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5381399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Arthur | Fred Arthur | Frederick Edward Arthur (born March 9, 1961) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman and doctor who played three seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Hartford Whalers and Philadelphia Flyers. He won 2 Memorial Cups with the Cornwall Royals in 1980 and 81. He was drafted in the first round, 8th overall, by the Hartford Whalers in 1980. In 1982 he retired from hockey to pursue his dreams and attend medical school. He was born in Toronto, Ontario, but grew up in Haileybury, Ontario.
Playing career
Arthur begun his career by playing with the Cornwall Royals of the QMJHL. He played 4 years there, amassing 192 points in 243 games, for an average of 0.79 points per game.
He was drafted 8th overall in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft by the Hartford Whalers. For that draft, both The Hockey News and the NHL Central Scouting Bureau ranked him as the 5th best prospect available.
He missed the beginning of his first training camp with the Whalers because he had sprained his ankle. He suffered that injury while crossing a road, when he stepped in a pothole. He would play a total of 3 games for the Whalers in 1980-81, getting no points or penalty minutes.
On July 3, 1981, he was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers for Rick MacLeish, Blake Wesley, Don Gillen and several draft picks. Along with Arthur, Ray Allison and several draft picks were sent to the Flyers.
He then played 74 games in the 1981-82 season for the Flyers, getting 8 points and 47 penalty minutes. He had found a place with the team as a defensive defenseman, often playing with Jimmy Watson. The following season, he played in 3 games for the Flyers before retiring on October 25 to pursue a medical career.
Arthur scored his first NHL goal on December 30, 1981 against the Edmonton Oilers in a game most memorable for Wayne Gretzky breaking Maurice Richard's mark of 50 goals in 50 games, with the Great One scoring 5 goals to hit the 50 goal mark in 39 games. Arthur's first NHL goal, the Flyers' fifth of the night, came at the 11:48 mark of the third period on the heels of a goal from teammate Paul Holmgren, putting the Flyers right back in the game at 6 to 5. Arthur's goal closed the score to one, arguably making Gretzky's record-breaking 50th goal possible as it was scored into an empty net, and the Flyers would likely not have their goaltender pulled had the Flyers been trailing by more than one.
In his career, he fought two times, against Garry Howatt and Ron Duguay.
Retirement
In October 1982, the Philadelphia Flyers sent Arthur to the Maine Mariners, their American Hockey League affiliate, while recovering from an injury. Faced with the choice between a professional hockey player or the opportunity to pursue his education in medicine, Arthur chose the latter and retired from professional hockey. He became the only NHL draft pick to choose a medical career over one in hockey. He said that he thought his medical career might be risked by playing hockey. He also said that he did not really enjoy the hockey lifestyle either.
Personal
His father was an attorney while his mother was a nurse.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
Dan Diamond (ed.). Total Hockey. (2000).
External links
1961 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Cornwall Royals (QMJHL) players
Hartford Whalers draft picks
Hartford Whalers players
Sportspeople from Temiskaming Shores
Sportspeople from Toronto
National Hockey League first round draft picks
Philadelphia Flyers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario |
4044028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen%20Street | Aberdeen Street | Aberdeen Street is a border street dividing Sheung Wan and Central on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It ascends from Queen's Road Central to Caine Road in Mid-Levels. The street is named after George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, Foreign Secretary at the time of the cession of Hong Kong Island to the United Kingdom in 1842.
History
In the early days after 1841, while Choong Wan was planned to be business centre of Victoria City and an area of Westener population, Chinese population was removed from Choong Wan to the area around Tai Ping Shan Street in Sheung Wan and Sheung Wan became the area of Chinese population.
South of Hollywood Road was the Alice Memorial Hospital and the College of Medicine where Sun Yat-sen graduated with distinction in 1892. After the college was merged into the University of Hong Kong, the hospital was also moved to Bonham Road and renamed to Nethersole Hospital.
After reclamation of island north, Aberdeen Street was extended in the north by Wing Kut Street (), a pedestrian lane which hosts a street market.
Features
The following list follows a north–south order. (W) indicates the western side of the street, while (E) indicates the eastern side.
Junction with Queen's Road Central
This section is a ladder street
> intersection with Wellington Street
(E) Lin Heung Tea House ()
Located at 160–164 Wellington Street, at the corner with Aberdeen Street. The restaurant opened in 1928 and changed location several times before opening at its present location. It serves dim sum for breakfast and lunch and traditional Cantonese dishes for dinner.
(W)> junction with Kau U Fong ()
(W) Lan Kwai Fong Hotel
Located at No. 3 Kau U Fong, at the corner with Aberdeen Street. Despite the name, it is not located at Lan Kwai Fong.
(E)> junction with Wa on Lane ()
(W)> junction with Gough Street
(E)> junction with Gage Street
(E) Original site of the school where Yang Quyun was assassinated by Qing agents in 1911.
Located at No. 52 Gage Street, at the corner with Aberdeen Street. A marker, part of the Dr Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail is located in Aberdeen Street. The site is also included in the Central and Western Heritage Trail.
(E)> junction with Sam Ka Lane ()
> intersection with Hollywood Road
(W) PMQ ()
The compound occupies the block west of Aberdeen Street, between Hollywood Road and Staunton Street. It is located on the site of the former Central School. The school had been established in 1862 at Gough Street and moved to the Aberdeen Street location in 1889, while being renamed Victoria College. At that time, the school was one of the largest and most expensive buildings in Hong Kong. It was renamed Queen's College in 1894. The campus was destroyed during World War II, and the school was subsequently relocated. The buildings at Aberdeen Street were demolished in 1948 and the Quarters were opened in 1951. They were completely vacated in 2000. It has been revitalised as a creative hub for local design talents in 2014.
> intersection with Staunton Street
(E) Kwong Hon Terrace Garden ()
(W) Albron Court, at the corner with Caine Road
The current building occupies the site of a former two-storey-mansion of the same name, that had been built in the 1870s for H.N. Mody. A gatepost of the mansion remains in front of the building on Caine Road.
(E) St. Margaret's Girls' College, at the corner with Caine Road
> intersection with Caine Road
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
Further reading
External links
An article about the street in Sing Pao
Google Maps of Aberdeen Street
Central, Hong Kong
Sheung Wan
Roads in Hong Kong
Ladder streets in Hong Kong |
4044047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boil-water%20advisory | Boil-water advisory | A boil-water advisory, boil-water notice, boil-water warning, boil-water order, or boil order is a public-health advisory or directive issued by governmental or other health authorities to consumers when a community's drinking water is or could be contaminated by pathogens.
Under a boil-water advisory (BWA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that water be brought to a rolling boil for one minute before it is consumed in order to kill protozoa, bacteria, and viruses. At altitudes above , boiling should be extended to 3 minutes, as the lower boiling point at high altitudes requires more time to kill such organisms.
BWAs are typically issued when monitoring of water being served to consumers detects E. coli or other microbiological indicators of sewage contamination. Another reason for a BWA is a failure of distribution system integrity evidenced by a loss of system pressure. While loss of pressure does not necessarily mean the water has been contaminated, it does mean that pathogens may be able to enter the piped-water system and thus be carried to consumers. In the United States, this has been defined as a drop below .
History
John Snow's 1849 recommendation that water be "filtered and boiled before it is used" is one of the first practical applications of the germ theory of disease in the area of public health and is the antecedent to the modern boil water advisory. Snow demonstrated a clear understanding of germ theory in his writings. He first published his theory in an 1849 essay On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, in which he correctly suggested that the fecal-oral route was the mode of communication, and that the disease replicated itself in the lower intestines. Snow later went so far as to accurately propose in his 1855 edition of the work that the structure of cholera was that of a cell. Snow's ideas were not fully accepted until years after his death in 1858.
The first known modern boil-water advisory based solely on germ theory and unfettered by extraneous and irrelevant advice was distributed in 1866 during the last of three major cholera outbreaks that ravaged London in the 19th century.
See also
2010 Boston water emergency
1998 Sydney water crisis
Walkerton E. coli outbreak
Water supply
Water pollution
References
Drinking water
Health campaigns
Water treatment |
4044059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptanitrocubane | Heptanitrocubane | Heptanitrocubane is an experimental high explosive based on the cubic eight-carbon cubane molecule and closely related to octanitrocubane. Seven of the eight hydrogen atoms at the corners of the cubane molecule are replaced by nitro groups, giving the final molecular formula .
As with octanitrocubane, not enough heptanitrocubane has been synthesized to perform detailed tests on its stability and energy. It is hypothesized to have slightly better performance than explosives such as HMX, the current high-energy standard explosive, based on chemical energy analysis. While in theory not as energetic as octanitrocubane's theoretical maximum density, the HNC that has been synthesized so far is a more effective explosive than any ONC that has been produced, due to more efficient crystal packing and hence higher density.
Heptanitrocubane was first synthesized by the same team who synthesized octanitrocubane, Philip Eaton and Mao-Xi Zhang at the University of Chicago, in 1999.
References
Further reading
Explosive chemicals
Nitroalkanes |
4044062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultradrive | Ultradrive | The Ultradrive is an automatic transmission manufactured by Chrysler beginning in the 1989 model year.
Initially produced in a single four-speed variant paired with the Mitsubishi (6G72) 3.0-liter engine in vehicles with transverse engines, application was expanded to the Chrysler 3.3- and 3.8-liter V6 engines in 1990 model year Dodge Caravan/Grand Caravan, Plymouth Voyager/Grand Voyager, Chrysler Town & Country, Dodge Dynasty and Chrysler New Yorker. A six-speed variant (62TE) was introduced in the 2007 model year and remains in production for several models as of 2019.
The Ultradrive and succeeding transmissions are produced at the Kokomo Transmission plant in Kokomo, Indiana, which also manufactures other Chrysler automatic transmissions. As of 2020, Dodge Journeys equipped with four-cylinder engines are the only applications of the four-speed Ultradrive (40TES) remaining in production. The Ram Promaster will be the only vehicle to use an Ultradrive transmission after 2020.
History
The Ultradrive was a significant technological advancement in transmission operation, one of the first electronically controlled automatics. It pioneered many now-common features such as adaptive shifting, wherein the electronic control unit optimizes shifting based on the driving style of the operator. It earned a reputation for being unreliable. While the Ultradrive transmission had numerous issues, reportedly due to being rushed into production, a common problem was not necessarily caused by a design flaw, but by poor labelling: both owner's manuals and transmission fluid dipsticks advocated the use of Dexron transmission fluid in the event the required fluid was not available. The transmissions were designed to use a special fluid (Type 7176, also known as ATF+3, now superseded by ATF+4) and many owners reported failures from the use of Dexron, as well as temporary issues which were resolved when the proper fluid was added.
There may also have been mistaken impressions of failure due to the "limp home" feature. When the computer sensed a problem, such as a sensor giving an inappropriate reading, a code would be stored in the car's computer and the transmission would default to second gear only, under transmission computer control, so that owners could still drive to a service location for diagnosis or repairs. This may have caused perceptions of failure and premature replacement. A major drawback to the "second-gear-only limp mode" was, if second gear was the defective gear, the vehicle would not go forward.
The torque converter measured in diameter and was mounted to the flywheel by a flexible drive plate. The transaxle was cooled through an oil-to-water heat exchanger in the collector tank on the radiator, and/or a standard oil-to-air heat exchanger. There were no bands or mechanical holding devices; ratios were supplied by five different clutch packs. This allowed the transmission to be lightweight and to use fewer moving parts than the three speed it replaced.
The 41TE transmission which directly replaced the TorqueFlite had a similar design and could be considered an evolutionary change, but it included different valve bodies, solenoid packs, sensors, and other components to increase reliability. This line was also given a flash-programmable TCM and, in 2006, a variable line pressure hydraulic system was phased in, which boosted performance and longevity.
"Autostick" option
In some applications, the driver could select a certain gear with an extra position on the stick. Marketed as "Autostick," activation required the driver to press a safety button on the selector stick, whereby and the selector could be moved to the "manual" position—where side-to-side movements towards the + and - icons (or pressing the + and - buttons on column-mounted selectors) made it possible to manually engage the transmission sequentially through all four forward speeds. The computer could override the gear selector to limit maximum engine RPM or prevent selection of a gear too low for vehicle speed. The option was advantageous in certain driving conditions, e.g., slippery roads or mountain driving.
Technical information
There are currently four different types of units. Chrysler switched to a new coded naming convention in the 1990s. This new standard starts with two numbers, the number of gears (4–6) and the torque rating (0–9) plus two or three letters describing the unit.
TE: Transverse electronic
LE: Longitudinal electronic
TEA: Transverse electronic all-wheel-drive
Differences in bell housing and bolt pattern can be seen between years and platforms (e.g. 2013 Grand Caravan RT platform 62TE is not bolt compatible with a 2013 ProMaster VF platform 62TE).
A604/41TE
The 41TE is a four-speed transmission originally fitted on 1989 Dodge/Plymouth vehicles with the 3.0 L 6G72 V6. Applications include (but are not limited to) the Dodge Caravan/Grand Caravan, Plymouth Voyager/Grand Voyager, Dodge Shadow, Chrysler LeBaron and Chrysler Sebring (1995–1997).
Applications:
1989–1993 Chrysler New Yorker
1989–1995 Chrysler LeBaron
1989–2010 Dodge Caravan
1989–1993 Dodge Daytona IROC
1992–1993 Chrysler Daytona IROC (EU)
1989–1993 Dodge Dynasty
1989–1994 Dodge Shadow
1989–1994 Chrysler Saratoga (EU)
1989–1994 Plymouth Sundance
1989–1994 Dodge Spirit
1989–1994 Plymouth Acclaim
1989–2000 Plymouth Voyager
1990–1993 Chrysler Imperial
1990–1993 Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue
1990–2010 Chrysler Town and Country
1992–1994 Plymouth Duster
1995–2000 Chrysler Cirrus
1995–2006 Chrysler Sebring
1995–2006 Chrysler Stratus (EU)
1995–2000 Dodge Avenger
1995–2006 Dodge Stratus
1995–2006 Chrysler Sebring (EU)
1996–2000 Plymouth Breeze
2000–2003 Chrysler Voyager (US)
1989–2007 Chrysler Voyager (intl.)
2001–2010 Chrysler PT Cruiser
2002–2003 Dodge Neon
2004–2008 Chrysler Pacifica
1995–1999 Mitsubishi Eclipse non-turbo
2008–2010 Volga Siber
41AE
The 41AE is a variant of the 41TE that was originally used for the all-wheel drive variants of the minivans, and was also used for the Chrysler Pacifica from its 2004-model-year introduction until the model was discontinued in 2008.
Applications:
1991–2004 Chrysler Town and Country
1991–2004 Chrysler Voyager (intl.)
1991–2004 Dodge Caravan
1991–2000 Plymouth Voyager
2004–2008 Chrysler Pacifica
40TE
Since 2003 (2004 model year), the 41TE was replaced by a similar but cheaper and lighter 40TE transmissions in cars equipped with inline-four-cylinder, or naturally-aspirated engines.
Applications:
2003–2010 Chrysler PT Cruiser
2003–2006 Chrysler Sebring
2003–2007 Dodge Caravan
2003–2005 Dodge Neon
2003–2006 Dodge Stratus
A606/42LE
The 42LE was an upgraded version of the 41TE modified for longitudinal engines. It debuted in 1993 on the LH cars. It is strengthened with a reworked final drive unit, barreled axle shafts, and upgraded clutch packs. The major modification to a longitudinal drivetrain while maintaining front wheel drive was accomplished by adding a differential to the transmission case, which was driven by means of a transfer chain from the output shaft of the low/reverse clutch assembly at the rear of the transmission case.
Applications:
42LE
1999–2004 Chrysler 300M
1993–2004 Chrysler Concorde
1994–2001 Chrysler LHS
2001–2002 Chrysler Prowler
1994–1996 Chrysler New Yorker
1993–2004 Dodge Intrepid
1993–1997 Eagle Vision
1997–2002 Plymouth Prowler
42RLE
The 42LE was modified in 2003 as the 42RLE, originally for the then-new Jeep Liberty. It is a 42LE transaxle, modified for use in rear-wheel drive vehicles by removing the integral differential and transfer chain. Power flow exits the rear of the transmission. The case has also been modified. By design, it has full-electronic shift control with adaptive memory to learn the operator's driving habits controlled by the vehicle's Transmission Control Module (TCM). Contained within the automatic's torque converter is an Electronically Modulated Converter Clutch (EMCC), designed to act as a shock absorber for harsh shifting. 42RLE production ceased in early 2012.
Gear Ratios for the 42RLE:
1st: 2.80
2nd: 1.55
3rd: 1.00
4th: 0.69
Applications:
42RLE
2005–2010 Chrysler 300
2006–2010 Dodge Charger
2004–2011 Dodge Dakota
2004–2009 Dodge Durango
2005–2008 Dodge Magnum
2007–2011 Dodge Nitro
2003–2012 Jeep Liberty
2003–2011 Jeep Wrangler
2009 Dodge Challenger V6
2003–2012 Dodge Ram
40TES/41TES
The 40TES and 41TES are upgraded replacement versions of the 41TE, which were first introduced with the 2007 Chrysler Sebring. The 40TES is used with the 2.4 L GEMA I4 engine while the 41TES is used with the 2.7 L EER V6. The difference between the TES and TE is the TES has a shallower bell housing and the torque converter is more compact. This was done for the revised packaging of the 2007 Sebring's engine compartment. The 40TES and 41TES are also known As VLP, (Variable Line Pressure) Transmissions: a pressure sensor and line pressure solenoid were added to the valve body, in addition to the solenoid pack that bolts to the outside of the case. This resulted in an additional harness connector coming through the case near the manual linkage.
Applications:
2007–2010 Chrysler Sebring
2011–2014 Chrysler 200
2008–2014 Dodge Avenger
2009–2020 Dodge Journey
62TE
The 62TE is a six-speed derivative of the 41TE, first introduced on 2007 Chrysler Sebring models fitted with the 3.5L EGJ V6. Applications also include the Pacifica crossover (4.0L), the RT Platform minivans (3.8L & 4.0L V6; also 2.8L diesel for Europe) and the Dodge Journey (3.5L & 3.6L).
Applications:
2007–2008 Chrysler Pacifica
2007–2010 Chrysler Sebring
2011–2014 Chrysler 200
2008–2014 Dodge Avenger
2008–2016 Chrysler Town and Country
2011– Lancia Voyager
2008–2016 Chrysler Grand Voyager
2008–2020 Dodge Grand Caravan
2009–2012 Volkswagen Routan
2009–2019 Dodge Journey
2014–2021 Ram ProMaster
Problems
Many problems with Chrysler automatic transmissions are started when the automatic transmission fluid or "ATF" is replaced or topped-up with standard, more common fluids like DEXRON or MERCON type fluids. Chrysler transmissions need to use their own fluid, designated as ATF+4 Synthetic type 9602 fluid from Chrysler, not any other or any other plus an additive. If any quantity of other type of fluid is added to the transmission, a complete drain, flush and replacement with the correct ATF+4 will be needed.
The most common problems (shift stuck-, limp mode-, blocking problems) with the Chrysler Ultradrive transmissions are poor shifting quality and sudden locks into second gear ("limp-home" mode) caused by the transmission computer detecting problems with sensor data. Nine design changes were made in an attempt to fix clutch failure, and four were directed to excessive shifting on hills.
After pressure from the US Center for Auto Safety, Consumer Reports, and others, Chrysler LLC promised to waive the $100 deductible in the warranty, provide loaners, and buy back any cars with Ultradrives that could not be fixed (US located cars only). Chrysler ran a campaign to contact all American owners of cars with Ultradrives to find and fix problems.
See also
List of Chrysler transmissions
References
41TE |
5381401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian%20Radio%20Television | Macedonian Radio Television | Macedonian Radio Television (, transliteration: Makedonska radio-televizija) (or MRT), officially National Radio-Television (, transliteration: Nacionalna Radiotelevizija) since 2019, is the public broadcasting organisation of North Macedonia. It was founded in 1993 by the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia.
Its legally defined service is the production and broadcasting of radio and television programmes of all genres, which should satisfy the public information, cultural, educational and recreational needs of the people of North Macedonia.
MRT is directed by Petar Karanakov. Karanakov supervises 1,200 MRT staffers.
History
Radio in Vardar Macedonia began in 1941, when Skopje was administrative capital of Vardar Banovina in Kingdom of Yugoslavia. On 27 January 1941 Radio Skoplje (Радио Скопље) started broadcasting in Serbian and retransmitting some programs from Radio Belgrade. On 20 April 1941 Radio Skopje was relaunched under Bulgarian control as Radio Skopie (Радио Скопие), retransmitting some programs from Radio Sofia.
Broadcasting in Macedonian began on 28 December 1944 as Radio Skopje (Радио Скопје) with the live transmission of the Second Session of ASNOM. Since 1991 Macedonian Radio and Television is an independent radio and television broadcaster. In July 1993, MRT was admitted as a full active member of the European Broadcasting Union. MRT uses the acronym: MKRTV. With the enactment of the new broadcasting law on 24 April 1997, Macedonian Radio and Television was split into two parts: Macedonian radio-diffusion and Macedonian Radio-Television. According to article 77 of the broadcasting law, 61% of the collected broadcasting tax belongs to Macedonian Radio Television.
According to a government decision from March 2019, following the Prespa Agreement about renaming the country from "Macedonia" to "North Macedonia", MRT was officially renamed from "Macedonian Radio Television" to "National Radio Television" (Национална радиотелевизија). it still broadcasts under its old name, the new name only being used by the government.
Services
Television
Macedonian Television broadcasts 73 hours of programmes daily on its three national terrestrial and two international satellite channels.
Terrestrial
MRT 1 broadcasts a continuous 24-hour programme. MRT 1 HD simulcasts the programme of MRT 1 in HD quality.
MRT 2 broadcasts programmes for the Albanian community in North Macedonia. MRT 2 HD simulcasts the programme of MRT 2 in HD quality.
MRT 3 broadcasts sports and entertainment 24-hour programme. MRT 3 HD simulcasts the programme of MRT 3 in HD quality.
MRT 4 broadcasts programmes for the national minority in North Macedonia. Turkish, Serbian, Romany, Vlach and Bosnian. MRT 4 HD simulcasts the programme of MRT 4 in HD quality.
MRT 5 broadcasts specialized program for children 24-hour programme. MRT 5 HD simulcasts the programme of MRT 5 in HD quality.
MRT Sobraniski Kanal was formed in 1991 as an experimental channel, but now it broadcasts the activities from the Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia. MRT Sobraniski Kanal HD simulcasts the programme of MRT Sobraniski Kanal in HD quality.
Satellite
MRT Sat started in 2000 and broadcasts a continuous 24-hour programme, which are a selection of programmes from MRT, as well as its original programme of 5 hours. The station also broadcasts to Australia & New Zealand through the Optus D2 Satellite via UBI World TV.
MRT 2 Sat was introduced in 2012 and broadcasts a continuous 24-hour programme in Albanian.
Radio
The framework of the Macedonian Radio consists of three national channels, a satellite channel and a non-profit regional channel. It broadcasts 86.5 hours of programmes daily on its national and satellite channels. Macedonian Radio also broadcasts its programme over the Internet.
The First channel, Radio Skopje, broadcasts a continuous 24-hour programme. It mainly functions as a talk radio.
The Second channel, Radio 2, broadcasts a continuous 24-hour programme, too. It is focused on popular music and entertainment.
The Third channel of Radio Skopje, broadcasts programmes in all the languages of the national minorities in North Macedonia, including Albanian (since 1948); Turkish (since 1945) 5 hours; Vlach (since 1991); Romany (since 1991); Serbian (since 2003) and Bosnian (since 2003) all 30 minutes each per day.
The satellite channel, Radio Macedonia, commenced in July 2003, and broadcasts a 24-hour continual programme, which is a selection of programmes from Macedonian Radio and its original programme "Radio Macedonia" with a duration of 6 hours and 30 minutes.
Kanal 103 provides FM broadcasting only for the region of Skopje with the mission of promoting avant-garde music and culture.
Management
The process of transformation of MRTV in a public service broadcaster is not yet completed; it entailed the 1997 Law on Broadcasting Activities and the 2005 Broadcast Law. Editorial independence of MRTV is guaranteed by law but de facto lacking due to lack of independent funding and lack of independence of MRTV managerial bodies. MRTV executive directors in the last ten years remained close to the party in power. The network is funded by a license fee as well as by public budget contributions and advertising revenues (limited to 10% of airtime). Budgetary needs, and the practice of ad hoc state budgetary funding, has created a "culture of dependence" in MRTV.
MRTV is supervised by the MRTV Council, whose members are appointed by the Parliament upon proposal by "authorised nominators" from civil society. The Council then elects the members of MRTV Management Board. Although formally only accountable to the legislature through its annual report and budget plan, MRTV remains informally accountable to the executive, undermining institutional autonomy. MRTV also risks neglecting cultural pluralism obligations, in terms of programmes for minorities, as well as lacking impartiality and distance from government/majority politicians.
Notable people
Notable people who were employed in the Macedonian Radio Television include clarinetist and composer Tale Ognenovski who was a member of the “Chalgii orchestra”, “Folk music orchestra” and “Authentic folk instruments orchestra” from 1960 until 1979.
See also
MRT Center
References
External links
Official website
Radio Skopje
Radio Bitola
Mass media companies of North Macedonia
Publicly funded broadcasters
European Broadcasting Union members
Multilingual broadcasters
Radio stations in North Macedonia
Radio stations established in 1944
Mass media companies established in 1944
Television channels and stations established in 1964
1944 establishments in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia |
5381408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20mathematics | Engineering mathematics | Engineering mathematics is a branch of applied mathematics concerning mathematical methods and techniques that are typically used in engineering and industry. Along with fields like engineering physics and engineering geology, both of which may belong in the wider category engineering science, engineering mathematics is an interdisciplinary subject motivated by engineers' needs both for practical, theoretical and other considerations outwith their specialization, and to deal with constraints to be effective in their work.
Description
Historically, engineering mathematics consisted mostly of applied analysis, most notably: differential equations; real and complex analysis (including vector and tensor analysis); approximation theory (broadly construed, to include asymptotic, variational, and perturbative methods, representations, numerical analysis); Fourier analysis; potential theory; as well as linear algebra and applied probability, outside of analysis. These areas of mathematics were intimately tied to the development of Newtonian physics, and the mathematical physics of that period. This history also left a legacy: until the early 20th century subjects such as classical mechanics were often taught in applied mathematics departments at American universities, and fluid mechanics may still be taught in (applied) mathematics as well as engineering departments.
The success of modern numerical computer methods and software has led to the emergence of computational mathematics, computational science, and computational engineering (the last two are sometimes lumped together and abbreviated as CS&E), which occasionally use high-performance computing for the simulation of phenomena and the solution of problems in the sciences and engineering. These are often considered interdisciplinary fields, but are also of interest to engineering mathematics.
Specialized branches include engineering optimization and engineering statistics.
Engineering mathematics in tertiary education typically consists of mathematical methods and models courses.
See also
Industrial mathematics
Control theory, a mathematical discipline concerned with engineering
Further mathematics and additional mathematics, A-level mathematics courses with similar content
Mathematical methods in electronics, signal processing and radio engineering
References
Applied mathematics |
5381411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%20single | Lead single | A lead single is the first single to be released from a studio album, by a musician or a band, usually before the album itself is released.
Release strategies
Artists often choose songs that are more up-tempo as lead singles. Such songs are often catchier and attract the attention of listeners. The subsequent single might then be slower in tempo, in order to demonstrate the range of the album. Female vocalists like Mariah Carey and Christina Aguilera often maintain a formula of an up-tempo first lead single with a slow ballad follow-up. For example, two singles were released by Miley Cyrus before her album Bangerz - an up-tempo track called, "We Can't Stop" was released as the first single, and a slow-ballad song, "Wrecking Ball" as the second. This was a successful practice of 1980s heavy metal bands. Girls Aloud chose to use "The Show", a dance-pop and electropop song, as their lead single for their second album, What Will the Neighbours Say?, following the fact that their previous singles from their debut album Sound of the Underground were ‘quite down and moody’ according to band member Cheryl Cole. However, not all artists decide to choose their lead single with the up-tempo criteria. Artists may release a lead single that has a message they want to convey to listeners instead of a song with more commercial potential, such as Fall Out Boy who chose to release "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" over the radio-friendly "Thnks fr th Mmrs".
Japanese artists such as Ayumi Hamasaki, Namie Amuro and B'z may release four to eight singles before their albums to achieve record-breaking debut-week sales. The lead singles in Japan are very heavily advertised and promoted, in some cases even more than the album itself. With album sales continuously declining in the United States, record labels often release singles before the album's release date to online music retailers including iTunes, ranging in price from $0.99 to $1.29. This trend has become increasingly popular in many markets.
In the late 2010s, artists began a trend of releasing multiple singles before eventually releasing a studio album. An unnamed A&R representative confirmed to Rolling Stone in 2018 that "an artist has
to build a foundation to sustain" and adding that "When artists have one big record and go run with that, it doesn’t work because they never had a foundation to begin with." The same article cited examples such as Cardi B, Camila Cabello and Jason Derulo releasing four or more singles before their album releases.
Albums with more than one pre-release single
In the 2000s, a common trend developed to release a lead single months in advance of the album release date. It has equally become common for further singles to be released before the release of the album. For example, Usher issued the lead single "Love in this Club" four months before the May 29, 2008 release of Here I Stand. The second single "Love in This Club, Pt. II" was released one month before the album release date. Another example is Justin Timberlake's 2013 album, The 20/20 Experience, which was released on March 19, 2013. The first single off it is "Suit & Tie", released 2 months before the album hit stores. One month before the release of the album, another single called "Mirrors" was released. Katy Perry released "California Gurls" as a single on May 7, 2010, and "Teenage Dream" on July 23, 2010, leading to the release of the album Teenage Dream on August 24, 2010. Ed Sheeran did something similar, releasing both "Shape of You" and "Castle on the Hill" as double lead singles from his album ÷, although these songs were both released on the same day, 6 January 2017.
References
Single types
Music industry |
5381412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngkoth%20language | Ngkoth language | Ngkoth (Nggɔt, Nggoth, Ŋkot) is an extinct Paman language formerly spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by the Winduwinda. It is unknown when it became extinct.
Phonology
Vowels
Ngkoth has seven vowels:
Consonants
Ngkoth has 17 consonants found in native words, and three consonants found only in loanwords:
is a trilled affricate.
are only found in loanwords.
References
Northern Paman languages
Extinct languages of Queensland |
5381413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough%2C%20Western%20Cape | Scarborough, Western Cape | Scarborough is a seaside town situated within the City of Cape Town on the Cape Peninsula in the Western Cape province of South Africa, situated at the edge of the Cape Point Nature Reserve. The town's boundary includes Scarborough Beach, which is popular with surfers.
This town was designated as a conservation village in April 1996, defined as "a residential area of limited extent, surrounded by a conserved natural landscape, committed to reverse past environmental damage and to avoid future environmental impacts".
References
External links
Scarborough Conservation Group
Cape Point Route Scarborough
Suburbs of Cape Town |
5381414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20River%20%28New%20Hampshire%29 | Indian River (New Hampshire) | The Indian River is a river in western New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Mascoma River, which in turn flows to the Connecticut River and ultimately Long Island Sound.
The Indian River rises in the southern corner of the town of Dorchester and flows south in a broad valley to the west of Mount Cardigan. At the town center of Canaan, the river turns west and shortly ends at the Mascoma River.
For its south-flowing portion, the Indian River is followed by New Hampshire Route 118. From Canaan to the Mascoma River, U.S. Route 4 is close by.
See also
List of rivers of New Hampshire
References
Rivers of New Hampshire
Tributaries of the Connecticut River
Rivers of Grafton County, New Hampshire |
5381415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Plotkin | Brian Plotkin | Brian Plotkin (born August 3, 1984 in Lisle, Illinois) is the head Coach of the Army Black Knights men's soccer team and is a retired professional soccer player.
Career
College and Amateur
Brian Plotkin played college soccer for Indiana University from 2002 to 2005, featuring in 90 games and accumulating 24 goals and 36 assists. He was a member of National Championship winning teams in 2003 and 2004. He was the runner-up for the 2005 Hermann Trophy Award and was also named NSCAA First Team All-American and Big 10 Player of the Year. He also went on to gain First Team All Big Ten honors three consecutive years from 2003 to 2005, and an Academic All Big-Ten award in 2003. Plotkin played club soccer for the Chicago Sockers from the U12 to U19 levels and was a member of their U16 National Championship team in 2001. He was also named a Parade All-American and played at various times for US Youth National Teams at the U14, U16, U17 and U20 levels.
Professional
Plotkin was selected in the second round 20th overall by the Chicago Fire in the 2006 MLS SuperDraft. During his time with the Chicago Fire, Plotkin won the 2006 US Open Cup and 2006 Chicago Fire educator of the Year. He featured in 23 first team and 14 reserve team games in his three seasons with the Fire. Columbus Crew then signed him in 2008 and was a member of the 2008 MLS Cup Championship Team.
In January 2009, Plotkin joined the Carolina RailHawks of the USL First Division.
In May 2010, Plotkin retired from professional soccer after a series of injuries.
Coaching
Plotkin began his college coaching career with Loyola University Chicago in 2013. The team's record improved in each of the three seasons that he was on staff. In his final season as Loyola in 2015, he helped Loyola lo two NCAA top rankings. The team conceded the fewest goals (8) in the entire country and also had the lowest Goals Against Average (.39). During his time at Loyola he helped develop multiple All-Missouri Valley selections as well was Freshman of the Year, Kyle Thomson (2013), Goalkeeper of the Year, Tim Dobrowolski (2014 and 2015) and Player of the Year, Eric Schoendorf (2015).
In January 2016, he was hired by Dartmouth College and in his first season at Dartmouth helped lead the team to a 9-5-5 record them to their 3rd consecutive Ivy League Tournament and NCAA Tournament berth. Dartmouth was selected with the All-Ivy Goalkeeper, James Hickok and Defensive Player of the Year, Wyatt Omsberg in addition to a total of 7 All-Ivy selections in 2016. Omsberg was also names as an NSCAA Second Team All-American. In 2017, Dartmouth won its 4th consecutive Ivy League Title and was awarded the #15 seed in the NCAA Tournament. Chad Riley was awarded Ivy League Coach of the Year, Wyatt Omsberg the Ivy League Defensive Player of the Year and Dawson McCartney the Ivy League Freshmen of the Year. Wyatt Omsberg was the first Ivy League player ever selected in the first round of the MLS SuperDraft and Matt Danilack with a fourth round selection of the Philadelphia Union.
In January 2018 Plotkin was hired as an assistant coach alongside Chad Riley at Notre Dame.
Honors
Columbus Crew
2008 MLS Cup Champion
Chicago Fire
2006 US Open Cup Champion -
2006 Chicago Fire Educator of the Year
Indiana University
NCAA Men's Division I Soccer Championship (2): 2003 2004
2005 Herrman Trophy Runner-Up -
2005 NSCAA 1st Team All-American -
2005 Big 10 Player of the Year
Naperville North High School
References
External links
Carolina RailHawks bio
MLS player profile
http://www.und.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/brian_plotkin_1066560.html
http://www.dartmouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=11600&ATCLID=210719390
http://www.loyolaramblers.com/coaches.aspx?rc=98&path=msoc
1984 births
Living people
American soccer players
Association football midfielders
Chicago Fire FC draft picks
Chicago Fire FC players
Chicago Fire U-23 players
Columbus Crew players
Indiana Hoosiers men's soccer players
Indiana Invaders players
Major League Soccer players
North Carolina FC players
Soccer players from Illinois
Sportspeople from DuPage County, Illinois
USL First Division players
USL League Two players
All-American men's college soccer players
Army Black Knights men's soccer coaches |
5381424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedung%20Sate | Gedung Sate | Gedung Sate is a public building in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. It was designed according to a neoclassical design incorporating native Indonesian elements (such as Hindu-Buddhist elements) by Dutch architect J. Gerber to be the seat of the Dutch East Indies department of State Owned Enterprises (Departement van Gouvernmentsbedrijven, literally "Department of Government Industries"); the building was completed in 1920. Today, the building serves as the seat of the governor of the province of West Java, and also a museum.
Its common name, Gedung sate, is a nickname that translates literally from Indonesian to 'satay building', which is a reference to the shape of the building's central pinnacle - which resemble the shape of one of the Indonesian traditional dish called satay. The central pinnacle consists of six spheres that represents the six million gulden funded to the construction of the building.
See also
Indonesian architecture
List of colonial buildings in Bandung
New Indies Style
References
Buildings and structures in Bandung
Dutch Colonial architecture in Indonesia
Cultural Properties of Indonesia in West Java |
5381430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Amazing%20Bone | The Amazing Bone | The Amazing Bone is a 32-page picture book by William Steig from 1976. It was the first of Steig's few books in which the main character is a female.
The book received the Caldecott Honor Award (1977) and was nominated for the Boston Globe-Horn Book Award for Picture Book (1977).
Plot
The Amazing Bone is about how Pearl the pig is walking home from school, and finds a magic talking bone on the ground, which has the ability to imitate any sound and speak in any language (it samples Spanish, Polish and German for her). Pearl takes it with her, and on the way home they have several misadventures, including an encounter with a hungry fox who wants to eat Pearl for dinner.
The book was featured in an episode of the PBS television show Storytime in which it was read to a live audience.
Reception
The Amazing Bone received the following accolades:
Caldecott Honor Award (1977)
Boston Globe-Horn Book Award Nominee for Picture Book (1977)
New York Times Book Review Notable Children's Book of the Year (1976)
New York Times Outstanding Book of the Year (1976)
Adaptation
In the mid 80's a short animated film was made of this book, with John Lithgow as the narrator, and produced by Weston Woods Studios, Inc. Lithgow also gave his voice for another film adaptation of a William Steig book, Shrek.
A children's musical was produced at Lifeline Theatre in Chicago, Illinois in 1996. This adaptation, by Eric Lane Barnes, was also produced at the Morgan-Wixson Theatre in Santa Monica, California in 2010.
References
American picture books
1976 children's books
Children's fiction books
Books by William Steig
Caldecott Honor-winning works
Children's books adapted into films |
4044070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Obertas | Julia Obertas | Julia Nikolayevna Obertas, married name: Horak (, ; born 19 June 1984) is a former pair skater who represented Ukraine until 2000 and then Russia until the end of her career. She is best known for her partnership with Sergei Slavnov, with whom she competed from 2003 to 2007. They are the 2005 European silver medalists. Earlier, she competed with Alexei Sokolov for Russia and Dmytro Palamarchuk for Ukraine. With Palamarchuk, she became a two-time (1998–1999) World Junior champion.
Career
Early career
Obertas began skating at age 5. She initially competed with Dmytro Palamarchuk representing Ukraine. They won the 1998 and 1999 World Junior Championships. They also won the 1997 and 1998 Junior Grand Prix Final. They then began competing on the senior level. At the 2000 World Championships, Obertas/Palamarchuk were 10th after the short program but during the free skate Palamarchuk caught an edge (right skate) while executing an overhead lift with Obertas – she was uninjured in the resulting fall but he hit his head on the ice. No medical attention was immediately offered at the event in Nice, France. Palamarchuk lay on the ice for several minutes before getting up and leaving the ice on his own but then lost consciousness and was taken to hospital – no damage was found but he was kept overnight for observation. The pair ended their partnership shortly afterward. Obertas moved to Russia as her mother had remarried and the family decided to settle in Saint Petersburg.
Partnership with Sokolov
In the summer of 2000, Obertas teamed up with Alexei Sokolov and began to represent Russia, coached by Ludmila Velikova and Nikolai Velikov. They trained at the Yubileyny rink in Saint Petersburg. After two fourth-place finishes at Russian Nationals, they won bronze in 2003. They earned a berth in the 2003 European Championships, where they placed fifth, and to the 2003 World Championships, where they finished eighth.
Partnership with Slavnov
Obertas had begun dating another one of the Velikovs' students, Sergei Slavnov, and in August 2003, they decided to skate together, switching coaches to Tamara Moskvina who also worked at Yubileyny.
At the 2004 Skate America, shortly after Tatiana Totmianina's accident, Obertas fell out of an overhead lift, a hand-to-hand lasso lift, but Slavnov managed to catch her to prevent her head hitting the ice. The pair won silver at the 2005 European Championships and were fifth at the World Championships. During the 2005-06 season, they were fourth at Europeans, and then finished eighth at both the Olympics and Worlds.
At the start of the 2006-07 season, Obertas/Slavnov decided to return to Ludmila Velikova. The pair won bronze at 2006 Trophée Eric Bompard and finished 6th at 2006 NHK Trophy. At the 2007 Russian Championships, they won the silver medal and were sent to the 2007 European Championships where they finished 4th. They did not compete at Worlds.
The pair announced they would miss the 2007-08 season as the result of an injury to Obertas. In summer 2008, they said they would miss the start of the 2008-09 season, but might compete at Russian Nationals. In autumn 2008, Obertas participated in the Russia 1 ice show Star Ice (), skating with the Russian actor Alexander Peskov. Obertas/Slavnov did not compete at Russian nationals and ended their career.
Obertas/Slavnov performed some quadruple twists in competition.
Personal life
Obertas and Slavnov dated from 2002 to 2008. In 2010, Obertas married Czech figure skater Radek Horák. After spending some time coaching in Italy, she and her husband now coach in Stockholm, Sweden.
Programs
With Slavnov
With Sokolov
Results
With Slavnov for Russia
With Sokolov for Russia
With Palamarchuk for Ukraine
References
External links
Navigation
1984 births
Russian female pair skaters
Ukrainian female pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters of Russia
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Living people
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Sportspeople from Dnipro |
4044071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20Lees | Nathaniel Lees | Nathaniel Lees is a New Zealand theatre actor and director and film actor of Samoan descent, best known for film roles in The Matrix Reloaded, The Matrix Revolutions and The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers and for starring in Young Hercules as Chiron the centaur.
Acting career
Lees was born in Auckland, New Zealand. He was brought up in an environment where Samoan was commonly spoken, so he grew up thinking of himself as being Samoan. He got his first acting job because of "being brown", as the theatre required brown people running around on stage killing Captain Cook. Part of the audition was him walking through the door, and upon doing so, he "had the job".
He is known for his role as Captain Mifune in The Matrix trilogy and his role as "Uglúk" in The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. He has also had roles on the TV series Young Hercules, Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and Xena: Warrior Princess. He appeared in 30 Days of Night with Josh Hartnett. He also played Master Mao in the Power Rangers series Power Rangers Jungle Fury. Early television appearances in New Zealand included a regular role in the 1989 series Shark in the Park.
He is also well known for a long career in theatre, having received many prestigious rewards for his contribution to the arts. Lees was one of the influential actors that paved the way for Pacific theatre in New Zealand. In 2004 he was awarded the Senior Pacific Artist Award at the Creative New Zealand Arts Pasifika Awards.
Theatre director
Lees was the director of the award winning play Think of a Garden written by John Kneubuhl, performed at the Watershed Theatre in 1993 in Auckland and then again in 1995 produced by Cath Cardiff and performed at Taki Rua Theatre in Wellington 1995. At the prestigious Chapman Tripp Theatre Awards 1995, the play won Production of the Year and Lees was awarded Director of the Year. In 1996, he directed A Frigate Bird Sings co-written by Oscar Kightley and Dave Fane and produced by Makerita Urale for the New Zealand International Festival of the Arts. The set was designed by Kate Peters and Michel Tuffery. The play was nominated for Production of the Year, Director of the Year, and Set Design at the 1996 Chapman Tripp Theatre Awards. In 2003, Lees directed The Songmaker's Chair by Albert Wendt. He also directed Awhi Tapu, by Māori playwright Albert Belz.
Filmography
Other Halves (1984) – Court Clerk
Death Warmed Up (1984) – Jackson
Shaker Run (1985) – Squad Commander
Chill Factor (1989) – Charles
Rapa-Nui (1994) – Long Ear Chief
Bonjour Timothy (1995) – Mr. Wiley
The Other Side of Heaven (2001) – Kelepi
The Lost World (2001, TV Movie) – Indian chief
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) – Uglúk
The Matrix Reloaded (2003) – Mifune
Liquid Bridge (2003) – Ogitani
The Matrix Revolutions (2003) – Mifune
No. 2 (2006) – Uncle John
Sione's Wedding (2006) – Minister
The Tattooist (2007) – Mr. Perenese
30 Days of Night (2007) – Carter Davies
Power Rangers Jungle Fury (2008, TV Series) – Master Mao
Journey to Ihipa (2008)
Under the Mountain (2009) – Detective Gray
Sione's 2: Unfinished Business (2012) – Minister
Mr. Pip (2012) – Mr. Jaggers
Realiti (2014) – George
One Thousand Ropes (2016) – Henry Pasi
Everybody Else Is Taken (2016, Short) – Geoffrey
Mortal Engines (2018)
The Other Side of Heaven II: Fire of Faith (2019) – Kelepi
The Dead Lands (2020, TV Series) – Te Kaipō
References
External links
New Zealand male film actors
New Zealand male television actors
Living people
People from Auckland
New Zealand people of Samoan descent
21st-century New Zealand male actors
Actors of Samoan descent
1972 births |
4044078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Talbot%2C%202nd%20Viscount%20Lisle | Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle | Thomas Talbot, 2nd Baron Lisle and 2nd Viscount Lisle (c. 1449 – 20 March 1470), English nobleman, was the son of John Talbot, 1st Viscount Lisle and Joan Cheddar.
He married Margaret Herbert, the daughter of William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke.
Upon the death of his grandmother Margaret Beauchamp in 1467, Lisle inherited her claims upon the lands of Baron Berkeley. He attempted to gain entrance to Berkeley Castle by bribery; but the plot was discovered, and in a fit of pique, he challenged Lord Berkeley to a trial of arms. The ensuing Battle of Nibley Green was the last battle on English soil fought entirely between private feudatories. The superior numbers of Berkeley won the day: Lisle's troops were routed, he was slain on the field, and Berkeley pillaged Lisle's manor of Wotton-under-Edge. Lady Lisle miscarried a son shortly thereafter; the Viscounty of Lisle became extinct, and the barony passed into abeyance between his two sisters.
References
History of Berkeley
|-
1440s births
1470 deaths
Thomas
2
Barons Lisle (Peerage of England) |
5381432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma%20Army%20National%20Guard | Oklahoma Army National Guard | The Oklahoma Army National Guard is the Army National Guard component of the Oklahoma National Guard. The Commander in Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard is the Governor of Oklahoma, who appoints the State Adjutant General (TAG), a Major General from either Army or Air. Currently, the TAG is Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Mancino. The previous TAG was Maj. Gen. Michael Thompson.
