marco Materazzi and Filippo Inzaghi. (FIFA)
Group E: 1 – 2 The USA is upset by the youngest team in the World Cup, and finish last in their group, extending their winless streak in World Cup competition at European sites to no wins, one draw and nine losses while Ghana progresses to the round of 16 in their first appearance to face Brazil. Clint Dempsey scored for USA in the 43rd with Haminu Draman and Stephen Appiah scoring for the Black Stars on a penalty kick following a controversial call. (FIFA)
Group F: 1 – 4 Japan stun Brazil by taking the lead before Ronaldo equalizes just before half time, and also scores Brazil's fourth goal, equalling Gerd Müller's all-time record of 14 goals scored in the World Cup finals. (FIFA)
Group F: 2 – 2 A pulsating match between two closely related teams (seven of the Australian squad have Croatian antecedents, and three of the Croatian team are Australian-born), which Croatia needed to win and Australia only to draw. Croatia score in the second minute, Australia score a penalty, a goalkeeping howler gifts Croatia a second goal, Harry Kewell puts Australia back on level terms; both sides are reduced to 10 men in the last 10 minutes, and referee Graham Poll forgets to red-card Josip Simunic for a second bookable offence, but does for a third. A third Australian goal is disallowed as the full-time whistle is blown as it is going in. Brazil and Australia progress from the group. (FIFA)
21 June 2006 (Wednesday)
Football: FIFA World Cup, Group Phase
Group D: 2–1 (FIFA)
Group D: 1–1 This result means that Mexico advances to the Round of 16. (FIFA)
Group C: 0 – 0 Argentina wins the group on goal differential. (FIFA)
Group C: 3 – 2 Côte d'Ivoire record their first WC Finals win, coming back from 0–2 down in the first half. (FIFA)
20 June 2006 (Tuesday)
2006 NBA Finals Game 6: Miami Heat 95, Dallas Mavericks 92. Dwyane Wade scores 36 points and has 10 rebounds as Miami wins its first NBA championship in franchise history in six games, and is named Finals MVP. Dirk Nowitzki has 29 points and 15 rebounds for Dallas. Four Miami players have over 10 rebounds (Wade, Udonis Haslem, Antoine Walker and Shaquille O'Neal). The title is the fourth in the 2000s (decade) for O'Neal, the other three from 2000 to 2002 with the Los Angeles Lakers.
Football: FIFA World Cup, Group Phase
Group A: 0 – 3 Miroslav Klose puts the hosts ahead in the 4th and 44th minutes, fellow ex-Pole Lukas Podolski scores in the 57th. (FIFA)
Group A: 1 – 2 A 25th-minute goal by Ronald Gómez gives Costa Rica a good start, but a pair by Bartosz Bosacki in the 33rd and 66th minutes give Poland some consolation as both teams go home. (FIFA)
Group B: 2 – 2 In a hard-fought match, Michael Owen suffers a serious knee injury in the first minute, Joe Cole scores a spectacular opening goal, Marcus Allbäck's second half equaliser is the 2,000th goal in World Cup Finals history since 1930. Steven Gerrard gives England the lead again in the 85th minute. Henrik Larsson equalises again in the 90th minute (the first Swede to score in 5 major tournaments). England still haven't beaten Sweden since 1968. (FIFA)
Group B: 2 – 0 Brent Sancho's unfortunate headed own-goal gives Paraguay the lead, but Trini still fight doggedly to try to remain in the tournament, conceding another late goal. Both teams, however, still go home. (FIFA)
19 June 2006 (Monday)
NHL 2006 Stanley Cup Finals Game 7: Carolina Hurricanes 3, Edmonton Oilers 1. Aaron Ward's goal 1:26 into the game sparks the former Hartford Whalers franchise to their first Stanley Cup championship in seven games. Goaltender Cam Ward (not related) wins the Conn Smythe Trophy as the Series MVP, and becomes the third rookie goaler in the last 40 seasons to lead his team to the championship. The other two: Ken Dryden and Patrick Roy, both with the Montreal Canadiens.
Football: FIFA World Cup, Group Phase
Group G: 0 – 2 Togo are eliminated, Switzerland goes top of the group, but any two of Switzerland, South Korea, and France can get to the second round. (FIFA)
Group H: 0 – 4 Recovering from last week's thrashing by Spain, Ukraine equals their largest-ever winning score. (FIFA)
Group H: 3 – 1 Mnari gives Tunisia a shock lead in the 12th minute, Raúl starts a comeback in the 71st minute and Fernando Torres, the tournaments' leading scorer, scores from open play in the 76th minute and a 90th-minute penalty. Spain qualify for the second round, almost certainly as group leaders; Tunisia must beat Ukraine on Friday in order to qualify. (FIFA)
18 June 2006 (Sunday)
Major League Baseball: In order to draw attention to the fact that one in every six men get prostate cancer, the traditional "Seventh inning stretch" will be moved to the sixth inning today at all fifteen games. Monies raised from the auctioning off of light-blue colored bases and lineup cards that will be earmarked for research of the Prostate Cancer Foundation, as well as home runs that have been hit starting on June 7.
Auto racing
NASCAR NEXTEL Cup: 3M Performance 400: Pole-sitter Kasey Kahne wins in a race shortened to 129 of the scheduled 200 laps because of rain.
2006 24 Hours of Le Mans: The #8 Audi R10 of Frank Biela, Emanuele Pirro and Marco Werner wins the 74th edition of the Le Mans 24 Hours. They complete 380 laps in the 24-hour period, winning the race by 4 laps from the #17 Pescarolo–Judd of Éric Hélary, Franck Montagny and Sébastien Loeb, with the #7 Audi R10 of Rinaldo Capello, Tom Kristensen and Allan McNish third. Meanwhile, the #64 Chevrolet Corvette C6.R of Oliver Gavin, Olivier Beretta and Jan Magnussen wins the GT1 class, finishing 4th overall, the #25 RML MG-Lola of Thomas Erdos, Mike Newton and Andy Wallace wins the LMP2 class, and the all British crew of Tom Kimber-Smith, Richard Dean and Lawrence Tomlinson win the GT2 class, driving the #81 Panoz Esperante.
2006 NBA Finals Game 5: Miami Heat 101, Dallas Mavericks 100 (OT). Dwyane Wade scored 43 points, including a Finals game record 21 free throws, including the winning shots with 1.9 seconds left in the extra session to give the Heat a 3–2 series lead going back to Dallas. Jerry Stackhouse did not play for the Mavs due to a flagrant foul he committed in Game 4 against Shaquille O'Neal.
Cycling
Jan Ullrich overcomes a 50-second deficit to win the Tour de Suisse in preparation for his bid at the 2006 Tour de France.
Team CSC captures the UCI ProTour's Eindhoven Team Time Trial.
Football: FIFA World Cup, Group Phase
Group F: 0 – 0 A close-fought battle ends all-square, which probably gives Croatia a slightly better chance of making the second round than Japan. (FIFA)
Group F: 2 – 0 Adriano (46th min.) and Fred (89th min.) sink a battling Australia side who never gave up and remain second in the group. Brazil qualify for the last 16, Australia only need to draw against Croatia to qualify. (FIFA)
Group G: 1 – 1 Thierry Henry scores France's first World Cup Finals goal since the 1998 Final against Brazil. After dominating the match for 80 minutes, France concede an equaliser by Park Ji-Sung. (FIFA)
Golf: 2006 U.S. Open. Australian Geoff Ogilvy wins his first major championship, becoming the first Australian to win a men's golf major since Steve Elkington at the 1995 PGA Championship. Ogilvy survived a major 18th-hole collapse at Winged Foot Golf Club in Mamaroneck, New York that claimed Jim Furyk, Colin Montgomerie, and most notably Phil Mickelson, who was leading by a stroke heading into the final hole, but suffered a double bogey. Ogilvy's winning score of five over par (285) was the highest score to win since 1974's "Massacre at Winged Foot" when Hale Irwin shot seven over par (287).
17 June 2006 (Saturday)
NHL 2006 Stanley Cup Finals Game 6: Edmonton Oilers 4, Carolina Hurricanes 0: Fernando Pisani, Raffi Torres, Ryan Smyth and Shawn Horcoff score for Edmonton, who will return to Carolina in the deciding seventh game on Monday. Goaltender Jussi Markkanen stops 16 shots for the shutout. Series tied 3–3
Football: FIFA World Cup, Group Phase
Group D: 2 – 0 Portugal is ensured a berth in the Round of 16, while Iran is eliminated from the World Cup. (FIFA)
Group E: 0 – 2 Asamoah Gyan shocks the Czechs with a goal within 75 seconds of the start, and misses a penalty when Tomáš Ujfaluši is red-carded, although he himself is needlessly yellow-carded and misses the final group game. (FIFA)
Group E: 1 – 1 An eventful match sees the USA reduced to 9 men, and Italy to 10, from early in the second half, and leaves Group E wide open. (FIFA)
Rugby Union: Mid-year Tests:
43–18 (Telstra Dome, Melbourne)
Mark Gerrard scores two tries to lead the Wallabies to an easy win. This is England's fifth consecutive Test defeat, their worst streak since 1984. George Gregan comes on as a substitute in the second half, earning his 120th cap and breaking the all-time record for international appearances of Jason Leonard (114 for England, five for the Lions). (BBC)
45–27 (José Amalfitani Stadium, Buenos Aires)
Los Pumas, led by 30 points from the boot of Federico Todeschini, score their largest win over Wales and also win a Test series against Wales for the first time. (BBC)
29–18 (Lawaqa Park, Lautoka)
27–17 Ireland (Eden Park, Auckland)
Unlike last week, the All Blacks did not have to come from behind, but still had to fight off a spirited Ireland side. (BBC)
14–62 (Cotroceni Stadium, Bucharest)
29–15 (EPRFU Stadium, Port Elizabeth)
Scotland score two tries to the Springboks' one, but seven penalties from Percy Montgomery see the Boks through to a comfortable win. Montgomery becomes the first Bok to score 600 Test points. (BBC) The Boks suffer a blow when 2004 World Player of the Year, flanker Schalk Burger, suffers a career-threatening neck injury. (BBC)
16 June 2006 (Friday)
Football: FIFA World Cup, Group Phase
Group C: 6 – 0 In one of the best World Cup finals matches in many tournaments, Argentina give a masterclass in possession football – Cambiasso's goal follows 23 consecutive passes – and a dire warning to all other competitors as the Argentines advance to the knockout phase. (FIFA)
Group C: 2 – 1 The Dutch take a two-goal lead before Côte d'Ivoire start to fight back, to no ultimate avail as they and Serbia and Montenegro are both eliminated from the second round. Didier Drogba is yellow-carded and will miss next Tuesday's final match. (FIFA)
Group D: 0 – 0 A hugely embarrassing result for world 4th-ranked Mexico, who failed to break down neophytes Angola, who were reduced to 10 men eleven minutes from the end. (FIFA)
Baseball: Houston Astros pitcher Roger Clemens allowed three runs in the first inning, but held on to win in his third minor league tune-up game as the Triple-A Round Rock Express defeated the Washington Nationals-affiliate New Orleans Zephyrs, 7–4. He only allowed two more hits and three walks in a total of 5 innings for the win, and threw five strikeouts. At the plate, he struck out twice, going 0-for-2. Nolan Ryan, Hall of Fame former pitcher and Round Rock Express owner, was in attendance.
