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5390019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viburnum%20lantana | Viburnum lantana | Viburnum lantana, the wayfarer or wayfaring tree, is a species of Viburnum, native to central, southern and western Europe (north to Yorkshire in England), northwest Africa, and southwestern Asia. The vigorous deciduous European treelike shrub is common along waysides.
Description
It is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to tall. The leaves are opposite, simple oval to lanceolate, Long and broad, with a finely serrated margin; they are densely downy on the underside, less so on the upper surface. The hermaphrodite flowers are small, around , and creamy-white, produced in dense cymes width at the top of the stems; they are produced in early summer, and pollinated by insects. The fruit is an oblong drupe long, green at first, turning red, then finally black at full maturity, and contains a single seed. The seeds are dispersed when birds eat the fruit, then deposit the seeds in another location in their droppings.
An older name for the plant is hoarwithy. "Hoar" means grey-haired and refers to the hairs under the leaves, and "withy" means a pliant stem.
Cultivation and uses
It is commonly grown as an ornamental plant for its flowers and berries, growing best on alkaline soils. A number of cultivars have been selected, including 'Aureum', with yellow leaves in spring.
The fruit is mildly toxic, and may cause vomiting or diarrhea if consumed in large quantities.
References
External links
lantana
Flora of Algeria
Flora of Armenia
Flora of Azerbaijan
Flora of France
Flora of Georgia (country)
Flora of Germany
Flora of Greece
Flora of Iran
Flora of Italy
Flora of Morocco
Flora of Poland
Flora of Romania
Flora of Russia
Flora of Spain
Flora of Turkey
Flora of Ukraine
Flora of the United Kingdom
Garden plants
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
5390022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obernewtyn%20%28novel%29 | Obernewtyn (novel) | Obernewtyn is the first novel in the Obernewtyn Chronicles series by Australian author Isobelle Carmody. Carmody began writing it at the age of fourteen, and reworked the novel through high school and university. Much of the inspiration for the protagonist, Elspeth Gordie, comes from her own life experiences. It was published by Penguin Books in Australia in 1987 and shortlisted for the Book of the Year for Older Readers in the Children's Book Council of Australia Awards.
A science fiction-fantasy novel set in a post-apocalyptic world, the story follows Elspeth Gordie, an orphan with special mental abilities, who lives a life of fear and danger. When her abilities are brought to the attention of the ruling, totalitarian Council, she is banished to the remote mountain institution of Obernewtyn, where all "Misfits" are sent. The leaders of Obernewtyn are secretly searching for the old weapons that had sent the world to the brink of despair, and Elspeth finds herself embroiled in a plot that risks more than just her personal safety.
The book has been published in Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Germany and Portugal. The Library Journal stated it was a "thought-provoking tale of courage and sacrifice"; other reviews found it one-dimensional and difficult to follow. Adapted as a stage play by Caroline Heske, it was performed in Darwin, Australia in 2004 by the Corrugated Iron Youth Arts Theatre.
Composition
Isobelle Carmody began writing the book when she was fourteen, in 1972. She rewrote and developed it throughout high school and university. After briefly working as a journalist, she left to write full-time. Penguin Books agreed to publish the book when Carmody submitted the manuscript in her early twenties and it was published in 1987. Carmody has said that the character and life experiences of Elspeth reflect her own:
The author named The Chronicles of Narnia, The Lord of the Rings, Doctor Dolittle and books about Pippi Longstocking as sources of influence.
Synopsis
Context
Obernewtyn is set in a world recently ravaged by a nuclear holocaust, known to the survivors as "the Great White", later said by the Herders (leaders of the new religious order) to have been sent by Lud (God) to punish humanity. The surviving remote communities attempted to rebuild society, which over time developed into a totalitarian Council, and a religious order, the Herder Faction. Mutations of the mind also began to appear in some of the surviving generations; those discovered are either burnt alive along with the rebels or labelled as "Misfits" and outcasts. The resulting large group of children are placed in orphan homes and used for manual labour.
Voice and setting
The story is told in the first-person through the protagonist, Elspeth Gordie, a teenage girl who has secret mental powers such as telepathy and the ability to communicate with animals. The story begins at Kinraide orphan home, where she and her brother Jes live, before moving briefly through Sutrium, the capital, and the countryside. However the majority of the narrative is set at Obernewtyn, which lies in the northern mountains of the Land, the fictional nation in which the Obernewtyn Chronicles is set.
Plot
Elspeth learns from her premonitions, and her cat Maruman's prophecies, that a keeper from Obernewtyn, a feared institution where Misfits are sent to work, will come to take her there. Soon, when delivering tea to visiting Head Keeper of Obernewtyn, Madam Vega, Elspeth accidentally reveals she is a Misfit, though not to what extent, and is soon dispatched to Obernewtyn. Her first few weeks at Obernewtyn are spent in the kitchen, where she is worked to the bone. The cook's daughter delights in tormenting her. The favoured Misfit, Ariel, and farm overseer, Rushton, immediately dislike her. Later reassigned to the farm, an encounter with a pair of Misfits named Matthew and Dameon reveals she is not alone in her particular abilities. She also befriends Cameo, a delicate, pretty Misfit of whom Matthew is very fond. Elspeth, plagued by nightmares, begins to feel there is a dark secret underneath their everyday tasks. While working, Elspeth decides to test the range of her telepathic ability, "farseeking", but beyond the boundaries of Obernewtyn, a strange machine, the Zebkrahn, traps her mind. She is only freed by combining her mental strength with another anonymous mind who offers assistance. Asked by Vega to look out for "special" Misfits, her interview reveals the Doctor is a defective simpleton; his "assistant", Alexi, has no interest in Elspeth in his quest to find the "right one" who will lead him to what he desires. Elspeth and Matthew later deduce that tortuous experiments on their kind are occurring, and they resolve to escape. Cameo begins disappearing from her bed at nighttime, and Elspeth fearfully suspects that Cameo is the subject of some of these experiments.
That night, Elspeth sneaks into the Doctor's office to retrieve a map and compass, but on finding forbidden books and maps from before the Great White, the "Beforetime", she realises they must be searching for something from long ago. She leaves empty-handed. Rosamunde, a fellow orphan from the Kinraide orphan home, arrives at Obernewtyn and coldly informs Elspeth that her brother Jes had discovered he also had mental abilities, but was killed by guards in an escape attempt. Rushton comforts the distraught Elspeth, and asks her why she plagues him. Fearful that someone will soon be after her as well, her group's escape plans begin in earnest. Elspeth returns a second time to the Doctor's office, but when Vega, Alexi and Ariel enter, she learns Ariel is part of the Obernewtyn family, and that they are searching for a Misfit to help them find the location of Beforetime weapons. Pre-warned that two Councilmen are coming to fetch her for questioning by the Herders, at nightfall she makes to escape but Rushton stops her. He reveals a secret network of drains which gets her safely to the farms. Once she is safely through the drains after a close shave with Ariel's pack of mad, wild wolves, she finds that the path to the farms has been obscured by a blizzard and gets lost. She nearly dies, but a Misfit named Domick finds her and locks her in the farmhouse to return later to Obernewtyn. Overhearing a conversation between her captors, she discovers they are Rushton's accomplices and were to secretly meet with a rebel group, but Rushton has gone missing. Convincing them that her powers can help find him, she makes her way on foot through the blizzard to the far mountains, with Maruman as her guide.
Inside the cave network she finds a dying Cameo, who tells her the Beforetime weapons Alexi and Vega are searching for caused the Great White, but they do not know this. She also reveals it is Elspeth's destiny, as the Seeker, to destroy them. After mourning her death, Elspeth overhears that Rushton, imprisoned in the next cavern, is the true heir of Obernewtyn. Suddenly, she is captured by Ariel, who ties her to a table next to the Zebkrahn machine. Elspeth is forced to hold the diaries of Marisa Seraphim, the wife of the founder of Obernewtyn and Alexi's stepmother, and use her abilities to discover what Marisa was thinking when she wrote them to determine the weapons' location. Still withstanding the torture, Elspeth mentally enters Rushton's mind and recognises the voice of her earlier rescuer from the Zebkrahn. Rushton gives his mental strength to her to endure the pain inflicted on her by the machine. In her despair at their threats to kill him, her resistance breaks and Marissa's thoughts reveal the map to be carved into the front doors of Obernewtyn. At this point, the Zebkrahn overheats and bursts into flames. Something in Elspeth's mind cracks and she uses this new power to kill Vega, who she saw standing over Rushton with a knife. She falls unconscious as Domick and Rushton's other friends rush in. Alexi is killed, but Ariel flees into the night and is believed to have died in the blizzard. Now known to be the legal master of Obernewtyn, Rushton plans to build it into a secret refuge for Misfits.
Reception
Critical
On the whole, Obernewtyn has been positively received. A reviewer for Publishers Weekly called it "a promising new series" and stated that Carmody evades stereotyping by imbuing her characters with conflicting interests. The Library Journal stated that it is a "thought-provoking tale of courage and sacrifice".
Lloyd Alexander, an American fantasy author, commented that it is a fantastically imaginative novel. He cited intricate detail, in-depth character development, and skilled use of language as some of the strengths of the work. American Young Adult fantasy writer Tamora Pierce expressed that the novel is "a dream date for [her]", given the novel involves a courageous girl of many talents and animals with "minds of their own".
However some reviewers have criticised aspects of the book. A reviewer writing for Kirkus Reviews said that the novel is "pedestrian and one-dimensional". Victoria Strauss, of SF Site, felt the emotional detachment of Elspeth, despite her loss and grief, robs the novel of some of its impact. John Foster felt Obernewtyn is hard to follow due to the complexities of the language and plot.
Awards and nominations
Obernewtyn won the Marcus Clark Literary Award for Best Unpublished Manuscript, which subsequently saw Carmody receive an Australia Council of the Arts Writer's Grant.
In 1988, Obernewtyn was shortlisted for Book of the Year for Older Readers in the Children's Book Council of Australia Awards.
Publication history
Single Book Publications:
Combined Volumes:
Foreign language publications
Audiobooks
Adaptations
The Corrugated Iron Youth Arts Theatre in Darwin, Australia, produced Caroline Heske's stage play adaptation of Obernewtyn, directed by Jeremy Rice, at the Brown's Mart Theatre from 3 to 7 November 2004. Rice stated that the original novel has "that imaginative streak that suits theatre".
References
External links
Obernewtyn.NET The Official Obernewtyn Chronicles Fan Club
1987 Australian novels
1987 fantasy novels
1987 science fiction novels
Australian science fiction novels
Australian fantasy novels
Australian young adult novels
Young adult fantasy novels
Science fantasy novels
Obernewtyn Chronicles
Penguin Books books
High fantasy novels |
5390038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%20National%20University%2C%20Hanoi | Vietnam National University, Hanoi | Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU; , ĐHQGHN) is a public research university in Vietnam. The university has 10 member colleges (called "universities") and faculties. VNU is one of two Vietnam's national universities, ranked 201–250th in Asia by the QS ASIA University Rankings 2020. In 2020, it was one of the first two Vietnamese universities (the other one being Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City) to be included in the QS Global Ranking of Top 150 universities under 50 years old by 2021.
History
Throughout its history, the university has had several name changes: the University of Indochina (Université Indochinoise, 東洋大學 or Đại học Đông Dương; established in 1906), Vietnam National University (Trường Đại học Quốc gia Việt Nam; November 1945), and the University of Hanoi (Trường Đại học Tổng hợp Hà Nội; June 1956). In 1993, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội) was created by merging the University of Hanoi, Hanoi National University of Education (HNUE) and College of Foreign Languages.
The institution also owns two high schools for gifted students in foreign languages (Foreign Language Specialized School) and natural science (High School for Gifted Students, Hanoi University of Science).
Board of Directors
President: Lê Quân
Vice President: Nguyễn Hoàng Hải
Vice President: Phạm Bảo Sơn
Member institutions
Vietnam National University, Hanoi includes the following members (universities, schools):
VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS)
VNU University of Social Sciences and Humanities (VNU-USSH)
VNU University of Languages and International Studies (VNU-ULIS)
VNU University of Engineering and Technology (VNU-UET)
VNU University of Economics and Business (VNU-UEB)
College of Economics, Vietnam National University
VNU University of Education (VNU-UED)
VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy (VNU-UMP)
VNU Vietnam Japan University (VNU-VJU)
VNU School of Law (VNU-LS)
VNU School of Business (VNU-HSB)
VNU International School (VNU-IS)
VNU School of Interdisciplinary Studies (VNU-SIS)
University rankings
The university attained a ranking in the 201–250 grouping in Asia, under the QS ASIA University Rankings 2020. Also in the same year, it attained a THE World University Ranking in the 801–1000 group, and a THE World University Ranking Asia in the 201–250 group.
Notable people
Anderson Cooper
Nguyễn Thái Học
Võ Nguyên Giáp - (Red Napoleon)
Phạm Xuân Nguyên
Ngô Bảo Châu - (Fields Medal)
Đàm Thanh Sơn - (Dirac Medal)
Hoàng Tụy - (Constantin Caratheodory Prize)
Nguyễn Phú Trọng - (General Secretary)
Lê Đức Thọ - (Nobel Peace Prize)
Trần Quang Đức
Đào Duy Anh
Joe Ruelle
Phan Huy Lê
Lê Văn Thiêm - (Mathematician)
Van H. Vu - (Pólya Prize)
Tạ Bích Loan
Tran Duc Thao
Trần Quốc Vượng
References
External links
(English)
Educational institutions established in 1906
1906 establishments in French Indochina |
5390040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Chizhevsky | Alexander Chizhevsky | Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky (, also Aleksandr Leonidovich Tchijevsky) (7 February 1897 – 20 December 1964) was a Soviet-era interdisciplinary scientist, a biophysicist who founded "heliobiology" (study of the sun's effect on biology) and "aero-ionization" (study of effect of ionization of air on biological entities). He was also noted for his work in "cosmo-biology", biological rhythms and hematology."
Chizhevsky used historical research (historiometry) techniques to link the 11-year solar cycle, Earth’s climate, and the mass activity of peoples.
Life and career
Chizhevsky was born in the town of Tsekhanovets (Ciechanowiec in Polish) in Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Poland). His father Leonid Vasilievich Chizhevsky was a Russian military general. He spent his early years, and later his teenage years, in Kaluga. As a youth he met Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, a noted space scientist, who also lived in Kaluga. Chizhevsky was educated at the private modern school of F. Shakhmagonov. In 1915 he spent his summer observing the sun and first hypothesized the effect of periodic changes in solar activity on the organic world. In 1916 he entered World War I as a Russian, fighting on the Galician front and earning a Cross of Saint George. There, he observed directly that battles tended to wax and wane with the strength of solar flares and geomagnetic storms during the concurrent height of solar cycle 15.
In 1918, Chizhevsky graduated from the Moscow Commercial Institute with a degree in archeology. His Moscow State University Doctorate of Philosophy thesis was "On the periodicity of the world-historical process". (He would later call his view point heliotaraxy or heliotaraxia.) He lectured at Moscow University and Moscow Archaeological Institute on the History of Science in the Ancient World and the History of Archaeological Discovery. He attended lectures in physics and mathematics and studied at the Medical Department of Moscow University while working at the Lazarev Biophysical Research Institute. Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Svante Arrhenius invited Chizhevsky to work for him. At a home laboratory Chizhevsky performed research on the influence of ionized air on animals, establishing the physiological action of negative and positive ions in the air on living organisms. (Negative ions making them more excitable and positive making them more lethargic.) He went on to work in the Duorv Zoo-Psychology Laboratory as a senior scientist and professor. During this time he compiled statistics on biospheric processes and their connection with cycles of solar activity.
In 1926, Chizhevsky worked with Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in the world's first experimental research in the field of space biology. In 1929 he was elected to the Tulan Academy of Sciences and He lectured on biophysics at Columbia University in New York City. In 1931 he set up the Central Research Laboratory for Ionisation in USSR. His work in aero-ionification was supported by the Soviet government and was recognized by a Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of USSR. In 1935 he discovered the metachromasy of bacteria – the so-called "Chizhevskii-Velkhover effect" – enabling solar emissions that were hazardous to man both on Earth and in space, to be forecast. He was head of two aero-ionisation laboratories. In 1939 he was the Honorary President of the International Congress of Bio-physics held in New York City.
In 1942, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin became aware of Chizhevsky's research work, including Physical Factors Of The Historical Process, and Chizhevsky was asked to retract his writings on solar cycles, which contradicted Soviet theories of the reasons for the Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917. He refused, was arrested and spent eight years in a forced labor gulag in the Ural mountains. He was released in 1950 and resettled in Karaganda in Kazakhstan where he underwent eight years of Soviet "rehabilitation" where he conducted science work in coal mines of Karaganda. While he no longer wrote on solar cycle theory, he returned to Moscow and introduced aero-ionic therapy (similar to negative air ionization therapy) into some medical establishments. He became a scientific consultant and ran an aero-ionification laboratory under the USSR State Planning Organisation.
Chizhevsky also was a painter of water colors shown in Soviet galleries and the composer of hundreds of poems. Chizhevsky died in Moscow in 1964 after a long illness. An "In memoriam" in the International Journal of Biometeorology stated that he had "carved new paths and approaches to the vast expanse of unexplored fields." He is buried in Pyatnitskoye cemetery in Moscow with a headstone featuring an engraved carving representing the sun.
Air ioniser
In 1918, Chizhevsky created the first air ioniser for ion therapy. It was originally used for animal health in agriculture.
Sunspots and mass excitability
Chizhevsky proposed that not only did geomagnetic storms resulting from sunspot-related solar flares affect electrical usage, plane crashes, epidemics and grasshopper infestations, but human mental life and activity. Increased negative ionization in the atmosphere increased human mass excitability. Chizhevsky proposed that human history is influenced by the eleven-year peaks in sunspot activity, triggering humans en masse to act upon existing grievances and complaints through revolts, revolutions, civil wars and wars between nations.
He analyzed sunspot records (and approximated records), comparing them to riots, revolutions, battles and war in Russia and seventy-one other countries for the period 500 BCE to 1922 CE. (A process known as historiometry.) He found that a significant percent of what he classified as the most important historical events involving large numbers of people occurred around sunspot maximum. Edward R. Dewey, founder of the Foundation for the Study of Cycles, analyzed and published his data in 1951 in the Foundation's publications. In a 1971 book Dewey described the "four components" of Chizhevsky's eleven-year cycle and their approximate lengths: 1) a three-year period of minimum activity characterized by passivity and autocratic rule; 2) a two-year period during which masses begin to organize under new leaders and one theme; 3) a three-year period of maximum excitability, revolution and war; 4) a three-year period of gradual decrease in excitability until the masses are apathetic. Dewey questioned Chizhevsky's theory because in Chizhevsky's data, the sunspot cycle height lagged about a year ahead his "mass excitability index."
In 1992 Arcady A. Putilov, a researcher in Animal and Human Physiology, published a paper empirically testing Chizhevsky hypothesis analyzing events described in Soviet historical handbooks. Putilov found that the frequency and "polarity" of events, including revolution, is the highest in the years of the solar cycle maximum and the lowest in the year before the minimum. In 1996 professor of psychology Suitbert Ertel (University of Göttingen) corroborated a "substantial" relationship between solar activity and revolutionary behavior through statistical analysis of a "Master Index of Violence from Below" (MIVE) for the period 1700–1985 CE.
Legacy
A main-belt asteroid (or minor planet) discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1978 is named 3113 Chizhevskij after Chizhevsky.
The Chizhevsky Science Center opened in Kaluga, Russia, in 2000, in the home where Chizhevsky lived and worked for a number of years. It is part of the Tsiolkovsky Museum. There Chizhevsky researched sun-earth relations and conducted experimental research on the effects of ionized air on a living organism, laying down basics of air-ionization. The center features exhibits, photographs and films, lectures and tours.
Bibliography
Alexander Chizhevsky, "Physical Factors of the Historical Process," (paper) Kaluga, 1924. (Included in a downloaded file from Astrotheos.com.)
Alexander Chizhevsky, The Terrestrial Echo of Solar Storms, 366 pp. 1976, Moscow, (First published in 1936 in )
Alexander Chizhevsky, Space Pulse of Life. (Originally titled The Earth In The Embrace Of The Sun), Moscow: Misl, 1995 (in Russian) with preface to by L. V. Golovanov.
John T Burns, Cosmic Influences on Humans, Animals and Plants: An Annotated Bibliography, 1997, Magill Bibliographies, .
Prof. L.A. Blyumenfel’d, editor, Solar Activity & The Biosphere: Heliobiology. From A.L. Chizhevsky To The Present by Boris M. Vladimirsky, N.A. Temuryants/Temurjants. Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. 1999. 30 pages, 93 figures, 24 tables, and Bibliography with 500 items. Distributed by: International Independent Ecological & Politological University, Ulitsa Krasnokazatskaya 44, Zdanie MEI Moscow Power Generation Institute Building, Moscow, Russia.
See also
Heliobiology
Chronobiology
Solar variation
Geochemistry
Biogeochemistry
Radiogeology
War cycles
Revolutionary wave
List of astronomical cycles
Edward R. Dewey
Nikolai Kondratiev
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
References
External links
Chizhevsky Science Center
1897 births
1964 deaths
People from Ciechanowiec
People from Belsky Uyezd (Grodno Governorate)
Soviet biophysicists
Cosmists
Moscow State University alumni
Plekhanov Russian University of Economics alumni
Burials at Pyatnitskoye Cemetery |
5390068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyming%20recipe | Rhyming recipe | A rhyming recipe is a recipe expressed in the form of a rhyming poem. Now mainly a curiosity, rhyming recipes were a common expedient for homemakers to memorize recipes in the late 19th and early 20th century.
Example: Sydney Smith's recipe for salad dressing
As an example, here is a poem that provides a recipe for salad dressing. The poem was written by Sydney Smith, an English writer and clergyman, a wit and a liberal reformer, who is also known for being one of the founders of the Edinburgh Review.
The poem is as follows:
The poem was reproduced in the book Common Sense in The Household: A Manual of Practical Housewifery by Marion Harland, a pen name of Mary Virginia Hawes Terhune, which was to become the most successful American cookbook at the end of the 19th century, selling over 10 million copies.
Through this book Sydney Smith's recipe became quite popular amongst American cooks, who would know the above doggerel by heart.
Notes
References
The Dictionary of American Food and Drink, J.F. Mariani, Ticknor & Fields, New Haven, Connecticut, 1983. Library of Congress TX349.M26
External links
, Nebraska State Historical Society
Common Sense in The Household: A Manual of Practical Housewifery by Marion Harland, New York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co., 1873.
Rhyming Recipes Continue To Intrigue Readers, column by poemlearners
poemlearners.us, article by poemlearners — look under "poemlearners"
English poems
Genres of poetry |
5390071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downfield | Downfield | Downfield may refer to:
Downfield, Dundee, an area of Dundee, Scotland
Downfield F.C., a Scottish junior football club based in the Downfield area of Dundee
Downfield Sixth Form, a sixth-form college located in Stroud, Gloucestershire |
5390085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Farseekers | The Farseekers | The Farseekers is the second novel in the Obernewtyn Chronicles series by Isobelle Carmody. It was first published by Penguin Books in Australia in 1990. In 1991, it was selected as an Honour Book for "Book of the Year for Older Readers" in the Children's Book Council of Australia Awards.
Two years on from the conclusion of Obernewtyn, the story follows the now thriving secret community of misfits at Obernewtyn. An expedition sets out to both rescue a powerful Misfit in a distant part of the Land and a lost library, but only Elspeth, its leader, knows how much is at stake. A dangerous journey, the group much succeed and return to Obernewtyn before the pass closes. In the midst of all this, Elspeth learns of her destiny to find and destroy the weaponmachines which caused the Great White.
Internationally published, in the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Portugal, the novel has received positive reviews. The Library Journal stated that it "blends graceful storytelling with appealing characters" and Publishers Weekly indicates it is "better than its predecessor"; criticisms include its lack of intricate character development and its complexity.
Summary
Context
Two years on from where Obernewtyn ended, Obernewtyn is thriving as a secret community for Misfits. Rushton is now the legal owner of the site, spreading the rumour Obernewtyn had been destroyed in a firestorm (deadly storm of flames). The community is separated into six guilds: Healing, Futuretelling (those who can see the future), Coercing (those who can force others to think or act differently), Beasting (those who can communicate with animals), Farseeking (those with the ability to send out a mental probe) and Teknoguild (study of the time before the Great White, particularly machines). Each guild has a guildmaster/mistress, a guilden (2IC), and warden (3IC). Elspeth is guildmistress of the Farseekers. The front doors which contained the map of the weaponmachines have been destroyed.
Voice and setting
The novel is written in the first-person and is based around a journey made to the lower lands. Beginning at Obernewtyn, they travel through the White Valley to the Druid's Camp, then through Tor mountain to Rangorn. They then travel on to the major city of Aborium, and then on to the Beforetime ruin. Returning home, they go back to Rangorn and through the secret pass over Tor. Elspeth is flown to the Agyllian eyrie before travelling through the mountains back to Obernewtyn.
Plot
Rushton returns from a journey around the highlands and immediately calls a meeting of all the leaders of the guilds (guildmerge). At the meeting, Elspeth and Pavo propose a joint expedition of their guilds to the West Coast, in order to recover an untouched Beforetime (time before Great White) book cache, as well as rescue a person with very strong mental abilities. Rushton proposes a safe house be set up in the capital, Sutrium, so they can be informed of the Council's movements, with the person to do this joining their expedition. This expedition is unanimously approved. Suddenly the cat Maruman falls into a fitful coma and Elspeth enters his mind to help bring him back. Inside his mind, a voice of an Agyllian reminds Elspeth of her promise to destroy the weaponmachines, a journey she must make alone. Later, Zarak bumps into an unknown Misfit mind while farseeking, who is a novice Herder in Darthnor cloister. Elspeth contacts the novice, named Jik, who initially believes she is a demon sent to test his faith. After subsequent conversations, she reveals she too is a Misfit and offers him a home at Obernewtyn. A small group of Farseekers rescue him, making it look as if he had drowned. Meanwhile, Elspeth, in response to the horses’ refusal to be ridden, strikes a bargain with their leader, Gahltha, that the upcoming expedition be treated as a test as to whether they can work as equals. He agrees on the condition that only Elspeth rides him, as both parties should risk their leaders. Just before the expedition sets off, a prophecy reveals Jik must join them and they must be back before the pass closes in winter, or Obernewtyn will fall.
Disguised as a gypsy troop, they attempt to find a secret pass through the lower mountains, but are taken captive by armsmen of Henry Druid (infamous rebel leader). Inside the well-established camp, their mental abilities are suddenly constrained and the group are separated. After being questioned by Druid about Obernewtyn, Kella and Elspeth are invited to dinner with the men in order to arrange bonding (marriage) of them to some armsmen. The head armsmen, Gilbert, takes a liking to her and speaks at length of his life and the camp. Later, Elspeth finds a secret group of Misfits led by Druid's secret deaf daughter and learns the block on their abilities is caused by a Misfit baby. Elspeth and Kella, intended to be bonded that night, escape with the rest of the group during a large storm. Dominic, who had eluded capture, built large rafts at Elspeth's earlier request, on which the group escape their pursuers into the mountain rapids. Halfway down, they come across a ruined Beforetime city in a large cavern. After exiting the mountain via a large waterfall, they are nursed back to health by a rebel couple. In return, the group agree to go to Aborium to see if their son, Brydda, is fine. Domick leaves them to travel to Sutrium to set up the safe house. In Aborium, Elspeth asks for him at the specified inn but is taken prisoner instead. Rescued by one of Brydda's friends, she is taken to see him. Meanwhile, Kella, Jik and Pavo are taken captive by the Herders and are held in the local cloister. Realising Jik is an escaped novice, the Herders intend to send him to Herder Isle (island containing core of order) that night for interrogation. Elspeth breaks in and frees the other two, but she is too late to free Jik. With Brydda's help they are able to cause enough commotion on the wharf to rescue him.
Outside the city, they, with Brydda, travel north to their destination, the ruins containing the library. The ruins are deserted as they are believed to be haunted. The group find a wild girl, capable of causing horrific visions with her mind, and discover that she is the Misfit they seek. After being coaxed with food, the girl, dubbed ‘Dragon’, eventually follows them back and joins their group. They also take back many books from the Beforetime library. After returning to Brydda's parents house, Domick rushes in to warn them of the approaching soldierguards, and tells them that Ariel is alive. Fleeing, Brydda reveals the secret pass through the mountains, which the group safely traverse with Jik's dog's directions. However, on emerging from the other side, a firestorm bears down on them. Although Elspeth is dragged to safety by Daffyd, someone she met many years earlier, Jik perishes in the flames. Elspeth convinces Daffyd to take the others back to Obernewtyn before the pass closes, as the mental barrier blocking the pain in her badly injured feet caused by the Zebrakhen had collapsed. Alone and dying, Elspeth is taken by Guannette birds (Agyllians) to the highest mountain where they teach her body to heal itself. The leader, Atthis, who spoke to her earlier in Maruman's mind, reminds her of her quest, and the existence of the Destroyer who is destined to try and use the weaponmachines. After taking months to heal, Elspeth is returned to the wintery highlands where Gahltha awaits her to take her back to Obernewtyn. There Elspeth sees a ruin, destroyed by a firestorm, and a soldierguard camp set up nearby with Rushton and others captive inside. She meets Daffyd, who reveals that the ruins are a vision caused by Dragon to fool soldierguards, who soon flee in fear of catching a deadly disease. The others, who had presumed her dead, are mystified and overjoyed at her arrival, particularly Rushton.
Reception
Critical
Overall, The Farseekers has been very positively received. The Library Journal states that it "blends graceful storytelling with appealing characters", and Publishers Weekly indicates that there are "engaging characters, pacing and plots" and that it is "better than its predecessor". Liz Manning of the Youth Services Book Review feels "the plot is exciting, filled with twists and turns and unexpected pitfalls". Kirkus Reviews describes it as "competently wrought but earnest and familiar" as a young-adult novel.
Review Stream states the book is "darker than the last" and "a cautionary tale to encourage [environmental] awareness".
Marie Soriano of the National Center for the Study of Children's Literature feels it is a "well-written page turner" but that is misses the intricate character development present in Obernewtyn which had emotionally endeared the character to the reader. Some state that the wash of new information is sometimes overwhelming.
Awards and nominations
In 1991, The Farseekers was an Honour Book for "Book of the Year for Older Readers" in the Children's Book Council of Australia Awards.
Publication history
Single Book Publications:
Combined Volumes:
Foreign language publications
In 2009, a Portuguese edition was published in Portugal by Bertrand Editora entitled ' Elspeth - Os Libertadores do Pensamento ' (translated by Ana Neto). This roughly translate to 'Elspeth - The Liberators of Thought'.
Audiobooks
In 1991, the Royal Blind Society (NSW) produced an audio recording of The Farseekers on cassette, narrated by Christine Jeffery.
References
External links
1990 Australian novels
1990 science fiction novels
Australian science fiction novels
Australian fantasy novels
Australian young adult novels
Science fantasy novels
Obernewtyn Chronicles
Viking Press books |
5390091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJet%20%28disambiguation%29 | AJet (disambiguation) | Ajet, AJet, AJET, ajet may refer to:
Helios Airways, later renamed to "AJet" (αjet), a Cypriot airline
Australasian Journal of Educational Technology
Africa Journal of Evangelical Theology
"Association of Japan Exchange and Teaching" (AJET), support association for the JET Programme
AJET Holdings, the parent company to Ryan International Airlines
Surnamed "Ajet"
See also
11 Squadron (Belgium), "AJeTS", the Belgian Advanced Jet Training School |
5390111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20E.%20Washington | Joseph E. Washington | Joseph Edwin Washington (November 10, 1851 – August 28, 1915) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 6th congressional district of Tennessee.
Early life
Washington was born on November 10, 1851 on his family tobacco plantation, Wessyngton, near Cedar Hill, Tennessee in Robertson County. His father, George Augustine Washington, was a planter and major slaveholder, a director of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad and the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, and a member of the Tennessee General Assembly from 1873 to 1875.
Washington received his early instruction at home and graduated from Georgetown College in Washington, D.C. on June 26, 1873. He studied law with the first law class organized at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee in 1874. He was admitted to the bar, but never practiced. He took over management of Wessyngton Plantation and entered politics.
Career
From 1877 to 1879 Washington was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives. In 1886 he was elected as a Democrat to the Fiftieth United States Congress, and was re-elected to the four succeeding Congresses. He served from March 4, 1887 to March 3, 1897, but he was not a candidate for renomination in 1896. He was the chairman of the United States House Committee on Territories during the Fifty-second Congress.
Appointed road commissioner, Washington had charge of the road construction work of Robertson County. He was a member of the Board of Trustees of Vanderbilt University and a director of the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis and Nashville & Decatur Railroads. He resumed agricultural pursuits, managing the family's tobacco plantation, Wessyngton, in Robertson County, Tennessee.
Personal life and death
Washington married Mary Bolling Kemp and they had four children, George, Anne, Joseph, and Elizabeth.
Washington died on August 28, 1915, (aged 63) on the family estate. He is interred at the family burying ground on his estate.
References
External links
1851 births
1915 deaths
People from Robertson County, Tennessee
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
19th-century American politicians
Vanderbilt University alumni
Georgetown University alumni
19th-century American businesspeople |
5390117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Henry%20Verrall | George Henry Verrall | George Henry Verrall (7 February 1848 – 16 September 1911) was a British horse racing official, entomologist, botanist and Conservative politician.
Horse racing
Verrall was born in Lewes, Sussex. Following education at Lewes Grammar School he became secretary to his elder brother, John Frederick Verrall. John Verrall was a horse-racing official, being clerk of the course at many of the country's biggest meetings. When John died in 1877, George succeeded him. He moved to Newmarket, Suffolk, the centre of the horse-breeding industry, in 1878.
Entomology
Verrall had a keen interest in natural history, particularly entomology. He joined the Entomological Society in 1866, was honorary secretary from 1872–1874 and president from 1899–1900.
Verrall was one of the most influential British dipterists and worked extensively on several families with his nephew James Edward Collin, (1876–1968). Verrall purchased the collections of several European dipterists: Ferdinand Kowarz (1838–1914), which contained many types of Hermann Loew (1807–1878); Jacques-Marie-Frangile Bigot and Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart (1778–1855). These, together with the flies (Between them Verrall and Collin described some 900 species of Diptera) collected by Collin and Verrall himself are in the Hope Entomological Collections at the University of Oxford. He published two books on the subject:
Platypezidae, Pipunculidae and Syrphidae of Great Britain. - British flies (1901)
Stratiomyidae and succeeding families of the Diptera Brachycera of Great Britain- British flies (1909)
The Verrall Association of Entomologists
The Verrall Association of Entomologists continues to honour the tradition of an annual supper of entomologists: begun in 1887 by G.H. Verrall as the Annual Entomological Club Supper. The supper enables amateur and professional entomologists to meet once a year at a social gathering as mutual workers in their special branch of science, to exchange ideas, make new friends and meet old ones.
Botany
His interest in botany and conserving wildlife led to Verrall purchasing tracts of Wicken Fen for their preservation. He was able to rediscover a number of species of flora that had been declared extinct sixty years earlier by Cardale Babington, Professor of Botany at the University of Cambridge.
Politics
Politically, Verrall was a strong Unionist, and in 1894 he became chairman of the Newmarket and District Conservative Association. He was a member of Cambridgeshire County Council, Newmarket Urban District Council and Newmarket Board of Guardians. He was in charge of the 1895 campaign that led to Colonel Harry McCalmont winning the parliamentary seat of Newmarket from the Liberals. When McCalmont died in 1902, the Liberal Charles Day Rose regained the seat. In January 1910 he stood against Rose in the general election, becoming Newmarket's Member of Parliament. His period in the Commons was only brief, as Rose regained the seat for the Liberals in the ensuing election in December of the same year.
Death
Verrall, who had been in ill health for some time, had become exhausted by the December 1910 election campaign. After returning from a long holiday abroad, he died of "dropsy" soon after returning to Newmarket in September 1911, aged 64.
References and sources
Evenhuis, N. L. 1997: Litteratura taxonomica dipterorum (1758–1930). Volume 1 (A-K); Volume 2 (L-Z). - Leiden, Backhuys Publishers 1; 2 VII+1-426; 427–871 786–788, Portr. + Schr.verz.
Pont, A. C.The type-material of Diptera (Insecta) described by G.H. Verrall and J.E. Collin. Oxford University Museum Publication 3: x + 223 pp. Clarendon Press, Oxford. (1995).
External links
BBC4 Natural History Heroes Audio biography on George Verrall
Dipterists
English entomologists
1848 births
1911 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of Cambridgeshire County Council
UK MPs 1910
People from Lewes
Deaths from edema
19th-century English politicians
20th-century English politicians |
5390123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20Silva | Anderson Silva | Anderson da Silva (; born 14 April 1975) is a Brazilian-American mixed martial artist and boxer. He is a former UFC Middleweight Champion and holds the record for the longest title reign in UFC history at 2,457 days. This started in 2006 and ended in 2013 and included a UFC record 16 consecutive victories in that span. UFC president Dana White, UFC commentator Joe Rogan and numerous mixed martial arts (MMA) pundits have named Silva as one of the greatest mixed martial artists of all time. Silva left the UFC in November 2020 and returned to boxing.
Background
Silva was born on 14 April 1975, in São Paulo, Brazil. The son of a poverty-stricken family, Silva spent the majority of his childhood in Curitiba with his aunt and uncle, who was an officer with the Curitiba police force. Silva's first foray in martial arts began as a child training jiu-jitsu with neighborhood kids. As a teen, Silva began training in taekwondo, capoeira and muay thai.
Mixed martial arts career
Early career (19972002)
Silva initially fought in Brazil in the welterweight category. Silva made his professional debut in 1997 with a pair of wins. Silva recorded his first loss in 2000 to Luiz Azeredo by decision. After that fight, he went on a nine-fight winning streak, winning six of those fights by either submission or TKO. After winning his first match in Japan, he was put up against Shooto champion Hayato Sakurai on 26 August 2001. Silva beat Sakurai by unanimous decision after three rounds and became the new Shooto Middleweight Champion (at 167 lb) and the first man to defeat Sakurai, who was undefeated in his first 20 fights.
Pride Fighting Championships and Cage Rage (20022006)
In 2002, Silva began fighting in Pride. In his first fight with the promotion, he stopped Alex Stiebling with a cut resulting from a high kick. In his next match, he won via decision against the "Diet Butcher" Alexander Otsuka. At Pride 25, Silva faced former UFC welterweight champion Carlos Newton. Newton tried to shoot in on Silva, but was hit with a flying knee. Newton collapsed and Silva finished the fight with strikes, winning by technical knockout.
At Pride 26, Silva faced Daiju Takase. Takase, with a record of four wins and seven losses, was the underdog. However Silva was dominated on the ground for almost the entire fight before being submitted by Takase when caught in a triangle choke late in the first round. After his loss to Takase, Silva became demotivated and thought about quitting MMA, but was convinced to keep on fighting by Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira. Silva then left Chute Boxe, joined Nogueira in Brazilian Top Team and started to fight in other promotions around the world. On 27 June 2004, Silva fought Jeremy Horn and earned a decision victory.
Three months later, Silva made his debut in the Cage Rage promotion in England. At Cage Rage 8 Silva fought and defeated noted striker Lee Murray by decision. That year, Silva returned to Pride FC on 31 December to face Ryo Chonan. Silva was in control with a take down and body triangle in the first round. Chonan was able to counter Silva's knees from the clinch, with knees, and takedowns. Chonan was perceived by some to be winning up until the finish. During the third round, Bas Rutten, commentating alongside Mauro Ranallo, stated that he believed Anderson must obtain a knockout or strong finish or he would lose the fight. Despite being the underdog, Chonan ended the fight in the third round with a rare flying scissor heel hook, forcing Silva to submit. After the loss to Chonan he was cut by Pride, Silva continued fighting in the Cage Rage promotion, as well as other promotions around the world. Silva defended his Cage Rage title against Curtis Stout.
Although he was slated to fight Matt Lindland at Cage Rage 16, Lindland's decision to fight Mike Van Arsdale at Raze Fight Night put an end to the highly anticipated match up. Instead, Silva defended his championship against Tony Fryklund, winning the fight with a reverse elbow, knocking out Fryklund early in the first round.
Silva competed in Hawaii's Rumble on the Rock promotion, where he fought Yushin Okami in the first round of the 175 lb tournament. Though labeled as a favorite to win the tournament, Silva was eliminated from the tournament when he kicked Okami in the face from the guard position. Okami's knees were on the ground at the time, making the attack an illegal strike to the head of a downed opponent. Silva later said that the rule had not been properly explained to him before the bout. "When I fought Okami the rules really weren't explained to me properly in the event I was fighting in," said Silva. "You could kick a downed opponent to the groin or to the head when your back's on the ground. So the rules weren't explained to me properly." While Okami was given the opportunity to recover and continue fighting, Okami opted for the disqualification win. Silva responded by saying he "felt it was a cheap, cowardly way of winning," and that "people that were there saw that he was in the condition to come back and keep fighting, and he didn't."
Ultimate Fighting Championship (20062020)
Debut and middleweight championship
Although speculation ran rampant about where Silva would sign next, the UFC announced in late April 2006 that they had signed him to a multi-fight contract. It was not long before the UFC started promoting Silva, releasing an interview segment almost immediately after announcing his arrival.
Silva made his debut at Ultimate Fight Night 5 on 28 June 2006. His opponent was The Ultimate Fighter 1 contestant Chris Leben who had gone undefeated in the UFC with five consecutive victories. Leben, confident of victory, had predicted he would KO Silva in a pre-fight interview. A relatively unknown fighter in the United States, Silva made an emphatic debut when he knocked out Leben with a flurry of pinpoint strikes, followed by a final knee strike at 49 seconds into the first round. Silva's striking accuracy was 85%.
In response to the victory, the UFC tallied a poll on their main page, asking viewers to select Silva's next opponent. The majority of voters selected the UFC Middleweight Champion Rich Franklin. Silva fought Franklin at UFC 64 on 14 October 2006, and defeated him by TKO (strikes) at 2:59 in the first round. Silva hit Franklin with knees to the body from the Muay Thai-clinch, then badly broke Franklin's nose with a knee to the face. Unable to strike back, Franklin dodged the last of Silva's strikes before falling to the ground, where referee "Big" John McCarthy ended the fight. Silva was crowned the new UFC Middleweight Champion, becoming the second man to defeat Franklin, after Black House-teammate Lyoto Machida.
Record-setting championship reign
On 3 February 2007, at UFC 67, Silva was scheduled to fight The Ultimate Fighter 4 winner Travis Lutter in what would be his first title defense since defeating Rich Franklin in October 2006. However, Lutter failed to make the weight limit and the match was changed to a non-title bout. Many felt that Lutter's best chance to win was to take the fight to the ground, with Lutter being an accomplished jiu-jitsu blackbelt. Silva won via submission with a combination of a triangle choke and elbow strikes in the second round.
In his next fight at UFC 73 on 7 July 2007, Silva successfully defended his title against Nate Marquardt, winning by TKO at 4:50 in the first round. Three months later, on 20 October 2007, at UFC 77, Silva fought a title defense rematch against Rich Franklin, in Franklin's hometown of Cincinnati, Ohio, at the U.S. Bank Arena. Silva defended his belt by defeating Franklin via TKO in the 2nd round. On 1 March 2008, at UFC 82 Silva fought Pride Middleweight champion Dan Henderson, in a title unification bout (UFC and Pride titles on the line). Henderson was believed to have the edge on the ground, having competed in the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics in Greco-Roman wrestling. Silva defended his title by defeating Henderson via rear naked choke in the 2nd round. At UFC Fight Night 14 on 19 July 2008, Silva made his debut at Light Heavyweight () in a bout against James Irvin. Silva won via KO due to strikes in 1:01 of the first round after catching Irvin's attempted leg kick with his left arm and delivering a straight right that dropped Irvin to the mat, Silva then finished a prone Irvin with a blitz of punches to the head. Irvin later tested positive for methadone and oxymorphone.