The history of the OK ARNG SOF aviation "Lords of Darkness" is complicated. Early aviation units in the OK ARNG appears to have included the 245th Medical Company (Air Ambulance) and the 145th Aviation Company (1968), seemingly amalgamated into the 445th Aviation Company (1971); the 445th Aviation Company was reorganized as Company B, 149th Aviation Battalion (September 1978); and in May 1982, the 45th Aviation Battalion (Light Combat Helicopter) was organised as a Special Operations Forces unit. Organizational Authority #168-87 (5 August 1987) reorganized the 45th Aviation Battalion as the 1st Battalion, 245th Aviation, as of 1 October 1987. On 5 August 1987 the 245th Aviation was constituted in the Oklahoma Army National Guard, a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System. It was organized 1 October 1987 to consist of the 1st Battalion (Special Operations) (Airborne) at Sperry. The 1st Battalion relocated to Tulsa on 1 July 1989. In 1986-87 there was a struggle by the OK ARNG to be accepted as a Special Operations Aviation team member by Army Special Operations Command at Fort Bragg and the active Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. But it appears that this process was generally successful. The unit flew 6,298 flying hours in 1992. The unit may have been deactivated in 1994.
At some point 1st Battalion, 245th Aviation (Special Operations) was reorganized into 1st Battalion (Airfield Operations), 245th Aviation. In January 2016 the unit was preparing for deployment to the Middle East; at that time, pre-deployment training was scheduled for May-June 2016 at the state training site, Camp Gruber.
Units
The Oklahoma Army National Guard consists of the following elements:
Joint Forces Command--Ground Component
90th Troop Command
Headquarters, 90th Troop Command at Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
120th Engineer Battalion at Broken Arrow, Oklahoma
Headquarters and Headquarters Company
Company A (Forward Support Company)
3120th Engineer Company
2120th Engineer Company
1120th Engineer Detachment
120th Medical Company (Area Support)
345th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion
Headquarters and Headquarters Company
1245th Transportation Company
745th Military Police Company
Company A, 777th Aviation Support Battalion (Distribution), Okmulgee, Oklahoma
63d Civil Support Team (WMD)
145th Army Band
145th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment
2d Battalion, 245th Aviation Regiment
Headquarters and Headquarters Company
Company C
3rd Battalion (Security & Support), 140th Aviation Regiment
Company C
Detachment 1
2d Battalion (General Support), 149th Aviation Regiment
Company B (CH-47)
Detachment 1
1st Battalion (General Support), 169th Aviation Regiment
Company C
Detachment 1
2d Battalion, 238th Aviation Regiment
Company F
834th Aviation Support Battalion
Company B
Medical Detachment
45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team
1st Squadron (RSTA), 180th Cavalry Regiment
2d Battalion, 134th Infantry Regiment (Airborne) (Nebraska Army National Guard)
1st Battalion, 179th Infantry Regiment
1st Battalion, 279th Infantry Regiment
1st Battalion, 160th Field Artillery Regiment (105mm Towed)
700th Brigade Support Battalion
545th Brigade Engineer Battalion
45th Field Artillery Brigade
Headquarters and Headquarters Battery
1st Battalion, 158th Field Artillery Regiment (HIMARS)
271st Brigade Support Battalion
205th Signal Company (Network)
Oklahoma Regional Training Institute
1st Battalion, 189th Field Artillery Regiment
2d Battalion (General Support), 189th Field Artillery Regiment
The OKARNG controls the Camp Gruber Maneuver Training Center located near Braggs, Oklahoma.
History
In 2021, the Oklahoma National Guard soldiers and Airmen helped to distribute food and water to citizens affected by Hurricane Ida.
Historic units
158th Field Artillery Regiment
160th Field Artillery Regiment
171st Field Artillery Regiment
189th Field Artillery Regiment
179th Infantry Regiment
180th Infantry Regiment
References
External links
Bibliography of Oklahoma Army National Guard History compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
United States Army National Guard by state
Military in Oklahoma |
4044086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciana%20Paluzzi | Luciana Paluzzi | Luciana Paluzzi (born 10 June 1937) is an Italian actress. She is perhaps best known for playing SPECTRE assassin Fiona Volpe in the fourth James Bond film, Thunderball, but she had important roles in notable films of the 1960s and 1970s in both the Italian film industry and Hollywood, including Chuka, The Green Slime, 99 Women, Black Gunn, The Klansman and The Sensuous Nurse.
Career
Film
Paluzzi was born in Rome and was brought up there. She went to Milan and studied naval engineering for two years at the Scientific Academy of Milan, being the only woman in her class.
One of her first roles was an uncredited walk-on part in Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), which she got by chance through a friend of her father's who was invited for dinner and happened to be looking for a young actress doing a very short two-line role for director Jean Negulesco, thinking Paluzzi might be a fit. Negulesco had not been satisfied with the other actresses so far, but when Paluzzi, who did not plan to become an actress, recited the English line the next day (it was the only English she spoke at that time) she got the role.
Paluzzi went on to appear in many movies, most of which were made in her native Italy. In her early films, she is credited as Luciana Paoluzzi.
In 1957, she came to England to appear in the British war film No Time To Die (also known as Tank Force) alongside Victor Mature where she was directed by Terence Young. She was then cast in the British action drama Sea Fury as the Spanish-born Josita, who is fought over by Stanley Baker and Victor McLaglen's characters.
In 1959, Paluzzi went to Hollywood under contract with Twentieth Century Fox Television to star as a regular in the 20th Century Fox Television series Five Fingers, which was cancelled after three months. Paluzzi then played Rafaella, the wife of Brett Halsey's character Ted Carter, in 1961's Return to Peyton Place.
From 1963 to 1965, Paluzzi almost exclusively appeared in Italian productions.
In 1965, Paluzzi was cast as SPECTRE villainess, Fiona Volpe, "volpe" is "fox" in Italian, in Terence Young's Thunderball (1965), for which she is best known. She had auditioned for the part of the lead Bond girl, Dominetta "Domino" Petacchi, but producers instead cast Claudine Auger, changing the character's name from an Italian to a Frenchwoman, renaming her Dominique Derval. Initially crestfallen when informed she did not get the part, Paluzzi rejoiced when told her consolatory prize was the part of Fiona Volpe, originally planned to be Fiona Kelly, which she said was "more fun" to play. Paluzzi later claimed being a Bond girl was a double-edged sword. In the documentary Bond Girls Are Forever, Paluzzi expressed amazement at the level of fame, publicity, and recognition she received from Thunderball; but as a result of being in such an outlandish film, she felt she was taken less seriously as an actress when returning to the Italian film industry.
Paluzzi appeared in such films as Muscle Beach Party (1964) and Chuka (1967). She co-starred in the 1969 women in prison film 99 Women, and as a Southern belle in the 1974 Hollywood drama The Klansman (with her voice dubbed by American actress Joanna Moore), again for Terence Young.
Television
In 1959–60, Paluzzi appeared with David Hedison in the short-lived espionage television series, Five Fingers. She appeared with Tab Hunter in an episode of The Tab Hunter Show in 1960. In 1962 she played a murderous wife in an episode of Thriller titled "Flowers of Evil". In 1964 she played the villainess in an episode of The Man from U.N.C.L.E., as the seductive THRUSH agent Angela in the first-season episode "The Four Steps Affair" and in the movie version of the show's pilot episode, To Trap a Spy. In 1966 she played Baroness Carla Montaglia in Season 3, Episode 3 "Face of a Shadow" in Twelve O'Clock High. Also in 1966, she played Greek bar owner Tuesday Hajadakis in the premiere episode of The Girl from U.N.C.L.E. . In 1967 she played the seductive foreign agent Marla Valemska in "Matchless," the premiere episode of Mr. Teriffic. In 1971 Paluzzi appeared as a special guest star in "Powderkeg," the pilot movie for the CBS TV series, Bearcats!. In 1978 she portrayed journalist Liana Labella in the Hawaii Five-O episode "My Friend, the Enemy".
Also starred in Bonanza, 'The Dowry', in 1962.
Personal life
In 1960, Paluzzi married actor Brett Halsey, who had just left his marriage with Renate Hoy, an actress and Miss Germany of 1954. The two co-starred as a newlywed couple in the film, Return to Peyton Place. The couple had one son, Christian, and after they divorced in 1962 Halsey married Heidi Brühl.
During the 1960s and 1970s, Paluzzi had a long-term relationship with Tony Anthony, with whom she appeared in the films Wounds of Hunger and Come Together. Her work in Japan on The Green Slime inspired Anthony to write and produce the hybrid Spaghetti Western-jidaigeki film The Silent Stranger.
In 1979, Paluzzi married her current husband, American media mogul Michael Jay Solomon, who had founded Michael Jay Solomon Film International in 1977, co-founded Telepictures Corporation in 1978 and in 1985 became president of Warner Bros. International Television, and she moved to New York to live with her husband. The marriage caused her to end her film career. In 1980, she became sales representative of Canale 5 and :it:Reteitalia in the United States, which she characterized as a very quiet job, and followed her husband on his international travels.
Paluzzi and her husband also resided at an exclusive clifftop estate on the Pacific Ocean in Jalisco, Mexico, known as "Casa Dos Estrellas".<ref>Casa Dos Estrellas – Costa Careyes Luxury Mansion (per 3 November 2013)</ref> The couple sold that estate in about 2005 to live in New York and Rome, to be close to family.
Selected filmography Sua altezza ha detto: no! (1953) – NanúThree Coins in the Fountain (1954) – Angela Bianchi (uncredited)My Seven Little Sins (1954) – PatIl vetturale del Moncenisio (1954)Adriana Lecouvreur (1955)Faccia da mascalzone (1956)The Lebanese Mission (1956) – Michèle HennequinMademoiselle Striptease (1956) – SophiaGuaglione (1956) – Marisa's FriendLa donna che venne dal mare (1957)Hercules (1958) – Luciana PaoluzziNo Time to Die (1958) – CarolaSi le roi savait ça (1958)Sea Fury (1958) – JositaThe Tiger of Eschnapur (1959) – Bharani – Seetha's servantCarlton-Browne of the F.O. (1959) – Her Serene Highness Princess IlyenaMy Wife's Enemy (1959) – GiuliaJourney to the Lost City (1960) – BahraniReturn to Peyton Place (1961) – RaffaellaBonanza (1962, Episode: "The Dowry") – Michele DuboisThe Reluctant Saint (1962) – Carlotta (scenes deleted)Vice and Virtue (1963) – HélénaWounds of Hunger (1963) – EstelaBurke's Law (1964, Episode: "Who killed Marty Kelso") – Mia BandiniTo Trap a Spy (1964) – Angela (archive footage)Muscle Beach Party (1964) – JulieQuesta volta parliamo di uomini (1965) – Manuela (segment "Un uomo d'onore")I Kill, You Kill (1965) – La mamma (segment "Giochi acerbi")Thunderball (1965) – Fiona VolpeThe Venetian Affair (1966) – Giulia AlmerantiThe One Eyed Soldiers (1966) – Gava BerensChuka (1967) – Veronica KleitzThe Green Slime (1968) – Dr. Lisa BensonOSS 117 – Double Agent (1968) – Maud, a female doctorA Black Veil for Lisa (1968) – LisaLa esclava del paraíso (1968) – Mizziana1001 Nights (1968) – Mizziana99 Women (1969) – Natalie MendozaCarnal Circuit (1969) – Mary SullivanThe Forgotten Pistolero (1969) – Anna CarrascoPlaygirl 70 (1969) – LuisaCaptain Nemo and the Underwater City (1969) – MalaIl segreto dei soldati di argilla (1970)The Man Who Came from Hate (1971) – TheresaCome Together (1971) – Lisa (1971) – FridaThe Two Faces of Fear (1972) – Elena CarliColpo grosso... grossissimo... anzi probabile (1972) – JacquelineThe Italian Connection (1972) – Eva LalliBlack Gunn (1972) – ToniTragic Ceremony (1972) – Lady AlexanderMedusa (1973) – SarahThe Great Kidnapping (1973) – Renata BolettiWar Goddess (1973) – PhaedraMean Mother (1974) – ThereseThe Klansman (1974) – TrixieLa sbandata (1974) – Rosa – wife of RaffaeleManhunt in the City (1975) – Vera VannucchiCalling All Police Cars (1975) – Ispettrice Giovanna NunzianteThe Sensuous Nurse (1975) – Jole ScarpaNick the Sting (1976) – AnnaHawaii Five-O (1978) Episode:"My Friend, the Enemy" – Liana LabellaThe Greek Tycoon (1978) – Paola ScottiDeadly Chase'' (1978) – Rosy (final film role)
References
External links
1937 births
Living people
Italian film actresses
Italian television actresses
People of Lazian descent
Actresses from Rome
20th-century Italian actresses
Italian emigrants to the United States |
4044087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicious%20Rumors%20%28Vicious%20Rumors%20album%29 | Vicious Rumors (Vicious Rumors album) | Vicious Rumors is the third album by the American heavy metal band Vicious Rumors, released in 1990.
A music video was made for "Don't Wait for Me".
Track listing
Personnel
Carl Albert – lead vocals, backing vocals
Geoff Thorpe – guitars, producer
Mark McGee – guitars, mandolin, backing vocals
Dave Starr – bass
Larry Howe – drums
Production
Mike Houghes – back cover logo concept
Geoff Thorpe – producer, mixing
Howie Weinberg – mastering
Anthony Ranieri – design
Jay Janini – photography
Michael Rosen – producer, engineer, mixing
Peggy Donnelly – A&R coordination
Mark McGee – producer (assistant), mixing
Bob Defrin – art direction
Stan Woch – front cover logo concept
Don Brautigam – front & back illustration
References
1990 albums
Vicious Rumors albums
Atlantic Records albums |
5381442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid%20Bailey | Reid Bailey | Reid Bailey (born May 28, 1956) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defensemen who played three seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers, Toronto Maple Leafs and Hartford Whalers.
Undrafted into the NHL, Bailey signed a free agent contract with the Philadelphia Flyers on November 20, 1978.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
External links
1956 births
Binghamton Whalers players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian people of British descent
Cornwall Royals (QMJHL) players
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kitchener Rangers players
Living people
Maine Mariners players
Moncton Alpines (AHL) players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Port Huron Flags players
Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds players
Sportspeople from Toronto
St. Catharines Saints players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Undrafted National Hockey League players |
5381449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Western%20Coal%20and%20Navigation%20Company | North Western Coal and Navigation Company | The North Western Coal and Navigation Company, also known as Alberta Railway and Coal Company or Alberta Railway and Irrigation Company, was a coal mining company formed in London, England in 1882 by Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt, one of Canada's Fathers of Confederation. As part of his vision for Canada, Galt was committed to finding industries that would bring settlers to the District of Alberta of the Northwest Territories. The company was founded to create a coal mining industry that could bring settlers to the Northwest Territories. It was based in Lethbridge, Alberta, with his son Elliott Torrance Galt, managing day-to-day operations. The company's superintendent was William Stafford. Money for this company came from a consortium of investors from Canada, England, and the United States.
Galts' narrow gauge railway
NWC&NC built the steamboat 'Baroness' along with a number of barges in 1883 to ship coal to Medicine Hat, by the Oldman River. However, this soon proved to be impractical, as the time of navigable high water was short and undependable, and shoals and sandbanks proved hazardous. Only 3200 tons of coal was delivered to Medicine Hat in two years. Sir Alexander Galt had already conceived the idea of a narrow gauge railway, and in 1884 the Federal government confirmed the British charter, and empowered the NWC&NC to build a narrow gauge railway from Dunmore, Alberta, to its coal properties at Lethbridge. NWC&NC contracted Canadian Pacific Railway to buy a minimum of 20,000 tons of coal a year for five years at $5 a ton delivered to Medicine Hat. Canada's Governor General, the Marquis of Landsdowne, demonstrated the Dominion government's support of the Galt enterprises, by opening the Galts' narrow gauge railway on October 19, 1885 in Lethbridge.
Alberta Railway & Coal Company
In 1889, the Alberta Railway & Coal Company was incorporated by NWC&NC to build a narrow gauge railway from Lethbridge to the Canada–United States border, a distance of 65 miles. Coincident with the building of the AR&CC line in 1890, the Galts received a Montana charter for the narrow gauge Great Falls and Canada Railway (GF&CR). The line ran from Sweetgrass, opposite Coutts, to Great Falls, Montana. By extending their railway into the United States, the Galts were able to enlarge the market for Lethbridge coal. In 1901, the GF&CR line was converted to standard gauge, and was purchased by the Montana Great Northern Railway, a subsidiary of the Great Northern Railway (U.S.).
Originally leased to the CPR in 1893, the line from Dunmore to Lethbridge (the AR&CC had acquired the properties of the NWC&NC in 1891), the line was upgraded to standard gauge, and was purchased outright in 1897 and became the first leg of the Crow's Nest Pass branch railway to the CPR's mineral properties in the Kootenay area of south-eastern British Columbia, with the right to extend the line to Hope.
Alberta Railway & Irrigation Company
To further the AR&CC's aims to develop the granted land and attract settlement, Elliott Galt was made aware that farming, not ranching, was the appropriate means of development, and Irrigation was the key. He was approached by Charles Ora Card of the Utah-based Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints), familiarly known as Mormons, who detailed his vision of using the local river systems for irrigation. Card had visited Canada in 1886 and had returned in 1887 with a group that settled on Lees Creek and established the village of Cardston, Alberta. Under Brigham Young, the Mormons had established a thriving community centered on Salt Lake City and had pioneered and gained expertise in farming by irrigation in an area of deficient rainfall.
An agreement was reached with the Mormons in 1891, whereby they would lease 700,000 acres of land, bring in settlers, and provide labour for building the canal system. Economic depression and the lack of capital ended the project. Though temporarily thwarted the Galts continued to pursue their plan for irrigation and soon afterwards, with an upturn in the economy and a new Liberal Party of Canada, government with Clifford Sifton, as Minister of the Department of the Interior, who pursued a vigorous policy of Immigration, the fortunes of the Galt enterprises changed for the better. An agreement was reached with the Government of Canada, whereby in an exchange of lands the AR&CC was able to assemble a solid block of 500,000 acres adjacent to the St. Mary River thus making large-scale irrigation feasible. A new contract was signed with the Mormons in which they were to construct the canal system and in return for their labour they were to be paid "one-half in cash and one-half in land, the land with water rights being valued at three dollars per acre, to a total of $75,000 and 25,000 acres. A remission of the survey fee of ten cents per acre was also granted by the government. The church-sponsored immigrants, to whom Galt advanced the costs of transportation, were to establish themselves in hamlet, one each in the tracts twenty and thirty miles south of Lethbridge, the communities of Stirling & Magrath, Alberta were established in 1889 as per contract with AR&IC. The main canal was completed in August 1900.
That same year the St. Mary’s River Railway Company was incorporated to provide access and serve the settlers benefiting from the irrigation system. It reached Cardston in 1903, with permission to extend the narrow gauge line. At Raymond, Alberta a sugar beet factory was erected. A further consolidation of land took place in 1900, followed in 1902 by the purchase of the adjacent 500,000 Acre Tract at one dollar an acre after the awarding of credits amounting to two dollars an acre. Payment was to be made in ten equal annual installments. The stipulation was that the land could not be sold for more than five dollars an acre, and the unsold balance, after 15 years, would revert to the government. In 1904 the Galt companies were merged into a new corporation, the Alberta Railway and Irrigation Company (AR&IC). The St. Mary's Canal was enlarged and a beginning was made on a canal from the Milk River, halted by the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 between the United States and Canada, dividing the waters of the two rivers equally between the two countries. In 1912 the Canadian Pacific Railway leased the AR&IC for 999 years thus ending the independence of the Galt enterprise.
See also
Galt Historic Railway Park - Stirling, Alberta
References
External links
Virtual Field Trip for the Oldman River
Description of Galt Railway
Coal companies of Canada
Companies based in Lethbridge
History of Lethbridge
3 ft gauge railways in Canada
Energy companies established in 1882
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1882
Defunct Alberta railways |
5381453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PennHIP | PennHIP | PennHIP (an acronym for "University of Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program") is a program which evaluates the quality of the hips in dogs. The program was established at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine by Gail Smith in 1993, with the primary objective of reducing the prevalence of hip dysplasia in dogs. To assess a dog's hip joints, three radiographs (X-rays) are taken from different angles while the dog is under general anesthesia. Radiographs are submitted to the PennHIP for assessment, and are assigned a score, called a distraction index. Veterinarians must be trained members of the PennHIP Network in order to take radiographs for these assessments. The scheme is available through veterinarians in the United States and Canada. It was considered as the most evidence-based radiographic method to diagnose hip dysplasia.
History
The PennHIP method was developed by Gail Smith at the University of Pennsylvania in 1983 with the current radiographic submission system dating back to 1993.
In the 1990s, the Penn Center for Innovation (PCI) licensed PennHIP to a corporation, with Smith taking it back in 2002 and turning it into a not-for-profit service at Penn Vet. Recently, PCI facilitated the sale of PennHIP to Antech Imaging Services (Antech Diagnostics, Inc.), it is now called AIS PennHIP.
Configurations and technique
The major quality of the PennHIP for the performing veterinarians is it gives an early indication for developing osteoarthritis of canine hip dysplasia as early as 16 weeks of the dogs age. The method requires the dogs to be under heavy sedation or anesthetized in dorsal recumbency position to eliminate muscle tension. Three radiographic exposures are made of the coxofemoral joint to evaluate the hip quality and quantitatively measure the joint laxity as following 1) distraction radiograph, 2) compression radiograph 3) ventrodorsal hip-extended radiograph with the distraction device being placed between the legs in neutral position and hips are distracted. The device acts as a fulcrum at the level of the proximal femur to lateralize the femoral heads when the performing veterinarian exerts minimal adduction force.
The first two previously mentioned radiographs are used to obtain precise measurements on laxity and joint congruence, while the extended view is needed to collect further information on osteoarthritis if present. The purpose of these RXs is to obtain a technological calculated value that in the end an index of the joint laxity is given with less vulnerability to errors in comparison to the qualitative methods.
The quantitative measure is called the distraction index (DI) which is the measurement of the maximal femoral head displacement from the acetabulum. It is calculated by dividing the distance between the geometric centre of the femoral head and the geometric centre of the acetabulum by the radius of the femoral head. The degree of presence of osteoarthritis increases as the DI value go over 0.3, meaning that the dog is in a higher risk of developing the condition.
Alternatives
Norberg angle (NA): which measures the femoral head displacement from the acetabulum. It is calculated by drawing a line that connects between two dots that are located at the centre of each femoral head centre and another line that connects one of the first dots to the craniolateral acetabular rim on the same femoral head. A normal NA is ≥105 degrees.
Percentage of femoral head coverage (%FHC): it measures the femoral head displacement from the acetabulum. The percent is considered normal or concluding that the dog has a good hip joint congruity when the percent is ≥50% coverage.
Dorsolateral hip testing using radiography and CT: dog is in sternal recumbency position and kneeling.
Pelvic stress radiography: dog is in dorsal recumbency position, femur is in 60° angle while the vet is manually pushing it in a craniodorsal direction.
Drawbacks
The technique can only be performed by a certified veterinarian or vet technician as they must take certain training course and they have to submit trial radiographs that shows their level of proficiency to get their certificate approved.
Not recognized by the American Kennel Club
Requires anesthesia.
Higher cost compared to the alternatives that ranges between $200-400.
See also
Orthopedic Foundation for Animals
References
External links
Dog health |
4044090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Caton-Jones | Michael Caton-Jones | Michael Caton-Jones (born Michael Jones; 15 October 1957) is a Scottish director and producer of film and television. His credits include the World War II film Memphis Belle (1990), the romantic comedy Doc Hollywood (1991), the biographical drama This Boy's Life (1993), the historical epic Rob Roy (1995), the action thriller The Jackal (1997), and an erotic thriller sequel, Basic Instinct 2 (2006). He also directed the Channel 4 miniseries Brond (1987) and World Without End (2012).
Career
Caton-Jones attended the National Film and Television School.
In October 2017, Michael Caton-Jones revealed he had chosen Sophie Okonedo, to star in B. Monkey. However producer, Harvey Weinstein, decided the actress was not "f**kable". Caton-Jones and Weinstein discussed the matter heatedly and Caton-Jones said, "'Don’t screw up the casting of this film because you want to get laid', whereupon he went mental." Weinstein then told Variety that Caton-Jones had left the production due to "creative differences". Asia Argento, who replaced Okonedo, was one of three women who in 2017 were reported in The New Yorker to have been raped by Weinstein; she said she submitted to Weinstein because, "I felt I had to, because I had the movie coming out and I didn’t want to anger him."
Filmography
Film
Television director
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire
Alumni of the National Film and Television School
Scottish film directors
People from Broxburn, West Lothian
Squatters |
4044093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane%20Ackerson | Duane Ackerson | Duane Ackerson (October 17, 1942 – April 19, 2020) was an American writer of speculative poetry and fiction.
Не taught at the University of Oregon, then headed the creative program at Idaho State University. He lived in Salem, Oregon, where he died on April 19, 2020.
Duane Ackerson's work has appeared in anthologies that include The Year's Best SF 1974, 100 Great Science Fiction Short Short Stories, Future Pastimes, and the textbook Writing Poetry. He has won the Rhysling Award for Best Short Poem twice, in 1978 and 1979.
Ackerson's poems are translated into Russian by Dmitry Kuzmin.
Bibliography
The Bird at the End of the Universe
The Eggplant & Other Absurdities
Weathering
UA Flight to Chicago. Lincoln, Nebraska: The Best Cellar Press, 1971.
References
External links
1942 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American poets
American male novelists
American male poets
American male short story writers
American science fiction writers
American short story writers
Idaho State University faculty
Novelists from New York (state)
Novelists from Oregon
Rhysling Award for Best Short Poem winners
Writers from New York City
Writers from Salem, Oregon
University of Oregon faculty |
4044098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Mill%20State%20Park | Old Mill State Park | Old Mill State Park is a small Minnesota state park on the Middle River between Argyle and Newfolden on an ancient beach of glacial Lake Agassiz in Marshall County in the northwestern part of the state.
It is a park.
History
The park area was originally homesteaded by the Larson Family in 1882. A series of water- and wind-powered mills were soon built in the area. Eventually a steam-powered mill replaced the older technology. The state bought the area in 1937 and rebuilt the steam engine in 1958. Every year as part of the park's special events and interpretive programs, the old mill is run as it had been years ago.
Wildlife
Many species are attracted to the river that runs through the park. Deer and moose are the largest animals that frequent the park. Beaver, raccoon, white-tailed jackrabbits and snowshoe hares are common. A bird migration route runs through the park adding more wildlife especially in the spring and fall. The ground-nesting marsh hawk is a common summer resident. Owls and the occasional eagle have been sighted in the park.
National Register of Historic Places
A historic district including eight contributing buildings and structures, built by the Works Progress Administration, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Larson Mill is listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places.
References
External links
Old Mill State Park
1937 establishments in Minnesota
Grinding mills on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Mill museums in Minnesota
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1937
Protected areas of Marshall County, Minnesota
Rustic architecture in Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota
Works Progress Administration in Minnesota
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Marshall County, Minnesota |
4044099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathroom%20Divas | Bathroom Divas | Bathroom Divas: So You Want to Be an Opera Star? is a television show that originally aired on Bravo! Canada for two seasons. It was produced by Kaleidoscope Entertainment, Inc. and directed by Mike Ward. The winner got to perform live in front of a world class orchestra. The title is a hint to the expression "bathroom singing".
It was picked up by Ovation TV to replay the previous episodes.
Seasons
Season 1
Judges: The principal judges were Mary Lou Fallis, Tom Diamond, Gary Relyea, and Michael McMahon.
Winner: Elton Lammie
Season 2
Judges: Mary Lou Fallis and Tom Diamond are joined by Liz Upchurch and Daniel Lichti.
Winner: Elaine Jean Brown
External links
Official site
Here's a switch -- reality TV with class
Once shy singer tries her luck on Bravo TV
London soprano reality show's second-best Bathroom Diva
Season Two Press Release
CTV Drama Channel original programming
Singing talent shows
Canadian reality television series
Canadian music television series |
4044129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaver | Cleaver | A cleaver is a large knife that varies in its shape but usually resembles a rectangular-bladed hatchet. It is largely used as a kitchen or butcher knife and is mostly intended for splitting up large pieces of soft bones and slashing through thick pieces of meat. The knife's broad side can also be used for crushing in food preparation (such as garlic) and can also be used to scoop up chopped items.
Tools described as cleavers have been in use since the Acheulean period. "Cleaver" was commonly spelled clever in the late 17th century.
Design
In contrast to other kitchen knives, the cleaver has an especially tough edge meant to withstand repeated blows directly into thick meat, dense cartilage, bone, and the cutting board below. This resilience is accomplished by using a softer, tougher steel and a thicker blade, because a harder steel or thinner blade might fracture or buckle under hard use.
In use, it is swung like a meat tenderizer or hammer the knife's design relies on sheer momentum to cut efficiently; to chop straight through rather than slicing in a sawing motion. Part of the momentum derives from how hard the user swings the cleaver, and the other part from how heavy the cleaver is. Because of this, the edge of a meat cleaver does not need to be particularly sharp in fact, a knife-sharp edge on a cleaver is undesirable. The grind for a meat cleaver, at approximately 25°, is much blunter than for other kitchen knives.
The tough metal and thick blade of a cleaver also make it a suitable tool for crushing with the side of the blade, whereas some hard, thin slicing knives could crack under such repeated stress.
Some cleavers have a small hole, at the top front corner, for hanging them on a wall. A butcher does not typically lay them flat, as the blade may dull or get damaged.
Use
Cleavers are primarily used for cutting through thin or soft bones and sinew. With a chicken, for example, it can be used to chop through the bird's thin bones or to separate ribs. Cleavers can also be used in preparation of hard vegetables and other foods, such as squash, where a thin slicing blade runs the risk of shattering.
Cleavers are not used for cutting through solid, thick and hard bones – instead a bone saw, either manual or powered, is used.
Cultural references
Cleavers occur with some frequency in traditional Chinese thought.
A story from the Zhuangzi on the proper use of a cleaver tells of a butcher who effortlessly cut ox carcasses apart, without ever needing to sharpen his cleaver. When asked how he did so, he replied that he did not cut through the bones, but rather in the space between the bones.
In explaining his ideal of junzi, Kǒng Fūzǐ remarked "Why use an ox-cleaver to carve a chicken?" on the futility of the common people seeking to emulate noblemen.
East Asia
Chinese "cleaver"
The Chinese chef's knife is frequently incorrectly referred to as a "cleaver", due its similar rectangular shape. However Chinese chef knives are much thinner in cross-section and are intended more as general-purpose kitchen knives, and mostly used to slice boneless meats, chop, slice, dice, or mince vegetables, and to flatten garlic bulbs or ginger; while also serving as a spatula to carry prepared ingredients to the wok.
For butchering tasks and to prepare boned meats, there is a heavier Chinese "cleaver", used in similar fashion to the Western one.
Japan
In Japanese cutlery, the main cleaver used is the light-duty deba bocho, primarily for cutting the head off fish.
See also
Side knife, a woodworking tool resembling a cleaver.
References
Kitchen knives
Chinese food preparation utensils
Japanese food preparation utensils
Korean food preparation utensils |
5381470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Ball%20%28ice%20hockey%29 | Terry Ball (ice hockey) | Terrance James Ball (born November 29, 1944) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. Ball played in the National Hockey League, the World Hockey Association, the Finnish SM-Liiga, and several minor leagues in a career that spanned from 1964 until 1979.
Early life
Ball was born in Selkirk, Manitoba. He played junior with the Winnipeg Rangers and Brandon Wheat Kings, and Kitchener Rangers.
Career
In 1963–64, Ball played eight games with the Vancouver Canucks of the Western Hockey League, but finished the season in junior. He played one further season in junior, with Kitchener and signed underage with the New York Rangers.
In 1964–65, Ball moved on to minor professional leagues, with the Minnesota Rangers. Ball remained in the New York Rangers farm system until 1967, when he was claimed in the expansion draft by Philadelphia. He played one game for the Flyers, but spent the rest of the season with their Quebec Aces affiliate. Ball played full-time in the NHL in 1969–70 with the Flyers, before being traded in the off-season to the Pittsburgh Penguins. Ball did not play in the NHL for the Penguins, and was traded to the Buffalo Sabres in 1971. Ball was a European scout for the Edmonton Oilers during the 1970s.
Ball was chosen by the World Hockey Association's Minnesota Fighting Saints in the 1972 general draft, and he signed with them. Ball played three seasons with Minnesota before being claimed by the Cleveland Crusaders in 1975. Ball played one season with Cleveland before being traded to the Cincinnati Stingers. Ball was picked up by the Birmingham Bulls in 1976, and he split the season between the Bulls and the minors.
In 1977, Ball signed with HIFK Helsinki, where he played two further seasons of hockey before ending his career.
Ball was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame in 2012.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
Awards and achievements
MJHL All-Star Team (1964)
Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame (2011)
References
External links
1944 births
Living people
Amarillo Wranglers players
Birmingham Bulls players
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Finland
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Cincinnati Stingers players
Cincinnati Swords players
Cleveland Crusaders players
Edmonton Oilers scouts
HIFK (ice hockey) players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Kitchener Rangers players
Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame inductees
Minnesota Fighting Saints players
Minnesota Rangers players
Oklahoma City Blazers (1965–1977) players
Omaha Knights (CHL) players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Quebec Aces (AHL) players
Salt Lake Golden Eagles (WHL) players
Sportspeople from Selkirk, Manitoba
St. Paul Rangers players
Vancouver Canucks (WHL) players
Winnipeg Rangers players |
4044132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile%20tilapia | Nile tilapia | The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a species of tilapia, a cichlid fish native to the northern half of Africa and the Levante area, including Israel, and Lebanon. Numerous introduced populations exist outside its natural range. It is also commercially known as mango fish, nilotica, or boulti. The first name leads to easy confusion with another tilapia which is traded commercially, the mango tilapia (Sarotherodon galilaeus).
Description
The Nile tilapia reaches up to in length, and can exceed . As typical of tilapia, males reach a larger size and grow faster than females.
Wild, natural-type Nile tilapias are brownish or grayish overall, often with indistinct banding on their body, and the tail is vertically striped. When breeding, males become reddish, especially on their fins. Although commonly confused with the blue tilapia (O. aureus), that species lacks the striped tail pattern, has a red edge to the dorsal fin (this edge is gray or black in Nile tilapia), and males are bluish overall when breeding. The two species can also be separated by meristics. Because many tilapia in aquaculture and introduced around the world are selectively bred variants and/or hybrids, identifying them using the standard features that can be used in the wild, natural types often is not possible. The virtually unknown O. ismailiaensis has a plain tail, but otherwise closely resembles (and may only be a variant of) the Nile tilapia. Regardless, O. ismailiaensis might be extinct, as its only known habitat in northeastern Egypt has disappeared, although similar-looking individuals (perhaps the same) are known from the vicinity.
Nile tilapia can live for more than 10 years.
Range and habitat
The Nile tilapia is native to larger parts of Africa, except Maghreb and almost all of Southern Africa. It is native to tropical West Africa, the Lake Chad basin, and much of the Nile system, including lakes Tana, Albert and Edward–George, as well as lakes Kivu, Tanganyika, and Turkana, and the Awash and Omo Rivers. In Israel, it is native to coastal river basins. It has been widely introduced elsewhere, both in Africa and other continents, including tens of countries in Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. In these places, it often becomes highly invasive, threatening the native ecosystems and species. However, some introduced populations historically labelled as Nile tilapia either are hybrids or another species; the Nile tilapia and blue tilapia especially often have been confused.
The Nile tilapia can be found in most types of freshwater habitats, such as rivers, streams, canals, lakes, and ponds, and ranging from sea level to an altitude of . It also occurs in brackish water, but is unable to survive long-term in full salt water. The species has been recorded at water temperatures between , although typically above , and the upper lethal limit usually is at . Also, some variations occur depending on the population. For example, those in the northern part of its range survive down to the coldest temperatures, while isolated populations in hot springs in the Awash basin and at Suguta River generally live in waters that are at least . Although Nile tilapia can survive down to relatively cold temperatures, breeding generally only occurs when the water reaches .
Subspecies
Although FishBase considers the species as monotypic, several distinctive populations often are recognized as valid subspecies:
O. n. niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) – most of species' range
O. n. baringoensis Trewavas, 1983 – Lake Baringo in Kenya
O. n. cancellatus (Nichols, 1923) – Awash basin in Ethiopia
O. n. eduardianus (Boulenger, 1912) – Albertine Rift Valley lakes
O. n. filoa Trewavas, 1983 – hot springs in Awash basin in Ethiopia
O. n. sugutae Trewavas, 1983 – Karpeddo soda springs at Suguta River in Kenya
O. n. tana Seyoum & Kornfield, 1992 – Lake Tana in Ethiopia
O. n. vulcani Trewavas, 1933 – Lake Turkana in Ethiopia and Kenya
While the species is overall very widespread and common, the IUCN considers O. n. baringoensis as endangered, O. n. sugutae as vulnerable, and O. n. filoa as data deficient.
A population found in Lake Bogoria appears to be an undescribed subspecies.
The forms referred to as Oreochromis (or Tilapia) nyabikere and kabagole seem to belong to this species, too. An undescribed population found at, for example, Wami River, Lake Manyara, and Tingaylanda seems to be a close relative.
Behavior
Feeding
The Nile tilapia is mostly a herbivore, but with omnivorous tendencies, especially when young. They mostly feed on phytoplankton and algae, and in some populations other macrophytes also are important. Other recorded food items are detritus and aquatic insect larvae, including those of mosquitoes, making it a possible tool in the fight against malaria in Africa. However, when introduced outside its native range, it often becomes invasive, threatening more localized species.
The Nile tilapia typically feeds during daytime, which suggests that, similar to trout and salmon, it exhibits a behavioral response to light as a main factor contributing to feeding activity. Due to its fast reproductive rate, however, overpopulation often results within groups of Nile tilapia. To obtain the necessary nutrients, night feeding may also occur due to competition for food during daylight. A recent study found evidence that, contrary to popular belief, size dimorphism between the sexes results from differential food conversion efficiency rather than different amounts of food consumed. Hence, although males and females eat equal amounts of food, males tend to grow larger due to a higher efficiency of converting food to body weight.
Social organization
Groups of Nile tilapia establish social hierarchies in which the dominant males have priority for both food and mating. Circular nests are built predominantly by males through mouth digging to become future spawning sites. These nests often become sites of intense courtship rituals and parental care. Like other fish, Nile tilapia travel almost exclusively in schools. Although males settle down in their crafted nesting zones, females travel between zones to find mates, resulting in competition between the males for females.
Like other tilapias, such as Mozambique tilapia, dominance between the males is established first through noncontact displays such as lateral display and tail beats. Unsuccessful attempts to reconcile the hierarchy results in contact fighting to inflict injuries. Nile tilapia have been observed to modify their fighting behavior based upon experiences during development. Thus, experience in a certain form of agonistic behavior results in differential aggressiveness among individuals. Once the social hierarchy is established within a group, the dominant males enjoy the benefits of both increased access to food and an increased number of mates. However, social interactions between males in the presence of females results in higher energy expenditures as a consequence of courtship displays and sexual competition.
Reproduction
Typical of most fish, Nile tilapia reproduce through mass spawning of a brood within a nest made by the male. In such an arrangement, territoriality and sexual competition amongst the males lead to large variations in reproductive success for individuals in a group. The genetic consequence of such behavior is reduced genetic variability in the long run, as inbreeding is likely to occur among different generations due to differential male reproductive success. Perhaps driven by reproductive competition, tilapias reproduce within a few months after birth. The relatively young age of sexual maturation within Nile tilapia leads to high birth and turnover rates. Consequently, the rapid reproductive rate of individuals can actually have a negative impact on growth rate, leading to the appearance of stunted tilapia as a result of a reduction in somatic growth in favor of sexual maturation.
Female Nile tilapia, in the presence of other females either visually or chemically, exhibit shortened interspawning intervals. Although parental investment by a female extends the interspawning period, female tilapia that abandon their young to the care of a male gain this advantage of increased interspawning periods. One of the possible purposes behind this mechanism is to increase the reproductive advantage of females that do not have to care for young, allowing them more opportunities to spawn. For males, reproductive advantage goes to the more dominant males. Males have differential levels of gonadotropic hormones responsible for spermatogenesis, with dominant males having higher levels of the hormone. Thus, selection has favored larger sperm production with more successful males. Similarly, dominant males have both the best territory in terms of resources and the greatest access to mates. Furthermore, visual communication between Nile tilapia mates both stimulates and modulates reproductive behavior between partners such as courtship, spawning frequency, and nest building.
Parental care
Species belonging to the genus Oreochromis typically care for their young through mouthbrooding, oral incubation of the eggs and larvae. Similar to other tilapia, Nile tilapia are maternal mouthbrooders and extensive care is, therefore, provided almost exclusively by the female. After spawning in a nest made by a male, the young fry or eggs are carried in the mouth of the mother for a period of 12 days. Sometimes, the mother pushes the young back into her mouth if she believes they are not ready for the outside. Nile tilapias also demonstrate parental care in times of danger. When approached by a danger, the young often swim back into the protection of their mother's mouth. However, mouthbrooding leads to significant metabolic modifications for the parents, usually the mother, as reflected by fluctuations in body weight and low fitness. Thus, parental-offspring conflict can be observed through the costs and benefits of mouthbrooding. Protection of the young ensures passage of an individual's genes into the future generations, but caring for the young also reduces an individual's own reproductive fitness.
Since female Nile tilapia exhibiting parental care show extended interspawning periods, one of the benefits is slowing down vitellogenesis (yolk deposition) to increase the survival rate of one's own young. The size of spawned eggs correlates directly with advantages concerning hatching time, growth, survival, and onset of feeding, since increased egg size means increased nutrients for the developing young. Thus, one of the reasons behind a delayed interspawning period by female Nile tilapia may be for the benefit of offspring survival.
Aquaculture
Tilapia, likely the Nile tilapia, was well known as food fish in Ancient Egypt and commonly featured in their art (paintings and sculptures). This includes a 4000-year-old tomb illustration that shows them in man-made ponds, likely an early form of aquaculture. In modern aquaculture, wild-type Nile tilapia are not farmed very often because the dark color of their flesh is undesirable for many customers, and because of the reputation the fish has as being a trash fish. However, they are fast-growing and produce good fillets; leucistic ("red") breeds which have lighter meat have been developed to counter the consumer distaste for darker meat.
Hybrid stock is also used in aquaculture; Nile × blue tilapia hybrids are usually rather dark, but a light-colored hybrid breed known as "Rocky Mountain White" tilapia is often grown due to its very light flesh and tolerance of low temperatures.
As food
The red-hybrid Nile tilapia is known in the Thai language as pla thapthim (), meaning "pomegranate fish" or "ruby fish". This type of tilapia is very popular in Thai cuisine, where it is prepared in a variety of ways.
The black-and-white-striped tilapia pla nin (), meaning "Nile fish", has darker flesh and is commonly either salted and grilled or deep-fried, and it can also be steamed with lime (pla nin nueng manao).
Nile tilapia, called bulṭī in Arabic, is (being native to Egypt) among the most common fish in Egyptian cuisine, and probably the most common in regions far from the coast. It is generally either battered and pan-fried whole ( bulṭī maqlī [bʊltˤiː maʔliː]) or grilled whole ( bulṭī mashwī [bʊltˤiː maʃwiː]). Like other fish in Egypt, is generally served with rice cooked with onions and other seasonings to turn it red.
In Israel, Nile tilapia is commonly fried, grilled or baked with vegetables herbs and spices and eaten with rice or bulgur pilafs. It is also baked in the oven with tahini sauce drizzled over it with potatoes, onions, asparagus, sweet peppers or tomatoes and flavored with sumac and dried mint.
Tilapia, often farmed, is a popular and common supermarket fish in the United States.
In India, Nile tilapia is the most dominant fish in some of the South Indian reservoirs and available throughout the year. O. niloticus grows faster and reaches bigger sizes in a given time. The littoral areas of Kelavarappalli Reservoir are full of nests of Nile tilapia and they breed during south-west monsoon (July–September). The fish mainly feed on detritus. Zooplankton, phytoplankton, and macrophytes also were recorded occasionally from the gut of Nile tilapia. The demand is heavy, especially from local poor people, as this fish is affordable to the lowest income group in this area.
See also
Nile perch — a similar-named but different fish that grows much larger and is highly predatory
References
External links
Further reading
(1972): Aquaculture. the Farming and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine Organisms. John Wiley & Sons.
Nile tilapia
Nile
Nile tilapia
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
4044135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Laxey%20Mine%20Railway | Great Laxey Mine Railway | The Great Laxey Mine Railway was originally constructed to serve the Isle of Man's Great Laxey Mine, a lead mine located in Laxey. The gauge railway runs from the old mine entrance to the washing floors along a right of way that passes through the Isle of Man's only remaining railway tunnel (another at Dhoon West Quarry is disused) under the gauge Victorian Manx Electric Railway and the main A2 Douglas to Ramsey coast road.
History
The Great Laxey Mine was an extensive system of mine shafts and tunnels, which descended to a depth of 2,200 feet underground. The uppermost level of mine workings, known as the adit, was a series of tunnels extending to a mile and a half, which entered the hillside at ground level, and connected the heads of all the working mine shafts. Within this adit level a railway was provided from 1823, to allow transportation of mined ores from the mine shafts out to the external washing floors and mine yards.
The railway was originally hand-operated, with miners pushing small wagons. In 1827 a pit pony was purchased to haul the wagons, and the number of ponies grew as the mines expanded. By the 1870s there was a clear need for more modern motive power, and the two steam locomotives Ant and Bee were delivered in 1877.
The mine closed in 1929. The railway remained in place for the following six years, but in 1935 all parts of the railway above ground, including the locomotives and rolling stock, were scrapped.
In the 1970s the adit level was reopened and explored for historical evidence. It was discovered that parts of the underground section of the railway were still intact, and in one tunnel an entire train (consisting of six open ore wagons) was found, abandoned underground when work in the mine had finished. The wagons were returned to ground level and restored.
In the late 1990s momentum began to grow for the restoration of the railway's above-ground section, and in 2000 restoration work commenced. The restored railway was re-opened in 2004.
