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5380185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%201989%20Greek%20legislative%20election | June 1989 Greek legislative election | Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 18 June 1989. The liberal-conservative New Democracy party of Konstantinos Mitsotakis defeated the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) of Andreas Papandreou. However, New Democracy could not form a government, since its 5% lead in the popular vote was not enough to reach a majority because of the proportional representation system voted into electoral law by the previous PASOK government.
Results
References
Greece
1989 06
Legislative
1989
Greece |
5380186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham%20Branch | Ham Branch | The Ham Branch of the Gale River is a river in northwestern New Hampshire in the United States. Via the Gale River, it is a tributary of the Ammonoosuc River and part of the Connecticut River watershed.
The Ham Branch rises in the town of Easton and flows north through a valley at the western base of the Kinsman Range of the White Mountains. The river collects such tributaries as Reel Brook, Slide Brook, and Coppermine Brook before joining the Gale River in the village of Franconia. New Hampshire Route 116 follows the Ham Branch for nearly its entire course.
See also
List of New Hampshire rivers
References
Rivers of New Hampshire
Tributaries of the Connecticut River
Rivers of Grafton County, New Hampshire |
5380195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred%20Gordon%20%28politician%29 | Mildred Gordon (politician) | Mildred Gordon (née Fellerman; 24 August 1923 – 8 April 2016) was a British Labour politician.
Biography
Earlier life
Mildred Gordon was born the daughter of Judah and Dora Fellerman in Stepney in 1923. Judah was of Dutch Jewish descent, Dora from a Bessarabian Jewish family. Her father and grandfather were stallholders in Watney Market; her father also served as a member of Stepney Borough Council. She attended Betts Street and Christian Street Schools, before attending Raines School and secretarial college. She worked in a solicitor's office, from which she was unable to get release for army service in the Second World War, so she volunteered to be an air raid warden instead. She became a teacher in 1945, and her first post was at Nicholas Gibson School in The Highway, Stepney.
The then Mildred Fellerman married Sam Gordon in 1948, in Reno, Nevada with C. L. R. James as one of the witnesses. The couple lived in New York until 1952. Her husband was at that time the secretary of the Trotskyist Fourth International, and worked as a printer, while Mildred Gordon herself continued in her occupation as a teacher. She and her husband were prevented from returning to the US in 1952, as his passport had been taken, after visiting her family in the UK. Sam Gordon died in 1982; they had one son, David. Mildred's second husband from 1985, until he died in 1996, was Nils Kaare Dahl, who had once been asked to prepare to be Leon Trotsky's bodyguard during his exile in Norway from 1935, and stayed with him for two periods.
Before being elected to Parliament, Gordon was variously a school governor, governor of Hackney College, and a visiting typewriting teacher, retraining women in Holloway prison. She was also the adviser on older women to the Women's Committee of the Greater London Council (GLC) during Ken Livingstone's tenure as GLC Leader. A long-time Labour Party activist, Gordon had been a Labour candidate for Hendon Borough Council, for the GLC, and for the European Parliament in the first direct elections in 1979. She joined the executive of the London Labour Party in 1983.
Parliamentary career
After leaving teaching in 1985, Gordon was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Bow and Poplar at the 1987 general election with a majority of 4,631 votes. In her maiden speech in the Commons, Gordon said: "The mark of a civilised society is that it is one in which people can expect to be decently housed and clothed, to have enough to eat and to have access to healthcare and to education for their children".
Tony Benn, in his diary, summarised Gordon's contribution at a meeting of the Campaign Group in February 1989, shortly after the Iranian fatwa against Salman Rushdie for The Satanic Verses was announced. In Gordon's opinion, he wrote, "all fundamentalists and all established churches were enemies of the workers and the people. All religions were reactionary forces keeping the people down and denying the aspirations of working people. She opposed all blasphemy laws".
Gordon's constituency disappeared at the 1997 general election; she was not selected for either of the successor seats, being succeeded by Jim Fitzpatrick in Poplar and Canning Town, while Oona King was elected for Bethnal Green and Bow.
Later life
Gordon was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Tower Hamlets in 1999. In 2006, she opened a new block of flats called Thirza House in Shadwell for older people; this was built by Tower Hamlets Community Housing (THCH), a local housing association based in the south-west corner of her former constituency.
She died in April 2016, at the age of 92.
References
Lubitz Trotskyana Net: Sam Gordon
External links
1923 births
2016 deaths
British Jews
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People educated at Raine's Foundation School
People from Stepney
School governors
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
20th-century British women politicians
Jewish British politicians
Jewish women politicians
20th-century English women
20th-century English people |
5380201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell%20Power | Darrell Power | Darrell Power (born 1968) is a Canadian musician, singer, songwriter, music producer, and former member of Canadian folk rock band Great Big Sea (1993–2003). He is a guest host of VOCM Nightline and Open Line. Power currently works as a substitute teacher. He lives in downtown St. John's, Newfoundland.
Education
Power grew up in Outer Cove and attended Gonzaga High School. He later attended Memorial University of Newfoundland, where he met the other members of Great Big Sea. All the members of the group were pursuing English degrees at the time.
A devoted lifelong learner, Power was named Memorial University's 1999 Alumni of the Year, along with his bandmates.
Musical career
Great Big Sea
Great Big Sea played its first official gig on March 11, 1993, opening for the Irish Descendants at Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John's, Newfoundland. The founding band members included Doyle (vocals, guitar, bouzouki, mandolin), Séan McCann (vocals, bodhrán, guitar, tin whistle), Power (vocals, bass, guitar, bones), and Bob Hallett (vocals, fiddle, accordion, mandolin, concertina, bouzouki, whistles, bagpipes). The formation and growth of the band has been written about extensively by Doyle in his memoirs Where I Belong and A Newfoundlander in Canada.
After the release of their initial self-titled album Great Big Sea, the band was signed by Warner Music Canada to record their second album Up, which went 4× Platinum. Their next effort, Play, went 3× Platinum. Turn and Sea of No Cares also went Platinum on the Warner label. Sea of No Cares achieved number one status on Canadian charts. The Great Big DVD and CD, recorded live in Ottawa, went 3× Platinum. Subsequent efforts went Gold, as did the twentieth-anniversary greatest hits collection XX and the live concert CD Road Rage. The band toured nearly constantly for the band's first several years, sometimes traveling as many as 300 days a year, including tours in the United States and Europe.
Power retired from Great Big Sea in 2003 to spend more time with his family. He has since made guest appearances with the 7 Deadly Sons at the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival and with Great Big Sea at Torbay 250.
Producer
Power wrote and produced the theme songs for the successful provincial political campaigns of Premiers Williams, Dunderdale, and Ball. He also produced the album Tarahan's Town for the Newfoundland folk group Tarahan.
Festival of Friends
In August 2010 he appeared at the Festival of Friends Song Writer Circle in Outer Cove where he performed his own original songs. The video of the performances achieved a following on YouTube.
Solo Performing
In January 2018, Power launched a series of solo performances at the small Black Sheep pub in downtown St. John's. The performances were largely original music that had been written by Power. He described it as a combination of Canadiana, Americana, and Great Big Sea music.
Film
Power produced and directed the film Where There is Love.
He was the subject of the 2022 documentary The Power of Music - Darrell's Story produced by his son Ben Power. The documentary focuses on his life during and after Great Big Sea, and his plans for the future.
Politics
On September 4, 2017, Power announced he was running for Councillor at Large in the City of St. John's. He ran on a platform of reduced taxes, improved efficiencies at city hall, and development of cultural industries. He received endorsements from former bandmates Alan Doyle, Sean McCann, and Bob Hallett. He was also endorsed by comedians Mark Critch and Pete Soucy. Power received 9992 votes or 7.65% of the votes, making him 8th in a field of 12 candidates. This was not enough for Power to be elected to the At Large position, as the top four candidates are elected to seats on council.
Philanthropy
Power served as Master of Ceremonies for a Refugee Immigrant Advisory Council event. He has been a songwriter volunteer for Art Smart Songwriting. In December 2017 he was one of the judges for Sing NL, organized by former Canadian Idol judge Zack Werner.