Golf: U.S. Open. Tiger Woods misses his first cut in a major golf tournament as a professional when he shoots 12 over par after the first two rounds at Winged Foot's West Course. The 39 straight majors without missing the cut tied him with Jack Nicklaus.
15 June 2006 (Thursday)
NBA:
2006 NBA Finals Game 4: Miami Heat 98, Dallas Mavericks 74. Dwyane Wade deposited 36 points while the Mavs were limited to a total of seven fourth quarter points, a new Finals all-time low. The series is now guaranteed to return to Dallas Tuesday (June 20). Series tied at 2–2
Non-Finals news: Charlotte Bobcats principal owner Robert L. Johnson announces that Michael Jordan has become a minority owner in the team. Jordan will run the Bobcats' basketball operations. (Charlotte Bobcats)
Football: FIFA World Cup, Group Phase
Group A: 3 – 0 This result confirms the elimination of Costa Rica and Poland even before they play each other. Ecuador meet Germany next Tuesday to determine who wins first and second place in the group (Ecuador currently leads on goal difference). (FIFA)
Group B: 2 – 0 The arrival of Wayne Rooney in the 58th minute as a substitute for Michael Owen injects urgency into the English attack, which still could not break down a redoubtable T&T defence until Peter Crouch scored in the 83rd minute. Steven Gerrard scored in the 91st minute. England qualify for the second round. (FIFA)
Group B: 1 – 0 Freddie Ljungberg scores an 89th-minute goal to relieve the vast throng of Swedish fans in Berlin's Olympiastadion. This eliminates Paraguay from the second round; Trinidad and Tobago retain a theoretical possibility of making the second round if England beat Sweden, and T&T beat Paraguay by a sufficient margin next Tuesday. (FIFA)
14 June 2006 (Wednesday)
Cricket: India in the West Indies:
Second Test at Beausejour Stadium, St Lucia: Match drawn. After winning the toss and electing to bat, India compiled an impressive 588/8 declared, with three batsmen – Wasim Jaffer (180), Mohammed Kaif (148), and captain Rahul Dravid (146) – scoring centuries. The West Indies lost early wickets and were unable to recover, scoring only 215. The West Indies required another 373 runs just to make India bat again, with three days remaining. Persistent rain interruptions and a patient Brian Lara century (120) allowed the West Indies to bat out the remaining time. The third and final Test begins in St Kitts on 22 June. (Scorecard)
Rugby league: State of Origin, Australia:
Game 2 at Suncorp Stadium, Brisbane: Queensland defeats New South Wales 30–6, levelling the three-match series after the New South Wales victory on May 24. The deciding match will be played in Melbourne on July 5. (ABC Australia)
NHL 2006 Stanley Cup Finals Game 5: Edmonton Oilers 4, Carolina Hurricanes 3 (OT). Fernando Pisani's short-handed breakaway goal just 3:31 into the overtime sends the series back to Alberta for Game 6 Saturday (June 17). It also marks the first time a short-handed goal ended a Stanley Cup Finals game. Carolina leads series 3–2
Football: FIFA World Cup, Group Phase
Group H: 4 – 0 David Villa scored two goals in a rout of the World Cup newcomers. (FIFA)
Group H: 2 – 2 (FIFA)
Group A: 1 – 0 A resolute Polish defense – reduced to 10 men in the 75th minute – keeps the Germans out until supersub Oliver Neuville scores in the 91st minute. (FIFA)
13 June 2006 (Tuesday)
2006 NBA Finals Game 3: Miami Heat 98, Dallas Mavericks 96. Dwyane Wade scored 42 points and the Heat guaranteed extending the series to five games with their first Finals game win. Dallas leads series 2–1
Football: FIFA World Cup, Group Phase
Group F: 1 – 0 A slightly disappointing performance from Brazil, winning on Kaká's 44th-minute goal, even with an out-of-sorts Ronaldo. (FIFA)
Group G: 2 – 1 Togo score their first-ever goal in the Finals, but 2002's 4th placed side score two cracking goals to take victory. (FIFA)
Group G: 0 – 0 Eight yellow cards (5 Swiss, 3 French) in a generally uninspiring match. (FIFA)
12 June 2006 (Monday)
NFL: Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback and Super Bowl XL star Ben Roethlisberger is injured in a motorcycle accident in Pittsburgh.
NHL 2006 Stanley Cup Finals, Game 4: Carolina Hurricanes 2, Edmonton Oilers 1. Clutch goaltending by Edmonton native Cam Ward and goals by Cory Stillman and Mark Recchi put the former Hartford Whalers franchise one step away from their first Stanley Cup. Carolina leads series 3–1
Football (soccer): FIFA World Cup, Group Phase
Group E: 0 – 3 A comprehensive defeat of a one-dimensional US team by the reputedly "oldest team in the tournament", including two goals scored by Tomáš Rosický. However, the all-time leading Czech international goal scorer, Jan Koller, is stretchered off after suffering a hamstring injury late in the first half after scoring the first goal of the game in the fifth minute. (FIFA)
Group E: 2 – 0 (FIFA)
Group F: 3 – 1 After trailing from the 27th minute, the "Socceroos" stage a last-gasp comeback with Tim Cahill scoring the country's first-ever WC Finals goals in the 84th and 89th minutes, with John Aloisi wrapping things up in the 92nd minute. (FIFA)
Non-World Cup news:
Former Manchester United and Republic of Ireland great Roy Keane, currently with Celtic, retires due to a persistent hip condition at the age of 34.
11 June 2006 (Sunday)
Football: FIFA World Cup, Group Phase
Group C: 0 – 1 (FIFA)
Group D: 3 – 1 (FIFA)
Group D: 0 – 1 (FIFA)
Auto racing: Rookie pole sitter Denny Hamlin wins the NASCAR NEXTEL Cup Pocono 500.
Arena Football League:
ArenaBowl XX in Las Vegas, Nevada: Chicago Rush 65, Orlando Predators 61. The Rush becomes the first team with a sub-.500 regular season record (7–9) and win four games on the road to win the AFL Championship.
2006 NBA Finals, Game 2: Dallas Mavericks 99, Miami Heat 85. The Mavs converted two four-point plays, and Dirk Nowitzki had 26 points and 16 rebounds, while Dwyane Wade led Miami with 23 points. Shaquille O'Neal was limited to five points. Dallas leads series 2–0
Tennis: Roland Garros (French Open) – Men's Singles Finals
Rafael Nadal def. Roger Federer, 1–6 6–1 6–4 7–6(4)
Rugby Union — Mid-year Tests:
34–3 (Telstra Stadium, Sydney)
The Wallabies hammer a young and mistake-prone England side. (BBC)
27–25 (Estadio Raúl Conti, Puerto Madryn)
Los Pumas claim a Six Nations scalp in a closely fought affair. The visitors were received warmly before the match, as it was held in a region settled by Welsh in the 1860s where Welsh is still widely spoken. (BBC)
Baseball
Roger Clemens of the Houston Astros strikes out eleven for the Double-A Texas League's Corpus Christi Hooks, allowing two hits and no runs in six innings. He set a new club record for strikeouts in one game. The Hooks beat the Seattle Mariners affiliate San Antonio Missions 5–1, earning Clemens the victory. (ESPN) (MinorLeagueBaseball.com)
10 June 2006 (Saturday)
Football: FIFA World Cup, Group Phase
Group B: 1 – 0 (FIFA)
Group B: 0 – 0 Tiny T&T, the smallest nation ever to qualify for the Finals, refuse to be beaten even after being reduced to 10 men thirty seconds into the second half. (FIFA)
Group C: 2 – 1 (FIFA)
Boxing: In what was likely his last fight, Bernard Hopkins wins the light-heavyweight championship of the world with a unanimous decision over Antonio Tarver in Atlantic City, New Jersey.
NHL 2006 Stanley Cup Finals, Game 3: Edmonton Oilers 2, Carolina Hurricanes 1: Ryan Smyth's goal with 2:15 remaining wins the game for the Oilers in front of their home crowd. Shawn Horcoff also scores for Edmonton, while Rod Brind'Amour scores for Carolina. Carolina leads series 2–1 (Yahoo)
Rugby Union — Mid-year Tests:
34–23 Ireland (Waikato Stadium, Hamilton)
The top-ranked All Blacks retain their all-time unbeaten record against Ireland, but had to come back from a 23–15 deficit with nine minutes to go. (BBC)
36–16 (ABSA Stadium, Durban)
Early tries from Schalk Burger and Breyton Paulse stake the Springboks to a lead that they never relinquished. The final result was Scotland's worst-ever loss in South Africa, and keeps Scotland's winless record on South African soil intact. (BBC) (Planet-Rugby.com)
Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing: Jazil, ridden by 18-year-old Fernando Jara, wins the 138th running of the Belmont Stakes. The race was "watered down" because neither Barbaro (the Kentucky Derby winner) or Preakness winner Bernardini competed, the former due to a career-ending injury, and the latter because of scheduling.
9 June 2006 (Friday)
Football: FIFA World Cup, Group Phase
Group A: 4 – 2 (FIFA)
Group A: 2 – 0 (FIFA)
8 June 2006 (Thursday)
Football: Pre-World Cup friendly:
0 – 3
2006 NBA Finals Game 1: Dallas Mavericks 90, Miami Heat 80: Jason Terry leads the Mavs with 32 points; Shaquille O'Neal misses eight of nine free throws. Dallas leads series 1–0
7 June 2006 (Wednesday)
Football: Pre-World Cup friendlies:
3 – 1
3 – 1 : In a major blow for France, Djibril Cissé suffers a broken leg in an innocuous tackle. (FIFA)
2 – 1
NHL 2006 Stanley Cup Finals Game 2: Carolina Hurricanes 5, Edmonton Oilers 0: Jussi Markkanen starts for the Oilers, but concedes five goals, three of them on power plays. Cam Ward stops all of the Oilers' 25 shots, becoming the first rookie goalie since Patrick Roy to have a clean slate in a Stanley Cup Finals game. Carolina leads series 2–0
6 June 2006 (Tuesday)
Cricket: India in the West Indies:
First Test at Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's, Antigua Match drawn. After winning the toss and batting, India reached a total of 241 in its first innings. West Indies replied with 371, half-centuries to Gayle, Bravo and Sarwan. In its second innings, a double century (212) to Wasim Jaffer guided India to 521/6 declared. West Indies required 392 runs to win. The Test ended in a draw after the West Indies were able to bat through the entire day. (Scorecard)
Baseball
Houston Astros pitcher Roger Clemens throws six strikeouts in his first minor-league tune-up start for the Class-A Lexington Legends, who defeated the Lake County Captains, 5–1. Clemens allowed three hits, including a home run to Johnny Drennen, and hit one batter. He only pitched three innings, failing to qualify for the decision. (MLB.com)
5 June 2006 (Monday)
Cricket: Sri Lanka in England
Third Test at Trent Bridge, Nottingham: Sri Lanka wins by 134 runs to tie three-Test series 1–1. Sri Lanka, having won the toss and electing to bat, compiled 231 in their first innings, courtesy of a solid performance from the Sri Lankan tail. England replied with 229. In its second innings, half-centuries to Kumar Sangakkara and Chamara Kapugedera lifted the visitors to a total of 322, English bowler Monty Panesar taking 5/78. England required 325 runs to win. Victory was thwarted by Muttiah Muralitharan, who claimed 8/70 as England were dismissed for 190. (Scorecard)
Football: Pre-World Cup friendly:
3 – 0
NHL 2006 Stanley Cup Finals Game 1: Carolina Hurricanes 5, Edmonton Oilers 4: Rod Brind'Amour scores on a turnover by substitute goalie Ty Conklin, in for the injured Dwayne Roloson who is out for the rest of the season with a knee injury, with 32 seconds left in regulation to give the 'Canes first blood in the Stanley Cup finals. The Oilers' Chris Pronger scores on a penalty shot, the first time in eleven attempts in a Stanley Cup Finals game. Carolina leads series 1–0
4 June 2006 (Sunday)
Football:
The Netherlands wins the UEFA U-21 Championship 2006, defeating the Ukraine 3–0 in the final.