Restored route
The volunteers originally restored the railway's works and locomotive shed (rebuilding the shed on the exact footprint of the original). Clearance of blockages and damages in the tunnel enabled the original route to be relaid to a point close to the mine entrance in time for the 2004 re-opening. By 2005 the line had been relaid into the old mine yard. Although the line runs past the mine entrance, the spur into the underground section has not been restored.
Trains on the restored line originally departed from the engine sheds, but in 2006 the original station site at the Valley Gardens was cleared, and the two-platform station was restored, with the track relaid on the original formation, including one of the tightest radius bends on a working heritage railway line in the British Isles. By 2006 a majority of the above-ground section of the original railway had been restored, including a running line extending to in length.
Stations
Passengers travel from Valley Gardens station to Mines Yard station, near the entrance to the mines. A regular shuttle service runs on operating days. Both stations have two platforms, permitting the operation of more than one train at busy times. There are no intermediate stations or loops. There is one spur, on the washing floors site, leading to the engine and carriage sheds.
Locomotives
Following the periods of hand operation and then pony haulage, a pair of steam locomotives were delivered from Stephen Lewin of Poole in 1877. Ant and Bee were 0-4-0 tank locomotives made unusually narrow, in order to fit within the adit. They were high and only wide. Their two 4×6 in inside cylinders had Bagnall-Price valve gear and a geared drive to the rear axle, but coupling rods between the axles. The arrangement of the water tanks was particularly unusual, being a front tank ahead of the smokebox, in order to reduce width. The boilers were launch-type, as were commonly used for small locomotives with insufficient space between the frames for a conventional firebox.
Around 1905, a replacement locomotive was considered and W G Bagnall were asked for a design. This was similar to the Lewins design, but more conventional. A saddle tank was used and conventional cylinders with connecting rods to the axle. The power cylinders were however mounted inside the frames and the Bagnall-Price valvgear and slide valves mounted outside. This new locomotive was never constructed, although Bagnalls did instead build two new boilers for the existing locomotives. Both survived the closure of the mine, but were scrapped in 1935, six years afterwards.
Replicas of both locomotives were constructed for the re-opening of the line as a tourist attraction. They now operate the line, together with a battery electric locomotive named Wasp, which previously worked in a mine in Cornwall.
Table of locomotives
Rolling stock
The railway operates two passenger carriages. Owing to the narrow gauge and low clearances the bogie carriages are long and narrow, with passengers sitting on longitudinal transverse benches, and effectively travelling sideways when the train is in motion.
Carriage 1, built by Alan Keef Ltd in 2004.
Carriage 2, built by Alan Keef Ltd in 2007.
The railway's freight wagons were originally constructed locally, and took the form of high-sided four-wheeled open ore wagons. A full train of these wagons was discovered underground in the mid-1970s.
Six original ore wagons, now preserved in museum locations on the island.
Six replica ore wagons, built at the Laxey Blacksmith in 2000, in regular service on the restored railway.
4-wheel tipping ore truck (not serviceable), static exhibit at Valley Gardens station.
Additionally, some rail vehicles are available for use by volunteer permanent way engineers on the railway, for construction and maintenance duties.
4-wheel tipping wagon, convertible to flatbed format, unofficially named Freddy (acquired second-hand in 2010).
4-wheel light maintenance trolley, unofficially named Jimmy, built in 2006.
Single-wheel rail barrow - a single flanged wheel allows the barrow to be hand-operated along one rail of the running line. Liveried in engineering black and yellow wasp stripes.
Laxey Browside Tramway
At the upper terminus, linking the railway to the Laxey Wheel, once operated the Laxey Browside Tramway but this has long since vanished, replaced with a car park.
See also
British narrow gauge railways
Laxey Wheel
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Great Laxey Mines Railway (Official website)
Heritage railways in the Isle of Man
Tourist attractions in the Isle of Man
Industrial railways
19 in gauge railways in the Isle of Man
Mining in the Isle of Man |
5381473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz%20Airport | Linz Airport | Linz Airport (, ) is a minor international airport located in Hörsching, near Linz, the third-largest city in Austria. It is also known as the Blue Danube Airport.
History
Early years
Air traffic used to take place at the Südbahnhofmarkt in the center of Linz where the zeppelin Estaric I took off on 30 October 1909. In 1925 air traffic was established between Linz and Vienna. Starting in 1934, the air traffic operation was based in the Linz-Katzenau district (nowadays industrial center), which was later terminated by the NSDAP after 1938. The airport was then moved to Hörsching.
The following table shows some of the units of the Luftwaffe (air force in Nazi Germany), which were deployed from 1943 to 1945.
Since 1956 regular passenger air traffic takes place. Since 1966 daily flight connections to Frankfurt Airport are available.
Development since the 1970s
In 1972 a passenger terminal was built and was officially opened in 1976. Since 1985 the flight path is equipped with an Instrument landing system, category IIIb. In the years 1998 to 2003 the passenger terminal was adjusted and enlarged. In 2005 a new instrument landing system (ILS) was put into operation at runway 08/26.
Until 1989 the supersonic jet Concorde landed several times at the airport. Since the 90s some cargo flights were dispatched by the high-capacity transporter Antonov An-124 Ruslan. In 2003 the world's largest cargo aircraft Antonov An-225 landed in Austria, and it returned once again in 2021. On 2 June 2010 a Lufthansa Airbus A380-800 landed at Linz Airport, coming from Vienna and left for Munich.
Amerer Air operated from the airport Linz from 1995 until 2009 and was the only cargo company in Austria. In June 1994 the cargo terminal 1 was completed. In October 2013 the cargo terminal 5 was put into operation. 6 million euros were invested in the new cargo terminal.
With more than 100 companies, Linz Airport is the largest business park in Upper Austria. The Flughafen GmbH employs about 160 people.
Linz Airport is the fifth largest airport in Austria by passenger numbers after Vienna, Salzburg, Innsbruck and Graz. The airport is a shared property. 50% belongs to Upper Austria state and 50% belongs to Linz city.
In February 2015, Austrian Airlines announced that they would reduce the domestic route between Linz and the capital Vienna from six down to two daily flights, as most travellers are expected to use the new and improved rail link between the two cities. Since the inauguration of the new rail services in December 2014, the direct journey from Linz central station to Vienna International Airport takes a mere 1:47 hours without change of trains. In September 2016, Austrian Airlines cut down the Linz-Vienna route again to only one flight per day and direction, stating extremely poor passenger numbers. Most travelers between Linz and Vienna now use the aforementioned rail link, as nearly one Railjet per hour departs for Vienna on which Austrian Airlines sells AirRail tickets as well.
Because of geopolitical crises and terrorist attacks in holiday destinations, the demand for package holiday has declined all over Europe. The blue danube airport noted a drop in the destinations of Egypt and Turkey. In cooperation with ARGE "Flieg from Linz", Ibiza and Burgas were therefore included in the summer program 2016 and Tenerife in the winter program. Due to an increasing demand, services to Greece and Egypt will be extended in 2018. Besides this, there will be direct flights to Rostock and Monastir again on a weekly basis starting from 2018.
In the first six months of 2018 the airport recorded a significant increase in numbers and a positive effect on passenger development. More than 200.000 passengers used Linz Airport for their trips. Compared to the first half of 2017, traveler traffic increased by 16.8%, which makes 30,879 passengers in total. The holiday travel segment grew by 42.2%.
The connections via Frankfurt raised as Lufthansa operates by larger aircraft. Palma de Mallorca has become accessible five times a week, twice by Eurowings and three times by Laudamotion. The airport was able to expand its offer towards the Baltic Sea, making it the only federal airport in Austria to offer this destination. Other newly popular destinations are Turkey, Egypt and Greece. Due to an entire airstrip lockdown of the Salzburg Airport from end of April until end of May 2019, the daily Salzburg-Istanbul flights from Turkish Airlines are going to be translocated to Linz. The operation of this field trial could result a regular flight connection between Linz and Istanbul.
In summer 2019 the Bulgarian Air Charter will launch its premiere from Linz airport with destinations to Bulgaria and Greece. Due to new and future destinations, the number of seats in charter flights will be increased by 20%, from 80,000 to 95,000 seats.
In 2019 the operator dropped the alternative name Blue Danube Airport Linz and officially renamed itself as Linz Airport.
Facilities
The airport covers an area of 383 hectares (946 acres) of land and features one passenger terminal, two runways and extensive logistics and maintenance facilities. Linz Airport is relatively small, with 11 gates. There is a shop and café in the entrance hall, connected to the check-in and airline desks. Beyond the security checks there is a duty-free shop and a small café accessible from both the domestic and international gate areas.
The airport also has a roof terrace, which can be visited during the summer months between 6 and 23 o'clock to observe the airplanes. For guests of the airport the access is free of charge. The rooftop also has a playground for children. For so called plane spotters special viewing spots were created, where visiters are able to take pictures of the planes from a wide range of angles without having to worry about any annoying obstacles.
The airport is equipped with a 3000 meter long precision runway with two instrumental landing systems, as well as a helicopter landing pad. For medium-haul aircraft 16 parking positions are available. Linz Airport is actually a military airport but with a civil right of use. The civil part is located north of the landing strip. To the south lie the second largest barracks of Austria as well as a military airfield named "Fliegerhorst Vogler". On 1 November 2010, both runway 09/27 and helicopter landing pad 07/25 were renamed to runway 08/26 and helicopter landing pad 07/25 due to permanent changes in the magnetic declination. Since the submitted variation of the compass rose results in such a magnetic value which lies closer to 08/26 than the existing identification code 09/27, the Austrian flight control Austro Control initiated the tracking of the new runway designation.
The Cargo sector of the airport operates worldwide under the brand Air Cargo Center. In 2017 there was a significant cargo increase with a total of 53,796 tons of cargo. Thus the airport could strengthen its leading position as Austria's largest regional airport for cargo services and further increase cargo services by more than 20% compared to last year. Besides the daily rotation of DHL Aviation (Ljubljana – Linz – Leipzig) extra cargo transactions are often handled. The first cargo terminal was completed in 1994. A year later the new extensions was already in progress and opened finale in 1996. In 2000 followed the opening of the third cargo terminal. In June 2014 DHL Global Forwarding transported 9.5 tons of steel tiling from Linz to Mumbai by a Boeing 747-400F. Following the ongoing expansion of the cargo facilities and the opening of cargo terminal 5 on 17 October 2013, a building the size of 70x35 meters, a 2.900 m2 cargo hall, 12 loading bays as well as two sawtooth ramps were created. Linz Airport is also equipped to dispatch jumbo jets. Following the legal authorization in August 2017, DHL Express opened a new logistics center at the airport in June 2019. More than 25 million euros are invested in its construction. The merger aims to establish quality advantages and ensure increased safety standards. Due to modern building technology, more than 360 tons of CO₂ are to be saved each year. In addition, there will be up to 180 more jobs through the new DHL location. In 2020 the airport collaborated with the "GrowNow Group" to start the German-language adult-education airfreight academy "Aviation Now". In February 2021 "Aviation Now" was nominated for an official IATA Regional Training Partnership.
The General Aviation Center is housed in a separate terminal and coordinates among others the following points: Passport and customs checks, refueling, cleaning, defrosting as well as several other passenger and crew services.
The airline pilot school AeronautX Luftfahrtschule is also located in the airport.
Accessibility
The airport has special parking spaces for passengers with reduced mobility. These pitches have a 20% discount. In addition, there are telephones which can be used to contact the airport personnel and request a free wheelchair, if necessary.
The airport itself has elevators and ramps which make the changing of levels easier. Important places such as: Toilets and laundry rooms, as well as the airport restaurant are either on the ground floor or accessible by elevator. 500 MB of free data volume in the WLAN are available to each passenger free of charge. On request, there is also a health psychologist dedicated to travelers' fears of flying.
Ownership
Linz airport is operated by Flughafen Linz GmbH, which is owned in equal parts by OÖ Verkehrsholding GmbH and city of Linz.
Since May 2018 Norbert Draskovits is managing director of the blue danube airport linz. His concept for ‘Linz Airport 2030’, his longtime professional experience and his industry-specific contacts convinced in the process of application. He was formerly head of management board and Vice President Commercial at FlyNiki. Draskovits, married and father of two adult children, replaces former managing director Gerhard Kunesch who is retiring.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Linz Airport:
Cargo
Statistics
In terms of passenger figures the airport is ranked as number five of the six commercial airports in Austria. These numbers are quoted according to Austria's traffic statistics.
Accidents and incidents
The database of the Aviation Safety Network collects all fatal flight accidents worldwide since 1943. There are no registered accidents in the closer area of Linz Airport since the last update in 2014.
On 8 January 1968, Douglas C-47B YU-ABK of Jugoslovenski Aerotransport was operating an international scheduled cargo flight from Riem Airport, Munich, West Germany to Pleso Airport, Zagreb, Yugoslavia when a fire developed in one of the engines. An attempt was made to divert to Hörsching Airport but the aircraft force landed short of the airport in a forest at Sankt Florian. All four people on board survived.
Access
Bus
Bus line 601 connects the airport within 20 minutes with the city centre of Linz. There is an additional free shuttle service for travellers from Hörsching railway station which itself can be reached from Linz main station.
Car
The airport can be reached via federal highways B139 (which connects to motorway A1 Vienna – Germany) and B1. Taxis and car rental facilities are available at the airport. There are three short-stay and schedule car parks, which offer place for 1,050 cars. Additionally, there are two large car parks with 2,300 parking spaces which are located at the side of the terminal. Passengers can use a shuttle service that takes them to the departure hall. At the schedule car park L2 is also an electronic charging station for free use. Available for any E-cars, E-bikes or Segways.
Environment
URIS
The blue danube airport linz gets support from the URIS (Umfeld Rückkoppelungs- und Informations-System)- Council in its environmental concerns.
The council was founded in 1999 and works as a neutral contact point for all neighboring communities.
Aircraft noise measurement
At the end of 2003 three new noise monitoring stations have been set up in the region of Linz airport, which measure and record around the clock the current sound level. The two stationary stations (Oftering and Traun) as well as the mobile measuring trailer were purchased from the Blue Danube Airport to complement the existing aircraft nose measurements.
The stationary stations are 2,500 m (fire brigade Oftering) or 3,000 m (cemetery Linz) away from the nearest slope. The environmental protection department of Upper Austria analyzes the results and documents them in regular reports. The current maximum value is 87.2 dB (civil) and 93.7 dB (military) in Oftering, 89.2 dB (civil) and 94.0 dB (military) in Traun and 81.8 dB (civil) and 87.0 dB (military) at the mobile station (status 2014).
Safety
The airport has its own fire department whose area of responsibility is stated in national and international guidelines. The fire department has six cars with a total of 37,000 liters of water and 4500 kg foam or powder. In December 2017, the blue danube airport was awarded the EU certificate by the EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency). The certificate confirms the quality and compliance with high safety standards in airport operations and for passengers. The Vienna International Airport, as well as Graz, Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, Linz, Salzburg and the Bad Vöslau Airport are also holders of the EASA certificate.
Trivia
The Runway Night Run is a 5 km long running event which takes place on the slopes of the Blue Danube Airport in Linz. Individuals as well as teams of three can participate. The starters of the teams are also included in the individual competition. The start and finish of the event are located at the Northwest corner of the shelf. The route runs along the apron of the taxiway "Foxtrot" to the runway. The turning point is in the east at the end of the runway "08". Then the course heads south to the runway "26" which leads west to the taxiway "Golf" and finally to the finish line. Apart from the location, the beginning at exactly midnight is a special feature of the event.
The DHL airport NIGHT RUN 2019 took place on the 30st of August, 2019. The airport director, Mag. Norbert Draskovits, was on the starting line to complete the 5 km run, alongside 2.500 participants. The DHL LINZ AIRPORT NIGHT RUN 2020 was held on October 9, with a limited number of participants due to the current Covid crisis,. The 239 runners were additionally split into separate starting blocks. The Airport Night Run 2021 is scheduled for August 6, 2021. On May 9th 2020 sailplane pilot Rudolf Schlesinger conducted a Touch & Go maneuver at Linz Airport. It was the first successful Touch & Go maneuver with a glider at an international airport.
See also
Transport in Austria
List of airports in Austria
References
External links
Official website
Airports in Austria
Buildings and structures in Upper Austria
Airports established in 1955
1955 establishments in Austria
International airports in Austria |
4044170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Gandy | Kim Gandy | Kim Gandy (born January 25, 1954) is an American feminist who from 2001 to 2009 was the president of the National Organization for Women. Since 2012, she has been the president and CEO of the National Network to End Domestic Violence. In 2009, Gandy was a resident fellow at the Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. From January 2010 to October 2012 she was vice president and general counsel at the Feminist Majority Foundation in Arlington, Virginia.
Life and career
Gandy was born in Bossier City in northwestern Louisiana, to Alfred Kenneth Gandy (1928–2010), a native of Bossier City, and Roma Rae (Young) Gandy (1927–1998), a native of Pennsylvania. Her father was an officer of the former Bossier Bank and Trust Company, an institution organized during the 1920s by her grandfather, W.A. Gandy. After Roma's death, A. K. Gandy married the former Shirley S. Lacobee (1925–2004) of Shreveport. Kim Gandy had a younger sister Kellie Ann, who, like their mother, died of cancer.
Kim Gandy graduated from Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, the seat of Lincoln Parish, where she earned a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics.
Having taken a job with American Telephone and Telegraph, Gandy became outraged that the firm required her husband's permission for employee benefits. In 1973, she joined Louisiana NOW and devoted the next several years to the campaign that overturned the state's Head and Master law, which gave husbands unilateral control over all property jointly owned by a married couple. Inspired by her activism in NOW, she studied at Loyola University New Orleans School of Law where she was a member of the Loyola Law Review and the National Moot Court Team. She graduated from Loyola in 1978.
Gandy served as a senior assistant district attorney in New Orleans and later opened a private trial practice, litigating cases seeking fair treatment for women. She served as president of Louisiana NOW from 1979 through 1981, national secretary of NOW from 1987 to 1991, and executive vice president of NOW from 1991 to 2001. She was elected national NOW president in 2001 and re-elected to a second term in 2005. She was term-limited in 2009.
In 2008, Gandy defended presidential candidate Hillary Clinton from a comment made by MSNBC host Chris Matthews that Clinton had become a U.S. senator and a possible frontrunning candidate for President because her husband, former U.S. President Bill Clinton, had "messed around". Gandy charged that Matthews "is a repeat offender when it comes to sexist attitudes toward women politicians. . . . I wasn't really looking for an apology. I was looking for a behavior change, and for him to treat female politicians the same way as [he treats] male politicians."
Gandy is married to Christopher "Kip" Lornell, an American ethnomusicologist and professor of music at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. The couple have two daughters.
References
External links
NOW Officers: Kim Gandy – President
2005 National NOW Elections – Candidate Information
Institute of Politics, Kennedy School of Government
Feminist Majority Foundation
1954 births
Living people
Louisiana Tech University alumni
People from New Orleans
People from Shreveport, Louisiana
Presidents of the National Organization for Women
Loyola University New Orleans alumni
American feminists
Women in Louisiana politics
21st-century American women |
5381475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksimilijan%20Vrhovac | Maksimilijan Vrhovac | Maksimilijan Vrhovac (23 November 1752 in Karlovac – 16 December 1827 in Zagreb) was the bishop of Zagreb. He was one of the ideological architects of the Croatian national revival, and is notable for founding the Maksimir Park in 1787, one of the first major public parks in Southeast Europe. Vrhovac was a member of the Freemasons.
Family
His father, Aleksa, was captain of the frontier-guards near the Austrian-Ottoman border. For his merit, he was awarded with nobility by the Austrian empress Maria Theresia.
Education
After he graduated school in Graz, Vrhovac joined the army, but soon left when he realized that he did not qualify for this occupation. Instead, he joined the seminary in Zagreb.
Vrhovac studied in Vienna and Bologna, and became a vice-rector, and later rector, at the seminary in Zagreb, as well as a professor of dogma at the Academy in Zagreb. Emperor Joseph II promoted him to rector of the seminary in Pest before he returned to Croatia as a bishop.
Promoter of "Illyrian" language
In 1808, Vrhovac requested the Croatian Parliament to open his library to the public. In the 1810s, he worked on translating the Bible into the Kajkavian Croatian language. Other contributors in the program were Antun Vranić, Ivan Nepomuk Labaš, Ivan Gusić, Ivan Birling, Stjepan Korolija, and Tomaš Mikloušić. In 1810, he visited Vienna. During his stay, Jernej Kopitar requested that Vrhovac organize a collection of local songs, but this attempt was not successful.
To promote the Ilyrian language, Vrhovac established a printing house and printed books on the Kajkavian and Štokavian dialects.
Vrhovac continued to pursue his own perception of the language and people. After Napoleon captured the territory of Austria-Hungary, he issued a proclamation in 1813 to "natives across Sava" (), emphasizing that there were no more borders between Croats in Croatia, Dalmatia, and the Coastal region. After the defeat of Napoleon in Russia and the return of Austria-Hungary to its borders from 1806, the court in Vienna resented Vrhovac for his earlier behavior. Vrhovac was a distinguished opponent of the expansion of Hungarian influence to South Slavs.
In 1814, Vrhovac's cannon Mahanović, following the instructions of Vrhovac, published a work titled Observationes circa croaticam ortho-graphiam without taking in consideration the position regarding čakavian being only a dialect of Croatian as presented by Jernej Kopitar. Nevertheless, Mahanović did somewhat follow the idea of Kopitar to develop a unified orthography for all South Slavic languages.
Footnotes
References
Franjo Šanjek: "Kršćanstvo na hrvatskom prostoru" (Zagreb, Kršćanska sadašnjost, 1996, str. 406.)
1752 births
1827 deaths
Roman Catholic bishops in the Austrian Empire
People from Karlovac
Bishops of Zagreb |
5381493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20Klug | Bryan Klug | Bryan Paul Klug (born 8 October 1960) is an English former professional footballer and coach. He is currently the Head of Coaching and Player Development at the Ipswich Town Academy.
Playing career
Born in Coventry, Klug began his football career as an apprentice with Ipswich Town. He joined Wimbledon on loan in March 1980 and made his Football League debut with them, although after returning to Ipswich in July 1980, he still did not make a first team appearance. Therefore, in August 1983 he moved to Chesterfield, finishing his Football League career with Peterborough United, before moving to non-league with Chelmsford City.
Klug played in the FA Vase final for Sudbury Town vs Tamworth in 1989, crossing for Dave Hubbick to head home after 7 minutes. The match ended 1–1.
Coaching career
Klug returned to Ipswich as a youth-team coach in 1987. He worked his way up through the youth coaching system over a number of years, eventually becoming director of the newly formed academy at Ipswich in 1998. The Ipswich academy experienced years of success under Klug's management, producing a high number of first-team players graduating from the youth system, whilst also winning the FA Youth Cup in 2005.
Following the appointment of Jim Magilton as manager of Ipswich in the summer of 2006, Klug became Magilton's assistant. Working with the first-team alongside Magilton until 2009. In January 2009, Klug took on a new role as Head of Football Development, with him overseeing coaching development, scouting and fitness throughout the first-team and academy at Ipswich.
He took over as caretaker manager of Ipswich on 22 April 2009, following the sacking of Magilton. However, a day later, Roy Keane was appointed as manager.
In January 2010, it was announced that Klug had been sacked from the club after new manager Roy Keane decided to trim the staff at the club.
After leaving Ipswich, he joined the coaching set up at Tottenham Hotspur, overseeing the coaching of the Premier League side’s academy schoolboys up to the age of 16. Klug worked his way up to become the assistant academy manager and head of player development at Tottenham. He left his role at the Tottenham academy in June 2012 to return to Ipswich to become the club's academy director.
Following the departure of Mick McCarthy towards the end of the 2017–18 season, Klug was made caretaker manager for the final four games. On 30 May 2018, Paul Hurst was announced as full-time manager, replacing Klug.
In October 2018 Klug was again made caretaker manager at Ipswich, following Hurst's sacking after Ipswich winning just once in 15 games.
Personal life
In May 2013, Klug completed his seventh marathon, after running the Edinburgh Marathon, having also previously run the London and New York City marathons to raise money for local charities.
Managerial statistics
References
External links
Bryan Klug profile at the Ipswich Town F.C. website
1960 births
Living people
Footballers from Coventry
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Wimbledon F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Sudbury Town F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
English Football League players
Ipswich Town F.C. managers
English football managers
English Football League managers
Ipswich Town F.C. non-playing staff
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. non-playing staff |
5381517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin%20Foley | Justin Foley | Justin Foley is an American musician, best known as the drummer of the metalcore band, Killswitch Engage. He is also a former member of the band Blood Has Been Shed along with Killswitch Engage's former lead singer, Howard Jones.
Biography
Early life
Before joining Killswitch Engage, Foley participated in a Connecticut thrash/jazz metal band called Red Tide. Red Tide began as a thrash metal outfit in 1993 then evolved into a jazz metal band in the late 1990s. As the primary lyricist and one of the songwriters for Red Tide, Foley earned local celebrityhood. With Red Tide, Foley released at least 5 demo tapes and two CDs. Red Tide disbanded in 2002 as there was a general lack of interest in continuing (cited by interview).
Killswitch Engage
Foley joined Killswitch Engage after the departure of the previous drummer, Tom Gomes, in October 2003.
Justin Foley is one of the many advertising artists for Evans Drumheads along with such famous drummers as Daniel Erlandsson, Charlie Benante, Kevin Talley, Morgan Rose, Matthew McDonough, and Vinnie Paul among other performers.
Foley also plays drums on metalcore band Unearth's 2011 album, Darkness in the Light filling in for departed drummer Derek Kerswill.
Personal
Foley has been quoted as saying that if he did not play drums, he would like to try out for the Boston Celtics, of whom he is an avid fan. He is also a Big Mouth fanatic. Foley is known for his humor, his weight and the two plays he played in high school football.
Discography
Red Tide
Themes of the Cosmic Consciousness (1997)
Type II (2001)
Blood Has Been Shed
Spirals (March 11, 2003; Ferret Records)
Killswitch Engage
The End of Heartache (May 11, 2004; Roadrunner Records)
As Daylight Dies (November 21, 2006; Roadrunner Records)
Killswitch Engage (June 30, 2009; Roadrunner Records)
Disarm The Descent (April 1, 2013; Roadrunner Records)
Incarnate (March 11, 2016; Roadrunner Records)
Atonement (August 16, 2019; Metal Blade Records)
As a guest
Unearth - Darkness in the Light (July 4, 2011; Metal Blade Records)
References
External links
https://zildjian.com/artists/justin-foley
American heavy metal drummers
1976 births
Living people
People from Simsbury, Connecticut
University of Connecticut alumni
University of Hartford Hartt School alumni
Musicians from Connecticut
Killswitch Engage members
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
Blood Has Been Shed members
21st-century American drummers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians |
5381518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton%20Barr | Burton Barr | Burton Barr (1917–1997) was an American Army colonel, businessman and politician. He served as a Republican member of the Arizona House of Representatives from 1964 to 1986, and as its Republican Majority Leader from 1966 to 1986.
Biography
Early life
Burton S. Barr was born in 1917.
Career
During World War II, he served in the United States Army in North Africa, Italy, France, and Germany. He received the two Silver Awards and one Bronze Award for his service. He became a lieutenant colonel in 1946 and a colonel in 1964, when he resigned from the army. During his service in World War II, Barr commanded three men who won the Medal of Honor, one of them being Audie Murphy.
In 1964, he was elected as a Republican member of the Arizona House of Representatives, representing District 18, where he served until 1986. Additionally, he served as the Republican Majority Leader in the House from 1966 to 1986. In 1986, he ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Arizona, losing the Republican primary to Evan Mecham. He was defeated after he voted for a tax increase after saying he would vote against it, that was followed by a press conference where he was asked why he said he was going to vote against the tax increase, Barr said, "I lied. Next question." Barr was known as one of the most effective political leaders in state history. His colleagues in the legislature referred to him as "Mister Magic". Barr helped pass legislation promoting such things as vehicle inspections, health care, education, prison reform, child care, and freeway funding.
Death
He died on January 13, 1997.
Legacy
The Burton Barr Central Library in Phoenix, Arizona, was named in his honor.
The Burton S. Barr Memorial Scholarship at Arizona State University was also named in his honor.
Secondary source
Philip R. VanderMeer. Burton Barr: Political Leadership and the Transformation of Arizona. Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press. 2014.
References
1917 births
1997 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Arizona Republicans
Members of the Arizona House of Representatives
Businesspeople from Arizona
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American politicians
United States Army colonels |
4044175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Buntin | Craig Buntin | Craig Buntin (born May 27, 1980) is a Canadian former pair skater. He is the co-founder and CEO of Sportlogiq, an AI-powered sports analytics company based in Montreal, Quebec. With former partner Meagan Duhamel, he is the 2009 Canadian silver medallist, the 2008 & 2010 Canadian bronze medallist, and the 2010 Four Continents bronze medallist. With Valérie Marcoux, he represented Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics, where they placed 11th.
Personal life
Buntin was born on May 27, 1980 in North Vancouver, British Columbia. He studied for his MBA degree at McGill University. He married in August 2011.
Career
Early partnerships
Buntin won the 2000 Canadian junior national title with Chantal Poirier. He teamed up with Valérie Marcoux in 2002. The pair won gold at three consecutive Canadian Championships, from 2004 to 2006. Their partnership ended in early 2007 when Valérie Marcoux decided to retire from competition.
Partnership with Duhamel
In June 2007, Buntin teamed up with Meagan Duhamel. At their first competition together, the 2007 Nebelhorn Trophy, they won the silver medal. In January 2008, the pair won the bronze medal at the Canadian Nationals but during the exhibition Buntin injured his shoulder, with which he had previous problems, as a result of a timing issue. They missed the Four Continents but competed at the 2008 World Championships in Sweden on March 19, 2008, despite the shoulder still being a problem, and finished 6th. However, their participation aggravated Buntin's injury, tearing the rotator cuff, the labrum and three tendons; he had surgery in April and the recovery took seven to eight months. They could not practice lifts until two weeks before 2008 Skate America so they worked on adding variations to their elements, such as a spread eagle entrance into a lift and a death spiral with the opposite hand. In November 2008, during the long program at the Trophée Eric Bompard, Duhamel accidentally sliced Buntin's hand a minute into the program on a move right after their side-by-side toe loop jumps and blood dripped on the ice; the pair stopped to get his hand bandaged and resumed the program to win the bronze medal. Duhamel and Buntin were the first pair to successfully land a throw triple lutz in competition.
In July 2010, Buntin announced his retirement from competitive figure skating.
Programs
With Duhamel
With Marcoux
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
With Duhamel
With Marcoux
Early career
References
External links
Skate Canada Profile
1980 births
Sportspeople from British Columbia
Canadian male pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters of Canada
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Living people
People from North Vancouver
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists |
5381529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp%20Blanding | Camp Blanding | Camp Blanding Joint Training Center is the primary military reservation and training base for the Florida National Guard, both the Florida Army National Guard and certain nonflying activities of the Florida Air National Guard. The installation is located in Clay County, Florida, near the city of Starke. The site measures about and includes Kingsley Lake. It also hosts other Reserve, Army National Guard, Air National Guard, and some Active Component training for the U.S. Armed Forces.
Additionally, Camp Blanding serves as a training center for many ROTC units, both Army and Navy, as well as serving for the Florida Wing Summer Encampment for the Civil Air Patrol/US Air Force Auxiliary's Cadet Program each year. Jacksonville University and University of South Florida NROTC Battalions continue to conduct their week-long orientation at Camp Blanding each August before the college semester starts. Camp Blanding also hosts the Audie Murphy Field Training Exercise where Army ROTC units from more than a dozen Florida, Georgia, and Puerto Rican universities gather to conduct a five-day field problem focusing on small-unit tactics, land navigation, and leadership development every April.
Camp Blanding is the primary training site for most of the Florida National Guard's military units and the main combat arms brigade, the 53rd Infantry Brigade of the Florida Army National Guard. It is also home to the headquarters and support companies of the 3-20th Special Forces Group, the 211th Infantry Regiment, and the 2-111th Airfield Operations Battalion of the 111th Aviation Regiment.
Camp Blanding also houses several non-flying units of the Florida Air National Guard, including the 202nd RED HORSE Squadron, 159th Weather Flight, 131st Training Flight, and the joint Army/Air Force 44th Civil Support Team. The base is also a training location for several counter-drug units and law enforcement agencies in Florida and functions as the alternate Emergency Operations Center for Florida.
In 2008, Camp Blanding became host to the Army's latest air assault course in response to the growing need for air assault-trained individuals for the continuing operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Also, a bombing and strafing target for military aircraft, primarily used by the Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force, is located on the southern portion of the post.
Camp Blanding is home to the Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training, which provides unique, tuition-free military and counterdrug training for local, state, federal, and military criminal justice professionals, as well as awareness training for community leaders.
Camp Blanding is also home to the Combating Transnational Organized Crime Center of Excellence, which provides unique, tuition-free training in support of Department of Defense strategies, and has campuses on Camp Blanding, at St. Petersburg College in St. Petersburg, Florida, and on Camp Murray near Tacoma, Washington.
Camp Blanding is also home to the annual FBI National Academy Associates Youth Leadership Academy (YLA). The YLA takes place during the summer and involves a rigorous selection process of 14-16 year olds throughout Florida. YLA exposes students to top-tier law enforcement professionals from across Florida.
History
Camp Blanding was established in 1939 on as a training facility for the Florida National Guard after its previous training base (Camp Foster) on the St. Johns River near Jacksonville had been taken over by the Navy for Naval Air Station Jacksonville. The new camp was named for Albert H. Blanding, who had been commissioned in the Florida National Guard in 1899, and was then a Major General and Chief of the National Guard Bureau. In 1940, as the threat of war increased and the United States Army was built up, Camp Blanding became a Federal facility housing two infantry divisions plus auxiliary units. Between 1940 and 1943, nine US Army infantry divisions trained at Camp Blanding, including: 1st Infantry Division, 29th Infantry Division, 30th Infantry Division, 31st Infantry Division, 36th Infantry Division, 43rd Infantry Division, 63rd Infantry Division, 66th Infantry Division, and 79th Infantry Division. In 1943, Camp Blanding became an Infantry Replacement Center, training soldiers to be sent to existing infantry divisions as replacements, providing a high percentage of the replacements sent to Army combat units. During WWII more than 800,000 soldiers where trained at Camp Blanding.
The base was a holding center for 343 Japanese, German, and Italian immigrant residents of the United States. A small cemetery is located on the grounds of the former POW camp. In 1946 the actual bodies were removed to the Ft. Benning however the grave markers remain. Additionally five settler era cemeteries are located on Camp Blanding property. Most are not maintained and are heavily overgrown.
At one point during the war, the camp contained the population of the fourth-largest city in Florida. It had 10,000 buildings, of paved roads, and the largest hospital in the state. It was one of the largest training bases in the country. After the war, Camp Blanding was the headquarters of the Military District of Florida and was commanded by Brigadier General Charles S. Kilburn.
An expeditionary airfield consisting of two gravel runways capable of accommodating C-130 Hercules aircraft was added in the 1970s along with the reactivation of the artillery training range and parachute drop zones.
From 2001 until 2008, Camp Blanding was used by the Southeast Region of the Civil Air Patrol to host their Southeast Region Encampment for cadets. The Florida Wing of Civil Air Patrol continues to use Camp Blanding for their wing-level summer cadet encampments.
Camp Blanding Museum and Memorial Park
Camp Blanding is also home to the Camp Blanding Museum and Memorial Park. Open to the public, the facility contains a history museum in one of Camp Blanding's restored World War II buildings, tracing the history of both Camp Blanding and the Florida National Guard. Outdoor exhibits and displays include equipment and Army, Navy, and Air Force aircraft from World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Cold War, and Operation Desert Storm, including captured Soviet-manufactured Iraqi equipment from the last conflict.
References
External links
Globalsecurity.org page
Camp Blanding Museum and Memorial Park - official site
Camp Blanding Museum - Camp Blanding Museum and Historical Associates
U.S. Air Force 125th Fighter Wing's Camp Blanding History page
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training website
Combating Transnational Organized Crime Center of Excellence website
Blanding
Blanding
Military installations in Florida
Buildings and structures in Clay County, Florida
Military and war museums in Florida
Installations of the United States Army National Guard
Museums in Clay County, Florida
Parks in Clay County, Florida
1940 establishments in Florida |
5381551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosa | Chosa | Chosa may refer to:
Chōsa Station, a railway station of JR Kyushu Nippō Main Line in Aira, Kagoshima, Japan
chosa herring, Clupea pallasii suworowi, a subspecies of the Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii
a portable shrine in Japanese festivals
Children of South Africa (CHOSA), nonprofit charity that locates and supports community-based organizations (CBOs) in South Africa which reach out and take care of orphans and other vulnerable children in South Africa |
4044193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Joron | Andrew Joron | Andrew Joron (born March 6, 1955) is an American writer of experimental poetry, speculative fiction, and lyrical and critical essays. He began by writing science fiction poetry. Joron's later poetry, combining scientific and philosophical ideas with the sonic properties of language, has been compared to the work of the Russian Futurist Velimir Khlebnikov. Joron currently lives in the San Francisco Bay Area. In fall 2014, Joron joined the faculty of the Creative Writing Department at San Francisco State University.
He has won the Rhysling Award three times: for Best Long Poem in 1980 and 1986, and for Best Short Poem in 1978; and the Gertrude Stein Award twice, in 1996 and 2006.
Joron's poetry is included in two W. W. Norton anthologies: American Hybrid (2009), edited by Cole Swensen and David St. John, and Postmodern American Poetry (2013), edited by Paul Hoover.
Joron is the translator, from the German, of the Marxist-Utopian philosopher Ernst Bloch’s Literary Essays which was published by Stanford University Press in 1998. Joron is also the translator of The Perpetual Motion Machine by the German fantasist Paul Scheerbart (Wakefield Press, 2011).
During the 1990s, Andrew Joron formed a close friendship with the poet and novelist Gustaf Sobin. Sobin, who died in 2005, designated Joron as his literary co-executor, along with American poet Andrew Zawacki.
Joron also belonged to the circle of Surrealist poet Philip Lamantia in San Francisco from the late '90s until Lamantia's death in 2005. Joron later served as co-editor, with Garrett Caples and Nancy Joyce Peters, of the Collected Poems of Philip Lamantia, published by University of California Press (2013).
Since 2008 he has played theremin in various free-improv and ambient-music ensembles, including Cloud Shepherd. Joron has written an essay, "The Theremin in My Life," on the relation between his literary and musical activities.
In 2019, Joron performed on theremin with Will Alexander on piano and Anne Waldman reading her poetry at the Entanglements conference on science and poetry held at Wake Forest University in North Carolina.
In 2022, Joron returned to the science-fiction genre with the publication of O0 by Black Square Editions.
List of books
Force Fields. Borgo Press, 1987.
Velocities Set (editor). Ocean View Books, 1988.
Science Fiction. Pantograph Press, 1992.
Terminal Velocities (editor). Pantograph Press, 1993.
Invisible Machines with Robert Frazier and Thomas Wiloch. Jazz Police Books, 1997.
The Removes. Hard Press, 1999.
The emergency of poetry. Velocities, 2002.
Fathom. Black Square Editions, 2003.
Neo-surrealism: Or, The Sun At Night. Black Square Editions, 2004.
The Cry at Zero: Selected Prose. Counterpath Press, 2007.
The Sound Mirror. Flood Editions, 2008.
Force Fields with Brian Lucas. Hooke Press, 2010. (This is a different book than Joron's 1987 book of the same title.)
Trance Archive: New and Selected Poems. City Lights Books, 2010.
The Absolute Letter. Flood Editions, 2017.
O0. Black Square Editions, 2022. (a book of speculative fiction consisting of two linked novellas)
References
External links
Joron sites, exhibits, artist pages
Andrew Joron in the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
Andrew Joron in the Poets and Writers Directory
Andrew Joron's bio at the Poetry Foundation
Online publications
Trance Archive Table of Contents and first five poems
Poetry by Andrew Joron in New American Writing
Andrew Joron's essay "The Emergency of Poetry"
Andrew Joron's essay "The Crisis of the Crystal"
Andrew Joron's "Constellations for Theremin"
Others on Joron, reviews, perspectives
Review of Andrew Joron's book Fathom in Rain Taxi
Review of Fathom in Boston Review
Review of The Cry at Zero at A Tonalist Notes
Review of The Cry at Zero in Denver Quarterly
Review of The Sound Mirror in Bookforum
Review of Trance Archive on thethepoetry.com
Review of The Absolute Letter in Publishers Weekly
Interviews
Joshua Weiner and Andrew Joron: An Exchange in Chicago Review
Garrett Caples interviews Andrew Joron for Studio One
Christopher Nelson interviews Andrew Joron
Joron's dialogue with "quantum poet" Amy Catanzano
Barbara Claire Freeman interviews Andrew Joron
Peter Milne Greiner interviews Andrew Joron for Big Echo: Critical SF
As theremin player
Poet Garrett Caples's "The Thereminist,", a fabulist portrait of Joron as theremin player
Sheldon Brown Group, Blood of the Air, featuring Sheldon Brown's compositions based on poet Philip Lamantia's voice patterns
Crow Crash Radio, ambient rock trio
Ouroboros, free-jazz quartet
Cloud Shepherd, free-improv/dark ambient quartet
Chamber Cloud, free-improv duo
M-KAT, free-improv quartet
American male poets
American science fiction writers
Living people
American translators
German–English translators
Surrealist poets
Rhysling Award for Best Long Poem winners
Rhysling Award for Best Short Poem winners
American male novelists
1955 births |
4044203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome%20to%20the%20Ball | Welcome to the Ball | Welcome to the Ball is the fourth album by the American heavy metal band Vicious Rumors, released in 1991.
Track listing
All songs written by Carl Albert, Geoff Thorpe and Mark McGee, except where noted.
"Abandoned" - 4:15
"You Only Live Twice" - 3:38
"Savior from Anger" - 4:08
"Children" (Thorpe, Albert, Andre Pessis, McGee) - 4:56
"Dust to Dust" (McGee, Thorpe) - 4:20
"Raise Your Hands" (McGee, Thorpe) - 4:02
"Strange Behavior" (Thorpe, McGee) - 4:08
"Six Stepsisters" - 3:31
"Mastermind" - 3:55
"When Love Comes Down" - 4:58
"Ends of the Earth" - 3:13
Personnel
Carl Albert – lead and backing vocals
Geoff Thorpe – guitars
Mark McGee – guitars
Dave Starr – bass
Larry Howe – drums
References
1991 albums
Vicious Rumors albums
Atlantic Records albums |
4044207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Abernathy | Anne Abernathy | Julianne “Anne” Abernathy (born April 12, 1953) is a luge athlete from the United States Virgin Islands and is the oldest female athlete to compete in the Winter Olympics. The 2006 Winter Olympics were her sixth. Despite her age, she is a strong competitor with numerous international podium finishes, and she is consistently ranked in the top 20 world rankings. She is known within luge circles as "Grandma Luge." She is training for the 2024 Summer Olympics as an archer.
Career
Her top finishes include third place at the Nations Cup in Igls, Austria in January 2004, and third place at the Nations Cup in Königssee, Germany, February 2004. She finished in the top 10 in seven of the eight events in the 2004-2005 Nations Cup series. Abernathy finished 25th in the 37th World Championships in 2004 in Nagano, Japan, but did not compete in the 2005 championships in Park City, Utah due to injuries suffered during homologation at the Cesana Pariol track in Cesana, Italy three weeks earlier.
Abernathy suffered a serious accident during a World Cup race in Altenberg, Germany in January 2001 that resulted in a severe brain injury. To recover from the injury, she used an alternative medicine treatment involving controlling rockets in a video game through electrical impulses from brain waves, a therapy designed to help her retrain her brain to compensate for the damaged areas. The therapy was successful and Abernathy was able to return to competition in time to qualify for the 2002 Winter Olympics. The story of Abernathy's crash and recovery was featured on the Discovery Health Channel series Impact: Stories of Survival.
During practice for the competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics, Abernathy crashed and broke her wrist and her scapula, and was forced to withdraw from competition.
Abernathy is the oldest woman to ever compete in the Winter Olympic Games, breaking the old record during the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics. She is the only woman to qualify for six Winter Olympic Games and one of only two female athletes to compete in five Winter Olympics. In 2006, she became the first woman over 50 to qualify for the Winter Olympics.
Abernathy was the first woman to qualify for six Winter Olympics. In the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City she became the oldest woman to ever compete in the Winter Games. She is the oldest female Olympian in any Olympic Games (Winter or Summer) and the first woman over the age of 50 in the Winter Olympics.
During the Albertville Winter Olympics, she became the first athlete to compete with a camera on board, a feat that was nominated for an Emmy in technical broadcast achievement.
In the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, Abernathy became the first athlete to create an on-line diary (now known as a blog) which was an exclusive on AOL.
Before her first Olympic appearance in 1988, Abernathy was diagnosed and treated for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (cancer). Although the cancer returned several times during her sports career, the fact was kept hidden from the public through three Olympic appearances until it was revealed in a front-page article of The Washington Post'' prior to the 1998 Nagano Olympics.
References
External links
Safety issues addressed following the unsuccessful luge homologations in January 2005, featuring Abernathy
1953 births
American women bloggers
American bloggers
United States Virgin Islands female lugers
Lugers at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Living people
Olympic lugers of the United States Virgin Islands
People from Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
21st-century American women |
4044210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Matthew%27s%20Church%2C%20Hamburg | St. Matthew's Church, Hamburg | St. Matthew's Church () in Winterhude, Hamburg, is a brick Lutheran church built from 1910 to 1912 in the baroque style.
The church is adorned with the colorful windows of Charles Crodel, who also made the stained-glass windows for the main church of St. James's and for St. Mary's Church in Fuhlsbüttel. St. Matthew's windows were created 1961 to 1971,
References
The information in this article is based on that in its German equivalent.
Matthäuskirche in Winterhude, Hamburg 2002.
External links
Winterhude church communities
Hamburg Matthew Church
Matthew Church
Matthew Church |
5381555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm%20Barnes | Norm Barnes | Norman Leonard Barnes (born August 24, 1953) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played five seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers and Hartford Whalers. He also played for Canada in the 1981 IIHF ice hockey world championships in Stockholm, Sweden.
As a youth, he played in the 1965 and 1966 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with the Toronto Bruins and Toronto Shopsy's minor ice hockey teams.