References
External links
https://twitter.com/DarrellPowerNL
https://www.instagram.com/darrellpowernl/
Canadian folk guitarists
Canadian male guitarists
Living people
Memorial University of Newfoundland alumni
1968 births
Great Big Sea members
Canadian folk rock musicians
Musicians from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
20th-century Canadian bass guitarists
21st-century Canadian bass guitarists
20th-century Canadian guitarists
21st-century Canadian guitarists
20th-century Canadian male singers
21st-century Canadian male singers
Male bass guitarists |
5380206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey%20Savelyev%20%28skier%29 | Sergey Savelyev (skier) | Sergey Petrovich Savelyev (; February 26, 1948 in Raychikhinsk, Amur Oblast – October 29, 2005 in Moscow) was a Russian cross-country skier who represented the Soviet Union.
Savelyev trained at the Armed Forces sports society in Moscow. He won two medals at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck with a gold in the 30 km and a bronze in the 4 × 10 km relay. Savelyev also won the 30 km event at the 1978 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti. Savelyev was awarded Order of the Badge of Honor (1976).
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
2 medals – (1 gold, 1 bronze)
World Championships
1 medal – (1 gold)
References
External links
Biography
1948 births
2005 deaths
People from Raychikhinsk
Olympic cross-country skiers of the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Soviet male cross-country skiers
Cross-country skiers at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Armed Forces sports society athletes
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
Medalists at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Universiade medalists in cross-country skiing
Universiade bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Competitors at the 1972 Winter Universiade
Sportspeople from Amur Oblast |
5380210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo%20Roberto%20Mandrafina | Domingo Roberto Mandrafina | Domingo Roberto Mandrafina (born November 2, 1945, in Buenos Aires), also called Cacho Mandrafina, is an Argentine comics artist.
Biography
He debuted in 1969 on the magazine Patoruzito. Two years later he illustrated the science fiction series Samos, written by Jorge Morhain for the magazine Billiken. In 1972 Mandrafina started his collaboration with Editorial Columba and the review Top. In 1978 he started illustrating the series Savarese, written by Robin Wood, published in the magazine D'artagnan.
Later he worked for Ediciones Record (Lady Shadow and El condenado). His other works include Dragger (written by Carlos Trillo), Cosecha verde and Race of Scorpions, for the American publisher Dark Horse Comics.
External links
Biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia
Interview
1944 births
Argentine cartoonists
Argentine comics artists
Living people |
5380211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November%201989%20Greek%20legislative%20election | November 1989 Greek legislative election | Early parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 5 November 1989. The liberal-conservative New Democracy party of Constantine Mitsotakis emerged as the largest party in Parliament, defeating the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) of Andreas Papandreou. However, as in June 1989, Mitsotakis was unable to form a government since his party had failed to win a majority of seats.
Results
References
1989 11
Greece
Legislative
1989
Greece |
5380212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20H.%20Wilson | William H. Wilson | William Henry Wilson (December 6, 1877 – August 11, 1937) was a Republican lawyer and member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Early life and career
William H. Wilson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 6, 1877. He graduated from the law department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1898 and was subsequently admitted to the bar in 1899. Wilson's first foray into politics was his tenure as assistant city solicitor from 1900 to 1909. He was then elected to two terms in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and served from 1913 until his resignation on December 28, 1915. He served as director of public safety in Philadelphia from 1916 to 1920.
Wilson married Florence Klauder in 1902, and they had their only child, Dorthea, in 1905.
By 1930, Wilson had moved to Atlantic City, New Jersey with his wife and daughter. However, he moved back to Philadelphia and then ran for Congress in 1934.
Congress
Wilson was elected to Congress in 1934, defeating Democrat James P. McGranery. The seat was open because its previous representative, Republican James M. Beck, resigned in protest of the New Deal. However, two years later, McGranery ran again and defeated Wilson, riding off the coattails of the very popular Franklin D. Roosevelt.
In Congress, Wilson cast 173 votes. During those votes, Wilson sided with his party 91 percent of the time, noticeably higher than his party's average during that Congress of 87 percent. He was rated as more conservative than 96 percent of the 74th Congress at-large, and more conservative than 87 percent of fellow Republicans in the House. Despite his conservatism, he voted for the Social Security Act of 1935, likely the most consequential vote of his legislative career.
Wilson had one committee assignment during his term, the House Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures.
Later life and death
After leaving Congress in 1937, Wilson returned to practicing law. Later that year, he moved to Montecito, California, where he planned to build a new home. However, before the house was built, he had a sudden heart attack, passing away at age 59.
Wilson was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.
Electoral history
|+ Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district: Results 1934-1936
! Year
!
! Subject
! Party
! Votes
! %
!
! Opponent
! Party
! Votes
! %
|-
|1934
||
| |William H. Wilson
| |Republican
| |44,478
| |54.71
||
| |James P. McGranery
| |Democratic
| |36,212
| |44.55
|-
|1936
||
| |William H. Wilson (inc.)
| |Republican
| |41,267
| |37.53
||
| |James P. McGranery
| |Democratic
| |65,779
| |59.82
References
1877 births
1937 deaths
Politicians from Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania |
5380236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-organic%20virus | Techno-organic virus | A techno-organic virus (T-O virus) is a fictional virus appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. In the comics, the T-O virus transforms organic material into techno-organic material, which resembles both machinery and living tissue. All techno-organic cells function like independent machines and carry both the virus and all information on their carriers, including memories and appearance. In the lore, this allows a damaged techno-organic being to rebuild itself from a single cell.
Marvel Universe varieties of this virus include the Transmode Virus carried by the Technarchy and Apocalypse's variant created or discovered by the fictional supervillain Apocalypse.
Transmode virus
Characteristics
The fictional Transmode virus is used by members of the Technarchy in Marvel Comics to turn other beings into techno-organic beings. The Technarchy can then feed upon the infected beings and drain their energy (visible as lights flowing through the infected creature). Once the energy has been drained, all that remains of their prey are brittle statues. If an infected creature is not drained of its energy, it becomes a Phalanx. Transmode-infected creatures are usually black and yellow, although they can change their color.
The fictional Transmode Virus is highly virulent. It can transmit via skin contact (though a Technarch can prevent transmission) and will transform a creature into a techno-organic creature within seconds. Only mutants have some resistance to the virus. For instance, Doug Ramsey was infected with the virus, but his infection only progressed very slowly and he was unaware he had been infected. This may have been caused by either his own mutant facility with computer code preventing the virus from infecting him at the usual rate, or a side-effect of the fact he was not infected in the usual manner, but had picked it up after repeatedly fusing his body and genetic code with that of the Technarch Warlock.
An infected creature also gains the ability to shapeshift. They can quickly restore themselves when damaged and can interface directly with machinery. While Technarchs feed by draining other techno-organic beings, Phalanxes have the ability to directly absorb matter (both organic and inorganic).
The Phalanx also experience a loss of individuality, forming a hive mind with other Phalanx and the need to contact other techno-organic life (a safety precaution created by the Technarchy, which considers the Phalanx to be a plague and which exterminates them whenever it discovers them).
Many mutants are soon apparently revived by a modified version of the virus in the Necrosha crossover by Selene and Eli Bard. Those mutants include Banshee, Caliban, Pyro, Cypher and the Hellions, eventually culminating in Bard using the virus to resurrect the entire deceased mutant populace of Genosha.
Known carriers in the fiction
Every member of the Technarchy, including Warlock and his father Magus.
Every member of the Phalanx, including Steven Lang and Cameron Hodge.
Many demons of Limbo including S'ym and N'Astirh. The infection was started by Magus, who was hunting his son.
Cable, previously infected with Apocalypse's variant, has cured himself. Since Cable and Deadpool #12, Cable lives in symbiosis with an infant Phalanx. Since Avengers: X-Sanction #4, Cable is purged of this virus too and newly regenerated into human form by his daughter Hope Summers.
Hope, a young girl who is friends with Warlock. While the techno-organic virus did not affect her, she had no control over the virus and would infect others by touch. Hope could even infect inorganic material, something the Transmode Virus is usually incapable of doing.
Paradigm, a mutant with technokinesis, who was infected by the Phalanx. He is a member of the third group of Hellions.
Donald Pierce, Leper Queen, Cameron Hodge, Steven Lang, Bolivar Trask, Graydon Creed and William Stryker; infected by an offspring of Magus whose programming was rewritten by Bastion.
Eli Bard, an immortal vampire-like mutate who absorbed the virus from an offspring of Magus.
Thunderbird and his entire ancestral Apache tribe, resurrected and infected by Eli Bard.
Caliban, resurrected and infected by Eli Bard, used by Selene to detect and locate other deceased mutants to resurrect.