Pre-World Cup friendlies:
1 – 0
1 – 1
4 – 0
3 – 0
1 – 3
Rugby union sevens:
In the final event of the 2005–06 World Sevens Series, held at Twickenham in London, Fiji clinch the overall series crown by defeating Kenya in the quarterfinals, and go on to win the London Sevens after defeating New Zealand in the semifinals and Samoa in the final. Fiji becomes the first team other than New Zealand to win the overall title in the seven-year history of the competition. (BBC)
Arena Football League
National Conference Championship Game
Orlando Predators 45, Dallas Desperados 28
Auto racing:
NASCAR NEXTEL Cup: Matt Kenseth rallies to pass Roush Racing teammate Jamie McMurray with two laps left to win the Neighborhood Excellence 400 presented by Bank of America
3 June 2006 (Saturday)
Arena Football League
American Conference Championship Game
Chicago Rush 59, San Jose SaberCats 56
Baseball: In a wild game during the 2006 NCAA Baseball Tournament, North Carolina-Wilmington defeated Maine by the score of 21–19.
Football: Pre-World Cup friendlies.
6 – 0
3 – 0
1 – 0
4 – 1
0 – 3
2 – 0
2006 NBA Playoffs
Western Conference Finals, Game 6
Dallas Mavericks 102, Phoenix Suns 93: The Mavs make history as they win the series 4–2 thanks to Dirk Nowitzki's 24 points and 10 rebounds and Josh Howard collected 20 and 15. Jerry Stackhouse added 13 of his team's 19 points in the fourth period, as the Mavs outscored the Suns by 13 in the quarter. The Mavs will host the Miami Heat starting Thursday (June 8) in the 2006 NBA Finals.
Horse racing:
Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing
United Kingdom:
Sir Percy, ridden by Martin Dwyer, wins the Derby at Epsom Downs Racecourse. The 6/1 shot, trained by Marcus Tregoning, fended off three other horses in one of the tightest finishes of the Derby's long history. It beat off the 66/1 outsider Dragon Dancer, ridden by Darryll Holland, by a short head, with Dylan Thomas, ridden by Johnny Murtagh, finishing third at a price of 25/1. Pre-race favourite Visindar finished 5th after jockey Christophe Soumillon was boxed in. Horatio Nelson, the mount of Kieren Fallon, suffered a fracture to his front left leg while in the closing stages. After the race, the horse had to be put down. (BBC)
2 June 2006 (Friday)
Football: Pre-World Cup friendlies.
3 – 0
1 – 1
0 – 1
2 – 3
0 – 0
0 – 0
2006 NBA Playoffs
Eastern Conference Final, Game 6
Miami Heat 95, Detroit Pistons 78: The Heat advanced to their first NBA Finals in franchise history, winning the series 4–2 thanks to Shaquille O'Neal's 28 points and 16 rebounds. The Heat will meet the winner of the Western Conference Finals starting on Thursday, June 8.
1 June 2006 (Thursday)
Football: Pre-World Cup friendlies.
0 – 0
2 – 1
NHL 2006 Stanley Cup playoffs
Eastern Conference Final, Game 7
Carolina Hurricanes 4, Buffalo Sabres 2: Rod Brind'Amour registered the conference-winning goal for the 'Canes, and with their 4–3 series win, will host the Edmonton Oilers to begin the Stanley Cup Finals on Monday, June 5.
2006 NBA Playoffs
Western Conference Final, Game 5
Dallas Mavericks 117, Phoenix Suns 101 Dallas leads series 3–2
References
06 |
5391206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20Angola | Languages of Angola | Portuguese is the only official language of Angola, but 46 other languages are spoken in the country, mostly Bantu languages. Ethnologue considers six languages to benefit of an institutional status in Angola: (Angolan) Portuguese, Umbundu, Kimbundu, Kikongo, Chokwe, Ngangela and Kwanyama.
European languages
Portuguese is the sole official language. Due to cultural, social and political mechanisms which date back to the colonial history, the number of native Portuguese speakers is large and growing. A 2012 study by the Angolan National Institute for Statistics found that Portuguese is the mother tongue of 39% of the population. It is spoken as a second language by many more throughout the country, and younger urban generations are moving towards the dominant or exclusive use of Portuguese. The 2014 population census found that about 71% of the nearly 25.8 million inhabitants of Angola speak Portuguese at home.
In urban areas, 85% of the population declared to speak Portuguese at home in the 2014 census, against 49% in rural areas. Portuguese was quickly adopted by Angolans in the mid-twentieth century as a lingua franca among the various ethnic groups. After the Angolan Civil War, many people moved to the cities where they learned Portuguese. When they returned to the countryside, more people were speaking Portuguese as a first language. The variant of the Portuguese language used in Angola is known as Angolan Portuguese. Phonetically, this variant is very similar to the Mozambican variant with some exceptions. Some believe that Angolan Portuguese resembles a pidgin in some aspects.
However, in Cabinda, wedged between two French-speaking countries — the DRC and the Congo — many people speak French as well as, or better than, Portuguese. In fact, of the literate population, 90 percent speak French while 10 percent speak Portuguese. Also, the Angolan Bakongo who were exiled in the Democratic Republic of the Congo usually speak better French and Lingala than Portuguese and Kikongo.
Most West Africans speak English or French and their native African languages and are usually learning at least some Portuguese. A relative small number of Spanish speaker are present in Angola due to the Cuban influence.
African languages
All native languages of Angola are considered to be national languages. After independence, the government said it would choose six to be developed as literary languages. The six languages vary between government pronouncements, but commonly included are
Umbundu, Kimbundu, Kikongo (presumably the Fiote of Cabinda), Chokwe, Kwanyama (Ovambo), and Mbunda (never clearly defined; may be Nyemba, Luchazi, or indeterminate). Angolan radio transmits in fourteen of the "main" national languages: Bangala ('Mbangala'), Chokwe, Fiote, Herero ('Helelo'), Kikongo, Kimbundu, Kwanyama, Lunda, Ngangela, Ngoya, Nyaneka, Ovambo ('Oxiwambo'), Songo, Umbundu. Some of the national languages are used in Angolan schools, including the provision of teaching materials such as books, but there is a shortage of teachers.
Umbundu is the most widely spoken Bantu language, spoken natively by about 23 percent of the population, about 5.9 million. It is mainly spoken in the center and south of the country. Kimbundu is spoken in Luanda Province and adjacent provinces. Kikongo is spoken in the northwest, including the exclave of Cabinda. About 8.24% of Angolans use Kikongo. Fiote is spoken by about 2.9%, mainly in Cabinda. Lingala is also spoken in Angola.
The San people speak languages from two families, the !Kung and Khoe, though only a few hundred speak the latter. The majority of San fled to South Africa after the end of the civil war. The extinct Kwadi language may have been distantly related to Khoe, and Kwisi is entirely unknown; their speakers were neither Khoisan nor Bantu.
Asian languages
A (very small) number of Angolans of Lebanese descent speak Arabic and/or French. Due to increasing Angola-China relations, there is now a sinophone community of about 300,000.
Romani is spoken by the Roma minority in Angola. The Roma were deported to Angola from Portugal.
List of Languages of Angola
Listed below are the languages of Angola.
See also
Angolan Portuguese
Notes
References
External links
Tola Akindipe, Geofrey Kakaula & Alcino Joné, Largest Chokwe language resource on the internet (Mofeko)
Tola Akindipe, André Tati. Largest Ibinda (Fiote) language resource on the web (Mofeko)
PanAfrican L10n page on Angola
L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde – Angola
Ethnologue Listing of Angolan Languages
endangeredlanguages.com |
5391207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys%20%281996%20film%29 | Boys (1996 film) | Boys is a 1996 American film starring Winona Ryder and Lukas Haas. It is based very loosely on a short story called "Twenty Minutes" by James Salter.
The film is set in an East Coast boys boarding school, and was shot in Baltimore and on the campus of St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland.
Plot
John Baker Jr. (Lukas Haas) is a boy bored with his life at an upper middle class boarding school, and the prospect of his future running the family grocery store chain. He no longer sees the point in school, stating what's the difference if he gets a zero attendance for being three minutes late or skipping the whole class so he might as well skip the class. Now close to graduating from boarding school, his life is turned upside down when he rescues Patty Vare (Winona Ryder), a young woman he finds lying unconscious in a field. Patty regains consciousness that evening in John's dormitory. She stays awake long enough to tell him she will not go to a doctor, and then passes out and does not awaken until the next morning. She seems to recover completely and to be grateful for John's assistance; the two begin a romantic voyage of self-discovery. This is not without its problems, as other boys in the dorm quickly find out she is being hidden in his room, leading up to a dramatic confrontation with Baker's close friends where his 'best friend' becomes enraged and punches a wall, breaking his hand, while the two continue to argue over the reason as to why Baker has hidden her in his room.
Throughout the film, there are continuous flashbacks of Vare's past, showing her with a famous baseball player with whom she steals a car, leading up to a drunken car crash and his death (for which authorities are searching for Vare for questioning). By the end, Vare has admitted all this to Baker and informed the authorities of the location of the body and the car (as they crashed into a river). At the police station, both Baker and Vare begin to say goodbye when they unexpectedly jump into an elevator to escape from Baker's controlling father (Chris Cooper), and drive off with a car he had earlier stolen from the school.
Cast
Reception
After "a dispute with her studio led to an extensive involuntary editing process," director Cochran commented that "much of the original intent and beauty of the film had been lost, due to studio interference."
The film received negative reviews from critics. Terrence Rafferty of The New Yorker wrote, "Boys, subjected to self-fulfilling negative buzz, has received lukewarm-to-terrible reviews and has done no business. It deserves better. [...] Cochran is too eccentric to make a conventional comedy, yet unfortunately (in marketing terms), her style is too subtle and uninsistent to place her among the aggressively hip, genre-bending filmmakers of the Tarantino generation. The funny thing is, this young filmmaker may have a more deeply subversive sensibility than any of her celebrated peers." Boys holds a rating of 15% on Rotten Tomatoes from 27 reviews.
Official soundtrack
The soundtrack to the film was released on April 9, 1996.