Awards and honours
Played in NHL All-Star Game (1980)
AHL First All-Star Team (1982)
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans
Baltimore Clippers (SHL) players
Binghamton Whalers players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Cincinnati Stingers draft picks
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Maine Mariners players
Michigan State Spartans men's ice hockey players
National Hockey League All-Stars
Philadelphia Firebirds (NAHL) players
Philadelphia Flyers draft picks
Philadelphia Flyers players
Richmond Robins players
Sportspeople from Etobicoke
Springfield Indians players |
5381581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20Voaden | Herman Voaden | Herman Arthur Voaden, FRSA (19 January 1903 – 27 June 1991) was a Canadian playwright.
Early life
Born in London, Ontario, he received a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in 1923 and a Master of Arts degree in 1926 from Queen's University. He also studied at the University of Chicago and at Yale University.
His father, Dr. Arthur Voaden, pioneered vocational teaching in Ontario. His mother, Luisa Bale Voaden, was also a teacher. Voaden studied modern drama at Queen's University, 1920–1923, and wrote his 1926 Queen’s M.A. thesis on Eugene O’Neill.
Political activity
A member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, he ran for the House of Commons of Canada in the western Toronto riding of Trinity in the 1945 elections, 1949 elections, 1953 elections, and a 1954 by-election. He lost each time.
Associations
Voaden was a member of Toronto's Arts and Letters Club, the Dominion Drama Festival, and a founding member and first president of the Canadian Arts Council (which became the Canadian Conference of the Arts in 1958). As president of the CAC, he was one of several Canadian representatives to the first UNESCO conference, held in Paris in 1946.
Honours
In 1974, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada, Canada's highest civilian honor, "in recognition of his contribution to the performing arts as a playwright, producer and teacher, and his services in fostering support for all the arts and crafts". He was made a Fellow in the Royal Society of Arts in 1970.
Following his death, Queen's University created the Herman Voaden Playwriting Competition to honour new works by emerging playwrights.
Works
The White Kingdom - 1928
Northern Storm - 1929
Northern Song - 1930
Western Wolf - 1930
Fragment - 1931
Wilderness - 1931
Earth Song - 1932
Rocks - 1932
Hill-Land - 1934
Murder Pattern - 1936
Ascend As the Sun - 1942
Libretto for the opera, The Prodigal Son (music by Frederick Jacobi) - debuted 1945
References
External links
Herman Arthur Voaden archives at the Clara Thomas Archives and Special Collections, York University Libraries, Toronto, Ontario
1903 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Writers from London, Ontario
Members of the Order of Canada
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian male writers
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation candidates for the Canadian House of Commons |
4044212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie%20Marcoux | Valérie Marcoux | Valérie Marcoux (born April 1, 1980 in Ottawa, Ontario) is a Canadian former pair skater. With partner Craig Buntin, she is a three-time Canadian national champion. Prior to teaming up with Buntin in 2002, she skated with Bruno Marcotte. Marcoux announced her retirement from competitive figure skating on April 24, 2007.
Programs
With Buntin
With Marcotte
Results
GP: Grand Prix
With Buntin
With Marcotte
References
External links
Skate Canada profile
1980 births
Canadian female pair skaters
Franco-Ontarian people
Olympic figure skaters of Canada
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Living people
Sportspeople from Ottawa
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists |
4044217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khari%20Jones | Khari Jones | Khari Okang Jones ( ; born May 16, 1971) is a former professional Canadian football player and a football operations consultant for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was formerly the head coach for the Montreal Alouettes. He is also a former television sports reporter for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). Jones played quarterback in the CFL, where he enjoyed his most success with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. Jones also played briefly for the Arena Football League's Albany Firebirds and the World League of American Football's Scottish Claymores. He has also been the offensive coordinator for the BC Lions and Tiger-Cats.
Playing career
College career
Jones was a record setting college quarterback at the University of California, Davis, where in two seasons as a starter he became the first UC Davis quarterback to pass for over 3,000 yards in a season and over 50 touchdowns in a career, while leading the Aggies to a 17-2-1 record during his junior and senior seasons (1992–1993). In 2000, Jones was inducted into the UC Davis Aggies Hall of Fame.
Arena Football League & NFL Europe
Jones joined the Arena Football League's Albany Firebirds in 1995. For the next two seasons, he received very little playing time, making only 3 out of 5 pass completions in his first season, and 3 out of 4 pass completions in 1996. He also played one season in 1996 for the Scottish Claymores of the World League of American Football, which would later become NFL Europe.
Canadian Football League
In 1997, Jones signed with the BC Lions. Jones played very little during his three-year tenure with the Lions, as he was relegated to the backup spot behind incumbent quarterback Damon Allen.
In 2000, Jones joined the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. Though he initially served as a backup to Kerwin Bell, Jones eventually won the starting job during the middle of the 2000 season, thereby clearing the way for the Bombers to release Bell in midseason.
In 2001, Jones was the CFLs Most Outstanding Player after leading the Bombers to a 14-4 record, including 12 straight wins. Jones was the Bombers quarterback in the 2001 Grey Cup in Montreal, where heavily favoured Winnipeg lost to the Calgary Stampeders, 27-19.
Jones' following season (2002) was even better statistically, which included 5,353 passing yards and 46 touchdown passes. This was the third most passing touchdowns in a season (behind two seasons in which Doug Flutie completed 47 and 48)). From 2000 to 2002, Jones' 107 touchdown passes exceeded the record by any other quarterback in the CFL or NFL over the same period of time. In four seasons with Winnipeg, Jones set seventeen Bomber passing records, including throwing for five touchdowns in a game four times in one season.
During the 2004 CFL season, Jones was traded from the Blue Bombers to the Calgary Stampeders, partially due to a shoulder injury which had affected his play. In the off-season between the 2004 and 2005 seasons, the Stampeders signed free agent Henry Burris and Jones was released.
Jones attended the Edmonton Eskimos training camp at the beginning of the 2005 CFL season, but with the Eskimos signing Ricky Ray (and already having the 2004 season starter Jason Maas), Jones was released again. Midway through the 2005 season he signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats but was released after eight games.
Prior to the 2006 season Jones was signed by the Eskimos only to be released by them once more on June 10, 2006 as part of training camp cuts.
Three days later, on June 13, 2006, the CBC announced that Jones would be their sideline reporter for their CFL on CBC broadcasts.
On October 17, 2007, Jones inked a standard one-year contract plus an option with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and then signed his retirement papers right after. This allowed him to officially retire in the city where he had the most success during his four-team, nine-year CFL career.
Coaching career
In 2009, Jones began his coaching career as the quarterbacks coach for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats under head coach Marcel Bellefeuille. In 2011, he was promoted to offensive coordinator and helped the team to an appearance in the East Final.
On January 3, 2012, he was announced as part of the coaching staff for the Saskatchewan Roughriders as their quarterbacks coach. In 2013, he helped his team win the 101st Grey Cup.
Jones was a top candidate to become the new offensive coordinator for the BC Lions in 2014. Jones officially became the offensive coordinator on December 23, 2013.
On January 3, 2018, Jones was announced as the new offensive coordinator for the Montreal Alouettes for the 2018 CFL season. On June 8, 2019, less than a week before the start of the 2019 season, the Alouettes announced they had parted ways with Mike Sherman and promoted Jones to the role of head coach. Despite being thrust into the role six days before the start of the regular season, Jones and the Alouettes surpassed expectations and finished with a 10–8 record and in second place in the East Division. At the conclusion of the season, he was signed to a three-year contract extension to continue as the team's head coach and offensive coordinator.
With the 2020 CFL season cancelled, Jones did not coach in 2020. In 2021, the team regressed and finished in third place in the East Division with a 7–7 record and lost the East Semi-Final. With the team starting the 2022 season with a 1–3 record, Jones was fired on July 6, 2022.
On July 18, 2022, Jones was hired as a football operations consultant for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.
Head coaching record
LivingWorks
In 2006, Jones became the digital co-trainer of the LivingWorks SafeTALK suicide alertness course. Jones had just finished playing football and was working as a broadcaster in Calgary, and was also working as an actor when his agent approached him with the job of recording the videos. Jones explained that "It hit home for me because suicide, or attempted suicide, has been a part of my family, as it has been for a lot of people. So it was something that was near and dear for me, and it quickly become more than an acting job". In the years since they were first recorded, Khari’s videos have helped trainers present safeTALK to over 300,000 people in more than 20 countries and territories. We are deeply grateful to Khari and to the thousands of dedicated safeTALK trainers who partner with him to bring the training to life.
Acting career
While attending University of California in Davis, Jones took acting classes which allowed him to get some roles in various made-for-TV movies.
Filmography
Personal life
Jones is a Canadian-American dual citizen and lives in Surrey, British Columbia with his wife, Justine, and daughters, Jaelyn and Siena. He is the son of Cauley Ray and Nina Maria Jones, and brother of filmmaker/podcaster Jamie Jamar Jones. Jones met his wife in a theatre course while both attended UC Davis and appeared in plays together while students.
References
External links
Montreal Alouettes profile
AFL stats
1971 births
Living people
African-American coaches of Canadian football
African-American players of Canadian football
Albany Firebirds players
American football quarterbacks
BC Lions players
BC Lions coaches
Calgary Stampeders players
Canadian Football League announcers
Canadian football quarterbacks
Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Player Award winners
Edmonton Elks players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats coaches
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Montreal Alouettes coaches
Saskatchewan Roughriders coaches
Sportspeople from Hammond, Indiana
Sportspeople from the Chicago metropolitan area
Scottish Claymores players
UC Davis Aggies football players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American men
21st-century African-American men |
4044229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20of%20the%20Ottawa-Carleton%20District%20School%20Board | List of schools of the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board | Schools of the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board
Elementary
Carp
Huntley Centennial Public School
Gloucester
Blossom Park Public School
Carson Grove Elementary School
Centennial Public School
Glen Ogilvie Public School
Half Moon Bay Public School
Le Phare Elementary School
Robert Hopkins Public School
Sawmill Creek Elementary School
Steve Maclean Public School
Greely
Castor Valley Elementary School
Greely Elementary School
Kanata
Bridlewood Community Elementary
Castlefrank Elementary School
Jack Donohue Public School
John Young Elementary School
Katimavik Elementary School
Roch Carrier Elementary
Roland Michener Public
Stephen Leacock Public
W. Erskine Johnston Public
W.O. Mitchell Elementary
South March Public School (Brookside)
Kars
Kars on the Rideau Public
Manotick
Manotick Public
Metcalfe
Metcalfe Public
Navan
Heritage Public School
Nepean
Adrienne Clarkson Elementary School
Barrhaven Public School
Bayshore Public School
Bells Corners Public School
Berrigan Elementary School
Briargreen Public School
Chapman Mills Public School
Farley Mowat Public School
Jockvale Elementary School
Knoxdale Public School
Lakeview Public School
Manordale Public School
Mary Honeywell Elementary School
Meadowlands Public School
Sir Winston Churchill Public School
North Gower
North Gower-Marlborough Public
Orléans
Avalon Public
Convent Glen Elementary (Convent Glen South Public School)
Dunning-Foubert Elementary
Fallingbrook Community Elementary
Forest Valley Elementary
Henry Larsen Elementary
Heritage Public
Maple Ridge Elementary
Orléans Wood Elementary
Summerside Public
Trillium Elementary
Osgoode
Osgoode Public
Inner Ottawa
Agincourt Public
Alta Vista Public
Arch Street Public
Bayview Public
Broadview Public
Cambridge Street Community Public
Carleton Heights Public
Charles H. Hulse Public
Churchill Alternative School
Clifford Bowey Public
Connaught Public
D. Roy Kennedy Public School
Devonshire Community Public
Dunlop Public School
Elgin Street Public
Elmdale Public
Featherston Drive Public
Fielding Drive Public School
First Avenue Public
General Vanier Public
Hawthorne Public
Hilson Avenue Public
Hopewell Avenue Public
Lady Evelyn Alternative
Manor Park Public
Mutchmor Public
Pinecrest Public
Pleasant Park Public
Queen Elizabeth Public School
Queen Mary Street Public
Regina Street Public
Riverview Alternative
Robert Bateman Public
Roberta Bondar Public School
Rockcliffe Park Public School
Severn Avenue Public
Summit Alternative
Vincent Massey Public
Viscount Alexander Public
W.E. Gowling Public
Woodroffe Avenue Public
York Street Public
Richmond
Richmond Public
Stittsville
A. Lorne Cassidy Elementary School
Stittsville Public
Westwind
Vanier
Robert E. Wilson Public
Woodlawn
Stonecrest Elementary
Intermediate schools
Cedarview Middle School
Emily Carr Middle School
Fisher Park Middle School/Summit Alternative Middle School
Glashan Intermediate School
Glen Cairn Middle School
Goulbourn Middle School
Henry Munro Middle School
Katimavik Middle School
Terry Fox Middle School
Intermediate/High schools
Bell High School
Earl of March Secondary School
Longfields-Davidson Heights Secondary School
Merivale High School
Sir Robert Borden High School
High schools
A.Y.Jackson Secondary School
Adult High School
Brookfield High School
Cairine Wilson Secondary School
Canterbury High School
Colonel By Secondary School
Glebe Collegiate Institute
Gloucester High School
Hillcrest High School
John McCrae Secondary School
Lisgar Collegiate Institute
Nepean High School
Osgoode Township High School
Ottawa Technical Learning Centre
Ridgemont High School
Sir Guy Carleton Secondary School
Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School
South Carleton High School
West Carleton Secondary School
Woodroffe High School
Closed
Bronson Avenue Public School (closed 1915; became Borden Public School)
Kent Street (Central) Public School (closed 1966; the school was the first public elementary school to be built in the city and the first to be closed down)
Borden Public School (closed and demolished 1966)
Wellington Street Public School (closed and demolished)
T.P. Maxwell Public School (now Carlington Community and Health Services)
Brewer Park Public School (became Westboro Academy 1998-2019; now vacant)
Parkway Park Public School (now Bishop Hamilton Montessori School)
Percy Street Public School (closed 1968; a fire by an arsonist destroyed the building in 1979; the school was partially demolished expect for the foundation area which still stands today)
Quarries Public School (closed 1980; later became East Gate Alliance Church, demolished 2013)
Fairfield Public School (closed 1985; became École élémentaire publique Séraphin-Marion until 2002; demolished 2004)
Bel-Air Public School (closed 1980; now École élémentaire publique Charlotte-Lemieux)
Fisher Park High School (closed June 1987; became Notre Dame High School 1987-1994; now Fisher Park Public School and Summit Alternative School)
Sir John A. MacDonald High School (closed 1987; now St. Paul High School)
Fisher Heights Public School (closed 1988; now Ottawa Islamic School)
Graham Park Public School (closed 1988; became École Maimonides School; demolished 2011)
Borden High School (closed 1990; converted into loft apartments in 2004)
High School Of Commerce (closed 1990; now Adult High School)
Brook Lane Public School (closed 1991; now St. Gregory Catholic School)
Ottawa Technical High School (closed 1992; now Albert Street Education Centre)
Highland Park High School (closed 1992; now Notre Dame High School)
Champlain High School (closed 1993; Connaught Public School used the building in 1993-94 while Connaught's building was getting renovated; now Centre Jules-Léger.)
Confederation High School (closed 1999; now Confederation Education Centre)
Crichton Street Public School (closed 1999; now The School of Dance)
McNabb Park Public School (closed 1999; now Richard Pfaff Alternative School)
Queensway Public School (closed 1999; now Joan of Arc Academy)
Whitehaven Public School (closed 1999; became École élémentaire catholique Terre-des-Jeunes until 2008; now École élémentaire catholique d'enseignement personnalisé Édouard-Bond)
City View Public School (became City View Special Education Centre; now Elizabeth Wyn Wood Secondary Alternate Program)
McArthur High School (closed 2001; now Ottawa Technical Secondary School)
Overbrook Public School (closed 2001; now Counterpoint Academy Day Care)
Lamira Dow Billings Elementary School (closed 2002; now École élémentaire publique Séraphin-Marion)
Meadowview Public School (closed 2004; now Heritage Public School)
Merivale Public School (closed 2004)
Riverview Public School (closed 2004; now Baitun Naseer Mosque)
J. S. Woodsworth Secondary School (closed 2005; now École secondaire publique Deslauriers)
Laurentian High School (closed 2005; demolished 2009)
R. Byrns Curry Public School (closed 2006; now Bayview Public School)
Bayview Public School (relocated to R. Byrns Curry Public School site in 2007; demolished 2009)
Fitzroy Harbour Public School (closed 2006)
Grant Alternative School (relocated to Christie Public School site in 2007; closed 2017, now Maison de la francophonie d'Ottawa)
Christie Public School (closed 2007; became Grant Alternative School 2007-2017; now vacant)
Torbolton Public School (closed 2007; now vacant)
Queenswood Public School (closed 2008; now École élémentaire catholique d'enseignement personnalisé La Source)
Fitzroy Centennial Public School (closed 2009)
McGregor Easson Public School (closed 2010; now Pavillon Sainte-Geneviève)
Parkwood Hills Public School (closed 2010; used by Champman Hills in 2012 and Carleton Heights in 2014)
Munster Elementary School (closed 2015)
Rideau High School (closed 2017)
Elizabeth Park Public School (closed 2017)
Century Public School (closed 2017; used by Elmdale Public School in 2019)
D. Aubrey Moodie Intermediate School (closed 2017)
Leslie Park Public School (closed 2017; now École élémentaire publique Ottawa Ouest)
Greenbank Middle School (closed 2017; now Knoxdale Public School; the school already shared the building with Knoxdale Public School)
J.H. Putman Middle School (closed 2019)
Notes
External links
Ottawa-Carleton District School Board
OCDSB Schools
Ottawa-Carleton District School Board |
4044234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs%20sector | Higgs sector | In particle physics, the Higgs sector is the collection of quantum fields and/or particles that are responsible for the Higgs mechanism, i.e. for the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the Higgs field. The word "sector" refers to a subgroup of the total set of fields and particles.
See also
Higgs boson
References
Standard Model
Symmetry |
4044245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigsdorf | Ludwigsdorf | Ludwigsdorf may refer to:
Ludwigsdorf, Lower Austria
Ludwigsdorf (Görlitz)
Ludwikowice Klodzkie, part of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp
the German name of Łodwigowo in Poland
the German name of Giulești and of Logig in Romania
the German name of Padina in Vojvodina, Serbia and Montenegro
a suburb of Windhoek |
4044247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20of%20the%20Conseil%20des%20%C3%A9coles%20publiques%20de%20l%27Est%20de%20l%27Ontario | List of schools of the Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario | Schools of the Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario.
Elementary
Ottawa
École élémentaire publique Charlotte-Lemieux, Nepean
École élémentaire publique Francojeunesse, Ottawa
École élémentaire publique Gabrielle-Roy, Ottawa
École élémentaire publique Jeanne Sauve, Orléans
École élémentaire publique Kanata, Kanata
École élémentaire publique Mauril-Bélanger, Ottawa
École élémentaire publique Marie-Curie, Ottawa
École élémentaire publique Maurice Lapointe, Kanata
École élémentaire publique Michel-Dupuis, Riverside South
École élémentaire publique Séraphin-Marion, Gloucester
École élémentaire publique l'Odyssée, Orléans
École élémentaire publique Ottawa Ouest, Nepean
École élémentaire publique le Transit, Ottawa
Other
École élémentaire publique Cité-Jeunesse, Trenton
École élémentaire publique l'Équinoxe, Pembroke
Secondary
Ottawa
École secondaire publique De La Salle, Ottawa
École secondaire publique Gisèle-Lalonde, Orléans
École secondaire publique Louis-Riel, Gloucester
École secondaire publique Omer Deslauriers, Nepean
École secondaire publique Le Transit, Ottawa
Other
École secondaire publique L'Équinoxe, Pembroke
École secondaire publique Marc-Garneau, Trenton
École secondaire publique Le Sommet, Hawksbury
See also
List of school districts in Ontario
List of high schools in Ontario
Ottawa, Public Schools, French
Schools of the Conseil des ecoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario |
4044252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20DeCrow | Karen DeCrow | Karen DeCrow ( Lipschultz; December 18, 1937 – June 6, 2014) was an American attorney, author, activist and feminist. She served as the fourth national president of the National Organization for Women (NOW) from 1974 to 1977. She was also a strong supporter of equal rights for men in child custody decisions, arguing for a "rebuttable presumption" of shared custody after divorce. She also asserted that men as well as women should be allowed the decision not to become a parent.
Early life
Karen Lipschultz was born in Chicago, Illinois, on December 18, 1937. She was the oldest child of Samuel Meyer Lipschultz, a businessman, and Juliette Abt Lipschultz, a professional ballet dancer. She graduated from Sullivan High School in 1955 and received a bachelor's degree from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University in 1959.
After graduating from college, she worked as a writer and editor for a number of magazines and publishing houses, including as a fashion editor at Golf Digest. She married Alexander Kolben in 1960 but they divorced five years later. She was remarried the same year, to Roger DeCrow, a computer scientist, and the couple moved to Syracuse, New York.
Career and activism
DeCrow joined the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1967, after she and her female coworkers at a publishing house realized they were earning less than men. She was a co-founder of the Syracuse chapter of NOW and became president in 1968. In 1969, she ran for mayor of the city of Syracuse, becoming the first female mayoral candidate in the history of New York.
The same year, she and Faith Seidenberg entered the all-male establishment McSorley's Old Ale House and were refused service. They sued for discrimination. The case decision made the front page of The New York Times on June 26, 1970. The suit, Seidenberg v. McSorleys' Old Ale House (S.D.N.Y. 1970) established that, as a public place, the ale house could not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution.
Legal career
After entering law school, she earned her Juris Doctor from Syracuse University College of Law in 1972, where she was the only woman in the class.
In 1972, she was a part of the Ms. magazine campaign: “We Have Had Abortions” which called for an end to "archaic laws" limiting reproductive freedom, and encouraged women to share their stories and take action.
In 1981, DeCrow was one of the lawyers for former NYPD detective Frank Serpico in his unsuccessful attempt to overturn a child support order on the grounds that the mother had deceived him into the pregnancy by lying about taking the contraceptive pill. DeCrow's decision to defend Serpico in this case attracted some criticism. She told the court “Autonomous women making independent decisions about their lives should not expect men to finance their choice.”
Presidency of NOW
DeCrow was elected president of NOW from 1974 to 1977, during which time she led campaigns to ensure that collegiate sports would be included under the scope of Title IX, pressured NASA to recruit women as astronauts, oversaw the opening of a new NOW Action Center in Washington, D.C. and the establishment of NOW's National Task Force on Battered Women/Household Violence, and participated in a tour of over 80 public debates with antifeminist activist Phyllis Schlafly over the Equal Rights Amendment.
In 1978, DeCrow became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press. DeCrow was honored by the American Civil Liberties Union in 1985.
Later life
In 2009, DeCrow was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. She died of melanoma on June 6, 2014, in Jamesville, New York.
Political views
She was the author of several books, including The Young Woman’s Guide to Liberation (1971) and Sexist Justice—How Legal Sexism Affects You (1975). DeCrow described her ultimate goal as "a world in which the gender of a baby will have little to no relevance in future pursuits and pleasures—personal, political, economic, social and professional." Toward that end, DeCrow was a supporter of shared parenting (joint legal and shared physical custody) of children when parents divorce. Her position on joint custody was criticized by some in the National Organization for Women: "I've become a persona non grata because I've always been in favor of joint custody," DeCrow said.
References
External links
A Conversation with Karen DeCrow about N.O.W. WNED public television series “Woman”, 1974
1937 births
2014 deaths
American feminists
American women lawyers
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from melanoma
People from DeWitt, New York
Presidents of the National Organization for Women
Syracuse University College of Law alumni
Activists from New York (state)
21st-century American women
Medill School of Journalism alumni |
4044257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%20Wake | Blood Wake | Blood Wake is a naval combat video game released in 2001 for the Xbox as part of Microsoft's wave of launch titles. It was developed by Stormfront Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios.
Set in an Asian-themed fictional world, Blood Wake is a story-driven, mission-based high seas action game in which the player controls a series of small fighting vessels.
First unveiled at E3 2001, the game received mixed reviews from critics according to the aggregate website Metacritic. It sold enough copies to be added to Microsoft's budget line, known as Platinum Hits.
Gameplay
The game features a wide variety of naval vessels, from tiny sampans to powerful speedboats and torpedo boats, on up to destroyers and a massive battleship. Over a dozen of these are playable and most have multiple weapon configurations. The weapon types include the standard chain guns, cannon, torpedoes, rockets and mines, plus some unique weapons that are unlocked as you progress through the game. Each boat has machine guns or chain guns as its base, primary armament. Most have one or more heavy weapons as their secondary armament.
The single player story-mode consists of 28 missions featuring a wide variety of attack, defense, escort and raid mission types. These missions take the player to many exotic locales and though the player never leaves the water, the game engine allows the designers to vary the sea and sky conditions to create very different gameplay environments. There is also a multiplayer mode that supports a variety of game types for up to four players. The multiplayer options are somewhat limited at first, but progress through the story mode unlocks many new options. The game also features numerous Easter Eggs such as special boats and hidden game modes, including the development team's favorite, "Blood Ball", which is essentially multiplayer soccer-on-water using a 10-meter diameter soccer ball and heavily armed gunboats.
There are many different vehicles at the player's disposal in Blood Wake. In the Story Mode the player is assigned a particular boat for each mission. The first is the Speedboat, and each of the mission of the first act features a different variant. As the story progresses, the player is introduced to ever more powerful boats, including a few captured enemy vessels. All of these plus several more are playable in the multiplayer Battle Mode. The following are the main types used by the player during the Story Mode missions:
Speedboat: small, fast boat with light weaponry. This is the boat given to the player in the first chapter of Story Mode. Its armament usually consists of four chain guns or auto-cannons, but later adds a rocket launcher. The boat is completely stripped of all armaments for one special mission involving a time trial-style race. In one special mission later in the game it is armed with the Stinger, an extremely powerful, but short-ranged electrical weapon.
Catamaran: the game's signature boat, this is featured on the game's cover. Standard armament for this vessel includes two chain guns or auto cannons, with a center mount that may have a rocket launcher, the Stinger, or the Wave Gun (another special weapon type that generates a wave that can detonate torpedoes and sea mines as well as jolt smaller vessels. In addition, it has a pair of side mounts that may hold torpedo launchers or fixed cannons. These weapons differ in combination depending on the model of Catamaran.
Gunboat: modeled on a cigarette boat, it is one of the fastest in the game. Its armament is virtually the same as the catamaran, but it adds a rear mount for a mine launcher.
Devil Boat: at 75 feet long, this is the largest and most heavily armed playable boat in the game. Inspired by the PT boats of World War II, it has four forward mounts for its primary armament of auto cannons or chain guns. Its secondary armament features dual center mounted rocket launchers, a rear-mounted mine launcher, and four side mounts. The side mounts may have two fixed cannons on the forward pair plus two torpedo launchers on the rear pair, or four torpedo launchers.
Hydroplane: The ultra-speedy hydroplane is the fastest and most maneuverable vessel in the game. Modeled on the racing boat Miss Budweiser, its armament is the same as the Gunboat.
Plot
The player controls Lieutenant Shao Kai, a former naval officer of the Northern League fleet who was betrayed and left for dead by his brother, Admiral Shao Lung. Kai is rescued by a band of sea raiders known as the Shadow Clan, and joins them after proving himself worthy to their leader, Ped Zeng. He will bide his time with them awaiting his chance for revenge against his brother. Here he meets a formidable young woman who advises Ped and becomes the love interest. The Shadow Clan spends most of its time preying on the third faction in the game, the Jade Kingdom, who are primarily a mercantile power led by Lord Sri Brana. All are now in the path of Admiral Shao Lung's ambitions to create the Iron Empire. Lung has developed a monstrous warship named the Dragon and a powerful magic amulet to defeat anyone and anything in his way.
Development
Initial development began following the creation of the basic game engine by lead programmer Ralf Knoesel during his holiday break following the completion of Stormfront's previous release, Hot Wheels Turbo Racing. Together with lead artists Tim Dean and Matt Small, they conceived a concept that was essentially "Twisted Metal on water." The team received permission to develop a prototype and Stormfront started looking for a publisher. Enter Microsoft who was looking for a suitable development partner for an original IP they had developed that was likened to "Crimson Skies on water." While Stormfront's engine had been designed to support arena combat, they were confident it could be adapted to support the story-driven mission-based structure needed by Microsoft. Music was composed by Robb Mills.
The development team grew under the direction of David Bunnett who hired a contract writer named David Ackerman-Gray to develop the story, and David Wessman to be the lead designer. Wessman had formerly been the gameplay and story lead for the highly acclaimed X-Wing series, and was eagerly welcomed to the team for his expertise in vehicular combat games. In addition, he brought a passion for research into the topic of small boat warfare and drew inspiration for the story and missions from histories of the American Civil War, the Opium Wars, World War II and the Vietnam War. As the game took shape, the team was able to consistently deliver on its milestones up to a week early, thus earning considerable respect from Microsoft. When the game entered QA at Microsoft it was observed that testers who were not assigned to work on it nevertheless would spend their free time playing it. This was noted as an extremely good sign, and Microsoft began to think they might have a sleeper hit on their hands. Stormfront was granted a small extension to their schedule for additional polish.
Reception
Initially hailed as "The Halo Killer" by Boat Magazine, Blood Wake never achieved the popularity of its big brother. The game received average reviews from critics according to Metacritic. In March 2017 GamesRadar+ staff named Blood Wake one of the original Xbox franchise they would like to see revived.
The game was not literally an Xbox launch title, since its debut was part of a second wave of game releases thirty days after the first launch. It was highly anticipated following the excited press reaction at the 2000 E3. Microsoft backed Blood Wake with a television advertising campaign on release, and it reached sixth on the NPD sales charts in November 2002 with over 340,000 units sold, and later that year was the #1 game on the NPD Xbox game rental rankings. With strong sales the game became one of the first in Microsoft's Platinum Series Hits and was re-released with new box cover art and a lower price.
References
External links
2001 video games
Microsoft games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Naval video games
Stormfront Studios games
Vehicular combat games
Video games developed in the United States
Xbox games
Xbox-only games |
4044262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Nibley%20Green | Battle of Nibley Green | The Battle of Nibley Green was fought near North Nibley in Gloucestershire on 20 March 1470, between the troops of Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle and William Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley. It is notable for being the last battle fought in England entirely between the private armies of feudal magnates.
Prelude
Lisle and Berkeley had long been engaged in a dispute over the inheritance of Berkeley Castle and the other Berkeley lands, Lisle being heir-general to Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley and Berkeley heir-male. Lisle impetuously challenged Berkeley to a battle, and the latter agreed, the battle to be fought the next day at Nibley Green. Lisle paid for his rashness with his life.
In the little time available, Lisle could only raise a force among his ill-equipped local tenants. Berkeley, however, could draw upon a garrison from Berkeley Castle as well as his local levies, and he was reinforced by men led by his brother Maurice Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley and miners from the Forest of Dean. This gave him a considerable advantage in numbers, about 1,000 to 300. Philip Mede of Wraxall, an alderman and mayor of Bristol in 1459, 1462, and 1469, sent some men on the Berkeley side. Maurice Berkeley, William's younger brother, had married Isabel Mede, Philip's daughter, for which act of marrying beneath his social status he had been disinherited of the Berkeley lands by his elder brother, William.
Battle
Lisle led his men in a charge against Berkeley's troops as they emerged from a stand of woods. Berkeley's archers loosed arrows and broke up the charge. One of the Dean Foresters, an archer named "Black Will", shot Lisle in the left temple through his open visor and unhorsed him. A few dagger-strokes from the archers ensured Lisle's death, and his leaderless army broke and fled.
Aftermath
As Lisle's army dispersed, Berkeley advanced to Lisle's manor of Wotton-under-Edge and sacked it.
Further reading
Fleming, Peter & Wood, Michael. Gloucestershire's Forgotten Battle: Nibley Green 1470, 2003
External links
History of Berkeley
Mead Genealogy
North Nibley website
References
1470 in England
Nibley Green
Nibley Green
Nibley Green
Nibley Green |
4044271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Adolf%20Scheel | Gustav Adolf Scheel | Gustav Adolf Scheel (22 November 1907 – 25 March 1979) was a German physician and Nazi Party official. He served as a "multifunctionary" in Nazi Germany, including posts as the Reich Student Leader leading both the National Socialist German Students' League and the German Student Union, as an SS member and Sicherheitsdienst employee, as a Higher SS and Police Leader, as well as Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter in Reichsgau Salzburg. He was also an Einsatzgruppen commander in occupied Alsace and he organized the October 1940 deportation of Karlsruhe's Jews to extermination camps.
Early years
Born as a Protestant pastor's son in Rosenberg, North Baden, Scheel attended classical gymnasium schools in Freiburg, Tauberbischofsheim and Mannheim. While still a schoolboy, he became involved in nationalist circles of the German Youth Movement and Nazi groups.
Beginning in the summer semester of 1928, he studied law, political economy and theology at Heidelberg University to become a minister like his father. Scheel intensified his activities in right-wing student circles and in the winter semester of 1928-29 became a member of the Verein Deutscher Studenten (VDSt), an umbrella organization of German Studentenverbindung fraternities. In 1928 he also joined the Heidelberg German Student Union (Deutschen Studentenschaft, DStA). In October 1931 he was named to the board of directors and in December 1931 he became its chairman.
Nazi career
Student and academic posts
In 1930 he joined the National Socialist German Students' League (NSDStB), on 1 October 1930 the Sturmabteilung (SA) and on 1 December 1930 the Nazi Party (NSDAP). He moved for a short time to Tübingen University to begin studies in medicine. He continued his studies again in Heidelberg, where he quickly rose to become one of the main propagandists of the Nazis at the college. As NSDStB College Group Leader (Hochschulgruppenführer), he led the Nazi student rallies against the mathematics professor and pacifist Emil Julius Gumbel (1891–1966) which led to the removal of Gumbel's teaching entitlement in 1932.
In 1933, Scheel became chairman of the Heidelberg General Students' Committee (AStA) and fought vehemently for the exclusion of students of Jewish lineage from the benefits of social institutions at the university. During this time, he also became Hanns-Martin Schleyer's mentor, getting him to join the NSDAP and the SS. Furthermore, Scheel exerted influence over the university's appointments and personnel policy in his capacity as student body leader and member of the vice chancellor's leadership staff.
On 10 May 1933, Scheel was one of the main speakers at the Heidelberg book burning. In April 1934, he passed his State medical examination and received his doctorate in medicine on 31 May 1935. In November 1935, on his 28th birthday, Scheel was named as an honorary Senator of Heidelberg University. On 6 November 1936, he acceded to the newly created post of Reichsstudentenführer (Reich Student Leader) a position he would retain until the fall of the Nazi regime. As such, he headed both the NSDStB and the DstA. With this came the rank of Amtsleiter in the Party Reichsleitung (National Leadership). Scheel would advance to Hauptamstleiter in April 1937 and Hauptdienstleiter in April 1940.
In April 1938, Scheel became an active Senator of Heidelberg University, and he was also elected to the Reichstag from electoral constituency 20, Köln-Aachen, retaining this seat until May 1945. In May 1938, he became leader of the National Socialist Alumni Association and also served as editor of its official organ, Der Altherrenbund. That same month he was made Chairman of the Reichsstudentenwerk (Reich Student Union). In November 1940, he was named an honorary Senator of Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg.
In 1943, he declared in his capacity as Reich Student Leader that the members of the White Rose (Weiße Rose) resistance group should be "executed not as students," but rather as "antisocial former Wehrmacht members." Scheel's point of view was that these "criminals" should not be allowed to stain the student body's image. From this time also came Scheel's declaration: "German student, it is not necessary for you to live, but, to be sure, to fulfill your duty to your people." In 1943, Scheel became President of the German Academic Exchange Service and in June 1944, he succeeded Walter Schultze as leader of the National Socialist German Lecturers League.
SS and Security Service (SD)
On 30 July 1934 Scheel was accepted into the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the Nazi Party security service by its head, Reinhard Heydrich. He left the SA and joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) on 15 September 1934 and became a full time SD employee in the SD Main Office. He rose swiftly in this secret Nazi intelligence service. Between September 1934 and August 1935 he headed the SD training school in Berlin. Between August 1935 and September 1939 he was Leader of the SD Oberabschnitt (Upper District) Southwest, headquartered in Stuttgart.
As a former student official, he brought along with him to the SD a great many young Nazi academics who went on to become mass murderers. Among them were Walter Stahlecker, Martin Sandberger, , , Erich Ehrlinger, and Eugen Steimle, all of whom went into various divisions of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) to become leaders of murder squads of the various Einsatzgruppen.
Promoted to SS-Oberführer, Scheel on 25 April 1938 became Inspector for the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police, SiPo) and Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service, SD) in Wehrkreis (Military District) V (Baden and Württemberg), based in Stuttgart. He then transferred to become Leader of SD Oberabschnitt South in Munich from 18 June 1939. On 6 December 1939, he became the Inspector for SiPo and SD in Wehrkreis VII (Munich) and XIII (Nuremberg) encompassing all of Bavaria.
Scheel, in the spring of 1940 performed military service as a medical officer with the rank of Unterarzt, serving with the Luftwaffe in the battle of France. After the fall of France, from May through July 1940, Scheel headed Einsatzgruppe III in Alsace and was involved in the deportation of Jews from that area. From August 1940 to January 1941 he was Commander of the Sicherheitspolizei and the SD attached to the office of the Chief of Civil Administration in Alsace, Robert Heinrich Wagner. In October 1940, Scheel organised the deportation of Karlsruhe's Jews to their certain deaths in the east.
Scheel's further rise within the Nazi repression apparatus continued unabated. In April 1941, he rose to the rank of SS-Brigadeführer. He became the Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSP) Alpenland from 1 May 1941 while also commanding SS Oberabschnitt Alpenland. In this post, he was the commander of all SS and police forces, including the Ordnungspolizei (Order Police) in the four Reichsgaue of Wehrkreis XVIII, Carinthia, Salzburg, Styria and Tirol-Vorarlberg and reported directly to Heinrich Himmler. He was made a Major General of Police on 19 October 1941. Scheel left the SD service on 24 November 1941 and was transferred to the staff of the Reichsführer-SS. He was promoted to SS-Gruppenführer on 21 June 1942, SS-Obergruppenführer on 1 August 1944 and General of Police on 4 August 1944.
Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter
Scheel was named as Gauleiter of Reichsgau Salzburg on 18 November 1941, succeeding Friedrich Rainer. Formally installed on 27 November, he also that day succeeded Rainer as Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) thus uniting under his control the highest party and governmental offices in his jurisdiction. Further, on 11 December he also succeeded Rainer as Reich Defense Commissioner of Wehrkreis XVIII. This entailed responsibility for civil defense and evacuation measures as well as administration of wartime rationing and suppression of black market activity. On 16 November 1942, the jurisdiction of the Reich Defense Commissioners was changed from the Wehrkreis to the Gau level, and Scheel remained Commissioner for his Reichsgau alone. After the discovery of resistance groups in Salzburg, Scheel organized a widespread wave of arrests and had a number of railwaymen put to death.
In September 1944 Scheel, as the Reich Defense Commissioner, was made leader of the Volkssturm in Reichsgau Salzburg. On 29 April 1945, Adolf Hitler, in his political testament, named Scheel Reich Minister of Culture, in the short-lived Goebbels cabinet.
As a Nazi "multifunctionary", Scheel held the following functions (in addition to those mentioned above):
Member of the Reich Labour Chamber
Member of the Executive Board of the Reichsforschungsrat (Reich Research Council)
Leader of the Trainee Office in the Reichsforschungrat
Postwar life
After Salzburg's peaceful surrender to the Americans on 4 May, Scheel fled with his family to Sankt Veit an der Glan and on 14 May was arrested by the US 307th Counterintelligence Corps and interned. After spending time in many camps and prisons, he was released on 24 December 1947. After once again being interned, he was transferred to Heidelberg to undergo denazification. A local court sentenced him in December 1948 to five years in a labour camp, and classified him as Category I, Hauptschuldiger (literally "main culprit"). He was however released on 24 December 1948 as a result of several testimonies in his defence stating that he had ignored Hitler's commands to defend the city of Salzburg against the approaching US forces.
Afterwards, he first worked as a night worker at the Port of Hamburg, and as of summer 1949, he was a doctor in a Hamburg hospital, then an assistant doctor at Rautenberg Hospital in Hamburg. After an appeal proceeding in 1952, Scheel was reclassified to Category II as a Belasteter ("incriminated one"). From 1951 to 1953, he belonged, along with other former Nazi leaders such as Werner Naumann, Karl Kaufmann and Werner Best, to the neo-Nazi "Naumann Circle" that tried to infiltrate the Free Democratic Party, and so was arrested in January 1953 by British police. He was handed over to German authorities in Karlsruhe in March and released by them on 17 June 1953. On 3 December 1954, his trial was dismissed for lack of adequate evidence of wrongdoing. From February 1954 to 8 April 1977, he was the owner of a medical practice in Hamburg.
Notes
Sources
Further reading
External links
Gustav Scheel in Bavarian State Library
1907 births
1979 deaths
Einsatzgruppen personnel
Gauleiters
Heidelberg University alumni
Holocaust perpetrators in France
Holocaust perpetrators in Germany
Luftwaffe personnel of World War II
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Nazi Party officials
Nazi Party politicians
Nazis convicted of war crimes
People from Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
Physicians in the Nazi Party
Recipients of the War Merit Cross
Reich Security Main Office personnel
SS and Police Leaders
SS-Obergruppenführer
Sturmabteilung personnel
Volkssturm personnel |
4044276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina%20Assandra | Caterina Assandra | Caterina Assandra (c. 1590 – after 1618) was an Italian composer and Benedictine nun. In her surviving motet book, Motetti a due a tre voci op.2, Assandra alludes to her birthplace being in the Province of Pavia. She became famous as an organist and published various works during her lifetime. Her work Motetti a due, was dedicated to G.B. Biglia, the Bishop of Pavia, and was first recognized by publisher Lomazzo. Although Assandra had accumulated a substantial reputation for her works as a composer, even reaching outside the borders of Italy, she was at times confused with an 18th-century composer with the same name. And although the date of her birth is approximate, the date of her death is still unknown.
Early life
Assandra composed a number of motets and organ pieces, written in German tablature. She studied counterpoint with Benedetto Re, or Reggio, one of the leading teachers at Pavia Cathedral, who dedicated a piece to her in 1607. Re may have been an exiled German Catholic. Assandra's musical talents were noted by the publisher Lomazzo early in her career, in his dedication of the works of Giovanni Paolo Cima. She composed many works during the first half of the 17th century, including Promptuarium Musicum and Siren Colestis. In 1609, Assandra took vows and entered the Benedictine monastery of Saint Agata in Lomello, in the Lombard region of northern Italy. She adopted "Agata" as her religious name and continued composing, including a collection of motets in the new concertato style in Milan in 1609, an imitative eight-voice Salve Regina in 1611, and a motet, Audite verbum Dominum, for four voices in 1618. After entering the convent, Assandra published no new books of music. Caterina Assandra was the first Italian nun to have an entire collection of musical works published, following Raffaella Aleotti.
Career
Two of her compositions from Op. 2 appeared in German publications during the decade and a half following their original appearance. Two works by her, otherwise unknown, also appear in German tablature in a manuscript located in the Fürst Thurn und Taxis Hofbibliothek (court library) in Regensburg. Assandra's motets were among the first in the Roman style to be published in Milan, as Borsieri noted. Researchers suggest Borsieri must have heard in her music the influence of Agazzari, whose small-scale works had recently been published in the city. She composed both highly traditional pieces and more innovative works. Among the latter is Duo seraphim. Her motet O Salutaris hostia, included in Motetti op. 2, was one of the first pieces to include 'violone'.
Personal life
Two influential figures to Caterina's style were her teacher, Re, and local composer Agazzari. Due to her living in the convent and the likeness between the written bass and continuo parts, her motets were able to be performed and function without male singers, though they were often written for two sopranos, alto, bass, and continuo. On February 20 of 1606, publisher Giovanni Paolo Cima dedicated a portion of his Partito de Ficercari & Canzoni Alla Francese to Caterina. This is the composer's first known mention and is as follows: "To the very excellent and most virtuous lady and my very obliging and benign Mistress: Caterina Assandra".
Works, editions and recordings
Op. 1 is lost. It is possible that her two motets, Ave Verum Corpus and Ego Flos Campi, could be from that volume.
Motetti à due, & tre voci, Op. 2, dedicated to G. B. Biglia, the Bishop of Pavia, in 1609, has survived.
Il Canto delle Dame, a 2010 recording by María Cristina Kiehr, Jean-Marc Aymes, and Concerto Soave, includes four pieces from the Motetti of 1608: Duo Seraphim, Canzon a 4, O quam suavis, and O salutaris hostia.
Ave verum corpus. Unknown publish date
Canzon a 4 (for Benedetto Re) written for voice and ensemble
Duo Seraphim written for 3 voices and continuo
Ego flos campi
Haec dies written in 1609 for 2 to 3 voices
Impleos nostrum motet written for 3 voices
Jubilate Deo written in 1609
O Dulcis Amor Jesu motet written for 3 voices
O quam suavais written for voice and ensemble
O Salutaris hostia written for voice and ensemble
Salve Regina motet written for 8 voices
References
Sources
"Assandra, Caterina (Early 1590s-1620)." Assandra, Caterina (Early 1590s-1620) | Women Composers 1 | Alexander Street, search.alexanderstreet.com
Bowers, Jane; Judith Tick. Women Making Music. University of Illinois Press (1986).
Cessac, Catherine. Il Canto delle Dame, liner notes. Centre culturel de rencontre d'Ambronay (2010).
Eckart Tscheuschner, Die Neresheimer Orgeltabulaturen der Fürstlich Thurn und Taxisschen Hofbibliothek zu Regensburg (Erlangen, 1963), 107.
Jump up^ Listen: Ego Flos Campi (H.Heldstab), "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
Women Composers: Music Through the Ages.
Further reading
Free scores by Caterina Assandra at the International Music Score Library Project
Facsimile of Impetum fecerunt in a collection from the Bavarian State Library (book 1, page 129)
Index of pieces in the above collection by Choral Public Domain Library
Italian Baroque composers
Italian women classical composers
17th-century Italian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
1590s births
17th-century deaths
Benedictine nuns
Musicians from Pavia
17th-century Italian composers
17th-century women composers |
4044277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Newquist | Jimmy Newquist | James P. Newquist (born May 10, 1970) is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist, best known as lead singer for the alternative rock band Caroline's Spine.