Silva's next fight was on 25 October 2008, at UFC 90 in Rosemont, Illinois, Silva defended his Middleweight title against Patrick Côté. In the third round, Côté landed awkwardly on his right leg while throwing a kick and fell to the mat grasping his right knee in pain. Referee Herb Dean declared the fight over when Côté could not continue, ruling the bout a TKO victory for Silva. Côté, however, became the first of Silva's UFC opponents to make it past the 2nd round. After his fight with Côté, Silva was criticized for seemingly avoiding contact during the bout. Dana White criticized Silva, saying: "I didn't understand Silva's tactics... It wasn't the Anderson Silva I've been watching the last two years." Silva said in the post-fight news conference:
"There are many people saying I was disrespecting Côté, but this is absolutely not true. My game plan since the beginning was fight five rounds, inducing him to commit mistakes and capitalize on that during the first three rounds and look for the knockout during the fourth and fifth rounds. It was working, and the biggest proof of that is that I almost didn't waste any blows. I connected with a couple of good punches and knees, but unfortunately he got hurt and the fight was over. This is not my fault."
On 18 April 2009, at UFC 97 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Silva defeated Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu blackbelt Thales Leites by unanimous decision, and recorded his UFC record 9th consecutive win in the octagon. Leites is credited with being the first man in UFC history to take Silva through 5 rounds to a judges' decision. The crowd repeatedly booed his lackluster performance, bored expression, and frustrated attempts to goad his opponent into fighting, and in the 4th and 5th rounds took to dancing, lowering his guard and slapping his opponent without retaliation. Following the fight, Dana White has stated that he was "embarrassed" by Silva's performance, but still said that he believes him to be "the best pound-for-pound fighter in the world".
At UFC 101 which took place on 8 August 2009, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Silva again fought at 205 pounds against former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Forrest Griffin. Griffin was knocked down three times in the first round. The bout earned Silva Beatdown of the Year honors from Sherdog. The bout shared those honors with the second bout between Brock Lesnar and Frank Mir. Both fighters were awarded $60,000 as Fight of the Night bonuses and Silva received $60,000 in bonus money for Knockout of the Night.
After defeating Griffin, a Yahoo! Sports reporter allegedly claimed that Silva's manager, Ed Soares, had confirmed that Silva would abandon his Middleweight belt to fight at Light Heavyweight. However, Soares and a UFC spokesperson confirmed that a conversation agreeing Silva would permanently move up to Light Heavyweight never took place. Silva did not relinquish his title to fight exclusively at Light Heavyweight. Soares stated his attorney plans to speak to Yahoo! Sports about the matter.
Silva was expected to defend the UFC Middleweight Championship against Vitor Belfort on 2 January 2010, at UFC 108. However, Ed Soares announced that the bout would not take place as Silva would not be fully recovered from surgery. Silva was then set to face Belfort on 6 February 2010, at UFC 109. The fight, however, was dependent on Silva's healing, which he described as "not going as planned." The fight was canceled because of Silva's slow recovery. Silva was once again scheduled to face Belfort on 10 April 2010, at UFC 112. The fight was later canceled again due to an injury to Belfort. Demian Maia was selected to fill the spot and take on Silva for the belt.
In the first two rounds fighting Maia, Silva appeared to mock his opponent while employing quick, precise striking. In the third round, however, Silva's tempo seemed to change. He looked to Maia to be the aggressor while he largely circled and taunted his opponent. In the fifth round, Silva's lack of action prompted referee Dan Miragliotta to warn Silva for his conduct. The crowd began to side with Maia, who was the only fighter attempting to engage. After 5 rounds, Silva was declared the winner via unanimous decision.
Silva was widely criticized for his performance. Dana White said it was the most embarrassed he had ever been since becoming UFC president. Midway through the fourth round, White walked away from the fight and gave the championship belt to Silva's manager, Ed Soares. White was so annoyed that he declined to personally place the belt around Silva's waist, claiming it was the first time he had done so after a title match. It was also claimed that Silva verbally taunted Maia, saying, "Come on, hit me in the face, playboy." In the immediate post-fight interview, Silva apologized and said that he wasn't himself and that he would need to go back and reevaluate the humility that got him to where he is. In the post-fight interview, Silva made multiple references about how Demian insulted him before the bout. However, the pre-fight banter was seen by many as not out of the ordinary.
On 7 August 2010 Silva faced Chael Sonnen for the UFC Middleweight title at UFC 117. In the first round, Sonnen stunned Silva with a punch before taking him down and dominating from the top position, landing multiple blows. The following three rounds played out in a similar fashion, going to the ground early with Sonnen dominating from inside Silva's guard. In the fifth round, Silva slipped after being tagged by Sonnen's left hook and the challenger took advantage by once again establishing a top position and delivering strikes to Silva. With about two minutes left in the round, Silva was able to lock up a triangle armbar on Sonnen, forcing Sonnen to submit at 3:10 of Round 5.
In the fight, Sonnen had struck Silva more times than Silva had been hit thus far in his entire UFC career. According to CompuStrike, in his first 11 UFC fights, Silva had been hit 208 times. On 7 August Sonnen had landed a total of 289 strikes. After the bout it was revealed that Sonnen would have won a judges' decision. All three judges had Sonnen marked as the winner of all four rounds, judges Nelson Hamilton and Dan Stell had Sonnen taking Round 1 10–8, as well as Hamilton awarding the challenger another 10–8 total in Round 3. Silva later claimed to have gone into the fight with a cracked rib and that a doctor advised him not to fight. Dana White announced that Sonnen would get a rematch upon Silva's return.
Following the fight the California State Athletic Commission confirmed that Chael Sonnen tested positive for synthetic testosterone, with his test having revealed a high testosterone to epitestosterone ratio, indicative of testosterone replacement therapy. The promised rematch was revoked after the issue with his testosterone ratio came to light, however, after Sonnen came back and won two straight fights, Dana White scheduled the rematch.
Silva faced Vitor Belfort on 5 February 2011, at UFC 126. Belfort was expected to face Yushin Okami on 13 November 2010, at UFC 122, but was replaced by Nate Marquardt. After a "feeling out" period of about two and a half minutes in the first round, Silva and Belfort started to trade strikes. Silva landed a front kick to Belfort's jaw and followed up with punches to the grounded challenger. Referee Mario Yamasaki stopped the fight at 3:25 into the first round. With the win Silva handed Belfort his first KO loss in 28 career fights and extended his record streak of title defenses to eight. Silva then faced Yushin Okami on 27 August 2011, at UFC 134. He defeated the Japanese middleweight by TKO at 2:04 of round 2, displaying skilled head movement and accurate striking. His record then went to 31–4, avenging his DQ loss to Okami back in 2006.
A rematch with Chael Sonnen was to take place on 23 June 2012, at UFC 147, but the bout was moved back to 7 July 2012, at UFC 148, while the expected co-feature of the Brazilian event, a rematch between Vitor Belfort and Wanderlei Silva would headline the event. The change was due to a scheduling conflict with the UN Conference Rio+20, which occurred during the same time frame as UFC 147. At UFC 148, after again being dominated throughout the first round, Silva stopped Sonnen in the second with a TKO.
He became the first to stop Stephan Bonnar via strikes in the 1st round of a light heavyweight bout on 13 October 2012, at UFC 153.
Title loss and injury
Despite having decided to retire after the Bonnar fight, Silva faced Chris Weidman on 6 July 2013, at UFC 162. Although he was the heavy favorite, he lost by KO in the second round after show boating, ending his streak of the longest title reign in UFC history.
A rematch was held at UFC 168 on 28 December. Weidman dominated the first round; it was reported that Silva may have also cracked his shin bone against Weidman during the first leg check. In the second round Weidman checked one of Silva's leg kicks again, breaking Silva's left fibula and tibia and ending the fight via TKO. Immediately after the fight, Silva had orthopedic surgery to stabilize his tibia with an intramedullary rod; his fibula was reset and was not expected to require further surgery. A UFC statement called the surgery "successful" and said those with similar injuries generally take three to six months to recover.
Post-championship reign
Despite calls for Silva to retire from MMA, it was confirmed on 29 July 2014, that Silva would return to the organization. Before UFC 179, Silva and the UFC agreed on a new, 15-fight contract that replaced their previous deal which had eight fights remaining.
On 29 October 2014, it was announced that Silva would coach opposite Maurício Rua for The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 4, which began filming in early 2015. Despite being coaches on the show, the two fighters will not face each other at the end of the season. Silva's continued participation was briefly in doubt during the filming after the announcement of his failed drug test. Initially, Dana White announced that Silva would remain on the show as a coach. Subsequently, Silva was pulled as one of the coaches and was replaced by Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira.
In his first fight post-injury, Silva faced Nick Diaz in the main event of UFC 183 on 31 January 2015. He won the fight via unanimous decision. In the days after the fight, it was revealed that Silva tested positive for Drostanolone and Androstane, two anabolic steroids, in pre-fight drug screening on 9 January 2015. Nevada State Athletic Commission chairman Francisco Aguilar confirmed that the fight has not yet been overturned and can't be until a motion is passed by a majority of the commission. Any penalties, suspensions or changes to the outcome of the fight have to be presented as a motion and then voted on by the commission to enact the order. On 11 February 2015, it was reported that Silva tested positive for an additional unknown illegal substance in a separate test that was related to UFC 183. On 17 February 2015, NSAC executive director Bob Bennett confirmed to ESPN.com that Silva failed his postfight urine test and that Silva had tested positive for the steroid Drostanolone—the same banned substance he tested positive for during an out-of-competition test taken on 9 January 2015. Silva also tested positive for the anti-anxiety medication Oxazepam and Temazepam, which is used to treat sleep deprivation.
On 13 August, after several reschedules, the disciplinary hearing was held to decide on the subject. Silva's defense argued that a tainted sexual enhancement drug that a friend had given to Silva after a trip to Thailand was the root of the two failed tests for drostanolone and also appealed to mistakes in the NSAC testing procedures, pointing to a pair of drug tests, one on 19 January and one after the fight, which Silva passed. He admitted to using both benzodiazepines the night prior to the fight as therapy to control stress and help him sleep. Silva's team was unable to explain the presence of androsterone in 9 January test. The commission rejected the defense and suspended him for one year retroactive to the date of the fight, as the current guidelines were not in effect at the time of the failed tests. He was also fined his full win bonus, as well as 30% of his show money, totaling $380,000. His victory was overturned to a no contest.
In his first fight after his PED suspension was lifted, Silva faced Michael Bisping on 27 February 2016, at UFC Fight Night 84. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. However, the fight was not without controversy as at the end of round three Silva dropped Bisping with a flying knee while Bisping was signaling to referee Herb Dean that he lost his mouthpiece. Silva believed he had won the bout and continued to celebrate as referee Herb Dean said the fight was not over, and it continued for another two rounds to the decision. Both participants were awarded Fight of the Night honours.
Silva was expected to face Uriah Hall on 14 May 2016, at UFC 198. However, Silva pulled out of the bout on 10 May after requiring a surgery to remove his gallbladder. As a result, Hall did not compete at the event.
Silva was a short notice replacement to face current UFC Light Heavyweight champion Daniel Cormier in a non-title bout on 9 July 2016, at UFC 200. Silva lost the fight via unanimous decision.
Silva faced Derek Brunson on 11 February 2017, at UFC 208. He was awarded a unanimous decision victory. 19 of 23 media outlets scored the bout in favor of Brunson.
Silva was expected to face Kelvin Gastelum on 3 June 2017, at UFC 212. However, Gastelum was pulled from the match-up after testing positive for marijuana. In turn, despite having two months to secure an opponent, Silva and promotion officials confirmed on 11 May that he would not compete at that event.
The bout with Gastelum was rescheduled and was expected to take place on 25 November 2017, at UFC Fight Night 122. However it was announced on 10 November 2017 that Silva would be pulled from the bout due to failing USADA drug test on 26 October. In July 2018, USADA announced that Silva had been exonerated from the failed test after finding contaminated supplements and received a one-year suspension from USADA dating back to November 2017 and would be free to resume fighting in November 2018.
Silva returned and faced Israel Adesanya on 10 February 2019, at UFC 234. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night award.
Silva faced Jared Cannonier on 11 May 2019 at UFC 237. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round after a kick from Cannonier to Silva's right leg injured him and rendered him unable to continue.
Silva faced Uriah Hall on 31 October 2020 at UFC Fight Night: Hall vs. Silva. He lost the fight via technical knockout in round four. In an Instagram post made after the fight, Silva hinted that his career in MMA was finished, though he did not officially announce retirement from the sport.
On 19 November 2020, the UFC announced that they had released Silva from his UFC contract, which would allow him to negotiate with other promotions.
Professional boxing career
In March 2021, it was announced that Anderson Silva would continue his combat sports career in boxing against Julio César Chávez Jr. on 19 June 2021. Chávez Jr missed the contractual weight of 182 lbs. after weighing in at 184.4 lbs. and forfeited $100,000 of his purse to Silva. Silva won the fight via split decision. Silva was the busier fighter throughout the fight throwing a total of 392 punches versus Chávez Jr's 153.
Silva faced former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Tito Ortiz in a pro boxing bout on September 11, 2021. He won the fight via knockout in round one.
On September 6, 2022, it was announced that Silva would be facing YouTuber and professional boxer Jake Paul on October 29 in Phoenix, Arizona.
Mixed martial arts fighting style
An expert in Muay Thai, boxing and taekwondo, Silva is primarily a stand-up fighter. Owner of numerous UFC offensive striking records, Silva is widely regarded as one of the best strikers in the history of MMA and many consider him the best of all time. During his time in the UFC, he had a striking accuracy of 60%, attempting 1300 strikes and landing 779.
Silva's striking accuracy, knockout power, technically vicious Muay Thai and ability to counterstrike makes him a danger to his opponents. Silva's striking uses three major strengths: technical precision, the jab, and transitions and movement. Silva switches from southpaw to orthodox with little drop-off in effectiveness. Although it has been claimed that his ground game is not as good as his stand-up, Silva has submitted notable grapplers, including Olympic wrestler Dan Henderson, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu blackbelt Travis Lutter and Olympic alternate Chael Sonnen.
Sponsors
A friend of Brazilian World Cup winner Ronaldo, in 2011 Silva became the first client to be marketed by 9INE, a sports marketing company co-owned by Ronaldo. Since August 2011, Anderson has been sponsored by Corinthians, his favorite football club. He is also sponsored by fast food chain Burger King. Previously he had also sponsorship deal with sportswear and equipment supplier Nike, which ended in late 2014 due to Nike's self removal from the UFC.
Personal life
Silva has three sons and two daughters with his wife, Dayane.
Before he began his career as a professional fighter, Silva worked at McDonald's, and also as a file clerk. He considers Spider-Man, Bruce Lee, Muhammad Ali and his mother as biggest of his personal heroes, and has a stated love of comic books and comic book heroes.
Silva has said on numerous occasions that he believes long-time friend and former UFC Lightweight Champion and UFC Welterweight Champion B.J. Penn to be the greatest pound-for-pound fighter in the history of the sport.
Silva expressed interest in competing in the sport of taekwondo and boxing. He floated around the idea of competing at the Olympics in taekwondo and fighting Roy Jones Jr. in a boxing match.
Silva became a naturalized U.S. citizen in July 2019.
Filmography
Television and film
Championships and accomplishments
Mixed martial arts
Cage Rage Championships
Cage Rage Middleweight Championship (One time, Final)
Three successful title defenses
Shooto
Shooto Middleweight Championship (One time)
Ultimate Fighting Championship
UFC Middleweight Championship (One time)
Ten successful title defenses
Unified the UFC Middleweight and Pride World Welterweight Championships
Fight of the Night (Five times)
Knockout of the Night (Seven times)
Most "Knockout of the Night" awards in UFC history (7)
Submission of the Night (Two times)
Longest title reign in UFC history (2457 days)
Longest win streak in UFC history (16)
Most UFC Middleweight title fights (13)
Most wins in UFC Middleweight title fights (11)
Tied for most knockouts in the UFC Middleweight division history (8) (w. Uriah Hall, Thiago Santos)
Most successful title defenses in the UFC middleweight division (10)
Most consecutive title defenses in the UFC middleweight division (10)
Second most consecutive title defenses in UFC history (10)
Most finishes in the UFC Middleweight division history (11)
Most finishes in UFC title fights (9)
Second most knockdowns in UFC history (18)
Most knockdowns in the UFC Middleweight division history (13)
Most knockdowns in UFC title fights (10)
Most knockouts in UFC title fights (7)
Most total fight bonuses in the UFC Middleweight division history (12)
ESPN.com
2011 Knockout of the Year vs. Vitor Belfort on 5 February
Inside MMA
2011 KO Kick of the Year Bazzie Award vs. Vitor Belfort on 5 February
MMA Live
2010 Fight of the Year vs. Chael Sonnen on 7 August
Sherdog
2009 Beatdown of the Year vs. Forrest Griffin on 8 August
2011 All-Violence 1st Team
Mixed Martial Arts Hall of Fame
Spike Guys' Choice Awards
2008 Most Dangerous Man
Sports Illustrated
2008 Fighter of the Year
World MMA Awards
2008 Fighter of the Year
2010 Fight of the Year vs. Chael Sonnen on 7 August
2011 Knockout of the Year vs. Vitor Belfort on 5 February
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Most Outstanding Fighter (2012)
MMA Most Valuable Fighter (2012)
Mixed martial arts record
|-
|Loss
|align=center|34–11 (1)
|Uriah Hall
|TKO (punches)
|UFC Fight Night: Hall vs. Silva
|
|align=center|4
|align=center|1:24
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|34–10 (1)
|Jared Cannonier
|TKO (leg kick)
|UFC 237
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:47
|Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|34–9 (1)
|Israel Adesanya
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 234
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Melbourne, Australia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|34–8 (1)
|Derek Brunson
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 208
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Brooklyn, New York, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|33–8 (1)
|Daniel Cormier
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 200
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Loss
| align=center|33–7 (1)
| Michael Bisping
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC Fight Night: Silva vs. Bisping
|
| align=center|5
| align=center|5:00
| London, England
|
|-
| NC
| align=center| 33–6 (1)
| Nick Diaz
| NC (overturned by NSAC)
| UFC 183
|
| align=center|5
| align=center|5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 33–6
| Chris Weidman
| TKO (leg injury)
| UFC 168
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:16
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 33–5
| Chris Weidman
| KO (punches)
| UFC 162
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:18
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 33–4
| Stephan Bonnar
| TKO (knee to the body and punches)
| UFC 153
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:40
| Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 32–4
| Chael Sonnen
| TKO (knee to the body and punches)
| UFC 148
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:55
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 31–4
| Yushin Okami
| TKO (punches)
| UFC 134
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:04
| Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 30–4
| Vitor Belfort
| KO (front kick and punches)
| UFC 126
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:25
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 29–4
| Chael Sonnen
| Submission (triangle armbar)
| UFC 117
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 3:10
| Oakland, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 28–4
| Demian Maia
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 112
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 27–4
| Forrest Griffin
| KO (punch)
| UFC 101
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:23
| Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 26–4
| Thales Leites
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 97
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 25–4
| Patrick Côté
| TKO (knee injury)
| UFC 90
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 0:39
| Rosemont, Illinois, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 24–4
| James Irvin
| KO (punches)
| UFC Fight Night: Silva vs. Irvin
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:01
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 23–4
| Dan Henderson
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| UFC 82
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:52
| Columbus, Ohio, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 22–4
| Rich Franklin
| TKO (knees)
| UFC 77
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:07
| Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 21–4
| Nate Marquardt
| TKO (punches)
| UFC 73
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:50
| Sacramento, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 20–4
| Travis Lutter
| TKO (submission to elbows)
| UFC 67
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:11
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 19–4
| Rich Franklin
| KO (knee)
| UFC 64
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:59
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 18–4
| Chris Leben
| KO (knee)
| UFC Fight Night 5
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:49
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 17–4
| Tony Fryklund
| KO (elbow)
| Cage Rage 16
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:02
| London, England
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 16–4
| Yushin Okami
| DQ (illegal kick)
| Rumble on the Rock 8
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:33
| Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 16–3
| Curtis Stout
| KO (punches)
| Cage Rage 14
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:59
| London, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 15–3
| Jorge Rivera
| TKO (knees and punches)
| Cage Rage 11
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:53
| London, England
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 14–3
| Ryo Chonan
| Submission (flying scissor heel hook)
| Pride Shockwave 2004
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:08
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 14–2
| Lee Murray
| Decision (unanimous)
| Cage Rage 8
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| London, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 13–2
| Jeremy Horn
| Decision (unanimous)
| Gladiator 2
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Seoul, South Korea
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 12–2
| Waldir dos Anjos
| TKO (corner stoppage)
| Conquista Fight 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 5:00
| Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 11–2
| Daiju Takase
| Submission (triangle choke)
| Pride 26
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 8:33
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–1
| Carlos Newton
| KO (flying knee and punches)
| Pride 25
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 6:27
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–1
| Alexander Otsuka
| Decision (unanimous)
| Pride 22
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Nagoya, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–1
| Alex Stiebling
| TKO (doctor stoppage)
| Pride 21
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:23
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–1
| Roan Carneiro
| TKO (submission to punches)
| Mecca 6
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 5:32
| Curitiba, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–1
| Hayato Sakurai
| Decision (unanimous)
| Shooto 7
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Osaka, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–1
| Israel Albuquerque
| TKO (submission to punches)
| Mecca 5
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 6:17
| Curitiba, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–1
| Tetsuji Kato
| Decision (unanimous)
| Shooto 2
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–1
| Claudionor Fontinelle
| TKO (punches and knees)
| Mecca 4
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:35
| Curitiba, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–1
| Jose Barreto
| TKO (head kick and punches)
| Mecca 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:06
| Curitiba, Brazil
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 2–1
| Luiz Azeredo
| Decision (unanimous)
| Mecca 1
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 10:00
| Curitiba, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Fabrício Camões
| TKO (retirement)
| rowspan=2|BFC 1
| rowspan=2|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 25:14
| rowspan=2|Campo Grande, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Raimundo Pinheiro
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:53
|
Professional boxing record
Exhibition boxing record
Pay-per-view bouts
See also
List of male mixed martial artists
References
External links
|-
Brazilian capoeira practitioners
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Brazilian male judoka
Brazilian male mixed martial artists
Brazilian Muay Thai practitioners
Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Brazilian male taekwondo practitioners
Brazilian Wing Chun practitioners
Brazilian Jeet Kune Do practitioners
Brazilian sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in mixed martial arts
Light heavyweight mixed martial artists
Living people
Middleweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing capoeira
Mixed martial artists utilizing Muay Thai
Mixed martial artists utilizing Wing Chun
Mixed martial artists utilizing Jeet Kune Do
Mixed martial artists utilizing taekwondo
Mixed martial artists utilizing suntukan
Mixed martial artists utilizing boxing
Mixed martial artists utilizing judo
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Sportspeople from Curitiba
Ultimate Fighting Championship champions
Welterweight mixed martial artists
1975 births
Brazilian male boxers
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters |
5390125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%20VFL%20season | 1953 VFL season | The 1953 VFL season was the 57th season of the Victorian Football League (VFL), the highest level senior Australian rules football competition in Victoria. The season featured twelve clubs, ran from 18 April until 26 September, and comprised an 18-game home-and-away season followed by a finals series featuring the top four clubs.
The premiership was won by the Collingwood Football Club for the twelfth time, after it defeated by twelve points in the 1953 VFL Grand Final.
Premiership season
In 1953, the VFL competition consisted of twelve teams of 18 on-the-field players each, plus two substitute players, known as the 19th man and the 20th man. A player could be substituted for any reason; however, once substituted, a player could not return to the field of play under any circumstances.
Teams played each other in a home-and-away season of 18 rounds; matches 12 to 18 were the "home-and-way reverse" of matches 1 to 7.
Once the 18 round home-and-away season had finished, the 1953 VFL Premiers were determined by the specific format and conventions of the Page–McIntyre system.
Round 1
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.15 (87)
|
| 5.8 (38)
| Kardinia Park
| 19,877
| 18 April 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 17.9 (111)
|
| 12.16 (88)
| Windy Hill
| 23,100
| 18 April 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 17.16 (118)
|
| 11.11 (77)
| Victoria Park
| 29,678
| 18 April 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 7.18 (60)
|
| 9.11 (65)
| Princes Park
| 27,198
| 18 April 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 8.9 (57)
|
| 14.21 (105)
| Junction Oval
| 14,000
| 18 April 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 11.7 (73)
|
| 9.13 (67)
| Punt Road Oval
| 18,000
| 18 April 1953
Round 2
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 8.9 (57)
|
| 13.14 (92)
| Glenferrie Oval
| 12,000
| 2 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 8.13 (61)
|
| 15.12 (102)
| Western Oval
| 28,500
| 2 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.9 (81)
|
| 11.14 (80)
| Brunswick Street Oval
| 21,000
| 2 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 13.21 (99)
|
| 13.11 (89)
| Lake Oval
| 29,231
| 2 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 18.10 (118)
|
| 11.9 (75)
| Arden Street Oval
| 21,377
| 2 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 8.11 (59)
|
| 13.12 (90)
| MCG
| 29,204
| 2 May 1953
Round 3
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 16.15 (111)
|
| 6.6 (42)
| Western Oval
| 15,000
| 9 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 17.20 (122)
|
| 7.16 (58)
| Windy Hill
| 18,000
| 9 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 9.19 (73)
|
| 14.14 (98)
| Victoria Park
| 33,000
| 9 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.12 (84)
|
| 11.17 (83)
| Arden Street Oval
| 12,000
| 9 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 10.15 (75)
|
| 12.14 (86)
| Lake Oval
| 24,000
| 9 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 15.8 (98)
|
| 16.8 (104)
| Punt Road Oval
| 31,000
| 9 May 1953
Round 4
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 7.11 (53)
|
| 9.9 (63)
| Glenferrie Oval
| 12,000
| 16 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.14 (86)
|
| 10.15 (75)
| Brunswick Street Oval
| 20,500
| 16 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 14.11 (95)
|
| 14.19 (103)
| Princes Park
| 37,500
| 16 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 11.17 (83)
|
| 8.17 (65)
| Junction Oval
| 16,500
| 16 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 4.6 (30)
|
| 9.21 (75)
| MCG
| 23,727
| 16 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.7 (79)
|
| 9.11 (65)
| Kardinia Park
| 35,000
| 16 May 1953
Round 5
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 6.10 (46)
|
| 9.3 (57)
| Windy Hill
| 9,500
| 23 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 13.18 (96)
|
| 3.8 (26)
| Victoria Park
| 9,627
| 23 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 7.10 (52)
|
| 6.7 (43)
| Princes Park
| 9,150
| 23 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 8.10 (58)
|
| 9.8 (62)
| Lake Oval
| 11,000
| 23 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 6.16 (52)
|
| 15.16 (106)
| Punt Road Oval
| 10,000
| 23 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 10.6 (66)
|
| 1.0 (6)
| Western Oval
| 14,087
| 23 May 1953
Round 6
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 14.16 (100)
|
| 7.5 (47)
| Kardinia Park
| 24,832
| 30 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 9.8 (62)
|
| 5.9 (39)
| Victoria Park
| 23,036
| 30 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 10.9 (69)
|
| 14.9 (93)
| Junction Oval
| 19,000
| 30 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 10.11 (71)
|
| 12.9 (81)
| MCG
| 21,205
| 30 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 7.9 (51)
|
| 9.14 (68)
| Arden Street Oval
| 25,000
| 30 May 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 10.7 (67)
|
| 6.11 (47)
| Glenferrie Oval
| 12,000
| 30 May 1953
Round 7
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 7.11 (53)
|
| 18.16 (124)
| Junction Oval
| 21,000
| 6 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 8.12 (60)
|
| 5.14 (44)
| Brunswick Street Oval
| 9,500
| 6 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 11.18 (84)
|
| 7.6 (48)
| Windy Hill
| 21,000
| 6 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 14.16 (100)
|
| 7.6 (48)
| Princes Park
| 22,219
| 6 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 8.10 (58)
|
| 11.16 (82)
| MCG
| 26,254
| 6 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 7.9 (51)
|
| 7.10 (52)
| Western Oval
| 32,114
| 6 June 1953
Round 8
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 8.14 (62)
|
| 12.8 (80)
| Glenferrie Oval
| 7,000
| 13 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 19.17 (131)
|
| 8.8 (56)
| Victoria Park
| 16,200
| 13 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 11.11 (77)
|
| 9.17 (71)
| Lake Oval
| 22,565
| 13 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 8.11 (59)
|
| 9.14 (68)
| Punt Road Oval
| 16,000
| 13 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 21.10 (136)
|
| 7.8 (50)
| Kardinia Park
| 21,489
| 13 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 14.14 (98)
|
| 7.11 (53)
| Windy Hill
| 30,300
| 13 June 1953
Round 9
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 6.9 (45)
|
| 5.12 (42)
| Arden Street Oval
| 9,000
| 20 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 5.13 (43)
|
| 11.6 (72)
| Western Oval
| 21,105
| 20 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 6.8 (44)
|
| 9.6 (60)
| Junction Oval
| 9,500
| 20 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 9.10 (64)
|
| 12.15 (87)
| Glenferrie Oval
| 8,000
| 20 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 7.6 (48)
|
| 9.9 (63)
| MCG
| 27,175
| 20 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 7.12 (54)
|
| 7.18 (60)
| Brunswick Street Oval
| 15,000
| 20 June 1953
Round 10
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 11.9 (75)
|
| 7.10 (52)
| Brunswick Street Oval
| 9,500
| 27 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 8.15 (63)
|
| 10.14 (74)
| Princes Park
| 32,526
| 27 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.7 (79)
|
| 6.14 (50)
| Lake Oval
| 17,000
| 27 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 10.14 (74)
|
| 16.6 (102)
| MCG
| 11,993
| 27 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 3.7 (25)
|
| 5.12 (42)
| Arden Street Oval
| 15,000
| 27 June 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 11.14 (80)
|
| 6.16 (52)
| Windy Hill
| 31,900
| 27 June 1953
Round 11
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.14 (86)
|
| 13.7 (85)
| Kardinia Park
| 21,130
| 4 July 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 7.19 (61)
|
| 9.8 (62)
| Victoria Park
| 25,078
| 4 July 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 14.13 (97)
|
| 10.13 (73)
| Princes Park
| 29,688
| 4 July 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 11.7 (73)
|
| 8.21 (69)
| Junction Oval
| 12,000
| 4 July 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.10 (82)
|
| 7.6 (48)
| Punt Road Oval
| 11,000
| 4 July 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 9.15 (69)
|
| 7.11 (53)
| Western Oval
| 34,884
| 4 July 1953
Round 12
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 11.9 (75)
|
| 11.9 (75)
| MCG
| 19,402
| 11 July 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 9.8 (62)
|
| 12.14 (86)
| Glenferrie Oval
| 14,000
| 11 July 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 13.12 (90)
|
| 8.18 (66)
| Western Oval
| 31,668
| 11 July 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 20.11 (131)
|
| 5.16 (46)
| Arden Street Oval
| 10,500
| 18 July 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 7.20 (62)
|
| 14.13 (97)
| Brunswick Street Oval
| 25,500
| 18 July 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.9 (81)
|
| 17.17 (119)
| Lake Oval
| 30,000
| 18 July 1953
Round 13
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.11 (83)
|
| 8.14 (62)
| Windy Hill
| 23,000
| 25 July 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 13.16 (94)
|
| 8.17 (65)
| Victoria Park
| 23,868
| 25 July 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.24 (96)
|
| 10.10 (70)
| Princes Park
| 16,367
| 25 July 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 9.13 (67)
|
| 4.14 (38)
| Junction Oval
| 7,500
| 25 July 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 11.12 (78)
|
| 8.10 (58)
| Kardinia Park
| 32,093
| 25 July 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 13.7 (85)
|
| 13.12 (90)
| Punt Road Oval
| 15,000
| 25 July 1953
Round 14
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 9.13 (67)
|
| 8.16 (64)
| MCG
| 13,768
| 1 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.18 (90)
|
| 7.19 (61)
| Brunswick Street Oval
| 16,000
| 1 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 15.16 (106)
|
| 10.19 (79)
| Princes Park
| 21,508
| 1 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 3.10 (28)
|
| 11.10 (76)
| Glenferrie Oval
| 10,000
| 1 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 9.10 (64)
|
| 14.15 (99)
| Junction Oval
| 19,500
| 1 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 7.13 (55)
|
| 10.15 (75)
| Kardinia Park
| 31,635
| 1 August 1953
Round 15
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 13.16 (94)
|
| 11.14 (80)
| Punt Road Oval
| 9,500
| 8 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 14.14 (98)
|
| 9.7 (61)
| Western Oval
| 18,075
| 8 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 8.13 (61)
|
| 7.8 (50)
| Windy Hill
| 41,000
| 8 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 7.12 (54)
|
| 9.8 (62)
| Lake Oval
| 8,500
| 8 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 17.19 (121)
|
| 7.9 (51)
| Arden Street Oval
| 12,000
| 8 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.15 (87)
|
| 9.16 (70)
| Victoria Park
| 31,277
| 8 August 1953
Round 16
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 8.8 (56)
|
| 11.21 (87)
| Arden Street Oval
| 8,000
| 15 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 14.18 (102)
|
| 4.9 (33)
| Kardinia Park
| 10,000
| 15 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 7.11 (53)
|
| 14.14 (98)
| Brunswick Street Oval
| 17,500
| 15 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 8.9 (57)
|
| 12.10 (82)
| MCG
| 25,543
| 15 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 11.6 (72)
|
| 12.16 (88)
| Glenferrie Oval
| 7,000
| 15 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 8.15 (63)
|
| 7.16 (58)
| Junction Oval
| 9,700
| 15 August 1953
Round 17
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.18 (90)
|
| 4.5 (29)
| Western Oval
| 15,158
| 22 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 6.13 (49)
|
| 9.10 (64)
| Brunswick Street Oval
| 7,500
| 22 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.6 (78)
|
| 12.7 (79)
| Windy Hill
| 18,000
| 22 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.15 (87)
|
| 6.9 (45)
| Princes Park
| 8,500
| 22 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 14.14 (98)
|
| 8.7 (55)
| Lake Oval
| 21,000
| 22 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 12.9 (81)
|
| 13.17 (95)
| Punt Road Oval
| 18,000
| 22 August 1953
Round 18
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Home team
| Home team score
| Away team
| Away team score
| Venue
| Crowd
| Date
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 16.14 (110)
|
| 8.8 (56)
| Kardinia Park
| 18,124
| 29 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 10.14 (74)
|
| 8.7 (55)
| Victoria Park
| 33,867
| 29 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 13.20 (98)
|
| 4.12 (36)
| Lake Oval
| 13,000
| 29 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 9.10 (64)
|
| 13.6 (84)
| Glenferrie Oval
| 5,000
| 29 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 13.7 (85)
|
| 19.12 (126)
| Punt Road Oval
| 19,000
| 29 August 1953
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|
| 14.10 (94)
|
| 15.15 (105)
| Arden Street Oval
| 14,000
| 29 August 1953
Ladder
Finals
First Semi-Final
Second Semi-Final
Preliminary Final
Grand final
Awards
The 1953 VFL Premiership team was Collingwood.
The VFL's leading goalkicker was John Coleman of Essendon who kicked 97 goals (including one goal in the finals).
The winner of the 1953 Brownlow Medal was Bill Hutchison of Essendon with 26 votes.
Hawthorn took the "wooden spoon" in 1953.
Notable events
Because Anzac Day fell on a Saturday, there was a fortnight between Rounds 1 and 2. On the evening of Friday 24 April a night-time exhibition match was held between Collingwood and Fitzroy, under lights, at the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds for the benefit of St Vincent's Hospital. Collingwood 9.13 (67) defeated Fitzroy 4.19 (43) before a crowd of 22,000.
Footscray won its first final since joining the league in 1925, their twenty-ninth season. This came after making the finals six times previously and being eliminated each time (1938, 1942, 1944, 1946, 1948 and 1951).
In Round 2, John Coleman kicked 11 of Essendon's 13 goals.
In Round 5, Fitzroy came close to becoming the first (and only) VFL/AFL team to be held scoreless in their match against Footscray at the Western Oval, which was played amidst heavy rain and a burst water main. Allan Ruthven managed their only scoring shot, a goal, with about six minutes remaining in the match. To date, it remains the longest amount of time a team has been kept scoreless in a match.
In a streak spanning from 1952 until 1953, won 23 consecutive matches and played 26 consecutive matches without defeat; both of these remain VFL/AFL records as of 2021. The winning streak ended in Round 14, when Collingwood defeated Geelong by 20 points. At the time, Geelong had a 13–0 record and a four game lead over second-place, but won only three of its eight remaining games for the season.
Overall it was a low-scoring season: Footscray's 959 points against remains the lowest average points conceded per game since 1919; the season's highest score of 21.10 (136) was the lowest since 1924; and, for the first time since 1927, there was no match where both teams scored more than 100 points.
The Collingwood Grand Final team contained three sets of brothers: Lou Richards and Ron Richards; Bob Rose and Bill Rose; Bill Twomey Jr., Pat Twomey, and Mick Twomey.
Collingwood supporter and businessman John Wren suffered a heart attack at the 1953 Grand Final and died one month later.
References
Maplestone, M., Flying Higher: History of the Essendon Football Club 1872–1996, Essendon Football Club, (Melbourne), 1996.
Rogers, S. & Brown, A., Every Game Ever Played: VFL/AFL Results 1897–1997 (Sixth Edition), Viking Books, (Ringwood), 1998.
Ross, J. (ed), 100 Years of Australian Football 1897–1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported, Viking, (Ringwood), 1996.
External links
1953 Season - AFL Tables
Ken Piesse, "Stray Cat lifts lid on Grand Final dumping", (Sunday Herald Sun, 23 September 2007)
Australian Football League seasons
Vfl season |
5390130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy%20Charles%20Hodapp | Leroy Charles Hodapp | Leroy Charles Hodapp (11 November 1923 – 26 May 2006) distinguished himself as a Methodist pastor, district superintendent, Annual Conference official, and bishop of the United Methodist Church (U.M.C.) who was elected in 1976.
Birth and family
Bishop Hodapp was born in Seymour, Indiana, to Linden Charles and Mary Marguerite Miller Hodapp. Leroy Hodapp married Polly Anne Martin in June 1947; they have two daughters.
Education
Leroy earned his B.A. degree from the University of Evansville (1944), and his Bachelor of Divinity degree from Drew Theological Seminary (1947). Bishop Hodapp also received several honorary doctorates.
Ordained ministry
Leroy was ordained deacon in 1945 by Bishop Titus Lowe, joining the Indiana Annual Conference of The Methodist Church. Bishop Lowe ordained him elder the summer of 1947.
Rev. Hodapp served pastoral appointments at the Orleans, Indiana Methodist Church; the Heath Memorial and Meridian Street Methodist Churches in Indianapolis, Indiana, and the First Methodist Church in Bloomington, Indiana. Between 1965 and 1970, Rev. Hodapp served as the superintendent of the Bloomington District (1965–67), the Indianapolis West District (1967–68), and the Indianapolis Northeast District (1968–70). He then became director of the Conference Council of Ministries of the South Indiana Annual Conference of the U.M. Church.
Rev. Hodapp was a delegate to the North Central Jurisdictional Conference of The Methodist/United Methodist Church (1964–76), and to the General Conference of the same (1968–76). He held responsible positions in conference agencies, including chairperson of the Conference Board of Ordained Ministry. He was also a member of the Commission to Study the Superintendency during the 1972-76 quadrennium.
Episcopal ministry
Leroy Hodapp was elected bishop by the 1976 North Central Jurisdictional Conference. He was assigned to the Illinois episcopal area (Central and South Illinois Annual Conferences), where he served 1976–1984. He then became bishop of the Indiana Episcopal Area (North and South Indiana Annual Conferences), where he served until his retirement in 1992.
During his tenure as an active bishop, Hodapp served as president of the General Board of Church and Society of the U.M.C. (based in Washington, D.C.), and later as the president of the General Board of Global Ministries (based in New York City). The Hodapps retired to Evansville, Indiana, where they lived for several years, before moving to the Franklin United Methodist Community Home in Franklin, Indiana.
Hodapp served as the trial officer (i.e. judge) in church trials involving sexual misconduct. He presided over a famous trial involving then-pastor Jimmy Creech, who was eventually stripped of his clergy credentials for performing a same-gender union service (a violation of U.M. Church law).
Death and funeral
Bishop Hodapp died at Methodist Hospital in Indianapolis, aged 82. He was survived by his wife and two daughters.
Episcopal remembrance
Bishop Hodapp has been described as a steady, consistent and faithful leader for the U.M. Church. Then current bishop of the Indiana Episcopal Area, Michael J. Coyner when he received word of Hodapp's death, said:
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
Notes
References
"Bishop Leroy Hodapp dies at age 82". United Methodist News Service.
The Council of Bishops of the United Methodist Church
InfoServ, the official information service of The United Methodist Church.
External links
Photo of Bishop Hodapp. Retrieved 3 March 2007.
1923 births
2006 deaths
Drew University alumni
People from Evansville, Indiana
People from Seymour, Indiana
United Methodist bishops of the North Central Jurisdiction
People from Franklin, Indiana
20th-century American clergy |
5390131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg%20Moliboga | Oleg Moliboga | Oleg Alekseyevich Moliboga (, ; 27 February 1953 – 9 June 2022) was a Soviet volleyball player and Russian volleyball coach. Born in Dnipropetrovsk, he participated in the 1976 Summer Olympics and in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
In 1976, he was part of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament. He played all five matches. Four years later, in 1980, he won the gold medal with the Soviet team in the 1980 Olympic tournament. He played all six matches.
He was one of the pre-eminent players of the 1970s and the early 1980s, training at the Armed Forces sports society in Dnipropetrovsk. With the USSR national team, he won also two World Championships in 1978 and 1982.
References
External links
1953 births
2022 deaths
Soviet men's volleyball players
Ukrainian men's volleyball players
Olympic volleyball players of the Soviet Union
Volleyball players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Volleyball players at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Armed Forces sports society athletes
Russian volleyball coaches
Olympic medalists in volleyball
Russian men's volleyball players
Russian people of Ukrainian descent
Coaches of Russia men's national volleyball team
Honoured Coaches of Russia
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Dnipro |
5390150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert%20Rance | Hubert Rance | Major General Sir Hubert Elvin Rance (17 July 1898 – 24 January 1974) was a British politician who was the last Governor of British Burma between 1946 and 1948, during the transition from Japanese to British colonial administration. Later he became Governor of Trinidad and Tobago.
Career to 1945
Rance was educated at Wimbledon College, joined the British Army in 1916 and fought in the First World War with the Worcestershire Regiment. Later he transferred to the Signal Corps and in the Second World War played a part in the evacuation of Dunkirk in a senior role with the British Expeditionary Force. He also held senior War Office posts directing army training.
Burma
In 1945 he was appointed Director of Civil Affairs in Burma, restoring British control after Japanese forces withdrew. Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith was appointed Governor in 1946, but British Prime Minister Attlee, advised by The 1st Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, soon decided that Rance should replace him. Dorman-Smith's imprisonment of a popular nationalist leader, Aung San, had provoked anger and the threat of rebellion against the British, while Rance had a more conciliatory approach.
British policy started to move away from an attempt at a slow, gradual transition to independence, and it was decided that Rance should co-operate with Aung San and his Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League. Aung San was believed to be less hostile to British interests, and less radical in his nationalism than some other political figures, like the communists, for example.