"She's Not There" - Cruel Sea
"Alright" - Cast
"Gotta Know Right Now" - Smoking Popes
"Honeysimple" - Scarce
"Wildwood" (Sheared Wood Mix) - Paul Weller, remixed by Portishead
"Colored Water" - Orbit
"Sad & Beautiful World" - Sparklehorse
"Fading Fast" - Kelly Willis
"Tell Her This" - Del Amitri
"If I Didn't Love You" - Squeeze
"Inside" - Slider
"Wait for the Sun" - Supergrass
"Belly Laugh" - Compulsion
"Begging You" - The Stone Roses
"Evade Chums" - Stewart Copeland
References
External links
1996 films
1990s teen drama films
American romantic drama films
American teen drama films
1990s Spanish-language films
Films directed by Stacy Cochran
Films shot in Baltimore
Touchstone Pictures films
Interscope Communications films
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films
Films produced by Peter Frankfurt
Films scored by Stewart Copeland
1996 drama films
Films based on short fiction
1990s English-language films
1990s American films |
5391219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenmontag | Rosenmontag | () is the highlight of the German (carnival), and takes place on the Shrove Monday before Ash Wednesday, the beginning of Lent. Mardi Gras, though celebrated on Fat Tuesday, is a similar event. is celebrated in German-speaking countries, including Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Belgium (Eupen, Kelmis), but most heavily in the carnival strongholds which include the Rhineland, especially in Cologne, Bonn, Düsseldorf, Aachen and Mainz. In contrast to Germany, in Austria, the highlight of the carnival is not , but Shrove Tuesday.
The name for the carnival comes from the German dialect word meaning "frolic" and meaning Monday.
Overview
The begins at 11 minutes past the eleventh hour on 11 November and the "street carnival" starts on the Thursday before , which is known as ("women's carnival", Fat Thursday). is prevalent in Roman Catholic areas and is a continuation of the old Roman traditions of slaves and servants being master for a day. derives from the Latin ("taking leave of meat") marking the beginning of Lent.
Carnival is not a national holiday in Germany, but schools are closed on and the following Tuesday in the strongholds and many other areas. Many schools as well as companies tend to give teachers, pupils and employees the Thursday before off as well and have celebrations in school or in the working place on , although every now and then there are efforts to cut these free holidays in some companies.
Celebrations usually include dressing up in fancy costumes, dancing, parades, heavy drinking and general public displays with floats. Every town in the areas boasts at least one parade with floats making fun of the themes of the day. Usually sweets () are thrown into the crowds lining the streets among cries of or , whereby the cry is only applied in the Cologne Carnival – stems from or , Ripuarian for "all [others] away". Sweets and tulips are thrown into the crowd.
The celebrations become quieter the next day, known as ("Violet Tuesday", Shrove Tuesday), and end with Ash Wednesday.
See also
Clean Monday
Nickanan Night
References
External links
Monday
February observances
March observances
Carnivals in Germany |
5391229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisohamate%20ligament | Pisohamate ligament | The pisohamate ligament is a ligament in the hand. It connects the pisiform to the hook of the hamate. It is a prolongation of the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris.
It serves as part of the origin for the abductor digiti minimi. It also forms the floor of the ulnar canal, a canal that allows the ulnar nerve and ulnar artery into the hand.
References
Ligaments of the upper limb |
5391246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Saints%20Anglican%20Church%2C%20Henley%20Brook | All Saints Anglican Church, Henley Brook | The All Saints Church in Henley Brook is the oldest church in Western Australia. It was built by Richard Edwards between 1838 and 1840, with the first service taking place on 10 January 1841. The site is on a small hill overlooking the Swan River and near the conjunction of the Swan and Ellen Brook. This site was where Captain James Stirling camped during his 1827 exploration of the area.
1827 expedition
On 13 March 1827, Stirling's expedition of the Swan River finished in the area but was unable to venture further upstream due to lack of navigable water. The party made camp on the high bank overlooking the river. He wrote in his diary:
"...the richness of the soil, the bright foliage of the shrubs, the majesty of the surrounding trees, the abrupt and red colour banks of the river occasionally seen, and the view of the blue mountains, from which we were not far distant, made the scenery of this spot as bieutiful as anything of the kind I have ever witnessed..."
Religious services
The distance to Perth for church attendees was unreasonable, so St Mary’s - Middle Swan, was opened in 1840. However, in the absence of a bridge, the Swan River made it too difficult for those on the West side of the river. It was decided that an additional church would be built on the west side of the river at Upper Swan.
Frederick Irwin, a devout Anglican, had been holding regular services on his property since 1830. The acre of land where Captain Stirling had camped was donated by Irwin and William Mackie, and in 1838 Reverend William Mitchell was appointed Rector. Richard Edwards, Irwin's manager at Henley Park and a master bricklayer, under took the building of the church.
With the assistance of local residents who donated both labour and materials, the church was completed in 1841. The flagstones of the church came from the ballast of ships that had sailed from England. The first service was held on 10 January 1841. Bishop Augustus Short of Adelaide consecrated All Saints Church in November 1848.
Services have been regularly held in the church since it was built. The Anglican Church holds services here every Sunday with additional services on significant occasions. All Saints Church is in the Anglican Parish of Swan. Prior to the establishment of the Perth diocese in 1857 churches in the Swan River Colony were part of the Adelaide diocese.
Cemetery
The cemetery that surrounds the church includes the graves of a number of individuals who were significant to the development of the colony: William Mackie, Frederick Irwin, John Connelly and Richard Edwards are all buried in the graveyard. There is a memorial to George Fletcher Moore inside the church.
In 1929 to mark the centenary of settlement a lychgate was erected to mark the farthest point inland that Captain James Stirling's 1827 expedition reached. During 1974 a memorial wall was built in the south west corner of the cemetery. As part of the WAY 1979 celebrations the Western Australian chapter of the Australian Institute of Builders restored the lychgate. Wrought iron gates completed the boundary fence in 1991; the gates are decorated with the words All Saints and Ellen's Brook.
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Heritage Council of WA listing (PDF)
City of Swan Heritage listing
Henley Brook
Henley Brook
State Register of Heritage Places in the City of Swan
Victorian architecture in Western Australia
19th-century Anglican church buildings
Churches completed in 1841
1841 establishments in Australia |
5391274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20Zambia | Languages of Zambia | Zambia has several major indigenous languages, all of them members of the Bantu family. English is the official language and the major language of business and education.
Indigenous Zambian languages
Zambia has 72 languages, some of which have a long history in Zambia, while others, such as Silozi, arose as a result of 18th- and 19th-century migrations. All of Zambia's vernacular languages are members of the Bantu family and are closely related to one another.
Although there are several languages spoken in Zambia, seven of them were officially recognized as regional languages, and they still have this official status. Together, these represent the major languages of each province: Bemba (Northern Province, Luapula, Muchinga and the Copperbelt), Nyanja (Lusaka), Lozi (Western Province), Tonga and Lozi (Southern Province), and Kaonde, Luvale and Lunda (Northwestern Province). These seven languages are used, together with English, in early primary schooling and in some government publications. A common orthography was approved by the Ministry of Education in 1977.
According to the 2000 census, Zambia's most widely spoken languages are Bemba (spoken by 35% of the population as either a first or second language), Nyanja (37%), Tonga (25%) and Lozi (18%).
In some languages, particularly Bemba and Nyanja, Zambians distinguish between a "deep" form of the language, associated with older and more traditional speakers in rural areas, and urban forms (sometimes called "town language" or Chitauni, such as Town Bemba and Town Nyanja) that incorporate a large number of borrowings from English and other innovations.
An urban variety of Nyanja is the lingua franca of the capital Lusaka and is widely spoken as a second language throughout Zambia. Bemba, the country's largest indigenous language, also serves as a lingua franca in some areas.
Significance of Zambian languages
Local Zambian languages play an important role in different sectors of society. For instance, in the education sector, local languages allow pupils to express themselves freely.
Zambian English
English, the former colonial language, serves as a common language among educated Zambians. At independence in 1964, English was declared the national language. English is the first language of only 2% of Zambians but is the most commonly used second language.
The English spoken in Zambia has some distinctive features, such as the omission of certain object pronouns that would be obligatory in Western English ("Did you reach?"), the simplification of some phrasal verbs ("throw" instead of "throw away"), subtle differences in the usage of auxiliary verbs such as "should", simplification of vowel sounds (some Zambians may regard "taste" and "test" as homophones), and the incorporation of particles derived from Zambia's indigenous languages (such as chi "big/bad" and ka "little"). Zambian English also incorporates South African words such as braai for "barbecue".
Percentage distribution of major language groups
Source: 2010 Census
List of languages
The established languages of Zambia are:
Afrikaans
Aushi
Bemba
Bwile
Chichewa
Chokwe
Congo Swahili
English
Fwe
Gujarati
Ila
Kaonde
Khwedam
Kuhane
Kunda
Lala-Bisa
Lamba
Lambya
Lenje
Lozi
Luchazi
Lunda
Luvale
Luyana
Mambwe-Lungu
Mashi
Mbowe
Mbukushu
Mbunda
Nkoya
Nsenga
Nyamwanga
Nyiha
Nyika
Pidgin Zulu
Sala
Settla
Shona
Simaa
Soli
Taabwa
Tonga
Totela
Tumbuka
Yao
Yauma
Zambian Sign Language
References
Bibliography
Chimuka, S. S. (1977). Zambian languages: orthography approved by the Ministry of Education. Lusaka : National Educational Company of Zambia (NECZAM).
Kashoki, Mubanga E. and Ohannessian, Sirarpa. (1978) Language in Zambia. London: International African Institute.
Kashoki, Mubanga E. (1981). Harmonization of African languages: standardization of orthography in Zambia in In African Languages: Proceedings of the Meeting of Experts on the Transcription and Harmonization of African Languages, Niamey (Niger), 17–21 July 1978, (pp. 164–75). Paris: UNESCO.
Kashoki, Mubanga E. (1990) The Factor of Language in Zambia. Lusaka: Kenneth Kaunda Foundation.
Marten, Lutz; Kula, Nancy C. (2008) "One Zambia, One Nation, Many Languages" in Simpson, A. ed., 2008, Language and National Identity in Africa, Oxford: OUP, 291–313.
Chanda, Vincent M. and Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. (2013). 'Speak Zambian Languages'. Lusaka: UNZAPRESS
Mkandawire, S. B. (2017). "Familiar Language Based Instruction versus Unfamiliar Language for the Teaching of Reading and Writing Skills: A Focus on Zambian Languages and English at two Primary Schools in Lusaka". Zambian Journal of Language Studies, 1(1), 53–82.
Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson (2017b). "Terminological Dilemma on Familiar language based instruction and English language: A reflection on Language of Initial Literacy Instruction in Zambia" Journal of Lexicography and Terminology, 1(1), 45–58.
Tambulukani, Geoffrey Kazembe (2015). "First Language Teaching of Initial Reading: Blessing or Curse for the Zambian Children under Primary Reading Programme?" Ph.D. thesis, University of Zambia.
Tordoff, William (ed.) (1974) Politics in Zambia. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Republic of Zambia. Constitution of Zambia 1991 (as amended by Act no. 18 of 1996).
External links
Census data from Zambia from Central Statistical Office, Zambia
Ethnologue Listing of Zambian Languages
Bibliography of books on languages spoken in Zambia
Regional Languages of Zambia
Ethnic and linguistic composition
Languages
One Zambia, One Nation, Many Languages |
5391275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20University%20of%20Louisville%20people | List of University of Louisville people | The following is a list of people associated with the University of Louisville.