Born in Boston, Massachusetts and raised in Phoenix, Arizona, he is one of eight children. Newquist started writing songs at an early age and moved to Los Angeles, California to further his music career. In 1993, he formed Caroline's Spine with college friend Mark Haugh – the band's name being a reference to a character in a story Newquist wrote about a comatose girl whose doctor nonchalantly inquires, "How's Caroline's spine today?"
His major label debut, "Monsoon" by Caroline's Spine, was released by Hollywood Records in 1997. Newquist has since released numerous albums under the Caroline's Spine moniker as well as his own name.
Living people
Musicians from Boston
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American rock singers
Songwriters from Massachusetts
1970 births
Guitarists from Massachusetts
21st-century American singers
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male singers
American male songwriters |
4044278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce%20Davison | Bryce Davison | Bryce Davison (born January 29, 1986 in Walnut Creek, California) is an American-Canadian former competitive pair skater. With former partner Jessica Dubé, he is a three-time (2007, 2009, 2010) Canadian national champion, the 2008 World bronze medalist and the 2009 Four Continents silver medalist.
They represented Canada at the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics.
Career
Davison began skating at age three. He competed with Jessie McNeil at the pre-novice and juvenile levels. They were the 2000 Canadian Juvenile national champions. He later competed with Claire Daugulis on the novice and junior levels.
Davison teamed up with Jessica Dubé in July 2003. The two had a successful junior career before moving up to the senior level in 2005–06. They placed 10th at the 2006 Winter Olympic Games and 7th at the World Championships that same season.
In the summer of 2006, Dubé suffered an injury in practice and was removed from the ice on a backboard; she had knee surgery in September. They won their first national crown in Nova Scotia at the 2007 Canadian Championships. After an on-ice accident at the 2007 Four Continents (see below), they made a comeback a month later at the World Championships, where they again finished seventh.
Dube and Davison had a breakthrough season in 2007–08. They won their first Grand Prix medals, including a gold at 2007 Skate America. They lost the national title to Anabelle Langlois and Cody Hay at the 2008 Canadian Championships, but two months later at the World Championships, they won the bronze medal after finishing second in the long program; they set personal best scores in each segment of the event and overall.
The next two seasons did not prove as successful, and while they regained and then defended their national title, the pair were unable to repeat their success at the World Championships. Their top placement during this time was a second-place finish at the 2009 Four Continents Championships. Dube and Davison were part of Team Canada at the inaugural World Team Trophy in April 2009. In the 2009–10 Olympic season, they medalled at both Grand Prix events but did not qualify for the Grand Prix final. They were sixth at the Olympics and at Worlds.
Davison suffers from osteochondritis dissecans, which led to his sustaining a serious knee injury in practice in October 2010, forcing the pair to withdraw from the 2010 Skate Canada International. He underwent season-ending surgery to reattach a broken piece of bone. The recovery period was estimated at 18 months.
Dubé and Davison announced the end of their partnership on March 10, 2011. He had felt they needed to make changes but Dubé was unwilling and suggested parting ways. Davison left open the possibility that he might continue skating if he finds the right partner. In July, it was reported that Davison had completed his Level I Coaching Certification and would begin coaching young skaters in Hamilton, Ontario. At the time, Davison said he might compete again, but in December 2011, he confirmed that he had retired from competition. He is the director of skater development at the Hamilton Skating Club.
Davison competed in singles until 2007. He is a member of the Hamilton Skating Club in Hamilton, Ontario.
Accidents
On February 8, 2007, Dubé was struck in the face by the blade of Davison's skate during the free skate segment at the Four Continents Championships in Colorado Springs. The pair were on their third rotation of a side-by-side camel spin, in which one leg is horizontal during the spin, when they began to drift towards one another, causing her face and his skate blade to connect. She immediately fell to the ice and clutched at her face as blood pooled on the ice. Davison comforted her as the medical staff put her on a stretcher and took her to Memorial Hospital. She underwent surgery that night, receiving 83 stitches to repair a laceration on her left cheek and nose. Her eye was not affected and nothing was broken. Both skaters were later treated for post-traumatic stress disorder, but by March 2007 they had returned to competition together.
In April 2009, at the gala exhibition of the 2009 World Team Trophy in Tokyo, Dubé accidentally struck Davison on the head during a triple twist; he was unable to catch her and she crashed to the ice, hitting her head. Dubé and Davison were hospitalized as a precautionary measure, but neither was seriously injured.
Personal life
Davison has dual American and Canadian citizenship. In addition to figure skating, he also played hockey until age 15. He formerly dated his partner Dubé. Davison studied human anatomy and physiology through Athabasca University online courses. He married retired Canadian synchronized skater Michele Moore Davison on September 9, 2017. The couple have two children together.
Programs
(With Dubé)
Competitive highlights
Pairs career with Dubé
Pairs career with Daugulis
Singles career
References
External links
Partnership biography from Skate Canada
1986 births
American emigrants to Canada
Canadian male single skaters
Canadian male pair skaters
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Living people
Olympic figure skaters of Canada
Sportspeople from Walnut Creek, California
People from Huntsville, Ontario
People from Varennes, Quebec
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists |
4044281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Clarke%20%28botanist%29 | Charles Clarke (botanist) | Dr. Charles M. Clarke (born in Melbourne, Australia) is an ecologist and botanist specialising in the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes, for which he is regarded as a World Authority. Clarke has an honours degree in Botany from Monash University in Melbourne, and a Ph.D. in Ecosystem management at the University of New England, in Armidale, New South Wales.
Clarke first travelled to Borneo in search of pitcher plants in 1987. In 1989 and 1990 he lived in Brunei, studying the ecology of Nepenthes. In between travels, Clarke has taught Ecology and Biometrics at James Cook University in Queensland, and worked as a horticultural consultant in Hong Kong.
He now works at the Cairn's Botanic Garden. Clarke has written five books and guides on Nepenthes, which present a synthesis of the research performed on his travels around the Malay Archipelago. The most significant of these works are the monographs Nepenthes of Borneo (1997) and Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia (2001).
Clarke has described six species of Nepenthes: N. baramensis (now known as N. hemsleyana), N. benstonei, N. chaniana, N. izumiae, N. jacquelineae, and N. tenax.
Publications
Clarke, C., Schlauer, J., Moran, J. & Robinson, A.S., 2018. Systematics and evolution of Nepenthes. In: Ellison, A.M. & Adamec, L., eds.: Carnivorous plants: physiology, ecology, and evolution. Oxford University Press, 58-69.
Clarke, C.M. 1992. The ecology of metazoan communities in Nepenthes pitcher plants in Borneo, with special reference to the community of Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook.f. Ph.D. thesis, University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W. 269 pp.
Clarke, C.[M.] 1993. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 22(1–2): 27–28.
Clarke, C.M. & R.L. Kitching 1993. The Metazoan Food Webs from Six Bornean Nepenthes Species. Ecological Entomology 18: 7–16.
Clarke, C.M. & J.A. Moran 1994. A further record of aerial pitchers in Nepenthes ampullaria Jack. Malayan Nature Journal 47: 321–323.
Clarke, C.M. & R.L. Kitching 1995. Swimming Ants and Pitcher Plants: a Unique Ant-Plant Interaction from Borneo. Journal of Tropical Ecology 11(4): 589–602.
Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. xi + 207 pp.
Clarke, C.M. 1997. Another nice trip to Sumatra. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26(1): 4–10.
Clarke, C.M. 1997. The effects of pitcher dimorphism on the metazoan community of the carnivorous pitcher plant Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook.f. Malayan Nature Journal 50: 149–157.
Clarke, C.M. 1998. Initial colonisation and prey capture in Nepenthes bicalcarata (Nepenthaceae) pitchers in Brunei. Sandakania 12: 27–36.
Clarke, C.M. 1998. The aquatic arthropod community of the pitcher plant, Nepenthes bicalcarata (Nepenthaceae) in Brunei. Sandakania 11: 55–60.
Clarke, C.M. 1998. A re-examination of geographical variation in Nepenthes food webs. Ecography 21(4): 430–436.
Clarke, C.M. 1999. Nepenthes benstonei (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant from Peninsular Malaysia. Sandakania 13: 79–87.
Clarke, C.M. 2001. Ecology & Conservation of Montane Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Sumatra. Fourth International Flora Malesiana Symposium. 20–24 July 1998, Kuala Lumpur.
Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. ix + 325 pp.
Clarke, C.M. 2001. A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sabah. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. iv + 40 pp.
Moran, J.A., M.A. Merbach, N.J. Livingston, C.M. Clarke & W.E. Booth 2001. Annals of Botany 88: 307–311.
Clarke, C.M. 2002. A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. iv + 32 pp.
Clarke, C.M., T. Davis & R. Tamin 2003. Nepenthes izumiae (Nepenthaceae): a new species from Sumatra. Blumea 48: 179–182.
Moran, J.A., C.M. Clarke & B.J. Hawkins 2003. From Carnivore to Detritivore? Isotopic Evidence for Leaf Litter Utilization by the Tropical Pitcher Plant Nepenthes ampullaria. International Journal of Plant Sciences 164: 635–639.
Dong, T.T.X., Q.M. Xiao, C.M. Clarke, H.S. Zhong, N.J. Zhao, K.L. Chun & K.W.K. Tsim 2003. Phylogeny of Astragalus in China: Molecular evidence from the DNA sequences of 5S rRNA spacer, ITS, and 18S rRNA. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51(23): 6709–6714.
Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. A Pocket Guide: Pitcher Plants of Sarawak. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. vi + 81 pp.
Cantley, R., C.M. Clarke, J. Cokendolpher, B. Rice & A. Wistuba 2004. Nepenthes clipeata Survival Project. International Carnivorous Plant Society.
Clarke, C.M., C.C. Lee & S. McPherson 2006. Nepenthes chaniana (Nepenthaceae), a new species from north-western Borneo. Sabah Parks Journal 7: 53–66.
Clarke, C.M & R. Kruger 2006. Nepenthes tenax C.Clarke and R.Kruger (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Austrobaileya 7(2): 319–324.
Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15
Clarke, C.M., U. Bauer, C.C. Lee, A.A. Tuen, K. Rembold & J.A. Moran 2009. Biology Letters 5(5): 632–635.
Chin, L., J.A. Moran & C. Clarke 2010. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. New Phytologist 186 (2): 461–470.
Clarke, C.M., J.A. Moran & L. Chin 2010. Mutualism between tree shrews and pitcher plants: perspectives and avenues for future research. Plant Signaling & Behavior 5(10): 1187–1189.
Clarke, C., J.A. Moran & C.C. Lee 2011. Nepenthes baramensis (Nepenthaceae) – a new species from north-western Borneo . Blumea 56(3): 229–233.
References
Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. xi + 207 pp.
Australian taxonomists
20th-century Australian botanists
Australian ecologists
Monash University alumni
University of New England (Australia) alumni
James Cook University faculty
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology faculty
Science teachers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Australian botanists |
4044286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20of%20the%20Conseil%20des%20%C3%A9coles%20catholiques%20du%20Centre-Est | List of schools of the Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est | Schools of the Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est.
Elementary
École élémentaire catholique Édouard-Bond - Enseignement personnalisé
École élémentaire catholique l’Étoile-de-l’Est
École élémentaire catholique la Source - Enseignement personnalisé
École élémentaire catholique Reine-des-Bois
École élémentaire catholique Saint-Joseph d’Orléans
École élémentaire catholique des Voyageurs
École élémentaire catholique Arc-en-ciel
École élémentaire catholique de la Découverte
École élémentaire catholique des Pionniers
École élémentaire catholique Saint-Guillaume
École élémentaire catholique la Vérendrye
École élémentaire catholique Montfort
École élémentaire catholique des Pins
École élémentaire catholique le Petit Prince
École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Anne
École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Marie
École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Kateri
École élémentaire catholique Vision Jeunesse
École élémentaire catholique Georges-Étienne-Cartier
École élémentaire catholique Lamoureux - Enseignement personnalisé
École élémentaire catholique Marius-Barbeau
École élémentaire catholique Notre-Dame-Des-Champs
École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Bernadette
École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Geneviève
École élémentaire catholique Saint-Laurent
École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Thérèse-d’Avila
École élémentaire catholique Élisabeth-Bruyère
École élémentaire catholique J.-L.-Couroux
École élémentaire catholique Laurier-Carrière
École élémentaire catholique Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau
École élémentaire catholique Roger-Saint-Denis
École élémentaire catholique Saint-François-d’Assise
École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Marguerite-Bourgeoys
École élémentaire catholique Jean-Paul II
École élémentaire catholique Terre-des-Jeunes
École élémentaire catholique Jean-Robert Gauthier
École élémentaire catholique Bernard-Grandmaître
École élémentaire catholique Académie catholique Ange Gabrielle
École élémentaire catholique Monseigneur Rémi-Gaulin
High school
École secondaire catholique Béatrice-Desloges, Ottawa
Collège catholique Franco-Ouest, Ottawa
Collège catholique Mer-Bleue, Ottawa
Collège catholique Samuel-Genest, Ottawa
Centre professionel et technique Minto, Ottawa
École secondaire catholique Paul-Desmarais, Ottawa
École secondaire catholique Franco-Cité, Ottawa
École secondaire catholique Garneau, Ottawa
École secondaire catholique Pierre-Savard, Ottawa
École secondaire catholique Marie-Rivier, Kingston
Académie catholique Ange Gabrielle, Brockville
Centre scolaire catholique Jeanne-Lajoie, Pembroke
See also
List of school districts in Ontario
List of high schools in Ontario
Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est
1988 establishments in Ontario |
4044287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20of%20the%20Ottawa%20Catholic%20School%20Board | List of schools of the Ottawa Catholic School Board | Schools of the Ottawa Catholic School Board.
Elementary
Assumption School
Chapel Hill Catholic School
Convent Glen Catholic School
Corpus Christi School
Divine Infant School
Dr. F. J. McDonald Catholic School
Georges Vanier Catholic School
Good Shepherd School
Guardian Angels School
Holy Cross School
Holy Family Catholic School
Holy Redeemer School
Holy Spirit School
St. John Paul II Catholic School (formerly known as Pineview Catholic School)
Monsignor Paul Baxter School
Our Lady of Fatima Catholic School
Our Lady of Mount Carmel School
Our Lady of Peace School
Our Lady of Victory Catholic School
Our Lady of Wisdom Catholic School
Prince of Peace School
St. Andrew School
St. Anne School
St. Anthony School
St. Augustine School
St. Bernard School
St. Benedict School
St. Brigid School
St. Brother André Catholic School (formerly known as Elmridge Catholic School)
St. Catherine School
St. Cecilia School
St. Clare School
St. Daniel School
St. Dominic School
St. Elizabeth School
St. Elizabeth Ann Seton School
St. Emily School
St. Francis of Assisi Catholic School
St. Gabriel School
St. Gemma School (formerly known as McMaster Catholic School)
St. George School
St. Gregory School
St. Isidore School
St. Isabel School
St. James School
St. Jerome School
St. John XXIII School
St. John the Apostle School
St. Kateri Tekakwitha Elementary School (formerly known as Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha School)
St. Leonard School
St. Luke School (Barrhaven)
St. Luke Elementary School (Hawthorne Meadows)
St. Marguerite d'Youville School
St. Martin De Porres School
St. Mary School School
St. Michael School (Vanier)
St. Michael School (Corkery)
St. Michael School (Fitzroy)
St. Monica School
St. Patrick School
St. Philip School
St. Rita School
St. Rose of Lima School (formerly known as Bayshore Catholic)
St. Stephen School
St. Theresa School
St. Thomas More School
Thomas D'Arcy McGee Catholic School
Intermediate
Frank Ryan Catholic Intermediate School
Secondary
St. Nicholas Adult High School
M. F. McHugh Education Centre
All Saints Catholic High School
Holy Trinity Catholic High School
Immaculata High School
Lester B. Pearson Catholic High School
Mother Teresa High School
Notre Dame High School
Sacred Heart High School
St. Joseph High School
St. Mark Catholic High School
St. Matthew High School
St. Patrick's High School
St. Paul High School
St. Peter High School
St. Pius X High School
St. Francis Xavier Catholic High School
Closed
St. Victor School (closed 1999; now École élémentaire catholique Lamoureux)
St. Raymond's Intermediate School (closed 2000; now École élémentaire catholique Terre-des-Jeunes)
St. Margaret Mary School (closed 2002; demolished 2004)
Pauline Vanier Intermediate School (closed 2007; demolished 2008)
St. Mary's Catholic School (closed 2008; now St. Ambrose Training Centre of Excellence)
Jean Vanier Catholic Intermediate (closed 2009)
Uplands Catholic Elementary School (closed 2017)
St. Patrick's Intermediate School (closed 2018)
See also
List of school districts in Ontario
List of high schools in Ontario
References
Canada
Ottawa Catholic School Board |
4044294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly%20Stone%20discography | Sly Stone discography | This is a discography for the work of Sly Stone (Sylvester Stewart) outside of his most famous band, Sly and the Family Stone.
Albums
Singles
Soundtrack contributions
Session work
Stone Flower Productions
Sly Stone wrote, produced, and performed instrumentation for each single released on his Stone Flower label:
Little Sister
For details on this group, see Little Sister (band)
1970: "You're the One [Part 1]" / "You're the One [Part 2]" (US #22, R&B #4)
1970: "Somebody's Watching You" / "Stanga" (US #32, R&B #8)
Joe Hicks
1969: "I'm Goin' Home" / "Home Sweet Home" (backed by Sly & the Family Stone on both sides)
1970: "Life and Death in G & A" [Part 1] / "Life and Death in G & A" [Part 1]
6IX
1970: "I'm Just Like You" / "Dynamite"
Other collaborations
Compilations and other releases
1994: Precious Stone – Sly Stone in the Studio 1963-1965
2010: Listen to the Voices – Sly Stone in the Studio 1965-1970
2014: I'm Just Like You: Sly's Stone Flower 1969-70 – Light in the Attic
As a member of a group
The Stewart Four
Members Sylvester Stewart, Freddie Stewart, Rose Stewart, and Vaetta Stewart
1952: "On the Battlefield" / "Walking in Jesus' Name" (Church of God in Christ, Northern Sunday School Department)
The Viscaynes
1961: "Stop What You are Doing" / "I Guess I'll Be" (Tropo Records) 1
1961: "Yellow Moon" / "Uncle Sam Needs You (My Friend)" (VPM Records) ²
1961: "Yellow Moon" / "Heavenly Angel" (VPM Records)
1976: "Oh What a Nite" / "You've Forgotten Me" (Subarro Records) ³
1 Tropo 101. Released as by "THE VISCAYNES AND THE RAMBLERS"
² VPM 1006. "Yellow Moon" comp.: Geo. Motola - R. Page. Record was first misprinted as The Biscaynes. This was a mistake because the band has always used the name VISCAYNES.
³ Subarro 489. A leftover George Motola production, "Oh What a Nite" (a remake of the Dells' 1956 hit), b/w "You've Forgotten Me" was credited "Sly Stone & the Biscaynes" when issued in 1976.
4 Sylvester Stewart / Sly Stone has nothing to do with the Stewart Brother singles released in the late 50s on the LA based Keen and Ensign labels. This was a different Sylvester Stewart.
References
Edwin & Arno Konings www.slystonebook.com
Sly and the Family Stone
Discographies of American artists
Pop music discographies
Rhythm and blues discographies |
5381587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy%20Arrington | Buddy Arrington | Buddy Rogers Arrington (July 26, 1938 – August 2, 2022) was an American NASCAR Winston Cup Series driver and owner.
Racing career
Arrington has the second-most starts without a win, and finished in the top 10 of NASCAR points twice; in 1978 (ninth) and 1982 (seventh). Arrington was loyal to his Mopar cars and engines, as he ran Chryslers and Dodges until 1985 (Chrysler stopped production of raceable body styles in 1983 and they became ineligible two years later) when the company stopped supporting them. His best career race and finish was at Talladega in 1979, where he had a powerful enough car to lead a few laps towards the end, and finished third. Arrington finished one lap ahead of Richard Petty, driving one of Petty's cast-off Dodge Magnums that were left when Petty abandoned Mopar and began driving General Motors vehicles a year earlier, and several other top NASCAR drivers. Arrington almost always ran his own car, and his operation was a very money-conscious effort. His pit crew were almost always unpaid volunteers, and he relied heavily (and almost exclusively) on used equipment with Petty's old Magnums being his primary cars. Since Arrington could not afford new cars, his team would have to reconfigure the Petty cars and re-skin them into Dodge Miradas or Chrysler Imperials for a 1981 rule change.
Arrington's two Chrysler Imperials were the last Chrysler products to run in the NASCAR Winston Cup series. He ran the car at first in two races in the 1981 season, and in more races (alternating with Dodge Miradas) until April 1985, when at that point the parts supply, even used, for Chrysler products (Chrysler factory support ended in late 1978) dried up. He sold one of the Imperials (purchased from Cecil Gordon in 1984) to Phil Goode in April 1985 (Goode raced it till the end of the 1985 season), and his other Imperial was given to the NASCAR Hall of Fame at Talladega, Alabama. Arrington was always a much-liked man on the NASCAR circuit, and other teams and a small, but loyal fan club pitched in to help keep him racing. In 1985 the generosity of rising NASCAR star driver Bill Elliott (who sold Buddy his slightly used Ford Thunderbird race cars and parts on the cheap) kept Arrington driving until 1988. Buddy's son Joey Arrington (who at the age of 17 served on Buddy's pit crew, and built up his engines), now runs Arrington Manufacturing in Martinsville, Virginia. The company builds racing engines (mostly Dodges) for the Craftsman Truck Series, and test engines for Nextel Cup Nationwide series cars. Buddy Arrington was a regular visitor to his son's company, and often offered advice to young (mostly Dodge) drivers trying to make it in NASCAR racing.
Arrington is a noted figure in NASCAR and Mopar history. He began professional NASCAR racing in December 1963 behind the wheel of his Dodge hardtop, and for the next twenty-five years, he never missed a season; finally retiring from the sport in 1988. What made Arrington unique in the history of the sport was his absolute dedication and loyalty to Chrysler, and his positive attitude in spite of what often seemed like insurmountable odds. Being the team owner and driver, Arrington drove Dodges from 1964 all the way through mid-season 1985. In 1984 and 1985, his Chrysler Imperial became the last Chrysler product in NASCAR until Dodge reentered the sport in 2001. As prolific a racer as Buddy Arrington was, and as popular as he still remains among fans, he never won a single NASCAR race. In his 560 career starts, he mustered fifteen top-five finishes, and his highest points finish was seventh, achieved in 1982. Still, Buddy Arrington never abandoned the Mopar banner until Mopar completely abandoned him and pulled all parts sponsorships in 1985.
Arrington died on August 2, 2022 at the age of 84.
Motorsports career results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Grand National Series
Winston Cup Series
Daytona 500
References
External links
1938 births
2022 deaths
People from Martinsville, Virginia
Racing drivers from Virginia
NASCAR drivers
NASCAR team owners |
5381588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNZ | LNZ | LNZ may refer to:
LNZ, the IATA code for Linz Airport, a minor international airport in Hörsching, Austria
LNZ, the National Rail code for Lenzie railway station, East Dunbartonshire, Scotland |
5381610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung%20Conference | Bandung Conference | The first large-scale Asian–African or Afro–Asian Conference ()—also known as the Bandung Conference—was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on 18–24 April 1955 in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The twenty-nine countries that participated represented a total population of 1.5 billion people, 54% of the world's population.
The conference was organized by Indonesia, Burma (Myanmar), India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and Pakistan and was coordinated by Ruslan Abdulgani, secretary general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.
The conference's stated aims were to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by any nation. The conference was an important step towards the eventual creation of the Non-Aligned Movement yet the two initiatives ran in parallel during the 1960s, even coming in confrontation with one another prior to the 2nd Cairo NAM Conference in 1964.
In 2005, on the 50th anniversary of the original conference, leaders from Asian and African countries met in Jakarta and Bandung to launch the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership (NAASP). They pledged to promote political, economic, and cultural cooperation between the two continents.
Background
Indonesia's President Sukarno and India's prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru were key organizers, in his quest to build a nonaligned movement that would win the support of the newly emerging nations of Asia and Africa. Nehru first got the idea at the Asian Relations Conference, held in India in March 1947, on the eve of India's independence. There was a second 19-nation conference regarding the status of Indonesia, held in New Delhi, India, in January 1949. Practically every month a new nation in Africa or Asia emerged with, for the first time, its own diplomatic corps and eagerness to integrate into the international system.
Mao Zedong of China was also a key organizer, backed by his influential right-hand man, Premier and Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai; although Mao still maintained good relations with the Soviet Union in these years, he had the strategic foresight to recognize that an anti-colonial nationalist and anti-imperialist agenda would sweep Africa and Asia, and he saw himself as the natural global leader of these forces as he, after all, had also led a revolution in China marked by anti-colonial nationalism.
At the Colombo Powers conference in April 1954, Indonesia proposed a global conference. A planning group met in Bogor, West Java in late December 1954 and formally decided to hold the conference in April 1955. They had a series of goals in mind: to promote goodwill and cooperation among the new nations; to explore in advance their mutual interests; to examine social economic and cultural problems, to focus on problems of special interest to their peoples, such as racism and colonialism, and to enhance the international visibility of Asia and Africa in world affairs.
The Bandung Conference reflected what the organizers regarded as a reluctance by the Western powers to consult with them on decisions affecting Asia in a setting of Cold War tensions; their concern over tension between the People's Republic of China and the United States; their desire to lay firmer foundations for China's peace relations with themselves and the West; their opposition to colonialism, especially French influence in North Africa and its colonial rule in Algeria; and Indonesia's desire to promote its case in the West New Guinea dispute with the Netherlands.
Sukarno portrayed himself as the leader of this group of states, which he later described as "NEFOS" (Newly Emerging Forces).
On 4 December 1954 the United Nations announced that Indonesia had successfully gotten the issue of West New Guinea placed on the agenda of the 1955 General Assembly. Plans for the Bandung conference were announced in December 1954.
Discussion
Major debate centered around the question of whether Soviet policies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia should be censured along with Western colonialism. A memo was submitted by 'The Moslem Nations under Soviet Imperialism', accusing the Soviet authorities of massacres and mass deportations in Muslim regions, but it was never debated. A consensus was reached in which "colonialism in all of its manifestations" was condemned, implicitly censuring the Soviet Union, as well as the West. China played an important role in the conference and strengthened its relations with other Asian nations. Having survived an assassination attempt on the way to the conference, the Chinese premier, Zhou Enlai, displayed a moderate and conciliatory attitude that tended to quiet fears of some anticommunist delegates concerning China's intentions.
Later in the conference, Zhou Enlai signed an agreement on dual nationality with Indonesian foreign minister Sunario. World observers closely watched Zhou. He downplayed revolutionary communism and strongly endorsed the right of all nations to choose their own economic and political systems, including even capitalism. His moderation and reasonableness made a very powerful impression for his own diplomatic reputation and for China. By contrast, Nehru was bitterly disappointed at the generally negative reception he received. Senior diplomats called him arrogant. Zhou said privately, "I have never met a more arrogant man than Mr. Nehru."
Participants
Some nations were given "observer status". Such was the case of Brazil, who sent Ambassador Bezerra de Menezes.
Declaration
A 10-point "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", called Dasasila Bandung, incorporating the principles of the United Nations Charter was adopted unanimously as item G in the final communiqué of the conference:
Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the charter of the United Nations
Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations
Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations large and small
Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country
Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself, singly or collectively, in conformity with the charter of the United Nations
(a) Abstention from the use of arrangements of collective defence to serve any particular interests of the big powers (b) Abstention by any country from exerting pressures on other countries
Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country
Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, such as negotiation, conciliation, arbitration or judicial settlement as well as other peaceful means of the parties own choice, in conformity with the charter of the United Nations
Promotion of mutual interests and cooperation
Respect for justice and international obligations
The final Communique of the Conference underscored the need for developing countries to loosen their economic dependence on the leading industrialised nations by providing technical assistance to one another through the exchange of experts and technical assistance for developmental projects, as well as the exchange of technological know-how and the establishment of regional training and research institutes.
United States involvement
For the US, the Conference accentuated a central dilemma of its Cold War policy: by currying favor with Third World nations by claiming opposition to colonialism, it risked alienating its colonialist European allies. The US security establishment also feared that the Conference would expand China's regional power. In January 1955 the US formed a "Working Group on the Afro-Asian Conference" which included the Operations Coordinating Board (OCB), the Office of Intelligence Research (OIR), the Department of State, the Department of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and the United States Information Agency (USIA). The OIR and USIA followed a course of "Image Management" for the US, using overt and covert propaganda to portray the US as friendly and to warn participants of the Communist menace.
The United States, at the urging of Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, shunned the conference and was not officially represented. However, the administration issued a series of statements during the lead-up to the Conference. These suggested that the US would provide economic aid, and attempted to reframe the issue of colonialism as a threat by China and the Eastern Bloc.
Representative Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. (D-N.Y.) attended the conference, sponsored by Ebony and Jet magazines instead of the U.S. government. Powell spoke at some length in favor of American foreign policy there which assisted the United States's standing with the Non-Aligned. When Powell returned to the United States, he urged President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Congress to oppose colonialism and pay attention to the priorities of emerging Third World nations.
African American author Richard Wright attended the conference with funding from the Congress for Cultural Freedom. Wright spent about three weeks in Indonesia, devoting a week to attending the conference and the rest of his time to interacting with Indonesian artists and intellectuals in preparation to write several articles and a book on his trip to Indonesia and attendance at the conference. Wright's essays on the trip appeared in several Congress for Cultural Freedom magazines, and his book on the trip was published as The Color Curtain: A Report on the Bandung Conference. Several of the artists and intellectuals with whom Wright interacted (including Mochtar Lubis, Asrul Sani, Sitor Situmorang, and Beb Vuyk) continued discussing Wright's visit after he left Indonesia.
Outcome and legacy
The conference was followed by the Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Conference in Cairo in September (1957) and the Belgrade Summit (1961), which led to the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Asian-African Summit of 2005
To mark the 50th anniversary of The Summit, Heads of State and Government of Asian-African countries attended a new Asian-African Summit from 20 to 24 April 2005 in Bandung and Jakarta hosted by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Attended by Prime Minister of Japan, Junichiro Koizumi, President of China, Hu Jintao, United Nations Secretary General, Kofi Annan, President of Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf, President of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai, Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah and President of South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, some sessions of the new conference took place in Gedung Merdeka (Independence Building), the venue of the original conference.
Of the 106 nations invited to the historic summit, 89 were represented by their heads of state or government or ministers. The Summit was attended by 54 Asian and 52 African countries.
The 2005 Asian African Summit yielded, inter-alia, the Declaration of the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership (NAASP), the Joint Ministerial Statement on the NAASP Plan of Action, and the Joint Asian African Leaders’ Statement on Tsunami, Earthquake and other Natural Disasters. The conclusion of aforementioned declaration of NAASP is the Nawasila (nine principles) supporting political, economic, and socio-cultural cooperation.
The Summit concluded a follow-up mechanism for institutionalization process in the form of Summit concurrent with Business Summit every four years, Ministerial Meeting every two years, and Sectoral Ministerial as well as Technical Meeting if deemed necessary.
Other anniversaries
On the 60th anniversary of the Asian-African Conference and the 10th anniversary of the NAASP, a 3rd summit was held in Bandung and Jakarta from 21 to 25 April 2015, with the theme Strengthening South-South Cooperation to Promote World Peace and Prosperity.
Hosted by President Joko Widodo of Indonesia, delegates from 109 Asian and African countries, 16 observer countries and 25 international organizations participated, including Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe, President of China Xi Jinping, Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong, King Abdullah II of Jordan, Prime Minister of Malaysia Najib Tun Razak, President of Myanmar Thein Sein, King Mswati III of Swaziland and Prime Minister of Nepal Sushil Koirala.
See also
Asian–African Legal Consultative Organization
Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
Sino-Indonesian Dual Nationality Treaty
Third World
References
Further reading
Acharya, Amitav. "Studying the Bandung conference from a Global IR perspective." Australian Journal of International Affairs 70.4 (2016): 342–357. Online
Acharya, Amitav. "Who are the norm makers? The Asian-African conference in Bandung and the evolution of norms." Global Governance 20.3 (2014): 405–417. Online
Asia-Africa Speaks From Bandung. Jakarta: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia, 1955.
Ampiah, Kweku. The Political and Moral Imperatives of the Bandung Conference of 1955 : the Reactions of the US, UK and Japan. Folkestone, UK : Global Oriental, 2007.
Brown, Colin. 2012. "The Bandung Conference and Indonesian Foreign Policy", Ch 9 in Anne Booth, Chris Manning and Thee Kian Wie, 2012, Essays in Honour of Joan Hardjono, Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Burke, Roland. "The compelling dialogue of freedom: Human rights at the Bandung Conference." Human Rights Quarterly 28 (2006): 947+.
Dinkel, Jürgen, The Non-Aligned Movement. Genesis, Organization and Politics (1927–1992), New Perspectives on the Cold War 5, Brill: Leiden/Boston 2019.
Finnane, Antonia, and Derek McDougall, eds, Bandung 1955: Little Histories. Melbourne: Monash Asia Institute, 2010.
Kahin, George McTurnan. The Asian-African Conference: Bandung, Indonesia, April 1955. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1956.
Lee, Christopher J., ed, Making a World After Empire: The Bandung Moment and Its Political Afterlives. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2010.
Mackie, Jamie. Bandung 1955: Non-Alignment and Afro-Asian Solidarity. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, 2005.
Parker, Jason C. "Small Victory, Missed Chance: The Eisenhower Administration, the Bandung Conference, and the Turning of the Cold War." In The Eisenhower Administration, the Third World, and the Globalization of the Cold War. Ed. Kathryn C. Statler & Andrew L. Johns. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.
Parker, Jason. "Cold War II: The Eisenhower Administration, the Bandung Conference, and the reperiodization of the postwar era." Diplomatic History 30.5 (2006): 867–892.
Shimazu, Naoko. "Diplomacy as theatre: staging the Bandung Conference of 1955." Modern Asian Studies 48.1 (2014): 225–252. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X13000371
Wood, Sally Percival. "‘Chou gags critics in BANDOENG or How the Media Framed Premier Zhou Enlai at the Bandung Conference, 1955" Modern Asian Studies 44.5 (2010): 1001–1027.
External links
Modern History Sourcebook: Prime Minister Nehru: Speech to Asian-African Conference Political Committee, 1955
Modern History Sourcebook: President Sukarno of Indonesia: Speech at the Opening of the Asian-African Conference, 18 April 1955
1955 conferences
1955 in Indonesia
1955 in international relations
20th-century diplomatic conferences
April 1955 events in Asia
Bandung
Diplomatic conferences in Indonesia
Liberal democracy period in Indonesia
Non-Aligned Movement
Sukarno
Zhou Enlai |
5381630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic%20Democratic%20Organization | Hispanic Democratic Organization | The Hispanic Democratic Organization (HDO) was a political action committee (PAC) officially started in 1993.
History
HDO was created by Tim Degnan, Victor Reyes, and Al Sanchez in 1993 to assist Richard M. Daley win his first mayoral election. At first, the organization focused on the South Side of Chicago. Aside from Mayor Daley, HDO was a major force in electing alderman, state representatives, and state senators. According to the Chicago Sun-Times, HDO spent $530,338 on political campaigns.
The HDO filed paperwork on July 1, 2008, along with state records, that indicate the group is closing its campaign committee. The group's reports show that all their funds were spent as of April 2008.
Controversy
In 2006, a Federal investigation was launched into hiring practices at Chicago City Hall. HDO and other political groups allegedly had influence over the city's hiring system and political workers allegedly were rewarded with city jobs and promotions. This investigation culminated into convictions of Angelo Torres on Hired Trucks, George Prado's conviction on drug dealing, John Resa. Al Sanchez and Aaron DelValle were charged with perjury and fraud in relation to employment practices. The two were later granted a new trial after it was discovered that FBI agents had known the cooperating witness Brian Gabriel was in fact working as informant in a case pending in Indiana and may have used his testimony at the Sanchez-DelValle trial as part of a plea deal in the case pending in Indiana. Judge Gettlemen found that Gabriel's testimony was essential to the case, and ordered a new trial for late June 2010.
References
Politics of Illinois
Organizations based in Chicago
Organizations established in 1993
Hispanic and Latino American organizations
Hispanic and Latino American culture in Chicago
Political organizations based in the United States |
5381631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORPAC | NORPAC | NORPAC is a bipartisan, multi-candidate political action committee (PAC) working to strengthen United States-Israel relations, founded in New Jersey in 1982. Its activities include fundraising for Senators and Members of the United States Congress who support this relationship, regular emails regarding the situation in the Middle East, and the annual Mission to Washington.
Supported issues
Each year, before its annual Mission to Washington, NORPAC selects 5 issues or bills it will discuss that year, including:
Foreign Aid to Israel
IFSA, the Iran Freedom Support Act (H.R.282 /S.333 ), which imposes sanctions on Iran in response to nuclear activity.
USIECA, the US-Israel Energy Cooperation Act (H.R.2730 /S.1862), which supports joint alternative energy research.
PATA, the Palestinian Anti-Terror Act (H.R.4861 /S.2370), which restricts aid to the Hamas-dominated Palestinian Authority (while still allowing humanitarian aid) unless certain actions opposing terror are taken.
The Saudi Arabia Accountability Act (H.R.2037 /S.1171), which imposes sanctions on Saudi Arabia unless it clearly shuts down terrorist organizations within the country and ends support for such organizations outside the country.
Activities
Mission to Washington
Each year, NORPAC sends a group of active members to meet with Senators and Members of Congress to discuss the U.S.-Israel relationship. The mission in May 2009 brought approximately 900 participants to meet with more than four hundred Senators and Members of Congress, increase in the number of participants compared to previous years.
Political fundraising
NORPAC hosts fundraisers for various political candidates who are supportive of the U.S.-Israel relationship. It is the largest donor of New Jersey senator Robert Menendez, and regularly donates to various other politicians.
Organization leadership
National Officers
Regional Officers
See also
American Israel Public Affairs Committee
Political action committee
References
External links
NORPAC website
United States political action committees
Foreign policy political advocacy groups in the United States
Israel–United States relations
1982 establishments in New Jersey |
4044298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Dub%C3%A9 | Jessica Dubé | Jessica Dubé (born October 29, 1987) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater who is best known for her pairs career with Bryce Davison. They are the 2008 World bronze medallists, the 2009 Four Continents silver medallists, and three-time Canadian national champions (2007, 2009, 2010). They represented Canada at the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics. With later partner Sébastien Wolfe, Dubé is the 2012 Canadian national silver medallist.
Career
Early years
Jessica Dubé began skating at age four. She eventually took up pair skating and competed for a few seasons with Samuel Tetrault. During the 2002–03 season, they won silver at the Junior Grand Prix Final and also became Canadian junior champions.
Partnership with Davison
Dubé teamed up with Bryce Davison in July 2003. The two had a successful junior career before moving up to the senior level in 2005–06. They placed 10th at the 2006 Winter Olympic Games and 7th at the World Championships that same season. She has also competed in singles skating. Her highest finish in the senior ladies' event at the Canadian Championships was 6th in 2008; internationally, she was a medallist at two junior Grand Prix events.
In the summer of 2006, Dubé suffered an injury in practice and was removed from the ice on a backboard; she had knee surgery in September. They trained both short and long programs for nationals, while Jessica also trained a short program for the singles event. They won their first national crown in Nova Scotia at the 2007 Canadian Championships. After an on-ice accident at the 2007 Four Continents (see below), they made a comeback a month later at the World Championships, where they again finished seventh.
Dube and Davison had a breakthrough season in 2007–08. They won their first Grand Prix medals, including a gold at 2007 Skate America. They lost the national title to Anabelle Langlois and Cody Hay at the 2008 Canadian Championships, but two months later at the World Championships, they won the bronze medal after finishing second in the long program; they set personal best scores in each segment of the event and overall.
The next two seasons did not prove as successful, and while they regained and then defended their national title, the pair were unable to repeat their success at the World Championships. Their top placement during this time was a second-place finish at the 2009 Four Continents Championships. Dube and Davison were part of Team Canada at the inaugural World Team Trophy in April 2009. In the 2009–10 Olympic season, they medalled at both Grand Prix events but did not qualify for the Grand Prix final. They were sixth at the Olympics and at Worlds.
Dubé and Davison withdrew from 2010 Skate Canada International after Davison suffered a knee injury. Davison underwent season-ending surgery to reattach a broken piece of bone.
Dubé elected to compete as a singles skater in 2010–11. She qualified for Canadian Nationals, and competed in the ladies' event for the first time in three years, her last appearance being in 2008 when she finished 6th. Despite falling ill with a virus on the morning of the free skate, she skated to a 6th-place finish in 2011.
Dubé and Davison announced the end of their partnership on March 10, 2011. Dubé said she intended to continue as a singles skater but did not rule out returning to pair skating in the future.
Accidents
On February 8, 2007, Dubé was struck in the face by the blade of Davison's skate during the free skate segment at the Four Continents Championships in Colorado Springs. The pair were on their third rotation of a side-by-side camel spin, in which one leg is horizontal during the spin, when they began to drift towards one another, causing her face and his skate blade to connect. She immediately fell to the ice and clutched at her face as blood pooled on the ice. Davison comforted her as the medical staff put her on a stretcher and took her to Memorial Hospital. She underwent surgery that night, receiving 83 stitches to repair a laceration on her left cheek and nose. Her eye was not affected and nothing was broken. Both skaters were later treated for post-traumatic stress disorder, but by March 2007 they had returned to competition together.
In April 2009, at the gala exhibition of the 2009 World Team Trophy in Tokyo, Dubé accidentally struck Davison on the head during a triple twist; he was unable to catch her and she crashed to the ice, hitting her head. Dubé and Davison were hospitalized as a precautionary measure, but neither was seriously injured.
Partnership with Wolfe
On April 17, 2011, Dubé announced that she had teamed up with Sébastien Wolfe. The pair made their competitive debut at the Liberty Summer competition in July, winning the free skate. They were coached by Annie Barabe and also worked with John Zimmerman on pair elements. Dubé and Wolfe made their international debut together at the 2011 Nebelhorn Trophy, where they finished 6th. They competed at two Grand Prix events, 2011 Skate Canada International, where they finished 5th, and 2011 Trophee Eric Bompard, where they were 6th. Dubé and Wolfe won the silver medal at the 2012 Canadian Championships and were assigned to Four Continents and Worlds. At the 2012 Four Continents, they finished 8th.
In the 2012–2013 season, Dube and Wolfe were assigned two Grand Prix events, the 2012 Skate America and 2012 Rostelecom Cup, but withdrew from both. Dubé had an injury to her right foot which affected their training. After several months of consideration, Dubé and Wolfe announced on January 9, 2013 that they had both decided to retire from competition. Dubé has completed her initial National Coaching Certification Program (NCCP) and begun coaching alongside Yvan Desjardins and Michelle Godbout.
Personal life
Dubé has an older sister, Veronique, who competed at the national level. Dubé lost part of a finger in a lawnmower accident at the age of four.
Following her competitive retirement, Dubé moved to Montreal where she is a student at Concordia University.
Programs
With Wolfe
With Davison
Singles career
Competitive highlights
With Wolfe
With Davison
With Tetrault
Singles
References
External links
1987 births
Battle of the Blades participants
Canadian female pair skaters
Canadian female single skaters
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
French Quebecers
Living people
Olympic figure skaters of Canada
People from Varennes, Quebec
Sportspeople from Drummondville
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Sportspeople from Quebec |
5381635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Hicks | Tony Hicks | Anthony Christopher Hicks (born 16 December 1945) is an English guitarist and singer who has been a member of the British rock/pop band the Hollies since 1963, and as such was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010. His main roles within the band are lead guitarist and backing singer.
Career
Early years
Hicks first had a taste of fame at age 12 as a member of Les Skifflettes when they were featured on the Carroll Levis talent show in 1957. By the early 1960s, he was a respected member of the Manchester music scene and had become the lead guitarist with Ricky Shaw and the Dolphins, while working as an apprentice electrician. When then local rivals the Hollies needed a replacement for their guitarist Vic Steele in February 1963, Hicks was immediately approached to join the band and although initially reluctant, he was finally convinced to join after listening to The Hollies through the air vent of the Twisted Wheel club in Manchester. Hicks shrewdly negotiated an £18 per week wage to join, despite the other members being paid just £9 per week. They had by this time secured a test recording session with EMI's Parlophone label with staff producer Ron Richards, whom the band later credited with creating and choosing their greatest hits. Hicks duly attended the session as their new guitarist in April 1963 and the audition resulted in a recording contract with Parlophone.
With the Hollies
The Hollies soon became one of the most successful bands in Britain; they had a distinctive, breezy pop style built around the three-part harmony of Hicks (lower harmony) and bandmates Allan Clarke (lead vocals) and Graham Nash (high harmony). Hicks contributed his first solo composition for the group ("When I'm Not There") to an EP release in 1964 and co-wrote a B-side ("Keep Off That Friend of Mine") with drummer Bobby Elliott that year. Hicks then joined Clarke and Nash as the group's in-house songwriting team, who from 1964 to mid-1966 wrote as "Chester Mann" and "L. Ransford" before adopting the Clarke-Hicks-Nash banner. By the mid-1960s the threesome had become responsible for writing most of their songs, including singles hits such as "Stop! Stop! Stop!", "On a Carousel", "Carrie Anne" and "King Midas in Reverse". Hicks rarely sang lead vocals on Hollies songs, but was featured on "Look Through Any Window" (1965), and sang verse leads on "Too Much Monkey Business" (1964), "Carrie Anne" (a song he began for the band in Stavanger, Norway in 1967) and "Open Up Your Eyes" (1968). Hicks took solo lead vocals on his song "Pegasus" (1967), the Clarke-Sylvester-penned "Look at Life" (1969), his "Born A Man" (1973), "Hillsborough" (1989) and Bobby Elliott's "Then, Now, Always (Dolphin Days)" (2009).
In 1966, with contributions from fellow Hollies Clarke and Nash, Hicks contributed guitar work alongside Yardbirds guitarist and session musician Jimmy Page to the Everly Brothers' album Two Yanks in England (which included cover versions of a number of Hollies songs co-written by Hicks).