Rance became Governor on the last day of August 1946, and on 27 January 1947 Attlee made an agreement with Aung San that independence would come as soon as possible, with elections in April. British hopes of a smooth handover of power allowing the UK to retain some influence were threatened when Aung San was assassinated in July 1947. Rance's prompt action in making U Nu the Prime Minister within hours is believed to have been a decisive factor in avoiding greater upheaval.
In a formal ceremony on 4 January 1948, Governor Rance handed over to Sao Shwe Thaik, 1st President of Burma, while Nu continued as Prime Minister.
By the time he left Burma, Rance had retired from the army. His formal title was Major General Sir Hubert Elvin Rance, GBE, CB, and in 1948 he was made a GCMG. New Burma Government honorably awarded Agga Maha Thray Sithu title to him as one of the foremost holders.
West Indies
He acted as British governor of Trinidad and Tobago between 19 April 1950 and June 1955.
He is author of two reports published by the Colonial Office in London in 1950: Development and welfare in the West Indies, 1947-49 and Report of the British Caribbean Standing Closer Association Committee, 1948-49 and in May 1956 he published an article on Burma’s Economic Problems in the Eastern World. Hubert Rance Street in Vistabella, San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago was named in his honour. Rance died on 24 January 1974 at the age of 75.
References
Sources
Clive Christie, The Karens in Turbulent Times and Enduring People (2000) ed. Jean Michaud
William Roger Louis, Dissolution of the British Empire in The Oxford History of the British Empire (1999) ed. Brown, Louis, Low
Burma: The Curse of Independence (2001)
British in Burma (Encyclopædia Britannica)
King's College Military Archives
DNB articles on U Nu and Dorman-Smith
Further reading
Time magazine describes Rance's departure from Burma
History of Myanmar
Governors of Trinidad and Tobago
1898 births
1974 deaths
Burma in World War II
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Order of the Bath
British Army generals
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army personnel of World War II
Administrators in British Burma
Worcestershire Regiment officers
People educated at Wimbledon College
Royal Corps of Signals officers |
5390156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Stanley%20Gardiner | John Stanley Gardiner | John Stanley Gardiner (1872–1946) was a British zoologist.
Biography
Stanley, as he was known, was the younger son of John Jephson Gardiner and Sarah McTier. He was born in Jordanstown (Belfast) in 1872 – two years after his brother Arthur. Jephson was a member of the Anglican clergy and, at the time of his marriage to Sarah in 1868, was chaplain to Lord Dufferin at Carrickfergus (near Belfast). Stanley's mother died five months after he was born and in 1874, he and Arthur were taken by their father to England. They initially lived in Marshfield, Wiltshire, with Jephson having the position of Curate there. In 1876, Jephson and his two sons moved to Wonersh, near Guildford, Surrey. There Arthur and Stanley were pupils at a boarding school at 108 High Street, Guildford.
Stanley attended Marlborough College from January 1885 until July 1890. While there "his critical thinking was shaped by the science masters and where he was a great supporter of the school's Natural History Society". Stanley won an exhibition to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and became a member of the college in 1891. He studied zoology and graduated in 1894 with a first class degree in Natural Sciences. He played hockey for Cambridge in 1894.
The period from 1896 to 1909 was spent by Stanley in doing field work in coral research. He spend considerable time in remote locations in the Indian Ocean as a member of three expeditions. He was particularly fascinated by marine biology and in 1896, aged 26, he joined the Royal Society Expedition to Funafuti in the Ellice Islands in the Pacific. This must have been a very formative experience for thereafter he devoted much of his research to the scleractinian corals and the environmental factors influencing their distribution. This research encompassed not only the identification and taxonomy of corals but also studies of their growth rates and feeding biology. Much of his subsequent work was carried out in the Indian Ocean, first of all in the Laccadives and Maldives and then through expeditions to the Chagos Archipelago, Seychelles, Amirantes, Coetivy, Cargados Carajos, Farquhar, Providence, St. Pierre and Mauritius. He was certainly an early pioneer in coral reef research not only in terms of his careful observational work on Indian Ocean reefs, many of whom have not been revisited by modern scientists, but also in the wide range of research he undertook into the biology of corals.
A significant element of his legacy to coral reef research lies in his contribution to the Great Barrier Reef Expedition of 1928–29. This was a major expedition, led by a British scientist, C.M. Yonge, appointed and funded as a result of Gardiner's initiatives. The expedition proved to be a turning point in coral reef science with far reaching results that are still cited by reef workers in their publications today. Many of the key questions asked by the expedition were based on Gardiner's initial research in the Indian Ocean.
Gardiner became Professor of Zoology in Cambridge in 1909 and retained this position until 1937. During this period recognition of Gardiner's contribution to marine science, and coral reef research in particular, was evident through his presentation of the Murchison Award of the Royal Geographical Society in 1902; his admission to the Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1908; his award of the Agassiz Medal of the American National Academy of Science in 1929, the Linnean Medal of the Linnean Society of London in 1936 and the Darwin Medal of the Royal Society in 1944. A listing of some of his major publications can be found in his obituary by Forster Cooper as well as in the article detailing his legacy to reef science referenced below.
Family
Stanley married Rachel Florence Denning on 12 September 1900. They were married at All Souls' Church in Marylebone, London. Sadly, Rachel died in March 1901 from a miscarriage ("abortus" on her death certificate).
Stanley remarried in 1909. His wife was Edith Gertrude Willcock. She attended Newnham College, Cambridge from 1900 to 1904 and received a doctoral degree from the University of Dublin. (Apparently at the time, women could not receive doctoral degrees in England).
Edith was a chemist and did some pioneering research work with radium – although, typical of that time, her male colleagues received the credit.
Edith and Stanley had two daughters – Nancy Emma Gardiner born in 1911 and Joyce Critchley Gardiner born in 1913. Their daughter Nancy died young at the age of 45. She was married but had no children. Joyce, an accomplished painter, married and had three children.
Stanley and Edith lived at Bredon House, Cambridge. In 1965, this became the administrative offices for the newly founded Wolfson College. Stanley died in 1946 and Edith followed him in 1953.
Legacy
Stanley Gardiner is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of lizards, Lepidodactylus gardineri and Pamelaescincus gardineri, frog Sechellophryne gardineri, and in the sea slug Tubulophilinopsis gardineri.
Publications
Gardiner, J. S., (1898), 'On the perforate corals collected by the author in the South Pacific', Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 257–276.
Gardiner, J. S., (1898), 'The coral reefs of Funafuti, Rotuma and Fiji together with some notes on the structure and formation of coral reefs in general', Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9, 417–503.
Gardiner, J. S., (1903–1906) The fauna and geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, being the account of the work carried on and of collections made by an expedition during the years 1899 and 1900 (2 volumes), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Gardiner, J. S., (1901), 'On the rate of growth of some corals from Fiji', Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 11, 214–219.
Gardiner, J. S., (1906), 'The Indian Ocean', Geog. J. 28, 313–332.
Gardiner, J. S., (1907–36), 'Reports of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905', Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (2) 12–19.
Gardiner, J. S., (1931) Coral reefs and atolls, Macmillan, London, UK.
Gardiner, J. S., (1931), 'Photosynthesis and solution in formation of coral reefs', Nature 127, 857–858.
Gardiner, J. S., (1936) 'The reefs of the western Indian Ocean. I. Chagos Archipelago. II. The Mascarene Region', Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (2) 19, 393–436.
References
Further reading
Forster-Cooper, C. (1945–48) 'John Stanley Gardiner' Obit. Not. Fell. R. Soc. 5:541–553
Foster, W. & McPhee, P., Professors and Portraits, Zoology 150 years 1866–2016, University of Cambridge
External links
Brown BE (2007). "The legacy of Professor John Stanley Gardiner FRS to reef science". Notes Rec. R. Soc. 61': 207-217.
Janus: Personal papers of John Stanley Gardiner at janus.lib.cam.ac.uk
1872 births
1946 deaths
Scientists from Belfast
Fellows of the Royal Society
People educated at Marlborough College
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Professors of Zoology (Cambridge, 1866)
British zoologists
Linnean Medallists |
5390158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Galbraith%20%28Ontario%20politician%29 | Daniel Galbraith (Ontario politician) | Daniel Galbraith (February 1, 1813 – December 17, 1879) was a Canadian farmer and political figure in the province of Ontario. He represented Lanark North as a Liberal in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1867 to 1872 and in Lanark North in the House of Commons of Canada from 1872 to 1879.
He was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1813 and came to Lanark County with his family in 1821. He served as reeve for Ramsay Township and also served as warden for Lanark County. Galbraith was elected to the Ontario legislature in 1867 and reelected in 1871. He resigned his seat in 1872 to run for a seat in the federal parliament.
He was also director of the Brockville and Ottawa Railway. In 1850, he married Janet McFarlane. He died while still in office in 1879.
References
External links
1813 births
1879 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
People from Almonte, Ontario
Politicians from Glasgow
Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Immigrants to Upper Canada |
5390175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20LaRocca | Greg LaRocca | Gregory Mark LaRocca (born November 10, 1972) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) second baseman who played for the San Diego Padres and Cleveland Indians between 2000 and 2003. He also played in the Nippon Professional Baseball league from 2004 to 2010.
Biography
LaRocca attended Manchester High School West in Manchester, New Hampshire and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In 1993, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Orleans Cardinals of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was drafted by the San Diego Padres in the 10th round (262nd overall) of the 1994 MLB Draft.
Major League Baseball
Minor Leagues (1994–1999)
LaRocca played for Low-A Spokane Indians and High-A Rancho Cucamonga Quakes. The 1995 season was split between High-A Rancho Cucamonga Quakes and AA Memphis Chicks. The entire 1996 season was played for AA Memphis Chicks. LaRocca played all of 1997 for AA Mobile BayBears. The 1998 season was played for AAA Las Vegas Stars. LaRocca stayed in AAA Las Vegas for all of 1999 as well.
San Diego Padres (2000)
LaRocca started the 2000 season in AAA Las Vegas. He was a September call-up when MLB rosters expand beyond the traditional 25-man roster. LaRocca made his MLB debut on September 7, 2000. He played 13 games with a total of 27 at-bats. He accumulated 4 singles, 2 doubles, and 1 walk. His batting line for the 2000 season ended with a .222 average, .293 slugging, and .546 On Base + Slugging (OPS). LaRocca played three different infield positions in the 2000 season. 8 games at third base, 4 at shortstop, and 2 at second base with a 0.939 fielding percentage. He was released by the Padres on March 28, 2001.
Cleveland Indians (2001–2003)
On May 7, 2001, LaRocca signed with the Cleveland Indians. LaRocca did not play in the Majors during the 2001 season. He split the year between the AA Akron Aeros and AAA Buffalo Bisons. During the 2002 season, LaRocca split time between AAA Buffalo and the Indians. In Cleveland, he played over 21 games collecting 14 hits over 52 at bats, collecting a triple and 4 doubles. His batting line for the 2002 season ended with a .269 average, .365 slugging, and .732 OPS. La Rocca played third base, second base, and designated hitter (DH). LaRocca started and ended his 2003 season with the Bisons. He spent the last part of September with Cleveland playing in 5 games at third base and DH. He amassed 3 hits over 9 at-bats, including one double.
Nippon Professional Baseball
Hiroshima Carp (2004–2005)
In 2004 he joined the Hiroshima Toyo Carp . At first, the signing did not attract much attention before the opening of the season. It was cheaper signing, with the Carp obtaining a middle of the order hitter that can hit the ball to all fields. When the season began, he maintained a high batting average and hit 26 homers in the first half. In the second half LaRocca did not slow down, reaching the batting average of .328, 40 home runs, 101 RBI, ranking fifth place in all three batting groups. LaRocca's .328 average was second in the league. However, he recorded 66 strikeouts for the season.
In 2005 LaRocca batted 4th from the beginning and kept high batting average, but an injury to his hand caused his season to be cut to only 80 games. However, he managed to hit .303 with 18 home runs and 56 RBI. On November 18, 2005, LaRocca, along with Tom Davey , Kenny Rayborn were designated for assignment, then traded to the Yakult Swallows.
Yakult Swallows (2006)
In 2006, Yakult formed a strong central axis with teammates Alex Ramirez , Adam Riggs and LaRocca. The nickname "F-Brothers" was attached to the three foreign fielders by fans. The 2006 season was a success, but was sidelined in August with a knee injury that required surgery. That season, LaRocca played 103 games, batted .285, 18 home runs. On December 1, LaRocca became a free agent. He then joined the Orix Buffaloes who wanted a reliable middle of the order batter.
Orix Buffaloes (2007–2010)
For the 2007 season, LaRocca was appointed the starting third baseman and number 3 hitter in the order. Through the first few weeks of May, he hit .300 with 17 home runs. LaRocca broke the 55-year old NPB record of hit-by-pitches in a single season with 28. In 2008, LaRocca he complained of right elbow pain, and did not play after May 5. On May 28, the team announced that LaRocca had undergone reconstructive surgery of his right Ulnar Collateral Ligament, also known as Tommy John surgery. This surgery caused his season to come to an end, and the Buffaloes considered releasing LaRocca.
In 2009, LaRocca renegotiated his contract and took a substantial salary reduction and agreed to a contract on January 28. The Buffaloes acquired Jose Fernandez to play third base, so LaRocca played first base. On opening day against the Lotte, three consecutive home runs were recorded for the first time in three years by himself and two other teammates. With Alex Cabrera and Tuffy Rhodes injured, LaRocca filled the hole of Fernández who was also injured. He was bumped to batting 4th, and hit 12 home runs. However, in the game against Softbank on July 28, he was hit by a pitch for the 100th time in his career, thirteenth in NPB history, from Masahiko Morifuku. On that HBP, LaRocca broke his right hand and was out for the remainder of the season. With LaRocca being repeatedly sidelined, the team once again considered releasing him. However, his contract was affordable, so LaRocca returned for the 2010 season.
In 2010, LaRocca was mostly DH, with playing one game at first base. In a game against Rakuten on March 22, LaRocca hit a two-run home run off of Rei Nagai. However, in a game against Rakuten on April 10, he was hit by a pitch and fractured his pinky finger. However, in an effort to preserve his season, LaRocca covered the affected part of the little finger with a metal plate, attached to a shock absorbing pad from the top of the batting glove. To much success, he hit 4 home runs while fractured. However, as Aarom Baldiris began to rise, LaRocca mainly played as DH and pinch hitter. He later injured his back and was put on the disabled list on May 25. After the season, LaRocca retired from professional baseball.
Retirement
LaRocca was a scout for the Orix Buffaloes from 2011–2016. He scouted players from the United States to play for the NPB. LaRocca was the manager for the Granite State Games, a high school showcase in New Hampshire. LaRocca is a hitting and fielding instructor in New Hampshire for both private and team consulting.
Style of play
LaRocca was a middle of the order hitter that pulled the ball to left field. When he signed with Orix, he formed "big boys batting line" with Tuffy Rhodes and Alex Cabrera (including Jose Fernandez in 2009 season). When reporters asked the reasons for the strong showing at Orix, "Tuffy hits behind me, I can swing the bat carefully and I can swing the bat hard" putting trust in Rhodes.
He played second, third, and first base during his career. LaRocca had good command of all positions, earning a .945 career fielding percentage at all levels. He excited fans in Japan with many diving stops and throws on the run.
LaRocca was often injured in Japan due to hit by pitches and while of defense.
Hit by pitch
LaRocca was known in Japan as a player who was often hit by pitches. In 2007, he was hit 28 times, which is a NPB record. In seven seasons up to 2010, he has recorded 109 HBP. During this time, the number of at-bats per HBP was about 21.8 (2375 AB / 109 HBP), more than twice as much as the previous record.
In 2007 he received 20 HBP in the first half of the season. Before the All-Star Game, LaRocca said "I thought that there would be no [hit by pitches] in the All-Star game", but he received a ball from Koharu Uehara in the first bat. Because there was little damage, the pitcher spread both hands to appeal for health. At the moment when he received the 25th HBP of the season from Shibuya Naoyuki on September 17 against Lotte Marines, when he passed the Japanese record set by Yoshiyuki Iwamoto, LaRocca waved hands towards the audience and also bowed. In the same year's salary negotiation, it turned out that LaRocca was hoping for an "unprecedented" incentive at the number of HBP ". Among the increase in annual salary, "treatment expenses" of injuries caused by HBP were included.
Personal life
September 28, 2007, the Orix team announced that it would donate 100 million yen to the Research Promotion Foundation for Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus. LaRocca revealed how he offered the donation "I want to repay for Japan" under the influence of his wife. Greg is married to his wife, Amanda. They have two children together. They reside in New Hampshire.
LaRocca has played in the Wounded Warriors Project softball game in 2016 and 2017 on the celebrity team. This game is to raise money to aid veterans who were injured in combat.
Statistics
Batting Performance by Year
*The bold in each year is the highest in league, the Italics is the highest in NPB
Records and awards
Awardswards
All Star : 2 times (2004: second baseman, 2007: third baseman)
Records
NPB Firsts
First appearance: April 2, 2004, vs. Chunichi Dragons
First hit: April 2, 2004 vs. Chunichi Dragons
First Steal Base: April 9, 2004, Yokohama Bay Stars
First home run: April 9, 2004, Yokohama Bay Stars
First Hit By Pitch: April 14, 2004, Hanshin Tigers
NPB Milestones
100 homers: August 28, 2007, Fukuoka Softbank Hawks
251th person in history
100 HBP: July 28, 2009 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks
13th in history (the fastest in history)
NPB Records
Season 28 HBP (2007, Japan professional baseball record)
1 inning 2 home runs: May 11, 2006, Seibu Lions (17th in history)
All-Star game participation: 2 times (2004, 2007)
Jersey numbers
20 (2000)
62 (2002–2003)
43 (2004–2005)
29 (2006)
30 (2007–2010)
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
Baseball players from New York (state)
Major League Baseball infielders
Orleans Firebirds players
Akron Aeros players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
San Diego Padres players
Cleveland Indians players
Hiroshima Toyo Carp players
Tokyo Yakult Swallows players
Orix Buffaloes players
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
UMass Minutemen baseball players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Memphis Chicks players
Mobile BayBears players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Spokane Indians players |
5390191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty%20of%20Tours | Treaty of Tours | The Treaty of Tours was an attempted peace agreement between Henry VI of England and Charles VII of France, concluded by their envoys on 28 May 1444 in the closing years of the Hundred Years' War. The terms stipulated the marriage of Charles VII's niece, Margaret of Anjou, to Henry VI, and the creation of a truce of two years – later extended – between the kingdoms of England and France. In exchange for the marriage, Charles wanted the English-held area of Maine in northern France, just south of Normandy.
Henry VI married the fifteen-year-old Margaret in April 1445; he did not, however, give up Maine immediately. This clause was initially kept secret, as the cession of this strategically important province was likely to cause a public backlash in England. Charles threatened Henry VI and sent envoys to pressure him; even Margaret tried to persuade Henry to give it up. Henry eventually yielded in 1448 when Charles VII threatened English garrisons with a large army.
The treaty was seen as a major failure for England as the bride secured for Henry VI was a poor match, being Charles VII's niece only through marriage, and was otherwise related to him by blood only distantly. Her marriage also came without a dowry, as Margaret was the daughter of the impoverished Duke René of Anjou, and Henry was also expected to pay for the wedding. Henry believed the treaty was a first step towards a lasting peace, while Charles intended to use it purely for military advantage. The truce collapsed in 1449 and England quickly lost what remained of its French lands, bringing the Hundred Years' War to an end.
The failure of the treaty of Tours and the renewal of hostilities brought down the English government of the day. Its consequences exacerbated rifts between the court's Beaufort faction and the dukes of Gloucester and York, and has been considered a potentially contributory factor to the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses.
Context
In 1444, the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) had now raged for more than a century between the houses of Valois and Plantagenet, who fought for control of the throne of France. The French under King Charles VII had gained ground dramatically after the intervention of Joan of Arc in 1429 and the dissolution of the alliance between England and the Duchy of Burgundy, a French vassal, in 1435. The English king, Henry VI, who came of age in 1437, was an incompetent ruler and war leader. The French held the initiative, and, by 1444, English rule in France was limited to Normandy in the north and a strip of land in Gascony in the southwest, while Charles VII ruled over Paris and the rest of France with the support of most of the French regional nobility.
The English territories in France could not withstand more taxation, whereas the English state was nearing bankruptcy. The English political establishment believed that an agreement would have to be reached with the French and that concessions would have to be made, with the exception of the king's uncle, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester – then the heir to the throne – who advocated for continued military presence in France to preserve England's possessions there. A truce would provide the English a much needed break from hostilities. For the French, it would give them time to strengthen their armies in preparation for a possible resumption of the war, and prevent any hypothetical renewal of the Anglo-Burgundian alliance.
Treaty
It is unclear which side had the initiative to propose discussions, but by January 1444 the English council decided to open talks with the French. In 1444, Henry VI, Charles VII, and Duke Philip of Burgundy reached an agreement that their commissioners should meet at Tours to discuss peace terms and a possible marriage alliance between England and France. The English embassy was headed by William de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, who on 1 February was dispatched to France. The French delegation was led by Jean de Dunois. In March 1444, Suffolk landed in France and in April, he met with the French embassy.
The English offered to drop Henry VI's claim to French throne in exchange for Normandy without French suzerainty, but this was rejected. The English in turn rejected French demands that landowners who fled the English occupation be restored to their possessions. Negotiations bogged down, the French refusing any significant concessions. Suffolk formally requested the hand of Margaret of Anjou, daughter of René of Anjou (brother in law to Charles VII) as a wife for Henry. Rene agreed, but insisted that he had no money and could not provide the customary dowry, when the amount that should have been given was 20,000 livres. He demanded that in exchange for the marriage and a proposed 21-month truce in the War, England return to France the lands of Maine and Anjou. Suffolk knew that this would not be popular in England, but Henry insisted on the truce, having heard that the Count of Nevers was preparing to offer marriage to Margaret himself. The marriage was not considered advantageous to England since Margaret was not a close relation to Charles VII, and was related only through the marriage of her father to the King's sister.
The English had optimistically thought that a marriage alliance would turn René of Anjou into a major advocate for peace at his brother-in-law's court. For Charles VII however, a marriage between his niece and the English King would prevent the English from concluding a marriage alliance with one of his more rebellious nobles, the Count of Armagnac having already made proposals previously. An alliance with the impoverished house of Anjou was less beneficial to the English than one with the house of Armagnac. Another factor cited as a diplomatic blunder was Suffolk's failure to include Brittany and Aragon in the list of Henry VI's allies on the truce, and allowing Charles VII to place Brittany in his own. All of the concessions in the treaty were made by England and France got the better end of the truce. Henry believed it was a first step towards a lasting peace; Charles intended to use it purely for military advantage.
Additionally, the blame of the unfavorable request to return Maine and Anjou to the French was laid at Suffolk's feet, though he insisted that he had made no promises at the Treaty to that demand. Suffolk brought the new queen back to England later that year to meet the king. When she landed in England, the King dressed himself as a squire and brought a letter supposed to be from the King so that he could watch Margaret in secret. When Suffolk asked later what she thought of the squire, the queen stated that she did not notice him at all. Suffolk told her that she had just been with the King, and she was upset, realizing she'd kept him on his knees the entire time he read the letter.
The Treaty of Tours was to expire in April 1446, and England sought to extend it in order to find a longer-lasting peace with France. This was perhaps undermined by the fact that Henry VI refused to cede the lands of Maine and Anjou until 1448, and only then on threat of military force from Charles VII.
Aftermath in England
In England, the cession of Maine was expected to garner opposition principally by two powerful men: the Earl of Somerset, who was the greatest landowner in, and the governor of, Maine, and the Duke of Gloucester, who opposed territorial concessions to the French and whose opposition to the peace process was well known. Although Gloucester congratulated the Duke of Suffolk in parliament in June 1445 for his role in the peace process, he soon after helped flare up tensions by sending (12 July) a gift to the King of Aragon – the archenemy of Henry VI's new father-in-law René of Anjou. Just a few days later (15 July), probably as a response for this, Suffolk and Henry VI humiliated Gloucester in front of French ambassadors, the latter signaling his disdain for his uncle's political inclinations and the former telling them (in the king's presence) later on that Gloucester counted for nothing on government policy. The possibility that Gloucester could serve as a figurehead for embittered war veterans and other opponents of the regime led Suffolk to instigate his arrest on charges of treason in early 1447. The imprisoned duke died shortly afterwards, probably of a stroke, though there were rumors that he had been murdered.
The Earl of Somerset was brought on board of the cessation of Maine by being offered the governorship of Normandy. However, it was already expected that the office would be held by the Duke of York. For the Duke of Suffolk, the easiest way to get York out of the way was to discredit him politically. In late 1446, a violent altercation in parliament between Suffolk's ally bishop Adam Moleyns and the Duke of York over allegations of the latter's misconduct as lieutenant-general discredited York politically and provided the justification for York's dismissal. York was mollified by being appointed governor of Ireland. He was nonetheless enraged at his treatment, which alienated Suffolk's regime from a hitherto supporter.
The truce of Tours collapsed in 1449 and the French then proceeded to conquer Normandy with ease. The Duke of Suffolk, politically discredited over the failure of his signature achievement, was impeached and murdered in 1450. His demise paved the way for Somerset to replace him as the court favourite. In the following years York, slighted over his previous treatment and seeing the collapse of English France under Somerset's tenure as damaging to his honor, would tirelessly lobby for Somerset's removal from power, accusing him of incompetence and embezzlement. Their feud was a crucial factor in the escalation of tensions that led to the Wars of the Roses.
Citations
References
1444 in England
1440s in France
1440s treaties
England–France relations
France–United Kingdom relations
Treaty
Marriage, unions and partnerships in England
Treaties of medieval England
Treaties of the Kingdom of France |
5390195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med-Vet-Net | Med-Vet-Net | Med-Vet-Net was a European Network of Excellence for zoonosis research. The Network officially commenced on 1 September 2004 until 31 October 2009. It was funded for five years at a cost of €14.4 million (£10 million) by the European Union (EU) 6th Framework Programme, within the ‘Quality and Safety of Food’ Priority Area.
Zoonoses are diseases that are naturally transmitted from animals to man.
Med-Vet-Net aimed to develop a network of excellence for the integration of veterinary, medical and food scientists, in the field of food safety, at the European Level, in order to improve research on the prevention and control of zoonoses, including food-borne diseases. The Network also aimed to take into account the public health concerns of consumers and other stakeholders throughout the food chain.
Med-Vet-Net comprised 15 partners across Europe and over 300 scientists. The institutes involved consisted of eight veterinary, seven public health institutes and one learned society from 10 European countries. All partner institutes had national reference laboratory-based responsibilities for the prevention and control of zoonoses.
Med-Vet-Net Association
Following the end of EU funding the Med-Vet-Net Association was officially launched in October 2009 to continue work started within the former Network of Excellence. The self-funded Association, currently comprises 14 European research institutes.
(Austria) Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES)
(Belgium) Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (VAR) (Associate Member)
(Denmark) Statens Serum Institut (SSI)
(Denmark) Technical University of Denmark (Vet-DTU) (Food-DTU)
(France) Agence nationale de securite sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES) (Formerly AFSSA)
(Germany) Federal Institute for RiskAssessment | Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR)
(Hungary) Veterinary Medical Research Institute (VMRI)
(Italy) Central Public Health Institute in Italy | Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS)
(NL) Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) (formerly Central Veterinary Institute; CVI) of Wageningen University & Research (WUR)
(NL) National Institute for Public Health and the Environment | Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheit en Milieu (RIVM)
(Norway) Norwegian Veterinary Institute | Veterinærinstituttet (NVI)
(Poland) National Veterinary Research Institute | Państwowy Instytut Weterynaryjny - Państwowy Instytut Babdwczy (PIWET)
(Spain) The Complutense University of Madrid | Complutense University Madrid (UCM)
(Spain) Institute of Public Health in Spain | Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)
(Sweden) National Veterinary Institute | Statens Veterinärmedicinska Anstalt (SVA)
(UK) Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA)
External links
Med-Vet-Net website
Animal disease control
Medical research organizations
Zoonoses |
5390196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20highways%20numbered%2053 | List of highways numbered 53 | The following highways are numbered 53:
Cambodia
National Road 53 (Cambodia)
Canada
Alberta Highway 53
India
National Highway 53 (India)
Ireland
N53 road (Ireland)
Italy
Autostrada A53
Japan
Japan National Route 53
Korea, South
National Route 53 (South Korea)
Mexico
Mexican Federal Highway 53
New Zealand
New Zealand State Highway 53
Norway
(, )
Philippines
N53 highway (Philippines)
Turkey
, a motorway in Turkey connecting with İskenderun, Hatay Province.
United Kingdom
British A53 (Shrewsbury-Buxton)
British M53 (Wallasey-Chester)
United States
Interstate 53 (former proposal)
U.S. Route 53
Alabama State Route 53
Arkansas Highway 53
California State Route 53
Colorado State Highway 53
Connecticut Route 53
Florida State Road 53
County Road 53 (Lafayette County, Florida)
County Road 53 (Madison County, Florida)
Georgia State Route 53
Idaho State Highway 53
Illinois Route 53
Indiana State Road 53
Iowa Highway 53 (1926-1949) (former)
K-53 (Kansas highway)
Kentucky Route 53
Louisiana Highway 53
Louisiana State Route 53 (former)
Maryland Route 53
Massachusetts Route 53
M-53 (Michigan highway)
County Road 53 (Anoka County, Minnesota)
County Road 53 (Hennepin County, Minnesota)
County Road 53 (Ramsey County, Minnesota)
Mississippi Highway 53
Missouri Route 53
Nebraska Highway 53
Nebraska Link 53A
Nebraska Link 53B
Nebraska Link 53C
Nebraska Link 53E
Nevada State Route 53 (former)
New Jersey Route 53
County Route 53 (Bergen County, New Jersey)
County Route 53 (Monmouth County, New Jersey)
County Route 53 (Ocean County, New Jersey)
New Mexico State Road 53
New York State Route 53
County Route 53 (Cattaraugus County, New York)
County Route 53 (Chautauqua County, New York)
County Route 53 (Delaware County, New York)
County Route 53 (Dutchess County, New York)
County Route 53 (Franklin County, New York)
County Route 53 (Greene County, New York)
County Route 53 (Jefferson County, New York)
County Route 53 (Madison County, New York)
County Route 53 (Monroe County, New York)
County Route 53 (Montgomery County, New York)
County Route 53 (Oneida County, New York)
County Route 53 (Onondaga County, New York)
County Route 53A (Onondaga County, New York)
County Route 53 (Orange County, New York)
County Route 53 (Orleans County, New York)
County Route 53 (Otsego County, New York)
County Route 53 (Putnam County, New York)
County Route 53 (Rensselaer County, New York)
County Route 53 (Rockland County, New York)
County Route 53 (Saratoga County, New York)
County Route 53 (Suffolk County, New York)
County Route 53 (Sullivan County, New York)
County Route 53 (Ulster County, New York)
County Route 53A (Ulster County, New York)
County Route 53 (Warren County, New York)
County Route 53 (Westchester County, New York)
County Route 53 (Wyoming County, New York)
North Carolina Highway 53
North Dakota Highway 53
Ohio State Route 53
Oklahoma State Highway 53
Oklahoma State Highway 53A
Oregon Route 53
Pennsylvania Route 53
South Carolina Highway 53
South Dakota Highway 53
Tennessee State Route 53
Texas State Highway 53
Texas State Highway Spur 53
Farm to Market Road 53 (former)
Texas Park Road 53 (former)
Utah State Route 53
Vermont Route 53
Virginia State Route 53
West Virginia Route 53
West Virginia Route 53 (1920s) (former)
Wisconsin Highway 53 (former)
Territories:
Puerto Rico Highway 53 |
5390197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption%20High%20School%20%28Iowa%29 | Assumption High School (Iowa) | Assumption High School (AHS) is a Roman Catholic high school in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Davenport in the U.S. state of Iowa. Bridget Murphy is the current principal of Assumption High.
In 1958, AHS opened its doors as a co-institutional facility, with the merger of St. Ambrose Academy and Immaculate Conception Academy. AHS became coeducational in 1969.
Academics
AHS offers AP classes and dual-enrollment college courses on campus. The majority of the school's upperclassmen take the ACT, and their scores consistently rank above the Iowa and national averages.
Most Assumption students come from Catholic feeder schools, such as St. Paul the Apostle (Panthers), John F. Kennedy (Crusaders), Lourdes (Lancers), & All Saints (Saints).
Faculty and staff
AHS's faculty is made up of mostly lay teachers with priests and nuns teaching several religion courses. Many hold master's degrees in education or content areas, and all meet the criteria for the Iowa teaching standards.
Student life and activities
AHS provides activities beyond the classroom. More than two-thirds of the student body participates in at least one sport, and many people join clubs as well.
Athletics
Davenport Assumption participates in the Mississippi Athletic Conference, and athletic teams are known as the Knights. School colors are red and white. The school fields athletic teams in 17 sports, including:
Summer: Baseball, softball.
Fall: Football, volleyball, boys' cross country, girls' cross country and boys' golf.
Winter: Boys' basketball, girls' basketball and wrestling.
Spring: Boys' track and field, girls' track and field, boys' soccer, girls' soccer, girls' golf, boys' tennis and girls' tennis.
Davenport Assumption is classified as a 3A school (Iowa's second-largest tier of high schools), according to the Iowa High School Athletic Association and Iowa Girls' High School Athletic Union; in sports where there are fewer divisions, the Knights are in either the lowest or middle class, depending on the sport (e.g., Class 2A for wrestling and boys' soccer; Class 1A for tennis and girls' soccer). However, Assumption competes in the largest class (Class 4A) for boys' golf. The school is a member of the 10-team Mississippi Athletic Conference (known to locals as the MAC), which comprises schools from the Iowa Quad Cities (Bettendorf, Davenport Central, Davenport North, Davenport West, North Scott, Pleasant Valley), along with Burlington, Clinton and Muscatine high schools.
Successes
Throughout the school's history, Davenport Assumption has enjoyed great success in many of its sports, earning many MAC conference titles and producing all-state athletes who have enjoyed success at the collegiate level and in their careers. Assumption has won numerous state titles in wrestling, baseball, softball, girls' soccer, girls' track and field, and girls' basketball.
Baseball (12-time State Champions - 1953, 1982, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2014, 2018)
Boys' Basketball (3-time Class 3A State Champions - 1982, 1999, 2000)
Girls' Basketball (4-time State Champions - 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013)
Boys' Cross Country - 1974 Class AA State Champions
Girls' Cross Country - 2015 Class 3A State Champions
Boys' Golf - 1954 State Champions
Boys' Soccer (2-time Class 1A State Champions - 2002 2003)
Girls' Soccer (10-time Class 1A State Champions - 2002, 2003, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019)
Softball (3-time Class 3A State Champions - 2017, 2018, 2019)
Boys' Tennis - 2012 Class 1A State Champions
Girls' Track and Field (5-time Class 3A State Champions - 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017)
Wrestling (5-time Class 2A State Champions - 1995, 1998, 1999, 2011, 2014)
Wrestling (9-time Class 2A State Duals Champions - 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016)
See also
List of high schools in Iowa
References
External links
Assumption High School
Unofficial Assumption High School Athletics Site
Catholic secondary schools in Iowa
Educational institutions established in 1958
Roman Catholic Diocese of Davenport
Schools in Davenport, Iowa
1958 establishments in Iowa |
5390200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interphalangeal%20joint | Interphalangeal joint | Interphalangeal joint may refer to:
Interphalangeal articulations of hand
Interphalangeal articulations of foot |
5390201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothesay%20Bay | Rothesay Bay | Rothesay Bay is a small suburb in Auckland's East Coast Bays region. The suburb is roughly the same size as Murrays Bay, the suburb to the immediate south.
The name is taken from the small inlet into the Hauraki Gulf, which can be accessed via Rothesay Bay Road. There is a rectangular piece of parkland adjoining the beach, alongside which is the Rothesay Bay Creek. To the north is situated Browns Bay, while to the south is Murray's Bay.
Rothesay Bay beach is in a wind funnel and gets a sea breeze.
It is currently under the local governance of the Auckland Council.
Demographics
Rothesay Bay covers and had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2.
Rothesay Bay had a population of 2,886 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 180 people (6.7%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 273 people (10.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 960 households, comprising 1,407 males and 1,482 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.95 males per female. The median age was 39.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 558 people (19.3%) aged under 15 years, 561 (19.4%) aged 15 to 29, 1,368 (47.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 399 (13.8%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 79.4% European/Pākehā, 4.7% Māori, 1.8% Pacific peoples, 17.9% Asian, and 2.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 43.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 57.7% had no religion, 33.9% were Christian, 0.6% were Hindu, 0.5% were Muslim, 0.4% were Buddhist and 1.0% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 876 (37.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 165 (7.1%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $43,200, compared with $31,800 nationally. 708 people (30.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,191 (51.2%) people were employed full-time, 420 (18.0%) were part-time, and 66 (2.8%) were unemployed.
Notable residents
Chris Rankin who played Percy Weasley in the Harry Potter film series grew up in Rothesay Bay until he was 6 years old.
References
External links
Walk ends in tragedy – Stuff.co.nz
Photographs of Rothesay Bay held in Auckland Libraries' heritage collections.
Suburbs of Auckland
North Shore, New Zealand
Bays of the Auckland Region
East Coast Bays |
5390216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincula%20tendina | Vincula tendina | Within each osseo-aponeurotic canal, the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus are connected to each other, and to the phalanges, by slender, tendinous bands, called vincula tendina.
Structure
There are around three to seven vincula for each flexor tendon. Vincula tendina can be classified into two types according to their morphology.
The vincula brevia (short), which are two in number in each finger, and consist of triangular bands of fibers, one connecting the tendon of the flexor digitorum superficialis to the front of the first interphalangeal joint and head of the first phalanx, and the other the tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus to the front of the second interphalangeal joint and head of the second phalanx.
The vincula longa (long and slender), one which connects the flexor digitorum superficialis to the base of the first phalanx, and the other which connects the under surfaces of the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus to those of the subjacent flexor digitorum superficialis after the tendons of the former have passed through the latter.
Function
The vincula tendina carry blood supply to the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons. The vincula breve helps facilitate digital flexion following injury to the distal flexor digitorum profundus tendon.
Additional images
References
Upper limb anatomy |
5390222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinemorets | Sinemorets | Sinemorets (; also Sinemorec, Sinemoretz, "place on the blue sea") is a village and seaside resort on the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria.
Etymology
The current name dates back to 1934; prior to that, the village was known as Galazáki (in Greek, meaning "little blue") or Kalanca (in Turkish).
Geography
Located in the very southeast of the country close to the border with Turkey, where the river Veleka flows into the sea. Sinemorets is part of Tsarevo Municipality, Burgas Province, and has a population of 216 . It is situated in Strandzha Nature Park, which assists in its range of flora and fauna.
History
Ceramic fragments from the 5th-4th century BC have been found in the Potamya inlet south of the village, as well as anchors and metal casing of an ancient ships. The village was first mentioned in an Ottoman document in 1496; the population then consisted of only 16 Christian families, as the attacks of sea pirates had forced many to move to inland Strandzha. According to Austrian diplomat Wenzel von Brognard who sailed near the village, in 1766 it had 17 houses and its population mainly engaged in wooden exports. According to another westerner, Enelholm, in 1824 it had 30 houses and was located somewhat inland, with only its pier on the coast. Again, the low population and the location is explained by the attacks of the Caucasian Laz pirates.
After the Balkan Wars, the village and the surrounding area were ceded to Bulgaria. According to the Mollov-Kafandaris Agreement of 1927, the entire Greek population of the village moved to Greece and was substituted with Bulgarian refugees from Eastern Thrace. In 1926, it had 68 households.
Current Use
The area was opened to the public in 1989 when access to the border zone was allowed, and it has since developed rapidly although efforts are still made to maintain the animal population that evolved prior to population growth. It has two lifeguarded beaches, Veleka Beach () to the north and Butamya Beach () to the south of the village.
Honour
Sinemorets Hill on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Sinemorets.
References
Further reading
Villages in Burgas Province
Seaside resorts in Bulgaria
Populated coastal places in Bulgaria |
5390230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Pantin | Carl Pantin | Carl Frederick Abel Pantin FRS (30 March 1899 – 14 January 1967) was a British zoologist. He was educated at Tonbridge School and Christ's College, Cambridge.
In 1937, he won the Trail Medal of the Linnean Society, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1937, won one of its Royal Medals in 1950. Pantin was president of the Linnean Society 1958 - 1961, and won the Linnean Medal, with Richard E. Holttum, in 1964. He was Professor of Zoology, Cambridge University from 1959 to 1966, and President of the Marine Biological Association from 1960 to 1966.
Pantin was married to Amy Moir Philip Smith (see image of 1939 register), the sister of botanist Edith Philip Smith.
Cosmo-Darwinism
Pointing to the serendipitous qualities for the emergence of life of such substances as carbon and water, Pantin in 1965 postulated the existence of multiple universes, from which ours had been selected on a principle “analogous to the principle of Natural Selection” - an early anticipation of the anthropic principle.
References
1899 births
1967 deaths
20th-century British zoologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Royal Medal winners
Presidents of the Linnean Society of London
People educated at Tonbridge School
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Professors of Zoology (Cambridge, 1866) |
5390252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive%20search | Executive search | Executive search (informally called headhunting) is a specialized recruitment service which organizations pay to seek out and recruit highly qualified candidates for senior-level and executive jobs across the public and private sectors, as well as non-profit organizations (e.g., President, Vice-president, CEO, and non-executive-directors). Headhunters may also seek out and recruit other highly specialized and/or skilled positions in organizations for which there is strong competition in the job market for the top talent, such as senior data analysts or computer programmers.
The method usually involves commissioning a third-party organization, typically an executive search firm, but possibly a standalone consultant or consulting firm, to research the availability of suitable qualified candidates working for competitors or related businesses or organizations. Having identified a shortlist of qualified candidates who match the client's requirements, the executive search firm may act as an intermediary to contact the individual(s) and see if they might be interested in moving to a new employer. The executive search firm may also carry out initial screening of the candidate, negotiations on remuneration and benefits, and preparing the employment contract.
In some markets, there has been a move towards using executive search for lower positions, driven by the fact that there are fewer candidates for some positions, even on lower levels than executive.
Executive search firms
An executive search firm is a type of professional service firm that specializes in recruiting executives and other senior personnel for their client companies in various industries. Executive search agents/professionals typically have a wide range of personal contacts in their industry or field of specialty; detailed, specific knowledge of the area; and typically operate at the most senior level of executive positions. Executive search professionals are also involved throughout the hiring process, conducting detailed interviews and presenting candidates to clients selectively, when they feel the candidate meets all stated requirements and would fit into the culture of the hiring firm. Executive search firms typically have long-lasting relationships with clients spanning many years, and in such cases the suitability of candidates is paramount. It is also important that such firms operate with a high level of professionalism and confidentiality.
When corporate entities elect to use an outside executive search firm, it is usually because they lack the internal research resources, professional networks, or evaluative skills to properly recruit for themselves. Using an outside firm also allows the corporate entity the freedom of recruiting from competitors without doing so directly, and the ability to choose among candidates that would not be available through internal or passive sourcing methodologies. Executive search firms are national and international. Many specialize in a particular business industry sector. The contractual relationship between client and executive search firm falls into two broad categories: contingent and retained. Contingent recruiters are paid only upon the successful completion of the "search assignment." Retained recruiters are paid for the process, typically earning a recruiting fee in three stages based on the anticipated compensation of the executive.
In 1959 the Association of Executive Search and Leadership Consultants (AESC) emerged to set the standards of quality and ethics for the executive search consulting trade. AESC Members range in size from large global firms and networks to boutique firms spanning more than 70 countries.
Retained search
High-end executive search firms get a retainer (up-front fee) to perform a specific search for a corporate officer or other senior executive position. Typically, retained searches tend to be for positions that pay upwards of US$150,000 and often far more. Search fees are typically 33.33% of the annual compensation of the recruited executive. Fee payments may be made in thirds, 1/3 of fee paid on initiation of the search, 1/3 paid thirty days later, and the final 1/3 paid thirty days later or upon placement of the candidate. Alternatively, a fixed fee may be established.