Pyro, Thunderbird, Shinobi Shaw, Destiny, the original Hellions, Berzerker, Stonewall, Hemingway, Banshee, Cypher, Darkstar, Rusty Collins, Risque, Super Sabre, Tower, Hurricane, Spyne, Deadbolt, Feral, Spoor, Katu, Rem-Ram, Unus, Static, Barnacle, Fabian Cortez, Marco Delgado, Mellencamp, Siena Blaze, Skin, Synch, Bolt and Negasonic Teenage Warhead; resurrected and infected by Selene in her attempt to become a god during the storyline Necrosha.
The entirety of the deceased mutant population of Genosha resurrected and infected by Selene in her attempt to become a god during the storyline Necrosha.
Red Hulk was briefly infected with the virus by Cable, but was able to cure himself by superheating his body and burning it out of his system.
X-Men Mirage, Magik, Wolfsbane, Karma and Strong Guy, who were partially infected in a 'considerate' way when Warlock spread his lifeforce over five of his friends. The infection from the first four was eliminated by transferring the virus to a dupe of Multiple Man, known as "Warlox".
Apocalypse's variant
Characteristics
It was believed that this strain of techno-organic virus was either created by Apocalypse or discovered by Apocalypse on board the Ship. This virus was actually created by Mister Sinister as a means of killing Apocalypse. This attempt failed due to Apocalypse's immense powers, and the virus fell into Apocalypse's hands. Apocalypse later used the virus to infect the infant Cable. The virus has many similarities to the Transmode Virus and the two may be closely related. Techno-organic matter of this kind usually appears as blue/grey metal.
This strain of virus is less virulent than its counterpart, needing blood contact to transmit, and usually taking a longer time to infect a person, although it can have sudden short bursts of activity, during which spikes of techno-organic matter form from the diseased body and the body's parts change their forms. Another difference with the Transmode Virus is that infection is very painful and can incapacitate a person.
Humans infected with this virus receive increased strength and the ability to directly interface with machinery. While infected material can change its shape, it is unknown whether a fully infected person is capable of shapeshifting (Apocalypse can, but he already had this power before being infected).
Known carriers in the fiction
Apocalypse, who was infected with the techno-organic blood of a time-traveling Cable.
Gaunt, a warlord from the future. He carried a less virulent version of the techno-organic virus, but Cable infected him with the more powerful strain, paralyzing him with pain. Gaunt was killed shortly afterwards.
Post, who received a blood transfusion from Cable.
Cable, who cured himself in Cable #100, but had to mesh his original infection with that of a Phalanx embryo Cable & Deadpool #12, only to somehow revert to its resurgent form along the way. He eventually came back to prominence in Deadpool & Cable: Split Second #6.
Metus, a childhood friend of Cable, who is accidentally infected by Cable. He was later purged of the virus and taken to be raised at the X-Mansion by Cable, with Metus revealed to not have aged since he was infected.
Red Hulk, who was infected by Cable during the X-Sanction Saga. He managed to "burn out" the virus by generating a massive amount of radioactive heat during the early stages of infection.
Other versions
In Exiles #20-22, a team of interdimensional heroes visited a world that had become horribly stricken with a new type of T-O virus. In this reality, Doug Ramsey had fallen ill with the Legacy Virus, and his friend Warlock was endeavoring to help him. In trying to heal Doug, Warlock infected him with the T-O virus, but the two viruses combined and formed a new and deadly disease. This version is capable of infecting mutants and the world's hero population was quickly subsumed by the new race of Vi-locks, led by Forge. Blink, the team's leader, was also infected, but the timely arrival of Odin and the Aesir saved the day. Some of the top scientists derive a serum from the blood of the Norse gods and it effectively combatted the disease.
In the Age of Apocalypse, Apocalypse also created a techno-organic virus, one capable of assimilating both organic and technological materials, going as far as merging two separate beings into one body. This virus was used to empower Donald Pierce's Reavers, a group of T-O infected humans serving Apocalypse's regime.
See also
Nanomedicine
Bionanotechnology
References
External links
The Techno-Organic FAQ by Soleil Lapierre
Fictional viruses
X-Men
Fictional microorganisms
Marvel Comics cyborgs
Marvel Comics weapons |
5380243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor%20Ross | Doctor Ross | Isaiah Ross (October 21, 1925 – May 28, 1993), known as Doctor Ross, was an American blues musician who usually performed as a one-man band, simulatenously singing and playing guitar, harmonica, and drums. Ross's primal style has been compared to John Lee Hooker, Blind Boy Fuller and Sonny Boy Williamson I.
Early life
Charles Isaiah Ross was born on October 21, 1925 in the Mississippi Delta town of Tunica, Mississippi, one of eleven children in a farming family of mixed African-American and Native American heritage. His first instrument was the harmonica, which he learned to play at age nine. Ross served in the United States Army from 1943 to 1948 in the Pacific Theater, and again from 1950 to 1951. He married shortly after leaving the army. During his service, Ross had accrued a collection of army medical books which, along with his habit of carrying his harmonicas in a doctor's bag, earned him the nickname "Doctor Ross."
Career
Ross made his professional debut in 1942 at the age of seventeen, broadcasting on the radio station KFFA in Helena, Arkansas. Ross regularly played parties and appeared on WROX and WDIA after his army service. In late 1951, Ross recorded his first 78 RPM record, "Country Clown," produced by Sam Phillips in Memphis and issued on the nascent Chess label. Ross would issue two more singles recorded with Phillips, both on Phillips' own Sun Records label, in 1953 and 1954.
In October 1954, Ross moved his family to Flint, Michigan and began working at a General Motors factory, employment which he held for the rest of his life and afforded him a comfortable middle-class lifestyle. In 1958, Ross recorded "Industrial Boogie," a Flint-centric take on "Boogie Chillen'" by John Lee Hooker, released on his own DIR label. From 1960 to 1963, Detroit-based Fortune Records released four singles by Ross, including 1961's "Cat Squirrel," which later brought Ross to the attention of rock audiences when the song was covered on the debut albums of both Cream and Jethro Tull. Following his Fortune singles, which were recorded with accompanists, Ross began recording many of his songs solo, providing vocals, guitar, hi-hat and bass drum played with foot pedals, and harmonica with a neck rack. The left-handed Ross added to his colorful presentation by playing a right-handed guitar upside down, with the bass strings on the bottom.
Ross's first album, Call the Doctor, was recorded as a one-man band and issued in August 1965. The same year, he toured Europe with the American Folk Blues Festival. In 1971, Fourtune issued his second album, Doctor Ross the Harmonica Boss, recorded with the Disciples. He recorded live albums in Germany and Switzerland in 1972. Two years later, Ross played on the Big Bear Records package tour and album American Blues Legends '74.
In 1981, Ross won a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Recording for his appearance on Rare Blues, a 1980 compilation album of blues artists recorded in Chicago from 1963 to 1965. In the latter part of his career, Ross was a frequent fixture at blues festivals in both the United States and Europe. His last album was recorded live in 1991 at the Burnley Blues Festival in England.
Death
Ross died at the age of 67 on May 28, 1993, while working at a Chevrolet plant in Flint, Michigan and was interred at Sunset Hills Cemetery in Flint Township. After his death, a music scholarship in his name was established at Mott Community College in Flint.
Discography
Studio albums
Call the Doctor (Testament, 1965)
Doctor Ross the Harmonica Boss (Fortune, 1971)
Jivin' the Blues (Big Bear, 1974)
Live albums
The Flying Eagle (Blue Horizon, 1965)
Live + Well (Ornament, 1972)
Live at Montreux (Polydor, 1972)
The Harmonica Boss (Big Bear, 1974)
One Man Band (Takoma, 1981)
I Want All My Friends to Know (JSP, 1991)
Singles
"Country Clown" / "Doctor Ross Boogie" (Chess, 1952)
"Come Back Baby" / "Chicago Breakdown" (Sun, 1953)
"The Boogie Disease" / "Juke Box Boogie" (Sun, 1954)
"Industrial Boogie" / "Thirty-Two Twenty" (DIR, 1958)
"Sugar Mama" / "I'd Rather Be an Old Woman's Baby Than a Young Girl's Slave" (Fortune, 1960)
"Cat Squirrel" / "The Sunnyland" (Fortune, 1961)
"Cannonball" / "Numbers Blues" (Fortune, 1963)
"Call the Doctor" / "New York Breakdown" (Fortune, 1963)
Compilations
His First Recordings (Arhoolie, 1972)
Memphis Breakdown (P-Vine, 1987)
Boogie Disease (Arhoolie, 1992)
The Harmonica Boss (Fortune, 1995)
Juke Box Boogie: The Sun Years, Plus (Bear Family, 2013)
References
External links
American blues singer-songwriters
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
Country blues musicians
Delta blues musicians
Detroit blues musicians
Juke Joint blues musicians
Chess Records artists
1925 births
1993 deaths
One-man bands
20th-century American guitarists
People from Tunica, Mississippi
Arhoolie Records artists
African-American male singer-songwriters
African-American guitarists
Southland Records artists
20th-century African-American male singers
Singer-songwriters from Mississippi |
5380248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTNow | CTNow | CTNow is a free weekly newspaper in central and southwestern Connecticut, published by the Hartford Courant.