In the 1960s, with Nash performing few guitar duties except for the occasional rhythm part and acoustic work, Hicks became an integral part of the Hollies sound. Apart from contributing distinctive lead-guitar parts, he could be relied on to add unusual instrumentation to their sessions—such as the banjo which was a key component of their hit "Stop! Stop! Stop!", Greek-type ("Tell Me to My Face") and fuzz guitar ("Have You Ever Loved Somebody"). When no original material was available, Hicks discovered demos of Hollies hits "Just One Look" (UK No. 2 in 1964), "I Can't Let Go" (UK No. 2 in 1966) and "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" (UK No. 3 in 1969) (which became one of their biggest hits).
Hicks suggested the band do an album of Bob Dylan songs in late 1968; Nash disagreed, one of the reasons for his exit from the band (although he had already sung with David Crosby and Stephen Stills in the US). The Hollies replaced Nash with Terry Sylvester and Hollies Sing Dylan (1969) was No. 3 in the UK Albums Chart, although it failed to chart in the US. This was one of the first "tribute albums" devoted to a single artist by a vocal group.
After Nash's December 1968 departure from the group Hicks began to write more solo songs, which were used as either B-sides or album tracks (such as "Cos You Like To Love Me" and "Don't Give Up Easily" in 1969 and "Dandelion Wine" in 1970). He wrote much of The Hollies' 1970 album Confessions of the Mind, including "Too Young To Be Married" (a No. 1 single in Australia and New Zealand).
Hicks also co-wrote songs with UK singer Kenny Lynch for The Hollies, such as "What A Life I've Led", "Look What We've Got", "Promised Land", the US hit single "Long Dark Road" (all 1971) and "Blue in the Morning" (1972) and "Faded Images", recorded by Cilla Black on her 1971 album Images. He co-wrote Hollies songs between 1974 and 1978 with Allan Clarke and Terry Sylvester. In 1974, Hicks produced the eponymous group album Taggett on EMI Records in the UK.
In 1990, Hicks co-wrote "Naomi" for The Hollies with his son Paul. In 1993 he added new guitar parts and harmony vocals (with Clarke and Nash) to an "alternate" version of "Peggy Sue Got Married" by Buddy Holly (credited to "Buddy Holly and The Hollies"), which led off the Not Fade Away tribute album to Holly by various artists.
The Hollies continued to have hits beyond the 1970s, including a UK chart hit with the medley "Holliedaze" in 1981, a US Top 30 hit cover of "Stop! In the Name of Love" in 1983, a UK No. 1 single in 1988 (a re-issue of "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"), and in 1993 "The Woman I Love". The group still performs and records today; however, with the retirement of Allan Clarke in 1999, only Hicks and drummer Bobby Elliott remain from the band's 1960s heyday.
Awards and honours
In 2010, The Hollies (who had already won an Ivor Novello Award in 1995 for outstanding contribution to British popular music and were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2006) were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Hicks and Elliott were absent from the induction ceremony because of UK touring commitments with the current Hollies band.
Personal life
Hicks has been married to Jane Dawton since 1974.
References
External links
1945 births
English pop guitarists
English male guitarists
Living people
English rock guitarists
English male singers
British soft rock musicians
Lead guitarists
English pop singers
People from Nelson, Lancashire
Musicians from Manchester
The Hollies members |
4044299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93charge%20separation | Spin–charge separation | In condensed matter physics, spin–charge separation is an unusual behavior of electrons in some materials in which they 'split' into three independent particles, the spinon, the orbiton and the holon (or chargon). The electron can always be theoretically considered as a bound state of the three, with the spinon carrying the spin of the electron, the orbiton carrying the orbital degree of freedom and the chargon carrying the charge, but in certain conditions they can behave as independent quasiparticles.
The theory of spin–charge separation originates with the work of Sin-Itiro Tomonaga who developed an approximate method for treating one-dimensional interacting quantum systems in 1950. This was then developed by Joaquin Mazdak Luttinger in 1963 with an exactly solvable model which demonstrated spin–charge separation. In 1981 F. Duncan M. Haldane generalized Luttinger's model to the Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid concept whereby the physics of Luttinger's model was shown theoretically to be a general feature of all one-dimensional metallic systems. Although Haldane treated spinless fermions, the extension to spin-½ fermions and associated spin–charge separation was so clear that the promised follow-up paper did not appear.
Spin–charge separation is one of the most unusual manifestations of the concept of quasiparticles. This property is counterintuitive, because neither the spinon, with zero charge and spin half, nor the chargon, with charge minus one and zero spin, can be constructed as combinations of the electrons, holes, phonons and photons that are the constituents of the system. It is an example of fractionalization, the phenomenon in which the quantum numbers of the quasiparticles are not multiples of those of the elementary particles, but fractions.
The same theoretical ideas have been applied in the framework of ultracold atoms. In a two-component Bose gas in 1D, strong interactions can produce a maximal form of spin–charge separation.
Observation
Building on physicist F. Duncan M. Haldane's 1981 theory, experts from the Universities of Cambridge and Birmingham proved experimentally in 2009 that a mass of electrons artificially confined in a small space together will split into spinons and holons due to the intensity of their mutual repulsion (from having the same charge). A team of researchers working at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory observed the peak spectral structures of spin–charge separation three years prior.
References
External links
Observation of Spin-Charge Separation in One-Dimensional SrCuO2
Distinct spinon and holon dispersions in photoemission spectral functions from one-dimensional SrCuO2 : Abstract
Quasiparticles
Condensed matter physics |
5381636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File%20sharing%20in%20Canada | File sharing in Canada | File sharing in Canada relates to the distribution of digital media in that country. Canada had the greatest number of file sharers by percentage of population in the world according to a 2004 report by the OECD. In 2009 however it was found that Canada had only the tenth greatest number of copyright infringements in the world according to a report by BayTSP, a U.S. anti-piracy company.
Legality
Important distinctions have been made about the legality of downloading versus uploading copyrighted material as well as "musical works" versus other copyrighted material. In general, the unauthorized copying or distribution of copyrighted material for profit is illegal under Canada's Copyright Act; however, the act also states under the section "Copying for Private Use ... onto an audio recording medium for the private use of the person who makes the copy does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the musical work, the performer’s performance or the sound recording.". Furthermore, the Act contains a Private Copying exception that makes it legal to copy a sound recording onto an "audio recording medium" for the personal use of the person making the copy. This is supported by a levy on blank audio recording media, which is distributed to record labels and musicians.
While the unauthorized copying - uploading - of complete copyrighted works such as books, movies, or software is illegal under the Act, the situation regarding music files is more complex, due to the Private Copying exemption.
First, to qualify as Private Copying, the copy must be made onto an "audio recording medium". However, there remains some controversy as to whether certain things such as digital music players, or computer hard drives, constitute audio recording media. In 2003, the Copyright Board introduced levies of up to $25 on non-removable memory in digital music players such as the iPod. However, this was struck down when the Federal Court of Appeal ruled that memory permanently embedded in digital music players could not be considered an audio recording medium. The court also gave the opinion that a digital music player, as an entire unit or device, could not be considered an audio recording medium. However, the Copyright Board disputes the latter, and maintains that "it is not settled law that a digital audio recorder is not a medium". Copying onto an audio recording medium for which no levy is currently charged still qualifies under the Private Copying exemption: "For instance, simply because the Board has not been asked to certify a tariff on hard disks in personal computers, it does not follow that private copies made onto such media infringe copyright."
The application of the Private Copying exemption to copies made via the Internet is also a complex issue. Prior to 2004, some analysts believed that it was legal to download music, but not to upload it.
For a brief period in 2004/2005, the sharing of copyrighted music files via peer-to-peer online systems was explicitly legal, due to a decision by the Federal Court, in BMG Canada Inc. v. John Doe. Under certain conditions both downloading and uploading were held to be legal. Specifically, paragraphs [24] and [25] of the decision stated that Section 80(1) of the Copyright Act allows downloading of musical works for personal use. This section specifically applied to musical works and therefore the decision made no determination as to the legality of downloading other forms of copyrighted works.
Paragraphs [26] to [28] of the decision also made a ruling on uploading, stating that The mere fact of placing a copy on a shared directory in a computer where that copy can be accessed via a P2P service does not amount to distribution. Before it constitutes distribution, there must be a positive act by the owner of the shared directory, such as sending out the copies or advertising that they are available for copying.
However, the case was appealed, and on May 19, 2005, this section of the decision was set aside by the Federal Court of Appeal. The appeals court dismissed the case, primarily due to lack of evidence linking the unnamed defendants to the alleged copyright infringement. However, it held that it was inappropriate for the original trial court judge to have ruled on the question of whether making music files available on peer-to-peer file sharing systems constitutes "distribution" (illegal under the Copyright Act) or simply facilitates "private copying" (legal under the Act) at that point in the proceedings. The appeals court specifically left open the possibility of future lawsuits, wherein the question of the legality of peer-to-peer sharing could be addressed. So far, no further such lawsuits have been filed in Canada, leaving it an open question.
In June 2005, the Canadian federal government, then ruled by the Liberal Party of Canada, introduced Bill C-60, which would amend the Copyright Act to, among other things, specifically make the "making available" of copyrighted music files on peer-to-peer systems illegal. However, parliament was dissolved later that year due to a non-confidence motion, and the bill was never passed.
A new copyright bill was expected to be introduced by the newly installed Conservative government before the end of 2007. It was expected to have much stronger protections for copyright owners, including some provisions similar to the American DMCA. However, due to massive public outcry in the days leading up to the bill's expected introduction, the government delayed its introduction. Just before the end of the second session of the 39th Canadian Parliament, the Conservative government introduced Bill C-61. Bill C-61 was superseded by Bill C-32 (40th Canadian Parliament, 3rd Session), which was introduced into Parliament on June 2, 2010.
On September 29, 2011, Minister of Canadian Heritage James Moore and Minister of Industry Christian Paradis announced the reintroduction of the Government of Canada's Copyright Modernization Act under the new designation of Bill C-11. This was signed into law on June 29, 2012, as the Copyright Modernization Act.
Legal history
1921: Copyright Act of Canada
Copyright law in Canada grew out of a long series of British statutes and common law, including the Statute of Anne and the Imperial Copyright Act. It was first consolidated into one Canadian statute in 1921, the Copyright Act of Canada. The Act has been amended over the years by various Bills passed by the Canadian parliament.
1997: Bill C-32
Bill C-32, which received Royal Assent in 1997, amended the Copyright Act of Canada. Among the changes was a provision that legalized music file sharing under certain conditions. The provision states that copying copyrighted sound recordings of musical works for the personal use of the person making the copy, does not constitute a violation of the copyright of that work.
2003: Copyright Board of Canada and P2P filesharing
The Copyright Board of Canada is a regulatory body empowered to establish the amounts and kinds of levies to be charged on blank audio media under the Private Copying section of the Copyright Act. On December 12, 2003, it released a decision setting the levies to be charged for 2003 and 2004. In relation to this, it also commented in response to queries that were made regarding the legality of P2P file sharing. The Copyright Board gave the opinion that Private Copying of copyrighted sound recordings for one's personal use was legal, irrespective of the source of that material. Users of P2P networks were thus clear of liability for copyright violations for any music file downloading activity. The decision noted that distributing music online was expressly excluded from the Private Copying exception, and it associated the word "uploading" with the act of distribution.
The Copyright Board is not a court, and its opinion regarding the legality of downloading was publicly disputed by the Canadian Recording Industry Association. However, this decision was thought to be significant in that it provided guidance for court rulings on file sharing in the future.
2004: BMG Canada Inc. v. John Doe
In 2004, the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) was dealt a blow in its bid to take action against 29 internet users with extensive file sharing activities. The CRIA filed suit to have the ISPs reveal the identities of the 29 file sharers. In the ruling, both the Federal Court of Canada and the Federal Court of Appeal judged that the CRIA's case was not strong enough to support interfering with the defendants right to privacy and questioned whether the CRIA had a copyright case at all based on its evidence. Because the ISPs were not required to reveal the identities of their clients, the CRIA could not go on to sue the file sharers in a manner mimicking the RIAA's legal proceedings in the U.S.A. The court further found that both downloading music and putting it in a shared folder available to other people online were legal in Canada. This decision dealt a major blow to attempts by the CRIA to crack down on file sharers.
2005: BMG Canada Inc. v. John Doe - Appeal
In 2005, the controversial ruling of Justice Konrad von Finckenstein, making file uploading of sound recordings on peer-to-peer systems legal, was set aside by the Federal Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal held that although the original case should be dismissed due to lack of evidence linking the unnamed defendants to the alleged copyright infringements, the question of the legality of peer-to-peer file sharing must be decided in a future case.
2007: RCMP toleration for personal and non-profit use
Around the same time that the CRIA successfully took Demonoid offline, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) made it clear that pursuing Demonoid's users is not a priority for them. Demonoid came back online in April 2008, but later became hosted in Ukraine.
2015: New copyright law comes into effect
Starting on January 2, Canadian law started requiring that Internet Service Providers forward emails alleging copyright infringement to the person whose IP address is mentioned in the copyright claim. ISPs have not been allowed to charge the claimant for this service. Upon receiving such a notice, they must now retain the IP-account information on file for a period of 6 months or longer if the claimant were to pursue legal proceedings.
Criticism
In 2009, Canada's music sales went down by 7.4%, second only to Spain, according to a report released on April 28, 2010, by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. The official synopsis said that "Canada, practically the only government of a developed country not to have implemented international copyright treaties agreed over a decade ago, is a major source of the world's piracy problem. A disproportionate number of illegal sites are hosted on Canadian soil".
In 2011, an excerpt of the executive summary of a report by the International Intellectual Property Alliance stated that "overall the piracy picture in Canada is at least as bleak as it was a year ago, and it is cementing its reputation as a haven where technologically sophisticated international piracy organizations can operate with virtual impunity".
Academic research such as one published in a 2012 paper by Robert Hammond (an assistant professor at North Carolina State University) however has found strong positive correlation between music piracy and music sales, and that file sharing benefits more established and popular artists but not newer and smaller artists.
See also
Bill C-32 (40th Canadian Parliament, 3rd Session)
Bill C-60 (38th Canadian Parliament, 1st Session)
Bill C-61 (39th Canadian Parliament, 2nd Session), a now defunct controversial Canadian copyright reform bill.
Copyright Act of Canada
Copyright Board of Canada
Disk sharing
File sharing
File sharing timeline
File-sharing program
Open access in Canada (scholarly communication)
Open Music Model
Peer-to-peer
Piracy
Warez
References
External links
The State of File Sharing and Canadian Copyright Law—the legal status of filesharing
Canada
Internet in Canada
Canadian copyright law |
5381648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibowitz | Leibowitz | Leibowitz is a Jewish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Barry Leibowitz (born 1945), American-Israeli basketball player
Henoch Leibowitz (c.1918–2008), head of the Rabbinical Seminary of America
Jacob Leibowitz or Jakub Lejbowicz, possible birth name of Jacob Frank (1726–1791), leader of a Jewish messianic movement
Jon Leibowitz (born 1958), former United States Federal Trade Commission chairman
Jon Stewart (born Jonathan Stuart Leibowitz in 1962), American political satirist, formerly of The Daily Show
Martin L. Leibowitz, financial researcher and business leader
Nechama Leibowitz (1905–1997), sometimes Nehama Leibowitz, Israeli Bible scholar
René Leibowitz (1913–1972), a French composer of Polish-Latvian origin
Ronnie Leibowitz (born 1953), Israeli bank robber, also known as "Ofnobank"
Samuel Leibowitz (1893–1978), New York trial lawyer
Yeshayahu Leibowitz (1903–1994), Israeli thinker and scientist
Fictional characters
Isaac Edward Leibowitz, a fictional character in the novel A Canticle for Leibowitz
Aaron Leibowitz a.k.a Algernop Krieger from the fx show "Archer".
See also
Labovich
Lebovits
Lebovitz
Lebowitz
Leibovich
Leibovitch
Leibovitz
Lejbowicz
Liebowitz
Jewish surnames |
5381649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Kenneth%20Pope | William Kenneth Pope | William Kenneth Pope was a bishop of The Methodist Church, elected in 1960. He was elected by the South Central Jurisdictional Conference of the Church and assigned the Arkansas Episcopal Area, encompassing the North Arkansas and Little Rock Conferences; and then the North Texas and Central Texas Annual Conferences, where he served from 1964 until his retirement in 1972. After retirement he served as Bishop-in-Residence at the Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University. He was a former chairman of the University's regents. He lived in Dallas, Texas. He was a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity.
Bishop Pope died of natural causes Monday, June 26, 1989. He was 87 years old. He was survived by a daughter, Katherine Pope of Southport, Connecticut; and a son, Kenneth, of Norwalk, Connecticut.
References
Obituary in The New York Times
The Council of Bishops of the United Methodist Church
InfoServ, the official information service of The United Methodist Church.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA)
1989 deaths
American Methodist bishops
Year of birth missing |
4044301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnopolje%20camp | Trnopolje camp | The Trnopolje camp was an internment camp established by Bosnian Serb military and police authorities in the village of Trnopolje near Prijedor in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the first months of the Bosnian War. Also variously termed a concentration camp, detainment camp, detention camp, prison, and ghetto, Trnopolje held between 4,000 and 7,000 Bosniak and Bosnian Croat inmates at any one time and served as a staging area for mass deportations, mainly of women, children, and elderly men. Between May and November 1992, an estimated 30,000 inmates passed through. Mistreatment was widespread and there were numerous instances of torture, rape, and killing; ninety inmates died.
In August 1992, the existence of the Prijedor camps was discovered by the Western media, leading to their closure. Trnopolje was transferred into the hands of the International Red Cross (IRC) in mid-August, and closed in November 1992. After the war, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) convicted several Bosnian Serb officials of war crimes and crimes against humanity for their roles in the camp, but ruled that the abuses perpetrated in Prijedor did not constitute genocide. Crimes in Trnopolje were also listed in the ICTY's indictment of former Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, who died mid-trial in March 2006.
Background
The administrative district ( or općina) of Prijedor is made up of 71 smaller towns and villages. According to the 1991 Yugoslav census, Prijedor had a total population of 112,470, of which 44 percent identified as Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks), 42.5 percent as Serbs, 5.6 percent as Croats, 5.7 percent as Yugoslavs and 2.2 percent as "others" (Ukrainians, Russians, and Italians). Prijedor was of strategic significance to the Bosnian Serbs as it connected north-western Bosnia with the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) in Croatia, a breakaway state that had been established by Croatian Serbs in 1991. It was also in 1991 that the Serbs of Prijedor organized and enforced a Serb-only administration in the town and placed it under the control of the Bosnian Serb capital Banja Luka. Milomir Stakić, a physician who had been the deputy to the elected Bosniak mayor Muhamed Čehajić, was declared the Serb mayor of Prijedor.
On 30 April 1992, Bosnian Serb forces seized control of Prijedor. Four-hundred Bosnian Serb police participated in the takeover, whose objective was to usurp the functions of the municipality's president and vice-president, the director of the post office, and the chief of police. Serb employees of the public security station and reserve police gathered in the suburb of Čirkin Polje, where they were broadly divided into five groups of about 20 members each, and ordered to gain control of five buildings, one assigned to each group: the assembly building, police headquarters, courts, bank, and post office. Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) politicians prepared a declaration of the takeover, which was broadcast repeatedly on Radio Prijedor the following day. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) would conclude that the takeover was an illegal coup d'état, planned and coordinated long in advance with the aim of creating an ethnically pure municipality. The conspirators made no secret of the takeover plan, and it was implemented by the coordinated actions of Serb politicians, police, and army. Milomir Stakić, a leading figure in the coup, was to play a dominant role in the political life of the municipality during the war.
Following the seizure of power, Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats were removed from positions of responsibility. On 30 May 1992, Prijedor police chief Simo Drljača officially opened four camps (Trnopolje, Omarska, Keraterm and Manjača) where non-Serbs who failed to leave Prijedor were then confined. To avert resistance, Bosnian Serb forces interrogated all non-Serbs that were deemed a threat and arrested every Bosniak and Croat who had authority or power. Non-Serb men of fighting age were particularly targeted for interrogation and separated from women, children and the elderly.
Operation
Trnopolje was a predominantly Muslim village within the Prijedor municipality prior to the outbreak of the Bosnian War. The camp formed inside it was established on the grounds of a local primary school, which was named after the concept of Brotherhood and Unity (Osnovna škola Bratstvo–Jedinstvo). Trnopolje held both male and female prisoners. Most of the non-Serb women of Prijedor passed through it at some point, and many were raped. A total of 30,000 people were detained in the camp from May to November 1992. It held 4,000–7,000 prisoners at any given time.
Trnopolje was described variously as a ghetto, a prison and a detention camp. A United Nations (UN) report from 1994 reported that Trnopolje was a concentration camp which functioned as a staging area for mass deportations mainly of women, children, and elderly men. The reported found that:
Refugees reported that Trnopolje was a "decent" camp in comparison to Omarska and Keraterm as there were no systematic killings, only arbitrary ones. Indeed, many non-Serbs entered the camp voluntarily, "simply to avoid the rampaging militias plundering their streets and villages". This phenomenon led British journalist Ed Vulliamy to describe Trnopolje as "a perverse haven" for the Bosniaks and Croats of Prijedor. Author Hariz Halilovich writes: Many inmates were starved and physically or verbally abused during their imprisonment. By August 1992, Trnopolje held about 3,500 people. On 7 August 1992, reporters from Independent Television News (ITN), a British television station, took footage of the prisoners at Omarska and Trnopolje, and recorded their living conditions. The images were shown around the world and caused public outrage. This prompted the Bosnian Serb authorities to allow journalists and the International Red Cross (IRC) access to some of the Prijedor camps, but not before the most emaciated of the prisoners were killed or shipped off to camps far from the public eye. Some 200 former male inmates were separated and killed in the Korićani Cliffs massacre on 21 August 1992. The publicity generated by the discovery of the Prijedor camps led to their closure by the end of August. In mid-August, Trnopolje was placed into the hands of the IRC. The camp was officially shut down that November.
Aftermath
The camp's main building resumed its function as a local primary school following the Bosnian War. A monument to the Bosnian Serb soldiers killed in the war has also been erected in the school's vicinity. In 1997, the British magazine Living Marxism (LM) claimed that footage filmed at Trnopolje deliberately misrepresented the situation in the camp. This caused ITN to sue LM for libel in 2000. Following ITN's victory in a court case in which the evidence given by the camp doctor led LM to abandon its defence, the magazine declared itself bankrupt, avoiding payment of the large damages awarded.
"Prijedor 92", an association representing the survivors of Prijedor area camps, estimates that 90 inmates perished in the camp during its operation. During Milomir Stakić's trial, ICTY prosecutors claimed that several hundred non-Serbs were killed at Trnopolje between May and November 1992. The ICTY puts the number of inmates killed in all Bosnian Serb-run camps in Prijedor at 1,500. The number of women raped in Trnopolje remains unknown.
Indictments and trials
Milomir Stakić was convicted for his role in setting up the camps at Trnopolje, Keraterm and Omarska in July 2003 and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was acquitted of the charge of genocide. In March 2006, Stakić's sentence was reduced to 40 years on appeal. The court upheld his conviction for extermination and persecution of Prijedor's non-Serb population, but also upheld his acquittal for the charge of genocide. Zoran Žigić, a taxi-driver from Prijedor, was sentenced to 25 years' imprisonment in November 2001 for abusing, beating, torturing, raping and killing detainees at Trnopolje, as well as at Keraterm and Omarska. His conviction was upheld in February 2005, and his 25-year sentence was affirmed. Crimes committed in Trnopolje, Keraterm and Omarska were listed in the ICTY's indictment of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević following the war. Milošević died in his cell on 11 March 2006, before his trial could be completed. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) presented its judgment in the Bosnian Genocide Case on 26 February 2007, in which it examined atrocities committed in detention camps, including Trnopolje, in relation to Article II (b) of the Genocide Convention. The Court stated in its judgment:
Citations
Notes
Footnotes
References
1992 establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1992 disestablishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian genocide
Serbian concentration camps in the Yugoslav Wars
Serbian war crimes in the Bosnian War
Internment camps in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian War internment camps |
5381659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Petitpas | Stephen Petitpas | Stephen Petitpas (born November 14, 1957) is a Canadian professional wrestler.
Professional wrestling career
His father being in the Canadian military, Petitpas was born in Soest, Germany. He grew up in a French household in Shediac, New Brunswick. Petitpas lived in a small Acadian house with a professional wrestler, Emile Duprée, living across the street. Petitpas would watch Duprée train in his backyard. By the time he was thirteen and fourteen, Petitpas was putting up the ring for Duprée. By the age of 15 he was 6 feet 3 inches tall and weighed 220 pounds. Petitpas refereed some matches for Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling (AGPW), Duprée's wrestling promotion. When some wrestlers quit AGPW, Petitpas became involved as a wrestler at Duprée's invitation. While in the Maritimes, Petitpas always wrestled as a face (fan favorite).
Petitpas traveled around the world to compete during his career, including wrestling tours of Germany, Japan, and India. He had five matches against Ric Flair for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship but was unable to win the title belt. In AGPW, Petitpas held several titles, including the AGPW International Heavyweight Championship, which he won in 1985 by defeating Super Destroyer. He also won the AGPW Maritimes Heavyweight Championship on two occasions, winning the inaugural title and later defeating Super Destroyer to regain the belt.
Wrestling in the Montreal-based Lutte Internationale, Petitpas competed under the ring name Sheik Ali. He portrayed a heel (villain) character and was managed by Eddie "The Brain" Creatchman and "Pretty Boy" Floyd Creatchman. He competed against such wrestlers as Rick Martel, Dino Bravo, and Abdullah the Butcher. He was given an opportunity to compete for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) but did not get to wrestle in any of the matches because Martel, who ran Lutte International, became concerned about how they would impact Petitpas's schedule and status in Lutte International. While competing for the company, Petitpas teamed with Richard Charland in 1986 to win the Canadian International Tag Team Championship by defeating Dan Kroffat and Tom Zenk.
When Duprée decided to stop promoting shows, he sold AGPW to Petitpas and Leo Burke. In 1988 and 1989, he ran shows in addition to operating the Atlantic Wrestling School. His most famous trainee at the school was Robert Maillet, who went on to wrestle in the WWF as Kurrgan. Petitpas found it difficult to compete with the WWF in the Maritimes and ultimately closed his promotion.
Canadian wrestler Buddy Lane has called Petitpas's career "the biggest waste of talent ever" in wrestling, as Petitpas was given opportunities to wrestle for larger companies but chose to remain in the Maritimes. He has three children, a daughter and two sons.
Championships and accomplishments
Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling
AGPW International Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
AGPW Maritimes Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
AGPW North American Tag Team Champion (3 times) - with The Great Malumba (1 time) and Leo Burke (2 times)
Lutte Internationale
Canadian International Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Richard Charland
References
External links
1957 births
20th-century professional wrestlers
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Shediac
Professional wrestlers from New Brunswick
Stampede Wrestling alumni |
5381673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaffey%20High%20School | Chaffey High School | Chaffey High School is a public high school in Ontario, California, United States. It is part of the Chaffey Joint Union High School District and rests on approximately , making it one of the largest high schools by area in California. The school currently serves northern Ontario and southern Rancho Cucamonga.
History
The Chaffey College of Agriculture, founded by the Ontario founders George and William Chaffey, opened on October 15, 1885. The institution, which also had a secondary school, was operated by the University of Southern California until 1901, when it came under the control of the local community and was renamed Ontario High School. In 1911, enrollment was opened to students from Upland and the school was renamed in honor of the Chaffey brothers. Almost all the high school-age students in western San Bernardino County attended Chaffey, a trend that continued until the 1950s. The school's buildings were rebuilt and many new ones were constructed during the government public works programs of the New Deal. Chaffey College continued to operate on the campus until 1960, when it was relocated to the nearby community of Alta Loma.
Demographics
The demographic breakdown of the 3571 students enrolled for the 2012-2013 school year was:
Male - 51.6%
Female - 48.4%
Native American/Alaskan - 0.2%
Asian/Pacific islander - 2.2%
Black - 2.6%
Hispanic - 86.5%
White - 6.8%
Multiracial - 1.7%
In addition, 77.7% of the students were eligible for free or reduced lunch.
Notable alumni
Hobie Alter, surfing and sailing entrepreneur
Jim Brulte, California Assemblyperson
Andrew J. Crevolin, thoroughbred trainer, winner of 1954 Kentucky Derby
William De Los Santos, poet, screenwriter and movie director (enrolled as William "Billy" Hilbert)
Bob Doll, professional basketball player
Stewart Donaldson, author, positive psychologist, evaluation research scientist
Bruce Grube, President, St. Cloud State University and Georgia Southern University.
Nick Leyva, former professional baseball player, manager and coach
Larry Maxie, former professional baseball player (Atlanta Braves)
Anthony Muñoz, professional American football player, 1998 Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee
Hal Reniff, former professional baseball player (New York Yankees, New York Mets)
Jon Keyworth, professional American football player, Denver Broncos 1974-1980
Vicki Morgan, American model murdered in 1983
Robert Lyn Nelson, artist
Robert Shaw, conductor
Gary Wagner, disc jockey
Joseph Wambaugh, fiction author
References
External links
High schools in San Bernardino County, California
Public high schools in California
Educational institutions established in 1911
1911 establishments in California |
5381677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromodeoxyuridine | Bromodeoxyuridine | Bromodeoxyuridine (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, BrdU, BUdR, BrdUrd, broxuridine) is a synthetic nucleoside analogue with a chemical structure similar to thymidine. BrdU is commonly used to study cell proliferation in living tissues and has been studied as a radiosensitizer and diagnostic tool in people with cancer.
During S phase of the cell cycle (when DNA replication occurs), BrdU can be incorporated in place of thymidine in newly synthesized DNA molecules of dividing cells. Cells that have recently performed DNA replication or DNA repair can be detected with antibodies specific for BrdU using techniques such as immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence. BrdU-labelled cells in humans can be detected up to two years after BrdU infusion.
Because BrdU can replace thymidine during DNA replication, it can cause mutations, and its use is therefore potentially a health hazard. However, because it is neither radioactive nor myelotoxic at labeling concentrations, it is widely preferred for in vivo studies of cancer cell proliferation. However, at radiosensitizing concentrations, BrdU becomes myelosuppressive, thus limiting its use for radiosensitizing.
BrdU differs from thymidine in that BrdU substitutes a bromine atom for thymidine's CH3 group. The Br substitution can be used in X-ray diffraction experiments in crystals containing either DNA or RNA. The Br atom acts as an anomalous scatterer and its larger size will affect the crystal's X-ray diffraction enough to detect isomorphous differences as well.
Bromodeoxyuridine releases gene silencing caused by DNA methylation.
BrdU can also be used to identify microorganisms that respond to specific carbon substrates in aquatic and soil environments. A carbon substrate added to incubations of environmental samples will cause the growth of microorganisms that can utilize that substrate. These microorganisms will then incorporate BrdU into their DNA as they grow. Community DNA can then be isolated and BrdU-labeled DNA purified using an immunocapture technique. Subsequent sequencing of the labeled DNA can then be used to identify the microbial taxa that participated in the degradation of the added carbon source.
However, it is not certain whether all microbes present in an environmental sample can incorporate BrdU into their biomass during de novo DNA synthesis. Therefore, a group of microorganisms may respond to a carbon source but go undetected using this technique. Additionally, this technique is biased towards identifying microorganisms with A- and T-rich genomes.
DNA with BrdU transcribes as usual DNA, with guanine included into RNA as a complement to BrdU.
See also
5-Bromouracil
5-Bromouridine
5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine
Trypan blue
References
External links
BrdU at OpenWetWare
BrdU Modifications at IDT DNA
Genetics techniques
Nucleosides
Staining dyes
Organobromides
Pyrimidinediones
Hydroxymethyl compounds |
5381683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin%20Independent%20Business%20Alliance | Austin Independent Business Alliance | Austin Independent Business Alliance (AIBA) is an organization of independent, locally owned firms in Austin, Texas and is composed of over 300 member businesses. It was started in 2002 by several local businesses and citizens as a way to help independent businesses compete successfully against corporate chains. The group is among at least 60 Independent Business Alliances around the country affiliated with the American Independent Business Alliance.
The slogan "Keep Austin Weird" was adopted by the AIBA to promote independent locally owned businesses.
External links
Austin Independent Business Alliance
Member Directory
American Independent Business Alliance
Trade associations based in the United States
Organizations based in Austin, Texas
Organizations established in 2002
2002 establishments in Texas |
4044326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord%20Academy | Concord Academy | Concord Academy, established in 1922, is a coeducational, independent college preparatory school for grades nine through twelve in Concord, Massachusetts. The school enrolls 378 boarding and day students as of 2013–14.
In 1971, Concord Academy became the first all-girls' boarding school in New England to shift to a coeducational model.
Academics
Concord Academy ranks in the top fifteen U.S. boarding schools for student SAT scores and SSAT scores. To foster love of learning and a noncompetitive environment, the school does not compute class rank and awards no academic, arts, athletic, or community awards during the school year or at graduation.
The school eliminated all AP courses several years ago due to the lack of depth in their curricula. They were replaced by advanced courses designed by teachers, though the school still offers AP exams. Eighty percent of the students taking an AP exam score a 4 or 5.
Concord Academy – according to Niche 2022 rankings – is ranked the 10th best boarding school in the United States as well as the most diverse in its area.
For the 2021-2022 admissions cycle, Concord Academy had an acceptance rate of 16%, with over a thousand applicants.
Demographics
The demographic breakdown of the 378 students registered for the 2013–14 school year was:
Asian – 23.3%
Black – 2.6%
Hispanic – 5.0%
White – 61.7%
Multiracial – 7.4%
Athletics
Concord Academy students play on 28 teams in 23 sports; about 75 percent of students play on at least one team each year. Teams compete in the Eastern Independent League (EIL).
Student life
The dress code at Concord Academy is casual. Boarding students live in three girls' houses and three boys' houses, each holding an average of 25 students. A little more than a third of the day students commute to school on the MBTA Commuter Rail. Day (commuting) students comprise 60% of student population and boarding students 40%.
Students participate in a variety of clubs, performing arts groups, and other activities. The campus is a short walk from restaurants and shops in Concord and students have easy access to Cambridge and Boston via the MBTA Commuter Rail.
Campus
Concord Academy's primary campus is on between Main Street and the Sudbury River in the center of Concord, Massachusetts. The campus includes eleven historic houses on Main Street, all built as family homes between 1780 and 1830. It is a three-minute walk from the center of Concord and a five-minute walk from the MBTA Commuter Rail stop in Concord.
Among the campus buildings are the PAC (Performing Arts Center), the SHAC (Student Health and Athletic Center), the main school, the newly built CA Labs, and the MAC (Math and Arts Center). The Elizabeth B. Hall Chapel is a 19th-century meetinghouse that was transported to Concord from Barnstead, New Hampshire in 1956. It serves as a meeting place three times per week for the entire Concord Academy community.
The new 13-acre Moriarty Athletic campus, a mile from the main campus, includes six tennis courts, a baseball field, a field hockey field, and two soccer/lacrosse fields. A field house contains changing rooms, a training room, and a common room with fireplace. These new facilities freed up space on the main campus for expansion of academic and arts facilities.
History
Concord Academy was established as a school for girls in September 1922. Enrollment grew gradually from three in 1924 to 20 in 1948. The school's headmistress for the first 15 years was Elsie Garland Hobson, followed by Valerie Knapp (1937–40) and Josephine Tucker (1940–49). Tucker imposed the advisor system and ended the giving of prizes at commencement. Under Elizabeth Hall (1949–63), student population increased.
1963 – David Aloian named headmaster
1981 – Thomas E. Wilcox named headmaster
1984 – Elizabeth B. Hall Chapel dedicated
1987 – J. Josephine Tucker Library dedicated
2000 – Jacob A. Dresden named head of school
2004–05 – Renovation and expansion of Elizabeth B. Hall Chapel
2007 – Purchase of additional property near main campus
2009 – Richard Hardy named head of school; began July 1, 2009
2012 – Completion of the Moriarty Athletic Campus, located 1 mile from main campus
2017 – Renovation of the science center now known as CA Labs
Notable alumni
Drew Gilpin Faust – 28th president of Harvard University
Caroline Kennedy – Ambassador to Japan and Australia, author, attorney, daughter of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
Cynthia Schneider – Ambassador to the Netherlands, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University
Queen Noor of Jordan – Widow of King Hussein of Jordan
Julia Glass – 2002 National Book Award-winning author of Three Junes and The Whole World Over.
Charlie Grandy – Television writer, producer, winner of two Emmy Awards and two Writers' Guild Awards for Saturday Night Live; nominated for his work on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and The Office.
Larry Goldings – Jazz pianist, organist, composer, and 2006 Grammy nominee for Best Jazz Instrumental Album Individual or Group for Trio Beyond - Saudades
Caitlin FitzGerald – actress
Rachel Morrison – cinematographer
Le1f – Rapper and producer, known for work with Das Racist.
Richard Read – Two-time Pulitzer Prize winning journalist, Los Angeles Times national reporter.
Sarah Koenig – Journalist, radio personality, producer of This American Life and host of the acclaimed podcast Serial
Claudia Gonson – Founding member of the band Magnetic Fields
Sam Davol – Founding member and cellist for the band Magnetic Fields
Huntley Fitzpatrick – Author of My Life Next Door, What I Thought Was True, and The Boy Most Likely To.
Sebastian Junger – Author of The Perfect Storm: A True Story of Men Against the Sea; director of the documentaries Restrepo and Korengal.
Ed Droste – Founding member of the band Grizzly Bear
Anita Lo – Award-winning chef.
Susan Minot – Author of Monkeys, Evening, and Folly
Matt Taibbi – Blogger and former columnist for Rolling Stone
Theo Stockman – Broadway actor
Julia Preston – Pulitzer Prize winner
Stephen Heymann – Former assistant U.S. attorney for the District of Massachusetts.
Peter R. Fisher – U.S. Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance, 2001–2004
Imani Perry – Hughes-Rogers Professor of African American Studies at Princeton University.
Hilary B. Price – Cartoonist.
Alexandra Berzon – Pulitzer Prize winning journalist.
Philippe von Borries – co-founder and CEO of Refinery29, president of Lonely Planet
Notable teachers
Kevin Jennings taught at Concord Academy from 1987 to 1995. He was chair of the history department and founded the nation's first Gender-Sexuality Alliance.
References
External links
Concord Academy's Web site
Private high schools in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Concord, Massachusetts
Educational institutions established in 1922
Schools in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Boarding schools in Massachusetts
1922 establishments in Massachusetts |
4044337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian%20People%27s%20Revolutionary%20Movement | Chadian People's Revolutionary Movement | Chadian People's Revolutionary Movement (Mouvement Revolutionnaire du Peuple Tchadien or MPR) was a Chadian rebel group that operated in southern Chad in the 1980s. The MPR, headed by Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué, vice-president of the GUNT, wanted to overthrow the government of Hissène Habré and replace it with a decentralized, federalist government. Backed by Libya, while the MPR had hardly any troops on the ground, it was considered all the same through the codos it politically represented a serious threat to Habré's rule. However, after the crushing blows inflicted to the codos in 1984 and 1985, it came to terms with the President and joined his National Union for Independence and Revolution (UNIR).
External links
Chadian People's Revolutionary Movement at Terrorism Knowledge Base
History of Chad
Rebel groups in Chad |
5381695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylammonium%20nitrate | Ethylammonium nitrate | Ethylammonium nitrate or ethylamine nitrate (EAN) is a salt with formula or ()·. It is an odorless and colorless to slightly yellowish liquid with a melting point of 12 °C. This compound was described by Paul Walden in 1914, and is believed to be the earliest reported example of a room-temperature ionic liquid.
Synthesis and properties
Ethylammonium nitrate can be produced by heating ethyl nitrate with an alcoholic solution of ammonia or by reacting ethylamine with concentrated nitric acid. It has a relatively low viscosity of 0.28 poise or 0.028 Pa·s at 25 °C and therefore a high electrical conductivity of about 20 mS·cm−1 at 25 °C. It boils at 240 °C and decomposes at about 250 °C. Its density at 20 °C is 1.261 g/cm3.
The ethylammonium ion () has three easily detachable protons which are tetrahedrally arranged around the central nitrogen atom, whereas the configuration of the anion is planar. Despite the structural differences, EAN shares many properties with water, such as micelle formation, aggregation of hydrocarbons, negative enthalpy and entropy of dissolution of gases, etc. Similar to water, EAN can form three-dimensional hydrogen bonding networks.
Applications
Ethylammonium nitrate is used as an electrically conductive solvent in electrochemistry and as a protein crystallization agent. It has a positive effect on the refolding of denaturated lysozyme, with the refolding yield of about 90%. The refolding action was explained as follows: The ethyl group of ethylammonium nitrate interacts with the hydrophobic part of the protein and thereby protects it from intermolecular association, whereas the charged part of EAN stabilizes the electrostatic interactions.
References
Ammonium compounds
Nitrates
Ionic liquids
Substances discovered in the 1910s |
4044339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Mary%27s%20Church%2C%20Fuhlsb%C3%BCttel%2C%20Hamburg | St. Mary's Church, Fuhlsbüttel, Hamburg | St. Mary's Church (Kirchengemeinde St. Marien) is a Lutheran church in the Fuhlsbüttel quarter of Hamburg. It was designed by local architects Bernhard Hopp and Rudolf Jäger.
The church was dedicated on February 14, 1960. The twelve small stained-glass windows in the choir loft were made by Charles Crodel, who also created the windows for the main church of St. James's and the parish church of St. Matthew's in the quarter of Winterhude.
References
The information in this article is based on that in its German equivalent.
Mary's Church Fuhlsbuttel
Mary's Church Fuhlsbuttel |
4044369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%20Grace | Morgan Grace | Morgan Grace is a songwriter from Portland, Oregon. Mostly a solo acoustic performer, she released her first album, The Rules of Dating in 2003 on Lady Lush Records. In 2004, she joined up with former Wipers and Napalm Beach drummer Sam Henry. The two recorded and co-produced the multi-genre spanning album The Sound of Something Breaking in 2005.
She gained greater notoriety in August 2006 when her song "The Rules of Dating" won first prize in a songwriting contest at American Idol Underground, an online version of American Idol which caters to independent bands and songwriters and offers no promise of major label affiliation like the TV version does.
External links
Official homepage
Morgan's MySpace
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
4044374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Goodman | Louise Goodman | Louise Goodman is a British reporter and presenter who worked on ITV's Formula One coverage until it ceased at the 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix. She now co-presents ITV's coverage of the British Touring Car Championship. Her late partner was John Walton, a former Minardi team manager who died of a heart attack in 2004.
Biography
After growing up in Alresford, Hampshire, Goodman worked in marketing for the Jordan team before becoming one of the two pitlane reporters for ITV's Formula One coverage, initially alongside James Allen and later Ted Kravitz. Other than occasional pre-race segments by Beverley Turner, she was the only woman in the team. She was part of ITV's F1 team across the 12 years of the company's coverage. She missed the 2004 British Grand Prix due to her partner's death and was replaced for that race by Allan McNish.
In 2007 she became the presenter of ITV's coverage of the British Touring Car Championship alongside Ted Kravitz. In 2008 she joined HondaRacingF1.com as guest presenter for Formula One's first online TV channel.
In 2009, she rejoined ITV's coverage of the British Touring Car Championship alongside Steve Rider as reporter. Goodman provided cover for Channel 4's coverage of the 2017 British Grand Prix, for Lee McKenzie who was presenting coverage of the World Para Athletics championship. For the 2018 F1 season, Goodman stood in for McKenzie as reporter for certain races.
References
External links
Official website
Louise Goodman at itv.com
Fan club
Living people
English motorsport people
Formula One journalists and reporters
Motorsport announcers
People from Alresford
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4044375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Ridgely%20State%20Park | Fort Ridgely State Park | Fort Ridgely State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, on the Minnesota River south of Fairfax. It preserves Fort Ridgely, site of the Battle of Fort Ridgely during the Dakota War of 1862. It was the only Minnesota state park with a 9-hole golf course, which overlooks the Minnesota River and goes along Fort Ridgely Creek.
The park was established in 1911. The Civilian Conservation Corps Rustic Style buildings within the state park, built between 1934 and 1936, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
In September 2016, the golf course was closed due to declining revenue. A group of local residents launched a campaign hoping to raise enough money to lease the course from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and re-open it. However the group failed to win the support of the Fairfax City Council. The DNR plans to plow the course under and restore it to native prairie.
References
External links
Fort Ridgely State Park
1911 establishments in Minnesota
Battlefields of the wars between the United States and Native Americans
Buildings and structures completed in 1936
Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1911
Protected areas of Nicollet County, Minnesota
Protected areas of Renville County, Minnesota
Rustic architecture in Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Renville County, Minnesota |
4044378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20South%20Wales%20Rugby%20Union | New South Wales Rugby Union | The New South Wales Rugby Union, or NSWRU, is the governing body for the sport of rugby union within most of the state of New South Wales in Australia. It is a member and founding union of Rugby Australia. Within Australia it is considered the strongest Union. It has the largest player base, biggest population, most suburban clubs, and the oldest running club rugby competition in the country.
The southern areas of New South Wales encompassing the Monaro, Far South Coast, and Southern Inland unions are not affiliated with the NSWRU. They are now within the ACT and Southern NSW Rugby Union. The New South Wales Rugby Union was founded in 1874 as the Southern Rugby Union, before changing to the present name in 1893.
Structure
Clubs
Jurisdiction
Due to the merging of Union's by the ACT and Southern NSW Rugby Union, the New South Wales Rugby Union does not encompass all of New South Wales. However, it does include major cities and towns, making up roughly two-thirds (and/or more) of the state. Such cities and towns include: Newcastle, the Central Coast, Wollongong, Coffs Harbour, Port Macquarie, Tamworth, Orange, Dubbo, Bathurst, Lismore, Tweed Heads, Byron Bay, and Sydney.
See also
Rugby union in New South Wales
New South Wales Waratahs
References
External links
NSW Rugby Union
Rugby union governing bodies in New South Wales
Rugby Union
1874 establishments in Australia
Sports organizations established in 1874 |
5381702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalese%20Tirailleurs | Senegalese Tirailleurs | The Senegalese Tirailleurs () were a corps of colonial infantry in the French Army. They were initially recruited from Senegal,
French West Africa and subsequently throughout Western, Central and Eastern Africa: the main sub-Saharan regions of the French colonial empire. The noun tirailleur, which translates variously as 'skirmisher', 'rifleman', or 'sharpshooter', was a designation given by the French Army to indigenous infantry recruited in the various colonies and overseas possessions of the French Empire during the 19th and 20th centuries.