Retained search firms provide a guarantee to do an assignment over if the hired candidate leaves before a stated milestone (anywhere from one year to three years), generally with the caveat there has not been a material change in the position requirements or management team. In a retained search, the fee is for the time and expertise of the search firm. The firm is employed to conduct the entire recruitment effort from startup until the candidate has started working. There are many considerations taken into account when organizations determine whether to hire a retained or other type of search firm, including time and financial resources available, goals of the position search (such as diversity factors), and the importance of discretion and confidentiality.
Retained recruiters work for the organizations who are their clients, not for job candidates seeking employment, in some countries, such as the UK, recruiters are not legally permitted to charge candidates. In the U.S. job candidates may pay an up front retainer to a consulting or career counseling firms to assist them in their job search. Search firms generally commit to "off-limits" agreements. These agreements prevent a firm from approaching employees of their current clients as candidates for other clients (for instance, if a headhunter recruits the new CEO into Boeing, they will agree not to recommend Boeing executives to other companies). Since they act as management consultants working in the best interests of the clients for whom they conduct searches, it would be counterproductive to simultaneously remove talented executives from those client companies. Search firms may decline assignments from certain companies, in order to preserve their ability to recruit candidates from those companies. Some large search firms may insist on guarantees of a certain number or dollar value of searches before they will put an entire company "off-limits".
Delimited or engaged search
Another form of high-end executive search, delimited or engaged search, is often improperly categorized as retained search, although there are distinct differences. Similar to retained search firms, delimited/engaged search firms require an up-front fee before engaging the search. Unlike a conventional retainer, however, the delimited/engaged search commitment fee is refundable if the recruiter fails to achieve a hire or other deliverable specified in the contract. Moreover, the delimited/engaged search commitment fee does not follow the typical 1/3, 1/3, 1/3 model of retainers, but rather is a relatively small up-front fee which is discounted from the final placement fee of 25–35% of the successful candidate's first year compensation. Both retained and delimited/engaged searches involve partial payment prior to filling the job, and the contracted recruiter has the search exclusively. Therefore, the search can be customized to the client organization's needs, with the search professional providing a consultative service throughout the process. While both retained and delimited/engaged searches serve client employers rather than job-seeking executives, delimited/engaged search contracts always (as opposed to sometimes) state a future date when the project must be completed or the downpayment refunded.
Contingent search
As stated, contingent search firms are remunerated only upon the successful completion of the search—typically when the candidate accepts the position. These recruiters may earn from 20% to 35% of the candidate's first-year base salary or total remuneration as a hiring fee; the fee may also be calculated to include the candidate's (that is, the successful hire's) median or expected first-year bonus payout. In any case, the fee is (as always) paid by the hiring company, not the candidate/hire. Contingent firms in some markets may quote fees in the range of 12% to 20% as well.
Pros and cons
Clients (companies seeking to hire) often tend to work with contingent search firms when filling mid-level positions. As contingent search firms generally rely heavily on their contacts, and seldom work on an exclusive basis, it is not rare for a client to work with a large number of contingent recruiters on the same search at the same time, in order to maximize the volume of candidate (job seeker) resumes they receive. Beyond the increased volume of candidates that such an approach allows, contingent firms do not get paid until the placement is made (a candidate is successfully hired), and thus the search risk is shifted almost entirely to the search firms. Moreover, contingent search firms often work with clients on higher percentage fee basis, relative to retained and delimited search firms as they shoulder more risk. For senior level roles, clients often prefer to work with recruiters who have performed well in the past for them and usually will end up in the hands of a retained or delimited recruiter. By working exclusively with one firm on such searches, the client generally develops a much deeper relationship with the recruiter, and receives a much higher level of service. With all methods, retained, delimited, and contingency, clients rely on search professionals to provide not just resumes, but also insightful, consultative information about the market in general.
A delimited search is often preferred by clients who are seeking a retainer-style service level, while not willing to accept the level of risk that retained search entails. While delimited search does entail up-front fees, they tend to be much smaller than total pre-placement fees that retained search entails. Moreover, delimited search professionals shoulder the risk of their own failure to execute the search within a specified timeframe, offering to refund the up-front fees in such an event. While delimited search is not as desirable for searches that are open-ended in nature, the "ticking clock" is often seen by clients as an incentive that motivates delimited search recruiters to stay more active and involved throughout the hiring process.
See also
Employment agency
List of executive search firms
Onboarding
Personnel selection
Recruitment
References
Recruitment
Management consulting
pl:Headhunter |
5390254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathis%20%28disambiguation%29 | Agathis (disambiguation) | Agathis may refer to:
Agathis, a genus of evergreen trees
Agathis (wasp), a genus of braconid wasps |
5390266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20Artania | MV Artania | MV Artania (previously Royal Princess and Artemis) is a cruise ship chartered since 2011 by Phoenix Reisen, a German-based travel agency and cruise ship operator. She was built for Princess Cruises by Wärtsilä at the Helsinki Shipyard, Finland, and was launched on 18 February 1984.
At a ceremony in Southampton, England, on 15 November 1984, the ship was named Royal Princess by Diana, Princess of Wales. After entering service on 19 November 1984, she cruised as Royal Princess until April 2005, when she was transferred to the control of P&O Cruises, and was renamed Artemis. In 2011, she moved to Phoenix Reisen's fleet and was renamed Artania.
In 2020, a COVID-19 outbreak on the ship led to four deaths as of 24 April 2020.
History
Royal Princess
Royal Princess was named by Diana, Princess of Wales at a ceremony in Southampton, Hampshire on 15 November 1984. The ceremony was attended by members of the public, employees of the P&O Princess Group and local and international dignitaries including Mauno Koivisto, President of Finland. The Bishop of Southampton performed a blessing prior to the naming.
The ship was the most expensive passenger ship when built. She does not have any inside cabins, which makes her the first cruise ship to have all outside cabins.
Artemis
She was transferred to the P&O fleet in April 2005 and renamed Artemis by Prunella Scales. Artemis was the smallest and oldest ship in the P&O cruises fleet. P&O and Princess Cruises are under the same parent company P&O Princess since 2000 and were acquired by Carnival Corporation & plc in 2003.
In 2010 British captain Sarah Breton took charge of Artemis, becoming only the second female in the world to command a major cruise ship and the first for P&O, after Karin Stahre-Janson from Sweden, who took charge of of Royal Caribbean Cruises in 2007.
On 22 September 2009, after numerous rumours, it was announced by P&O Cruises that the ship has been sold to a company "MS Artania Shipping" for an undisclosed sum of money. She continued to sail for P&O Cruises until 22 April 2011, when she was chartered to Phoenix Reisen as MV Artania.
Artania
, the vessel has undergone four overhauls at Lloyd Werft Bremerhaven. The ship has been fitted with new Wärtsilä engines, and 96 additional balconies have been added.
Artania sailed under the flag of Bermuda until October 2016, her port of registry having been Hamilton. From 26 October 2016 Artania, as all other ships of Phoenix Reisen, has sailed under the flag of the Bahamas.
Artania sailed the South Pacific, New Zealand and Oceania for the first part of 2017, docking at Wellington Harbour on 27 February. On 26 October 2017, Artania docked in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, sailing north from New York as part of the autumn New England cruising schedule, departing 27 October to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, which was its last North American port of call before making a transatlantic crossing to Europe. Cork in Ireland was her first port of call on her way to Hamburg, Germany to commence the remaining 2017 cruise season with ports of call in Europe, Africa and the Indian Ocean.
COVID-19 pandemic
As of 26 March 2020, Artania was anchored off the coast of Western Australia. Health authorities reported seven confirmed coronavirus cases on board. Due to measures taken by the Government of Western Australia to contain the outbreak and, as there were no Australian passengers or crew on board, Artania was required to anchor offshore as Commonwealth forces were organised to refuel and resupply the ship before it departed. The vessel is registered in the Bahamas, and therefore was considered as a foreign vessel.
Artania docked at Fremantle Harbour, Fremantle, on 27 March, and on 28 March 46 people were reported as displaying COVID-19 symptoms. Most of the 850 passengers flew home from Perth Airport to Germany on 28–29 March. 41 passengers and crew tested positive for COVID-19 and were treated in Perth private hospitals such as in Joondalup Health Campus. On 1 April, the ship had 450 crew and about a dozen passengers on board. The Australian Government had directed it to leave port, but the ship demanded to stay another 14 days, presumably so that they could be treated if COVID-19 symptoms developed. According to the Australian Attorney-General, Christian Porter, "there are still 12 passengers on board some of whom are very unwell. And their level of either illness or frailty is such that they cannot get in a plane."
An update on 3 April 2020 by CNN stated that the cruise line indicated that "16 passengers, plus hundreds of crew members" remained aboard Artania. As of 7 April, two passengers aboard Artania had died from COVID-19, both in Joondalup private hospital. On 17 April, a Filipino crewman of the ship died in the Royal Perth Hospital, the youngest to date fatality in Australia due to COVID-19. On 23 April, it was reported that another passenger of the ship had died from the disease in Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, another public hospital of Perth.
The outbreak from the ship was responsible for 4 deaths in Western Australia and at least 81 confirmed cases were linked to the ship.
The ship departed Fremantle on 18 April. The ship planned to stop at Indonesia and the Philippines to disembark crew members and then return to Bremerhaven, Germany with the 8 passengers and a skeleton crew of 75 crew members.
The ship arrived at the Port of Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta, Indonesia on 24 April. 56 crew members were disembarked from the ship and sent to quarantine in a hospital. A day later, it was reported that one more member of the crew had disembarked from the ship. Indonesian authorities tested all 57 disembarked Indonesian crew from the ship and 8 of them proved positive.
On 26 April 2020, it was considered that 8 passengers and 346 crew members were still on board when Artania left Indonesian waters. The ship disembarked 236 Filipino crewmen in Manila on 1 May. The ship then headed to Bremerhaven via Singapore.
On 8 June 2020, after approximately six months at sea, Artania docked in the port of Bremerhaven, Germany. All eight passengers on board were able to disembark by midday local time.
References
Bibliography
External links
Phoenix Reisen official site for Artania
Professional photographs from shipspotting.com
Ships of P&O Cruises
Ships built in Helsinki
1984 ships
Ships of Princess Cruises
Cruise ships involved in the COVID-19 pandemic |
5390272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Sadeeq%20training%20camp | Al Sadeeq training camp | The Al-Sadeeq training camp is one of the training camps in Afghanistan, near Khost, that American intelligence officials have asserted were used to train individuals with ties to al Qaeda or the Taliban.
Salah Muhammad Salih Al Dhabi was accused of attending the Al-Sadeeq training camp, in the factors favoring continued detention, presented to his Administrative Review Board. Al Dhabi said he did not complete his training program, stating he attended the camp, for a week, in 1997.
Juma Mohammed Abdul Latif Al Dossary faced the allegation that he attended a camp called the al-Siddeek training camp in Khost.
Juma al Dosari's testimony before his first annual Administrative Review Board addressed this allegation. Al Dosari acknowledged attending the Siddeek camp. He testified he attended the camp in 1989 or 1990, when he was sixteen years old. He acknowledged that he received training on the Kalashnikov and exercise. He testified that he was sent by the Saudi government. He testified that:
References
Al-Qaeda activities |
5390280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerville%20North%20High%20School | Westerville North High School | Westerville North High School is a public high school in Westerville, Ohio in Delaware County, Ohio. It is one of three high schools in the Westerville City School District. The school's current principal is Kurt Yancey.
Background
The high school has been open since 1975. Westerville North's colors are cardinal and gold and its mascot is a representation of a classic Roman warrior. Students follow a moral code known as The Warrior Way, which focuses on respect for one another, parents, school and community. There are many traditions that are part of the school including seniors painting a large boulder outside the school, and walking around the school emblem in the front lobby for good luck.
The high school is one of three in the Westerville school district.
In the media
Westerville North has occasionally received national press attention, usually for unusual events taking place at the school. An incident involving marijuana-laced Rice Krispies treats sold at a bake sale was mentioned on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Many news networks featured a story involving Taylor Killian, a student who oiled himself down, went streaking throughout the school, and was subsequently tased twice by Westerville police officer Doug Staysniak. The school was also mentioned in a March 2008 episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, after Democratic presidential candidates appeared at rallies on the same day at Westerville North and Westerville Central.
Westerville North has also received local media attention for its service to the local food bank, WARM (Westerville Area Resource Ministry). The school regularly raises over $20,000 each year to support local families in need of food, clothing, and gifts for the holidays. It also was recognized as one of Fox 28's Cool Schools. Highlights for this recognition focused on the Hydroponics program in which WNHS raises plants and herbs to donate or sell to local businesses, the show choir called the Notables, and school spirit.
Ohio High School Athletic Association State championships
Girls Track - 1977, 1979 - schools first OCC Championship
Boys Tennis-Doubles 1985
Boys Basketball – 1994
Boys Track and Field – 1998 (tie)
Boys Soccer – 1995,2003
Girls Soccer – 1990,1992
Academic honors
Westerville North is listed #1205 on Newsweek's list of "America's Top High Schools" for 2010
As of 2017 Westerville North is listed as #1763 on US News High Schools
Notable alumni
Jeff Davidson, All Big Ten offensive lineman for Ohio State. Played in the NFL for the Denver Broncos and New Orleans Saints.
Josh Harris, BGSU standout and Retired NFL Quarterback
Bob Kennedy, Indiana University standout and two-time track-and-field Olympic athlete
Kevin Martin, basketball player
Shaun Stonerook, basketball player
Ryan Wilson, track and field olympian
External links
Westerville North High School
Notes and references
Westerville, Ohio
High schools in Delaware County, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio |
5390303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavino%20Angius | Gavino Angius | Gavino Angius (born 18 November 1946) is an Italian politician.
Biography
Born at Sassari (Sardinia), after the degree in Political Sciences, he became a member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), for which he was secretary of his city's section. He was elected for the first time at the Italian Chamber of Deputies in 1987.
Angius initially opposed the transformation of PCI into the more Social democratic-oriented Democratic Party of the Left (PDS, later Democrats of the Left). However, he remained in the new party while becoming a national level figure, as well as collaborator to secretary Massimo D'Alema.
Confirmed as deputy in 1992 and 1994 for PDS, he was elected senator two years later. Elected again in 2001, he was named chief of the Democrats of the Left senators.
Angius became one of the vice-presidents of the Italian Senate in May 2006.
References
1946 births
Living people
People from Sassari
Democratic Party (Italy) politicians
21st-century Italian politicians
Italian Communist Party politicians
20th-century Italian politicians
Angius Gavino
Democratic Party of the Left politicians |
5390314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Bolshevik%20Bloc%20of%20Nations | Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations | Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN) was an international ultra-nationalist organization founded as a coordinating center for anti-communist and nationalist émigré political organizations from Soviet and other socialist countries. The ABN formation dates back to a conference of representatives of non-Russian peoples that took place in November 1943, near Zhytomyr as the Committee of Subjugated Nations/the Anti-Bolshevik Front on the initiative of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. It dissolved in 1996.
Origins
In the 1930s, in the region of Galicia which at the time belonged to Poland, the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) had emerged among the Ukrainians of Galicia to fight for independence from Poland. In turn, the OUN had received support from the Abwehr, German military intelligence, in its struggle against Poland, marking the beginning of a relationship with Germany that continued into World War Two. Alfred Rosenberg, the Minister of the East, has come to identify Russia with the Soviet Union, and Russia in turn with Asia. In contrast to his hostility towards the "Asiatic" Russians, Rosenberg had great hopes of using the non-Russian peoples of the Soviet Union to raise new armies to replace the Wehrmacht's heavy losses on the Eastern Front. Rosenberg favored an approach he called "political warfare", under which Germany would support the independence of the non-Russian peoples to undermine the Soviet Union. The Zhytomyr conference which took place on 21–22 November 1943 and established the Anti-Bolshevik front was part of Rosenberg's "political warfare". The post-war claim the ABN had been founded as an anti-Nazi and anti-Communist group has no basis in reality as the ABN had founded by Rosenberg's Ostministerium. At a time when the Red Army was steadily pushing the Wehrmacht back, part of the purpose behind the Anti-Bolshevik Front was to create a framework for waging guerrilla warfare against the Soviets in territories such as Galicia that the Germans expected to lose in the near future.
About the formation of the ABN in 1943, Bellant stated in a 2014 interview: "The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in 1943 under German sponsorship organized a multinational force to fight on behalf of the retreating German army. After the battle of Stalingrad in ’43, the Germans felt a heightened need to get more allies, and so the Romanian Iron Guard, the Hungarian Arrow Cross, the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, and others with military formations in place to assist came together and formed the united front called the Committee of Subjugated Nations, and again worked on behalf of the German military. In 1946, they renamed it the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations or ABN. Stetsko was the leader of that until he died in 1986.I mention this in part because the OUN tries to say, well, during the war we fought the Germans and the Communists. The fact of the matter is that they were the leadership of this whole multinational alliance on behalf of the Germans the last two years of the war and in the war thereafter. All the postwar leaders of the unrepentant Nazi allies were under the leadership of Yaroslav Stetsko."
The American journalist Russ Bellant described the ABN as "...the high council for the expatriate nationalist groups that formed the police, military, and militia that worked with Hitler during World War II. Some were organized as mobile killing teams that exterminated villages and sought to murder whole ethnic, racial and cultural groups".
From Zhytomyr to Munich
The driving force at the Zhytomyr conference was the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. During the conference, a platform of joint revolutionary struggles against what the participants called Russian communism was formulated. The goal of the ABN was to remove communists from power, abolish the Soviet Union and divide it into national states. Given an organizational structure in Munich in 1946 sponsored by MI6, the ABN extended its range of activity and began to include Eastern European emigration from other countries apart from Ukraine. The OUN-B faction led by Stepan Bandera had attracted many veterans of the 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), a Waffen-SS division mostly made up of Ukrainians from the Galicia region. In turn, the loyalty of men with military experience from Galicia, the eastern part of which had just reincorporated back into Soviet Union, led MI6 to see them as possibly useful for subversion against the Soviet Union. For two years after World War Two, the UPA, the guerrilla military arm of the OUN waged a guerrilla war in Galicia against the Soviet and Polish authorities.
The OUN comprised the largest contingent in the ABN, and the majority of the OUN members came from Galicia. The OUN in Galicia was in conflict with the Polish state in the 1930s, waging a terrorist campaign of bombings and assassinations. During the Second World War the OUN fought a vicious struggle against the Armia Krajowa (Home Army) resistance group for the control of Galicia, a region the OUN saw as part of the future Ukrainian state it wished to establish. Because of this background, Polish emigre groups shunned the ABN, which was regarded as a vehicle for the anti-Polish OUN.
In its founding statement in April 1946, the ABN declared "Bolshevism is the criminal theory and practice of terroristic nonparty dictatorship which excluded even the slightest bit of freedom, democracy and nationality". The ABN declared that the Soviet Union to be the "prison of nations", and announced that the break-up of the Soviet Union was its principle goal. As a part of its critique of the USSR, the ABN identified the Soviet Union with Russia, presenting Soviet policies as merely a continuum of the policies of Imperial Russia. Typical of this viewpoint was an ABN pamphlet which stated: "Aggressive and destructive Bolshevism merely exhibits a new, higher form of Russian imperialism, which grew across the centuries by conquering foreign lands and subjecting foreign peoples in Europe as well as in Asia". The ABN presented Russians as biologically different from the rest of humanity, portraying the Russians as having a genetic predisposition towards extreme violence and aggression. The ABN argued that the peoples of Eastern Europe were white and thus had a "natural" love of freedom while the Russians were portrayed as having a "natural" inclination towards cruel despotism owning to an unfortunate infusion of Asian genes going back to the Mongol conquest of Russia in the 13th century. Because of what the ABN argued was this biological difference between the white peoples of Eastern Europe vs. the Russians whose Asian genes had deformed them, the ABN excluded Russia from the list of nations it wished to liberate. Throughout its existence, the ABN equated Russians and Communism as one and the same, engaging in propaganda that sought to "demonize" Russians as an utterly evil people for whom no redemption was possible.
The ABN envisioned a federation of independent states in eastern Europe after it broke up the Soviet Union to be called the "New Order". All of these states were to be "ethnically pure" with no place for minorities. As such, all of the minorities were to "return" to their proper homelands once the "New Order" was established. In particular, there was to be no place for Jews, who were portrayed as an "alien" people who did not belong in any of the envisioned states. The OUN was described by the historian Anna Holian as a "deeply anti-Semitic" group, citing the OUN's resolution at its Second Great Congress in 1941 that it "combats Jews as the prop of the Muscovite-Bolshevik regime". Holian wrote that ABN tended to say little about the "Jewish question" after 1945 largely because of the "Final Solution" had largely "solved" the "Jewish question" by exterminating most of the once vast Jewish communities in Eastern Europe, but the group's ideology about the "Jewish Question" largely reflected the OUN's thinking on the subject. Bellant described the OUN's program as: "OUN, even in its postwar publications, has called for ethno-genetically pure Ukrainian territory, which of course is simply calling for purging Jews, Poles, and Russians from what they consider Ukrainian territory."
Cold War
The most active groups among the Bloc were the Ukrainian national organizations. In 1946–1947, the OUN-B's secret police, the Sluzhba Bezpeky conducted with Anglo-American support, Operation Ohio, an assassination campaign in the Displaced Persons' camps in western Germany. The victims were suspected Soviet agents, members of rival Ukrainian groups, and those who knew too much about the collaborationist background of the ABN's leaders. One American, L. Fletcher Prouty, recalled that the assassins "were the best commercial hitmen you ever heard of".
The ABN was headed by Yaroslav Stetsko, a Ukrainian nationalist who supported the Holocaust and anti-Soviet politician, from the time of foundation until 1986, the year of his death. Stetsko was succeeded by his widow, Slava Stetsko. She wrote the foreword to the 1969 book Captive Nations-our first line of defense by Bailey Bernadine that offered the following political definitions:
"Anti-semitism: A smear word used by the Communists against those who effectively oppose and expose them.
Fascist: An anti-Communist.
Nazi or Hitlerite: An active anti-Communist".
In her foreword, she praised Captive Nations as "objective, factual" and "highly recommended".
In 1950, Stetsko hosted an ABN conference in Edinburgh funded by MI6 that was attended by several collaborators such as Alfrēds Bērziņš of Latvia; Dr. Stanislaw Stankievich who had headed the Belorussian National Council; and Kajum Khan of the National Turkestan Unity Committee. Representing Romania at the conference was the Legion of the Archangel Michael (better known as the Iron Guard); Bulgaria the Bulgarian National Front and Croatia members of the Ustaše. The conference attracted much publicity in Britain, most of it very favorable. Stetsko stated the ABN was ready and willing to fight and claimed to be able to "set up an army of more than ten million soldiers" to fight against the Soviet Union. A number of Polish emigre groups, which had boycotted the Edinburgh conference out of distaste for the OUN, accused the ABN of ignoring the "harsh reality" of Eastern Europe, namely that the vast military forces the ABN claimed to command did not exist. A press release issued by the Polish government-in-exile in London denounced the ABN, saying there was "no opportunity to shake off the hated Bolshevik yoke...Today, any active measures against Russia would be lunacy; it would only bring bloody repression, massacres, and mass deportations, without even the slightest hope of achieving the aim so much desired".
As early as 1951 the American magazine The New Leader ran a two-part series under the title "Allies We Don't Need" documenting the ABN was founded at the instigation of Rosenberg's Ostministerium in 1943 and that nearly all the ABN leaders had been on the Axis side. Under a photograph of Rosenberg with the caption "His memory lingers on", the article translated extreme anti-Russian ABN statements that were a direct continuation of wartime Ostministerium propaganda such as one ABN pamphlet that stated the Russians have "never been able to form an order of society worthy of human beings". Such criticism had some effect; the United States government which had initially supported the ABN came to shun it, saying that Stetsko had "totalitarian tendencies", not the least of which was his habit of ordering the assassinations of rivals. Furthermore, the American government came to feel that Stetsko was "too extreme" as his stated aim was to provoke World War Three, arguing that this was the best way to achieve his aim of breaking up the Soviet Union. The possibility of a nuclear war killing hundreds of millions of people and that a Soviet-American nuclear exchange would turn Eastern Europe into a radioactive wasteland did not concern Stetsko or any of the other ABN leaders. By the mid-1950s, both the British and American governments had ceased to subsidize the ABN, which was regarded as too dangerous.
The American historian Richard Rasche wrote that the ABN had "at least a dozen well known Nazi collaborators" on its board of directors. The chairmen of the ABN Peoples' Council included A. Bērziņš, V. Kajum-Khan, F. Ďurčanský, F. Farkas de Kisbarnak, and R. Ostrowski. The head of the Romanian Liberation Movement affiliated with the ABN was Horia Sima, formerly the leader of the Iron Guard. The long-time general secretaries were Dr. Niko Nakashidze and C. Pokorný. Bērziņš was a Latvian who served as an obersturmführer in the SS and was accused of torturing and murdering 2, 000 Jews. Also sitting on the ABN's board was Edward O'Connor, a former member of the American National Security Council who had favored using emigre groups to break-up the Soviet Union. O'Connor has been described as the "single most important activist" in the ABN. A number of Holocaust deniers such as Austin App, the author of The Six Million Swindle were ABN members.
The headquarters and cells of the ABN organized mass anti-Soviet rallies, protest demonstrations, press conferences, and international congresses, and the distribution of various memoranda. ABN activists held rallies outside of Soviet embassies and consulates; led boycott campaigns against department stores selling goods made in Eastern Europe; pressured school boards and libraries to remove books they considered to be pro-Communist; threw eggs at Soviet diplomats, and lobbied politicians. The ABN co-operated with the World Anti-Communist League (WACL) and the European Freedom Council (EFC). The ABN's magazine, ABN Correspondence, frequently praised wartime collaborationist leaders such as Ante Pavelić of Croatia and Father Jozef Tiso of Slovakia as "freedom fighters" against Communism. In the United States, ABN excelled at political organizing among Americans who were either immigrants from Eastern Europe and descended from immigrants from Eastern Europe. The ABN came to enjoy a certain power in the United States as many Americans of Eastern European background voted for candidates endorsed by the ABN, causing both Democratic and Republican politicians to court the favor of the ABN. ABN activists in the United States supported politicians who took the most extreme anti-Communist line such as Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy who in turn lavished praise upon the ABN. Besides for the United States, the ABN also came to enjoy power in Canada in the 1950s when there was a significant Ukrainian-Canadian population who voted for candidates endorsed by the ABN.
In March 1958, at a conference in Mexico City, the ABN united with the Asian People's Anti-Communist League, the Committee of One Million Against the Admission of Red China, and the Inter-American Confederation for the Defense of the Continent to form the World Anti-Communist Congress for Liberation and Freedom. The Asian People's Anti-Communist League was an organization supported clandestinely by the governments of the Republic of China (Taiwan), South Korea, the Philippines, and South Vietnam. The ABN wanted an alliance with Asian People's Anti-Communist League largely to get a slice of the money provided by the Asian governments that supported it, and to do so, the ABN toned down the anti-Asian racism that previously characterized it. The cut-off in Anglo-American financial support had caused the ABN serious monetary problems, and thus led the group to seek financing from anti-Communist Asian governments as a way of compensation. The goal of the World Anti-Communist Congress for Liberation and Freedom was to render "moral and material support to forces behind the Iron Curtain in Europe and Asia" and to "achieve the ultimate objective of liberating and restoring national independence, freedom, and liberty to all the enslaved peoples on their ethnic territories". By July 1958, the Congress had collapsed as the leader of the Committee of One Million, Marvin Liebman, had pulled out saying he did not want to work with Stetsko again. Liebman, whose Jewish parents came from Galicia had been shocked to learn Stetsko had been involved in organizing pogroms against Galician Jews in 1941. Liebman called Stetsko and his followers "jerks", stating that Stetsko was an anti-Semite who equated Communism with Jews as he still maintained his belief in "Judeo-Bolshevism". After Liebman left, he started receiving death threats from OUN members calling him a "Jew Bolshevik".
In 1959, the ABN's American branch successfully lobbied Congress to proclaim the public holiday of Captive Nations week and to declare American support for independence for all of the "captive nations" as defined by the ABN. In several states in the Northeast and the Midwest, there were sufficient concentrations of voters influenced by the ABN to give the movement a degree of power as a lobbying group. The resolution was passed unanimously through according to one observer it was "churned out" out of Congress "along with casual holiday resolutions such as National Hot Dog Day". The ABN lobbyists help write the resolution, and much of the resolution reflected the ABN's ideas about which nations were "captive nations". The ABN equated Communism in the Soviet Union with Russians, and Russia was conspicuously absent from the list of "captive nations" listed in the resolution. The American journalist Christopher Simpson wrote that two of the "captive nations" mentioned in the resolution, Idel-Ural and Cossackia, were "fictitious entities created as a propaganda ploy by Hitler's racial theoretician Alfred Rosenberg during World War Two".
The American Vice President, Richard Nixon, was visiting Moscow at the time the resolution was passed, and the Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, was extremely angry about the resolution. Khrushchev asked Nixon how it was possible for him to negotiate with a nation that just proclaimed the break-up of his country as its foreign policy goal. Nixon, in effect, was forced to apologize for the resolution, saying that neither he nor President Eisenhower had any control over the resolutions passed by Congress, and stated: "Neither the President nor I would have deliberately chosen to pass a resolution of this type passed just before we visited the USSR". At the time, there was much tension in American-Soviet relations owing to the latest Berlin crisis, and Nixon had been sent to Moscow to find a way to ease tensions in order to end the Berlin crisis peacefully. The general feeling in Eisenhower administration was that the resolution was ill-timed.
The American diplomat George F. Kennan came to deplore the ABN, complaining the group had an over-sized influence over Congress as most congressmen and senators were afraid of being labeled "soft on Communism", and charged that the ABN had a vested interest in inflaming Cold War tensions. Kennan wrote that the ABN in the United States was a classic example of a domestic lobby taking over foreign policy to achieve its own ends, even if those goals were not necessarily in the broader interest of the United States. During his time as the American ambassador to Yugoslavia, Kennan complained that his efforts to influence Marshal Josip Broz Tito to undertake a more pro-American foreign policy were being constantly undercut by the ABN, which successfully lobbied Congress to pass resolutions calling for the overthrow of Tito and for the break-up of Yugoslavia.
From 1962 onward, the ABN worked closely with Lady Birdwood, described as the "largest individual distributor of racist and antisemitic material" in Britain. The leader of the British branch of the European Freedom Council, founded in 1967, was Lady Birdwood. The ABN activists in Britain who worked with Lady Birdwood expressed anti-Semitic and far-right views. Representatives from the ABN and related organizations participated in the congresses of the WACL and EFC.
In November 1967, the ABN organized rallies in Ottawa outside of the Soviet embassy and in Montreal outside of the Soviet consulate to protest the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. The main speaker at the ABN rally in Ottawa was Stetsko whose speech calling for Ukrainian Independence caused the Ukrainian-Canadian audience to erupt in rapturous joy. At another ABN rally held shortly afterward was attended by the former prime minister, John Diefenbaker, and the Conservative MP Mike Starr, the first Ukrainian-Canadian cabinet minister.
In the 1968 election, a Hungarian-American ABN activist, Laszlo Pasztor who began his political career as a student activist for the Arrow Cross while attending university in his native Hungary, campaigned hard for the Republican candidate, Richard Nixon. Pasztor had been convicted of crimes against humanity in Hungary in 1946 for his role in the Holocaust in Hungary as he served as a diplomat for the short-lived Arrow Cross regime of 1944-45 in Berlin. In 1969, Nixon rewarded Pasztor by creating the Republican Heritage Groups Council of the Republican National Committee with Pasztor as its first chairman. Pasztor, in turn, recruited the leaders of ABN-affiliated groups to serve on the Republican Heritage Groups Council, shunning mainstream conservative groups in favor of the fascist groups affiliated with the ABN. For an example, the conservative Bulgarian National Committee was denied permission to affiliate with the Heritage Groups Council, but the fascist Bulgarian National Front led by Ivan Dochev was allowed to join the Heritage Groups Council. About the leaders of the Heritage Groups Council, Bellant stated: "They didn’t have a Russian affiliate because they hated all Russians of all political stripes. There were no African-Americans or Jewish affiliates either. It was just composed of these elements, and for a while, they had a German affiliate, but some exposure of the Nazi character of the German affiliate caused it to be quietly removed, but other [Nazi] elements were retained."
On 21 July 1984, Nikolai Nazarenko, president of the World Federation of the Cossack National Liberation Movement of Cossackia and the Cossack American Republican National Federation, gave a speech at an ABN diner in New York. Nazarenko, who by his own admission spent much of World War Two serving as a translator and an interrogator of POWS for the Wehrmacht, praised those who fought for Nazi Germany as heroes. Turning to his main subject, Nazarenko stated: "There is a certain ethnic group that makes its home in Israel. This ethnic group works with the Communists all the time. They were the Fifth Column in Germany and in all the Captive Nations...They would spy, sabotage, and do any act in the interest of Moscow. Of course, there had to be the creation of natural self-defense against this Fifth Column. They had to be isolated. Security was needed. So the Fifth Column was arrested and imprisoned. This particular ethnic group was responsible for aiding the Soviet NKVD. A million of our people were destroyed as a result of them aiding the NKVD...You hear a lot about the Jewish Holocaust, but what about the 140 million Christians, Moslems, and Buddhists killed by Communism? That is the real Holocaust and you never hear about it!". The audience roared its approval and Nazarenko's speech was the best received of the evening.
Nazarenko was accused of executing Red Army POWs and of hanging Jews from the lampposts in Odessa, claims which he denied, though he stated in an interview that Jews were his "ideological enemies". When interviewed by the American journalist Russ Bellant, Nazarenko produced a briefcase full of anti-Semitic literature on the "Jewish question", Cossack publications and memorabilia from his service in the Wehrmacht. Nazarenko when questioned, denied the Holocaust, saying that "Jews didn't die from gas chambers. Those mountains of bones are from people who starved to death or died of disease". Despite his views, Nazarenko took part in Captive Nations day parades in his Cossack uniform and as the president of the Cossack American Republican National Federation was active in Republican politics.
On 20 July 1988, the Republican candidate for the presidency, Vice President George H. W. Bush, spoke at an ABN rally in the company of a Ukrainian emigre and OUN/ABN member, Bohdan Fedorak. Fedorak, who served as president of Ukrainians for Bush, organized the rally at the Ukrainian Cultural Center in Warren, Michigan. At the rally, Fedorak denounced the Office of Special Investigations (OSI), which was in charge of investigating and deporting Nazi war criminals from the United States. Bellant recalled in 2014 about Bush's campaign appearance: "So they denounced them, the OSI investigations, in front of Bush. Bush nodded his head, but he wouldn’t say anything because he didn’t want to sound like he was sympathetic to the Nazi war criminals, but at the same time he didn’t want to offend his hosts by disputing the issue with them."
Bellant described the ABN as a coordinating group for genocidal collaborationist groups from eastern Europe. In support of this claim, Bellant noted the Byelorussian Central Council of the ABN was a continuation of the Central Rada set up by the German authorities in 1941, and that policemen serving the Central Rada played a decisive role in exterminating the Jewish community of Belarus in 1941-43. When Romania signed the armistice with the Allies in August 1944, the German government set up a Romanian "government-in-exile" headed by Sima of the Iron Guard, and the Romanian Liberation Movement led by Sima was a direct continuation of the "government-in-exile" that had existed in 1944-45. The leadership of the Croatian Liberation Movement of the ABN was led by men who served in the Independent State of Croatia in 1941-45, and the most of the men leading the World Federation of Free Latvians had served in the SS and "...had assisted the Nazis in exterminating the Jews of their Baltic homeland". The Bulgarian National Front of the ABN led by Ivan Dochev was a continuation of the Union of Bulgarian National Legions, where Dochev had begun his political career. The OUN activists had provided many of the gunmen working for the SS who shot down 90, 000 Ukrainian Jews in 1941-42 and that Stetsko had organized a pogrom in Lviv in 1941 that killed thousands of Jews and Poles.
The Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations was disbanded in 1996 after the collapse of the USSR and Soviet communism.
Members
Member organisation for various times:
"Free Armenia" Committee (Armenia)
Bulgarian National Front (Bulgaria)
Belarusian Central Rada (Belarus)
Cossack National Liberation Movement (see Cossacks)
Croatian Liberation Movement (Croatia)
Czech National Committee (Czech Republic): Lev Prchala
Estonian Liberation Movement (Estonia)
Union of the Estonian Fighters for Freedom
Georgian National Organization (Georgia)
Hungarian Liberation Movement (Hungary)
Hungarian Mindszenty Movement
Latvian Association for the Struggle against Communism (Latvia)
Lithuanian Rebirth Movement (Lithuania)
Slovak Liberation Committee (Slovakia)
National Turkestanian Unity Committee (Turkestan)
United Hetman Organization (see Hetman)
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists-Bandera (Ukraine)
Romanian Liberation Movement (Romania)
World Federation of the Cossack National Liberation Movement of Cossackia (Cossackia)
Selected publications
Periodicals
ABN Correspondence: Bulletin of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (1950-2000). . .
Pamphlets and flyers
Letters from Political Prisoners. Munich: Ukrainian Information Service & Press Bureau of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN) (1975).
Cultural Exchanges and Cooperation: The Double-faced Policy. London: The ABN Delegation in Great Britain (1979).
Stetsko, Yaroslav. Revolutionary and Reactionary Forces in the World. Munich: Press Bureau of Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN) (1981).
See also
Anti-Bolshevist League
League for the Liberation of the Peoples of the USSR
World Anti-Communist League
References
Books
External links
Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations
ALEXANDER NICHOLAS SOSENKO. EASTERN EUROPEAN UNITY UNDER RUSSIAN COMMUNISM AND THE ANTI-BOLSHEVIK BLOC OF NATIONS: CONCEPTION, IDEOLOGY, AND CONFERENCES
The Intermarium: Wilson, Madison, & East Central European Federalism by Dr. Jonathan Levy
Anti-communist organizations
Cold War organizations
Politics of the Soviet Union
Diaspora organizations
1946 establishments in Europe
1996 disestablishments in Europe
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
Anti-Russian sentiment
Nationalism in Europe |
5390315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkel%20Weis-Fogh | Torkel Weis-Fogh | Torkel Weis-Fogh (25 March 1922 – 13 November 1975) was a Danish zoologist and Professor at the University of Cambridge and the University of Copenhagen. He is best known for his contributions to the understanding of insect flight, especially the clap and fling mechanism used by very small insects. James Lighthill named this "the Weis-Fogh mechanism of lift generation".
Education
Weis-Fogh was born in Aarhus and educated at University of Copenhagen.
Research and career
Weis-Fogh was research assistant to the Danish Nobel Prize–winning physiologist August Krogh, where he studied the flight mechanism of the desert locust.
He pioneered studies of insect flight with Krogh in a classic paper of 1951. He then spent a year at the Copenhagen Institute of Neurophysiology.
Weis-Fogh then went to the University of Cambridge in England for four years, where he discovered a rubbery protein, resilin, in insect cuticle. He continued working on insect flight.
He returned to Copenhagen as Professor of Zoophysiology, but went back to Cambridge in 1966 to become Professor of Zoology there, continuing to investigate mechanisms of cell motility and of flight.
Insect flight
In 1973 Weis-Fogh devised a mathematical model explaining how extremely small insects such as thrips and chalcid wasps such as Encarsia formosa could fly using clap-and-fling, where conventional steady state aerodynamics did not apply. These insects gain lift by creating vortices near their wings, at the price of the wear and tear from repeated clapping. The British mathematician Sir James Lighthill named this the Weis-Fogh mechanism of lift generation. Weis-Fogh's 1973 paper Quick Estimates of Flight Fitness in Hovering Animals, Including Novel Mechanisms for Lift Production has been cited over 1000 times.
Awards and honours
The Hanne and Torkel Weis-Fogh fund is named in his honour.
References
1922 births
1975 deaths
20th-century Danish zoologists
Danish entomologists
Professors of Zoology (Cambridge, 1866)
Danish physiologists
University of Copenhagen faculty
University of Copenhagen alumni
Danish expatriates in the United Kingdom |
5390321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax%20Increase%20Prevention%20and%20Reconciliation%20Act%20of%202005 | Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 | The Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 (or TIPRA, , ) is an American law, which was enacted on May 17, 2006.
This bill prevents several tax provisions from sunsetting in the near future. The two most notable pieces of the bill are the extension of the reduced tax rates on capital gains and dividends and extension of the alternative minimum tax (AMT) tax reduction.
Legislative history
The U.S. House of Representatives approved the bill as , 244–185, and the U.S. Senate approved it 54-44, largely along party lines, with most Republicans supporting and most Democrats opposing.
Excerpts from Detailed Summary of Conference Report
Two-Year Extension of Reduced Rates on Capital Gains and Dividends
Under current law, long-term capital gains and dividend income are taxed at a maximum rate of 15 percent through 2008. For taxpayers in the 10 and 15 percent tax brackets, the tax rate is 5 percent through 2007 and zero in 2008. The Conference Report extends the rates effective in 2008 through 2010. Without action, these rates would have increased after 2008.
Alternative Minimum Tax Relief
Increase in AMT Exemption Levels
The provision extends the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) exemption levels through the end of 2006 at a higher level than in 2005. The new exemption levels for 2006 are $62,550 for joint filers, $42,500 for single filers and $31,275 for separate filers.
AMT Relief for Non-Refundable Personal Tax Credits
The tax code includes many non-refundable personal tax credits, such as the dependent care credit and the credit for the elderly and disabled, among others. Claiming these credits may push an individual in the AMT. The provision extends current law which allows most non-refundable personal tax credits to be claimed against the AMT so that families continue to receive the full benefit of these tax credits.
Extension and Modification of Certain Provisions
Two-Year Extension of Enhanced Section 179 Expensing for Small Business
Under current law, small businesses may expense up to $100,000 of investments in depreciable assets. The deduction phases out dollar-for dollar to the extent the business's annual investments exceed $400,000. Without action, the expensing limit would have declined to $25,000 and the phase-out threshold would decline to $200,000 after 2007.
Subpart F
Subpart F of the tax code taxes U.S. shareholders of foreign companies (controlled foreign corporations or CFCs) as if certain types of income of the foreign company was paid as a dividend back to the shareholder, even though no dividend actually occurred and nothing was actually brought back to the United States. One provision extends an existing exception from Subpart F for active financing income for two years. A second provision provides a "CFC look-through" rule exception from Subpart F for cross-border payments of dividends, interest, rents, and royalties that are funded with active income that has not been repatriated. This "CFC look-through" rule will be effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2005 and before January 1, 2009.
Other Provisions
Simplification of Active Trade or Business Test
The provision simplifies the application of the active trade or business test to certain corporate distributions. By applying this test on an affiliated group basis, the provision applies the same standard regardless of whether a business is owned by a holding company or owned directly. As a result, the provision allows corporations to avoid costly and inefficient internal restructurings prior to engaging in certain corporate distributions to their shareholders.
Tax Treatment of Self-Created Musical Works
The provision provides capital gains treatment for self-created musical works when these works are sold by the artist. Under current law, such sales are taxed as ordinary income.
Amortization for Songwriters
The provision allows taxpayers to elect to amortize the costs of creating or acquiring a musical composition over five years. This election would be made in lieu of the income forecast method for these advances.
Loans to Qualified Continuing Care Facilities
The provision reforms the tax treatment of loans to continuing care facilities.
Corporate Estimated Tax Provisions
The timing of certain corporate estimated tax installment payments has been changed.
Revenue Offset Provisions
Application of Earnings Stripping Rules to C Corporations Which are Partners
The provision codifies proposed Treasury regulations attributing partnership interest income, interest expense and liabilities to corporate partners for purposes of applying the earning stripping rules.