The previous iteration of CTNow was New Mass. Media, a privately owned weekly newspaper company until 1999, when its owners, including founding publisher Geoffrey Robinson, sold the company to The Hartford Courant for an undisclosed sum. A year later, Courant parent company Times-Mirror was bought by the Tribune Company, based in Chicago. In 2013, the Hartford Advocate, New Haven Advocate, and Fairfield County Weekly were merged with the Courants calendar section and website CTNow to create the weekly paper CTNow.
History
The company was founded in 1973 by Geoffrey Robinson and Edward Matys, then copy editors at The Hartford Courant. Robinson, a native of New Haven, Connecticut, worked as wire service editor of the daily Lorain Journal of Ohio after his graduation from Yale University in 1971. Matys had worked in editorial positions at several Massachusetts and Connecticut newspapers.
The pair began publishing the Valley Advocate, a bi-weekly serving Western Massachusetts, in September 1973 from small basement offices in Amherst, Massachusetts. In September 1974, the Valley Advocate began publishing weekly; Robinson and Matys opened offices in Hartford and started publication of the Hartford Advocate. A year later, in September 1975, the pair began publishing the weekly New Haven Advocate and in 1978 started publication of the Fairfield County Advocate (subsequently renamed Fairfield County Weekly to avoid confusion with the neighboring and unrelated Stamford Advocate).
In 1999, the four-paper chain was sold to Times-Mirror, which was itself acquired by Tribune in 2000. Tribune announced in December 2007 that it would sell the Valley Advocate, its only Massachusetts publication, to Newspapers of New England.
Former properties
Advocate weeklies offered investigative journalism, national, state and local political coverage, commentary, and arts features and criticism, mostly from a liberal or countercultural point of view. They shared some editorial content, but each had regionally focused news and opinion pieces, restaurant reviews, event listings, and advertisements. The newspapers had annual "Best Of" write-in contests, and subsequent issues that featured the winning businesses.
The Advocates accepted a wider variety of advertisements than mainstream newspapers, including ads for strip clubs, erotic massage services, adult book and video stores, and the like, which columnists and readers argued conflict with the newspapers' avowed feminism.
Fairfield County Weekly
The Fairfield County Weekly was distributed throughout Fairfield County. Its average weekly circulation was 26,708 in 2011.
Hartford Advocate
The Hartford Advocate was published in Hartford, Connecticut and had a circulation of 37,779 in 2011.
The Hartford Advocate was founded in 1974 by Geoffrey Robinson and Edward Matys to fill a void in investigative and beat reporting in the capital city of Connecticut. For example, The Hartford Courant, where Robinson and Matys had previously worked, did not routinely cover one of the city's largest industries, insurance. The founding editors included managing editor Dick Polman, recruited from the New London Day, and city editor Bruce Kauffman, from the Courant where as a police and general assignment reporter he discovered that a heavily traveled bridge around the corner from the state capitol was being held up by a telephone pole.
Gail Collins reported on state government and politics; she is now an op-ed columnist at The New York Times. Another early reporter was David Lieberman, who was later an editorial writer for the Courant and covered the media business for USA Today.
Polman left the Advocate after some five years to become a columnist at the Courant and later joined The Philadelphia Inquirer as national political correspondent. He also taught at the University of Pennsylvania. Kauffman later worked for CNN, taught at Emerson College in Boston, Morehouse College in Atlanta and the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He also worked for the North County Times, one of two daily newspapers in San Diego County, California.
In a history of the alternative media, A Trumpet to Arms, author David Armstrong described the Advocate as a bastion for the "new muckrakers." The author explored the paper's examination of the behind-the-scenes power exercised by the corporate elite in Hartford. Kauffman had reported that top banks and insurance companies, including Travelers, were funneling the bulk of city pension fund money into companies that propped up the apartheid regime in South Africa. The city of Hartford would end up divesting the South Africa–related investments.
Polman notes, in the acknowledgements for "Dateline: Connecticut," "I had originally hoped to thank the publishers of the Hartford Advocate for allowing me to reprint some of my 'Subject to Change' columns, but they denied me access to my work, citing my 'gravitation' to the Courant."
In the 1980s and '90s the paper included a full-time photographer, Nicholas Lacy, and an array of colorful editors and reporters, including Ric Hornung (who was known to eavesdrop on City Hall denizens by hiding in the lunch truck and taking notes on their conversations), Janet Reynolds (who later became publisher), Jayne Keedle, Susan White Patrick (ESPN Sports Center star Dan Patrick's wife), Leslie Riva, and Edward Ericson, Jr. The paper's reporting on city hall corruption in the early 1990s led to the City Manager's ouster and several criminal convictions. Later stories about High Sheriff Al Rioux helped lead to his conviction on federal wire and mail fraud charges and the abolition of the county sheriffs' offices statewide in 2000.
Valley Advocate
Advocate Weekly Newspapers formerly published the Valley Advocate, a similar alternative weekly, in Easthampton, Massachusetts, covering the greater Springfield area and the Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts. It began as an independent newspaper in 1973 and was sold in late 2007 to Newspapers of New England, parent of its competitor the Daily Hampshire Gazette of Northampton, Massachusetts.
References
External links
Newspapers published in Connecticut
Alternative weekly newspapers published in the United States
Mass media in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Mass media in Bridgeport, Connecticut
Mass media in Hartford, Connecticut
Mass media in Hartford County, Connecticut
Mass media in New Haven, Connecticut
Mass media in New Haven County, Connecticut
1973 establishments in Connecticut
Publishing companies established in 1973
Tribune Publishing |
5380260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P700 | P700 | P700, or photosystem I primary donor, is the reaction-center chlorophyll a molecular dimer associated with photosystem I in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.
Etymology
Its name is derived from the word “pigment” (P) and the presence of a major bleaching band centered around 695-700 nm in the flash-induced absorbance difference spectra of P700/ P700+•.
Components
The structure of P700 consists of a heterodimer with two distinct chlorophyll molecules, most notably chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a’, giving it an additional name of “special pair”. Inevitably, however, the special pair of P700 behaves as if it were just one unit. This species is vital due to its ability to absorb light energy with a wavelength approximately between 430 nm-700 nm, and transfer high-energy electrons to a series of acceptors that are situated near it.
Action and functions
Photosystem I operates with the functions of producing NADPH, the reduced form of NADP, at the end of the photosynthetic reaction through electron transfer, and of providing energy to a proton pump and eventually ATP, for instance in cyclic electron transport.
Excitation
When photosystem I absorbs light, an electron is excited to a higher energy level in the P700 chlorophyll. The resulting P700 with an excited electron is designated as P700*, which is a strong reducing agent due to its very negative redox potential of -1.2 V.
Electron transport chain
Following the excitation of P700, one of its electrons is passed on to an electron acceptor, A, triggering charge separation producing an anionic A and cationic P700. Subsequently, electron transfer continues from A to a phylloquinone molecule known as A, and then to three iron-sulfur clusters.
Type I photosystems use iron-sulfur cluster proteins as terminal electron acceptors. Thus, the electron is transferred from F to another iron sulfur cluster, F, and then passed on to the last iron-sulfur cluster serving as an electron acceptor, F. Eventually, the electron is transferred to the protein ferredoxin, causing it to transform into its reduced form, which subsequently finalizes the process by reducing NADP to NADPH.
Linear electron transport
The rate of electrons being passed from P700* to the subsequent electron acceptors is high, preventing the electron from being transferred back to P700. Consequently, in most cases, the electrons transferring within photosystem I follow a linear pathway, from the excitation of the P700 special pair to the production of NADPH.