Despite recruitment not being limited to Senegal, these infantry units took on the adjective since that was where the first black African Tirailleur regiment had been formed. The first Senegalese Tirailleurs were formed in 1857 and served France in a number of wars, including World War I (providing around 200,000 troops, more than 135,000 of whom fought in Europe and 30,000 of whom were killed) and World War II (recruiting 179,000 troops, 40,000 deployed to Western Europe). Other tirailleur regiments were raised in French North Africa from the Arab and Berber populations of Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco; collectively they were called or . Tirailleur regiments were also raised in Indochina; they were called Vietnamese, Tonkinese or Annamites Tirailleurs.
History
Origins
The Senegalese Tirailleurs were formed in 1857 by Louis Faidherbe, governor general of French West Africa, because he lacked sufficient French troops to control the territory and meet other requirements of the first phase of colonisation. The formal decree for the formation of this force was signed on 21 July 1857 in Plombières-les-Bains by Napoleon III. Recruitment was later extended to other French colonies in Africa. During its early years the corps included some former slaves bought from West African slave-owners as well as prisoners of war. Subsequent recruitment was either by voluntary enlistment or on occasion by an arbitrary form of conscription.
1870–1914
In the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, the Senegalese tirailleurs continued to provide the bulk of French garrisons in West and Central Africa. Their overall numbers remained limited. However, in anticipation of the First World War, Colonel Charles Mangin described in his 1910 book La force noire his conception of a greatly expanded French colonial army, whilst Jean Jaurès, in his , suggested that the French Army should look elsewhere to recruit its armies due to the falling birthrate in mainland France.
A company-sized detachment of took part in the conquest of Madagascar (1895), although the bulk of the non-European troops employed in this campaign were Algerian and Hausa tirailleurs. Regiments of s were subsequently recruited in Madagascar, using the Senegalese units as a model.
In 1896, a small expedition consisting mainly of 200 was assembled in Loango (French Congo) under Captain Jean-Baptiste Marchand. This "Marchand Mission" took two years to cross hundreds of miles of unexplored bush until they reached Fashoda on the Nile. Here they encountered British and Egyptian troops under Major-General Kitchener, who had just defeated the Mahadi's Dervish army near Khartoum. While the Fashoda Incident raised the possibility of war between France and Britain, tribute was paid to the courage and endurance of Marchand and his Senegalese tirailleurs by both sides.
By a decree dated July 7, 1900 the , the Tirailleurs indochinois, Tirailleurs malgaches and the "marsouins" were no longer under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Navy and Colonies, but were reclassified as Troupes coloniales, different from the mainland elements Metropolitan army and separate from the Armée d’Afrique of the Maghreb. The anchor badge of the was worn on the collar from 1914, and when the Adrian helmet was adopted in WW1, an insignia with the anchor behind a flaming grenade was worn by the .
During the early 1900s, the saw active service in the French Congo and Chad while continuing to provide garrisons for the French possessions in West and Central Africa. In 1908, two battalions of landed at Casablanca to begin nearly twenty years of active service in Morocco by Senegalese units. On 14 July 1913, the paraded their standard at Longchamp, the first occasion upon which Senegalese troops had been seen in metropolitan France. New flags were presented to the 2e, 3e and 4e RTS at the same parade.
World War I
There were 21 battalions of (BTS) in the French Army in August 1914, all serving in either West Africa or on active service in Morocco.
With the outbreak of war 37 battalions of French, North African and Senegalese infantry were transferred from Morocco to France. Five Senegalese battalions were soon serving on the Western Front, while others formed part of the reduced French garrison in Morocco. The 5th BTS formed part of a French column which was wiped out near Khenifra, during the Battle of El Herri on 13 November 1914, with 646 dead. The 10th, 13th, 16th and 21st BTS subsequently saw heavy fighting in Morocco, reinforced by 9,000 additional Senegalese tirailleurs brought up from French West Africa.
On the Western Front the served with distinction at Ypres and Dixmude during the Battle of Flanders in late 1914, at the Battle of Verdun in the recapture of Fort de Douaumont in October 1916, during the battle of Chemin des Dames in April 1917 and at the Battle of Reims in 1918. Losses were particularly heavy in Flanders (estimated from 3,200 to 4,800) and Chemin des Mains (7,000 out of 15,500 tirailleurs engaged).
In 1915 seven battalions of were amongst the 24 infantry battalions the French sent to the Dardanelles as the Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient. Total French casualties in this campaign reached 27,000 but the Senegalese and regular Colonial Infantry were noted for the high morale that they maintained in spite of losses that reached two out of three in some units. The Senegalese tirailleurs particularly distinguished themselves in the attack during the initial French landings on the southern shore of the Dardanelles.
New recruitment drive
French military policy towards the use of African troops in Europe changed in 1915. The French high command realized that the war would last far longer than they had originally imagined. They therefore authorized a major recruitment drive in West Africa. As a result, a further 93 Senegalese battalions were raised between 1915 and 1918, of which 42 saw service in France itself. The usual practice was to bring together battalions of white Colonial Infantry () and African Tirailleurs into .
(Four such regiments were formed from the seven tirailleurs and five battalions of deployed at Gallipoli.)The harsh conditions of trench warfare were a particular source of suffering to the un-acclimatized African soldiers and, after 1914/15, the practice of hivernage was adopted: withdrawing them to the south of France for training and re-equipping each winter. In spite of their heavy losses in almost every major battle of the Western Front, the discipline and morale of the "Colonial Corps" remained high throughout the war.
At the 90th anniversary commemorations of the battle of Verdun, then-president Jacques Chirac made a speech evoking the 72,000 colonial combatants killed during the war, mentioning the 'Moroccan infantry, the tirailleurs from Senegal, Indochina (Annam and Cochinchina), and the of the troupes de marine.'
Occupation of the Rhineland
The armistice of November 1918 had provision for the allied Occupation of the Rhineland and France played a major part in this. Between 25,000 and 40,000 colonial soldiers were part of this force. German attempts were made to discredit the use of non-European soldiers by the French during this occupation, as had earlier been the case during World War I. Although no hard evidence was produced, many campaigners claimed that the colonial soldiers – and the Senegalese in particular – were responsible for a substantial number of rapes and sexual assaults. Children resulting from these unions were stigmatised as "Rhineland Bastards" and subsequently suffered under the Nazi race laws.
Between the World Wars
During the War the much reduced French garrison in Morocco had consisted largely of battalions of , who were not affected by the divided loyalties of locally recruited troops and who could be more readily spared from service on the Western Front than French troops. On 13 April 1925 the Rif War spilled over into French Morocco when eight thousand Berber fighters attacked a line of French outposts recently established in disputed territory north of the Ouerghala River. The majority of these posts were held by Senegalese and North African tirailleurs. By 27 April 1925 39 out of 66 posts had fallen and their garrisons massacred, or had been abandoned. Faced with what had become a major war the French increased their forces in Morocco to approximately 100,000 men. West African tirailleurs continued to play a major part in subsequent operations in both the Spanish Protectorate (until 1926) and Southern Morocco (until 1934). In one of many engagements, the 2nd Battalion of the 1st Regiment of won 91 citations for bravery during fighting around Ain-Gatar on 22 June 1926.
Second World War
On the eve of the Second World War, five regiments of were stationed in France in addition to a brigade based in Algeria. The was permanently deployed in the south of France due to the potential threat from Italy. It was also reasoned the climate was more suitable for African soldiers. This deployment of Tirailleurs, outside of their regions of recruitment and traditional peacetime service, arose because of the heavy casualties of the First World War. This had affected the number of metropolitan Frenchmen in the military service age group of twenty to twenty-five by more than half. Up to 200,000 tirailleurs were active during the war, which constituted about nine percent of the French forces.
During the Battle of France, the Senegalese and other African tirailleur units served with distinction at Gien, Bourges, and Buzancais. German troops, indoctrinated with Nazi racial doctrines, expressed outrage at having fought against "inferior" opponents. At Montluzin, Senegalese prisoners were murdered by their German captors.
The Senegalese Tirailleurs saw extensive service in West Africa, Italy, and Corsica. During 1944, they assisted in the liberation of southern France. The 9th DIC (Colonial Infantry Division) included the 4th, 6th, and 13th Regiments of Senegalese Tirailleurs, and fought from Toulon to the Swiss border between August and November 1944.
After the Liberation of France, the Tirailleurs concluded their service in Europe. They were replaced by newly recruited French volunteers, on the order of Charles de Gaulle. This process became known as . Faced with U.S. restrictions on the size of the French forces, de Gaulle chose to incorporate the various partisan groups within the structure of the official army. The complicated process of discharge and repatriation of the Tirailleurs, coupled with the refusal of France to pay wage arrears due to released prisoners of war, led to several incidents of violence. The most notable of these was the Thiaroye massacre, in 1944, during which the French killed between 35 and 300 (sources vary) Tirailleurs. The Tirailleurs Sénégalais had been promised that in recognition of their service they would become equal citizens of France, this pledge was not kept following the end of hostilities.
After 1945
The , comprising two battalions, served in the Indochina War between 1946 and 1954. Several independent battalions of fought in the same theatre of war. The comprised up to 16 percent of the French forces during the Indochina War. Also in the suppression of the uprising in Madagascar against the French colonial rule the Tirailleurs were involved. In 1949 there were still nine regiments of in the French Army, serving in West Africa, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Indochina.
During the Algerian War the saw extensive active service from 1954 to 1962, mainly as part of the – a grid of occupation detachments intended to protect farms and roads in rural areas. About 12 separate Senegalese units (either three-battalion regiments or single battalions) served in French North Africa between 1954 and 1967, when the last French troops were withdrawn. In 1958–59 the Tirailleur units were in part dissolved, as African personnel transferred to newly formed national armies when the French colonies of West and Central Africa became independent. Substantial numbers of former tirailleurs continued to serve in the French Army but as individual volunteers in integrated Colonial (later Marine) Infantry or Artillery units. The lost their distinctive historic identity during this process. As an example, the 1er RTS, raised in 1857, became the 61st Marine Infantry Regiment in December 1958.
The last Senegalese unit in the French Army was disbanded in 1964.
The last Senegalese Tirailleur to have served in World War I, Abdoulaye Ndiaye, died at the age of 104 in November 1998. He had been wounded in the Dardanelles.
Uniforms
From 1857 to 1889 the wore a dark blue zouave style uniform with yellow braiding (see first photo above). This was replaced by a loose fitting dark blue tunic and trousers worn with a red sash and chechia fez. White trousers were worn in hot weather and a light khaki drill field dress was adopted in 1898. Senegalese units sent to France in 1914 wore a new dark blue uniform, introduced in June that year, beneath the standard medium-blue greatcoats of the French infantry. This changed to sky-blue in 1915 and dark khaki started to be issued the following year. Throughout these changes the distinctive yellow cuff and collar braiding was retained, together with the fez (worn with a drab cover to reduce visibility).
Until World War II the continued to wear the khaki uniforms described above, in either heavy cloth or light drill according to conditions. In subsequent campaigns they wore the same field uniforms as other French units, usually with the dark blue forage cap of the . The red fez survived as a parade item until the 1950s.
Filmography
Emitaï (1971) depicts the effects of conscription on a Diola village.
Black and White in Color (1976), by French director Jean-Jacques Annaud, 1 hour 30 minutes
Camp de Thiaroye, by Senegalese director Ousmane Sembene, 1987, 153 mins.
Le Tata, paysages de pierres, by French director Patrice Robin and Author Eveline Berruezo, 1992, 60 mins.
Rafael Gutierrez and Dario Arce : Le Tata sénégalais de Chasselay : mémoires du 25° RTS" Documentary film, 52', 2007. Productions Chromatiques- TLM, France.
Literature
At Night All Blood Is Black () is a novel by French author David Diop. First published in French on August 16, 2018, by Éditions du Seuil, it won the Prix Goncourt des Lycéens that same year. The book centers around Alfa Ndiaye, a Senegalese Tirailleur who loses his close friend Mademba Diop while fighting in World War I.
The English translation by Anna Moschovakis won the 2021 International Booker Prize. It was published in the UK by Pushkin Press and in the US by Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
The Franco-American journalist and historian Ted Morgan volunteered to serve during the Algerian War as a junior officer with the Senegalese, whom he described as highly disciplined soldiers with cheerful dispositions, serving in a corps that was full of surprises.
See also
Tirailleurs: history of the original French skirmishers of this designation plus the colonial (e.g.: Algerian, Senegalese etc.) tirailleur units
French colonial troops
Spahi: French colonial cavalry regiments including Senegalese units.
Pierre Messmer
French colonial flags
French Colonial Empire
List of French possessions and colonies
References
Bibliography
Myron Echenberg, "Tragedy at Thiaroye: The Senegalese Soldiers' Uprising of 1944 ", in Peter Gutkind, Robin Cohen and Jean Copans (eds), African Labor History, Beverly Hills, 1978, p. 109-128
Myron Echenberg, Colonial Conscripts: The Tirailleurs Senegalais in French West Africa, 1857–1960. Heinemann (1990),
Christian Koller:»Von Wilden aller Rassen niedergemetzelt«. Die Diskussion um die Verwendung von Kolonialtruppen in Europa zwischen Rassismus, Kolonial- und Militärpolitik (1914–1930) (= Beiträge zur Kolonial- und Überseegeschichte, Bd. 82). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, .
Nancy Ellen Lawler. Soldiers of Misfortune: Ivoirien Tirailleurs of World War II. Ohio Univ Press (1992)
Filmography
Eveline Berruezo and Patrice Robin : Le Tata – paysages de pierres. Documentary film, 60', 1992. Espace Mémoire, France.
Rafael Gutierrez and Dario Arce : Le Tata sénégalais de Chasselay : mémoires du 25° RTS" Documentary film, 52', 2007. Productions Chromatiques- TLM, France.
External links
Senegalese Tirailleurs in WWI
Domesticated or Savage?Thoughts on the representation of the body of the senegalese tirailleurs (1880–1918) by Nicolas Bancel and Pascal Blanchard
Site on the Battle of Flandres, attention to Tirailleurs Sénégalais
Christian Koller: Colonial Military Participation in Europe (Africa), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
French West Africa
History of Senegal
Military history of France
Military units and formations established in 1857
1857 establishments in the French colonial empire
Colonial troops
1850s establishments in Senegal
People of colonial Senegal
People of French West Africa |
5381714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangibility | Frangibility | A material is said to be frangible if through deformation it tends to break up into fragments, rather than deforming elastically and retaining its cohesion as a single object. Common crackers are examples of frangible materials, while fresh bread, which deforms plastically, is not frangible.
A structure is frangible if it breaks, distorts, or yields on impact so as to present a minimum hazard. A frangible structure is usually designed to be frangible and to be of minimum mass.
Light poles
A frangible light pole base is designed to break away when a vehicle strikes it. This lessens the risk of injury to occupants of the vehicle. Frangible supports are also used for airport approach structures.
Bullets
A frangible bullet is one that is designed to disintegrate into tiny particles upon impact to minimize their penetration for reasons of range safety, to limit environmental impact, or to limit the danger behind the intended target. Examples are the Glaser Safety Slug and the breaching round.
Frangible bullets will disintegrate upon contact with a surface harder than the bullet itself. Frangible bullets are often used by shooters engaging in close quarter combat training to avoid ricochets; targets are placed on steel backing plates that serve to completely fragment the bullet. Frangible bullets are typically made of non-toxic metals, and are frequently used on "green" ranges and outdoor ranges where lead abatement is a concern.
Airport structures
Following a serious incident where an aircraft hit a donut lighting structure at San Francisco International airport, the FAA instigated frangible design rules for such structures. A frangible object was defined as "an object of low mass, designed to break, distort or yield on impact, so as to present the minimum hazard to aircraft". This characteristic is seemingly contradictory to the operational requirements for stiffness and rigidity imposed on this type of equipment.
In order to develop international regulation for the frangibility of equipment or installations at airports, required for air navigation purposes (e.g., approach lighting towers, meteorological equipment, radio navigational aids) and their support structures, ICAO initiated the "Frangible Aids Study Group" in 1981, with the task to define design requirements, design guidelines and test procedures. This work has resulted in part 6 of the Aerodrome Design Manual, dedicated to frangibility.
An overview of the activities carried out to achieve these results is given in "Frangibility of Approach Lighting Structures at Airports". The missing reference (17) in this article is in "Impact simulation of a frangible approach light structure by an aircraft wing section". With the evolution of numerical methods suitable for impact analysis, a Chapter 6 was added to the Aerodrome Design Manual part 6, dedicated to "numerical simulation methods for evaluating frangibility". It states that numerical methods can be used to evaluate the frangibility of structures, but that the analytical models should still be verified through a series of representative field tests.
Of all equipment or installations at airports required for air navigation purposes, ICAO has not yet formulated frangibility criteria for the tower structure supporting the ILS glide path antenna, "considering its unique nature", basically: its size. A first publication on this subject is given in "Frangible design of instrument landing system/glide slope towers".
Glass
Tempered glass is said to be frangible when it fractures and breaks into many small pieces.
Other
Some security tapes and labels are intentionally weak or have brittle components. The intent is to deter tampering by making it almost impossible to remove intact.
See also
Friability
Sacrificial part
Spall
References
Ammunition
Fracture mechanics |
5381717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mow%20Cop | Mow Cop | Mow Cop is a village on the Cheshire–Staffordshire border, divided between the North West and West Midlands regions of England. It is south of Manchester and north of Stoke-on-Trent, on a steep hill of the same name rising up to above sea level. The village is at the edge of the southern Pennines, with the Cheshire Plain directly to the west. For population details taken at the 2011 census, see Kidsgrove. The Cheshire section is the highest settlement within the county of Cheshire.
Geography
The hill on which the village lies upon is a moorland ridge composed of sandstone and Millstone Grit rising eastwards above the Cheshire Plain. It is at the western edge of the Staffordshire Moorlands, forming the upland fringe of the southern Pennines, most of which are in the Peak District National Park to the east. On a clear day, the hill offers views extending to the West Pennine Moors, Welsh mountains (including Snowdonia), Shropshire Hills and Cannock Chase.
History
The name is first recorded as Mowel around 1270 AD, and is believed to derive from either the Anglo-Saxon Mūga-hyll, meaning "heap-hill", with copp = "head" added later, or the Common Celtic ancestor of Welsh moel (= hill), with Anglo-Saxon copp added later.
At the village's summit, men once quarried stone to make into querns, used since the Iron Age for milling corn; this trade ended during the Victorian period. The village also has a long history of coal mining. A rock feature called the Old Man O'Mow in one of the quarried areas is believed to be the site of an ancient cairn.
A railway station, opened by the North Staffordshire Railway, served the village from October 9, 1848 to its closure in 1964.
The Castle
The most dominant feature of the village is Mow Cop Castle, a folly of a ruined castle at the summit of the hill, built in 1754. Both Mow Cop Castle and the Old Man O'Mow are under the management of the National Trust, and on the route of the Cheshire Gritstone Trail, a long-distance walking route.
Birthplace of Primitive Methodism
Mow Cop is noteworthy as the birthplace of the Primitive Methodist movement. Starting in 1800, Hugh Bourne from Stoke-on-Trent and William Clowes from Burslem began holding open-air prayer meetings. On 31 May 1807, a large 14-hour camp meeting was held, leading to the founding of the Primitive Methodist Church in 1810. These camp meetings became a regular feature at Mow Cop, being held to celebrate the 100th, 150th and 200th anniversaries of the first camp.
In the arts
The village and castle are featured prominently in the 1973 novel Red Shift, by Alan Garner. This novel was filmed by the BBC in the 1970s, and later released in a restored HD DVD in 2014. Mow Cop and its castle also feature in Alan Garner's 1966 photo-story book for children, The Old Man of Mow.
The castle has also been a magnet for artists, and can be seen in everything from local watercolour and oil paintings and postcards, to ceramics made in the nearby Potteries. An engraving of it also featured on a Royal Mail stamp book in 1981.
Running and cycling
Since the late 20th century, Mow Cop has been known for its Killer Mile, a one-mile running race from the railway level crossing on the western side of the hill up to the castle. The race was first organized in the early 1980s by John Britton. The climb is also well known among local cyclists and features in the 100 Greatest Cycling Climbs in Britain.
Murder of Steven Johnson
On 22 December 1990, the body of Stoke-on-Trent taxi driver Steven Johnson, a 25-year-old married father of two children, was discovered by a dog-walker on a farm track near Castle Road in Mow Cop. His body was found close to his taxi. Johnson had last been seen picking up a fare in Hanley Road, Hanley to be dropped off in Packmoor at around 3:30AM on 22 December. He then drove from Packmoor to Mow Cop. Johnson had been assaulted inside his taxi and his throat was cut, causing his death. It was reported by Staffordshire Police that cash and valuables were not taken from the taxi and motive for the murder was unknown. The crime was featured in the March 1991 edition of BBC Crimewatch and a reconstruction was filmed. One male suspect was arrested in 2014 and released on bail for five months, but no further action followed. The murder remains unsolved as of November 2020.
Notable residents
Ralph Barlow (1876 in Mow Cop – 1897), footballer who played for Burslem Port Vale in the mid-1890s.
Emmanuel Foster (1921–1965), English footballer, played for Mow Cop, Stoke City F.C. and Stafford Rangers F.C.
Alan Jones (born 1945), former director of Port Vale F.C.
Jack Simcock (1929–2012), artist, known for "a long series of bleak, sombre oils on board" of the Mow Cop area where he lived.
Allen John Tankard (born 1969), English former footballer who played 519 league games, 275 for Port Vale. After retiring he worked in Mow Cop at a minibus and coach hire company which he now co-owns.
References
The following references are listed in the two books by Philip R. Leese:
Covers quarrying, coal mining, fustian, farming, shops and small businesses, and public houses.
Covers social life, literary references to the hill, the Castle, the Mow Cop Giantess (Hannah Dale), Primitive Methodism, chapels, churches, schools, recreation, wartime reminiscences, and the artist Jack Simcock.
External links
Mow Cop Computer-generated summit panoramas
History of Mow Cop
Villages in Cheshire
Villages in Staffordshire
Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme
Towns and villages of the Peak District |
4044380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma%20Scott%20Heide | Wilma Scott Heide | Wilma Louise Scott Heide (February 26, 1921 – May 8, 1985) was an American author, nurse, and social activist. Born in Ferndale, Pennsylvania, Heide trained as a registered nurse in psychiatry at Brooklyn State Hospital. She began her career at a mental hospital in Torrance, Pennsylvania, where she imposed changes to rectify the persistent mistreatment of staff and patients. She received her bachelor's and masters' degrees in sociology from the University of Pittsburgh and was involved in a number of activist groups in the city.
She became more heavily involved in the feminist movement in 1967, when she joined the National Organization for Women (NOW) and became a founding member of the Pittsburgh chapter. Heide was involved in The Pittsburgh Press case that ended the practice of listing separate help wanted ads for men and women, decided in 1973 by the Supreme Court of the United States in Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations. She also led a demonstration during a United States Senate subcommittee meeting that was credited with restarting hearings on the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).
Heide was the third president of NOW from 1971 to 1974, during which time she grew the organization to over 50,000 members, led a campaign against AT&T for sex discrimination, and convinced a number of other organizations to publicly support the ratification of the ERA by state legislatures. She also helped found a number of other women's groups, including the National Women's Political Caucus and the Women's Coalition for the Third Century, and was the author of the book Feminism for the Health of It. She received her doctorate from the Union of Experimenting Colleges and Universities in 1976 and worked as a women's studies professor at colleges across the country throughout the final decade of her life. She died in Norristown, Pennsylvania, in 1985 at the age of 64.
Early life
Heide was born Wilma Louise Scott on February 26, 1921, in Ferndale, Pennsylvania. Her father was William Robert Scott, a rail brakeman and labor unionist with the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, and her mother was Ada Catherine Scott ( Long), a teacher and shop assistant. She was the third of four children and her two brothers, Ray Eugene and Harold Dwight, would later become nationally recognized sportscasters. The family moved to Connellsville, Pennsylvania, in 1932. She grew up in a traditional household where her mother was the homemaker and her father worked to provide for the family.
Heide was raised Lutheran and regularly attended youth group, but she left the church as a teenager after learning that women could not be ordained. She was a good student in high school, and was a member of the National Honor Society and a high school journalism honor society, Quill and Scroll. She was also actively involved in sports, including basketball, tennis, football, and softball, and was captain of the girls' basketball team in her senior year. She joined a semi-professional basketball team for two and a half years, the Fayette Shamrocks, where she received enough money to cover her expenses and was expected to play up to two or three games an evening against visiting teams from Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia.
She graduated from Connellsville High School in June 1938, and received a scholarship to Seton Hill University, but her parents refused to allow her to attend as they were unable to afford to pay for college for all the children. Instead, she continued to play with the Fayette Shamrocks and lived at home, picking up odd jobs at a department store or selling products door-to-door.
Nursing career
In 1940, Heide started working as a hospital attendant for a state mental hospital in Torrance, Pennsylvania, where she was frustrated by the conditions for both patients and staff. She joined the trade union which was being organized by two of her colleagues and worked with them for two years to improve pay and working conditions at the hospital. Heide struggled with the job, which had taken a toll on her mental health. She spoke to one of her fellow attendants about being stalked by a woman who intended to kill her, which her colleague recognised as a symptom of her increasing stress and frustration. As a result, she was encouraged to leave the job and instead to attend nursing school.
In 1942, she began training as a registered nurse at Brooklyn State Hospital in Brooklyn, New York, and received a degree in psychiatric nursing. During her studies, she was given the opportunity to meet the First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, and they spoke for an hour about social activism. After graduation, Heide returned to the mental hospital where she had previously worked. The conditions had not improved and she began to work to reduce the staff's shifts to forty hours a week and made other changes to fix the consistent mistreatment of staff and patients. She refused to sign untruthful reports given to the Department of Welfare about the treatment of patients and reported the hospital to the department for non-compliance with regulations. Heide was considered by supervisors to be insubordinate and she eventually resigned in frustration, after being falsely accused in a check cashing scandal.
She enrolled at the University of Pittsburgh in 1948, alongside a job as a nurse at the Pennsylvania College for Women. Heide received a bachelor of arts degree in sociology in 1950 and was awarded a master's degree in sociology and nursing in 1955. She met Eugene Heide while studying there, and they married in May 1951. The same year, she moved to Oswego, New York, to teach health education and work as a school nurse. While there, she became the first woman to serve as a board member at the local Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) as there was no equivalent Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) in the city. During summers, she was a camp nurse at a Girl Scout camp in southern Pennsylvania and a consultant at the Edith Macy Training School for Girl Scout Leaders.
She and her husband moved to South Carolina in 1953, and she took a position as education director in the School of Nursing at Orangeburg. When Eugene was sent to Fort Benning, Georgia, Heide worked as a night supervisor and sociology researcher at the Phoenix City Hospital. She joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the League of Women Voters (LWV). She received hate mail and threats after registered black voters, which went against the rules of the LWV. She also ran a radio show called 'Time for Living'.
In 1955, the couple moved back to New Kensington, Pennsylvania, where Eugene established a new campus for Pennsylvania State University. Heide worked for the new branch of the university as a nurse, sociology instructor, and administrator. She was involved in the civil rights movement, the parent–teacher association (PTA), and chaired the Home Health Care Advisory Committee of the Miners Clinic. She had her first child, Terry Lynne, the year after the couple returned to Pennsylvania. Her second daughter, Tamara Lee, was born in 1959 and Heide struggled during her pregnancy with severe depression and suicidal thoughts. She was told by a doctor that her depression was caused by a desire to be a man, a comment that infuriated her but "force[d] her to confront her own growing feminism".
Social activism
During the early 1960s, Heide expanded her work in social activism through several channels. She was still teaching students, but also spent her time developing a first model of the Head Start program. She applied for a position as executive director of the Pennsylvania Mental Health Association but was informed that she had not been hired because of her gender. In 1965, she wrote a series of award-winning articles on the impact of civil rights on local Black people for the Valley Daily News and Daily Dispatch. She served as vice chair of the Allegheny County Civil Rights Council and the Westmoreland County Economic Opportunities Program in 1965. She also became the only female member of the Pennsylvania State Human Relations Commission, a position she was appointed to in 1969. Heide remained active in the New Kensington chapter of the NAACP, alongside her work with the American Institutes for Research and beginning to study for her doctorate at the University of Pittsburgh, although she interrupted her degree to focus on her activist causes.
Pittsburgh chapter of NOW
Heide learned of the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1967, shortly after the organization was founded. That same year, she founded the Pittsburgh chapter and was elected as president. She also held a number of positions within the national branch of the organization in short succession, becoming Pennsylvania coordinator in September 1967, a member of the national board in November 1967, chair of membership at the 1967 annual conference, and National Membership Coordinator in February 1968. Heide was then elected chairwoman of the organization's national board in March 1970.
Meanwhile, the Pittsburgh chapter quickly grew to forty members within the first few months, and took on a number of cases of local discrimination, including fighting against discrimination in restaurants. The organization chose Stouffer's Restaurant in Oakland, where men were able to sit in a private dining room while women had to eat in the public area. Chapter members staged a sit-in which caught the attention of The Pittsburgh Press. The sit-in was organized by Heide to coincide with the campaign to make gender a protected characteristic in the anti-discrimination ordinance covering employment, housing, and public accommodations. The chapter members, led by Heide, recruited the YWCA, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the Allegheny County Council for Civil Rights to join the petition. The Pittsburgh Commission on Human Rights submitted an amendment to the Pittsburgh City Council after hearing testimony from the organizations, including a statement by Heide on October 23, 1968. This ordinance was ultimately signed into law on July 3, 1969.
In 1967, the board of directors of NOW called for each chapter to protest sex-segregated classified advertisements. The Pittsburgh chapter filed a complaint with the Commission on Human Rights against The Pittsburgh Press under the ordinance banning sex discrimination that the City Council had passed. This complaint challenged the practice of the newspaper of separating help wanted advertisements by those employers seeking women or men in columns with different headings. The Commission upheld the complaint under the ordinance and the newspaper filed suit, claiming that the restriction violated its rights under the First Amendment to freedom of the press. The Supreme Court upheld the ban in its 1973 decision in the case Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations, ruling by a 5–4 margin that the practice was discriminatory.
They also led the boycott of Colgate-Palmolive to protest the company's discriminatory practices. The company had a policy that de facto prohibited women from certain positions by imposing a restriction that required employees to lift packages over . A court ruling had ordered the company to change its practices but the response was slow. The national board of NOW chose a day for its various chapters to protest the company. Heide carried a sign on the day which proclaimed: 'Colgate-Palmolive is a sex offender'.
On February 17, 1970, Heide and Jean Witter led a group of twenty chapter members to disrupt a hearing on allowing eighteen-year-olds to vote, which was being held by a subcommittee of the United States Senate on constitutional amendments. The women held up signs and Heide gave a speech demanding that the Senate take action to pass the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). After the disruption, the women met privately with Senator Birch Bayh who agreed to hold hearings on the ERA later in the year, and later credited their demonstration with convincing him to act on the issue. The hearings which resulted from this demonstration were the first ones to be held on the ERA since 1956. The supporters of the amendment were able to give testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee on September 15, 1970, and Heide was given the opportunity to speak. The ERA finally passed Congress on March 22, 1972.
Presidency of NOW
Heide was elected president of NOW, succeeding Aileen Hernandez, in September 1971. During her term as president, Heide grew the organization to 700 chapters with 50,000 members worldwide and an annual budget of three-quarters of a million dollars by the time she left office, having started with 3,000 members and a $28,000 budget in 1971. While serving as president, Heide and Eugene divorced in 1972, which made international news. On February 18, 1973, she was re-elected as the president of NOW for her second term.
While president, Heide led the campaign against AT&T for sex discrimination. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), at NOW's urging, conducted an investigation that found that women employees were not working in all available jobs, which caused them to lose $422 million (equivalent to $ in ). In 1972, Heide and other members of NOW met with Robert Lilley, the president of AT&T, to discuss the EEOC report and to challenge the inadequacy of the proposed affirmative action plan. However, AT&T refused to cooperate further with NOW and ultimately settled a case with the EEOC for $53 million (equivalent to $ in ), the largest settlement for employment discrimination at the time.
Heide was also actively recruiting other organizations to support the ERA. The ACLU was opposed to the ERA at the time, as it believed women were covered by the Fourteenth Amendment, but Heide worked with Louise Noun and Pauli Murray to convince the ACLU board to change its position. She also urged NOW members to refuse to join Common Cause, a lobbying organization, until it expressed its support for the ERA; this finally happened after a meeting between John Gardner and Heide, Aileen Hernandez, Ann Scott and Carol Burris. Heide also convinced the LWV, the American Nurses Association (ANA), the AFL–CIO, and the Leadership Conference on Human Rights to support the ERA.
NOW also focused during this time on creating an international women's movement. Heide, Jo Ann Evansgardner, Patricia Hill Burnett and Rona Fields collaborated on an international conference on June 1, 1973, which brought together more than 300 women from 27 countries. Following the conference, Heide became aware of the arrest of three Portuguese women, Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa, for writing the New Portuguese Letters. Heide called a press conference to protest their arrest and a week later, demonstrations were held across the US and Europe to support the women. They were eventually released and Heide was invited to Sweden. She flew over with Sandy Byrd, Judy Pickering and Betty Spaulding and the four women toured the country for ten days, which concluded with Heide being presented with the key to the city of Stockholm.
NOW designated 1973 as its action year against poverty. That summer, Heide testified before the Joint Economic Committee on women's economic problems, arguing that the problems were caused by sexism in government agencies. Despite this focus, some women within the organization did not believe that enough was being done to solve this issue. This was one of several areas of friction within NOW. In the same year, a questionnaire was conducted among the chapters which determined that women of color had little involvement in the organization, even where they were members. Heide encouraged the board to take action on racism, such as issuing a statement that Angela Davis deserved a fair trial, but they refused to take on school desegregation as a feminist issue. There was also a conversation at the time about the role of lesbians in feminist organizations. Heide strongly believed that heterosexism was a feminist issue and she petitioned the board to include it on the agenda.
Later life
Heide chose not to run for a third term as president of NOW in May 1974. Instead she served as chairwoman of the organization's national advisory board in 1974 and 1975, before leaving the organization to focus on her doctorate. After leaving the presidency, Heide focused her attention on other organizations. In 1974, she met with the ANA and challenged them to take on a more political role, a meeting that was later credited with the foundation of the Nurses Coalition for Action and Politics. Heide had also previously assisted with the founding of the National Women's Political Caucus in 1971 and she served on the Policy Council until 1974 and on the Advisory Board until 1977. She was also involved with the ACLU, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the National Board of Partners in Housing, the National Coalition for Human Needs and Budget Priorities and at Social Policy magazine.
She was a co-founder of the Women's Coalition for the Third Century in 1972, in response to a request to consult on the Federal American Revolution Bicentennial Commission. The Coalition urged the organizers to focus on the future instead of the past and to center women and racial minorities, and it later split from the Commission to form a new organization that drafted a Declaration of Imperatives and a Declaration of Interdependence. The Declaration of Interdependence was signed on July 4, 1976, and it was formally presented in a ceremony at the Smithsonian Institution on October 3, 1977.
Heide earned her Ph.D. in feminist theory and public policy in 1978 from the Union of Experimenting Colleges and Universities. Her doctoral thesis was titled Feminism for the Health of It, which was published as a book shortly before her death. She worked as a visiting professor for half a decade, beginning her teaching career at Wellesley College and the University of Massachusetts in 1974 and leaving the institutions in 1975 and 1976 respectively. She then moved to Goddard College from 1978 to 1980, before serving as the director of the women’s studies program at Sangamon State University in Springfield, Illinois, from 1978 to 1982. She moved to Norristown, Pennsylvania, the same year. She died there at Sacred Heart Hospital at age 64 from a heart attack on May 8, 1985.
References
Works cited
External links
Wilma Scott Heide Papers.Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University
A conversation with Wilma Scott Heide on WNED's series "Woman" WNED Public Television, 1973
Images of Wilma Scott Heide in the Smithsonian Institution Collection
1921 births
1985 deaths
People from Johnstown, Pennsylvania
American nurses
American women nurses
American feminist writers
People from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Presidents of the National Organization for Women
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Postmodern feminists
20th-century American women |
5381718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambino%20Ges%C3%B9%20Hospital | Bambino Gesù Hospital | Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù (Baby Jesus Paediatric Hospital) is a tertiary care academic children's hospital located in Rome that is under extraterritorial jurisdiction of the Holy See. As a tertiary children referral centre, the hospital provides over 20 specialties of healthcare through 10 pediatric departments.
History
The hospital, which was founded in 1869 by Duchess Arabella Salviati, is based on the model of the Hôpital des Enfants-Maladesis in Paris. In 1924, it was donated to the Holy See. In 1985, Bambino Gesù was officially recognized as a research hospital (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico).
Bambino Gesù is now part of the network of the National Healthcare System in the city of Rome. It is located on an extraterritorial area administered by the Holy See. Since 1980, due to its prestige and to the strengthening of its relations with the Italian National Health System, it has become a significant point of reference for pediatrics at the national level.
The hospital has become known in the last thirty years for its high level of specialization in the treatment of children coming not only from Rome or Italy but also from neighbouring European countries. As a tertiary children referral centre, OPBG offers more than 20 specialties to a 20 million population pool through 10 pediatric departments.
Within the framework of the National Healthcare System, the structure of the hospital has undergone significant revision, following the new organization processes of the Italian Public Administration and public healthcare in particular.
On 4 October 2010, a medical team from Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù of Rome made the world's first transplant of a permanent artificial heart in a patient 15 years old.
In 2012, additional hospital buildings were opened near the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, again on extraterritorial property of the Holy See.
The Bambino Gesù Hospital (OPBG) is engaged in humanitarian activities to improve provide healthcare in 16 countries in four continents, providing care for over 900 patients and training physicians, nurses and technicians.
Controversy
Focus of care
In 2017, the Associated Press (AP) reported that a 2014 Vatican investigation had found that the hospital had changed its focus and was "more aimed at profit than on caring for children". The AP reported that overcrowding and poor hygiene contributed to deadly infection, including a 21-month superbug outbreak that killed eight children. It also found that in order to save money, disposable equipment and other materials were used improperly, with one order of cheap needles breaking when injected into tiny veins. The report also stated that doctors were so pressured to maximize operating-room turnover that patients were sometimes brought out of anesthesia too quickly. These alleged incidents were reported to have occurred between 2008 and 2015.
While some of the report's recommendations were implemented, others were not, and the report was not made public. In June 2014, Cardinal Parolin decided to strengthen the Cardinal Secretary of State's authority over the Bambino Gesù. The Vatican later commissioned a second inquiry in 2015 which concluded after a three-day inspection that nothing was amiss.
Hospital administrators responded to the AP story by describing the investigation as a "hoax" and saying that it "contained false, dated and gravely defamatory" accusations and that the hospital had already been cleared by an independent report of the Holy See. After AP published the report, the Holy See released the following statement: "No hospital is perfect, but it is false and unjust to suggest that there are serious threats to the health of children at Bambino Gesù".
Investments
On 13 July 2017, it was announced that the Tribunal of the Vatican City State had charged the hospital's former president Giuseppe Profiti and former treasurer Massimo Spina with illicitly using money which was destined for the Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital Foundation to renovate the apartment that became the residence of the former secretary of state, Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone. No charges had been filed against Bertone, the Castelli Re construction company or its owner, Gianantonio Bandera, a longtime Bertone associate.
At trial, Profiti testified that hospital funds were used for the apartment renovation with the idea that Cardinal Bertone could host intimate dinners for eight to ten wealthy potential donors at least a half-a-dozen times a year, and defended himself by further testifying that the expense was justified because he intended to use Cardinal Bertone's apartment for fundraisers that would have more than repaid the investment within four to five years. However, no meetings were ever reported to have been held in Bertone's apartment. On 22 September, an official of the Government of the Vatican City State testified that the remodeling project for Bertone's apartment bypassed the normal competitive bidding process and was "singular" and "anomalous". The same day, Spina testified that his immediate superior "told me there were no problems because Cardinal Bertone had clarified the situation with the Holy Father in person."
On 3 October 2017, Gianantonio Bandera, an Italian businessman whose now-bankrupt contracting firm renovated the apartment, testified that Bertone personally oversaw the renovation and contacted him directly without taking bids, as would ordinarily be required.
On 14 October 2017, the three-judge tribunal acquitted Spina and convicted Profiti of a lesser offense of abuse of office. They took into account the defence argument that the money was intended as an investment to benefit the hospital rather than Bertone's apartment. Profiti was also given a one-year jail sentence, less than the three-year sentence the prosecution had sought.
External links
Bambino Gesù website
See also
List of children's hospitals
Healthcare in Italy
References
Properties of the Holy See
Hospitals in Rome
Hospitals established in 1869
Rome R. XIII Trastevere
1869 establishments in the Papal States
Children's hospitals in Italy
Health in Vatican City
Extraterritorial jurisdiction |
5381723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheroidal%20wave%20equation | Spheroidal wave equation | In mathematics, the spheroidal wave equation is given by
It is a generalization of the Mathieu differential equation.
If is a solution to this equation and we define , then is a prolate spheroidal wave function in the sense that it satisfies the equation
See also
Wave equation
References
Bibliography
M. Abramowitz and I. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical function (US Gov. Printing Office, Washington DC, 1964)
H. Bateman, Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics (Dover Publications, New York, 1944)
Ordinary differential equations |
4044384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OuterSpace | OuterSpace | OuterSpace is an underground hip hop duo from North Philadelphia. Originally a trio consisting of three Puerto Rican friends that then took the artist names Planetary, Jedeye and Crypt the Warchild. The founding member Mario Collazo (Planetary) was then attending 10th grade, while the other two, Richard Cruz (Jedeye) and Marcus Albaladejo (Crypt the Warchild), were in 8th grade.
Today the group consists only of two members, now known as Planetary and Crypt The Warchild, who are also part of the hip hop collective Army of the Pharaohs.
Recording history
Early career (1995-1999)
The group originally started with three high school friends; Marcus Albaladejo, Mario Collazo and Richard Cruz. The trio later went on to form the group OuterSpace. The group originally started to form in the early 1990s and eventually led to an alliance with fellow Philadelphians Jedi Mind Tricks and their label Superegular Recordings. In 1998, Superegular released their debut single "We Lyve". OuterSpace appeareded on several Jedi Mind Trick tracks and in 1999 the Illegaliens EP was released in on the Wordsound label. Soon thereafter, OuterSpace hooked up with DJ SAT ONE and began recording with Jazzy Jeff's production company A Touch of Jazz. This collaboration proved useful with the release of the SAT ONE produced Danger Zone 12" on Soulspazm Records.
OuterSpace and Blood and Ashes (2000-2004)
OuterSpace appeared on Jedi Mind Tricks' albums through the early 2000s and became a part of Paz's supergroup Army of the Pharaohs. In May 2004, OuterSpace released Jedi Mind Tricks Presents OuterSpace A collection of OuterSpace's 12" and previously unreleased tracks from the Superegular label era, loyalists were treated to unreleased music, while new fans were given the chance to experience the tracks that established OuterSpace's underground presence. After OuterSpace moved with Jedi Mind Tricks over to Babygrande Records, they went on to release their debut studio album Blood and Ashes, in July 2004. The Album features collaborations by Jedi Mind Tricks member Vinnie Paz, Immortal Technique, Sadat X from Brand Nubian and fellow A.O.T.P. members 7L & Esoteric, Celph Titled, Des Devious & King Syze.
Blood Brothers and work with Army of the Pharaohs (2005-2007)
In 2005, it was announced that Army of the Pharaohs were working on their debut studio album. OuterSpace members were due to be on the album. On March 21, 2006 The Torture Papers was released on Babygrande Records. Artists including Crypt the Warchilds brother; King Syze, Jedi Mind Tricks frontman; Vinnie Paz, JuJu Mob members; Chief Kamachi & Reef the Lost Cauze, The Demigodz members; Apathy and Celph Titled and other artists including 7L & Esoteric, Des Devious & Faez One were also on the album. An Army of the Pharaohs collaboration album was rumoured to be in the works for years, but was often delayed due to separate projects and internal problems, however a mixtape titled The Bonus Papers was released shortly after the release of the album because it was thought some songs didn't fit the artistic design of the album while others were known to have been extremely political and were possibly held back to reduce controversy. Another mixtape titled After Torture There's Pain was released early in 2007.
In 2006, OuterSpace released their second studio album Blood Brothers, it was released on September 5, 2006, by Babygrande Records. The album features guest appearances from Vinnie Paz of Jedi Mind Tricks, Sheek Louch and Royce da 5'9". The album's lead single is "Street Massacre" b/w "U Don't Like Me". OuterSpace were seen on Army of the Pharaohs second studio album Ritual of Battle, it was officially released on September 21, 2007, . The album also features group members Vinnie Paz, Jus Allah, Chief Kamachi, Reef the Lost Cauze, Esoteric, Celph Titled, King Syze, Des Devious, Doap Nixon, Demoz, and King Magnetic. Although he was prominently featured on the group's debut album The Torture Papers, Apathy does not appear on Ritual of Battle.
God's Fury and The Unholy Terror (2008-2010)
On September 30, 2008 OuterSpace released their third studio album titled; God's Fury. It was released via Babygrande Records. The album features collaborations by Jedi Mind Tricks member Vinnie Paz, Sick Jacken & Cynic of Psycho Realm, and fellow A.O.T.P. members Doap Nixon, Reef The Lost Cauze, Des Devious, King Syze, Celph Titled, and Chief Kamachi. OuterSpace were also seen collaborating with Doap Nixon on his debut LP Sour Diesel on the song Warning Shot alongside brother King Syze.
OuterSpace returned to work on the third studio album with Army of the Pharaohs titled The Unholy Terror. The official street release date was March 30, 2010, but the album was released early on March 19, 2010 on UGHH.com.
My Brothers Keeper, In Death Reborn and Lost in Space (2011-2015)
On August 23, 2011, OuterSpace released their fourth studio album titled My Brother's Keeper. It was released by Enemy Soil. The Album features collaborations by Jedi Mind Tricks member Vinnie Paz, Ill Bill, Doap Nixon, Apathy, Blacastan, Esoteric, Sick Jacken, King Syze and V-Zilla.
On November 30, 2013, Vinnie Paz revealed that two new Army Of The Pharaohs albums would be released in 2014. In Death Reborn is slated for a release on 22 April and the second LP is expected to drop in November. OuterSpace duo Crypt the Warchild and Planetary are both confirmed to be on the upcoming albums. New members including Blacastan of The Demigodz and Zilla from Houston, Texas are said to be joining the group.