Amend Information Reporting Requirements to Include Interest on Tax-Exempt Bonds
The provision provides that interest paid on tax-exempt bonds is subject to information reporting in the same manner as interest paid on taxable obligations.
Amortization of Geological and Geophysical Expenditures for Major Integrated Oil & Gas Companies
The provision replaces two-year amortization treatment for certain expenditures made by major integrated oil companies with five-year amortization treatment.
Limitation on Certain Corporate "Cash Rich" Spin-Off Transactions
The provision denies tax-free treatment to certain spin-offs where either the distributing corporation or the controlled corporation is a "disqualified investment corporation", defined as having investment assets that are two-thirds or more (75 percent or more under a first-year transition rule) or the value of the corporation's total assets.
Offers-In-Compromise Partial Payments
The provision requires that a taxpayer make a good faith down payment of 20 percent of any lump sum offer-in-compromise with any application for an offer. For periodic payment offers, the taxpayer is required to comply with their own payment schedule while the offer is being considered. The provision also provides that an offer is deemed accepted if the IRS does not make a decision with respect to the offer within two years from the date that the offer was submitted.
Taxation of Passive Income of Minors
Under current law, minors under age 14 are taxed on their unearned income (i.e. passive income such as interest) at their parent's marginal tax rate. The provision increases the age of minors subject to this tax to those minors under age 18. The provision also provides an exception for distributions from certain qualified disability trusts.
Conversions to Roth IRAs
The provision allows more taxpayers to convert from Traditional IRA to Roth IRA by removing the modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) limitation on such rollovers starting in 2010. Taxpayers who convert in 2010 may, as a special case, elect to pay tax on amounts converted in equal installments in 2011 and 2012.
Domestic Manufacturing Deduction Wage Limitation
The domestic manufacturing deduction for a taxable year is limited to 50 percent of the wages by the taxpayer during the calendar year that ends in such taxable year. The provision clarifies that only wages allocable to domestic production gross receipts are included for purposes of this limitation.
Changes to Foreign Earned Income Exclusion ()
The provision increases the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion (FEIE) and advances the inflation-adjustment provision that was set to begin in 2008. However, the Act also includes a "stacking provision" that requires the FEIE to be excluded against the lowest tax brackets first.
Additionally, the Act limits the related Foreign Housing Exclusion to a figure based on the excess of 16% of the value of the FEIE, with a cap of 30% of the value of the exclusion. (Previously, the figure was the excess of 16% of the salary of a federal worker grade G-14 Step 1, with no cap.) The Treasury was given authority to adjust this exclusion amount depending on cost-of-living factors in differing world metropolises.
Criticism
The TIPRA has been criticised by commentators and Democratic congressional representatives for providing what these critics believe are tax cuts only for the wealthy and corporations, doing little for low- and middle-income citizens and further increasing the federal budget deficit.
Additionally, the Act imposed a retroactive tax increase on unearned income of many Americans living abroad who claimed the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion. This increase is amplified by the rapid decline of the dollar against most major foreign currencies which has decoupled the relationship between tax rate and real earnings (i.e. Americans abroad can expect increases in overall tax even if there are no increases to their real income in local currency).
A provision amending the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 imposed of 3 percent withholding on certain payments made to vendors by government entities, starting on January 1, 2011. This implementation was pushed back to January 1, 2013. It was almost immediately criticized, and in October, 2011 the House passed HR 674 to repeal the provision entirely.
References
External links
Ways and Means Committee Summary, via House.gov
Senate Finance Committee Summary, via Senate.gov
Statement of Managers, via Senate.gov
Full text of the Act
Estimated Revenue Effects, via House.gov
Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005, via TaxAlmanac.com
United States federal taxation legislation
Acts of the 109th United States Congress |
5390323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austere%20%28EP%29 | Austere (EP) | Austere is an EP by Sparta, released in 2002 on DreamWorks Records. Their first record, it was released one year after the break-up of At the Drive-In.
Track listing
"Mye" – 3:33
"Cataract" – 5:09
"Vacant Skies" – 3:32
"Echodyne Harmonic (de-mix)" – 3:50
Personnel
Dave Shirk-Mastering
Sparta-Engineer, Main Performer
Mike Major-Producer, Engineer, Mixing
Ron Handler-A&R
Gabriel el Chino Gonzalez-Assistant
Note
All of these songs were re-recorded for Sparta's debut album Wiretap Scars, however "Vacant Skies" appeared on the UK version of the album, as a bonus track. It also appeared on the compilation album, Dragging the Lake II released by Atticus clothing company. It was recorded at Rosewood Studios in El Paso, Texas by Mike Major.
References
2002 EPs
Sparta (band) albums
DreamWorks Records EPs |
5390333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interosseous%20recurrent%20artery | Interosseous recurrent artery | The interosseous recurrent artery (or recurrent interosseous artery) is an artery of the forearm which arises from the posterior interosseous artery near its origin. It ascends to the interval between the lateral epicondyle and olecranon, on or through the fibers of the supinator but beneath the anconeus. It anastomoses with the middle collateral artery.
References
Arteries of the upper limb |
5390350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20horse | Feral horse | A feral horse is a free-roaming horse of domesticated stock. As such, a feral horse is not a wild animal in the sense of an animal without domesticated ancestors. However, some populations of feral horses are managed as wildlife, and these horses often are popularly called "wild" horses. Feral horses are descended from domestic horses that strayed, escaped, or were deliberately released into the wild and remained to survive and reproduce there. Away from humans, over time, these animals' patterns of behavior revert to behavior more closely resembling that of wild horses. Some horses that live in a feral state but may be occasionally handled or managed by humans, particularly if privately owned, are referred to as "semi-feral".
Feral horses live in groups called a herd, band, harem, or mob. Feral horse herds, like those of wild horses, are usually made up of small harems led by a dominant mare, containing additional mares, their foals, and immature horses of both sexes. There is usually one herd stallion, though occasionally a few less-dominant males may remain with the group. Horse "herds" in the wild are best described as groups of several small bands who share the same territory. Bands are normally on the small side, as few as three to five animals, but sometimes over a dozen. The makeup of bands shift over time as young animals are driven out of the band they were born into and join other bands, or as young stallions challenge older males for dominance. However, in a closed ecosystem (such as the isolated refuges in which most feral horses live today), to maintain genetic diversity, the minimum size for a sustainable free-roaming horse or burro population is 150–200 animals.
Feral horse populations
The only truly wild horses in existence today are Przewalski's horse native to the steppes of central Asia. The best-known examples of modern day "wild" horses of the American West. When Europeans reintroduced the horse to the Americas, beginning with the arrival of the conquistadors in the 15th century, some horses escaped and formed feral herds known today as mustangs.
Australia has the largest population in the world, with in excess of 400,000 horses. The Australian name equivalent to the mustang is the brumby, descendants of horses brought to Australia by English settlers.
In Portugal, a population of free-ranging horses, known as garrano, lives in the northern mountain chains. Isolated populations of wild horses occur in a number of other places, including Sable Island off the coast of Nova Scotia, Assateague Island off the coast of Virginia and Maryland, Cumberland Island, Georgia, and Vieques Island off the coast of Puerto Rico. Some of these horses are said to be the descendants of horses that managed to swim to land when they were shipwrecked. Others may have been deliberately brought to various islands by settlers and either left to reproduce freely or abandoned when assorted human settlements failed.
More than 700 feral wild horses live in the foothills of Cincar Mountain, between Livno and Kupres, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in an area of roughly . These animals, which descend from horses set free by their owners in the 1950s, enjoy a protected status since 2010.
A modern wild horse population (janghali ghura) is found in the Dibru-Saikhowa National Park and Biosphere reserve of Assam, in north-east India, and is a herd of about 79 horses descended from animals that escaped army camps during World War II.
Many prehistoric horse species, now extinct, evolved in North America, but the wild horses of today are the offspring of horses that were domesticated in Europe. In the Western United States, certain bands of horses and burros are protected under the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971. About 40,000 mustangs are left in Florida.
Modern feral horses
Modern types of feral horses that have a significant percentage of their number living in a feral state, though domesticated representatives may exist, include these types, landraces, and breeds:
Africa
Kundudo horse, in the Kundudo region, Ethiopia; threatened with extinction
Namib desert horse in Namibia
North America
see also Free-roaming horse management in North America
Alberta Mountain Horse or Alberta Wildie, in the foothills of the Eastern Slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada
Banker horse on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, United States
Chincoteague Pony on Assateague Island off the coasts of Virginia and Maryland, United States
Cumberland Island horse on Cumberland Island off the coast of southern Georgia, United States
Elegesi Qiyus Wild Horse (Cayuse) in the Nemaiah Valley, British Columbia, Canada
Mustang in the western United States, legally protected by the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971
Nokota horse in North Dakota, United States
Sable Island horse on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada
South America
Lavradeiros in northern Brazil
Small wild horses are established in the páramos of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia and are believed to have descended from introductions made by Spanish conquistadors.
A small population of feral horses lives in the foothills of Cordillera Real next to the city of La Paz in Bolivia; these individuals wander the high-altitude grassland up to 4700 m above sea level. The origin of this highly endangered herd is not well-known.
Asia
Misaki horse in Cape Toi, Japan
Delft Island Horse on Neduntheevu or Delft Island, Sri Lanka. Feral Horses are believed to be the descendants of horses kept on the island from the time of Dutch occupation in Sri Lanka.
Europe
Danube Delta Horse, in and around Letea Forest, Romania
Garrano, a feral horse native to northern Portugal
Giara horse in Sardinia
Marismeño in the Doñana National Park in Huelva, Spain
Welsh Pony, mostly domesticated, but a feral population of about 180 animals roams the Carneddau hills of North Wales. Other populations roam the eastern parts of the Brecon Beacons National Park.
Oceania
Brumby in Australia
Kaimanawa horse in New Zealand
Marquesas Islands horse on Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia
Semi-feral horses
In the United Kingdom, herds of free-roaming ponies live in apparently wild conditions in various areas, notably Dartmoor, Exmoor, Cumbria (Fell Pony), and the New Forest. Similar horse and pony populations exist elsewhere on the European continent. These animals, however, are not truly feral, as all of them are privately owned, and roam out on the moors and forests under common grazing rights belonging to their owners. A proportion of them are halter-broken, and a smaller proportion broken to ride, but simply turned out for a while for any of a number of reasons (e.g., a break in training to allow them to grow on, a break from working to allow them to breed under natural conditions, or retirement). In other cases, the animals may be government-owned and closely managed on controlled reserves.
Camargue horse, in marshes of the Rhone delta, southern France
Dartmoor pony, England; predominantly domesticated, also lives in semi-feral herds
Exmoor pony, England; predominantly domesticated, also lives in semi-feral herds
Fell pony, predominantly domesticated, also lives in semi-feral herds in northern England, particularly Cumbria.
Gotlandsruss, lives in a semi-feral herd in Lojsta Moor on the Swedish Island of Gotland.
Konik, predominantly domesticated, lives semi-feral in the Oostvaardersplassen in the Netherlands.
New Forest pony, predominantly domesticated, also lives in semi-feral herds in the area of Hampshire, England
Pottok, predominantly domesticated, also lives in semi-feral herds in the western Pyrenees
Dülmen pony, a German pony that lives in a wild herd in Westphalia with little help by humans
Shetland pony, Scotland; predominantly used for riding, driving, and pack purposes.
Population impacts
Feral populations are usually controversial, with livestock producers often at odds with horse aficionados and other animal welfare advocates. Different habitats are impacted in different ways by feral horses. Where feral horses had wild ancestors indigenous to a region, a controlled population may have minimal environmental impact, particularly when their primary territory is one where they do not compete with domesticated livestock to any significant degree. However, in areas where they are an introduced species, such as Australia, or if the population is allowed to exceed available range, there can be significant impacts on soil, vegetation (including overgrazing), and animals that are native species.
If a feral population lives close to civilization, their behavior can lead them to damage human-built livestock fencing and related structures. In some cases, where feral horses compete with domestic livestock, particularly on public lands where multiple uses are permitted, such as in the Western United States, there is considerable controversy over which species is most responsible for degradation of rangeland, with commercial interests often advocating for the removal of the feral horse population to allow more grazing for cattle or sheep, and advocates for feral horses recommending reduction in the numbers of domestic livestock allowed to graze on public lands.
Certain populations have considerable historic or sentimental value, such as the Chincoteague pony that lives on Assateague Island, a national seashore with a delicate coastal ecosystem, or the Misaki pony of Japan that lives on a small refuge within the municipal boundaries of Kushima. These populations manage to thrive with careful management that includes using the animals to promote tourism to support the local economy. Most sustained feral populations are managed by various forms of culling, which, depending on the nation and other local conditions, may include capturing excess animals for adoption or sale. In some nations, management may include the often-controversial practice of selling captured animals for slaughter or simply shooting them. Fertility control is also sometimes used, though it is expensive and has to be repeated on a regular basis.
See also
Horse behavior
List of BLM Herd Management Areas
References
External links
Types of horse
Mammals of North America
Mammals of the United States
Introduced mammals of Australia
da:Vildhest
de:Wildpferd
lt:Tarpanas |
5390356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermuscular%20septum | Intermuscular septum | Intermuscular septum can refer to:
medial intermuscular septum of arm
medial intermuscular septum of thigh
lateral intermuscular septum of arm
lateral intermuscular septum of thigh
anterior intermuscular septum of leg
posterior intermuscular septum of leg |
5390368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Gibbons%20%28politician%29 | Robert Gibbons (politician) | Robert Gibbons (December 24, 1811 – August 19, 1898) was an Ontario political figure. He represented Huron South in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal member in 1867 and from 1871 to 1872.
He was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1811 and came to Lanark County in Upper Canada with his family in 1820. They spent five years farming near Potsdam, New York and then Robert moved to Goderich in 1832. He farmed there, raised livestock, and worked as a butcher. Gibbons served in the local militia during the Upper Canada Rebellion. He was warden (head of a county council) for Huron County and served as mayor of Goderich in 1853 to 1855. He was elected to the Ontario legislature in 1867 but unseated on appeal in 1868 and reelected in 1871; he resigned his seat to become sheriff for Huron County in 1872. He died at Goderich in 1898.
References
External links
Member's parliamentary history for the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
1811 births
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
Mayors of places in Ontario
Politicians from Glasgow
People from Lanark County
Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
1898 deaths
Immigrants to Upper Canada |
5390372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljojuca | Aljojuca | Aljojuca Municipality is a municipality located in central eastern Puebla, Mexico.
It is bordered by the municipalities of San Juan Atenco to the south, Chalchicomula de Sesma (Cd. Serdan) to the southeast, Tlachichuca to the east, San Nicolas, Buenos Aires to the north, and San Salvador El Seco to the west. Nearby is the highest peak of Mexico, Citlaltepetl or Pico de Orizaba.
Located on the plains of San Andres, Aljojuca was founded in colonial times with its main purpose being the prime grazing lands around the small settlement. It quickly became the most established town between El Seco and San Andres Chalchicomula (now Serdan), providing employment to many of the region's Indigenous population. Currently the population numbers approximately 5000 and is distributed in the settlements of Aljojuca, San Miguel Tecuitlapa, and San Antonio Jalapasco. However the numbers continue to fall due to large-scale emigration, especially in recent years.
Local attractions include a 1 km-wide volcanic crater lake, known as the Laguna de Aljojuca, a 19th-century church, completed in 1906, a 17th-century church, and the ruins of the hacienda Cascantla.
References
Municipalities of Puebla |
5390379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satana%20%28Marvel%20Comics%29 | Satana (Marvel Comics) | Satana Hellstrom is a fictional character, a half-human/half-demon hybrid appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is the sister of Daimon Hellstrom and the daughter of Marduk Kurios.
Satana, renamed Ana, made her live-action debut in the Hulu television series Helstrom, played by Sydney Lemmon.
Publication history
Satana first appeared in Vampire Tales #2 (cover-dated October 1973). She was created by Roy Thomas and John Romita Sr.
She appeared as a regular character in Thunderbolts since issue #155, and remained with the team when the title transitioned into Dark Avengers beginning with issue #175.
Fictional character biography
Satana and Daimon were born in the fictional town of Greentown, Massachusetts. They were the half-human children of Satan (their father was later retconned into a demon named Marduk Kurios, who posed as Satan). Satana and her brother were groomed by their father to be evil, but Daimon rejected these teachings, while Satana embraced them.
When Satana was still a child, her mother, Victoria Wingate, discovered her husband and children's true nature and was driven mad. Daimon was raised by servants, while Satana was taken to her father's particular Hell-dimension (of which there are many in the Marvel Universe) and taught black magic. As a reward for her devotion to him, Satana's father gave her a familiar named Exiter, with whom she formed a close bond. Satana began studying magic under her father and the demon Dansker. In Hell, her soul was bonded with an evil spirit called the Basilisk (not to be confused with the Basilisk) in order to increase her magical power.
As an adult, Satana was banished to Earth by the Four as a succubus, draining the souls of men. When she does this, the victim's soul transforms into an ethereal butterfly; Satana then consumes its essence by eating it. She also possesses the ability to gain strength through the use of weapons that were used to kill a living being. In order to do this, she merely places a portion of her own blood on the chosen weapon. She used both her magic and sexual wiles to get the victims she needed.
As a succubus, she stalked victims in New York City, and then in Los Angeles she befriended a Satanist named Ruth Cummins. When Ruth was killed, Satana avenged Ruth's death by destroying Darkos Edge and Harry Gotham. She later battled the Four, a mystic cabal. During Satana's first time in the mortal dimension, she was attacked by Monsignor Jimmy Cruz and his band of soldiers. During this battle, Cruz summoned demons called the N'Garai. Exiter tried to fend them off, but was killed trying to protect his mistress. Though she was too late to save her beloved Exiter, Satana gained her revenge by killing Cruz and consuming his soul. She confronted her father, who was disguised as Miles Gorney, and defied him by saving Michael Heron's soul from him. Some time later, Satana was seemingly destroyed by her brother Daimon Hellstrom, but she defeated the demoness Kthara. She was transformed by the Camarilla of the N'Garai into a human, Judith Camber. She was restored to normal, and destroyed the Camarilla.
Eventually, however, the demon to which she had been bonded began to desire its freedom. The Basilisk managed to put a curse on Doctor Strange, basically turning him into a werewolf. With the help of Spider-Man, Satana was able to free Strange's soul from the curse, but the Basilisk was released in the process, and stabbed her in the back with a mystical blade. Satana died laughing, however, because their life-forces were still bound together; by killing her, the Basilisk had sealed its own fate as well. She had thus sacrificed her life to cure Strange of lycanthropy.
As a supernatural being, however, Satana's death was not permanent. Her spirit returned to her father's realm of Hell for a time, until she and a cabal of demons arranged to have her soul (among others) placed into a soulless body on Earth. There she began to build her powers again, preparing to return to Hell and conquer her father's realm.
At some point, she apparently died again. In the short-lived Marvel series Witches, Satana is resurrected again by Doctor Strange and teamed with two other magic-wielding females to defeat a powerful mystic enemy called the Hellphyr, which was a front for her father Marduk Kurios. According to that series, the three witches formed a coven in order to protect the Tome of Zhered-na (a powerful Book of Shadows belonging to the Kale family) from would-be thieves such as Doctor Strange.
After a brief cameo in Nick Fury's Howling Commandos, Satana has been shown to have reverted to her former wicked ways; reaping souls in Manhattan and plotting her father's overthrow from the comfort of a desecrated church. Despite her fatherly conflict, Satana revealed that for every mortal victim she takes, she must offer the 10th victim as supplication to her father. The Hood seeks her out to find out more information about Dormammu. Some time after the fall of the Hood, Luke Cage and Doctor Strange attempt to apprehend her for working with the Hood and to get her to join the Thunderbolts. She is initially resistant, but happily agrees when she realizes she will get to work with the Man-Thing.
In the course of Marvel's Deadpool Team-Up series, Satana loses her soul to four geeks in a high-stakes poker game, and she subsequently seeks out Deadpool's help to get it back. Deadpool discovers the poker-playing geeks are actually demons debating which will marry Satana to become the heir to Hell. Deadpool comes up with a plan to swindle Satana's soul back from the demons: he marries her, binding their souls together. Satana strengthens Deadpool's katana swords with his own soul power to make the inevitable fight with the demon suitor more evenly matched. When the demon comes to take Satana as his bride, Deadpool produces the marriage certificate, denying the demon his bride. The demon then points out the loophole—marriage is only valid until death; therefore, he decides to kill Deadpool. In the ensuing battle, Deadpool uses his soul-enhanced swords to easily dispatch the demon. Afterwards, Satana slips off and leaves Deadpool a letter explaining the inevitable divorce. She indicates she will be keeping half his soul—her entitlement in the divorce settlement.
She later was involved in a battle with several Hell-lords, attempting to take control of new territories within Hell. She was killed in battle by the mutant / Asgardian god hybrid Tier.
Powers and abilities
Satana is a half-demon/half-human hybrid, and a succubus; she has some innate mystical abilities inherited from her father, as well as some that her father granted to her. As a succubus, she is able to extract and feed upon the psychic energy of human male souls to increase her abilities and magical powers; for a time, Satana had to extract and feed upon the psychic energy of human souls periodically to survive. She has the ability to manipulate magical forces for a variety of effects, including inter-dimensional teleportation, levitation, and the projection of concussive bolts of eldritch energy in the form of "soulfire" or hellfire. She also had a limited ability to hypnotize her victims and control their minds psionically. If she touches an object used to kill someone (like a knife or sword) she can absorb its "blood energy" to become stronger in proportion to the souls the weapon has taken. She also has superhuman strength. For a time, she had the ability to contain the Basilisk, a powerful demon, within her spirit and to release it to do her bidding and then return within herself. Satana also trained in the mystic arts and learned how to cast spells and perform witchcraft. She was trained by her father "Satan" in the use of her demonic powers.
Reception
Critical reception
Marc Buxton of Den of Geek referred to Satana as one of the "greatest monstrous creations that ever sprang from the nightmares of the House of Ideas," writing, "The devil’s daughter herself, Satana, burst open the Marvel black and white scene in the early seventies and was a nice tribute to cleavage laden, Technicolor Hammer Horror of the era. Satana is a succubus who seduced sinners and reduced their souls into butterflies, which she then kept in a little box and at times devours. Some of the finest artists of the Bronze Age worked on Satana’s early adventures starting with Roy Thomas and John Romita Sr. and moving on to Chris Claremont and Estaban Moroto. Her adventures were clearly cut for the same cloth as the Vampirella/Harris Comics stable of fright characters but they were also adult oriented, sexy, and atmospheric." Georgeof Chrysostomou of Screen Rant asserted, "Satana is another classic Marvel character who has been around for a long time despite not becoming widely recognized. She may be another powerful member of the Thunderbolts, but she is one that is traditionally used to working solo, to follow her own self-interests. More of an anti-hero, Satana comes from a Hellish background. With demon parents, not only does Satana carry with her satanic powers, but she is often mistrusted because of her origins. She's manipulative, a sorceress, and incredibly dangerous. Her odd human and demonic heritage certainly makes the character unique."
Accolades
In 2015, Den of Geek ranked Satana 20th in their "Marvel’s 31 Best Monsters" list.
In 2019, CBR.com ranked Satana 10th in their "10 Most Powerful Earthbound Demons and Devils In Marvel History" list and 13th in their "21 Most Powerful Sorcerer Supreme Candidates" list.
In 2020, CBR.com ranked Satana 9th in their "Deadpool: 10 Of His Love Interests" list.
In 2021, Screen Rant ranked Satana 5th in their "10 Strangest Members Of The Thunderbolts" list.
In 2022, WhatCulture ranked Satana 10th in their "10 Supernatural Heroes We Can’t Wait To See In The MCU" list.
In 2022, CBR.com ranked Satana 6th in their "10 Best Members Of Marvel's Legion Of Monsters" list.
Other versions
The Supernaturals
In a 4-issue alternate reality miniseries called The Supernaturals, Satana is Melissa Ramos, a Catholic girl who is possessed by a demon. She is recruited by a magician named Brother Voodoo, along with alternate versions of the Werewolf, the Black Cat, the Ghost Rider, and the Gargoyle to fight a mystical threat. This version of Satana has mystical control over fire, as well as the power to fly. Despite her demonic possession, she has a very pure soul, and was going to be offered as a sacrifice by a demon called the Jack 'O' Lantern, until she was saved by the Werewolf.
In other media
Television
Satana Hellstrom, renamed Ana Hellstrom, appears in Helstrom, portrayed by Sydney Lemmon.
Video games
Satana appears as one of the patrons at a demonic bar in Morrigan's ending for Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds and Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3.
Satana appeared as a boss and an unlockable playable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance.
Satana appeared as a boss and an unlockable playable character in Marvel Avengers Academy.
Satana appears as an unlockable playable character in Marvel Future Fight.
Notes
In Tales to Astonish #3, there is a character called Princess Satana.
References
External links
Satana bio at Marvel.com
Satana at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on February 15, 2017.
To Hell With Spandex - retrospective at Den Of Geek
Characters created by John Romita Sr.
Characters created by Roy Thomas
Comics characters introduced in 1973
Fictional characters from Massachusetts
Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities
Fictional half-demons
Fictional succubi
Marvel Comics characters who use magic
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics devils
Marvel Comics female superheroes
Marvel Comics hybrids
Marvel Comics television characters
Marvel Comics witches |
5390382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20non-interventionism | Positive non-interventionism | Positive non-interventionism was the economic policy of Hong Kong; this policy can be traced back to the time when Hong Kong was under British rule. It was first officially implemented in 1971 by Financial Secretary of Hong Kong John Cowperthwaite, who believed that the economy was doing well in the absence of government intervention but that it was important to create the regulatory and physical infrastructure to facilitate market-based decision making. The policy was continued by subsequent Financial Secretaries, including Sir Philip Haddon-Cave. Economist Milton Friedman has cited it as a fairly comprehensive implementation of laissez-faire policy.
First-hand explanation
According to Cowperthwaite:
In the long run, the aggregate of decisions of individual businessmen, exercising individual judgment in a free economy, even if often mistaken, is less likely to do harm than the centralised decisions of a government; and certainly the harm is likely to be counteracted faster.
According to Haddon-Cave:
positive non-interventionism involves taking the view that it is normally futile and damaging to the growth rate of an economy, particularly an open economy, for the Government to attempt to plan the allocation of resources available to the private sector and to frustrate the operation of market forces.
Haddon-Cave goes on to say that the "positive" part means the government carefully considers each possible intervention to determine "where the advantage" lies, and, although usually it will come to the conclusion that the intervention is harmful, sometimes it will decide to intervene.
See also
John James Cowperthwaite
Milton Friedman
Philip Haddon-Cave
References
External links
Big Market, Small Government- by Donald Tsang, Chief Executive of Hong Kong
Economic ideologies
Economy of Hong Kong
Capitalism |
5390386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Hall%20%28golfer%29 | Jeff Hall (golfer) | Jeffrey R. Hall (born 5 July 1957) is an English professional golfer.
Hall was born in Bristol. He turned professional in 1976 and joined the European Tour the following year. He finished in the top one hundred of the European Tour Order of Merit seven times (1978–84) with a best ranking of 28th in 1983. His sole European Tour win came at the 1983 Jersey Open. He also won the 1992 Memorial Olivier Barras on the second tier Challenge Tour.
Professional wins (3)
European Tour wins (1)
Challenge Tour wins (2)
Results in major championships
Note: Hall only played in The Open Championship.
CUT = missed the halfway cut (3rd round cut in 1984 Open Championship)
External links
English male golfers
European Tour golfers
Sportspeople from Bristol
1957 births
Living people |
5390403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20West | Dean West | Dean West (born 5 December 1972) is an English former professional footballer. He is now a coach for Lincoln City youth team and centre of excellence. He is best known as a right sided full-back, but can also play in midfield if needed. Throughout his career, West has been known as a committed and dedicated full back who loves to overlap with the winger in front of him and get forward at every opportunity.
Career
Lincoln City
West began his career as a trainee at Lincoln City where he graduated to the first team after undergoing his youth training. West would play for The Imps between 1991 and 1995, making 119 league appearances and scoring an impressive 20 goals.
Bury
The young right-back began to put in some excellent displays and was spotted by Stan Ternent the manager of Bury who would sign him in exchange for Kevin Hulme in September 1995. West became very popular with the fans at Gigg Lane and made the right-back slot his own, helping Bury to rapid promotion up to the First Division and making over 100 appearances for the club.
Burnley
It was at the end of the 1997/98 season when Ternent left Bury to become manager of Burnley, a club he had played for and had deep emotional ties to. In 1999, West followed Ternent, signing for Burnley on a free transfer under the Bosman ruling. West was initially very impressive and won over the Clarets' faithful with a series of excellent performances, culminating in his winning 11 of the 15 player of the season awards, handed out by Burnley supporters' clubs across the country, at the end of the 2001–2002 season.
Lincoln City (second spell)
He moved back to the club he had begun his footballing career at – Lincoln City, but failed to make any impression, starting just four games before being used in a player exchange deal.
Boston United
West made the move to local rivals Boston United. He played for Boston up until the end of the 2004–2005 season after which he was released.
King's Lynn
He subsequently joined King's Lynn where he spent three seasons making a total of 143 appearances (119 in the league), scoring three times.
Corby Town
In July 2008 he joined Corby Town.
In May 2007, West made a return to Turf Moor to play in the testimonial of his former teammate Graham Branch.
Lincoln Moorlands Railway
In July 2011 Dean joined up with former Lincoln City teammate Danny George as Player-Assistant Manager of Lincoln Moorlands Railway, with George being Player-Manager.
Stamford
Dean relinquished his duties as Lincoln Moorlands Railway manager during the summer of 2012, joining Stamford as a player & coach reforming his partnership with Graham Drury following recent seasons as player & coach at Corby Town.
Personal life
A few months before his Boston United contract ended, West made the bold decision of venturing into business buying a children's nursery.
In an interview with www.football-league.co.uk, Dean said: "We needed something sustainable that was going to work. We looked at a nursing home but a nursery came up about six or seven miles from our house and it was a reasonable price. It wasn't doing too well, but we took it.
"We had never run a business before, and had never owned a nursery, but we gave it a good go and we had it for seven years – we have just sold it."
References
External links
Lincoln City F.C. Official Archive Profile
1972 births
Living people
English footballers
Sportspeople from Morley, West Yorkshire
Lincoln City F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Boston United F.C. players
King's Lynn F.C. players
Corby Town F.C. players
Lincoln Moorlands Railway F.C. players
English Football League players
Stamford A.F.C. players
Association football defenders |
5390412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdelle%20Smith | Verdelle Smith | Verdelle Smith is an American pop singer who was a one-hit wonder with the song "Tar and Cement" in 1966, an adaptation of the Italian massive hit "Il ragazzo della via Gluck" from Adriano Celentano. She currently lives in Brooklyn, New York.
Selective discography
Singles
Issued on Capitol Records in the United States. Some also on Capitol in Canada and Australia; EMI in the UK; Peak Records in New Zealand.
"(Alone) In My Room" was originally a Spanish song written by Joaquin Pieto, and was later recorded by the Walker Brothers on their second LP, Portrait (1966); by Nancy Sinatra, also in 1966, for her debut album Boots; Willie and the Walkers (#40 in Canada, Jan.1968); and by Marc and the Mambas for their 1983 album Torment and Toreros. The English lyrics were also written by Pockriss and Vance.
"Oh How Much I Love You"
"Tar and Cement": Verdelle Smith recorded "Tar and Cement", an English-language version of the 1966 Italian song "Il ragazzo della via Gluck" by singer Adriano Celentano. Her English version was written by Lee Pockriss and Paul Vance. "Tar and Cement" made it to No. 2 in Australia and to No. 38 in the United States It was also No.6 on "Keener 13" from Detroit radio station WKNR for the week ending June 27, 1966. In Canada, it reached #32.
"I Don't Need Anything", which was later a minor UK hit in 1967 for Sandie Shaw.
"If You Can't Say Anything Nice About Me"
"Baby, Baby" / "There's So Much Love All Around Me"
"Life Goes On" / "Juanito"
"Carnaby's Gone Away" / "Sittin' and Waitin'"
"Ther`s so much love all around me"
Albums
(Alone) In My Room, Capitol Records, 1966. Produced by Marvin Holtzman, arranged by Lee Pockriss.
Tar and Cement—The Complete Recordings 1965–1967, Omni Recordings, 2013.
References
External links
21st-century African-American women singers
American women pop singers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5390429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology%20of%20Ayodhya | Archaeology of Ayodhya | The Archaeology of Ayodhya concerns the excavations and findings in the Indian city of Ayodhya in the state of Uttar Pradesh, much of which surrounds the Babri Mosque location.
British-era studies
In 1862–63, Alexander Cunningham, the founder of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), conducted a survey of Ayodhya. Cunnigham identified Ayodhya with Sha-chi mentioned in Fa-Hien's writings, Visakha mentioned in Xuanzang's writings and Saketa mentioned in Hindu-Buddhist legends. According to him, Gautama Buddha spent six years at this place. Although Ayodhya is mentioned in several ancient Hindu texts, Cunningham found no ancient structures in the city. According to him, the existing temples at Ayodhya were of relatively modern origin. Referring to legends, he wrote that the old city of Ayodhya must have been deserted after the death of Brihadbala "in the great war" around 1426 BCE. When King Vikramāditya of Ujjain visited the city around first century CE, he constructed new temples at the spots mentioned in Ramayana. Cunningham believed that by the time Xuanzang visited the city in 7th century, Vikramaditya's temples had "already disappeared"; the city was a Buddhist centre, and had several Buddhist monuments. Cunningham's main objective in surveying Ayodhya was to discover these Buddhist monuments.
In 1889–91, an ASI team led by Alois Anton Führer conducted another survey of Ayodhya. Führer did not find any ancient statues, sculptures or pillars that marked the sites of other ancient cities. He found "a low irregular mass of rubbish heaps", from which material had been used for building the neighbouring Muslim city of Faizabad. The only ancient structures found by him were three earthen mounds to the south of the city: Maniparbat, Kuberparbat and Sugribparbat. Cunningham identified these mounds with the sites of the monasteries described in Xuanzang's writings. Like Cunningham, Führer also mentioned the legend of the Ramayana-era city being destroyed after death of Brihadbala, and its rebuilding by Vikramaditya. He wrote that the existing Hindu and Jain temples in the city were modern, although they occupied the sites of the ancient temples that had been destroyed by Muslims. The five Digambara Jain temples had been built in 1781 CE to mark the birth places of five tirthankaras, who are said to have been born at Ayodhya. A Svetambara Jain temple dedicated to Ajitanatha was built in 1881. Based on local folk narratives, Führer wrote that Ayodhya had three Hindu temples at the time of Muslim conquest: Janmasthanam (where Rama was born), Svargadvaram (where Rama was cremated) and Treta-ke-Thakur (where Rama performed a sacrifice). According to Führer, Mir Khan built the Babri mosque at the place of Janmasthanam temple in 930 AH (1523 CE). He stated that many columns of the old temple had been utilized by the Muslims for the construction of Babri mosque: these pillars were of black stone, called kasauti by the natives. Führer also wrote that Aurangzeb had built now-ruined mosques at the sites of Svargadvaram and Treta-ke-Thakur temples. A fragmentary inscription of Jayachandra of Kannauj, dated to 1241 Samvat (1185 CE), and a record of a Vishnu temple's construction were recovered from Aurangazeb's Treta-ke-Thakur mosque, and kept in Faizabad museum.
Excavation of 1969-1970
Awadh Kishore Narain of Banaras Hindu University led an excavation in Ayodhya during 1969–70. He dated establishment of Ayodhya to early 17th century BCE, and also observed that there was evidence of strong Buddhist presence in the area.
Ramayana sites (1975-1985)
Excavations
Professor B. B. Lal led a more detailed ASI study of the area in 1975–76. The team of archaeologists of the ASI, led by former Director-General ASI (1968–1972), B.B. Lal in 1975–76, worked on a project titled "Archaeology of Ramayana Sites", which excavated five Ramayana-related sites of Ayodhya, Bharadwaj Ashram, Nandigram, Chitrakoot and Shringaverapura.
Though the results of this study were not published in that period, between 1975 and 1985 an archaeological project was carried out in Ayodhya to examine certain sites referenced to in the Ramayana or that belong to its tradition. Ascribed to the 14th century AD, it is the oldest image found in Ayodhya. The Babri Mosque site was one of the fourteen sites examined during this project. B. B. Lal conducted excavations in Ayodhya and found a terracotta image showing a Jain ascetic.
Jain claims
Jain Samata Vahini, a social organisation of the Jains stated that the excavation conducted at Hanuman Garhi by Prof B B Lal in 1976 threw up a grey terracotta figurine that was dated back to the fourth century BC, and Prof B B Lal, former director-general of the Archaeological Survey of India also acknowledge the same.
Lal's pillars (1990)
Lal took a controversial stance in the Ayodhya dispute. Writing in 1977, Lal stated in the official ASI-journal that finds were "devoid of any special interest."
In 1990, after his retirement, he wrote in a RSS magazine that he had found the remains of a columned temple under the mosque, and "embarked on a spree of lectures all over the country propagating th[is] evidence from Ayodhya." In Lal's 2008 book, Rāma, His Historicity, Mandir and Setu: Evidence of Literature, Archaeology and Other Sciences, he writes (that):
In a 2003 statement to the Allahabad High Court, Lal stated that he submitted a seven-page preliminary report to the Archaeological Survey of India in 1989, mentioning the discovery of "pillar bases", immediately south of the Babri mosque structure in Ayodhya. Subsequently, all technical facilities were withdrawn and the project wasn't revived for another 10–12 years, despite his repeated request. Thus the final report was never submitted, the preliminary report was only published in 1989, and in Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR) volume on historicity of Ramayana and Mahabharat. Subsequently, in his 2008 book, Rama: His Historicity Mandir and Setu, he wrote, "Attached to the piers of the Babri Masjid, there were twelve stone pillars, which carried not only typical Hindu motifs and mouldings, but also figures of Hindu deities. It was self-evident that these pillars were not an integral part of the Masjid, but were foreign to it."
Lal's stance gave an enormous boost to the Ram Temple cause, but his conclusions have been contested by multiple scholars, questioning both the stratigraphic information, and the kind of structure envisioned by Lal. According to Hole,
Hole concludes that "the structural elements he had previously thought insignificant suddenly became temple foundations only in order to manufacture support for the nationalists' cause."
B. B. Lal's team also had K. K. Muhammed, who in his autobiography claimed that a Hindu temple was found in the excavation, and said that left historians are misleading the Muslim communities by aligning with fundamentalists.
June to July 1992
In July 1992, eight eminent archaeologists (among them former ASI directors, Dr. Y.D. Sharma and Dr. K.M. Srivastava) went to the Ramkot hill to evaluate and examine the findings. These findings included religious sculptures and a statue of Vishnu. They said that the inner boundary of the disputed structure rests, at least on one side, on an earlier existing structure, which "may have belonged to an earlier temple". The objects examined by them also included terracotta Hindu images of the Kushan period (100–300 AD) and carved buff sandstone objects that showed images of Vaishnav deities and of Shiva-Parvati. They concluded that these fragments belonged to a temple of the Nagara style (900–1200 AD).
Prof. S.P. Gupta commented on the discoveries:
1992 - Vishnu-Hari inscription
During the demolition of the Babri mosque in December 1992, three inscriptions on stone were found. The most important one is the Vishnu-Hari inscription inscribed on a 1.10 x .56-metre slab with 20 lines that was provisionally dated to ca. 1140. The inscription mentioned that the temple was dedicated to "Vishnu, slayer of Bali and of the ten-headed one". The inscription is written in the Nāgarī script, a Sanskrit script (or ) of the 11th and 12th century. It was examined by world class epigraphists and Sanskrit scholars (among them Prof. Ajay Mitra Shastri).
Ajay Mitra Shastri, Chairman of the Epigraphical Society of India and a specialist in epigraphy and numismatics, examined the Vishnu-Hari inscription and stated:
Following allegations that the Vishnu Hari inscription corresponded to an inscription dedicated to Vishnu that was supposedly missing in the Lucknow State Museum since the 1980s, the museum director Jitendra Kumar stated that the inscription had never been missing from the museum, although it was not on display. He showed the inscription held by his museum at a press conference for all to see. It was different in shape, colour and textual content from the Vishnu-Hari inscription.
2003 excavations
Radar search
In the January 2003, Canadian geophysicist Claude Robillard performed a search with a
ground-penetrating radar. The survey concluded the following:
Claude Robillard, the chief geophysicist stated the following:
Excavations
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) excavated the Ram Janambhoomi–Babri Mosque site at the direction of the Lucknow Bench of the Allahabad High Court in Uttar Pradesh in 2003. The archaeologists also reported indications of a large structure that pre-dated the Babri Masjid. A team of 131 labourers, including 52 Muslims was engaged in the excavations. On 11 June 2003 the ASI issued an interim report that only listed the findings of the period between 22 May and 6 June 2003. In August 2003 the ASI handed a 574-page report to the Lucknow Bench of the Allahabad High Court.
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), who examined the site, issued a report of the findings of the period between 22 May and 6 June 2003. This report stated:
Finds
Archaeological layers
ASI mentioned in its report that they have found ruins of other eras also. These ruins could be the ruins of a Jain temples.
1000BCE to 300BCE: the findings suggest that a Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) culture existed at the mosque site between 1000 BCE and 300 BCE. A round signet with a legend in Ashokan Brahmi, terracotta figurines of female deities with archaic features, beads of terracotta and glass, wheels and fragments of votive tanks have been found.
Shunga Period. 200 BC: Typical terracotta mother goddess, human and animal figurines, beads, hairpins, pottery (includes black slipped, red and grey wares), and stone and brick structures of the Shunga period have been found.
Kushan period. 100–300 CE: terracotta human and animal figurines, fragments of votive tanks, beads, bangle fragments, ceramics with red ware and large-sized structures running into twenty-two courses have been found from this level.
Gupta era (320–600 CE) and post-Gupta era: typical terracotta figurines, a copper coin with the legend Sri Chandra (Gupta), and illustrative potsherds of the Gupta period have been found. A circular brick shrine with an entrance from the east and a provision for a water-chute on the northern wall have also been found.
11th to 12th century CE: a huge structure of almost fifty metres in north–south orientation have been found on this level. Only four of the fifty pillar bases belong to this level. Above this lay a structure with at least three structural phases which had a huge pillared hall.
Animal remains
Earlier excavations had unearthed animal bones and even human remains. According to historian Irfan Habib, the presence of animal bones meant that it was a residential area (and not a shrine) inhabited not necessarily by a non-vegetarian community and that it was in that Muslim habitat that a mosque was raised in 1528 or thereafter. The ASI report mentions the bones, but does not explain how they came to be there.
Muslim graves
Two Muslim graves were also recovered in the excavation, as reported in the Outlook weekly. While the ASI videographed and photographed the graves on 22 April, it did not perform a detailed analysis of them. The skeletons found at the site were not sent for carbon-dating, neither were the graves measured. Anirudha Srivastava, a former ASI archaeologist, said that in some trenches, some graves, terracotta and lime mortar and surkhi were discovered which also indicated Muslim habitation. It was surmised, also, that some mosque existed on the site and that Babri was built on the site of another mosque.
Criticism of the 2003 excavation
The ASI findings were disputed by several archaeologists.
The alleged "pillar bases" were criticised by D. Mandal. Although they appear to be aligned, Mandal concluded that the "pillar bases" belonged to different periods, and were not "pillar bases." They had never existed together at any point of time; they were not really in alignment with one another; they were not even pillar bases, but junctions of walls, bases of the load-bearing columns at the intersections of walls.According to archaeologist Supriya Verma and Menon Shiv Sunni, who observed the excavations on behalf of the Sunni Waqf Board, "the ASI was operating with a preconceived notion of discovering the remains of a temple beneath the demolished mosque, even selectively altering the evidence to suit its hypothesis."