Notable alumni
Arts and entertainment
Harriette Simpson Arnow (BS 1930) – former author, best known for The Dollmaker
Terry Bisson (BA 1964) – contemporary science fiction author
Nick DeMartino (BA) – former Senior Vice President, Media and Technology for the American Film Institute
Bob Edwards (BA 1969) – former host of NPR's Morning Edition, host of The Bob Edwards Show on XM Satellite Radio and PRI's Bob Edwards Weekend
Howard Fineman (JD 1975) – Newsweek chief political analyst
Sam Gilliam (BFA 1955, MFA 1961) – painter, specializing in color field and abstract art
Sue Grafton (BA 1961) – contemporary detective novel author
Edward N. Hamilton, Jr (BFA 1969) – sculptor, works include York, the Spirit of Freedom, and the Amistad Memorial
Michael Jackman – columnist, poet, essayist, fiction writer, and college professor
Static Major – singer, songwriter, most famous from his work with Lil Wayne on "Lollipop"
Delfeayo Marsalis (MA 2004) – jazz trombonist and record producer; brother of Wynton Marsalis and son of Ellis Marsalis
Amanda Matthews (BA) – sculptor and painter
Beverle Graves Myers – author of historical mystery novels and short stories
Mary Spencer Nay (BA 1941, MA 1960) – painter and printmaker
Marsha Norman (BA 1969) – Pulitzer Prize and Tony Award-winning playwright
Barbara A. Perry (BA 1978) – author; political analyst; Senior Fellow, University of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs; former Carter Glass Professor of Government, Sweet Briar College
Diane Sawyer – attended but did not graduate law school; anchor of ABC World News
Ben Sollee – cellist, singer, and songwriter
Henry Strater – painter, illustrator
Kenneth Victor Young (BA, MA) – painter, designer, educator
Business
Owsley Brown Frazier (BA 1958, JD 1960) – former director of Brown-Forman Corporation
Robert Nardelli (MBA 1975) – CEO of Chrysler; former CEO of Home Depot; former CEO of General Electric Company
Frank Neuhauser (BS 1934) – patent attorney; winner of the first National Spelling Bee in 1925
James Patterson (MBA 1955) – co-founder of Long John Silvers, Rally's Hamburgers, and Chi-Chi's restaurant chains, President of Pattco Investments
Leslie Stephen Wright (1913–97) – President of Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama 1958–83
Politics
David L. Armstrong (JD 1969) – former mayor of Louisville (1996–2002)
Reuf Bajrovic – former Minister of Energy of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BA 2000)
Solon Borland (MD 1841) – former U.S. Senator (D), Arkansas
Christopher Dodd (JD 1972) – former U.S. Senator (D), Connecticut
James B. Edwards (DMD 1955) – former U.S. Secretary of Energy and Governor of South Carolina
Charles R. Farnsley (LL.B. 1926) – Kentucky General Assembly 1936–40; Mayor of Louisville 1948–53; U.S. House of Representatives 1965–67
Gina Haspel – Director of CIA (BA 1978)
Henry D. Hatfield (DMD 1900) – former U.S. Senator and Governor of West Virginia
David L. Huber – former U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Kentucky
Addison James – United States Representative from Kentucky
Thomas Lee Judge – 18th governor of Montana
John A. Logan (JD 1851) – Union General in the Civil War, won Medal of Honor at Vicksburg, led Union forces at Battle of Atlanta, Senator for Illinois
Romano Mazzoli (JD 1960) – representative for KY's 3rd US Congressional District 1971–95
Mitch McConnell (BA 1964) – U.S. Senator and Majority Leader (R), Kentucky
Louie Nunn (JD 1950) – Governor of Kentucky (1967–71)
Jim Smith – member of the Indiana Senate
Evan B. Stotsenburg – President Pro Tempore of the Indiana Senate; Indiana Attorney General (1915–1917)
Ben Waide (BS) – member of the Kentucky House of Representatives
Religion
Aryeh Kaplan (BA 1961) – American Orthodox rabbi, author, and translator known for his knowledge of physics and kabbalah
Science and engineering
James Gilbert Baker (BA 1935) – winner of Presidential Award for Merit, developed the Baker-Schmidt telescope, pushed for U2 spy plane development
Lawrence F. Dahl (BS 1951) – professor emeritus of chemistry at the University of Wisconsin–Madison
Keith Fitzgerald (BA 1994) – political scientist and immigration policy pundit
Thomas L. Maddin (1826–1908) – Confederate physician, professor of medicine at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
David Meade – book author
Renã A. S. Robinson (B.S. 2000) – spectrometry, proteomics, Alzheimer's disease and aging
Gary Sullivan (B.S. 1982, MEng 1983) – researcher and standardization leader in video compression technology including H.264/AVC and HEVC
Chang-Lin Tien (MEng 1957) – UC Berkeley chancellor 1990–97; engineering scholar
Notable faculty
William Burke Belknap – economist; hardware manufacturer; philanthropist; horse breeder; Professor of Economics at the University of Louisville
Jim Chen – legal scholar and expert on constitutional law
Colin Crawford – legal scholar and dean of the University of Louisville School of Law
Paul W. Ewald – evolutionary biologist credited as one scientist who devised the Trade-Off Hypothesis
Agnes Moore Fryberger – first director of music appreciation at the university
Kee Chang Huang – distinguished professor of pharmacology
Michael Jackman – columnist, poet, essayist and fiction writer
Melanie B. Jacobs – legal scholar and dean of the University of Louisville School of Law
John LaBarbera – jazz professor, nominated for 2005 Grammy award in the Best Large Jazz Ensemble category for his CD On the Wild Side
Justin McCarthy – discredited Armenian genocide denier
Mary Spencer Nay – painter and printmaker
Tom Owen – Professor of Libraries and Community Relations Associate, Louisville Metro Council representative
James Speed – lecturer, U.S. Attorney General under President Abraham Lincoln
Eugenia Wang – professor with a primary focus in researching the genetic aspect of aging in humans
Harold G. Wren – legal scholar and law school dean
Manning G. Warren III – holder of the H. Edward Harter Chair of Commercial Law
Roman Yampolskiy – computer scientist known for his work on artificial intelligence safety
Notable athletic alumni
Football
Current NFL players
Jaire Alexander – cornerback, Green Bay Packers
Teddy Bridgewater (2011–2014) – Minnesota Vikings, New Orleans Saints, Denver Broncos quarterback
Jamon Brown – offensive tackle, Green Bay Packers
Preston Brown (2010–13) – Buffalo Bills linebacker
Lamar Jackson (2015–2018) – quarterback for Baltimore Ravens; NFL; 2016 Heisman Trophy winner
DeVante Parker (2011–14) – Miami Dolphins wide receiver
Bilal Powell (2007–10) – New York Jets running back
Current CFL players
Victor Anderson
Otis Floyd (1995–98) – Hamilton Tiger-Cats linebacker
Adam Froman (2009–10) – Winnipeg Blue Bombers quarterback
Trent Guy – Toronto Argonauts slotback
Montrell Jones (2001–02) – Montreal Alouettes wide receiver
Joshua Tinch (2002–05) – Saskatchewan Roughriders wide receiver
Jonta Woodard (2001–02) – Hamilton Tiger-Cats offensive tackle
Current AFL players
Donovan Arp (1999–2000) – Austin Wranglers offensive/defensive lineman
Kevin Gaines (1990–93) – Grand Rapids Rampage defensive back
Jason Hilliard (2001–04) – Columbus Destroyers offensive lineman
Will Rabatin (2001–04) – Columbus Destroyers offensive/defensive lineman
Current UFL players
Brian Brohm (2004–07) – Las Vegas Locomotives quarterback 2011–present
Ronnie Ghent (1997–2001) – Hartford Colonials tight end
Former pros
David Akers (1992–95) – San Francisco 49ers kicker; five-time Pro Bowl selection (2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2010)
Bruce Armstrong (1983–86) – former New England Patriots offensive lineman; played in the NFL for 14 seasons; six-time Pro Bowl selection (1990, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996 and 1997); one of only 11 inducted into the Patriots Hall of Fame; one of only seven to have his number retired
Deion Branch (2000–01) – New England Patriots wide receiver; Super Bowl XXXIX MVP with the New England Patriots, tied record for catches in a Super Bowl
Ray Buchanan (1989–91) – former Atlanta Falcons, Indianapolis Colts, and Oakland Raiders defensive back
Curry Burns (1998–2002) – free agent safety
Michael Bush (2003–06) – Chicago Bears running back
Mark Clayton (1979–82) – former Miami Dolphins and Green Bay Packers wide receiver; five-time Pro Bowl selection (1984, 1985, 1986, 1988 and 1991)
Harry Douglas (2003–07) – Tennessee Titans wide receiver
Elvis Dumervil (2002–05) – Denver Broncos, Baltimore Ravens defensive end; tied the NCAA single-season sack record (24); was a first team All-American and the 2005 Bronko Nagurski Trophy winner as college football's Defensive Player of the Year; 2005 Ted Hendricks Award as college football's top defensive end
Renardo Foster (2003–06) – free agent offensive lineman
William Gay (2003–06) – Pittsburgh Steelers cornerback
Antoine Harris (2002–05) – free agent defensive back
Nate Harris (2005–06) – free agent linebacker
Earl Heyman (2005–09) – New Orleans Saints defensive tackle
Ernest Givins (1984–85) – former Houston Oilers and Jacksonville Jaguars wide receiver; two-time Pro Bowl selection (1990 and 1992)
Ernie Green (1959–62) – former Green Bay Packers and Cleveland Browns running back and fullback
Jay Gruden (1985–88) – former Arena Football League quarterback for the Tampa Bay Storm, led the team to four ArenaBowl championships; League MVP in 1992 and MVP of ArenaBowl VII; first quarterback inducted into the Arena Football Hall of Fame in 1998; head coach of the Washington Redskins; former head coach of the Orlando Predators, led the team to titles in ArenaBowls XII and XIII
Tom Jackson (1970–72) – former Denver Broncos linebacker; three-time Pro Bowl selection (1977–79); analyst on ESPN's NFL Gameday; two-time Missouri Valley Conference player of the year (1971, 1972)
Joe Jacoby (1977–80) – former Washington Redskins offensive lineman; key member of "The Hogs"; member of Super Bowl XVII, Super Bowl XXII, and Super Bowl XXVI Championship teams; four-time Pro Bowl selection (1983–86)
Brandon Johnson (2002–05) – Cincinnati Bengals linebacker
Chris Johnson (2001–02) – Oakland Raiders defensive back
Joe Johnson (1990–93) – former New Orleans Saints and Green Bay Packers defensive end; two-time Pro Bowl selection (1998 and 2000)
Stefan LeFors (2000–05; played 2001–04) – former quarterback with the Carolina Panthers in the NFL and the Edmonton Eskimos and Winnipeg Blue Bombers in the CFL; head high school football coach at the Christian Academy of Louisville
Lenny Lyles (1954–57) – drafted by the Baltimore Colts in the first round (11th overall) of the 1958 NFL Draft; one-time Pro Bowl selection; one of the first African American football players at the University of Louisville; often referred to as "the fastest man in football"
Sam Madison (1993–96) – former Miami Dolphins and New York Giants defensive back; four-time Pro Bowl selection (1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002)
Frank Minnifield (1979–82) – former Cleveland Browns defensive back; four-time Pro Bowl selection (1986–89); co-creator of the "Dawg Pound"; led nation in kickoff returns in 1981 and punt returns in 1982
Roman Oben (1991–95) – offensive lineman
Amobi Okoye (2003–06) – Chicago Bears defensive lineman
Richard Owens (1999–2003) – free agent tight end
Chris Redman (1996–99) – Atlanta Falcons quarterback; 1999 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award winner
Kerry Rhodes (2001–04) – Arizona Cardinals defensive back, 2005 NFL All-Rookie team
Kolby Smith (2003–06) – free agent running back
Jason Spitz (2002–05) – Jacksonville Jaguars offensive lineman
Montavious Stanley (2002–05) – free agent defensive tackle