In 2012, they announced they were working on their fifth studio album titled Lost in Space. The album was originally set to be released in August, 2012 but has been pushed back and it is said to be released somewhere in 2016. They released two promo singles of the album, one called Manolo produced by Stu Bangas and one called Never Enough produced by Snowgoons.
A new single called Murder Makes Art (MMA) produced by Scott Stallone, came out in 2015.
Untitled New album (2016-present)
Discography
Albums
Blood and Ashes (2004)
Blood Brothers (2006)
God's Fury (2008)
My Brother's Keeper (2011)
Lost in Space (2020)
Compilations
Outerspace (2004)
Mixtapes
A Tribute To Gang Starr (2009)
Army of the Pharaohs
The Torture Papers (2006)
Ritual of Battle (2007)
The Unholy Terror (2010)
In Death Reborn (2014)
Heavy Lies The Crown (2014)
References
External links
Official Outerspace website
Official Babygrande website
Hip hop groups from Philadelphia
Underground hip hop groups |
5381738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peveril%20of%20the%20Peak | Peveril of the Peak | Peveril of the Peak (1823) is the longest novel by Sir Walter Scott. Along with Ivanhoe, Kenilworth, and Woodstock this is one of the English novels in the Waverley novels series, with the main action taking place around 1678 in the Peak District, the Isle of Man, and London, and centring on the Popish Plot.
Plot introduction
Julian Peveril, a Cavalier, is in love with Alice Bridgenorth, a Roundhead's daughter, but both he and his father are accused of involvement with the "Popish Plot" of 1678.
Most of the story takes place in Derbyshire, London, and on the Isle of Man. The title refers to Peveril Castle in Castleton, Derbyshire.
Composition and sources
On 25 February 1822 Scott informed his Edinburgh publisher Archibald Constable that he was thinking of writing a novel about the Popish Plot. He seems to have begun composition of Peveril of the Peak immediately after completing The Fortunes of Nigel at the beginning of May and the first volume was complete by mid-July. Thereafter progress slowed, and the second volume was not finished until October: much of Scott's summer was taken up with arranging and superintending George IV's visit to Scotland, and he was deeply distressed at the death of his close friend William Erskine on 14 August. It had been intended that Peveril should be in the normal three volumes, but by mid-October Scott was proposing to extend it to a fourth volume, in the belief that the third volume was turning out better than the first two and that he would hope to sustain this improvement into a fourth. Composition was now up to speed again; indeed, it became frenetic. By 14 December the third volume was complete and the fourth well under way, and the novel was finished before Christmas.
Scott's knowledge of the Restoration period was very likely unequalled. He had amassed a unique collection of tracts and pamphlets relating to the Plot. He had edited both the Memoirs of Count Grammont (Anthony Hamilton) in 1811 and the collection known as Somers' Tracts, which had appeared in 13 volumes between 1809 and 1815. Several historical studies of the period published after 1700 were also in his library and proved invaluable quarries: Bishop Burnet's History of his Own Time by Gilbert Burnet (1724‒34); Examen by Roger North (1740); The History of England by David Hume (originally published in 1754‒62; and Memoirs, Illustrative of the Life and Writings of John Evelyn, edited by William Bray (1818). For the Isle of Man, which he never visited, Scott had memories of lost notes prepared by his brother Tom, as well as two works in his collection: A Description of the Isle of Man by George Waldron (1731) and An Account of the Isle of Man by William Sacherevell (1702). For Restoration London an invaluable source was A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster by John Stow, of which Scott owned the revised edition by John Strype published in 1720.
Editions
The first edition was published in Edinburgh on 7 January 1823, and appeared in London on the 22nd, after frustrating delays caused by stormy weather. As with all the Waverley novels before 1827 publication was anonymous. The print run was 10,000, and the price two guineas (£2 2s or £2.10). There is no reason to think that Scott was involved with the novel again until the late summer of 1830, when he revised the text and provided new notes and an introduction for the 'Magnum' edition, in which it appeared as Volumes 28, 29 and 30 in September, October, and November 1831.
The standard modern edition, by Alison Lumsden, was published in 2007 as Volume 14 of the Edinburgh Edition of the Waverley Novels: it is based on the first edition with emendations mainly from Scott's manuscript; the Magnum material is included in Volume 25b.
Plot summary
Sir Geoffrey Peveril and Major Bridgenorth had been boys together; and although they adopted different views in religion and politics, the major's influence had saved the Royalist's life after the battle of Bolton-le-Moors, and Lady Peveril had brought up his motherless girl, Alice, with her own son. After the Restoration, the Countess of Derby, who, through treachery, had suffered a long imprisonment by the Roundheads, sought protection at Martindale Castle, where Bridgenorth would have arrested her for having caused his brother-in-law, William Christian, to be shot as a traitor, had not the knight interfered by tearing up the warrant, and escorting her through Cheshire on her return to the Isle of Man. Alice was of course withdrawn from his wife's care, and it was supposed the major had emigrated to New England. Several years afterwards Sir Geoffrey's son Julian became the companion of the young earl, and, with the nurse Deborah's connivance, renewed his intimacy with his foster sister, who was under the care of her widowed aunt, Dame Christian. At one of the secret interviews between them, they were surprised by the entrance of her father, who related some of his religious experiences, and vaguely hinted that his consent to their marriage was not impossible. The next night, having undertaken to proceed to London, to clear the countess and her son from the suspicion of being concerned in Titus Oates's pretended Popish plot, Julian was conducted to a sloop by Fenella, his patron's deaf and dumb dwarf, and, as she was being taken ashore against her will while he was asleep, he dreamt that he heard Alice's voice calling for his help.
At Liverpool he met Topham with a warrant against Sir Geoffrey, and on his way to the Peak to warn him, he travelled with Edward Christian, passing as Ganlesse, a priest, who led him to an inn, where they supped with Chiffinch, a servant of Charles II. On reaching Martindale Castle, he found his father and mother in the custody of Roundheads, and he was taken by Bridgenorth as a prisoner to Moultrassie Hall, where Alice received them, and he recognised Ganlesse among a number of Puritan visitors. During the night the Hall was attacked by the dependents and miners of the Peveril estate, and, having regained his liberty, Julian started, with Lance as his servant, in search of his parents, who he ascertained were on their way to London in charge of Topham. At an inn where they halted, Julian overheard Chiffinch revealing to a courtier a plot against Alice, and that he had been robbed of the papers entrusted to him by the countess, which, however, he managed to recover the next morning.
Meanwhile, Christian, under whose care Bridgenorth had placed his daughter, communicated to the Duke of Buckingham a design he had formed of introducing her to Charles II, and, at an interview with her father, endeavoured to persuade him to abandon the idea of marrying her to young Peveril. Having reached London, Julian met Fenella, who led him into St. James's Park, where she attracted the notice of the king by dancing, and he sent them both to await his return at Chiffinch's apartments. Alice was already under the care of Mistress Chiffinch, and escaped from an interview with the duke to find herself in the presence of Charles and her lover, with whom, after he had placed the countess's papers in the king's hands, she was allowed to depart. Julian, however, lost her in a street fray, and having been committed to Newgate for wounding his assailant, he was placed in the same cell with the queen's dwarf, and conversed with an invisible speaker. After startling Christian with the news that his niece had disappeared, the duke bribed Colonel Blood to intercept his movements, so that he might not discover where she was, and was then himself astonished at finding Fenella instead of Alice, who had been captured by his servants in his house, and at her equally unexpected defiance of and escape from him.
A few days afterwards, Sir Geoffrey Peveril, his son and the dwarf were tried for aiding and abetting Oates's Plot; but after nearly three years and the execution of at least fifteen innocent men, opinion had begun to turn against Oates. The last high-profile victim of the climate of suspicion was Oliver Plunkett, Archbishop of Armagh, whose unjust slaughter is retold by Scott with no small dose of bitterness. Sir Geoffrey, his son and the dwarf are, at length, all acquitted. In order, however, to avoid the mob, they take refuge in a room, where they encounter Bridgenorth, who convinces Julian that they are in his power, and allows Christian to propose to the Duke of Buckingham that several hundred Fifth-Monarchy men, led by Colonel Blood, should seize the king, and proclaim his Grace Lord-Lieutenant of the kingdom. The same afternoon Charles has just granted an audience to the Countess of Derby, when the dwarf emerges from a violoncello case and reveals the conspiracy which Fenella had enabled him to overhear. It then transpires that Bridgenorth had released the Peverils, and that Christian had trained his daughter Fenella, whose real name was Zarah, to feign being deaf and dumb, in order that she might act as his spy; but that her secret love for Julian had frustrated the execution of his vengeance against the countess. He is allowed to leave the country, and the major, who on recovering Alice by Fenella's aid, had placed her under Lady Peveril's care, having offered to restore some of Sir Geoffrey's domains which had passed into his hands as her dowry, the king's recommendation secures the old knight's consent to the marriage which within a few weeks unites the Martindale-Moultrassie families and estates.
Characters
Principal characters in bold
Sir Geoffrey Peveril, of Martindale Castle
Lady Margaret, his wife
Julian Peveril, their son
Lance Outram, their gamekeeper
Whitaker, their steward
Mistress Ellesmere, their housekeeper
Major Bridgenorth, of Moultrassie Hall, a Puritan
Alice, his daughter
Deborah Debbitch, her nurse
Rev. Nehemiah Solsgrace, a Presbyterian minister
Dr Dummerar, an Anglican clergyman
Charlotte, Countess of Derby
Philip, Earl of Derby, her son
Edward Christian, alias Richard Ganlesse, a Dempster of Man
Fenella, alias Zarah, his daughter
Sir Jasper Cranborne, a Cavalier
Charles Topham, officer of the Black Rod
Captain Dangerfield, his associate
John Whitecraft, a Cheshire innkeeper
Mrs Whitecraft, his wife
Roger Raine, landlord of the Peveril Arms
Mrs Raine, his widow
Matthew Chamberlain, her counsellor
Chiffinch, alias Will Smith, servant to Charles II
Mistress Chiffinch, his wife
George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham
Jerningham, his secretary
King Charles II
Empson, a Court musician
Master Maulstatute a Justice of the Peace
Sir Geoffrey Hudson, the Queen's dwarf
James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond
Colonel Blood, an adventurer
Chapter summary
Prefatory Letter: Dr Dryasdust informs Captain Clutterbuck that he believes he has received a visit in York from the Author of Waverley, newly elected to the bibliophilic Roxburghe Club in London, who defended his novels against charges of perverting and usurping serious history.
Volume One
Ch. 1: In 1658 the Presbyterian Bridgenorth loses his wife in childbirth and in his depression hands the newly-born girl over to be brought up by Sir Geoffrey and Lady Peveril, the families having assisted each other during the changing fortunes of the Civil War.
Ch. 2: Bridgenorth accepts the Restoration in 1660, and, although his spirits have revived to a considerable extent, it is agreed that little Alice should continue to live at Martindale Castle, where she has endeared herself to young Julian Peveril. Bridgenorth agrees to encourage his friends to attend a feast of reconciliation organised by Lady Peveril.
Ch. 3: Lady Peveril and her steward Whitaker prepare for the feast.
Ch. 4: The feast takes place after separate routes of approach to the Castle, leading to separate rooms, have been agreed between the opposing factions and two contrasting sermons have been delivered.
Ch. 5: On the morning after the feast the Countess of Derby appears, having spent a night unannounced at the Castle. Bridgenorth is outraged that after her recovery of the Isle of Man from the disloyal William Christian she arranged his execution. He attempts to arrest her.
Ch. 6: Lady Peveril places Bridgenorth under temporary detention to enable the Countess to pursue her journey to Liverpool in safety. Sir Geoffrey returns and arranges for the Countess to be escorted on her way, the more urgently because it is discovered that Bridgenorth has escaped.
Ch. 7: The keeper Lance Outram tells Whitaker that, the same morning, he saw Bridgenorth meeting Alice's nurse Deborah. On the road, Sir Geoffrey repels Bridgenorth's attempt to execute a warrant for the Countess's arrest.
Ch. 8: Lady Peveril receives a letter from Bridgenorth announcing that he plans to leave Derbyshire and has withdrawn Alice and Deborah to accompany him. Sir Geoffrey is unable to resist the temptation to expel the Presbyterian minister Solsgrace in favour of the Anglican Dr Dummerar with offensive haste.
Ch. 9: Solsgrace rebukes Bridgenorth for associating with Sir Geoffrey. Bridgenorth rejects Sir Geoffrey's offer of a duel, delivered by Sir Jasper Cranbourne, as the honourable way of settling their differences.
Ch. 10: Five years pass. While taking a shortcut through the Moultrassie Hall grounds Lady Peveril is surprised to encounter Bridgenorth, who had left Derbyshire shortly after rejecting her husband's challenge. His language is apocalyptic, advocating renewed civil war, and he is intent on avenging the executed Christian. Julian is sent to share the education of the young Earl of Derby on the Isle of Man.
Ch. 11: On the island, Julian and the bored Derby chat, and Julian approaches Deborah at the Black Fort with the aim of seeing Alice.
Ch. 12: A retrospective chapter fills in the background to Julian's visit to the Fort: after a series of previous meetings with Alice there, he had returned to Derbyshire to ask his father's approval of their marriage, but his mother's indication of the hostility Sir Geoffrey's feels towards Bridgenorth dissuaded him, and when he told Alice of this she declined to see him again.
Volume Two
Ch. 1 (13): A fraught interview with Alice is unexpectedly interrupted by Bridgenorth, whose words to Julian give hints of encouragement.
Ch. 2 (14): After a pleasant conversation walking with Julian, Bridgenorth tells how, during his time in New England he had witnessed Richard Whalley inspiring villagers to repel an attack by Indians. He speaks calmly of the need for such a voice in the present state of England, and for sustained political commitment on Julian's part if he is to be acceptable as Alice's suitor.
Ch. 3 (15): Derby explains to Julian that the family have moved to Peel Castle from Rushin because of the new danger posed by Edward Christian and Bridgenorth consequent on the linking of the Countess with the Popish Plot. Julian receives a letter from Alice asking him to meet her at Goddard Cronnan's Stone.
Ch. 4 (16): Ignoring the mute protests of the Countess's train-bearer Fenella, Julian goes to the Stone.
Ch. 5 (17): Alice warns Julian against her father's attempt to involve him in his political intrigues. Their conference is again interrupted by Bridgenorth, who repeats to Julian that if he is to woo Alice he must fall in with his project.
Ch. 6 (18): Fenella (who Julian fears may be attracted to him) conducts him to the Countess, who tells him that she is under suspicion of involvement in the Popish Plot and accepts his offer to go to London to communicate with her supporters there.
Ch. 7 (19): Julian takes leave of the Countess and after a troubled night is conducted to his boat by Fenella. She insists on staying on board, but while he sleeps during the voyage to Liverpool she is removed.
Ch. 8 (20): The captain tells Julian about Fenella's origins as a rope-dancer's apprentice acquired by the Countess at Ostend. At Liverpool he buys a horse, but he surrenders it to the parliamentary officer Topham before proceeding with an inferior mount to the Cat and Fiddle inn near Altringham.
Ch. 9 (21): At the inn Julian and a fellow traveller, who identifies himself as Ganlesse, have a literary conversation. As they leave, the landlady warns Julian to beware of entrapments, and on the road he refuses to confide in Ganlesse, who appears surprisingly acquainted with his business.
Ch.10 (22): At the next inn Julian, along with Ganlesse and his companion Will Smith, enjoys an excellent meal prepared by the cook Chaubert.
Ch. 11 (23): In parting from Julian, Ganlesse warns him he would have done better to confide in him. Arriving at Martindale Castle, Julian finds Topham preparing to remove his parents to London and leaves under short-term parole with Bridgenorth.
Volume Three
Ch. 1 (24): At Moultrassie Hall, Julian finds Ganlesse among a group of worshipping Puritans. He rejects Bridgeworth's offer of freedom involving exile from England.
Ch. 2 (25): Alerted by Deborah, Lance Outram recruits local miners and attacks Moultrassie Hall. Julian mediates at Alice's request.
Ch. 3 (26): Bridgenorth tells Julian that Alice is to be entrusted to the care of Ganlesse. Julian agrees that Lance should accompany him to London.
Ch. 4 (27): In an inn Julian overhears an inebriated Will Smith, now revealed as Chiffinch, disclose to Lord Saville a plan to use Alice to supplant the Duchess of Portsmouth in the King's favour. He mentions that he had replaced the Countess's documents in Julian's packet with plain paper. Next morning Saville dispatches a messenger to London, and Julian and Lance overpower Chiffinch and Chaubert on the road, recovering the Countess's documents.
Ch. 5 (28): At his levee Buckingham discusses with Edward Christian (hitherto Ganlesse) the plot to displace the Duchess of Portsmouth. Left alone, he plans that Alice should submit to his attentions before becoming the King's mistress.
Ch. 6 (29): Christian persuades Bridgenorth not to seek out Alice, and they debate how to proceed against the Countess's faction. (The narrator sketches Christian's character and motives, and clarifies the plot of the novel.)
Ch. 7 (30): When he is about to deliver a letter from the Countess to the Jesuit Fenwicke at the Savoy, Julian is diverted by Fenella to St James's Park, where she dances before Charles. When Julian indicates that they are associated with the Countess, Charles instructs his musician Empson to conduct them to Mrs Chiffinch's apartments.
Ch. 8 (31): (The narrator fills in Alice's journey to London and installation at Chiffinch's.) Charles arrives at Chiffinch's, and Alice rushes in to escape Buckingham's advances, throwing herself on the King's protection. Julian secures Charles's promise to help his parents as far as possible, and gives him the Countess's packet before escorting Alice away.
Ch. 9 (32): Julian is involved in a fight defending Alice from the attentions of two fops, wounds one of them, and is committed to Newgate by Maulstatute, a Justice of the Peace. The other fop takes Alice off to Buckingham's York House.
Ch. 10 (33): On his arrival at Newgate a misunderstanding results in Julian's sharing a cell with Sir Geoffrey Hudson, the Queen's dwarf.
Ch. 11 (34): Hudson expatiates to Julian on a variety of topics, mostly autobiographical.
Ch. 12 (35): Julian hears a mysterious voice offering him help, but ceasing when he refuses to promise to forget Alice.
Volume Four
Ch. 1 (36): Julian finds an anonymous note indicating that if he wears a white ribbon he will be rescued on his river journey to the Tower, but he refuses to avail himself of this and is conveyed to his intended destination.
Ch. 2 (37): Buckingham tells his secretary Jerningham that he is now reconciled with the Duchess of Portsmouth and intends to give up Christian and the scheme for Alice's advancement, keeping her out of the King's sight.
Ch. 3 (38): Buckingham informs Christian that Alice and Julian have left for Derbyshire, and Christian decides to pursue them. Buckingham then directs Colonel Blood to prevent Christian returning to London.
Ch. 4 (39): Buckingham discovers that the woman detained at York House is not Alice, but an enchanting eastern maiden called Zarah. She escapes his advances by darting out of a window.
Ch. 5 (40): The Chiffinches discuss tactics for retaining the King's favour. During a pause at the Tower on a royal river outing, Buckingham insults an aged warder, leading to his death, and the Duke of Ormond pleads the Peverils' case with the King.
Ch. 6 (41): The Peverils and Hudson are tried for participation in the Popish Plot and acquitted.
Ch. 7 (42): On leaving the court the Peverils are involved in a skirmish with a Protestant mob and take refuge at a cutler's where Bridgenorth appears.
Ch. 8 (43): Julian rebuts his father's criticism of Bridgenorth, who takes him to eavesdrop on a conventicle of activists and deploys extremist rhetoric himself. Christian arrives to forward the conspiracy against the King.
Ch. 9 (44): Christian persuades Buckingham to join the conspiracy. Buckingham receives a summons to attend Court.
Ch. 10 (45): The Countess appears at Court, where Charles tries to restrain her demand for justice as imprudent.
Ch. 11 (46): Hudson emerges from a 'cello and gives news of the conspiracy. Charles prepares to receive Buckingham.
Ch. 12 (47): On his way to Court, Buckingham is warned by a singer but decides to face the storm. Bridgenorth rejects Christian's advice to flee, and Zarah (now identified as Fenella his [alleged] niece) his proposal that she become Buckingham's wife.
Ch. 13 (48): Charles interrogates Buckingham.
Ch. 14 (49): Charles pardons Buckingham and establishes by experiment that Zarah's apparent impairment is assumed. Christian declares her to be his own daughter, rather than his executed brother's, and is sentenced to exile. Bridgenorth also leaves England, resigning the lands of Peveril to Julian and Alice.
Reception
Peveril of the Peak divided critical opinion. Half the reviewers thought highly of it, noting especially the richness of the incidents and the variety of the characters. All of the characters had many admirers, with the exception of Sir Geoffrey Hudson who was almost universally judged an excrescence, even by critics otherwise favourably disposed to the work. Fenella fascinated several reviewers, but rather more thought that she was generally improbable, or at any rate that she became less convincing as the story progressed. Several of the other characters provoked diametrically opposed assessments: thus Bridgenorth was either masterly or hopelessly inconsistent, the lovers were either unusually spirited or vapid, and Buckingham and Christian also divided opinion. The novel was praised for its picture of the age, though some found the period unrewarding or distasteful. The plot was either unusually skilful or typically confused. Those reviewers who were generally hostile objected to the money-making four-volume format, with the repetition and inflation of material from earlier novels in the series. The scene with Ganlesse and Smith in the inn was almost universally praised. Several of the reviewers doubted if their critical labours served much purpose, since readers had by now made their minds up as to the merits of this author, and the novels were read by everyone soon after publication.
Allusions and references
The character of Fenella, a deaf and dumb fairy-like attendant of the Countess of Derby, was suggested by Goethe's Mignon in Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship. The hiding of the Countess of Derby in the novel was based on the story of Mrs. Macfarlane which took place around 1716.
"Peak-haunting Peveril" is one of many topical references in "The Heavy Dragoon Song" from Gilbert and Sullivan's Patience (opera).
The "Peveril of the Peak", named after Walter Scott's Novel is also a famous pub in central Manchester.
References
External links
Page on Peveril of the Peak at the Walter Scott Digital Archive
1823 British novels
Novels by Walter Scott
Historical novels
Fiction set in 1678
Novels set in Derbyshire
Novels set in the Isle of Man
Waverley Novels |
4044394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Queen | The Queen | The Queen most commonly refers to:
Elizabeth II (1926–2022), former Queen of United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms between 1952 and 2022
The Queen may also refer to:
Camilla, Queen Consort, the incumbent Queen, wife of Charles III, King of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms since 2022
any past queen, or any present one from any non English-speaking monarchy as a translation of her title, as well as to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
The Queen: The Ladies Newspaper and Court Chronicle, launched in London in 1864
The Queen (1968 film), a 1968 film documentary about Flawless Sabrina and the early NYC underground drag community
The Queen (2006 film), a 2006 British drama film starring Helen Mirren about Queen Elizabeth II
The Queen (2012 film), a 2012 Iranian film
The Queen (play), a 1653 play published anonymously
Evil Queen (Snow White), the antagonist in Snow White and the Seven Dwarves
The Queen (Dalida album), 2004 album by Dalida
The Queen (Velvet album), 2009 album by Velvet
The Queen Album, 1988 album by Elaine Paige
"The Queen" (Velvet song), 2009
The Queen (British TV serial), a 2009 Channel 4 drama-documentary about Queen Elizabeth II
The Queen (Singaporean TV series), a 2016 Singaporean Channel 8 drama
The Queen (South African TV series), a South African TV series, since 2016
The Queen TV-Game 2, a Nintendo 3DS video game developed by Butterfly
Other
The Queen, one of the GWR 3031 Class locomotives
TSS The Queen, a South Eastern and Chatham Railway steamship
Charlotte Flair, an American professional wrestler referred to as "The Queen"
Yuna Kim, figure skater sometimes known as "The Queen"
See also
Queen (disambiguation)
Rani (disambiguation) |
4044410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C5%BEine | Plužine | Plužine (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Плужине, ) is a town in northwestern Montenegro. In 2011 it has a population of 1,341.
Location
Town is located near the Piva lake (Pivsko) in the northwestern mountainous region of Montenegro, close to the Durmitor National Park area. Plužine is the administrative centre of Plužine Municipality and also unofficial centre of Piva region, named after the Piva River and historical tribe of Piva (Pivljani).
Population
Plužine is administrative centre of Plužine municipality, which in 2011 had a population of 3,235. The town of Plužine itself has 1,341 citizens.
Historical population
Population of Town of Plužine:
1981 - 730
1991 - 1,453
2003 - 1,494
2011 - 1,341
Ethnic composition
Ethnic groups (1991 census):
Montenegrins (91.61%)
Serbs (6.63%)
Ethnic groups (2003 census):
Serbs (63.92%)
Montenegrins (29.79%)
Ethnic groups (2011 census):
Serbs (65.65%)
Montenegrins (27.79)
Transport
The town is close to the border crossing with Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herzegovina region) for the town of Gacko and Foča.
Plužine is located on a road connecting central Montenegrin cities Podgorica and Nikšić with central Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Plužine Municipality |
4044424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom | History of the Jews in the United Kingdom | For the history of the Jews in the United Kingdom, including the time before the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, see:
History of the Jews in England
History of the Jews in Scotland
History of the Jews in Northern Ireland
History of the Jews in Wales
See also
Many of the following articles relate to Jewish history in the British Empire:
Baghdadi Jews
British Jews
British Mandate of Palestine
History of the Jews in Australia
History of the Jews in Canada
History of the Jews in Colonial America
History of the Jews in Gibraltar
History of the Jews in Ireland
History of the Jews in New Zealand
History of the Jews in South Africa
History
Religion in the British Empire
History of the United Kingdom by topic
United Kingdom |
5381757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fair%20Maid%20of%20Perth | The Fair Maid of Perth | The Fair Maid of Perth (or St. Valentine's Day) is an 1828 novel by Sir Walter Scott, one of the Waverley novels. Inspired by the strange, but historically true, story of the Battle of the North Inch, it is set in Perth (known at the time as Saint John's Toun, i.e. John's Town) and other parts of Scotland around 1400.
Composition and sources
By the time he finished the first series of Chronicles of the Canongate on 16 September 1827 Scott had been discussing his next work of fiction for several weeks. He was originally minded to embark on a successor to Quentin Durward, which was eventually to become Anne of Geierstein (1829), but in the event he settled on a second series of the Chronicles. Like the first, this was envisaged as a collection of short stories, and it seems likely that by mid-November Scott had written a long Croftangry introduction to match the opening chapters of the first series. On 3 December he completed 'My Aunt Margaret's Mirror', and on the 5th he had decided that the next story would concern Harry Wynd; but before the middle of the month, in response to doubts by James Ballantyne and Robert Cadell about the commercial viability of another publication consisting of a long introduction and a set of short stories, he decided to abbreviate the introduction to a single chapter and allow the Wynd tale, now with the title Saint Valentine's Eve, to fill the rest of the three volumes. There was a break in composition over Christmas, but composition resumed in January and the first volume was completed on 5 February 1828, the second on 2 March and the third on the 29th of that month.
Scott's sources for The Fair Maid of Perth are largely cited in the text of the novel or in the 'Magnum' notes. From the 14th and 15th centuries he drew on the two narrative poems, The Brus by John Barbour, and The Wallace by Blind Hary. From the same period he found helpful material in: Chronica gentis scotorum by John of Fordun, and its continuation Scotichronicon by Walter Bower; Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland by Andrew of Wyntoun; and Scotorum historiae by Hector Boece, translated by John Bellenden. From the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries he used The History of the Houses of Douglas and Angus by David Hume of Godscroft (1644; reissued 1648), and (for many details about Perth) The Muses Threnodie by Henry Adamson edited with extensive notes by James Cant (1774), as well as The History of Scotland from the Accession of the House of Stuart to that of Mary by John Pinkerton (1797). This last was a particularly important source for the historical characters and the main events.
Editions
St Valentine's Day; or, The Fair Maid of Perth was published on 15 May 1828, by Cadell and Co. in Edinburgh and Simpkin and Marshall in London, the latter receiving 6000 copies in all. The price was one and a half guineas (£1 11s 6d or £1.57½). In the summer of 1831 Scott revisited the work for the 'Magnum' edition, making some textual changes and providing a few brief notes, but he was in poor health and many more changes and notes were introduced by J. G. Lockhart (with or without authorial input). Lockhart also provided the novel with an antiquarian and source-documenting introduction to replace Scott's original discussion of work's genesis. The work appeared posthumously in November and December 1832 as Volumes 42 and 43.
The standard modern edition of The Fair Maid of Perth, by A. D. Hook and Donald Mackenzie, was published as Volume 21 of the Edinburgh Edition of the Waverley Novels in 1999: this is based on the first edition with emendations mainly from the manuscript; the 'Magnum' material appears in Volume 25b (2012).
Plot introduction
The fair maid of the title is Catharine Glover, daughter of a glovemaker in Perth, who kisses Henry Gow/Smith, the armourer, while he is sleeping, on Valentine's Day. But Catharine has caught the eye of the Duke of Rothesay, and when Gow interrupts an attempted abduction, the armourer is drawn simultaneously into royal intrigue and highland feud.
Plot summary
The armourer, Henry Gow, had excited the jealousy of the apprentice Conachar by spending the evening with the glover and his daughter and was returning to their house at dawn, that he might be the first person she saw on St Valentine's morning, when he encountered a party of courtiers in the act of placing a ladder against her window. Having cut off the hand of one, and seized another, who, however, managed to escape, he left the neighbours to pursue the rest, and was saluted by Catharine as her lover. The citizens waited on the provost, who, having heard their grievance, issued a challenge of defiance to the offenders.
Meanwhile, the King who occupied apartments in the convent, having confessed to the prior, was consulting with his brother, when the Earl of March arrived to intimate his withdrawal to the English Border, followed into the courtyard by Louise, and afterwards by the Duke of Rothesay, whose dalliance with the maiden was interrupted by the Earl of Douglas ordering his followers to seize and scourge her. Henry Gow, however, was at hand, and the prince, having committed her to his protection, attended his father's council, at which it was determined that the hostile Clans Chattan and Quhele ("Kay") should be invited to settle their feud by a combat between an equal number of their bravest men in the royal presence, and a commission was issued for the suppression of heresy. The old monarch, having learnt that his son was one of those who had attempted to force their way into the glover's house, insisted that he should dismiss his Master of the Horse, who encouraged all his follies; and while Catharine, who had listened to the Lollard teaching of Father Clement, was being urged by him to favour the secret suit of the Prince, her other lover, Conachar, who had rejoined his clan, appeared to carry off her councillor from arrest as an apostate reformer.
The armourer had maimed the Prince's Master of the Horse, Sir John Ramorny, whose desire for revenge was encouraged by the apothecary, Dwining. An assassin named Bonthron undertook to waylay and murder Henry Gow. On Shrovetide evening old Simon was visited by a party of morrice-dancers, headed by Proudfute, who lingered behind to confirm a rumour that Henry Gow had been seen escorting a merry maiden to his house, and then proceeded thither to apologise for having divulged the secret. On his way home in the armourer's coat and cap, as a protection against other revellers, he received a blow from behind and fell dead on the spot. About the same time Sir John was roused from the effects of a narcotic by the arrival of the Prince, who made light of his sufferings, and whom he horrified by suggesting that he should cause the death of his uncle, and seize his father's throne.
The fate of Proudfute, whose body was at first mistaken for that of the armourer, excited general commotion in the city; while Catharine, on hearing the news, rushed to her lover's house and was folded in his arms. Her father then accompanied him to the town council, where he was chosen as the widow's champion, and the Provost repaired to the King's presence to demand a full inquiry. At a council held the following day, trial by ordeal of bier-right, or by combat, was ordered; and suspicion having fallen on Ramorny's household, each of his servants was required to pass before the corpse, in the belief that the wounds would bleed afresh as the culprit approached. Bonthron, however, chose the alternative of combat, and, having been struck down by Gow, was led away to be hanged. But Dwining had arranged that he should merely be suspended so that he could breathe and during the night he and Sir John's page Eviot cut him down and carried him off.
Catharine had learnt that she and her father were both suspected by the commission; and the Provost having offered to place her under the care of The Douglas's daughter, the deserted wife of the Prince, the old glover sought the protection of his former apprentice, who was now the chieftain of his clan. Having returned from his father's funeral, Conachar pleaded for the hand of Catharine, without which he felt he should disgrace himself in the approaching combat with the Clan Chattan. Simon, however, reminded him that she was betrothed to the armourer, and his foster father promised to screen him in the conflict. At the instigation of his uncle, the Prince had been committed to the custody of the Earl of Errol; but, with the Duke's connivance, he was enticed by Ramorny and the apothecary to escape to the castle of Falkland, and, with the help of Bonthron, was starved to death there. Catharine and Louise, however, discovered his fate, and communicated with The Douglas, who overpowered the garrison, and hanged the murderers.
The meeting of the hostile champions had been arranged with great pomp, with barriers erected on three sides of the Inch, in an attempt to keep spectators off the battlefield, and the Tay forming the natural fourth side to the north. The Gilded Arbour summerhouse of the Dominican Friary, which afforded those inside an excellent view of the Inch, was adapted into a grandstand for the King and his entourage. Henry Gow, having consented to supply Eachin (Conachar) with a suit of armour, volunteered to take the place of one of the Clan Chattan who failed to appear. A terrible conflict ensued, during which Torquil and his eight sons all fell defending their chief, who at last fled from the battle-ground unwounded and dishonoured. On hearing of Rothesay's death, Robert III resigned his sceptre to his wily and ambitious brother, and later died broken-hearted when his younger son James was captured by the English king. Albany transferred the regency to his son; but, nineteen years afterwards, the rightful heir returned, and the usurper expiated his own and his father's guilt on the scaffold. The warrants against Simon and his daughter, and Father Clement, were cancelled by the intervention of the Earl of Douglas, and the Church was conciliated with Dwining's ill-gotten wealth. Conachar either became a hermit, or, legend has it, was spirited away by the fairies. Scotland boasts of many distinguished descendants from Henry Gow and his spouse the Fair Maid of Perth.
Characters
Principal characters in bold
Simon Glover, a glove-maker
Catherine Glover, his daughter ('Catharine' is the original compositors' spelling; Scott's consistent manuscript 'Catherine' is restored by the Edinburgh Edition of the Waverley Novels)
Conachar, his apprentice, afterwards Eachin M'Ian, Chief of the Clan Quhele
Niel Booshalloch, his herdsman
Henry Gow, or Smith, an armourer and burgess
Luckie Shoolbred, his housekeeper
Father Francis, a Dominican friar
Father Clement, a Carthusian monk
Oliver Proudfute, a bonnet-maker
Bailie Craigdallie
Henbane Dwining, an apothecary
Sir Patrick Charteris, of Kinfauns, Provost of Perth
Kit Henshaw, his servant
Prior Anselm, of St Dominic's Convent
King Robert III of Scotland
[[David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay|David, Duke of Rothsay]], his son
The Duke of Albany, the king's brother
The Earl of March
Louise, a minstrel from Provence
Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas
The Devil's Dick, one of his followers
Sir John Ramorny, the duke's master of the horse
Eviot, his page
Anthony Bonthron, an assassin
Sir Louis Lunden, town-clerk of Perth
Lindsay, Earl of Crawford
The Earl of Errol, Lord High Constable
Torquil of the Oak, Eachin's foster-father
Norman nan Ord, one of his sons
MacGillie Chattanach, Chief of the Clan Chattan
Chapter summary
Chrystal Croftangry's Narrative: In discussion with Mrs Baliol, Chrystal Croftangry maintains his preference for setting his stories in less familiar historical periods to allow scope for the imagination.
Ch. 1: The narrator provides a sketch of the history and setting of Perth.
Ch. 2: After a warning from her father, Catherine Glover rebuffs the advances of a nobleman as they walk to church on St Valentine's Eve. On their way home they are joined by Henry Gow, returned from a trip selling armour, who is attacked by Conachar after making denigrating remarks about Highlanders. Catherine expresses her disapproval of the cult of arms.
Ch. 3: Glover and Gow discuss the promotion of the latter's wooing of Catherine.
Ch. 4: Gow foils an attempt to abduct Catherine, cutting off the hand of one of the assailants. The citizens decline Oliver Proudfute's suggestion that the matter be referred to the King.
Ch. 5: The next morning, Catherine thanks Gow for his action by making him her Valentine and Glover encourages him.
Ch. 6: Conachar announces that he has been summoned home to the Highlands. Gow says he will follow Catherine's pacific advice, but she indicates that there is an insuperable objection to their union.
Ch. 7: The citizens resolve to consult the Provost, Sir Patrick Charteris, about the affray. The narrator sketches Sir Patrick's character and background.
Ch. 8: On the way to the Provost at Kinfauns, Proudfute is worsted and plundered by the Devil's Dick. Proudfute presents the severed hand to Charteris, who promises to take action.
Ch. 9: King Robert (introduced by the narrator) discusses the state of affairs with Prior Anselm.
Ch. 10: Robert discusses Rothsay's positive qualities with a sceptical Albany. The Earl of March arrives, threatening to withdraw his allegiance and his presence. Rothsay is seen flirting with the minstrel Louise in the courtyard. Alone with Robert, March maintains that Rothsay's marriage to Marjory of Douglas, in preference a pre-existing contract with his own daughter, is invalid.
Ch. 11: In the courtyard, Rothsay offends both Douglas and March before entrusting Louise to Gow's care.
Ch. 12: Gow and the mantled Louise encounter Proudfute in the street. When they reach his house he entrusts her to his housekeeper Luckie Shoolbred.
Volume Two
Ch. 1 (13): March warns in Council of the danger posed by Douglas before leaving for his castle at Dunbar. Rothsay suggests a combat to settle the feud between the Chattan and Quhele clans. Anselm's request for a commission to investigate the threat of heresy is approved. Rothsay agrees to dismiss his Master of the Horse, Ramorny, for his part in the Gow disturbance.
Ch. 2 (14): In discussion with Father Clement, who is accused of heresy, Catherine says that Conachar will guide him to a Highland retreat. She dismisses his suggestion that she might marry Rothsay if his marriage were to be annulled. Conachar arrives and takes Clement off.
Ch. 3 (15): The physician Dwining persuades the mutilated Ramorny to pursue vengeance against Gow, whom he also hates, and the assassin Bonthron is accordingly dispatched. Dwining administers a sedative, and Ramorny's page prepares him for sleep.
Ch. 4 (16): At the end of the Shrove carnival, Proudfute confirms to Glover that he saw Gow in company with Louise. Tormented by revellers, Proudfute takes refuge with Gow, and on the way home (disguised as the smith) he is killed.
Ch. 5 (17): Intruding on Ramorny, Rothsay rejects his suggestion that he should have Albany killed.
Ch. 6 (18): There is an outcry when Proudfute's murder is discovered: at first it is assumed that Gow is the victim.
Ch. 7 (19): Receiving news of Gow's apparent death, Catherine finds him alive at his house. Glover arrives at Gow's, and on their way to the Council they debate how to respond to the call for the smith to be Magdalen Proudfute's champion.
Ch. 8 (20): The Council agree that the ordeal of bier-right be employed to discover Proudfute's murderer. Magdalen chooses Gow as her champion.
Ch. 9 (21): Robert and Albany discuss how to minimise the impact of Proudfute's murder. Rothsay persuades Robert to forgo his right to stop the clan combat. Robert makes arrangements for the bier-right.
Ch. 10 (22): Dwining tells Ramorny of his ingenious mechanism to preserve Bonthorn's life if he should be hanged in the event of his defeat in combat by Gow. The physician gloats over his gold and his cleverness, and saves the life of Magdalen's sick baby.
Ch. 11 (23): Exposed by the bier-right, and defeated by Gow, Bonthron accuses Rothsay who is forced to retire from Court into the keeping of the Earl of Errol. Gow is feted at a celebratory dinner. Bonthron is apparently executed, but next morning his body has disappeared.
Volume Three
Ch. 1 (24): [retrospective] Dwining and his associates release Bonthorn from the gibbet at midnight.
Ch. 2 (25): Glover demands that Catherine marry Gow. Next morning, she tells him that they (the Glovers) are accused of heresy and will be spared only if she takes the veil. Charteris arrives and offers them his protection.
Ch. 3 (26): Glover tells Charteris Conachar's story, and they agree that Catherine should go to the Duchess of Rothsay at Falkland and her father to Clan Quhele in the Highlands.
Ch. 4 (27): The herdsman Niel Booshalloch clears the way for Glover's reception by Eachin (Conachar). Glover observes the funeral of Eachin's father. He indicates to Father Clement that he is mistrustful of the monk's doctrinal innovations.
Ch. 5 (28): Eachin's inaugural feast is celebrated.
Ch. 6 (29): Eachin confesses his secret cowardice to Glover, and after making it clear that his daughter is not available the citizen takes up residence with Booshalloch. About a fortnight later, he overhears Eachin and his foster-father Torquil discussing a plan to withdraw the young chieftain from the forthcoming combat.
Ch. 7 (30): Ramorny and Dwining persuade Rothsay to escape by boat from Errol's house, and they proceed via Newburgh to Falkland, picking up Louise on the way.
Ch. 8 (31): [the narrative retrogrades] Rothsay, Ramorny, and Dwining make preparations for Catherine's arrival at Falkland. Resisting Rothsay's advances she impresses him with her strength of character. Probably drugged by Dwining, the prince is pronounced infectious.
Ch. 9 (32): After a few days, Louise discovers that Rothsay is imprisoned and deprived of food. Catherine manages to convey some morsels to him, and Louise leaves to seek help, but by the time Douglas arrives Rothsay is dead. Dwining kills himself, and Bonthorne and Ramorny are executed.
Ch. 10 (33): Charteris informs Gow that Eachin is seeking Catherine's hand. Norman nan Ord, one of Torquil's sons, arrives to request a suit of armour for Eachin. After defeating Norman at throwing the hammer Gow agrees, providing that Eachin and he meet in single fight after the clan combat. Douglas and Albany have an uneasy conversation.
Ch. 11 (34): The combat takes place, and at the end Eachin flees the field as the sole survivor of Clan Quhele.
Ch. 12 (35): Albany defends himself against Robert's accusation that he was responsible for murdering Rothsay.
Ch. 13 (36): Under the Duchess of Rothsay's protection at Campsie, Catherine encounters the fugitive Eachin who throws himself into the Tay. Within four months she and Gow are married.
Reception
Almost all the reviewers rated The Fair Maid of Perth extremely highly. There was general praise for the varied cast of contrasting characters, all contributing to a coherent and gripping plot. Dwining was found particularly powerful, and several reviewers thought Catherine more interesting than many of Scott's heroines. The original and sensitive handling of Conachar's cowardice was sometimes singled out for praise, and the final combat between the clans was judged outstanding.
Departures from historical fact
Walter Scott does not specify the year of the events depicted: a deliberate vagueness. The novel begins on 13 February, a day before Valentine's Day, and events continue to Palm Sunday. In the novel, the Battle of the North Inch and the death of David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, take place within those few months. Implied to be followed in short order are first the capture of James, younger son of the king, and then the death of Robert III.
Actually, the events depicted took place in different years. The battle took place in September 1396. The murder of Rothesay occurred in March 1402. James was captured by the English in March 1406. Robert III died in April 1406. Scott manipulates the historic record for dramatic effect, concentrating events of a full decade in the span of six weeks.
The Earl of Douglas depicted in the novel is Archibald the Grim, who actually died in 1400 and was not involved in the death of Rothesay. Scott assigns to him the role played by Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, his son and heir.
Adaptations
La jolie fille de Perth is an opera in four acts by Georges Bizet (1838–1875), from a libretto by Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges and Jules Adenis, after the novel by Sir Walter Scott. It was first performed in 1867.
Two silent films were made, the first a feature film The Fair Maid of Perth made in 1923 adaption by Eliot Stannard, and the second a short film directed by Miles Mander in the Phonofilm process in 1926, and starring Louise Maurel.
Other Literary Inspirations
Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem The Fair Maid of Perth is a poetical illustration based on an engraving of the painting of that name by A. Chisholm in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap book, 1839.
References
External links
Page on The Fair Maid of Perth at the Walter Scott Digital Archive
1828 British novels
Novels by Walter Scott
Historical novels
Novels set in Scotland
British novels adapted into films
Female characters in literature
Literary characters introduced in 1828
Waverley Novels |
5381759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwate-Ichinohe%20Tunnel | Iwate-Ichinohe Tunnel | The is a 25.81 km terrestrial railway tunnel in Japan — part of the Tōhoku Shinkansen, linking Tokyo with Aomori. When opened in 2002 it was the longest in-use terrestrial (land based) tunnel in world, but the title was overtaken by the Lötschberg Base Tunnel in June 2007.
The tunnel is located 545 km away from Tokyo Station on the Tōhoku Shinkansen line, midway between Morioka and Hachinohe. Surveying commenced in 1988. In 1991 construction began, and the tunnel holed through in 2000. The tunnel became operational when the railway line opened in 2002. Maximum depth is about 200 m.
Geography and geology
The tunnel passes through hilly terrain near the Kitakami and Ōu Mountains. The Mabuchi and Kitakami rivers run near the tunnel's Tokyo portal.
Geology along the tunnel route can be divided into three sections:
17 km from the Tokyo end: Mesozoic and Paleozoic strata (argillite, granodiorite, hornfels and chert)
5 km central section: Neogene volcanic tuff, which was susceptible to swelling and caused engineering difficulties.
4 km from the Aomori end: a combination of the previous two sections, as well as mudstone and andesite of the Neogene period.
Faults cross the path of the tunnel.
Engineering
The tunnel is a single bore twin track design. A horseshoe shape, the cross-sectional dimensions are: 9.8 (width) x 7.7 m (height) (an excavated area of approximately 70 to 85 m²). It rises at a gradient of 0.5% from the Tokyo portal for approximately 22 km, then drops at a gradient of 1% down to the Aomori portal. The New Austrian Tunnelling method (NATM) was adopted to cope with the geology. NATM techniques deployed included rock bolts, shotcrete and steel supports. Excavation methods were dependent on the geology, drill and blast or mechanical excavation and full face or bench cut methods were used. To speed up and reduce the costs of construction the tunnel was divided into seven sections, with intermediate access ramps or inclined shafts.
References
Railway tunnels in Japan
Tōhoku Shinkansen
Tunnels completed in 2002
2002 establishments in Japan |
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