Archaeologist Suraj Bhan, who has personally taken an inventory of the site, said the ASI had clubbed pottery from the 11th to the 19th centuries together and not really distinguished them by their different periods. However, he questioned the basis for the ASI's interpretation that the massive burnt brick structure was that of a Ram temple. "The Babri Masjid had a planned structure and the ASI findings conform to this plan. The Nagar style of star-shaped temple construction prevalent between the 9th and 12th centuries is not at all present in the structure," he said.
Political reaction
The leaders of Babri Masjid Action–Reconstruction expressed reservations on the credibility of the ASI in carrying out the assignment impartially, owing to political pressure. ASI comes under the Ministry of Human Resource Development, which was headed by Murli Manohar Joshi, himself an accused in the Babri Masjid demolition case.
The Muslim side expressed doubts on the final ASI report, claiming that the notes and other draft items were supposedly destroyed by the ASI, within 24 hours following the submission of the final report.
There were also attempts by Babri Masjid supporters to prohibit all archaeological excavations at the disputed site. Naved Yar Khan's petition at the Supreme Court to prohibit all archaeological excavations at the Mosque site was rejected. Similarly, there were questions raised as to what level the archaeological digging should reach – should they stop when evidence of a Hindu temple was found? Both Buddhists and Jains asked for the digging to continue much further to learn whether they, too, could lay claim to the site.
Along the same lines as Habib, Muslim Personal Law Board secretary Mohammed Abdul Rahim Quraishi "said a team of well-known archaeologists including Prof. Suraj Bhan had visited the site and inspected the excavated pits and was of [the] opinion that there was evidence of an earlier mosque beneath the structure of the Babri Masjid".
The two agree on a pre-Babri Muslim presence, but Quraishi's "interpretation" of the findings is already starkly at variance with Habib's: the latter saw no mosque underneath, while Quraishi's employee Bhan did.
Noted lawyer Rajeev Dhawan said the Ramjanmabhoomi-Babri Masjid case had taken a wrong turn and the ASI report had no historical or moral significance and the conclusions were based on political considerations. However, an anti-temple lawyer, Mr. Dhawan said, "The legal case did not relate to the question of whether a temple existed on the site or not".
Buddhist claims
The Buddhists have also claimed the Ayodhya site. According to Udit Raj's Buddha Education Foundation, the structure excavated by ASI in 2003 was a Buddhist stupa destroyed during and after the Muslim invasion of India. Besides the 2003 ASI report, Raj has also based his claim on the 1870 report of the British archaeologist Patrick Carnegie. According to Carnegie, the Kasauti pillars at the Ayodhya site strongly resemble the ones at Buddhist viharas in Sarnath and Varanasi.
Court verdict after analysis of the 2003 ASI report
In October 2010, after sifting through all the evidence placed before it, the Allahabad High Court, in an order that ran into over 8,000 pages, said that the portion below the central dome under which the idols of Lord Ram and other Gods are placed in a makeshift temple, belongs to Hindus. All three judges agreed that the portion under the central dome should be allotted to Hindus.
The 2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute states that the entire disputed land of area of 2.77 acres be handed over to a trust to build a Hindu temple. It also ordered the government to give an alternative 5 acre land to the Sunni Waqf Board.
See also
Ayodhya
Babri Masjid
Ram Janmabhoomi
Ramayana
Notes
References
Sources
Printed sources
Thakur Prasad Verma, S.P. Gupta, (2001), Ayodhya ka itihasa evam puratattva- Rgveda kala se aba taka''. Delhi: D.K. Printworld (in Hindi)
Web-sources
External links
Ayodhya the spiritual abode. Complete details of Ayodhya, proofs and documents.
Hindu Temple lays beneath – dailypioneer.com – August 26, 2003
The "Ram temple" drama – Frontline
Ayodhya History
Times of India news on ASI excavations Times of India
Layers of truth From The Week – shows artist's impression of ASI underlying temple – archived here
Ayodhya on YouTube
Ayodhya and the Research on the Temple of Lord Rama
Proof of temple found at Ayodhya: ASI report
Ayodhya
History of Uttar Pradesh
Archaeological sites in Uttar Pradesh
Ayodhya dispute |
5390433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-Area%20Neutron%20Detector | Large-Area Neutron Detector | The large-area neutron detector, also known as LAND, is the name of a detector of neutrons installed at GSI (Institute for Heavy Ion Research) in Arheilgen, close to the city of Darmstadt, Germany.
The detector is built of 10 planes with 20 paddles each. The paddles have a size of 10x10x200cm and are composed of a converter (iron) and plastic scintillator material. Within the paddle the 5 mm thick converters serve as a dense target for neutrons leading to processes that eject charged particles through the process of hadronic showers. The interspersed 5mm plastic scintillator stripes produce light for the passing charged particles. The stripes of one paddle are viewed at both ends by photomultipliers.
The detector system was built in 1990.
A research group at GSI is named after this detector. They aim at studying the nuclear structure of radioactive nuclei.
See also
Neutron detection
External links
T. Blaich et al., Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, A314(1992), p. 136–154, Elsevier NORTH-HOLLAND, ISSN 0168-9002
GSI
Particle experiments
Particle detectors |
5390435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier%20Rush | Xavier Rush | Xavier Joseph Rush (born 13 July 1977, in Auckland) is a former New Zealand rugby union footballer. He is a former All Black and played professional rugby in Wales for Cardiff Blues where he is the former captain.
Career
Rush played domestic rugby with Auckland in the National Provincial Championship and Super 12 side the Blues between 1997 and 2005. He won the NPC Competition with Auckland in 2002 and the Super 12 with the Auckland Blues in 2003. He later captained both of these sides until the end of his contract with New Zealand Rugby where he managed to lift the Ranfurly Shield with Auckland in 2003. During his secondary school years, he maintained a place in the centenary 1st XV, playing, of course, at number 8.
Despite a successful domestic rugby career, Rush never shone at international level, having only eight All Black test caps to his name. He was only 21 when he made his test debut against the Wallabies in 1998. He would later play for the All Blacks during the 2004 Tri-Nations, against England and also the Pacific Islanders.
On 7 February 2010, Rush signed a two-year contract with Ulster Rugby. Having sacked his agent he subsequently entered talks with the Cardiff Blues and Ulster about his future. On 27 May 2010, it was announced that Rush would remain at Cardiff but would have to compensate Ulster to cancel his contract.
Rush retired from playing at the end of the 2011–12 season and took up a coaching role with Cardiff Blues.
References
External links
Cardiff profile
1977 births
New Zealand international rugby union players
Cardiff Rugby players
Living people
Auckland rugby union players
New Zealand rugby union players
Blues (Super Rugby) players
Rugby union number eights
People educated at Sacred Heart College, Auckland
Barbarian F.C. players
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in Wales
Rugby union players from Auckland |
5390443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGA%20Supermarkets%20%28Australia%29 | IGA Supermarkets (Australia) | Independent Grocers of Australia (IGA) is an Australian chain of supermarkets. IGA is owned by Metcash, but individual IGA stores are owned independently. Its main competitors are Woolworths, Coles, Spar and Aldi. It is the fourth largest chain, since Aldi overtook Metcash in supermarket revenues.
Markets
The American-owned Independent Grocers Alliance has over 5,000 stores in over 30 countries.
The IGA brand was introduced to Australia by Davids Holdings in 1988 when 10 stores became members of IGA. As of January 2020, there are over 1,400 IGA stores in Australia, a number which fluctuates as independently owned stores close, open, or are sold and rebranded out of the group. Many of the stores were acquired from other brands such as Woolworths or Coles when they shut down stores following their own acquisitions of smaller brands during the major industry period of rationalisation in the 2000s.
There are a wide variety of stores under the brand, from small corner and convenience stores, liquor stores, and large full service grocery stores. The stores operate under the same IGA brands but are individually owned and operated. For a brief period of time IGA owned stores in New Zealand following corporate mergers. In 2019, it was reported that IGA had 7% of the grocery market in Australia.In 2018, IGA began a rebrand that repositioned the chain as a "truly [uniquely] localised" option, scrapping the white colour and corrugated metal for wood veneer and chalkboard and a series of chalk emblems for stores. A while ago, the chain previously similarly used the slogan "How the locals like it" referencing Ben Lee, followed by "Where the locals matter".
Brands
IGA's main store brand is Black and Gold, a generic food brand which also sells in FoodWorks across the country. Items are easily distinguished because of the gold/yellow packaging with the black writing on the item. There is also a more upscale IGA Signature range that is identified by a metallic signature brand. "No Frills" was previously the Franklins home brand and is available mostly in Western Australian stores.
See also
List of supermarket chains in Oceania
References
External links
Supermarkets of Australia
Retail companies established in 1988
Australian companies established in 1988
Australian grocers |
5390446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochoric | Isochoric | Isochoric may refer to:
cell-transitive, in geometry
isochoric process, a constant volume process in chemistry or thermodynamics
Isochoric model |
5390450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Silva%20%28golfer%29 | Daniel Silva (golfer) | Daniel Silva (born 19 June 1966) is a Portuguese professional golfer.
Silva was born in Johannesburg, South Africa. He turned professional in 1988 and spent the next decade attempting to hold down a place on the European Tour. He was a regular visitor to qualifying school, where he came out with the number one card in 1990. He followed up that success with two solid seasons back to back in 1991 and 1992, which were the only years that he made the top one hundred on the Order of Merit, before being setback by injury. His sole European Tour win came at the 1992 Jersey European Airways Open. It was the first tour win by a Portuguese golfer. He represented Portugal in the World Cup in 1989 and 1991. Silva is a renowned golf coach who has trained with Butch Harmon, the former coach of Tiger Woods, and has watched many world-famous golfers play and train. In 2015, Silva founded Season Golf Academy (SGA) in Finland.
Professional wins (1)
European Tour wins (1)
Results in major championships
Note: Silva only played in The Open Championship.
"T" = tied
Team appearances
Amateur
St Andrews Trophy (representing the Continent of Europe): 1986, 1988
Professional
World Cup (representing Portugal): 1989, 1991
References
External links
Portuguese male golfers
European Tour golfers
Golfers from Johannesburg
Sportspeople from Faro District
People from Loulé
South African people of Portuguese descent
1966 births
Living people |
5390452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20ulnar%20recurrent%20artery | Posterior ulnar recurrent artery | The posterior ulnar recurrent artery is an artery in the forearm. It is one of two recurrent arteries that arises from the ulnar artery, the other being the anterior ulnar recurrent artery. The posterior ulnar recurrent artery being much larger than the anterior and also arises somewhat lower than it.
It passes backward and medialward on the flexor digitorum profundus, behind the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, and ascends behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
In the interval between this process and the olecranon, it lies beneath the flexor carpi ulnaris, and ascending between the heads of that muscle, in relation with the ulnar nerve, it supplies the neighboring muscles and the elbow-joint, and anastomoses with the superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries and the interosseous recurrent arteries.
See also
Anterior ulnar recurrent artery
References
External links
Arteries of the upper limb |
5390454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior%20ulnar%20recurrent%20artery | Anterior ulnar recurrent artery | The anterior ulnar recurrent artery is an artery in the forearm. It is one of two recurrent arteries that arises from the ulnar artery, the other being the posterior ulnar recurrent artery.
It arises from the ulnar artery immediately below the elbow-joint, runs upward between the brachialis and pronator teres muscle and supplies twigs to those muscles. In front of the medial epicondyle it anastomoses with the superior and Inferior ulnar collateral arteries.
See also
Posterior ulnar recurrent artery
References
External links
Arteries of the upper limb |
5390455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82a%20County%2C%20Lublin%20Voivodeship | Biała County, Lublin Voivodeship | Biała County () is a county in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Biała Podlaska, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only towns in Biała Podlaska County are Międzyrzec Podlaski, which lies west of Biała Podlaska, and the border town of Terespol, east of Biała Podlaska.
The county covers an area of . As of 2019, its total population is 111,078, including 16,736 in Międzyrzec Podlaski, 5,537 in Terespol, and a rural population of 88,805.
Neighbouring counties
Apart from the city of Biała Podlaska, Biała Podlaska County is bordered by Włodawa County and Parczew County to the south, Radzyń Podlaski County to the south-west, Łuków County and Siedlce County to the west, Łosice County to the north-west, and Siemiatycze County to the north. It also borders Belarus to the east.
Administrative division
The county is subdivided into 19 municipalities (two urban and 17 rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
References
Land counties of Lublin Voivodeship |
5390456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shap%20Pat%20Heung | Shap Pat Heung | Shap Pat Heung is an area in the New Territories of Hong Kong. Located south of Yuen Long and northeast of Tai Tong, the area occupied the plain north of hills of Tai Lam. The Cantonese name Shap Pat Heung means eighteen villages at its beginning. It was later expanded to thirty villages. Administratively, it is part of the Yuen Long District.
The area is famous for the celebration of Tin Hau Festival on the 23rd day of the 3rd month every year of Chinese calendar. Parade and Fa Pao attracts many visitors and pilgrims from other villages and towns.
List of villages
Tai Tong Tsuen ()
Shan Pui Tsuen ()
Tai Wai Tsuen () () (Yuen Long Kau Hui)
Ha Yau Tin Tsuen ()
Sheung Yau Tin Tsuen ()
Tai Kiu Tsuen ()
Muk Kiu Tau Tsuen ()
Shui Tsiu Lo Wai ()
Shui Tsiu San Tsuen ()
Nga Yiu Tau Tsuen ()
Pak Sha Tsuen ()
Tin Liu Tsuen ()
Sai Pin Wai () (Yuen Long Kau Hui)
Tung Tau Tsuen () () (Yuen Long Kau Hui)
Nam Pin Wai () (Yuen Long Kau Hui)
Nam Hang Tsuen ()
Ying Lung Wai () () (Yuen Long Kau Hui)
Hung Tso Tin Tsuen ()
Ma Tin Tsuen ()
Sham Chung Tsuen ()
Wong Uk Tsuen () () (Yuen Long Kau Hui)
Wong Nai Tun Tsuen ()
Kong Tau Tsuen ()
Tong Tau Po Tsuen ()
Yeung Uk Tsuen ()
Tsoi Uk Tsuen or Choi Uk Tsuen () () (Yuen Long Kau Hui)
Tai Kei Leng ()
Shan Pui Chung Hau Tsuen ()
Shung Ching San Tsuen ()
Lung Tin Tsuen ()
Yuen Long District
Places in Hong Kong |
5390458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%20Somozas | As Somozas | As Somozas is a municipality in the province of A Coruña in the autonomous community of Galicia in northwestern Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Ferrol.
Municipalities in the Province of A Coruña |
5390473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal%20keratitis | Fungal keratitis | Fungal keratitis is a fungal infection of the cornea, which can lead to blindness. It generally presents with a red, painful eye and blurred vision. There is also increased sensitivity to light, and excessive tears or discharge.
It is caused by fungal organisms such as Fusarium, Aspergillus or Candida.
Fungal keratitis has a worldwide distribution, but is more common in the tropics. Around 1 million people become blind every year due to fungal keratitis. Theodor Leber first described a case of fungal keratitis caused by Aspergillus in 1879.
Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of fungal keratitis typically emerge over 5-10 days and present with a painful eye, blurred vision, and redness of eye. There is increased sensitivity to light, and excessive tears or discharge. The symptoms are markedly less as compared to a similar bacterial ulcer. Symptoms may be noted to persist after contact lenses are removed, or following antibiotic treatment.
Signs: The eyelids and adnexa involved shows edema and redness, conjunctiva is chemosed. Ulcer may be present. It is a dry looking corneal ulcer with satellite lesions in the surrounding cornea. Usually associated with fungal ulcer is hypopyon, which is mostly white fluffy in appearance. Rarely, it may extend to the posterior segment to cause endophthalmitis in later stages, leading to the destruction of the eye. (Note: Fungal endophthalmitis is extremely rare)
Causes
Fungal keratitis has been reported to be caused by more than 70 different fungi, of which Fusarium, Aspergillus and Candida are responsible for 95% of cases.
A. flavus and A. fumigatus are the most common types of Aspergillus to cause fungal keratitis. F. Solani is the most common type of Fusarium and others include Curvularia and Acremonium. C. albicans, C. guilliermondii and C. parapsilosis are the main types of Candida to cause fungal keratitis.
Pathophysiology
The precipitating event for fungal keratitis is trauma with a vegetable / organic matter. A thorn injury, or in agriculture workers, trauma with a wheat plant while cutting the harvest is typical. This implants the fungus directly in the cornea. The fungus grows slowly in the cornea and proliferates to involve the anterior and posterior stromal layers. The fungus can break through the descemet's membrane and pass into the anterior chamber. The patient presents a few days or weeks later with fungal keratitis.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is made by an ophthalmologist/optometrist correlating typical history, symptoms and signs. Many times it may be missed and misdiagnosed as bacterial ulcer. A definitive diagnosis is established only after a positive culture report (lactophenol cotton blue, calcoflour medium), typically taking a week, from the corneal scraping. Recent advances have been made in PCR ref 3./immunologic tests which can give a much quicker result.
Classification
Infectious keratitis can be bacterial, fungal, viral, or protozoal. Remarkable differences in presentation of the patient allows presumptive diagnosis by the eye care professional, helping in institution of appropriate anti-infective therapy.
Prevention
Prevention of trauma with vegetable / organic matter, particularly in agricultural workers while harvesting can reduce the incidence of fungal keratitis. Wearing of broad protective glasses with side shields is recommended for people at risk for such injuries.
Treatment
A presumptive diagnosis of fungal keratitis requires immediate empirical therapy. Natamycin ophthalmic suspension is the drug of choice for filamentous fungal infection. Fluconazole ophthalmic solution is recommended for Candida infection of the cornea. Amphotericin B eye drops may be required for non-responding cases, but can be quite toxic and requires expert pharmacist for preparation. Other medications have also been tried with moderate success. An updated Cochrane Review published in 2015 looking at the best treatment for fungal keratitis could not draw any conclusions as the studies included used different medications. The review did find that "people receiving natamycin were less likely to develop a hole in their cornea and need a transplant."
Prognosis
The infection typically takes a long time to heal, since the fungus itself is slow growing. Corneal perforation can occur in patients with untreated or partially treated infectious keratitis and requires surgical intervention in the form of corneal transplantation.
Epidemiology
This disease is quite common in the tropics and with large agrarian population. India has a high number of cases with fungal keratitis, but poor reporting system prevents accurate data collection. Florida in US regularly reports cases of fungal keratitis, with Aspergillus and Fusarium spp. as the most common causes.
According to the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, every year there are around 1 million cases of blindness due to fungal keratitis.
History
A case of fungal keratitis caused by Aspergillus was first described by Theodor Leber in 1879, in a 54 year old farmer who injured his eye.
Society and culture
The loss of vision with fungal keratitis can be quite disabling in terms of economic impact and social consequences. Many people come with fungal keratitis in the only eye and thus become blind due to the disease. The lack of education and proper eye protection in such cases is evidently responsible for their plight.
Notable cases
Recently, one particular product, ReNu with MoistureLoc brand of soft contact lens solutions made headlines regarding a report from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggesting an increased incidence of a specific type of fungal keratitis (Fusarium keratitis) in people using Bausch & Lomb products. Bausch & Lomb subsequently suspended, then recalled, shipments of one particular product, ReNu with MoistureLoc.
References
External links
Disorders of sclera and cornea |
5390494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariaman | Pariaman | Pariaman (Jawi: ), is a coastal city in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Pariaman covers an area of , with a coastline. It had a population of 79,043 at the 2010 Census and 94,224 at the 2020 census. "Pariaman" means "safe area".
History
According to the limited early sources available, by the sixteenth century Pariaman was an important port city serving the Minangkabau settlements in the interior highlands of central west Sumatra. Traders from western India and later from Europe visited the port, trading in pepper, gold, and other products of the interior. In the early seventeenth century the port came under control of the Sultanate of Aceh, to the north; an Acehnese governor was stationed in the town. The port formally came under Dutch control in 1663 by treaty with Aceh. In 1671 the Dutch built a lodge here and later, around 1684, a fort. Continuing clashes with local rulers and competition with other European trading companies resulted in the port being abandoned by the Dutch in 1770. By the early twentieth century the port was less prominent on the coast, as Padang, just to the south, was the focus of Dutch activities in western Sumatra and had a railroad link to the interior.
After Indonesian independence, Pariaman was a naval headquarters for a province called Central Sumatra. It became an autonomous city on 11 April 2002.
Administrative districts
The city is administratively divided into four districts (kecamatan), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census.
The city is surrounded by the rural regency (kabupaten) of Padang Pariaman in the north, east, and south, while it borders with Mentawai Strait in the west, making Pariaman a semi-enclave within Padang Pariaman Regency.
Economy
The contemporary economy is primarily agricultural with 79% of land in farming. Minangkabau International Airport, West Sumatra's major airport, is located near the city.
Culture
Although the population of Pariaman is predominantly Sunni, a famous and popular festival of Shia origin named Tabuik (from Arabic "tabut" meaning coffin), is held annually in the city every 10 Muharram, the Day of Ashura. This practice was brought to the city in 1818, when ex-British soldiers from India settled in Pariaman. They had been disbanded when the British handed the area back to the Netherlands as part of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814.
The Tabuik festival commemorates the martyrdom of the grandsons of Muhammad, Hasan ibn Ali and Hussein ibn Ali. The Buraq, a purported winged horse that took Muhammad on his night-long journey to heavens, i.e., the Mi'raj, plays a role in the Tabuik. It presumably represents the white horse of the Imam Hussein at the Battle of Karbala, but is portrayed with a woman's head, wings, a broad tail and carrying a coffin.
In the festival, two such effigies or "Tabuik", one for Hasan and one for Hussein, are carried through the city. Named Tabuik Pasa and Tabuik Subarang, they are swayed accompanied by tambur music and tasa drums. In the afternoon, both Tabuik are moved to the coast and before sunset they are immersed into the sea.
References
External links
Government of Pariaman |
5390497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olecranon%20fossa | Olecranon fossa | The olecranon fossa is a deep triangular depression on the posterior side of the humerus, superior to the trochlea. It provides space for the olecranon of the ulna during extension of the forearm.
Structure
The olecranon fossa is located on the posterior side of the distal humerus.
The joint capsule of the elbow attaches to the humerus just proximal to the olecranon fossa.
Function
The olecranon fossa provides space for the olecranon of the ulna during extension of the forearm, from which it gets its name.
Other animals
The olecranon fossa is present in various mammals, including dogs.
Additional images
References
External links
Photo of model at Waynesburg College skeleton3/olecranonfossa
()
Imaging at umich.edu
Bones of the upper limb
Humerus |
5390500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botton%2C%20North%20Yorkshire | Botton, North Yorkshire | Botton is a small village within the North York Moors National Park in North Yorkshire, England which is mainly a Camphill Community for people with learning disabilities.
The origins of Botton village
Botton was founded in 1955 on the initiative of the Camphill community in Scotland and initial direction of Peter Roth. It was the first organisation of its kind within the anthroposophical social therapeutic work specifically for people with disability after they reached adulthood.
It is home to more than 230 people, around 100 of whom are adults with learning disabilities. Many people who live there, live in shared family-style homes together with co-workers, others are supported in shared accommodation with friends or live independently. There are five biodynamic farms located around the village. The community works together on these farms, each person contributing according to his or her ability.
In the village there are many different workshops where villagers make products which are sold to the public via a number of outlets. There are also three shops: a gift shop, for visitors, with items from both Botton and other Camphill villages; a village store, which is the village food shop and a "Coffee Bar" where the villagers and co-workers congregate in the evening to chat and play board games.
Botton village received the Deputy Prime Minister's Award for Sustainable Communities in 2005; the award cited the community's dedication to the ethos of sustainability and mutual respect, as well as their concrete achievements in these areas. Also in 2005, the village featured in a Channel 4 documentary entitled Botton, the strangest village in Britain.
Current disputes
Some members of the local and surrounding community have been in dispute with the charity that runs the village, the Camphill Village Trust (CVT), taking their case to the High Court. However, following mediation at the beginning of July 2015, both sides are working to find a positive way forward for the community. They will return to review progress with the mediator early in 2016. The dispute centred on whether the historic model of volunteer co-workers receiving financial and other benefits from the charity, instead of a salary, in return for living and working in Botton, was acceptable to Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC).
Action for Botton
Action for Botton – the group campaigning with Botton co-workers for the retention of the voluntary co-worker model – believes that, in introducing paid employment for co-worker's services, the charity is acting against its own founding principles. They highlight many other Camphill Communities that continue to operate the co-worker model. Action for Botton also have letters stating that HMRC do not require volunteer co-workers to be employed Financial Secretary to the Treasury David Gauke writes: "I would like to make it clear that that there has been no recent change in legislation, nor change in rules by HMRC, which affect the tax status of volunteer workers. It appears that changes being introduced by the CVT are as a result of independent advice received by the Trust, and not as a result of any direct or indirect action by HMRC."
However, a letter from HMRC to the CVT, dated 1 December 2014 and published on the Trust's Facebook page indicates otherwise, stating that "HMRC has now provided its Status Opinion in relation to the co-workers within the CVT which is that in our view those co-workers will be employees with effect from 6 April 2015. Consequently our view is that it is now incumbent on the Trustees and Directors of the CVT to take appropriate action mindful of their respectful fiduciary duties."
Action for Botton's main concern was that the move to paid employment would prevent co-workers from continuing to share their homes with learning disabled people in the way they had since Botton was established. During the mediation process, the Trust reaffirmed its commitment to shared living and co-working, within a mixed portfolio of living and care options available to the people it supports.
References
External links
Action for Botton
Botton Buddies
Botton Village Camphill documentary – Battle for the Soul
Camphill Village Trust
Villages in North Yorkshire
Anthroposophy |
5390502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Havre%20tramway | Le Havre tramway | Le Havre tramway () is a modern two-line tram system in the city of Le Havre in Normandy, France. The modern tramway opened on 12 December 2012.
Le Havre also had a first-generation tramway that was operated by Compagnie des Tramways Électriques du Havre (Electric Tramways Company of Le Havre), which opened in 1894. This historical tramway closed in 1957, and was replaced by trolleybuses as the main mode of public transport in Le Havre.
History
Le Havre's original tramway
It is in 1832 that the first organised collective service began. An omnibus service between the Musée and the Octroi de Rouen (Boulevard de Graville). By 1860, the town was served by two lines.
In 1872, a Belgian businessman presented a tramway project to the municipal council. After authorisation was given, construction began with the first horse-drawn tramway opening on 1 February 1874 between Musée and the Barrière d’Or (Octroi de Rouen). A second line opened on the 15th of the same month between the town hall and the Rond-Point. Le Havre was the fourth city in France to possess a tramway network after Paris, Lille and Nancy.
The network of lines spread over the city of Le Havre and its neighbouring suburbs. The tramway lines all led to Le Havre Station and the town hall.
The company operated a fleet of single car trams.
Operations were severely disrupted after the bombardments of 1944, but the 7 lines were reopened as soon as the end of 1946.
Trolleybuses in Le Havre
On 1 August 1947, line 8 (Gare - Hallates) closed to let trolleybus takeover. On 5 May 1951, line 6 (Gare - Bléville), then on 14 August 1957 line 5 (Gare - La Hêtraie) were also converted to trolleybus operation.
Secondhand Vétra CS60 and new VBRh formed the bulk of the trolleybus network. In 1960, four Chausson-Vétra APV trolleybuses were introduced. In the following years, the CGFT acquired more rolling stock from other networks, in Marseille and Strasbourg.
Closing of Le Havre's original system
In Le Havre as well as in cities across France, increase in car transport encouraged Le Havre city council to set up one-way streets. The tramway and trolleybus operator was faced with a large bill to extend its network further into the suburbs and so decided to replace all its overhead vehicles with motor buses on 28 December 1970.
New tramway
Consultation
From mid-November 2006 to the end of the March 2007, a survey of inhabitants living in the Le Havre metropolitan area was conducted about a proposal to construct a new bus lane. Following the survey, an information campaign was launched.
On 13 March 2007, the deliberations of elected representatives from CODAH lead to a consensus on a certain number of key points.
Concerning the infrastructure, the construction of a new tunnel was earmarked to the east of the existing road Tunnel Jenner to guarantee a link between the upper and the lower parts of the city. The layout of the route was designed in a 'Y' shape, with the possibility of moving the terminus of the line to the upper part of the city.
Following the various inquiries, it was apparent that residents wanted a mode of transport that was frequent, efficient, comfortable and large. On 2 May, CODAH launched a call for tenders to construct the new network. On 10 July, the railway option was selected.
Structural axis
The layout is designed to encompass a large population base. It connects hubs like the beach, the city hall, railway station and major population areas of Caucriauville and Mont Gaillard, in the upper city.
The introduction of the tramway to the suburbs in the upper city coincides with a major redevelopment scheme to deprived areas of the city. In October 2004 the National Agency for Urban Renewal (ANRU) signed with the municipality of Le Havre the first agreement to finance the rehabilitation of these areas. This finance agreement provides more than 340 million euros for the housing estates in the northern districts, where about 41,000 people reside. The development extends the budget for the Grand Projet de Ville (GPV) for the demolition and rebuilding of more than 1,700 homes.
The tramway also plays an important role in linking the upper town with the lower town and offers an alternative form of urban transport. Nearly 90,000 inhabitants live less than five minutes from a station, of which 16,000 are pupils and students. The entire line has been designed logically to allow interconnection with other modes of transport such as the train station or the park and ride at Octeville, as well as with the all existing bus lines run by CODAH (LiA network), and the railway lines to other parts of the Haute-Normandie region such as Yvetot and Rouen, and beyond to Paris.
The entire route is lined with 2,300 trees, 17,000 shrubs and 50,000 various plants.
Construction
Surveying of the ground began on 1 September 2008. In February 2009, the definitive route of the new tramway was known, as well as the plans for the proposed layout. In 2010, the first preparatory works began, diverting gas and water pipes. The estimated date that the tramway would start operating was December 2012. Meanwhile, the bus network was restructured to offer a better service to the areas not provided by the new tramway.
In October, a new website was launched, providing updates on the progress of the project, and included a virtual journey.
A team of 8 tramway ambassadors was put together in order to reassure and update residents and shopkeepers on the progress of the construction.
Changes to road routes
In order to ensure the best circulation of traffic during the construction of the tramway lines, changes were made between June and September 2009 to the layout of the route from the Boulevard Francois I to the Chaussée Georges Pompidou. The changes included: the installation of traffic lights; the removal of the roundabout at the junction of Boulevard Francois I and Chaussée Kennedy; the widening of lanes on the Quai de Southampton, Quai de l'Île and the Quai de Casimir Delavigne and a one-way layout on the Chausée Georges Pompidou. In addition, cycle lanes and pedestrian crossings were added.
The new tunnel
The main project of the construction of the new tramway was the tunnel. It is more than 500 metres long, built east of the existing tunnel Jenner and entirely reserved for the new tramway. The drilling was completed in November 2011.
The mairie of Le Havre was responsible for all planning work necessary: layout of the road and surrounding area; diversion of underground networks; and access to the new tunnel.
Stations
The construction of the stations began in May 2012. The installation was carried out by Clear Channel Communications. Over three days, it took place in several stages. The construction of the platforms was specially designed to meet the demands of disabled people (with wheelchair access) and the visually impaired with the installation of tactile paving.
Costs
The total cost of the construction of the tramway was €395 million. Funding came from three sources: CODAH provided €237 million; state and local authorities from the region Haute-Normandie and the département Seine-Maritime provided €90.85 million; business in the Le Havre metropolitan area, through a transport tax, provided €67.15 million.
Network
The network consists of two standard gauge lines of a total length of 13 km and 23 stations. It is electrified through an overhead contact line of 750 V. The tram runs on a flat piece of land surrounded by grass on the Avenue Foch, the Boulevard de Strasbourg and the Avenue Bois au Coq.
The Lines
The section shared by lines A and B part depart from the beach towards the train station, along the Boulevard de Strasbourg, the Hôtel de Ville, the Sous-préfecture et the Palais de Justice, then along the Cours de la République and the new tunnel.
The line then splits in two:
Line A towards Mont-Gaillard (near the airport and the new hospital) ;
Line B towards Caucriauville (replacing the former bus route 8 which used bendy buses).
Expansion
Even before the first two lines were constructed, in 2008 a third line was envisaged, to serve the south of the city. As with the first two lines, it would coincide with a redevelopment project. The proposed Line C would follow the same route as the bus route 3 from the bus station to Stade Océane. It would connect from Lines A and B via the 'Gares', which also connects the train and bus stations.
Rolling stock
The rolling stock comprises 22 Alstom Citatdis 302 tram cars. The deal was announced in July 2007 and was worth more than €54 million. The first tram car arrived at the maintenance centre in February 2012, ten months before the official opening.
Fares
LiA offers a variety of tickets and passes, depending on the length and frequency of the journey. The tickets can be bought at ticket machines which are located at every tram stop. In addition, the tickets are valid to use on the entire bus network in the Le Havre metropolitan area. A ticket that is bought on a bus, via the bus driver, is an additional method of buying a ticket that is valid for use on the tramway network. When boarding the tram, the ticket must be validated.
Single trip and day tickets
A 1-hour ticket (titre 1 heure) is the cheapest ticket available. The ticket is valid for any and all journeys up to 1 hour. Multiple tickets, each lasting 1 hour, can be bought in tens (10 titres 1 heure). Alternatively, a day ticket (titre journée) can be bought and can be used indefinitely for the entire day from the first time it is validated.
Weekly, monthly and annual passes
Weekly, monthly or annual subscriptions are also available. Discounts are available for children, students, other young people and employees.
Traffic
In 2014, there were 643,669 travellers on the entire Le Havre public transport network. For the tramway, this represented an increase of 20%.
Network map
See also
Trams in France
List of town tramway systems in France
References
External links
Le réseau de transport en commun de l'agglomération havtaise (Transport LIA) – official website
Trolleybuses of Le Havre
History of Le Havre (incl. trolleybuses)
Le Havre
Transport in Normandy
Le Havre |
5390516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pougny | Pougny | Pougny is the name of several communes in France:
Pougny, Ain
Pougny, Nièvre
Besides, Pougny is the surname of the Russian-French painter Ivan Puni (Jean Pougny, 1892–1956), that he has adopted after his emigration to France in 1923–1924. |
5390519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd%20Station | 3rd Station | is the third album by solo singer and former Morning Musume and Petit Moni member Maki Goto.
This album was released on February 23, 2005 and features several songs with different versions from the originals. "Watarasebashi" is a cover version of Chisato Moritaka's song, also covered by fellow Hello! Project member Aya Matsuura and the "Goto Version" of "Renai Sentai Shitsu Ranger" is Goto's solo version of the original Nochiura Natsumi song. The first press edition comes in a special package with three photo cards, also it includes an alternate cover.
Track listing
External links
3rd Station entry on the Up-Front Works official website
Maki Goto lyrics at Projecthello.com
2005 albums
Maki Goto albums
Piccolo Town albums |
5390536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett%20Johnson | Hewlett Johnson | Hewlett Johnson (25 January 1874 – 22 October 1966) was an English priest of the Church of England, Marxist Theorist and Stalinist. He was Dean of Manchester and later Dean of Canterbury, where he acquired his nickname "The Red Dean of Canterbury" for his unyielding support towards Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union and its allies.
Early life
Johnson was born in Kersal as the third son of Charles Johnson, a wire manufacturer, and his wife Rosa, daughter of the Reverend Alfred Hewlett. He was educated at The King's School, Macclesfield and graduated from Owens College, Manchester, in 1894 with a BSc degree in civil engineering and the geological prize.
He worked from 1895 to 1898 at the railway carriage works in Openshaw, Manchester, where two workmates introduced him to socialism, and he became an associate member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. After deciding to do mission work for the Church Mission Society, he entered Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, in 1900 and later attended Wadham College where he gained a second in theology in 1904. The society rejected him because of his increasingly radical theological views, so he concentrated on training for priesthood and was ordained in 1904.
He became curate in 1905 and then, in 1908, vicar of St Margaret's Altrincham. He and his first wife organised holiday camps for poor children and, during World War I, a hospital for returning wounded soldiers in the town. His unconventional views on the war caused him to be refused employment as an army chaplain on active service but he officiated at a prisoner-of-war camp in his parish. He became an honorary canon of Chester Cathedral in 1919 and rural dean of Bowdon, in which area his parish lay, in 1923.
An avowed Christian Marxist, Johnson was brought under surveillance by MI5 in 1917 when he spoke in Manchester in support of the October Revolution. Although he never joined the Communist Party, he became chairman of the board of its newspaper, The Daily Worker. His political views were unpopular but his hard work and pastoral skills led to him being appointed Dean of Manchester by Labour Party founder and then-prime minister Ramsay MacDonald in 1924. He was appointed Dean of Canterbury in 1931.
The Socialist Sixth of the World
Johnson came to public prominence in the 1930s when he contrasted the economic development of the Soviet Union under the First Five Year Plan with Britain during the Great Depression. He toured the Soviet Union in 1934 and again in 1937, claiming on each occasion the health and wealth of the average Soviet citizen and that the Soviet system protected the citizens' liberties. He collected his articles in the book The Socialist Sixth of the World (Gollancz, 1939; published in the US as Soviet Power in 1941), which included a preface by the renegade Brazilian Roman Catholic bishop Carlos Duarte Costa. Johnson defended his positive accounts of life in the Soviet Union, emphasising that he had visited "five Soviet Republics and several great Soviet towns", that he had wandered on foot "many long hours on many occasions and entirely alone" and that he saw "all parts of the various towns and villages and at all hours of day and night". It later emerged that much of the book was copied word for word from pro-Soviet propaganda material produced by organisations such as the Society of Cultural Relations with the Soviet Union of which Johnson was chairman.
World War II
During World War II, Johnson strictly followed the Soviet line. After the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1939, he opposed the war although Britain was at war against Germany, and he was accused of spreading defeatist propaganda. However, after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, he supported the war although his MI5 file reports that it was still judged "undesirable for the Dean of Canterbury to be allowed to lecture to troops".
Johnson was arguably the most prominent of the Western church leaders who are said to have persuaded Joseph Stalin to restore the Moscow Patriarchate. Stalin was successfully convinced that such a move would improve his relations with the Western Allies. "It was not the vanity of a former seminary dropout that moved the Soviet leader", Dmitri Volkogonov concluded, "but rather pragmatic considerations in relation with the Allies".
Post-war
At the end of the war Johnson was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour, in recognition of his "outstanding work as chairman of the joint committee for Soviet Aid", and in 1951 received the Stalin International Peace Prize. After the war, Johnson continued to use his public position to propound his pro-Soviet views. From 1948, he was the leader of the British-Soviet Friendship Organisation. However, his influence began to wane, particularly after public sympathy for the Soviets in Britain declined dramatically after the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956. Johnson's pro-communist activities were especially troublesome for the British government since foreigners tended to confuse Johnson, the Dean of Canterbury, with the Archbishop of Canterbury. According to Ferdinand Mount, "What infuriated his critics, from Gollancz on the left to Fisher on the right, was that there was no evidence that Johnson had made any but the most superficial study of the issues that he spouted on with such mellifluous certainty, from famines in the 1930s to germ warfare in Korea".
The headmaster of the King's School, Canterbury, Fred Shirley, manoeuvred against him. One year, Johnson put up a huge blue and white banner across the front of the Deanery which read "Christians Ban Nuclear Weapons". By way of riposte, some of the boys put up a banner on one of the school's buildings which read "King's Ban Communists".
Johnson's adversaries have called his endeavours to unite Christianity and Marxism–Leninism a "heretical teaching concerning a new religion". Johnson denied those accusations and argued that he knew very well the difference between religion (Christianity) and politics (Marxism–Leninism). His religious views were in line with mainstream Anglicanism. His support for Marxist–Leninist politics was derived, in his own words, from the conviction that "[capitalism] lacks a moral basis" and that "it is the moral impulse [of communism]... which constitutes the greatest attraction and presents the widest appeal".
His biographer Natalie E. Watson, in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004), wrote: "Communism, for Johnson, was not an anti-Christian force, but rather a natural result and a practical outworking of the Christian gospel.... His extensive writings on Soviet Russia reflected a naive and romantic perspective on the transformation [of Russian life] after the 1917 revolution. Until the end of his life he ignored the realities of mass persecution and the extermination of political opponents, as well as the anti-religious aspects of Marxism and Stalinism".
Personal life
Johnson was twice married. While still a student at Oxford in 1903, he married Mary, daughter of Frederick Taylor, a merchant of Broughton Park, Manchester. The couple had no children and she died of cancer in 1931. He remarried in 1938 to Nowell Mary, daughter of his cousin George Edwards (another Anglican priest), with whom he had two daughters.
Later life
Johnson retired as Dean of Canterbury in 1963, the year of his 89th birthday, but settled in the town where he lived at the Red House in New Street. While maintaining his interest in Communist world developments, he engaged in psychical research and completed before his death his autobiography, Searching for Light (posthumously published in 1968). He died, at the Kent and Canterbury Hospital in 1966 aged 92. He was buried in the Cloister Garth at Canterbury Cathedral.
Published works
The Socialist Sixth of the World, 1939
Searching for Light: an Autobiography (London, V. Gollancz, 1939)
The Secrets of Soviet Strength, 1943
Soviet Russia since the war (New York, Boni & Gaer, 1947)
China's New Creative Age (London, Lawrence: 1953)
Eastern Europe in the Socialist World (London, Lawrence and Wishart: 1955)
Christians and Communism (London, 1956); Russian translation – Хьюлетт Джонсон. Христиане и коммунизм. М., Изд. иностранной литературы, 1957, 154 с.
The Upsurge of China, 1961
Searching for Light (autobiography), 1968 (posthumously published)
References
Citations on USSR
"The ideal held out to a child differs entirely from that still too common here (England) – 'Work hard and get on'." (p. 195).
"Education from first to last is provided for all without monetary payments, from the excellently equipped nursery-schools right up to the university course." (p. 185).
"There is no financial difficulty which hinders a ... student from entering the university or institute for higher education." (p. 207).
"Technical institutes await children (of workers) free of charge." (p. 237).
"What has the Soviet Union done for its youth and what is it doing? ...On his seventeenth birthday and not before, he can enter industry." (p. 205)
External links
Hewlett Johnson archive at marxists.org
1874 births
1966 deaths
20th-century English Anglican priests
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
Anglican socialists
Burials at Canterbury Cathedral
Christian communists
Church of England deans
Deans of Canterbury
Deans of Manchester
English Christian socialists
English communists
Clergy from Manchester
Stalin Peace Prize recipients
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Writers about the Soviet Union |
5390541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plietesials | Plietesials | Plietesials are plants that grow for a number of years, flower gregariously (synchronously), set seed and then die.
The length of the cycle can vary between 8 and 16 years. For example, the neelakurinji plant flowers every 12 years and
bloomed as expected in 2006 and 2018 in the Munnar region of Kerala, India.
Certain species of unrelated families of flowering plants (including Poaceae, Arecaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Fabaceae, Apocynaceae, and Acanthaceae) are plietesial. The term plietesial has been used in reference to perennial monocarpic plants "of the kind most often met with in the Strobilanthinae" (a subtribe of Acanthaceae containing Strobilanthes and allied genera) that usually grow gregariously, flower simultaneously following a long interval, set seed, and die. Other commonly used expressions or terms describing a plietesial life history include gregarious flowering, mast seeding, and supra-annual synchronized semelparity (semelparity = monocarpy). It is not clear why gregarious flowering after long vegetative intervals would be associated with death after flowering, although both are associated with higher reproductive outputs.