Cyclic electron transport
In certain situations, it is vital for the photosynthetic organism to recycle the electrons being transferred, resulting in the electron from the terminal iron-sulfur cluster F transferring back to the cytochrome b6f complex (adaptor between photosystems II and I). Utilizing the energy of P700, the cyclic pathway creates a proton gradient useful for the production of ATP, while no NADPH is produced, since the protein ferredoxin does not become reduced.
Recovery of P700
P700 recovers its lost electron by oxidizing plastocyanin, which regenerates P700.
See also
P680
Photosystem I
Photosystem II
References
Photosynthesis
Light reactions |
4043553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20hockey%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20team%20rosters | Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's team rosters | These are the team rosters of the nations that participated in the men's ice hockey tournament of the 2006 Winter Olympics. Each team was permitted a roster of 20 skaters and three goaltenders.
Participating teams
Canada
The following is the Canadian roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Pat Quinn
Assistant coaches: Wayne Fleming, Marc Habscheid, Ken Hitchcock, Jacques Martin
Defencemen Scott Niedermayer and Ed Jovanovski were originally selected, but due to injuries were replaced by Jay Bouwmeester and Bryan McCabe, respectively. Dan Boyle took McCabe's previous spot as a reserve. Defenceman Dan Boyle and forwards Jason Spezza and Eric Staal were selected as "reserves" in case of injury before the tournament began.
Czech Republic
The following is the Czech roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Alois Hadamczik
Assistant coaches: Mojmír Trličík, Ondrej Weissmann
Finland
The following is the Finnish roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Erkka Westerlund
Assistant coaches: Risto Dufva, Hannu Virta
Germany
The following is the German roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Uwe Krupp
Assistant coach: Ernst Höfner
Italy
The following is the Italian roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Michel Goulet
Assistant coaches: Ron Ivany, Fabio Polloni
Kazakhstan
The following is the Kazakh roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Nikolai Myshagin
Assistant coach: Gennadi Tsygurov
Latvia
The following is the Latvian roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Leonīds Beresņevs
Assistant coach: Harijs Vītoliņš, Oļegs Znaroks
Russia
The following is the Russian roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Vladimir Krikunov
Assistant coaches: Vladimir Yurzinov, Sergei Nemchinov, Boris Mikhailov
Forwards Alexander Frolov and Alexander Korolyuk were replaced due to injuries by Andrei Taratukhin and Ivan Nepryaev, respectively.
Slovakia
The following is the Slovak roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: František Hossa
Assistant coaches: Jerguš Bača, Lubomir Pokovic, Róbert Švehla
Sweden
The following is the Swedish roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Bengt-Åke Gustafsson
Assistant coaches: Anders Eldebrink, Janne Karlsson
Forward Markus Näslund was initially selected, but due to a groin injury he was replaced by Tomas Holmstrom
Switzerland
The following is the Swiss roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: / Ralph Krueger
Assistant coaches: Jakob Kölliker, Peter John Lee
United States
The following is the American roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Peter Laviolette
Assistant Coaches: Keith Allain, Mike Sullivan
See also
Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics rosters (women)
References
roster
2006 |
5380261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too%20Little%20Too%20Late | Too Little Too Late | "Too Little Too Late" is a song by American singer JoJo from her second studio album, The High Road (2006). It was written by Billy Steinberg, Josh Alexander and Ruth-Anne Cunningham, and produced by the former two with Da Family Records founder Vincent Herbert. The song was released as the album's lead single on July 24, 2006. A power ballad, "Too Little Too Late" is a pop and R&B breakup song about a girl who struggles about dealing with her first love as she refuses to reconcile with her ex-boyfriend despite his efforts to convince her. Its composition and theme about an unsuccessful relationship have drawn comparisons to JoJo's 2004 debut single, "Leave (Get Out)" from her previous debut album.
Alexander began writing the song on his own before being joined by Steinberg, a veteran songwriter, and Cunningham, a new singer-songwriter at the time who had just recently moved to the United States from Ireland, to complete it. Although Cunningham always envisioned the song being recorded by JoJo, the songwriters had considered offering "Too Little Too Late" to American girl group The Pussycat Dolls before it was forwarded to Blackground Records upon learning that the record label was recruiting new material for JoJo's then-upcoming sophomore album, two years after it had been written. JoJo decided to record "Too Little Too Late" to express how much she had matured since the release of her self-titled debut album in 2004, having experienced both her relationship and first broken heart since that time, and personally selected the track to be the album's first single.
The song has earned very positive reviews from music critics, who praised its composition, mature themes and JoJo's vocal performance; some critics and media publications have included it on their rankings of the best breakup songs. Commercially, the song proved to be an international success, reaching the top-six in six countries in addition to the United States. When "Too Little Too Late" rose from number 66 to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, it broke singer Mariah Carey's record for the largest jump to a top-three spot in the chart's history, which Carey had previously achieved with her 2001 single "Loverboy". However, the record was ultimately broken by Kelly Clarkson's "My Life Would Suck Without You", which jumped from number 97 to number one on the issue dated February 7, 2009.
Commercially, "Too Little Too Late" remains her most successful single to-date. By becoming a global hit, the song also benefited Cunningham's career as a songwriter. Directed by Chris Robinson, the song's music video features a soccer theme, inspired by both JoJo's appreciation for the sport and her relationship with then-boyfriend Freddy Adu, a professional soccer player. Soccer player Mike Zaher, junior defender for the UCLA Bruins at the time, portrays JoJo's boyfriend in the music video, which also features appearances by the rest of the soccer team.
Writing and recording
"Too Little Too Late" was written by songwriters Billy Steinberg and Josh Alexander, and singer-songwriter Ruth-Anne Cunningham. Alexander began writing "Too Little Too Late" on his own before Steinberg joined him to complete it, particularly contributing lyrics and a bridge to the music Alexander had already composed for the song's verses and chorus. Steinberg identified "Too Little Too Late" as one of the few songs in his career to which he contributed only after a portion of it had been written, with Alexander introducing the song to him after he had already conceived its title, as well as some of the ballad's lyrics and melody, admitting that Steinberg essentially "helped him finish writing that song and that lyric." Born in Ireland, "Too Little Too Late" was one of the first songs Cunningham was hired to write professionally after moving to Los Angeles, California from Dublin at the age of 17. Cunningham's manager at the time, Eamonn Maguire, had introduced her to Steinberg a few weeks after she relocated from Ireland. After hearing Cunningham perform one of her original songs, Steinberg invited her to co-write "Too Little Too Late", which they successfully completed by the following day during a writing session with Alexander. Upon finishing the song, Cunningham felt that it was most suitable for JoJo but the songwriters lacked the necessary contacts and resources to forward it to her at the time.
Two years followed before the song was finally recorded, during which the songwriters had considered giving it to girl group The Pussycat Dolls. Upon learning that Bruce Carbone, executive vice president of A&R at Universal Records, was interested in obtaining new material for JoJo's then-upcoming second studio album, Steinberg sent a demo recording of "Too Little Too Late" to Carbone, who immediately expressed how much he liked the song. Steinberg and Alexander were then introduced to record producer Vince Herbert, founder of Da Family Records, who invited the songwriters to co-produce the song alongside him. Blackground then flew Steinberg and Alexander out to New York, where they began producing the track before recording JoJo's vocal's in September 2005.
"Too Little Too Late" was one of the first prospective songs from the album that Herbert played for JoJo. The singer claims she wanted to record the song as soon as she heard it for the first time, elaborating, "When my team heard that song, they knew I could hit the sweet spot, musically and in terms of subject matter." According to Vibe, the overall more mature, personal sentiment of the album prompted her to record "Too Little Too Late", having experienced both her first love and first heartbreak since the release of her self-titled debut album. The song was recorded at both Cryptic Studios in Los Angeles, California and Sony Music Studios in New York, New York. The songwriters got along both with JoJo and her mother Diana Levesque, who is also her manager, so well that they later returned to the studio to co-write a second song for the album with JoJo herself, entitled "How to Touch a Girl". In regards his musical style, JoJo described Steinberg as "more of a classic writer and producer." Having previously written several successful singles throughout the 1980s and 1990s for artists such as Madonna, Cyndi Lauper, The Bangles, Whitney Houston and Heart, Steinberg, aged 56 at the time, realized he is older than JoJo (15) and Alexander (24) combined while working in the recording studio with the two younger artists but didn't find it difficult to write lyrics appropriate for them, explaining, "I think that the part of me that writes lyrics isn’t really old or young ... I think the lyrics flow out in a way that has an honesty to it." On the difference between writing for younger versus older artists, Steinberg explained "you don't really know it's for somebody younger ... I've almost never really sat down and said, 'I'm going to try to write one that would be good for somebody younger.' I just write a song, and then if somebody younger likes it, then they sing it."