Howard Stevens – running back, Baltimore Colts, New Orleans Saints; member of Louisville Athletic Hall of Fame
Johnny Unitas (1951–54) – former Baltimore Colts quarterback; Pro Football Hall of Fame member, three-time NFL Most Valuable Player
Dewayne White (2000–02) – Detroit Lions defensive end
Otis Wilson (1976–79) – first team All-American defensive end; member of the Chicago Bears Super Bowl XX Championship team
Men's basketball
Rakeem Buckles (2009–12) – professional basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
Taqwa Pinero, formerly known as Taquan Dean (2003-05) - professional basketball player for the Phoenix Suns (NBA Summer league 2008), Unicaja Málaga (2009–2010), Élan Béarnais Pau-Lacq-Orthez (2017-2019)
Trey Lewis (2015–2016) – professional basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
Donovan Mitchell (2015–17) – professional basketball player for the Utah Jazz
Kenny Payne (1985–89) – professional basketball player for the Philadelphia 76ers (1989–1993), coach for the University of Louisville (2022–present)
Derek Smith (1979–82) – professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors (1982–1983, Los Angeles/San Diego Clippers (1983–1986), Sacramento Kings (1986–1989), Philadelphia 76ers (1989–1993), and Boston Celtics (1990–1991)
All-Americans
(listed in chronological order)
Bob Lochmueller (1949–52)
Charlie Tyra (1954–57)
Don Goldstein (1956–59) – All-American, Pan American Games gold medalist
Jack Turner (1958–61)
Wes Unseld (1965–68) – three-time All-American; former member of the Baltimore/Washington Bullets; 5-time NBA All-Star; second person ever to win both NBA Rookie of the Year and NBA Most Valuable Player in the same season; named to the NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team; inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1988
Butch Beard (1966–69)
Jim Price (1969–72)
Junior Bridgeman (1972–75) – All-American in 1975
Allen Murphy (1972–75)
Phil Bond (1973–76)
Wesley Cox (1974–77)
Rick Wilson (1975–78)
Darrell Griffith (1976–80) – 1980 John Wooden Award winner (player of the year) and Most Outstanding Player of the NCAA basketball tournament; former member of the Utah Jazz; 1981 NBA Rookie of the Year
Lancaster Gordon (1981–84)
Pervis Ellison (1985–89) – first freshman to be named Most Outstanding Player of the NCAA basketball tournament; first overall pick of the 1989 NBA Draft
Clifford Rozier (1991–94)
DeJuan Wheat (1994–97)
Reece Gaines (2000–03)
Francisco García (2003–05) – led team to 2005 Final Four; former member of Sacramento Kings; member of the Houston Rockets
Terrence Williams (2005–09) – led team to back to back Elite 8s; former member of Houston Rockets; member of the Boston Celtics
Women's basketball
Angel McCoughtry (2005–09) – Big East Player of the Year and All-American in 2007, 2008, and 2009; led the Cardinals to the 2009 NCAA final; first overall pick in the 2009 WNBA draft by the Atlanta Dream; 2009 Rookie of the Year
Shoni Schimmel (2010–14) – led the Cardinals to the 2013 NCAA final; chosen eighth overall in the 2014 WNBA draft by the Dream
Baseball
Adam Duvall – MLB player for the Atlanta Braves and formerly the San Francisco Giants and Cincinnati Reds; 2016 All-Star and 2016 Home Run Derby participant
Chad Green – MLB pitcher, New York Yankees
Sean Green (1997–2000) – former MLB pitcher
Jarred Kelenic – MLB outfielder, Seattle Mariners
Brendan McKay (2014–2017) – first baseman and pitcher, Tampa Bay Rays; consensus national college player of the year in 2017
Will Smith – MLB catcher, Los Angeles Dodgers
Nick Solak – MLB infielder, Texas Rangers
Logan Wyatt – MLB first baseman, San Francisco Giants
Track and field
Tone Belt (2005–present) – won the 2007 NCAA indoor long jump national title, UofL's first-ever track national title in track and field
Andre Black (2005–present) – won the 2007 NCAA indoor triple jump national title, UofL's second-ever national title in track and field
Kelley Bowman (2002–06) – two-time All-American high jumper; finished 3rd in nation in the high jump at 2006 NCAA National Championships with a UofL record of 6 feet, 1.25 inches; holds Kentucky high school girls' record (5 feet, 10.5 inches); won four consecutive KY state titles at Berea High School; had 4th best jump in the nation in 2000
Wesley Korir (2006–08) – multiple All-America in distance running; winner of the 2012 Boston Marathon; member of the Kenyan Parliament, 2013–2017
Other sports
Adam Hadwin (2009) – PGA golfer, winner of 2017 Valspar Championship
Scott Harrington – Indy car race driver, 1999 Indycar Rookie of the Year
Denis Petrashov (born 2000) - Kyrgyzstani Olympic swimmer
Shannon Smyth (2005–08) – Republic of Ireland international soccer player
List of presidents of the University of Louisville
There have been 28 presidents and five interim presidents of what is (or was once a part of) the University of Louisville.
Jefferson Seminary (1813–29)
Mann Butler 1813–16
William Tompkins 1816–21
Charles M. M'Crohan 1821–25
Francis E. Goddard 1826–29
Louisville Collegiate Institute (1837–40)
Benjamin F. Farnsworth 1837–38
John Hopkins Harney 1838–40
Louisville College (1840–46)
John Hopkins Harney 1840–44
Louisville Medical Institute (1837–1846)
John Rowan 1837–42
William Garvin 1842–43
James Guthrie 1843–46
University of Louisville (post merger of LMI and LC) (1846–present)
Samuel Smith Nicholas 1846–47
James Guthrie 1847–69
Isaac Caldwell 1869–86
James Speed Pirtle 1886–05
Theodore L. Burnett 1905–11
David William Fairleigh 1911–14
Arthur Younger Ford 1914–26
George Colvin 1926–28
John Letcher Patterson 1928–29 (acting)
Raymond Asa Kent 1929–43
Einar William Jacobsen 1943–46
Frederick William Stamm 1946–47 (acting)
John Wilkinson Taylor 1947–50
Eli Huston Brown III 1950–51 (acting)
Philip Grant Davidson 1951–68
University of Louisville, as part of the Kentucky state system
Woodrow Mann Strickler 1968–72
William Ferdinand Ekstrom 1972–73 (acting)
James Grier Miller 1973–80
William Ferdinand Ekstrom 1980–81 (acting)
Donald C. Swain 1981–95
John W. Shumaker 1995–2002
Carol Garrison 2002 (acting)
James R. Ramsey 2002–16
Neville G. Pinto 2016–17 (acting)
Gregory C. Postel 2017–2018 (acting)
Neeli Bendapudi 2018–2022
Lori Stewart Gonzalez 2022–present (interim)
See also
University of Louisville
Louisville Cardinals
Louisville Cardinal's Radio Affiliates
Louisville Cardinals Conference Championships by Year
List of people from the Louisville metropolitan area
References
External links
UofL library archives list of presidents
University of Louisville people
Louisville, Kentucky-related lists |
5391280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaributas | Kaributas | Kaributas (Koribut, Korybut, baptized Dmitry; after 1350 – after 1404) was a son of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and reigned in Severian Novgorod until 1393.
Kaributas was born some time after 1350 (exact date is unknown) to Algirdas of Lithuania and Uliana of Tver. Born a pagan, around 1380 he was baptised in the Orthodox rite and became the prince of Severian Novgorod. He adopted the Christian name of Dmitry and hence is sometimes referred to as Dmitry Korybut (a combination of his Slavicised Lithuanian name Kaributas and his Christian name). He appeared in politics during the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) when he supported his brother Jogaila against his uncle Kęstutis and cousin Vytautas. In 1382 he began a rebellion in Severian Novgorod, engaging Kęstutis' forces so that Jogaila could attack and capture lightly guarded Vilnius, capital of the Grand Duchy. He also witnessed the Treaty of Dubysa with the Teutonic Knights.
For his service, he was awarded possessions in Navahrudak and Lida. Kaributas continued to support Jogaila: he witnessed the Union of Krewo and fought in the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392). After the Ostrów Agreement, he refused to recognize Vytautas' superiority and was defeated in a battle near Lida in early 1393. Kaributas was imprisoned and stripped of his possessions. However, he was soon released and given Zbarazh, Bratslav, and Vinnytsia. Severian Novgorod was given to Fedor, son of Liubartas. Kaributas appeared last in written sources in 1404 during a military campaign waged by Vytautas against the Principality of Smolensk.
Kaributas' male-line descendants included Princes Zbaraski, Wiśniowiecki and, in the Russian Empire, Woroniecki, and Nieswicki, making these families Gediminid. King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki was named Korybut to foreground his agnatic descent from Kaributas.
Marriage and issue
Kaributas married Princess Anastasia, daughter of Grand Prince Oleg II of Ryazan, with whom he had three daughters and three sons.
Kaributas issue originated the Korybut coat of arms.
Helena (wife of John II "the Iron" Duke of Racibórz),
Fedor of Nesvich, Volhynia
Sigismund Korybut (a claimant to the Bohemian Crown),
Nastasia (wife of Fedor of Kashin)
Ivan
References
Gediminids
14th-century births
15th-century deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown |
5391288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle%20performance | Bicycle performance | A bicycle's performance is extraordinarily efficient. In terms of the amount of energy a person must expend to travel a given distance, cycling is calculated to be the most efficient self-powered means of transportation.
In terms of the ratio of cargo weight a bicycle can carry to total weight, it is also the most efficient means of cargo transportation.
Mechanical efficiency
From a mechanical viewpoint, up to 99% of the energy delivered by the rider into the pedals is transmitted to the wheels (clean, lubricated new chain at 400 W), although the use of gearing mechanisms reduces this by 1–7% (clean, well-lubricated derailleurs), 4–12% (chain with 3-speed hubs), or 10–20% (shaft drive with 3-speed hubs). The higher efficiencies in each range are achieved at higher power levels and in direct drive (hub gears) or with large driven cogs (derailleurs).
Energy efficiency
A human traveling on a bicycle at , using only the power required to walk, is the most energy-efficient means of human transport generally available. Air drag, which increases with the square of speed, requires increasingly higher power outputs relative to speed. A bicycle in which the rider lies in a supine position is referred to as a recumbent bicycle or, if covered in an aerodynamic fairing to achieve very low air drag, as a velomobile.
On firm, flat ground, a person requires about 60 watts to walk at . That same person on a bicycle, on the same ground, with the same power output, can travel at using an ordinary bicycle, so in these conditions the energy expenditure of cycling is one-third that of walking the same distance. Uphill and downhill speeds vary according to the slope of the incline and the effort of the rider. Uphill cycling requires more power to overcome gravity and speeds are therefore lower and heartrate is higher than during flat riding conditions. With medium effort a cyclist can pedal 8-10 km/h up a gentle incline. Riding on grass, sand, mud, or snow will also slow a rider down. Without pedaling downhill a bicycle rider can easily reach speeds of 20-40 km/h down a gentle 5% slope and speeds exceeding 50 km/h on steeper inclines.
Energy output
Active humans can produce between 1.5 Watts per kilogram of body mass (untrained), 3.0 W/kg (fit), and 6.6 W/kg (top-class male athletes). 5 W/kg is about the level reachable by the highest tier of male amateurs for longer periods. Maximum sustained power levels during one hour range from about 200 W (NASA experimental group of "healthy men") to 500 W (men's world hour record).