Description
A good description of this natural history aspect of a plant's life cycle can be found in the following report:
See also
Masting
Monocarpic
Semelparity
Strobilanthes callosus
Strobilanthes kunthiana
References
Daniel, Thomas F. 2006. Synchronous flowering and monocarpy suggest plietesial life history for neotropical Stenostephanus chiapensis (Acanthaceae). PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Fourth Series. Volume 57, No. 38, pp. 1011–1018, 1 fig. December 28, 2006
Plant life-forms
Plant reproduction
Fertility |
5390549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Moon | John A. Moon | John Austin Moon (April 22, 1855 – June 26, 1921) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 3rd congressional district of Tennessee.
Biography
Born on April 22, 1855, near Charlottesville, Virginia in Albemarle County, Moon moved with his parents to Bristol, Virginia in 1857, and then to Chattanooga, Tennessee in 1870. He attended public and private schools and King College in Bristol, Tennessee. He studied law, was admitted to the Alabama bar, at the age of nineteen. He moved to Chattanooga in 1874, was admitted to the Tennessee Bar Association and commenced practice in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He married Adeline McDowell Deaderick, daughter of James W. Deaderick and Adeline Shelby Deaderick. Their two children are Anna Mary Moon and William Deaderick Moon.
Career
Moon was the city attorney of Chattanooga in 1881 and 1882. He was a member of the state Democratic executive committee in 1888. Commissioned in May 1889 as a special circuit judge, and twice reappointed, he held the office until January 3, 1891. He was appointed regular judge for the fourth circuit and served until August 1892. He was elected circuit judge in 1892, and was re-elected in 1894 for a term of eight years, but he resigned when he was elected to Congress.
Elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-fifth and the eleven succeeding Congresses, Moon served from March 4, 1897, to March 3, 1921. He was chairman of the United States House Committee on Post Office and Post Roads during the Sixty-second through Sixty-fifth Congresses. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1900.
Death
Moon was renominated for Congress in 1921, but before election, he became ill and died in Chattanooga, Tennessee on June 26, 1921 (age 66 years, 65 days). He is interred at Forest Hill Cemetery.
References
External links
1855 births
1921 deaths
People from Albemarle County, Virginia
Politicians from Chattanooga, Tennessee
Tennessee state court judges
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee |
5390561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally%20Sheinman | Sally Sheinman | Sally Sheinman (born May 16, 1949) is an American visual, digital and installation artist based in the UK.
Biography
Early life and education
Sheinman was born in Watertown, New York where she grew up on a farm. She worked in finance on Wall Street and in London and for a time was the company secretary of the Mocatta Metals Corporation. She studied painting at the State University of New York at Albany and later studied art at Hunter College in New York where her tutors included Tony Smith and Robert Morris.
Since the 1980s, Sheinman has lived in Britain, where she works in Northampton.
Career
Sheinman's works have included an interactive touring exhibition in association with the University of Hertfordshire called the Wishing Ceremony. The Wishing Ceremony opened in six locations in Leicester City in 2005 and then traveled to the University of Hertfordshire and mac in Birmingham in 2006. The Wishing Ceremony is also available on-line as part of an interactive website.
Her exhibitions include
Artnaos at five different NHS hospitals in London and the Midlands, and The Collection art gallery, Lincoln, 2007
Sacred Vessels at Rugby Art Gallery and Museum in Rugby, 2003,
Days at The Gallery in Stratford-upon-Avon, 2002,
The Naming Room at Roadmender, Northampton, 2001,
Fragments of Time and Thought at Liberty, London, 2000,
Artjongg at the University College Northampton,
Between the Lines at Ikon Touring, Birmingham 1997,
New Work at City Gallery, Leicester, 1995,
Commissions include Non-Essential Signage for the Arts Council England, Announcements for South and East Belfast Trust, Artkacina for firstsite in Colchester (2006) and ARTDNA for the Towner Gallery in Eastbourne (2008). In 2010 Sheinman finished Let's Celebrate - a commission inspired by the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic games. The work toured to five National Trust properties across the East Midlands throughout 2010 and comprised over 250 painted miniature sculptures.
Sheinman worked on a project titled Being Human, created in collaboration with researchers at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Cambridge and funded by the National Trust, Mottisfont Abbey. The work, a 200-foot-long paper sculpture made of 25,000 pieces of hand-painted gold Japanese rice-paper representing the number of genes in the human genome, was displayed at Mottisfont Abbey in the autumn of 2011. A subsequent on-going project, What Makes You/You, which began in 2013, is a web-based digital and interactive series of artworks based on responses received from members of the public. What Makes You/You was selected in The Lumen Prize Exhibition longlist of 100 works and shortlist of 28 works, and was named the winner of the Founder's Prize. In 2018, Sheinman received a grant from the Arts Council National Lottery Project, to be an Artist in Residence at C2C Social Action, a Northamptonshire-based charity supporting offenders in the criminal justice system.
Sheinman is also involved with Artists Interaction and Representation (AIR) and in 2012 was elected as Chair of this organisation which represents over 16,000 artists within the UK.
Awards and grants
2006 - Arts Council of England, Artnaos
2008 - Arts Council of England, Hopian Symbols
2009 - Arts Council of England, Let's Celebrate
2014 - Lumen Prize - Winner, Founder's Prize
2018-2019 - Arts Council National Lottery Project Grants, Artists in Residence at C2C Social Action
References
External links
Sally Sheinman website
1949 births
Living people
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American women painters
Hunter College alumni
Minimalist artists
Sculptors from New York (state)
University at Albany, SUNY alumni |
5390565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Moon | John Moon | John Moon may refer to:
John A. Moon (1855–1921), U.S. Representative from Tennessee
John W. Moon (1836–1898), U.S. Representative from Michigan
John P. Moon (born 1938), Apple Computers executive
John B. Moon (1849–1915), American lawyer and politician in the Virginia House of Delegates
John Moyne or Moon, MP for Calne |
5390569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Farah%20Ali | Ahmed Farah Ali | Ahmed Farah Ali () also known as Idaajaa, is a Somali literary scholar and publisher of written folklore. He was born into a Mareexaan family.
Career
Ali was a political analyst, and directed the program Fanka iyo Suugaanta on the BBC Somali section.
He is also the editor of the work of several poets. The collection of Ismaciil Mire's poems was introduced, annotated and written down by Ali while at the Academy of Culture in Mogadishu in 1974.
Ali currently hosts a weekly radio segment on VOA Somali titled Dhaqanka iyo Hiddaha, meaning "Culture and Heritage".
References
External links
Somalian writers
Somalian non-fiction writers
1948 births
Living people
Somali-language writers |
5390570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipping%2C%20Lancashire | Chipping, Lancashire | Chipping is a village and civil parish of the borough of Ribble Valley, Lancashire, England, within the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. In the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 1,046, falling slightly to 1,043 at the 2011 Census. This Lancashire village has won several best-kept village competitions over the years. The village also won the village section of the Royal Horticultural Society Britain in Bloom competition in 2009 picking up RHS Tourism and Gold achievement awards in the process.
History
The village is known to be at least 1,000 years old and is mentioned in Domesday. It lies on the south-western edge of the ancient Forest of Bowland abutting the civil parish of Bowland-with-Leagram. Leagram Park, the site of one of the medieval deer parks of the Forest, is a short drive from the village. Despite this, Chipping was not a part of the ancient Forest and its manor did not fall within the powerful Lordship of Bowland.
Chipping really thrived during the Industrial Revolution when there were seven mills located along Chipping Brook. The last survivor was Kirk Mill, the chair making factory of HJ Berry, but in 2010 the company went into administration, the factory closed, and on 7 March 2011 the works were bought by 53N Bowland Ltd.
Origin of the name
Chipping is named in the Domesday Book as Chippenden; the name is derived from the medieval Chepyn meaning market place. Chipping is a prefix used in a number of place names in England, and is probably derived from , an Old English word meaning 'marketplace', though the meaning may alternatively come from (or via) the Medieval English word with a more specific meaning of 'long market square'.
Local government
Chipping is a civil parish, and formerly an ancient parish that also included Thornley-with-Wheatley, which became a separate parish in the 19th century. Chipping was in Clitheroe Rural District from 1894 until the reorganisation of local government in 1974,
It is now in Ribble Valley, a non-metropolitan district formed in 1974. The parish of Chipping is combined, with Bowland-with-Leagram and Bowland Forest High, into the ward of Chipping, which elects one councillor to Ribble Valley Borough Council. Local elections are every four years.
Chipping is part of the Longridge with Bowland ward of Lancashire County Council and is in the Ribble Valley parliamentary constituency. At all three levels of government (district, county and parliament) Chipping is represented by the Conservative Party ().
Religion
The village contains the Anglican Church of St Bartholomew and the Roman Catholic Chapel of St Mary, as well as a Congregational chapel.
St Bartholemew's
St Bartholomew's is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Whalley, the archdeaconry of Blackburn, and the diocese of Blackburn. Its benefice is united with that of St Michael, Whitewell. The church is designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building.
The ancient yew tree in the churchyard is well known in the county and thought to be more than a century old.
St Mary's
Until the Protestant Reformation all the people of the village worshipped at St. Bartholomew's. Those who remained devoted to the Roman Catholic Church practiced their religion in secret, although there was a Mass centre at Leagram Hall where the family remained Catholic.
By the beginning of the 19th century Catholics were now able to openly attend the chapel at Leagram. In the 1820s George Weld, who was squire of Leagram, donated land in the village for the construction of a church, a school, a priest's house and a cemetery. St Mary's Church was built at a cost of £1,130 (equivalent to £ in ) The day school, also built on the site, remained in use until 1967 when the new school was built. The old school is now a community centre for all the people of the village. In 1999 the church was fully redecorated and rearranged. The Priest in Charge is Fr. Anthony Grimshaw.
The organ was reputedly bought from Stonyhurst College in 1872 and it has been dated by experts from Preston and District Organist Association to be early 18th century, by Bishop Ltd of Ipswich. It was originally hand blown and contains 650 pipes. In 1944, when electric light was installed, a plate confirming its builder was discovered. It was further renovated in 1952, when an electric blower was installed, and a further inscription was found clarifying the re-building of the organ in 1872 by Henry Ainscough.
Congregational Chapel
The chapel now known as the Congregational Church was built in 1838 for use as an independent non-conformist place of worship. The dedication stone, on the front of the building, bears the inscription: PROVIDENT CHAPEL ERECTED BY SUBSCRIPTION MDCCCXXXVIII. After about 40 years the chapel declined. It closed in 1882 and remained so for about 18 years. After extensive restoration and cleaning, by members of the Grimshaw Street Congregational Church in Preston, however, it re-opened as a Congregational Church.
The church is currently active, with an average attendance at Sunday worship of approximately 60 with around 20 children meeting for Sunday school. It meets twice on a Sunday, in the morning and evening, and runs various groups for both young and old within the community.
In January 2014, the church appointed its first Pastor in over 50 years.
Landmarks
Chipping Craft Centre holds the honour of being the property which has been used as a shop for the longest continuous time in the UK. The first shop was opened at this location in 1668 by a local wool merchant. Since then it has been used as an undertakers, butchers and most recently as a Post Office, amongst other trades. It is a now a newsagents, tea shop and craft centre, however, and operates as a Post Office only two days a week.
Hesketh End, on Judd Holmes Lane in the village, is a Grade I listed building, dating from 1591 and early 17th century, restored in 1907.
Woolfen Hall, at the foot of nearby Parlick, is a Grade II listed building, possibly 16th-century but altered in 1867-8.
Education
The village has the benefit of two primary schools; St Marys RC and Brabin's Endowed School. Brabin's Endowed was established in 1684.
Culture and amenities
Chipping has its own local historical society.
Chipping Agricultural Show is a local country show that was first held in 1920. The show celebrates all aspects of farming and rural life with classes for sheep, cattle, light horses, ponies and shire horses plus poultry, pigeon and egg sections. There are also competitions for cheeses, handicrafts, cakes and preserves, a large horticultural section plus children's, dog and baby sections.
Originally held in 1998 and intended as a one-off fund raising event for a new Village Hall, Chipping Steam Fair has now become a firm fixture in the village calendar. The fair now regularly attracts around 20,000 visitors and upward of 500 exhibitors over the Spring Bank Holiday weekend each May.
One mile to the west of the village is Bowland Forest Gliding Club, GB-0339, which is used by winch-launched gliders.
The village has three public houses. The Sun is situated at the corner of Windy Street and Garstang Lane and The Tillotson's Arms is situated on Talbot Street. The Talbot Arms, also on Talbot Street, is currently closed for refurbishment. The Sun is reputed to be haunted by the ghost of scullery maid Lizzie Dean, who hung herself in the attic of the pub on 5 November 1835. She is buried at the entrance to the churchyard. Also in the locality is the Gibbon Bridge Hotel.
The village's environmentally friendly public toilets have won the best in Lancashire award at the county's Best Kept Village competition every year since a renovation in 2009.
Geography
Just to the north of the village the Forest of Bowland access areas of Clougha, Fair Snape, Wolf Fell and Saddle Fell have been opened up to the public by access agreements negotiated between Lancashire County Council and the owners. This means that over of open country are now open to walkers.
Transport
Bus routes operated by Holmeswood Coaches connect Chipping to Blackburn, Clitheroe and Longridge. A route operated by Stagecoach in Lancashire connected Chipping to Preston but since 2012 no longer serves Chipping as a result of a Lancashire County Council review of subsidised bus services.
Chipping in fiction
The Wardstone Chronicles, written by Joseph Delaney, frequently features the village of Chipenden, which is based on the village of Chipping.
See also
Listed buildings in Chipping, Lancashire
Toponymy of England
List of generic forms in British place names
References
External links
Victoria County History – The parish of Chipping British History Online
St. Mary's R.C Primary School
Brabin's Endowed School, Chipping
Chipping Agricultural Show
Chipping Steam Fair
Chipping and Downham – Feasibility Study into the potential for zero carbon villages
Bowland Forest Gliding Club
Chipping Local History Society
Kirk Mill and former chairworks
Chipping Conservation Area Appraisal
Villages in Lancashire
Civil parishes in Lancashire
Geography of Ribble Valley
Aviation in Lancashire
Forest of Bowland |
5390572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20singles%20of%202006%20%28Australia%29 | List of number-one singles of 2006 (Australia) | The ARIA Singles Chart ranks the best-performing singles in Australia. Its data, published by the Australian Recording Industry Association, is based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales. In 2006, 14 singles claimed the top spot, including Lee Harding's "Wasabi"/"Eye of the Tiger", which started its peak position in late 2005.
Thirteen acts achieved their first number-one single in Australia, either as a lead or featured artist: Chris Brown, Bob Sinclar, Gary Pine, TV Rock, Seany B, Youth Group, Rihanna, Wyclef Jean, Sandi Thom, Green Day, Scissor Sisters, Damien Leith and Beyoncé. Five collaborations topped the chart. Thom's "I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker (With Flowers in My Hair)" was the longest-running number-one single of 2006, having topped the ARIA Singles Chart for ten consecutive weeks. Shakira's "Hips Don't Lie" topped the chart for nine consecutive weeks, Rihanna's "SOS" stayed at number-one for eight consecutive weeks, TV Rock's "Flaunt It" stayed at number-one for five weeks and Leith spent four weeks at number-one with "Night of My Life".
Chart history
Number-one artists
See also
2006 in music
List of number-one albums of 2006 (Australia)
References
2006 in Australian music
Australia Singles
2006 |
5390573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno%E2%80%93Tu%C5%99any%20Airport | Brno–Tuřany Airport | Brno–Tuřany Airport is an airport in Brno, Czech Republic. It is about from Brno's city center, on the edge of the historical Austerlitz battlefield. The airport is about from other international airports, such as Vienna Airport and Bratislava Airport and smaller international airports in Ostrava and Pardubice.
In 2019, 542,633 passengers passed through the Brno–Tuřany passenger terminal, making it the second busiest airport in the Czech Republic.
History
Early years
The airport was built during the 1950s as a replacement for the old Brno airport located in Slatina (northeast of Tuřany airport). In 1967, a new departure hall construction began. During the 1980s, the airport was handed over for use by the Czechoslovak air force, and civil operations were reduced to a minimum. Civil flights were operated during exhibitions and fairs taking place at Brno Exhibition Center. In 1986, the new departure hall and related facilities were completed. After the fall of communism in 1989, the airport returned to civil use, and was operated by the state-owned Czech Airport Authority.
Latest developments
At present, the South-Moravian local government owns the airport, and it is operated by a private company, Brno Airport Ltd. In November 2017, Brno Airport Ltd. was bought by the investment group Accolade.
The regional government of South Moravia Region entered negotiations on new routes, namely to Rome, Barcelona, Milan, and Lviv, in late 2017. As a result, a new airline company, Blue Air Moravia, was established owned jointly by city of Brno and the regional authority (35%) and the parent company Blue Air (65%), headquartered in Bucharest, Romania. However, this was cancelled and the airport was bought by Accolade Holding.
Facilities
The terminal consists of two concourses. The new departure hall that opened in 2006 is capable of handling 1,000 passengers per hour. The building was designed by architect Petr Parolek and is considered to be one of the most significant projects of Czech contemporary architecture and a striking example of the growing trend of organic architecture.
The airport offers some bars, a duty-free shop, car rentals, ATM and exchange office. The airport is covered by a free WiFi.
Cargo airlines such as ASL Airlines Belgium, Volga-Dnepr, or Antonov Design Bureau often use Brno Airport as one of their stopover points. The airport handled 9,679 tons of freight in 2009. Plans for building a new cargo terminal and industry zone are in talks of realization, which could take place in the near future.
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate flights to and from Brno:
Statistics
Annual passenger and cargo numbers
Ground transport
The airport is located within city limits, next to the D1 highway which runs from Prague to Bohumín through Brno. It is connected to the public transport network by daytime bus route E76, and night route N89, which both run to Brno hlavní nádraží (main railway station). The journey takes 16 minutes.
See also
List of airports in the Czech Republic
References
External links
Official website
Virtual tour of the airport
Airports in the Czech Republic
Brno
Airport
Buildings and structures in the South Moravian Region
International airports in the Czech Republic |
5390575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hark%C3%A1ny | Harkány | Harkány () is a town in Baranya county, Hungary.
History
The area has been inhabited since medieval times, the name "Nagh Harkan" was mentioned in a document from the year 1323. The origin and meaning of the name harkány is unknown, but there are archaeological findings showing that the area was inhabited by Huns and Avars about 1000 years ago. Until the end of World War II, the majority of the Inhabitants was Danube Swabians, also called locally as Stifolder, because there Ancestors once came at the 17th century and 18th century from Fulda (district). Mostly of the former German Settlers was expelled to Allied-occupied Germany and Allied-occupied Austria in 1945–1948, about the Potsdam Agreement.
Only a few Germans of Hungary live there, the majority today are the descendants of Hungarians from the Czechoslovak–Hungarian population exchange. They occupied the houses of the former Danube Swabians Inhabitants.
Spa
Medical waters rich in sulfur were discovered by Pogány János in 1823, a well digger who sensed the warm waters had a good effect on his ill leg.
The medical benefits of the waters are proved in treatment of locomotor disorders, chronic gynaecological inflammations and lymphatic malfunctions and for psoriasis.
The spa is located in a huge 13.5-hectare primeval park, among hundreds of years old trees, where it awaits visitors who want to relax with a beach bath, spa and slide park. In addition to healing skin diseases, the bath water is also excellent for treating infertility problems.
Tourism
Since the discovery of the medical waters 150 years ago, the number of tourists visiting the spa of Harkány has reached one million people yearly.
Harkány is one of the most famous city spas; a lot of places of accommodation and recreation have been built. Most of the hotels are of European standards.
Harkány has a hospital for treatment of rheumatic related illnesses.
Twin towns – sister cities
Harkány is twinned with:
Băile Tușnad, Romania
Bačko Petrovo Selo, Serbia
References
External links
in Hungarian, English, German, Croatian, Czech and Russian
Harkány at funiq.hu
Additional information about Harkany Thermal Spa
Populated places in Baranya County
Thermal baths in Hungary |
5390576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%20fogey | Young fogey | "Young fogey" is a term humorously applied, in British context, to some younger-generation, rather buttoned-down men, many of whom were writers and journalists. The term is attributed to Alan Watkins writing in 1984 in The Spectator.. However the term “Young-fogey conservative” was used by Larry Niven in Lucifer’s Hammer and by Philip Roth in The Professor of Desire, both in 1977.
"Young fogey" is still used to describe conservative young men (aged approximately between 15 and 40) who dress in a vintage style (usually that of the 1920s-1930s, also known as the "Brideshead" look, after the influence of the Evelyn Waugh novel Brideshead Revisited). Young fogeys tend towards erudite, conservative cultural pursuits, especially art and traditional architecture, rather than sports. The young fogey style of dress also has some surface similarity with the American preppy style, but is endogenous to the United Kingdom and Anglo-centric areas of the British Commonwealth such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand.
History
The movement reached its peak in the late 1980s and early 1990s with champions such as A. N. Wilson, Gavin Stamp, John Martin Robinson, Simon Heffer and Charles Moore when it had a relatively widespread following in Southern England, but has declined since. Though generally a middle class phenomenon, it had a wider influence on fashions in the 1980s. Young fogeys are rarely rich or upper class and sometimes make a style virtue of genteel poverty, especially when rescuing old houses. They often combine a conservative cultural outlook with a distaste of Conservative political activity. Often Roman Catholic or Anglo-catholic in religious observance, their conservative outlook extends to refuting progressive theology.
Today committed young fogeys may be found amongst students at Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, Edinburgh and St Andrews universities; and at some universities in the Commonwealth, notably the University of Queensland and the University of Sydney. Adherents tend to concentrate in some professions: in particular the antiques and art dealing, residential estate agency, conservative classical architecture practices and certain strata of the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches. Strongholds of young fogeys include the Oxford University Conservative Association and Trinity College, Cambridge, but they are also seen elsewhere, with a smattering being found among Englishmen in University Conservative Associations everywhere.
People
Irish broadcaster Ryan Tubridy, who hosts The Late Late Show, has described himself as a "young fogey".
British Member of Parliament Jacob Rees-Mogg was described as a "young fogey" after his 2010 election to Westminster.
British writer, editor, and broadcaster Anthony Lejeune was described by The Times as: "always out of period, a misfit in the modern world for whom the term 'young fogey' might have been invented".
Publications
Suzanne Lowry, The Young Fogey Handbook: a guide to backward mobility. Javelin Books, 1985. , , 96 pages
The Chap magazine
John Martin Robinson and Alexandra Artley The New Georgian Handbook. Harpers, London, 1985
See also
and of old fogey
References
External links
The Young Fogey - An Elegy, 2003 Spectator article
Reflections of a Young Fogey
1980s neologisms
Academic culture
Academic slang
Age-related stereotypes
Conservatism in the United Kingdom
English culture
Fashion aesthetics
History of subcultures
Slang
Social class subcultures
Social groups
Youth culture in the United Kingdom |
5390577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esbjerg%20Airport | Esbjerg Airport | Esbjerg Airport () is a small airport located 5 nautical miles (9.2 km) northeast of Esbjerg, Denmark. The airport was opened on April 4, 1971. The primary use of Esbjerg Airport is as a heliport for flying offshore out to the North Sea oil and gas platforms.
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at the airport:
Statistics
See also
List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries
References
AIP Denmark: Esbjerg - EKEB
VFR Flight Guide Denmark: Esbjerg - EKEB
External links
Official website
Airports in Denmark
Esbjerg
Buildings and structures in Esbjerg Municipality
International airports in Denmark |
5390583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergerac%20Dordogne%20P%C3%A9rigord%20Airport | Bergerac Dordogne Périgord Airport | Bergerac Dordogne Périgord Airport () is an airport serving Bergerac, a commune of the Dordogne department (formerly the Périgord province) in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of France. The airport is located south-southeast of Bergerac. It is also known as Bergerac-Roumanière Airport.
Facilities
The airport is situated at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one paved runway designated 10/28 which measures . It also has a parallel unpaved runway with a grass surface measuring .
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
References
External links
Official website
Airports in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Buildings and structures in Dordogne |
5390585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarritz%20Pays%20Basque%20Airport | Biarritz Pays Basque Airport | Biarritz Pays Basque Airport , also known as Biarritz Airport or Biarritz-Parme Airport, is an airport serving Biarritz, French Basque Country. It is located southeast of Biarritz, near Bayonne and Anglet. In 2020, the Basque airport was shaken by the global pandemic and saw its infrastructure closed between March and May. A total of 383,366 passengers (down 64.04%) transited through the platform. In 2019, the airport welcomed the aircraft of many delegations during the G7 meeting organized in Biarritz.
The airport opened on 11 April 1954.
Facilities
The airport is 245 feet (75 m) above mean sea level. It has one paved runway designated 09/27 which measures 2,250 by 45 metres (7,382 ft × 148 ft).
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Biarritz:
Statistics
Passengers
Movements
Access
The airport is serviced by three bus routes (C, 14, 48), delivering travellers to Biarritz, Bayonne, and Anglet, as well as Bidart and Hendaye. Passengers heading to nearby Spain can take buses operated to Irun, San Sebastian, Pamplona, and Bilbao. Taxis are also accessible at the airport.
References
French Aeronautical Information Publication for (PDF) – BIARRITZ BAYONNE ANGLET
External links
Biarritz – Anglet – Bayonne Airport
Air Club
Aéroport de Biarritz-Anglet-Bayonne (Union des Aéroports Français)
Airports in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Buildings and structures in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Biarritz
1954 establishments in France
Airports established in 1954 |
5390587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third%20country%20national | Third country national | Third country national (TCN) is a term often used in the context of migration, referring to individuals who are in transit and/or applying for visas in countries that are not their country of origin (i.e. country of transit), in order to go to a destination country that is likewise not their country of origin. In the European Union, the term is often used, together with "foreign national" and "non-EU foreign national", to refer to individuals who are neither from the EU country in which they are currently living or staying, nor from other member states of the European Union.
In terms of employment, the term is often used to designate "an employee working temporarily in an assignment country, who is neither a national of the assignment country nor of the country in which the corporate headquarters is located."
In the US, it is often used to describe individuals of other nationalities hired by a government or government sanctioned contractor who represent neither the contracting government nor the host country or area of operations. This is most often those performing on government contracts in the role of a private military contractor. The term can also be used to describe foreign workers employed by private industry and citizens in a country such as Kuwait in which it is common to outsource work to non-citizens.
Refugees
According to IRIN,
Unlike refugees who are protected by international conventions, third-country nationals (TCNs), who neither belong to the country of refuge or the one they fled, are not covered by any global rights conventions. It is often up to their governments to look after them and arrange for their repatriation.
Use of the term in the US
Generally speaking, the US government classifies contract personnel under one of three headings:
Expatriates - those personnel who are of the same nationality as the contracting government. (In Iraq, foreign nationals working as a member of a US contractor are regarded as expatriates)
TCN (third country national) – those personnel of a separate nationality to both the contracting government and the AO or "area of operations".
HCNs (host country nationals), LNs (local nationals), Indigs (indigenous personnel) – those personnel who are indigenous to the area of operations.
Examples of this hierarchy are as follows:
Contract personnel being used by the US government to fight the global war on terror in Iraq consist of Expatriates, namely those personnel of US citizenship that represent a private military contractor being contracted by the US Government, Indigenous Iraqi and Kurdish personnel and TCNs such as are currently being employed by many of the private military contracting firms currently under contract.
TCNs such as have been employed by the United States military (through contractors) for operations in the Middle East for many years. The accommodations, security, and treatment of TCNs can vary greatly from the way that U.S. and multinational coalition personnel are treated. Their contracts often require them to work for four years continuously without a break to return to their home countries. Many TCN contractors have also been lured by preemployment deals that have guaranteed them the job as long as they give a percentage of their pay to an 'employment agent' or 'representative'. TCN housing compounds are generally in less secure areas outside of the main base. As a result, many TCNs in such high-risk areas have been injured or killed, however most military installations will provide life-saving medical care as required.
Since April 2006, the Pentagon now demands that contractors fight labor trafficking and low quality working conditions in Iraq endured by tens of thousands of low-paid south Asians working under US-funded contracts in Iraq.
In an April 19 memorandum to all Pentagon contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan, the Joint Contracting Command demands that the widespread practice of taking away workers passports come to end. Contractors engaging in the practice, states the memo, must immediately "cease and desist."
Despite the Pentagon crackdown, civilian contractors still report problems of poor working conditions.
Use of the term in Europe
In Europe, the word third country national is often used for any person who is not a citizen of the European Union within the meaning of Art. 20(1) of TFEU and who is not a person enjoying the European Union right to free movement, as defined in Art. 2(5) of the Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code).
Some European regulations deal with third country national, for instance:
Art. 3(1) of Directive 2008/115/EC (Return Directive)
Art. 2(6) of Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code)
Depending on the used definition, people from Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein (European Economic Area) and Switzerland might be considered as third country national or non third country national.
While EU nationals might have a right to cross internal borders, such right might be more limited for TCN.
See also Visa policy of the Schengen Area
See also
Foreign national
Foreign worker
References
External links
Definition of "Third Country National" on the Eurofound website.
Blood, Sweat & Tears: Asia’s Poor Build U.S. Bases in Iraq, by David Phinney, CorpWatch October 3rd, 2005
Pentagon Attacks Labor Trafficking by US Contractors, by David Phinney, CorpWatch, April 24th, 2006
US Fortress Rises in Baghdad, by David Phinney, CorpWatch, October 17th, 2006
Probe into Iraq Trafficking Claims, CNN.com, May 5, 2004
Indian Contract Workers in Iraq Complain of Exploitation, New York Times, May 7th, 2004
Underclass of Workers Created in Iraq, Washington Post, July 1, 2004
Private military contractors
Human migration
Immigration law
International factor movements |
5390588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixto%20Rodriguez | Sixto Rodriguez | Sixto Diaz Rodriguez (born July 10, 1942), known professionally as Rodriguez, is a Mexican-American singer-songwriter from Detroit, Michigan. Though his career was initially met with little fanfare in the United States, he found success in South Africa, Australia (touring the country twice), and New Zealand. Unbeknownst to him for decades, his music was extremely successful and influential in South Africa, where he is believed to have sold more records than Elvis Presley, as well as other countries in southern Africa. Information about him was scarce, and it was incorrectly rumored there that he had committed suicide shortly after releasing his second album.
In the 1990s, determined South African fans managed to find and contact Rodriguez, which led to an unexpected revival of his musical career. This was told in the 2012 Academy Award-winning documentary film Searching for Sugar Man and helped give Rodriguez a measure of fame in his home country. In May 2013, Rodriguez received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from his alma mater, Wayne State University, in Detroit.
Rodriguez has been living in Detroit's historic Woodbridge neighborhood, through which he is seen walking in Searching for Sugar Man. He lives a simple life, possessing no telephone, and occasionally visits bars in the Cass Corridor section of Detroit near Woodbridge and Midtown, such as the Old Miami pub, where he has performed live concerts for small local crowds.
Biography
Early life
Rodriguez was born in 1942 in Detroit, Michigan. He was the sixth child of Mexican immigrant working-class parents. He was named Sixto (pronounced "Seex-toh") because he was their sixth son. His father had emigrated to the United States from Mexico in the 1920s; his mother was Native American. They had joined a large influx of Mexicans who came to the midwest to work in Detroit's industries. Mexican immigrants at that time faced both intense alienation and marginalization. In most of his songs, Rodriguez takes a political stance on the difficulties that faced the inner city poor.
Rodriguez earned a Bachelor of Philosophy from Wayne State University's Monteith College in 1981.
Recording career
In 1967, using the name "Rod Riguez" (given by his record label), he released a single, "I'll Slip Away", on the small Impact label. He did not record again for three years, until he signed with Sussex Records, an offshoot of Buddah Records. He used his preferred professional name, "Rodriguez", after that. He recorded two albums with Sussex, Cold Fact in 1970 and Coming from Reality in 1971. However, both sold few copies in the U.S. and he was quickly dropped by Sussex, which itself closed in 1975. At the time he was dropped, he was in the process of recording a third album which has never been released.
Rodriguez quit his music career and in 1976 he purchased a derelict Detroit house in a government auction for $50 (US$ in dollars) in which he still lives as of 2013. He worked in demolition and production line work, always earning a low income. He remained politically active and motivated to improve the lives of the city's working-class inhabitants and has run unsuccessfully several times for public office: for the Detroit City Council in 1989, for Mayor of Detroit in 1981 and 1993 and for the Michigan House of Representatives in 2000.
In 2013, it was announced that Rodriguez was in discussions with Steve Rowland, the producer of his Coming From Reality album. "I've written about thirty new songs," Rodriguez told Rolling Stone magazine. "He told me to send him a couple of tapes, so I'm gonna do that. I certainly want to look him up, because now he's full of ideas."
Overseas fame
Although Rodriguez remained relatively unknown in his home country, by the mid-1970s his albums were starting to gain significant airplay in Australia, Botswana, New Zealand, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
When imported copies of his Sussex albums were sold out, an Australian record label, Blue Goose Music, bought the Australian rights to his recordings. Blue Goose released his two studio albums as well as a compilation album, At His Best, that featured unreleased recordings from 1973 – "Can't Get Away", "I'll Slip Away" (a re-recording of his first single), and "Street Boy".
At His Best went platinum in South Africa, which at one stage was the major disc-press source of his music to the rest of the world. Rodriguez was compared to contemporaries such as Bob Dylan and Cat Stevens. Many of his songs carry anti-establishment themes, and therefore boosted anti-apartheid protest culture in South Africa where his work influenced the music scene at the time and was also a considerable influence on a generation drafted, mostly unwillingly, to the then whites-only South African military. Reportedly, anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko was also a Rodriguez fan.
Rodriguez was also successful in Australia and performed two concert tours across the country in 1979 and 1981.
In 1991, both of his albums were released on CD in South Africa for the first time, which helped preserve his fame. However, few details of his life were known to his fans and it was rumored that he had killed himself during a concert in the 1970s.
Despite his success abroad, Rodriguez's fame in South Africa had remained unknown to him until 1997 when his eldest daughter came across a website dedicated to him. After contacting the website and learning of his fame in the country, Rodriguez went on his first South African tour, playing six concerts before thousands of fans. A documentary, Dead Men Don't Tour: Rodriguez in South Africa 1998, was screened on SABC TV in 2001. He also performed in Sweden before returning to South Africa in 2001 and 2005.
In 1998, Rodriguez's signature song, "Sugar Man", was covered by the South African rock band Just Jinger and the Scottish singer-songwriter Paolo Nutini. In 2002, it was used by disc-jockey David Holmes to open his mix album, Come Get It I Got It, gaining Rodriguez more international airplay. "Sugar Man" had previously gained even more fame by having been sampled in the song "You're Da Man" in rapper Nas's 2001 album Stillmatic.
In April 2007 and 2010, he returned to Australia to play at the East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festival, as well as sell out shows in Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. His song "Sugar Man" was featured in the 2006 film Candy, starring Heath Ledger. Singer-songwriter Ruarri Joseph covered Rodriguez's song "Rich Folks Hoax" for his third studio album. Irish singer-songwriter Darragh O'Dea mentions Rodriguez and references "Inner City Blues" in his 2020 single "Lost Dog Loyal". Rodriguez continues to tour in various countries.
Rodriguez's albums Cold Fact and Coming from Reality were re-released by Light in the Attic Records in 2009.
In 2014, the French deep house and electro music producer The Avener released a new version of "Hate Street Dialogue" originally appearing in Rodriguez's album Cold Fact. The new version by The Avener features Rodriguez's vocals. The release charted in France.
Searching for Sugar Man
In 2012, the Sundance Film Festival hosted the premiere of the documentary film Searching for Sugar Man, by Swedish director Malik Bendjelloul, detailing the efforts of two South African fans to see if his rumored death was true and, if not, to discover what had become of him. The documentary, produced by Simon Chinn and John Battsek, went on to win the World Cinema Special Jury Prize and the Audience Award, World Cinema Documentary.
In addition to playing at other film festivals including the True/False Film Festival and the Traverse City Film Festival, the film opened in New York and Los Angeles on July 27, 2012, before a larger domestic cinematic run. It was also screened as part of cinema programs in some European music festivals during the summer of 2012, including the Way Out West festival in August, where Rodriguez also performed. In November it won both the Audience Award and the Best Music Documentary Award at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam.
The Searching for Sugar Man soundtrack features a compilation of Rodriguez tracks from his albums Cold Fact and Coming from Reality, in addition to three previously unreleased songs from his third unfinished album. The album was released on July 24, 2012. To allay possible concerns raised in the film about how Rodriguez was apparently cheated by his previous record label, the back cover bears the statement, "Rodriguez receives royalties from the sale of this release."
Searching for Sugar Man won the BAFTA Award for Best Documentary on February 10, 2013.
On January 13, 2013, Searching for Sugar Man was nominated for and, on February 24, 2013, won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 85th Academy Awards. Rodriguez declined to attend the award ceremony as he did not want to overshadow the filmmakers' achievement. Upon accepting his award, Chinn remarked on such generosity, "That just about says everything about that man and his story that you want to know." Malik Bendjelloul also said on stage, "Thanks to one of the greatest singers ever, Rodriguez."
Belated success in the United States
Since the cinematic release of Searching for Sugar Man in 2012, Rodriguez has experienced a flush of media exposure and fan interest in the United States, as well as Europe. He appeared as a musical guest on the Late Show with David Letterman on August 14, 2012, performing "Crucify Your Mind", and performed "Can't Get Away" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on January 11, 2013.
Prominent news coverage has included a mid-August 2012 CNN feature story with an interview of Rodriguez discussing his life and career resurgence. On October 7, 2012, Rodriguez was featured on the U.S. television news program 60 Minutes. On November 18, 2012, Rodriguez was interviewed on the U.K. Sunday morning news program The Andrew Marr Show, where he also played a short song over the closing credits. He performed on the BBC2 program Later... with Jools Holland on November 16, 2012, and was interviewed by Holland. Additionally, he has performed on Internet web series shows such as The Weekly Comet.
The film Searching for Sugar Man strongly implies that Rodriguez may have been cheated out of royalties over the years, specifically by Clarence Avant. This matter is still under investigation, and the legal issues are complicated. Rodriguez first expressed indifference to these "symbols of success" but has then filed a lawsuit in 2013. In 2015, the lawsuit was reported to have been settled with no amount disclosed.
In addition to concerts in Australia, South Africa and New Zealand, Rodriguez's tour schedule for 2013 included his most highly attended U.S. concerts to date, such as a stint at the Beacon Theatre in New York City in April and a spot at the 2014 Sasquatch Music Festival at The Gorge Amphitheatre, as well as other concerts in Europe. He played on the Park Stage at the Glastonbury Festival, U.K., in June 2013. On July 5, 2013, Rodriguez opened the Montreux Jazz festival. On August 10, 2013, he headlined at the Wilderness Festival in the U.K. In 2015, he opened for Brian Wilson's tour with Wilson, Al Jardine and Blondie Chaplin of The Beach Boys.
Rodriguez received additional marketing in 2014 as the Dave Matthews Band often covered "Sugar Man" in their summer tour. Matthews would often preface the song with his experience as a fan of Rodriguez growing up in South Africa and his surprise at Rodriguez's lack of popularity in the United States.
Recent activity
In 2015, Craig Bartholomew Strydom and Stephen "Sugar" Segerman published a book entitled Sugar Man: The Life, Death and Resurrection of Sixto Rodriguez. A review in Business Day called the book "probably one of the most unusual rock 'n roll stories out there".
Rodriguez continues to tour the United States and Canada. He headlined a tour in August 2018, ending with a hometown show at Detroit's Garden Theater.
Rodriguez and the process of his rediscovery was the subject of a 2022 episode of Outlook on the BBC World Service.
Personal life
Rodriguez has three daughters and is separated from his second wife, Konny Koskos. His family is heavily involved in his career and he often takes them along on the road.
Discography
Albums
Studio albums
1970: Cold Fact
1971: Coming from Reality
Live albums
1981: Rodriguez Alive (Australia)
1998: Live Fact (South Africa)
2016: Rodriguez Rocks: Live In Australia (Australia)
Compilations
1976: After the Fact (reissue of Coming from Reality) (South Africa)
1977: At His Best (Australia)
1982: The Best of Rodriguez (South Africa)
2005: Sugarman: The Best of Rodriguez (South Africa)
2012: Searching for Sugar Man (soundtrack)
2013: Coffret Rodriguez (2-CD set of Cold Fact and Coming from Reality) FR #114
Album reissues
Singles
Singles featured in
"Sugar Man" is also included in the 2006 Australian film Candy.
References
External links
The article on Sixto's ethnicity.
September 2008 interview with the L.A. Record
Guardian (UK) article
Sydney Morning Herald article
Official reissue 2008
Cold Fact review
Interview on RocknRollDating
Mail & Guardian February 20, 1998: Fact: Rodriguez lives
The Mystery of the Sugar Man, The Economist, 2012
1942 births
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
American folk singers
American musicians of Mexican descent
American folk guitarists
American rock singers
Living people
American rock songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Wayne State University alumni
American rock guitarists
American acoustic guitarists
American male guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Singers from Detroit
Guitarists from Detroit
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers
Hispanic and Latino American musicians
Singer-songwriters from Michigan |
5390590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellye | Sellye | Sellye (; ) is a town in Baranya county, Hungary. It is the centre of the Ormánság, a region located in the southern part of Baranya county.
History
According to László Szita the settlement was completely Hungarian in the 18th century.
Twin towns — sister cities
Sellye is twinned with:
Gnas, Austria
Grubišno Polje, Croatia
References
External links
in Hungarian
Populated places in Baranya County |
5390591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest%20Bretagne%20Airport | Brest Bretagne Airport | Brest Bretagne Airport () , formerly known as Brest Guipavas Airport, is an international airport serving Brest, France. It is located in the commune of Guipavas and 10.2 km (6.4 miles) northeast of Brest, within the département of Finistère.
Overview
Though the main operator is Air France (and subsidiary HOP!), serving for the most part Paris, other scheduled services are offered elsewhere in France and to the United Kingdom. The aggressive efforts the Chamber of Commerce conducted allowed the airport to grow dramatically over the past decade thanks to charter airlines, as can be seen below.
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Brest Bretagne Airport:
Statistics
References
External links
Brest Bretagne Airport (official site)
Aéroport de Brest Bretagne (Union des Aéroports Français)
Airports in Brittany
Transport in Brest, France
Buildings and structures in Brest, France |
5390593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittenden-3-1%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012 | Chittenden-3-1 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012 | The Chittenden-3-1 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Chittenden-3-1 District includes a section of the Chittenden County city of Burlington defined as follows:
The rest of Burlington is in Chittenden-3-2, Chittenden-3-3, Chittenden-3-4, Chittenden-3-5 and Chittenden-3-6.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Chittenden-3-1 District had a population of 7,658 in that same census, 5.67% below the state average.
District Representatives
Carol Ode, Democrat
Kurt Wright, Republican
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Detail map of the Chittenden-3-1 through Chittenden-3-10 districts (PDF)
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts -- Statistics (PDF)
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Burlington, Vermont |
5390600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20T.%20Saunders | Stuart T. Saunders | Stuart Thomas Saunders, Sr. (July 16, 1909 – February 7, 1987) was an American railroad executive best known for his tenure with Penn Central.
Biography
Saunders was born in McDowell, West Virginia, and reared near Bedford, Virginia. He graduated from Roanoke College in 1930 and from Harvard Law School in 1934. He served as chairman of Roanoke's board of trustees, was a trustee of Hollins University, and was a charter trustee of the Virginia Foundation of Independent Colleges, a fundraising entity representing Virginia's private colleges and universities. Saunders, a lawyer by trade, also served as president of the Virginia State Bar from 1951 to 1952.
Norfolk & Western
Saunders served as president of the Norfolk & Western Railway (N&W), one of the nation's most profitable railroads, from 1958 to 1963. During his tenure, the company merged with the Virginian Railway and began negotiations to merge with the Nickel Plate, Wabash Railroad and portions of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) (the mergers were completed in 1964 after Saunders departed). Saunders also oversaw construction of a high-speed coal pier in Norfolk, Virginia that expanded the N&W's core activity (transporting coal from West Virginia to Hampton Roads for follow-on worldwide shipment) and he initiated conversion from steam locomotives to diesels ending the company's distinction as the nation's last steam railroad.