Release
JoJo claims that she knew she wanted the song to be the album's first single from the moment she recorded it, announcing a pending release date of either August or September 2006 in April 2006. "Too Little Too Late" was ultimately released as the lead single from The High Road on August 15, 2006, via the Da Family/Blackground/Universal Records. "Get It Poppin'" was released alongside the single as a B-side. That same year, a CD single was released in Europe that, in addition to the main track, includes an instrumental version, two remixes ("Full Phatt Remix Feat Tah Mac" and "Full Phat Remix"), and the music video. "Too Little Too Late" is a more R&B-leaning track than Steinberg and Alexander's previous work, which had tended to be more pop rock-oriented. Writing the song in a more urban contemporary style was a conscious decision the songwriters made after realizing pop rock songs they had written for artists such as FeFe Dobson and The Veronicas were not being particularly embraced by contemporary radio stations in the United States; Steinberg elaborated, "I enjoy writing in all different styles. But I particularly enjoy hearing my songs on the radio, and these days pop radio is playing much more urban ... So there’s a lot more gratification in writing a song for an artist like JoJo that radio embraces." Based on this revelation, Steinberg and Alexander decided that they would be writing more pop-R&B songs upon hearing feedback from listeners complimenting them that "'Too Little Too Late' is more of a real song and not just a record." Cunningham heard JoJo's rendition for the first time on the radio during a cab ride in New York, during the playing of which she screamed from excitement.
Numerous mixes have been produced since the track's release in July 2006. Notable mentions are Full Phat, Josh Harris, and Raul Rincon. A remix of this song is featured on the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party. A Spanish version of the song was released on select non-US editions of The High Road.
Music and lyrics
"Too Little Too Late" is a pop and R&B breakup song about a girl ending a relationship with a boy who has mistreated her; she refuses to resume or salvage their relationship even though he begs her for a second chance. Performed at a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute, the song lasts a duration of three minutes and forty seconds (3:40). Beginning "Come with me/Stay the night", Bob Waliszewski of Plugged In identified "Too Little Too Late" as a song in which the protagonist "rejects a smarmy guy's game-playing advances". A power ballad, the track opens with a quiet verse before progressing into "a loud, sweeping chorus." Kelefa Sanneh, music journalist for The New York Times, observed that production-wise, the single features "airy synthesizers and synthetic-sounding strings" as opposed to loud guitars. Incorporating teen pop influences, JoJo performs several R&B-style arpeggios throughout the ballad, while her vocal range on the track spans three octaves, from D3 to E6. JoJo herself explained that the track discusses moving on from one's first heartbreak, calling it a "big song" about expressing disappointment in a first love that is not as angry-sounding as her debut single "Leave (Get Out)". Contributing to HuffPost, Sam Lansky concurred that the single is "more restrained but no less bitter" than "Leave (Get Out)" while remaining "a guitar-driven sigh of impotent resignation." Musically, JoJo identified "Too Little Too Late" as a pop song into which R&B elements had been incorporated using various harmonies and chord progressions, "but still kept it rock in the hook when it explodes." Robert Copsey of Digital Spy cited elements of power pop in the song, similar to "Leave (Get Out)". Instrumentally, the track also incorporates both acoustic and electric guitars.
AXS contributor Jason Burke summarized that, in "Too Little Too Late", JoJo refuses "to be a slave to a conditional or convenient relationship", realizing she is stronger on her own despite sometimes experiencing temptations to relent due to the fact that her former partner continues to know "all the right things to say". Identified as a breakup anthem, "Too Little Too Late" features an empowering message to which most women can relate, despite their age. According to Max Goldberg of Complex, the break up song narrates "The story of a fed-up JoJo curbing some guy who wasn't up to snuff", with the artist taking a different approach to dealing with teenage heartbreak that does not involve crying about the situation to her mother. Spin's Brian Josephs similarly remarked that the singer "turned heartbreak into a hit". Lyrically, the song explores some mature concepts, such as the line "you don't like me, you just like the chase." According to Kathi Kamen Goldmark of Common Sense Media, the ballad is about heartbreak and refusing to repeat the same mistake, demonstrated by the lyrics "You say you dream of my face/but you don't like me, you just like the chase…It doesn't matter anyway", with JoJo repeating the refrain "you know it's just too little, too late" several times throughout the song. Cosmopolitan's Dara Adeeyo received "Too Little Too Late" as a reminder that "relationships usually end for a reason." Writing for The Odyssey, Brandy Blaise believes the song's "powerful" moral to be about "Accepting that you deserve better and its just a little too late for your partner to fix things", demonstrated by its lyrics "Go find someone else. I'm letting you go, I'm loving myself. You got a problem but don't come asking me for help"; People's Julia Emmanuele compared this line to an Instagram caption. The Boston Globe's Maura Johnston described the song as "chiding" in tone, while Sam Willett of Consequence of Sound described its mood as "sassy" and a "slap-in-the-face".
Describing it as simultaneously "a hate track" and "a heartbreak track", Jane Hu, a music critic for Medium, compared the song to Whitney Houston's "It’s Not Right but It’s Okay" (1999) as though it "were sung by a 15-year-old." Some music journalists have speculated or not the song potentially correlates to JoJo's own dating life, particularly her relationship with athlete Freddy Adu, which ended around the time the song was released. Believing that "art predicted life" when she was first introduced to the track, JoJo explained, "when I started dating a few years later, I wondered if those songwriters hadn’t instinctively picked up on something.”
Critical reception
"Too Little Too Late" received positive reviews from music critics. Entertainment Weekly's Leah Greenblatt cited "Too Little Too Late" as an example of "the best songwriting a major-label budget can buy", while Billboard identified the song as a track "that can dwell comfortably on both the pop and AC charts", appealing to "listeners of all ages." Writing for AllMusic, Matt Collar called the single "ridiculously overwrought and utterly addictive". Similarly, Amazon.ca's Tammy La Gorce described the song as "addictive but not over-the-top". Another Billboard critic felt that the song was better than most singles playing on the radio at the time, lauding it as a track that "provides desperately needed balance to a top 40 landscape that is lacking a lot in the way of singable melodies." The writer also praised JoJo's vocal maturity, concluding, "With so many disappointing 'event' singles on the airwaves, radio needs this record." Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times felt that "Too Little Too Late" was superior to all other tracks on its parent album. About.com's Bill Lamb was receptive towards JoJo's vocal performance, writing that the singer "provides just enough control to keep [its] sentiments ... from going overboard and, by the end of the song, proves high notes are well within her range", while selecting "Too Little Too Late" as one of the album's "Top Tracks". Contributing to Rolling Stone, music critic Jenny Eliscu wrote that the ballad demonstrates JoJo's "nuanced command of how to work an R&B; arpeggio like a pro." In another article for Rolling Stone, Robert Kemp described "Too Little Too Late" as "about as perfect a pop song as they come." Alex Macpherson from The Guardian wrote that the singer remains "at her best when compulsively dissecting emotional situations straight out of high-school movies via the medium of big, heartfelt choruses", identifying "Too Little Too Late" as a "wonderfully weepy pinnacle". Similarly, People's Oliver Jones wrote that the singer "finds her musical comfort zone" singing "Too Little Too Late". Crowning the song one of the best 10 "Feel-Good Break-Up Songs" in 2007, Slice contributor Nicolle Weeks joke that nothing is "more humbling than a twerpy 15-year-old who can concisely summarize the way I feel about my stunted relationship", citing "Boy you know all the right things to say (You know it's just too little too late)" as the track's best lyric.