Energy input
The energy input to the human body is in the form of food energy, usually quantified in kilocalories [kcal] or kiloJoules [kJ=kWs]. This can be related to a certain distance travelled and to body weight, giving units such as kJ/(km∙kg). The rate of food consumption, i.e. the amount consumed during a certain period of time, is the input power. This can be measured in kcal/day or in J/s = W (1000 kcal/d ~ 48.5 W).
This input power can be determined by measuring oxygen uptake, or in the long term food consumption, assuming no change of weight. This includes the power needed just for living, called the basal metabolic rate BMR or roughly the resting metabolic rate.
The required food can also be calculated by dividing the output power by the muscle efficiency. This is 18–26%. From the example above, if a 70 kg person is cycling at 15 km/h by expending 60 W and a muscular efficiency of 20% is assumed, roughly 1 kJ/(km∙kg) extra food is required. For calculating the total food required during the trip, the BMR must first be added to the input power. If the 70 kg person is an old, short woman, her BMR could be 60 W, in all other cases a bit higher. Viewed this way the efficiency in this example is effectively halved and roughly 2 kJ/(km∙kg) total food is required.
Although this shows a large relative increase in food required for low power cycling, in practice it is hardly noticed, as the extra energy cost of an hour's cycling can be covered with 50 g nuts or chocolate. With long and fast or uphill cycling, the extra food requirement however becomes evident.
To complete the efficiency calculation, the type of food consumed determines the overall efficiency. For this the energy needed to produce, distribute and cook the food must be considered.
Typical speeds
In utility cycling there is a large variation; an elderly person on an upright roadster might do less than while a fitter or younger person could easily do twice that on the same bicycle. For cyclists in Copenhagen, the average cycling speed is .
The fitness and cadence of the rider, bicycle tire pressure and sizes, gear ratios, slope of the terrain affect the overall speed of the rider. Bicycles designed for flat urban environments may have fixed gearing or three speeds and bicycles designed for hilly terrain, hauling weight, or traveling faster have more gears.
In competitive cycling a sustainable high speed is augmented by the addition of more gears, using larger chainrings, lighter materials, aerodynamic design, and the aerodynamic effects of the peloton. The group can maintain a much higher speed over extended distance due to various cyclists taking turns at the head of the wind then dropping behind to rest. A team time trial produces the same effect.
Modern cyclists use a speedometer or cyclocomputer to measure, record, and share several variables including speed, gradient, distance, time, cadence, slope, Watts, power, temperature, GPS data, route, and even heart rate.
Cycling speed records
The highest speed officially recorded for any human-powered vehicle (HPV) on level ground and with calm winds and without external aids (such as motor pacing and wind-blocks, but including a defined amount of gravity assist) is set in 2016 by Todd Reichert in the Eta Speedbike, a streamlined recumbent bicycle. In the 1989 Race Across America, a group of HPVs crossed the United States in just 5 days. The highest speed officially recorded for a bicycle ridden in a conventional upright position under fully faired conditions was over 200 m. That record was set in 1986 by Jim Glover on a Moulton AM7 at the Human Powered Speed Championships during Expo86 World Fair in Vancouver. The fastest bicycle speed in slipstream is 296 km/h (183.9 mph), set by Denise Mueller-Korenek in 2018 on the Bonneville Salt Flats. This involved slipstreaming behind a dragster.
Cycling Speed Wobble
Dangerous steering wobble may occur at high speeds, riding with no hands on the handle bars at lower speeds, and when the front forks are weighted with panniers.
Reduction of weight and rotating mass
There has been major corporate competition to lower the weight of racing bikes in order to be faster uphill and accelerating. The UCI sets a limit of 6.8 kg on the minimum weight of bicycles to be used in sanctioned races.
Advantages of reduced mass
For cycling on the level at a constant speed, a large weight reduction saves only a negligible amount of power and it is on the contrary beneficial to add mass in the form of aerodynamic improvements. But for climbing steeply, any weight reduction can be felt directly. E.g., a reduction of 10% of the total system weight (bicycle, rider, and luggage combined) will save nearly 10% power.
A reduced mass is also directly felt when accelerating. For example, the Analytic Cycling calculator gives a time/distance advantage of 0.16 s/188 cm for a sprinter with 500 g lighter wheels. In a criterium race, if a rider has to brake entering each corner, then this is wasted as heat. For a flat criterium at 40 km/h, 1 km circuit, 4 corners per lap, 10 km/h speed loss at each corner, one hour duration, there would be 160 corner "jumps". For 90 kg rider and bike, this adds roughly one third effort compared to the same ride at a steady speed, and a mass reduction of 10% of the total system weight (bicycle, rider, and luggage combined) could thus give about a 3% advantage.
Advantages of light wheels
The mass of tires and rims must be accelerated linearly and rotationally. It can be shown that the effect of rim and tire mass of typical spoked wheels is effectively doubled.
Reducing their mass is thus especially noticeable in the case of sprints and corner "jumps" in a criterium.
Power required
Heated debates over the relative importance of weight saving and optimization of tires and aerodynamics are common in cycling. By calculating the power requirements for moving a bike and rider, one can evaluate the relative energy costs of air resistance, rolling resistance, slope resistance and acceleration.
There are well-known equations that give the power required to overcome the various resistances mainly as a function of speed:
Air drag
The power needed to overcome air drag or resistance is:
in still air, or
in a headwind,
where
is the air density, which is about 1.225 kg/m^3 at sea level and 15 deg. C.
is the speed relative to the road,
is the apparent headwind, and
is a characteristic area times its associated drag coefficient.
The concept of apparent wind is only directly applicable here if it comes from a true headwind or tailwind. Then is the scalar sum of and the headwind or the difference between and the tailwind. If this difference is negative, must be regarded as assistance rather than resistance. If however the wind has a sideways component, the apparent wind must be calculated with a vector sum and, especially if the bicycle is streamlined, the calculation of lateral and drag forces becomes more complex; a proper treatment involves considering the forces on the surfaces like the forces on sails.
The drag coefficient depends on the shape of the object and on the Reynolds number, which itself depends on . However, if is the cross sectional area, can be roughly approximated as 1 for usual cycling speeds of a rider on an upright bicycle.
Rolling resistance
The power for overcoming the tires' rolling resistances is given by:
where g is gravity, nominally 9.8 m/s^2,
and m is mass (kg).
The approximation can be used with all normal coefficients of rolling resistance . Usually this is assumed to be independent of (speed of the bicycle on the road) although it is recognized that it increases with speed. Measurements on a roller-mechanism give low-speed coefficients of 0.003 to 0.006 for a variety of tires inflated to their maximum recommended pressures, increasing about 50% at 10 m/s.
Climbing power
The vertical climbing power on slope is given by
.
This approximation approaches the real solution for small, i.e. normal grades. For extremely steep slopes such as 0.35 the approximation gives an overestimation of about 6%.
As this power is used to increase the potential energy of bike and rider, it is returned as motive power when going downhill and not lost unless the rider brakes or travels faster than desired.
Power for acceleration
The power for accelerating the bike and rider having total mass m with acceleration a and rotationally also the wheels having mass is:
The approximation is valid if is assumed to be concentrated at the rims and tires and these are not slipping. The mass of such wheels can thus be counted twice for this calculation, independent of the wheels' sizes.
As this power is used to increase the kinetic energy of bike and rider, it is returned when decelerating and not lost unless the rider brakes or travels faster than desired.
Total power
where is the mechanical efficiency of the drive train described at the beginning of this article.
Given this simplified equation, one can calculate some values of interest. For example, assuming no wind, one gets the following results for power delivered to the pedals (watts):
175 W for a 90 kg bike + rider to go 9 m/s (32 km/h or 20 mph) on the flat (76% of effort to overcome aerodynamic drag), or 2.6 m/s (9.4 km/h or 5.8 mph) on a 7% grade (2.1% of effort to overcome aerodynamic drag).
300 W for a 90 kg bike + rider at 11 m/s (40 km/h or 25 mph) on the flat (83% of effort to overcome aerodynamic drag) or 4.3 m/s (15 km/h or 9.5 mph) on a 7% grade (4.2% of effort to overcome aerodynamic drag).
165 W for a 65 kg bike + rider to go 9 m/s (32 km/h or 20 mph) on the flat (82% of effort to overcome aerodynamic drag), or 3.3 m/s (12 km/h or 7.4 mph) on a 7% grade (3.7% of effort to overcome aerodynamic drag).
285 W for a 65 kg bike + rider at 11 m/s (40 km/h or 25 mph) on the flat (87% of effort to overcome aerodynamic drag) or 5.3 m/s (19 km/h or 12 mph) on a 7% grade (6.1% of effort to overcome aerodynamic drag).
Reducing the weight of the bike + rider by 1 kg would increase speed by 0.01 m/s at 9 m/s on the flat (5 seconds in a 32 km/h (20 mph), 40-kilometre (25 mile) TT). The same reduction on a 7% grade would be worth 0.04 m/s (90 kg bike + rider) to 0.07 m/s (65 kg bike + rider). If one climbed for 1 hour, saving 1 lb would gain between and – less effect for the heavier bike + rider combination (e.g., 0.06 km/h (0.04 mph) * 1 h * /mi = ). For reference, the big climbs in the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia have the following average grades:
Giro d'Italia
Stelvio Pass = 7.45% over 24.3 km;
Colle delle Finestre = 9.1% over 18.6 km;
Colle dell'Agnello = 6.5% over 22 km;
Passolanciano-Maielletta, also known as Blockhaus = 9.4% over 22 km;
Plan de Corones = 10% over 5.2 km;
Mortirolo = 10.4% over 12.5 km;
Monte Zoncolan = 12% over 10.1 km;
Tour de France
Tourmalet = 7%
Galibier = 7.5%
Alpe D'Huez = 8.6%
Mont Ventoux = 7.1%.
See also
Bicycle
Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics
Cycling power meter
Cyclocomputer
Outline of cycling
References
External links
Physics-based simulation of bicycle race performance
Calculate the speed and power requirements of different sprocket sizes for different Hub and Derailleur gears
Cycling |
5391305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittenden-3-4%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012 | Chittenden-3-4 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012 | The Chittenden-3-4 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan was developed & passed in 2012 following the 2010 Census.
The rest of Burlington is represented by the Chittenden-3-1, Chittenden-3-2, Chittenden-3-3, Chittenden-3-5 and Chittenden-3-6 districts.
At the time of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there were a total of 150 Representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Chittenden-3-4 District had a population of 8,792 in that same census, 8.3% above the state average.
District Representatives
Kesha Ram, Democrat
Chris Pearson, Progressive
David Zuckerman, later the Lieutenant Governor of Vermont, represented the district in the State House from 1997 to 2011.
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005–06 session
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2007–08 session
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
External links
Definition of the Chittenden-3-4 Districts
Detail map of the Chittenden-3-1 through Chittenden-3-10 districts (PDF)
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts -- Statistics (PDF)
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Burlington, Vermont |
5391315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence%20Ada%20Keynes | Florence Ada Keynes | Florence Ada Keynes (née Brown; 10 March 1861 – 13 February 1958) was an English author, historian and politician.