Penn Central
Saunders became CEO of PRR in 1963. It was during his term that the iconic Roman-inspired Pennsylvania Station in New York City was razed to make way for an underground Penn Station, topped with two office buildings and Madison Square Garden. The outcry over the destruction of the ornate structure instigated the landmarks preservation movement. Saunders also orchestrated PRR's merger with the New York Central Railroad to create Penn Central (PC), serving as that railroad's chairman and CEO. Financial difficulties forced the company into bankruptcy in 1970. Saunders was ousted during restructuring and retired.
Of the failed merger, Saunders commented "Because of the many years it took to consummate the merger, the morale of both railroads was badly disrupted and they were faced with unmanageable problems which were insurmountable. In addition to overcoming obstacles, the principal problem was too much governmental regulation and a passenger deficit which amounted to more than $100 million a year."
Saunders appeared on the January 26, 1968 cover of Time, and was the Saturday Review Businessman of the Year in 1968.
Death
Saunders died of heart failure in Richmond, Virginia on February 7, 1987. He was 77 years old.
References
External links
TIME Magazine Cover: Penn Central's Stuart Saunders, January 26, 1968.
1909 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American railroad executives
Roanoke College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
People from McDowell County, West Virginia
Pennsylvania Railroad people
Norfolk and Western Railway
People from Bedford County, Virginia
Businesspeople from West Virginia
Roanoke College trustees
Hollins University trustees |
5390601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinard%E2%80%93Pleurtuit%E2%80%93Saint-Malo%20Airport | Dinard–Pleurtuit–Saint-Malo Airport | Dinard–Pleurtuit–Saint-Malo Airport or Aéroport de Dinard – Pleurtuit – Saint-Malo is an airport serving the city of Saint-Malo, France. It is located south-southwest of Dinard in Pleurtuit, a commune of the département of Ille-et-Vilaine.
In 2017, Dinard-Pleurtuit-Saint-Malo airport handled 121.697 passengers, an increase of 10.2% over 2016.
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Dinard–Pleurtuit–Saint-Malo Airport:
Statistics
Côte d'Emeraude Flying Club
The flying club is located on the northeast of the 12/30 runway. It currently has four planes: a Robin DR400-180cv NM, a DR400-160cv HK, a DR221-100cv ZO and a Tecnam P2002JF CE. It is possible to get a PPL licence and an EASA LAPL (A) licence.
Access
The airport is located from a short distance from the major touristic cities (by car) :
15 minutes from Dinard city center.
20 minutes from Dinan.
25 minutes from Saint-Malo.
55 minutes from Rennes via the N137 dual carriageway.
Taxis and car rental are available from inside of the terminal.
References
External links
Dinard Aéroport Bretagne (official site)
Dinard Brittany Airport (official site)
Aéroport de Aéroport de Dinard – Pleurtuit – Saint-Malo (Union des Aéroports Français)
Airports in Brittany
Buildings and structures in Ille-et-Vilaine
Saint-Malo |
5390602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny%20Johnrose | Lenny Johnrose | Leonard Johnrose (29 November 1969 – 15 August 2022) was an English professional footballer who played for clubs including Burnley, Bury and Swansea City. He was a defensive midfielder.
Career
Johnrose began his career at Blackburn Rovers as a young trainee, and also spent time on loan at Preston North End. During these spells he impressed to a level where he was signed for £50,000 by Hartlepool United. He went on to make over fifty appearances for the club, scoring eleven goals in the process. At the end of his contract, he was signed by Bury manager Stan Ternent who wanted to add some toughness to his central midfield.
Johnrose was a central character in Bury's rapid rise to the First Division. Ternent saw the midfielder as so important to his sides that he paid £225,000 to take Johnrose with him to his new club, Burnley. At the end of the 2002–03 season he was released on a free transfer, but re-signed for the club four months later on a week-to-week basis. Later he re-signed for another of his old clubs, Bury. After three months he again moved, this time to Swansea City.
Johnrose helped Swansea City avoid relegation from the Third Division out of the Football League, scoring three crucial goals that season. Two goals in one week in March helped earn an away draw at Kidderminster and a home victory against Oxford. His final, and most crucial goal in a Swansea shirt, came on the final Saturday of the 2002–2003 season. Swansea City had to equal or better Exeter's result against Southend in their game at the Vetch Field versus Hull City in order to preserve their league status. Johnrose poked home from close range from a Roberto Martinez free-kick early in the second half to put the Swans 3–2 and send a packed Vetch Field into raptures. The Swans won 4–2 and preserved their league status at the expense of Exeter.
In the summer of 2003, Johnrose was offered a 12-month contract with Swansea, and started the 2003–2004 season in the unfamiliar role of centre-half. After recovering from a hamstring injury, Johnrose briefly became captain and reverted to his more familiar defensive central midfield role. Around Christmas 2003, a further 12-month contract extension at the end of that season was discussed, but when manager Brian Flynn left the club by mutual consent in March 2004, Johnrose had his contract paid up and left the Swans within two days.
Johnrose signed for Burnley for a third time on transfer deadline day (March 2004).
Personal life
After retiring, Johnrose became a teacher. In March 2017, he was diagnosed with motor neurone disease.
After Johnrose went public about his condition and personal battle with motor neurone disease, Gareth Winston and Lee Trundle organised a team of Swansea legends to take part in a game which ended with a 10–7 win for the legends. He died on 15 August 2022, at the age of 52.
References
Further reading
External links
1969 births
2022 deaths
Black British sportspeople
English footballers
Footballers from Preston, Lancashire
Association football midfielders
English Football League players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Wheelchair users |
5390603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes%E2%80%93Is%C3%A8re%20Airport | Alpes–Isère Airport | Alpes–Isère Airport (formerly Grenoble-Isère Airport) or Aéroport Alpes–Isère , is an international airport serving Grenoble which is situated 2.5 km north-northwest of Saint-Étienne-de-Saint-Geoirs and 40 km west-northwest of Grenoble, both communes in the Isère, département of France. The airport handled 307,979 passengers in 2019 and mostly features winter seasonal leisure traffic.
Formerly known as Grenoble–Saint-Geoirs Airport since 1968 Winter Olympics, the appellation, Isere, refers to the department of Isère. A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile is also located at the airport.
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Alpes–Isère Airport:
Statistics
Ground transport
Coach links connect the airport with the centre of Grenoble.
References
External links
Official website
Aéroport de Grenoble-Isère (Union des Aéroports Français)
Airports in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Transport in Grenoble
Buildings and structures in Isère |
5390605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Rochelle%20%E2%80%93%20%C3%8Ele%20de%20R%C3%A9%20Airport | La Rochelle – Île de Ré Airport | La Rochelle – Île de Ré Airport () is an international airport located in the city of La Rochelle, in the Charente-Maritime department, France. The airport also serves Île de Ré, which is accessible via a bridge from La Rochelle.
Airlines and destinations
Traffic and statistics
La Rochelle Airport welcomed 240 154 passengers in 2018, an increase of 8.4% compared to 2017.
References
External links
La Rochelle – Île de Ré Airport (official site)
Aéroport de La Rochelle – Ile de Ré (Union des Aéroports Français)
Airports in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Airports established in 1934
1934 establishments in France |
5390611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limoges%20%E2%80%93%20Bellegarde%20Airport | Limoges – Bellegarde Airport | Limoges – Bellegarde Airport (, ) is an airport located west-northwest of Limoges, a commune of the Haute-Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of France. The airport presently has limited mass transit options which include only three stops per day of bus line 26 and a shared taxi service to and from the main train station.
Facilities
The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one paved runway designated 03/21 which measures . It also has a parallel grass runway measuring .
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
References
External links
Limoges Airport (official site)
Aéroport de Limoges (Union des Aéroports Français)
Airports in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Buildings and structures in Haute-Vienne
Airports established in 1972 |
5390619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpignan%E2%80%93Rivesaltes%20Airport | Perpignan–Rivesaltes Airport | {{Infobox airport
| name = Perpignan – Rivesaltes Airport
| nativename = Aéroport de Perpignan – Rivesaltes
| image = Aéroport_Perpignan-Rivesaltes.jpg
| image-width = 250
| IATA = PGF
| ICAO = LFMP
| type = Public
| owner =
| operator = SPLAR Société Publique Locale Aéroportuaire Régionale
| city-served = Perpignan / Rivesaltes, France
| location =
| elevation-f = 144
| website =
| coordinates =
| pushpin_map = France Occitanie
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Occitanie region
| pushpin_label = LFMP
| pushpin_label_position = right
| metric-rwy = y
| r1-number = 15/33
| r1-length-m = 2,500
| r1-surface = Asphalt
| r2-number = 13/31
| r2-length-m = 1,265
| r2-surface = Asphalt
| stat-year = 2018
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 463,235
| stat2-header = Passenger traffic change
| stat2-data = 12.9%
| footnotes = Source: French AIP, Aeroport.fr
}}
Perpignan–Rivesaltes Airport () , also known as Llabanère Airport, as well as Aéroport de Perpignan - Sud de France, is a small international airport near Perpignan and Rivesaltes, both communes'' of the Pyrénées-Orientales Department in the Occitanie region of south France.
Facilities
The airport is above mean sea level. It has two asphalt runways: 15/33 is and 13/31 is .
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Perpignan–Rivesaltes Airport:
Statistics
Incidents and accidents
On 27 November 2008, Flight 888T, an Airbus A320 (owned by Air New Zealand) operating for XL Airways Germany, crashed whilst on a test flight from Perpignan–Rivesaltes Airport. The aircraft stalled and crashed into the Mediterranean Sea, killing all seven on board. The aircraft was due to be returned to its original owner.
On 25 July 2019, after rehearsing for a show, one of the France Air Force (Patrouille de France) planes crashed while landing. The pilot was able to escape. Some damage was caused to the fence on the northern side of the airport.
Presidential airplanes
The airport serves as a maintenance facility for several presidential airplanes, including 5A-ONE, an Airbus A340 that flew Libya's Moammar Gadhafi, as well as Boeing 727s of Benin and Mauritania and an Airbus A340 that flies French President Emmanuel Macron.
References
External links
Aéroport de Perpignan-Rivesaltes
Aéroport de Perpignan-Rivesaltes (Union des Aéroports Français)
Airports in Occitania (administrative region)
Airport
Airports established in 1910 |
5390620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Huntington | Paul Huntington | Paul David Huntington (born 17 September 1987) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Carlisle United.
Club career
Newcastle United
Huntington joined Newcastle United Academy on 1 July 2004. He was promoted to the reserve squad in late 2004 to play tougher opposition and gain experience. He made his reserve debut for the club on 7 December in a 3–0 home win over Middlesbrough, and made his official England Under 18 debut against Scotland fifteen days later where he won 1–0, partnered with David Wheater at centre back. He got his 2nd cap on 10 June 2005 vs. Norway at Vale Park in a 0–0 draw. He signed his first professional contract at the club in July 2005.
His first involvement with the first team at Newcastle was when he appeared on the bench for the club's Intertoto Cup games against ZTS Dubnica and Deportivo La Coruña in July 2005. In the summer of 2005 he was awarded the prestigious Jackie Milburn trophy. He was named for the first team squad for the FA Cup third-round tie against Mansfield Town. He made the substitutes bench for the UEFA Cup match against Celta Vigo.
On 9 December 2006 he made his first Newcastle appearance as a late substitute against Blackburn Rovers and duly received praise from Newcastle legend Alan Shearer on BBC programme "Match Of The Day". On 14 December he started his first game for Newcastle, appearing at right back away at Chelsea in the Premier League. In that game, he received the Man Of The Match accolade. He scored his first ever goal for Newcastle on 14 January 2007, the first equaliser in Newcastle's 3–2 win over Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane. He played in a UEFA Cup last-16 match against AZ Alkmaar, losing on away goals over the two legs. He went on to make 16 appearances for the first team whilst making the bench for most of the 2006–07 season.
Leeds United
On 31 August 2007, he transferred to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee. He made his home debut for the club as a substitute in the 2–0 victory on 8 September at home to Hartlepool United.
On 9 October 2007, he opened his Leeds account by scoring against Darlington in the Football League Trophy Second Round on his full debut to help Leeds move to the next stage. He scored his first league goal against Luton Town on 26 January 2008. He scored against Leyton Orient on 5 April. There were controversies surrounding whether it was Huntington or Bradley Johnson who scored the goal, but was officially given to Huntington.
Huntington was Leeds' first-choice centre-back. He was in good form during the run-in to the end of the 2007–08 season. Manager Gary McAllister said Huntington has a bright future ahead of him. Huntington played at Wembley on 25 May 2008 in the League One Play-Off Final against Doncaster, losing 1–0. He was handed the captain's armband during the 2008–09 pre-season tour of Ireland in the game against Shelbourne. He was ruled out during the remainder of the season after undergoing hernia and groin operations. At this time, Gary McAllister was fired and replaced by Simon Grayson.
On 10 September 2009, Huntington joined League One rivals Stockport County on a month's loan. He made his Stockport debut in the 2–2 draw against Yeovil Town, and then made the League 1 team of the week after his appearance against Huddersfield. After nine appearances for Stockport, his two-month loan ended. Stockport County wanted to extend the loan for a third and final month but Huntington was told to return by Leeds United.
Stockport County
After leaving Leeds, he signed to Stockport County on a short-term contract until the end of the season.
Yeovil Town
On 16 July 2010 Huntington signed to Yeovil Town on a two-year contract. He scored his first goal for Yeovil and their 3rd in a 3–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 11 September and made the League One Team Of The Week. He repeated this achievement on 9 October after a 1–0 win at Rochdale. On 3 January 2011 he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against Milton Keynes Dons at home and received Man of the Match. He won the League One Player of the Month for January, beating competition from Brighton's Elliott Bennett, Craig Dawson from Rochdale, and AFC Bournemouth's Liam Feeney to win this award which was presented by his manager Terry Skiverton. During this month he scored three times against Sheffield Wednesday, Milton Keynes Dons, and Brentford and was part of a defence that kept four clean sheets. He was appointed captain of the club as Yeovil finished in 14th place, their second highest finish. He was runner-up in the Green and White Player of the Season Award and the Western Gazette Player of the Season Award.
Huntington scored his first goal of the 2011/12 season in the 3–2 home defeat against Charlton Athletic on Boxing Day and followed this up with a goal in the New Year's Eve defeat against Bournemouth. On 22 May 2012, the club announced that he had rejected a new deal citing that he wanted to move to a club closer to his hometown.
Preston North End
Following his rejection of a new contract with Yeovil Town, he joined Preston North End. He scored his first goal for Preston against Crawley Town in a 2–1 loss. He then scored in the JPT 2nd round in a 4–2 win at Morecambe, On Tuesday 9 October 2012. Huntington scored his 3rd goal of the season away at Tranmere Rovers in a 1–1 draw on 27 October 2012. On 8 December he scored against Crewe Alexandra. On 11 April 2013 Huntington was nominated for Npower League One Player Of The Month for March with three clean sheets.
His first goal of the 2013/14 season came on 14 September against Stevenage in a 3–0 win. On 17 December 2013, Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End, thus keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015. His second goal of the season came in a 2–2 draw at Crawley Town on 14 December.
Huntington scored his first goal of the 2014–15 season on 21 October with a powerful header at Gillingham in a 1–0 win. He scored his second goal in three league games at Leyton Orient on 28 October 2014 in a 2–0 win. His third goal of the season came against ex-club Yeovil Town on 29 November in a 2–0 victory, heading into the top left corner. On 6 December Huntington's left-footed half volley was the winning goal in a 1–0 2nd round FA Cup tie at home to Shrewsbury Town; it was his 4th goal in 13 games. His goalscoring run continued on 16 December when he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 victory at Notts County, in the northern section semi-final of the Football League Trophy. He headed his 6th goal of the season away at Crawley Town on 31 January 2015. He followed it up with his second goal in two games at Sheffield United in the FA Cup 4th round replay at Bramall Lane 3 February in a 3–1 win. Huntington's 8th goal of the season came away at Oldham Athletic 28 February in a 4–0 win.
He won promotion with the Lilywhites in the 2014–15 season, scoring the second goal of a 4–0 victory over Swindon Town in the 2015 League One Play-Off Final at Wembley. Huntington won the Sir Tom Finney Trophy for the 2014/15 season awarded by the supporters. He signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 26 May 2015 which ran until the summer of 2017.
On 16 November 2015 Huntington won League One Player Of The Year at the North West Football Awards for the 2014–15 season.
Preston North End finished 11th in their first season in the EFL Championship after gaining promotion.
Huntington signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 22 August 2016 with the option of a third year. His first goal of the 2016-17 season came on 14 January 2017, scoring a header against Brighton & Hove Albion in a 2–0 win and was subsequently named in the EFL Team of the Week. Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End until the summer of 2019. A second 11th-placed finish in the Championship was achieved in the 2016/17 season
He scored his only goal of the 2017-18 season against Nottingham Forest on 23 December in a 1–1 draw. Preston just missed out on the play-off places on the last day of the season in May 2018, finishing 7th.
On 10 July 2018 Huntington signed a new three-year contract with Preston North End.
On 28 December 2020 Huntington signed a contract extension with Preston North End for a 10th year until June 30th 2022. He was released at the end of the 2021–22 season.
Carlisle United
On 10 August 2022, Carlisle United signed a one-year contract with League Two club Carlisle United.
Career statistics
Honours
Preston North End
Football League One Play-Off Winner 2014–15
Individual
Preston North End Player of the Year 2014–15
North West Football Awards League One Player Of The Year 2014–15
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Carlisle, Cumbria
English footballers
England youth international footballers
Association football central defenders
Premier League players
English Football League players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players |
5390625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers%E2%80%93Biard%20Airport | Poitiers–Biard Airport | Poitiers–Biard Airport (, ) is an airport located at Biard, west of Poitiers, in the Vienne department of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in France.
Facilities
The airport stands at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one paved runway designated 03/21 which measures . It also has a two parallel grass runways: 03R/21L measuring and 03L/21R measuring . The longer grass runway is for use by glider aircraft.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
References
External links
Aéroport de Poitiers-Biard (official site)
Aéroport de Poitiers-Biard (Union des Aéroports Français)
Airports in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Buildings and structures in Vienne
Airports established in 1924
1924 establishments in France |
5390627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodez%E2%80%93Aveyron%20Airport | Rodez–Aveyron Airport | Rodez–Aveyron Airport is a growing airport, located on the territory of the commune of Salles-la-Source approximately 10 km outside the centre of Rodez, the departmental capital of Aveyron, France.
It has one international runway of 2,100m in length, as well as a second, small runway of 800m in length.
It is an ideal airport for reaching the departments of Aveyron, Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, Lot, Hérault, Gard, Lozère, and Cantal.
It is the 25th French-Metropolitan airport.
History
In 1971, the Rodez–Aveyron Airport was founded and managed by SAEML Air 12 which comprised the CCI of Rodez, Aveyron General Council, and the main regional banks. In March 2002, the Paris Orly connection by Air France commenced and was operated by Brit Air (a regional airline operating scheduled services as an Air France franchise). In 2003, there was an extension of the runway to 2,100 m and the installation of a new Instrument Landing System (ILS). In January 2008, there was an extension of the parking to 1000 places. In 2009, there was an extension of the airport and the creation of a new departure lounge.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
References
External links
Official website
Aéroport de Rodez–Marcillac (Union of the French Airports).
Airports in Occitania (administrative region)
Airports established in 1971
Buildings and structures in Aveyron |
5390629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne%E2%80%93Bouth%C3%A9on%20Airport | Saint-Étienne–Bouthéon Airport | Saint-Étienne–Bouthéon Airport or Aéroport de Saint-Étienne–Bouthéon is an international airport serving the French city of Saint-Étienne. It is located in Andrézieux-Bouthéon, 12 km north-northwest of Saint-Étienne, within the département of Loire in the Rhône-Alpes région and mainly used by low-cost airlines.
In February 2017, the airport decided to cancel all subsidies towards low cost carriers serving the airport which led to Ryanair and Pegasus Airlines cancelling all services to Saint-Étienne by 2018. As of April 2018, the airport website mentions no scheduled services, but there are holiday charters, mainly to Mediterranean destinations.
Statistics
References
External links
Saint-Étienne Bouthéon Airport (official site)
Aéroport de Saint-Etienne – Bouthéon (Union des Aéroports Français)
Airports in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Buildings and structures in Loire (department)
Transport in Saint-Étienne |
5390631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulon%E2%80%93Hy%C3%A8res%20Airport | Toulon–Hyères Airport | Toulon–Hyères Airport (, ) is an airport serving Toulon, a commune in the Var department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in France. The airport is located southeast of Hyères, and east of Toulon. It is also known as Hyères Le Palyvestre Airport. The airport opened in 1966.
Facilities
The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has two paved runways: 05/23 measures and 13/31 is .
Military use
This airport is shared with the French Naval Aviation (Aéronautique navale), as Hyeres Naval Air Base (la base d'aviation navale d'Hyères). Several squadrons of helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft are based on the south-western side of the airport.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
References
External links
Toulon–Hyères Airport (official site)
Aéroport de Toulon – Hyères (Union des Aéroports Français)
Airports in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Airports established in 1966 |
5390632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vill%C3%A1ny | Villány | Villány (; , or ; ) is a town in Baranya County, Hungary that is famous for its wine. Residents are Hungarians, with minority of Croats, Serbs and Germans of Hungary. Until the end of World War II, the inhabitants were Danube Swabians, also called locally as Stifolder, because their ancestors once came around 1720 from Fulda (district). Mostly of the former German Settlers was expelled to Allied-occupied Germany and Allied-occupied Austria in 1945–1948, about the Potsdam Agreement.
Only a few Germans of Hungary live there, the majority today are descendant of Hungarians from the Czechoslovak–Hungarian population exchange. They received the houses of the former Danube Swabians inhabitants.
Etymology
The name derives from the Hungarian word for lightning, villám. Formerly (centuries ago), the settlement was recorded under this form of name.
History
After the Ottoman occupation until 1918, VILLÁNY was part of the Austrian monarchy, province of Hungary; in Transleithania after the compromise of 1867 in the Kingdom of Hungary.
A post-office was opened end of 1867 (depending from Oedenburg Post Directorate).
Geography
The city is located in the encounter of three large geographical regions: the Great Hungarian Plain from the south, Baranya Hills from the north, and finally Villány Mountains border it from the west. On the plain, agricultural activity is common. The mountains and the hills provide a suitable place for wine producing.
A fossil site known as "Villány locality 6" or "Villány-Kalkberg Süd" has yielded many vertebrate fossils from Lower Pleistocene.
Demographics
The settlement's population, divided to age groups:
Twin towns – sister cities
Villány is twinned with:
Eislingen, Germany
Stainz, Austria
Vețca, Romania
Zamárdi, Hungary
Wine region
Villány is the most famous red wine region in Hungary. The southernmost wine region has the highest number of sunshine hours.
Hungary's climate is continental. However, the Villány wine region is characterized by its sub-Mediterranean climate because of its location. Here's a great, full-bodied Bordeaux-style red wine cuvee. French varieties Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot have a great time here. There is also Portugieser, Kékfrankos but we can also meet Kadarka and Syrah grapes.
Of course, white grapes are also cultivated by winemakers such as Italian Riesling, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Green Veltelini.
Híres borászatok:
Gere Attila Pincészete www.gere.hu
Bock Pince www.bock.hu
Tiffán Pince www.tiffans.hu
Polgár Pincészet www.polgarpince.hu
Sauska Pincészet www.sauska.hu
Gere Tamás és Zsolt Pincészete www.geretamas.hu
Malatinszky Kúria www.malatinszky.hu
Günczer Tamás Pincészet www.borbinceszet.hu
Maul Borászat www.maul.hu
Szende Pince www.szendepince.hu
Cult of Wine Villány, a Művészpince www.cultofwine.hu
Vitényi Pince www.vitenyi-pince.hu
Blum Pince www.blumpince.hu
Gal Pince www.galpince.hu
Agancsos Pincészet www.agancsos.hu
Kecskés Pincészet
Dolium Pince
References
External links
in Hungarian
Populated places in Baranya County
Wine regions of Hungary
Baranya (region)
History of Baranya (region)
Hungarian German communities
Serb communities in Hungary |
5390638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen%20Airport | Friedrichshafen Airport | Friedrichshafen Airport (, ; also known as Bodensee Airport Friedrichshafen) is a minor international airport 1.9 miles (3 km) north of Friedrichshafen, Germany, on the banks of Lake Constance (German: Bodensee). It is the third biggest airport in the German state of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart and Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden and served 559,985 passengers in 2015. Friedrichshafen features flights to European metropolitan and leisure destinations. Due to its proximity to the Austrian Alps it is also heavily used during the winter by skiing tourists.
The Messe Friedrichshafen convention center is just north of the airport's runway. The center hosts an annual European general aviation conference AERO Friedrichshafen and other conferences.
History
This airport was established at , north-east of Friedrichshafen in 1915 when the first hangars were constructed. The first scheduled passenger flights with Zeppelin airships started from here, long before they were relocated to Frankfurt/Zeppelinheim.
Friedrichshafen saw its first scheduled passenger flights in 1929 with Deutsche Luft Hansa services to Stuttgart-Böblingen Airport. By 1935 the flights were being made in Junkers Ju-52 passenger aircraft. Important engineering firms such as Maybach and Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen (ZF), subsidiaries of Luftschiffbau Zeppelin, were also founded in Friedrichshafen. During World War 2, their engines and gearboxes for tanks were flown directly from the airport to e.g. Kharkov, to replenish much-needed supplies during the Battle of Kursk.
Delta Air established the first successful post-war regional flights in 1978, flying to Stuttgart and Zürich. A new terminal building and runway were built between 1988 and 1994. Another new terminal was opened in 2010.
InterSky, based at the airport, shut down its key route to Cologne Bonn Airport, which it had operated for seven years, in October 2010 due to tough competition from Germanwings which started flying the same route in spring 2010. Germanwings closed the route on 14 June 2015.
On 5 November 2015, InterSky ceased all operations due to financial difficulties, leading to the termination of domestic connections to Berlin, Hamburg, Cologne and Düsseldorf. In December 2015, it was announced that the airport might need financial support from its majority owners—the city of Friedrichshafen and the surrounding county—as the shutdown of InterSky—one of the airport's largest customers—led to financial difficulties.
Also in December 2015, VLM Airlines announced it would base three aircraft in Friedrichshafen to take over the domestic routes to Berlin, Düsseldorf and Hamburg previously provided by InterSky. However, VLM went bankrupt in June 2016, leaving these routes abandoned again. In 2019, Sun-Air of Scandinavia, a franchisee of British Airways announced routes from Friedrichshafen to Düsseldorf, Hamburg and Toulouse with only the Düsseldorf service remaining in 2021, partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Facilities
The airport consists of one passenger terminal building with seven departure gates (A-G) as well as some shops and restaurants. The apron consists of seven aircraft stands; there are no jet bridges. The terminal building also features office space and an observation deck called the ON TOP terrace. The airport also features an airship hangar as well as general aviation facilities.
The airport was previously the base of InterSky, an Austrian regional airline which is now defunct. A museum dedicated to Dornier Flugzeugwerke, a German aircraft manufacturer, is located next to the terminal.
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Friedrichshafen Airport:
Statistics
Ground transportation
Car
Friedrichshafen can be reached from all directions via federal highways B30 and B31 which are connected to several motorways such as the A96 from Munich or the A13/A14 from Austria and Switzerland. The airport is signposted throughout the city. Taxis and rental car agencies are available at the terminal building.
Train
Friedrichshafen Airport has its own small railway station named Friedrichshafen Flughafen directly across from the terminal building. It is regularly served by local DB Regio and Bodensee-Oberschwaben-Bahn trains, which continue to the city center of Friedrichshafen or the nearest major city, Ulm.
See also
Transport in Germany
List of airports in Germany
References
External links
Official website
Airports in Baden-Württemberg
Buildings and structures in Bodenseekreis
airport
Airports established in 1913
1913 establishments in Germany |
5390641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas%20Airport | Kaunas Airport | Kaunas Fluxus Airport (), is the second-busiest civil airport in Lithuania after Vilnius Airport and the fourth-busiest in the Baltic states. The airport is located in the central part of the country, northeast of the Kaunas city centre and 100 km west from the capital Vilnius.
History
Kaunas Airport started operations in 1988 when airport activities were moved from the historic S. Darius and S. Girėnas Airport, located in the central part of Kaunas city. In 1991, after Lithuania's independence, it gained the status of an international airport and in 1996 it became a member of Airports Council International and began to take part in the activities of the "Lithuanian Airports" association.
Kaunas Airport was used by YAK-40, and YAK-42 of the local Aeroflot branch since 1988. The flight range was moderate and there were some scheduled flights from Kaunas to Kyiv, Kharkiv, Moscow, Odessa, Simferopol, and Šiauliai. Regional airline Air Lithuania based in Kaunas operated scheduled and charter flights from Kaunas to Budapest, Billund, Hamburg, Malmö, and Oslo from 1993 till 2004.
Ryanair started operating flights to Kaunas in 2004. In 2006 it announced establishment of its base in Kaunas. At the beginning of 2013, Ryanair invested more than 3 million euros in a new aircraft maintenance and repair hangar in Kaunas, which currently employs 220 people (2018 data). The airline is further expanding its aircraft maintenance activity at Kaunas Airport, with a planned further investment of 1.6 million euros, which will allow the servicing of twice as many aircraft. The company intends to employ 40 additional aviation mechanics, and the employment strategy is based on the company's collaboration with the Kaunas School of Mechanics at Kaunas University of Technology in order to prepare necessary specialists and invite students for traineeships.
Air Baltic operated Riga - Kaunas daily flights in 2006-2008 and 2009–2014, sometimes reaching up to 2 daily flights.
Wizzair operated Kaunas-Warsaw-London Luton route for a short period of time in 2005. The airline returned to Kaunas in 2012.
Two temporary terminals were in operation in 2017, when Vilnius Airport was closed for reconstruction and flights transferred to Kaunas.
LOT Polish Airlines started operating six weekly flights to Kaunas International from Warsaw on 21 May 2018.
Overview
Ownership
The airport is owned and operated by the State-owned enterprise Kauno Aerouostas, and is fully governable to the Ministry of Transport and Communications. In May 2013, the Government announced about the plans to merge Vilnius, Kaunas and Palanga airports into one company and the plans were approved by the Lithuanian parliament in November 2013. The merger took place in 2014.
Operations
Ryanair is the main passenger carrier at the airport, and has gradually expanded its network there since 2005 when the airline first landed at the airport. In 2010, Kaunas Airport became the first airline's base in Eastern Europe and this resulted a more-than-doubled-route network expansion at the airport. The airport reported 77% growth in passenger traffic that year and also won the EURO ANNIES 2011 prize awarded by a weekly aviation e-journal anna.aero as being the fastest-growing airport in Europe in the category of under one million passengers.
Catchment area
Almost a quarter of all passenger flow at the airport are travellers from the neighbouring countries Latvia, Belarus and Poland.
Infrastructure
Terminal building
In 2008 the new three-storey terminal building was opened for passenger operations. The building can handle 800,000 passengers per year and the maximum capacity has been already reached in 2010, three years after the opening. The simple linear terminal design allows further expansions both ways.
The ground level is designated arrival area and fully complies with Schengen regulations. There are all essential facilities for arriving passengers, including bureau de change and car rental offices. The upper two levels are for departing passengers only. All 12 check-in desks are located on the first floor, where the passengers flow is separated to Schengen and non-Schengen departure zones through the security areas located on the first and second floors. The airport is not equipped with air bridges which suits the preference of airport's biggest client Ryanair of boarding and disembarking with steps.
The terminal facilities also include airline ticket offices, tourism agents, several shops, bars and cafes throughout the airport.
Runway and apron
The runway of Kaunas Airport is 3,250m long and 45m wide, and is categorized with a 4E ICAO reference code. This enables to handle aircraft with up to 45m wing span and 14m main gear wheel span, which includes planes the size of a Boeing 747 or Antonov An-124. The runway is oriented along the dominant direction of western winds; it is also equipped with CAT II ILS equipment which allows Kaunas Airport to receive aircraft with minimum visibility meteorological conditions.
Theoretical runway average capacity, when aircraft are landing or taking off, is 12 operations per hour. A new taxiway to improve the runway system was built in 2009. Further taxiway improvement works started in June 2013, expanding the southern part of the airport to construct a new 190m-long and 23.2m-broad runway by the end of 2014.
Maintenance facilities
Ryanair operates its own maintenance hangar at Kaunas Airport, which launched operations in January 2013. It can accommodate one aircraft at a time and performs C-type maintenance checks. The same year Ryanair has set to double its MRO capabilities at the airport and began construction of the second hangar in Kaunas.
FL Technics has announced its plans to invest almost 4 million US dollars into high-tech aircraft maintenance equipment at its newly launched MRO hangar in Kaunas. The latest equipment will support FL Technics MRO centre in servicing both narrow and wide body modern aircraft, including Boeing 747 and Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Following the full implementation, of the investment strategy, the new FL Technics base in Kaunas will create almost 300 new jobs, including over 200 places for aircraft mechanics, engineers and other aviation technical personnel.
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Kaunas Airport:
Statistics
The passenger traffic changes in late 2011 and early 2012 at Kaunas Airport are associated with the rivalry between Ryanair and Wizzair. As a response to the Wizzair's new base established at Vilnius Airport in Spring 2011, the Irish low-cost carrier moved Girona and Milan Bergamo routes from Kaunas to Vilnius in late 2011. In November 2012, Ryanair further cut route geography from Kaunas, by transferring Brussels Charleroi, Leeds, Liverpool, London Luton and Oslo Rygge to Vilnius, leaving only four routes available from Kaunas for the entire winter 2012/13 season. Some of the routes were restored in Summer 2013, including seasonal destinations.
List of the busiest airports in the Baltic states
Most frequent routes
Ground transportation
Motorway
Due to its central location in Lithuania, Kaunas Airport is easily accessible via nearby A6 highway/E262, which connects to the other main motorways in Lithuania A1 motorway (Lithuania) and Via Baltica (E67). Taxis take around 25 minutes to get to the city centre.
Bus
Kaunas city centre is reachable by direct bus route no 29, operated daily by Kauno Autobusai. The express service 29E operates on the same route, but offers limited bus stops on the line. The direct intercity services to capital Vilnius and Lithuanian coastal city Klaipeda are also available from and to Kaunas Airport as well as regional low frequency bus links to and from Anykščiai, Biržai, Ignalina, Kupiškis, Marijampolė, Molėtai, Obeliai, Rokiškis, Širvintos, Utena, Visaginas and Zarasai.
The only international link to the airport is provided by Latvian operator Flybus, which runs the schedule to both Riga city centre and Riga International Airport. The services are based on the timetable of departing and arriving flights at Kaunas Airport.
Other facilities
The Airpark is a territory of Kaunas Free Economic Zone adjacent to Kaunas Airport (3 km border).
See also
List of the busiest airports in the Baltic states
List of the busiest airports in Europe
Transport in Lithuania
References
External links
Official website
Airports in Lithuania
Airports built in the Soviet Union
1988 establishments in the Soviet Union
Airport
Buildings and structures in Kaunas County
International airports in Lithuania |
5390642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenne%20and%20Lotta | Svenne and Lotta | Svenne & Lotta (in some countries Sven & Charlotte) was a pop duo of Svenne Hedlund and Lotta Hedlund. They met in 1967, when (along with ABBA's Benny Andersson) Svenne Hedlund was the vocalist in the band Hep Stars. Charlotte Walker, which was Lotta Hedlund's name at that time, toured Sweden with the all-girl American trio The Sherrys.
History
It was at Jerry Williams' 'Hamburger börs' show that the couple met, after which they spent time together during the Swedish leg of Lotta's concert tour with the Sherrys. Upon Lotta's return to America, the pair missed each other that Lotta soon travelled back to Sweden; this time with her three children. Seeking parental approval, Lotta also brought her mother to meet Svenne.
With the Hep Stars' popularity diminishing, Lotta was brought in as a new member of the band, along with Benny's songwriting colleague, Björn Ulvaeus. This constellation released two studio albums on their own record label Romance Records, Compromise and Tillsammans. The new line-up didn't last long however, with Benny and Björn setting their sights on international stardom with their fiancées, Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog. Aiming to follow in ABBA's victorious footsteps, Svenne and Lotta competed in the Swedish heats for the Eurovision Song Contest, Melodifestivalen 1975, with the song "Bang-A-Boomerang", but finished 3rd. The song however became their breakthrough in Scandinavia, and the duo became especially popular in Denmark. In the early 1980s they even took the unusual step of recording a Danish language version of their Swedish hit "När Dagen Försvinner" (a cover of Alan Sorrenti's "Tu sei l'unica donna per me"), retitled "Når Dagen Forsvinder".
As artists on the Polar Music record label, owned by ABBA's manager Stig Anderson, Svenne & Lotta released various singles and albums produced by Benny and Björn. These mainly consisted of covers of 1960s hits, later on their own material. Throughout the years they got more songs delivered by their producers, like "If We Only Had the Time" and "Roly Poly Girl", both previously recorded in Swedish by Björn and Benny as "Tänk om jorden vore ung" and "Kära gamla sol" respectively on their 1970 album Lycka. Most notable of all is arguably "Funky Feet", included on Svenne & Lotta's 1976 album Letters; originally written for ABBA's Arrival album, Benny and Björn felt it was too similar to the already-recorded "Dancing Queen"; one of two officially released recordings of the track; the other being Australian pop duo The Studs, who scored a Top 10 in Australia in 1977 with the song. In 1974 the group released a cover of ABBA's "Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)" as a single in Australia, backed with a version of "He Is Your Brother". The single was produced by ABBA's Björn and Benny and the duo subsequently also recorded a Swedish language version of the A-side, entitled "Kom ta en sista dans med mig", which became a major Svensktoppen hit in 1975.
In 1980, Svenne and Lotta signed with Sonet Records and released three albums produced by Ola Håkansson, at the time lead singer with the band Secret Service. The albums featured material written by among others Håkansson, Peo Thyrén, Tim Norell and Alexander Bard, who also went on to find international success with Army of Lovers in the 1990s. From the early 1980s the couple resided in Sävsjö, Småland, and from the early 1990s they frequently toured Scandinavia, occasionally under the moniker The Hep Stars. After 2000, Sven teamed up with some other Swedish 1960s male singers as the act Idolerna (The Idols).
In 2000, the duo returned to Melodifestivalen, and they sang "Bara du och jag" with Swedish rappers Balsam Boys (Gustav Eurén and Stefan Deak). In 2005,m they also made a special anniversary appearance in the show, performing "Bang-A-Boomerang" 30 years after they first competed with the song.
Svenne and Lotta remained active and released records in Swedish, English, and Danish until their divorce in 2014.
Albums discography
Songs We Sang 68 Hep Stars - Lotta not credited] (Olga Records, 1968)
Hep Stars På Svenska [Hep Stars - Lotta not credited] (Olga Records, 1969)
Hep Stars Bästa [Hep Stars - Lotta not credited] (Olga Records, 1970)
Compromise (Romance Records/CBS-Cupol, 1970)
Tillsammans (Romance Records/CBS-Cupol, 1971)
Oldies But Goodies (Polar Music, 1973) (Polydor Records, Germany, 1973)
Svenne & Lotta Med Hep Stars 1966-1968 (EMI, 1973)
Svenne & Lotta/2 (Polar Music, 1975)
Letters (Polar Music, 1976)
20 Golden Hits [includes four tracks originally released as 'The Hep Stars'; "Holiday for Clowns", "A Flower in My Garden", "Let It Be Me" & "Speedy Gonzales"] (Polar Music, 1977)
Bring It On Home (Polar Music, 1978)
Rolls-Royce (Gazell/Sonet, 1980)
Det Är En Härlig Feeling (Gazell/Sonet, 1981)
Love in Colour (Sonet, 1983)
Från Cadillac Till Rolls-Royce [Hep Stars/Svenne & Lotta] (Sonet, 1991)
Nästan Bara På Svenska [Svenne & Lotta med Hep Stars] (EMI, 1992)
Oldies But Greatest (new versions of greatest hits, CMC, Denmark, 1995)
Oldies But Greatest 2 (new versions of greatest hits, CMC, Denmark, 1995)
The Very Best of Svenne & Lotta (new versions of greatest hits, Go On Deluxe, Denmark, 1996)
The Great Collection (new versions of greatest hits, double album, CMC, Denmark, 2000)
Tio Gyllene År Med Svenne & Lotta - 1973-1983 (Universal Music, 2002)
20 Golden Hits (Universal Music, 2004)
Main singles discography
"Let It Be Me" ("Je t'appartiens") / "Groovy Summertime" [Hep Stars - Lotta not credited] (Olga Records, 1968)
"I sagans land" / "Tända på varann" [Hep Stars - Lotta not credited] (Olga Records, 1968)
"Holiday for Clowns" / "A Flower in My Garden" [Hep Stars - Lotta not credited] (Olga Records, 1968]
"Speleman" / "Precis som alla andra" [Hep Stars - Lotta not credited] (Olga Records, 1969)
"Speedy Gonzales" / "Är det inte kärlek säg?" ("Little Green Apples") [Hep Stars - Lotta not credited] (Olga Records, 1969)
"Speedy Gonzales" / "Let It Be Me" ("Je t'appartiens") [Hep Stars med Svenne & Lotta] (EMI, Denmark, 1969)
"Små små ord" / "Världen e' nog som den e'" (Romance Records, 1971)
"Peter Pan" / "Blunda lite grann och dröm" (Date Records, 1972)
"Sandy" / "Makin' Love" (Polar Music, 1973) (Polydor Records, Germany, 1973), (Laurie Records, US, 1974)
"Be My Baby" / "Ginny Come Lately" (Polar Music, 1973),
"Do You Want to Dance?" / "Just Ask Your Heart" (Polar Music, 1973)
"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do" / "The Dreamer (Hush-A-Bye)" (Polar Music, 1973)
"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)" / "He Is Your Brother" (Polar Music, 1974), (RCA Records, Australia, 1974), (MGM Records, US, 1974)
"Bang en boomerang" / "Kom ta en sista dans med mig" ("Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)" (Polar Music, 1975)
"Bang-A-Boomerang" / "Roly Poly Girl" ("Kära gamla sol") (Polar Music, 1975), (Polydor Records, Germany, 1975), (IBC Records, Belgium, 1975), (Morningstar Records, US, 1976) - AUS #94
"Extra Extra (Read All About It)" / "Changes" (Polar Music, 1976), (RCA Records, Australia, 1976)
"Funky Feet" / "Rocky" (Polar Music, 1976)
"Can't Stop Myself (From Loving You)" / "Where Were You" ("Har du glömt") (Polydor Records, Germany, 1979)
"All Day in Love" / "När dagen försvinner" ("Tu sei l'unica donna per me") (Gazell/Sonet, 1980)
"Don't Put Me Down" / "Queen of the Night" (Gazell/Sonet, 1980)
"Når Dagen Forsvinder" ("Tu sei l'unica donna per me") / "All Day in Love" (Gazell/Sonet, Denmark, 1980)
"Om jag fick leva om mitt liv" ("I'll Never Be the One") / "När jag behövde dig mest" ("Just When I Needed You Most") (Gazell/Sonet, 1981)
"Här är min symfoni" ("This Is My Symphony") / "Bara du" ("Only You") (Gazell/Sonet, 1982)
"Svenne & Lotta Medley Mix" (CMC Records, Denmark, 1994)
References
External links
Official Hep Stars/Svenne & Lotta home page
Svenne & Lotta - Danish biography
Melodifestivalen contestants
Swedish pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1969
Musical groups disestablished in 2014
Swedish musical duos
Pop music duos
Male–female musical duos |
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