In a more lukewarm review, Evan Sawdey from PopMatters described the track as "appropriately melodramatic," drawing similarities between it and JoJo's debut single "Leave (Get Out)" only "without the angry chorus". Sawdey continued, "It's something that Alanis Morissette might have recorded for her last I'm-no-longer-angry-and-therefore-am-content-with-plain-ballads album." However, the critic concluded, "As repackaged as it is, it actually has something that the rest of the album is sorely lacking: personality." Despite calling it "a slab of confident, sophisticated maturo-pop", particularly praising its refrain, Fraser M. of BBC Online felt that the song's production grows repetitive in addition to overwhelming JoJo's singing voice at times, continuing, "it is slightly disappointing that they feel the need to water down the strength of her voice to fit her into more of a Rihanna mould than an Xtina mould." However, the critic concluded that the song remains a "Catchy tune, mind, and it lends itself well to a singalong in the car". In 2007, "Too Little Too Late" earned JoJo a Boston Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year. Cunningham won an ASCAP songwriting award for her contributions to the song.
10 years after its release, the song's reputation has endured. Medium contributor Jane Hu opined that "You could not dream up a more perfect pop track", writing "there’s something about 'Too Little Too Late' that continues to exemplify everything I want from the [pop music] genre", praising JoJo's mature vocals and the relatability of the song to anyone who becomes involved in a bad relationship between the ages of 15 and 25. Furthermore, the critic wrote that the single is "not a one-hit-wonder teen peak, but in fact, only the start of JoJo’s artistic trajectory", concluding, "After almost a decade, the prescient maturity of 'Too Little Too Late' ... baffles me every time." Retrospectively, in 2016 Vanessa Okoth-Obbo, contributing to Pitchfork, described "Too Little Too Late" as an "excellent young love anthem". AwesomenessTV's Alexis Joy called the song "terrific" and "our go-to #Throwback song!". Entertainment.ie believes "there’s no way you didn’t love ... ‘Too Little Too Late'." back in 2006. In 2016, AXS ranked "Too Little Too Late" JoJo's seconds best song, believing that its popularity eclipsed that of "Leave (Get Out)" due to JoJo's performance and its strong message. Also that year, Capital XTRA compiled a list of tracks the radio station "23 Songs You Won't Believe Are Turning 10 Years Old". Ranking the song ninth, they wrote, "Jojo didn't stick around for too many hits, but you're kidding yourself if you try to deny that 'Too Little, Too Late' isn't an epic song." Similarly, Samara Gould of The Odyssey remarked, "Although she may be MIA today, this song was definitely a hit during the 'tween years." MTV reminisced that the song was among 16 that female listeners "Definitely Had On Your Heartbreak Playlist In 2006" whenever their significant other upset them. In 2016, GQ's Lauren Larson crowned "Too Little Too Late" the "breakup ballad of the decade." The Odyssey ranked "Too Little Too Late" their fifth most empowering break up song. Radio station KS95 placed the song at number 20 on their ranking of "The 25 Best Break Up Songs Ever". As of 2017, People felt that "Too Little Too Late" was one of the 14 most save breakup anthems ever recorded. Ranking it the 31st "Best R&B Songs by White Singers" during the 2000s, Complex's Max Goldberg crowned JoJo "the queen of angry teenage girls" due to the break up song's popularity throughout the decade. According to Louise Bruton of The Irish Times, the song proved that JoJo was capable of competing against the likes of singers Kelly Clarkson and Pink at the time of its release. In a 2017 article "Embrace your angst with the best of the 2000s",
Commercial performance
"Too Little Too Late" remains JoJo's biggest hit to-date. "Too Little Too Late" performed well on both Billboards pop and adult contemporary charts, became a staple on radio stations during 2006. "Too Little Too Late" initially debuted at number 13 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles the week of August 19, 2006, topping the chart the week after. The following week, it jumped to the Billboard Hot 100 at number 90. By its second week on the chart, "Too Little Too Late" moved from number 66 to number three due to a 121,000 increase in digital downloads, becoming the largest jump into the top-three spot in Billboard history, breaking the record previously by American singer Mariah Carey for her song "Loverboy" (2001), as well as the biggest one-week jump in the chart's history. PR Newswire anticipated that the single might even climb to the number one spot on the Hot 100. It is her first and so far only single to make it to the top 10 and the top three of the Hot 100 chart. The song remains her highest-charting single on the chart, as well as her last single to perform well on the charts; her next Hot 100 entry occurred in 2011 with the release of "Disaster", which peaked at number 87. Additionally, the song peaked at number two on Mediabase. By the week of November 11, 2006, the song became number one on AOL Music, having amassed streams surpassing 296, 676. The single has sold 821,000 digital downloads as of March 2007. By October 2011, "Too Little Too Late" had sold over one million copies, becoming a platinum-selling hit. "Too Little Too Late" has been called the artist's "standout hit" by Trent Warner of BeatRoute Magazine. Shortly after the success of "Too Little Too Late", JoJo entered a decade-long period of disputes with her then-record labels Da Family and Blackground Records, during which she struggled to release music due to contractual restrictions.
"Too Little Too Late" also achieved success worldwide, peaking within the top 10 in six other countries in addition to the United States. In the United Kingdom, the single debuted at number 22 on the UK Singles Chart based on downloads alone two weeks before its physical CD release. This is because from 2007, the United Kingdom changed charting rules and downloaded singles can enter the UK Singles Chart at any time. When the song was released to physical CD, it peaked at number four, becoming JoJo's second top five and third top 10 single in the United Kingdom.
The song was hugely successful in Australia and New Zealand, reaching the top 10 in both countries. In the latter, 'Too Little Too Late' debuted at number 11, and reached its peak of number 5 in its 6th week. This was JoJo's 3rd consecutive top 5 single after Leave (Get Out) (#2), and Baby It's You (#3).
Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle believes "Too Little Too Late" is one of the songs that " made [JoJo] a star" due to its success. Considered to be her "big break" into the music industry, the song is credited with launching Cunningham's songwriting career. As of 2016, Cunningham considers the success of "Too Little Too Late" the highlight of her career because it was her first song to achieve international success.
Music video
Background
Originally, a contest sponsored by JoJo's label and street team would've allowed a fan onto the set of the video to interview her personally on May 19 in Los Angeles but was cancelled at the last minute. JoJo gave fans a sneak peek of the video on June 3 in a short behind the scenes segment on CD USA.
On June 11, pictures from the set of the first scenes from the video leaked onto Wireimage.com. Her RV co-star Robin Williams and his daughter Zelda appeared in the photos and in footage featured in the "Lights, Camera, Action (Behind the Scenes of the Video Shoot)" section on the Target exclusive The High Road bonus DVD. The full video can be accessed in "Visual Imagery (JoJo Videos)" on the DVD. The world premiere of "Too Little Too Late" was on July 17 on AOL Music's First View.
The music video or "Too Little Too Late" was directed by Chris Robinson, who JoJo claims had always been her first choice to direct the project; the idea to incorporate sports into the video originated from Robinson. Before deciding on soccer, which JoJo identified as one of her favorite sports, she had considered featuring American football in the video until Robinson convinced her that soccer would appeal to a more international audience due to being "the biggest sport in the world." JoJo was dating soccer player Freddy Adu at the time. Her relationship with Adu, combined with the fact that the 2006 FIFA World Cup was approaching, are believed to have inspired the music video's theme, The video was filmed in spring 2006 during the playoffs. JoJo had decided against casting a professional actor or model as her love interest in the music video, feeling that hiring an untrained performer would offer "more of a real feel to the video". Professional soccer player Mike Zaher, junior defender of the UCLA Bruins, was cast as JoJo's boyfriend David in the music video. 21 years-old and a sophomore at the University of California, Los Angeles at the time, Zaher learned that an unnamed celebrity and her film crew would be filming his team, the UCLA Bruins, practicing soccer from coach Jorge Salcedo; the teammates had initially been told that they would be involved in an upcoming music video for actress Lindsay Lohan, and JoJo's identity was not revealed until after the team had been brought to a studio, where the project was further explained to them. The athletes found the process quite enjoyable and not as "uptight and intense as they thought it might be at first". After soccer practice, a casting director invited Zaher to remain on set later to read a few lines into the camera. Although he still had little to no idea about what the project was, he was given the impression that the producer might like him. Afterward, Zaher learned that he was competing against other actors for the male lead but he had the support of JoJo herself. The following day, the director informed Zaher that JoJo had personally selected him to play the role of her boyfriend in the video.