Career
Keynes was an early graduate of Newnham College, Cambridge where her contemporaries included the economist Mary Marshall. She subsequently became involved in local charitable work, establishing an early juvenile labour exchange, and was one of the founders of the Papworth Village Settlement for sufferers of tuberculosis, a forerunner of Papworth Hospital. She was secretary of the local Charity Organisation Society, which provided pensions for the elderly living in poverty, and worked with inmates of workhouses to resettle them into society. She encouraged women students to enter charitable work, including Eglantyne Jebb who was introduced to her by Marshall; Jebb subsequently founded Save the Children.
Cambridge Borough Council
She was the first female councillor of Cambridge City Council in August 1914, and was also a town magistrate. At 70 years of age, Keynes became Mayor of Cambridge on 9 November 1932, the second woman to hold the office. She chaired the committee responsible for the building of the new Guildhall, which was completed in 1939.
Works
Retiring from public duties in 1939, she wrote a history of Cambridge, By-Ways of Cambridge History (Cambridge University Press, 1947). In 1950 she published a memoir, Gathering up the threads (W Heffer & Son Ltd, 1950), in which she discusses her ancestors along with the childhoods of her children John Maynard, Margaret and Geoffrey.
Family
Keynes was the daughter of Rev. John Brown of Bunyan's Chapel, Bedford, and schoolteacher Ada Haydon, née Ford (1837–1929). Her brother Sir Walter Langdon-Brown was the Regius Professor of Physic (medicine) at the University of Cambridge.
She married the economist John Neville Keynes in 1882. They had a daughter and two sons:
John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946), the economist and public servant
Margaret Neville Hill (1885–1970), who in 1913 married Archibald Hill, winner of the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology
Geoffrey Langdon Keynes (1887–1982), a surgeon
See also
Keynes family
Papworth Hospital
References
1861 births
1958 deaths
20th-century British writers
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
British women historians
Councillors in Cambridgeshire
Florence
Mayors of Cambridge
British social reformers
Women mayors of places in England
Presidents of the National Council of Women of Great Britain
20th-century English women
20th-century English people
Women councillors in England |
5391321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer%20Milligan | Spencer Milligan | Spencer Milligan (born September 10, 1937) is an American actor best known for playing Rick Marshall, the father of Will and Holly Marshall, on the first two seasons of the 1970s children science fiction TV series, Land of the Lost.
Career
Milligan left the Land of the Lost after the second season. It was widely believed by fans that he left because of a "salary dispute." In fact, Milligan wanted his share of merchandising royalties that the show generated. In a 2009 interview with the Associated Press, Milligan elaborated: On the show, Milligan's character Rick Marshall was replaced by his brother, Jack Marshall, played by actor Ron Harper. Milligan did not return for the brief scene at the beginning of "After-Shock," the first episode of the third season. This scene, which was also used in the opening credits of the third season, showed Rick Marshall being transported out of the Land of the Lost. Jon Kubichan, who both wrote and produced the episode, played the role instead, wearing a wig resembling Milligan's hair and standing with his back to the camera.
Although Spencer Milligan made various guest-starring roles on TV in the 1970s, his career cooled in the 1980s. During the 1980s Milligan lived in Malibu. He settled in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex area in the 1990s, where he taught acting at Adam Roarke's Film Actors Lab (where Lou Diamond Phillips studied). One of Milligan's students was actor Benton Jennings. Milligan eventually moved back to his family's home in Wisconsin. His last known acting performance was in 1987, when he appeared on General Hospital.
In addition to teaching acting, Milligan has directed local plays.
Filmography
A partial filmography follows.
Film
Sleeper (1973) as Jeb Hrmthmg
The Man From Clover Grove (1975) as Fester McLong
The Photographer(1974) as Clinton Webber
Television
References
External links
People from Fort Worth, Texas
American male television actors
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American male actors
1937 births |
5391326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYGN-LD | WYGN-LD | WYGN-LD, virtual and VHF digital channel 10, is a low-powered 3ABN-affiliated television station licensed to Berrien Springs, Michigan, United States. The station is owned by Good News Television.
History
WYGN originally signed on July 22, 1988 in South Bend, Indiana as W12BK on channel 12, a low-power repeater of WCIU-TV, the former Telemundo affiliate which became a Univision affiliate in 1989, and then became an English-language Independent station in Chicago, Illinois at the end of 1994. It would switch to being a low-power repeater of WBND-LP, the ABC affiliate in South Bend on May 26, 1996, and that the license would move to Berrien Springs, Michigan that same year. On March 14, 2002, the station was transferred to its current owner, Good News Television, who had previously been broadcasting 3ABN programming on the now-WCWW-LD channel 25 in South Bend.
One of the board members of Good News Television, Dr. Robert Moon, is also the treasurer of the Raymond S. and Dorothy N. Moore Foundation, which owns another 3ABN affiliate, W07CL.
In January 2007, WYGN-LP was granted a construction permit for a digital companion channel on Channel 10. The FCC granted a license to operate on Channel 10 on July 1, 2009.
Digital television
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
References
External links
YGN-LD
Three Angels Broadcasting Network
Low-power television stations in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 1988
1988 establishments in Indiana |
5391328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manns%20Beach%2C%20Victoria | Manns Beach, Victoria | Manns Beach is a small community based near Port Albert, Victoria, Australia. It contains lavatory facilities, jetty and boat ramp that provides boating access to the water body. The waterbody mouths into offshore waters of Bass Strait. At the 2006 census, Manns Beach had a population of 135.
Notes and references
Beaches of Victoria (Australia)
Towns in Victoria (Australia)
Towns in Gippsland
Shire of Wellington |
5391338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thel%20%28opera%29 | Thel (opera) | Thel or The Lamentations of Thel ( or – ) is a chamber opera in four scenes with a prologue by the Russian composer Dmitri N. Smirnov to his own libretto in English after William Blake. It was composed in 1985–1986, and was also translated to Russian.
Subject and creation history
The opera was composed during 1985-1986 in Moscow and Ruza. It is a sequel to another opera based on Blake, Tiriel (1985). The libretto is based on the very early poem by Blake, "The Book of Thel" (1789), in which he presented part of his immense mythology. Thel, so-called from the Greek word meaning "desire" or "will", is young girl complaining on her future death. There are points of dialogue between two works. And they are interconnected through the common idea of search for a meaning to life, through the place where the action is set, the Valleys of Har – a creation of Blake’s imagination – and also through the similarity of the music material. In the first instance, however, we are dealing with a dramatic tragedy, an illustration of the forces of evil, which brings death and destruction to the world, whereas in the second we have an intimate and lyrical parable-pastoral.
Performance history
World premiere: 9 June 1989, Almeida Theatre, London.
Director: Annabel Arden
Designer: Willow Winston
Soprano: Jane W Davidson
Contralto: Lore Lixemberg
Countertenor: Andrew Watts
Conductor: Jeremy Arden
Company: Théâtre de Complicité
Second staging: 29 May 1993, Ballroom Student’s Union, Keele University, Staffordshire.
Director and soprano: Jane Davidson;
Conductor: Rahmil Fishman
Roles
Thel – soprano
Clod of Clay – contralto
Lily of the Valley – Boy or girl soprano
Cloud – countertenor (or soprano)
Worm – Mime
Ghosts – Mixed chamber choir (SATB)
Time and Place: The Vales of Har, the Places of the Dead
Duration: 52 minutes
Synopsis
Scene I. The daughters of Mne Seraphim are all shepherdesses in the Vales of Har, apart from the youngest, Thel. She spends her time wandering on her own, trying to find the answer to the question that torments her: why does the springtime of life inevitably fade so that all things must end? She meets the Lily of the Valley who tries to comfort her. When Thel remains uncomforted, the Lily sends her on to ask the Cloud.
Scene II. The Cloud explains that he is part of a natural process and, although he sometimes disappears, he is never gone forever. Thel replies that she is not like the Cloud and when she disappears she will not return. So the Cloud suggests asking the same question of the Worm.
Scene III. The Worm is still a child and cannot answer. Instead it is the Worm’s mother, the Clod of Clay, who answers. The Clod explains that we do not live for ourselves, but for others. She invites Thel to enter into her underground realm and see the places of the dead where Thel herself will one day reside.
Scene IV. Once there, at the places of the dead, however, Thel is assailed by mysterious voices asking a whole series of yet more terrible questions of existence. Uttering a shriek, she flees back to her home in the Vales of Har.
Scoring
Singers: soprano, boy (or girl) soprano, countertenor, contralto, mime artist, mixed chamber choir
Orchestra: flute (piccolo), oboe, clarinet, bassoon, French horn, trumpet, trombone, 2 percussion players (timpani, jingle bells, triangle, suspended cymbal, gong, bass drum, tam-tam, glockenspiel, tubular bells, xylophone, vibraphone) celesta, harp, 2 violins, viola, violoncello, double bass.
Publishers
Boosey & Hawkes, London (for the UK, British Commonwealth (excluding Canada) and the Republic of Ireland)
Internationale Musikverlage Hans Sikorski, Hamburg.
Quotations
"The simple opposition between Tiriel, an enraged and exhausted old man, and Thel, a child from the Songs of Innocence has allowed Smirnov to create a pair of works quite different but complementary" (Gerard McBurney)
External links
Text of Blake’s poem
Boosey & Hawkes
Thel, opera
Review
Chamber operas
Russian opera
English-language operas
Operas
Operas by Dmitri Smirnov
1989 operas |
5391339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Eye%20%28novel%29 | The Eye (novel) | The Eye (, Sogliadatai, literally 'voyeur' or 'peeper'), written in 1930, is Vladimir Nabokov's fourth novel. It was translated into English by the author's son Dmitri Nabokov in 1965.
At around 80 pages, The Eye is Nabokov's shortest novel. Nabokov himself referred to it as a 'little novel' and it is a work that sits somewhere around the boundary between extended short story and novella. It was produced during a hiatus in Nabokov's creation of short stories between 1927 and 1930 as a result of his growing success as a novelist.
As in many of Nabokov's early works, the characters are largely Russian émigrés relocated to Europe, specifically Berlin. In this case, the novel is set in two houses where a young Russian tutor, Smurov, is renting room and board.
Plot summary
The action of the novel largely begins after the (perhaps fatal) suicide attempt of the protagonist. This occurs after he suffers a beating at the hands of a cuckolded husband (the protagonist has been having an affair with a woman called Matilda with whom he has also, apparently, been rather bored). After his supposed death, and assuming everything in the world around him to be a manifestation of his 'leftover' imagination, his "eye" observes a group of Russian émigrés as he tries to ascertain their opinions of the character Smurov, around whom much uncertainty and suspicion exists.
Themes
The novel deals largely with indeterminate locus of identity and the social construction of identity in the reactions and opinions of others. Smurov exists as a fraud, nobleman, scoundrel, "sexual adventurer", thief, and spy in the eyes of the various characters. In some senses, Smurov is akin to the narrator of Dostoevsky's Notes from Underground. As the protagonist carefully collects these observations, he attempts to build a stable perspective on Smurov — whom we only belatedly discover is the narrator himself. The result is a meditation on the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity.
The work is the first one in Nabokov's oeuvre involving a first-person narrator and, specifically, one who imposes his fantasy world upon the real world. This was to be a structure that was developed further in later works such as Despair (1934), Pale Fire (1962) and his final novel, Look at the Harlequins! (1974). In a 1967 interview with Alfred Appel Jr, Nabokov retrospectively suggested that the work might have represented a turning-point in his career in this respect.
References
External links
A brief bibliography and summary of The Eye at Zembla.
Novels by Vladimir Nabokov
1965 American novels
1930 Russian novels
American novellas
Russian novellas
Fiction with unreliable narrators |
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