JoJo and Zaher spent three days traveling around Los Angeles filming various scenes for the music video. The soccer scenes were filmed at East Los Angeles College's football stadium, while other scenes were split between Universal Studios and a home in Hollywood, California, which was located near Highway 10. Zaher described the filming process as "pretty intense", recalling that he and JoJo spent much time taking pictures wearing different clothing to give off the impression that they had been a couple for quite some time, in addition to visiting various tourist attractions. The on-screen couple's relationship continued into a friendship off-set, during which Zaher and JoJo would go to movies and restaurants during her time in Los Angeles. Despite initially negotiating to be paid $8,000 for his contributions to the music video, Zaher was ultimately not allowed to accept payment due to National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules at the time, which prohibited him from accepting any soccer-related payment. Zaher claims that the film crew acted even kinder towards both him and his team after learning that they would not be getting paid for their work. The video premiered on MTV and BET in fall 2006.
Synopsis and reception
At the start of the video, JoJo witnesses David (Zaher) flirting with a blonde-haired girl at a party while holding a glass drink in his hand. The couple talk and David finally invites JoJo to go to an important soccer game for his team this Saturday. As the song begins, it shows JoJo spending much of her time staring outside through her bedroom window, pondering the situation as rain falls. She walks around the room looking at photos, reminiscing about the time they spent together and how generally ungrateful he was. These shots are intercut with David playing at the important soccer game. At one point, David declines a phone call from JoJo before proceeding to flirt with other girls at a party. In the video's finale, rain begins to pour on the game. During the video, JoJo is seen throwing out a giant teddy bear, getting rid of pictures of her and her ex-beau and even singing in the pouring rain. It is raining, proving that this is the same moment as the game and she has chosen not to attend. David's team is down one goal with 2:14 seconds remaining in the second half. He ends up missing a crucial goal and was blocked by UCLA goalkeeper Eric Conner. David is not quick enough, failing to score the tying goal and the game ends. He then learns that JoJo had decided not to attend the game to which she had been invited in the first place. The video ends with the camera zooming out and panning away from JoJo's window as the rain subsides.
Noticeable in the video is a poster for the Rockcorps Boost Mobile concert at Radio City Music Hall on September 24, 2005, an ad for Q-Tip's single "For the Nasty", and the book "Riding on a Blue Note: Jazz and American Pop" by Gary Giddins, which she is reading on top of the car at the game. The fountain in front of the Universal City Hard Rock Cafe is also visible. AllMusic's Matt Collar wrote that the video demonstrates JoJo's "suburban cheerleader slinging hip-hop attitude", comparing her persona to those of actress Jennifer Aniston and singer Beyoncé.
The video for "Too Little Too Late" premiered in the United Kingdom on October 14, 2006, on The Box's Kopooka Hot. "Too Little Too Late" was released on CD on January 8, 2007, in the United Kingdom. The song was added to Radio 1's playlist, under the C-list on November 29, 2006, and was upgraded to the B-list at a later date. By October 2006, the music video had been number one on iTunes, Yahoo and AOL. The video also peaked at number two on TRL, after premiering at number 9.
JoJo and Adu ended their relationship shortly after the video was released, although both parties have denied rumors that the music video's plot had anything to do with this. Following its release and popularity, Zaher found that he could not escape the video nor the song. Fellow UCLA teammates, athletes, opposing soccer teams and fans have constantly made fun of his appearance in the video during soccer matches since its release, to the point of which the video was played during half-time at one particular game in Maryland. He explained, "You'd think after four or five years people would forget it, but they don't ... I guess I'm just going to have to live with it the rest of my life." Despite this, Zaher does not regret participating in the video, insisting that it was a "great experience". He believes the people who tease him are merely jealous and wish they were in his position at the time, and admitting that he and JoJo have kept in touch as of 2011.
Live performances and covers
JoJo's first scheduled performance of the single was during the Miss Teen USA 2006, which aired on August 15, 2006. On October 17, 2006, the singer performed "Too Little Too Late" live on both The Today Show and TRL. This was followed by a series of performances to promote both the song and The High Road between October and November 2006: Live with Regis and Kelly (October 18), The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (October 20), The Ellen DeGeneres Show (October 25), The Megan Mullally Show (October 27), The View (November 7), CD USA, Sessions@AOL and Music Choice.
In June 2011, JoJo performed "Too Little Too Late" at the Girls Who Rock benefit concert. JoJo included the song in her set list of her 2015 "I Am JoJo Tour". Mehek Seyid, a writer for Live in Limbo, reviewed the singer's rendition at the Mod Club in Toronto as "performed ... with the same self-affirming attitude and confidence that defined the Billboard hit[ when it] first circulated in the 2000s." In January 2017, JoJo sang verses of "Too Little Too Late" with elementary school choir the PS22 Chorus. Upon being published on the choir's YouTube channel, the video became a viral sensation. JoJo also performed the song throughout her "Mad Love Tour". Reviewing her performance at the O2 Academy Islington, her first performance in the United Kingdom in 10 years, Attitude wrote that JoJo's rendition of "Too Little Too Late" is a "reminder of the pipes that made JoJo one of pop's most promising young stars". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution Jewel Wicker called her live rendition one of the show's "great moments". Erica Thompson, associate editor for Columbus Alive, reviewed that the song "held up well over time". Despite sounding "nursery-rhyme catchy, [it was] written for a sophisticated singer, which JoJo proved to be even as a teenager", which Thompson believes her contemporaries would struggle to replicate.
In late October 2007, Daniel Rossen of Grizzly Bear recorded a version of the song in honor of bandmate Ed Droste's 29th birthday. Musician Daniel Rossen, one of the two lead vocalists of the band Grizzly Bear, covered "Too Little Too Late" live in concert in February 2009. Bandmate Ed Droste's wanted Rossen to deliver the cover "very seriously, as if he really meant all those lyrics". Stereogum described Rossen's rendition as "great, dusty and hazy and hooky". Sam Willett of Consequence of Sound reviewed Rossen's version as "a killer cover" that has been arranged "into a simultaneously soothing and haunting collage of echoing harmonies and guitar textures." According to The Guardian music critic Jude Rogers, the cover was part of the band's effort to make their live performances more enjoyable to audiences "when you're a man in your late 20s who can't hide behind a persona." The company Wavegroup did a cover of the song for the game Karaoke Revolution Presents: American Idol Encore.
This song was covered and used in Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party by the artist Okokoro. The song as played in the game is much shorter and speeds up during the choruses. The song was also sampled by electronic music producer Daniel Lopatin on the third track of his studio album, Chuck Person's Eccojams Vol. 1, which seamlessly loops an excerpt of the song's hook.
Track listings
UK and Australian CD single
"Too Little Too Late" (album version) – 3:39
"Get It Poppin'" – 3:41
German CD single
"Too Little Too Late" – 3:47
"Too Little Too Late" (Full Phatt Remix) (featuring Tah Mac) – 4:24
"Too Little Too Late" (Full Phatt Remix) – 3:53
"Too Little Too Late" (instrumental) – 3:47
"Too Little Too Late" (video) – 4:04
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The High Road''.
JoJo – backing vocals, lead vocals, vocal arrangement
Josh Alexander – production, recording, songwriting
Ruth-Anne Cunningham – songwriting
Paul Foley – recording
Gene Grimaldi – mastering
Vincent Herbert – production
Katia Lewin – engineering assistance
Dave Russell – mixing
Billy Steinberg – production, songwriting
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
External links
2000s ballads
2006 singles
2006 songs
Blackground Records singles
JoJo (singer) songs
Music videos directed by Chris Robinson (director)
Pop ballads
Contemporary R&B ballads
Song recordings produced by Billy Steinberg
Songs written by Billy Steinberg
Songs written by Josh Alexander
Songs written by RuthAnne
Universal Motown Records singles |
4043560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal%20dysplasia | Retinal dysplasia | Retinal dysplasia is an eye disease affecting the retina of animals and, less commonly, humans. It is usually a nonprogressive disease and can be caused by viral infections, drugs, vitamin A deficiency, or genetic defects. Retinal dysplasia is characterized by folds or rosettes (round clumps) of the retinal tissue.
Retinal dysplasia in dogs
Most cases of retinal dysplasia in dogs are hereditary. It can involve one or both retinas. Retinal dysplasia can be focal, multifocal, geographic, or accompanied by retinal detachment. Focal and multifocal retinal dysplasia appears as streaks and dots in the central retina. Geographic retinal dysplasia appears as an irregular or horseshoe-shaped area of mixed hyper or hyporeflectivity in the central retina. Retinal detachment occurs with complete retinal dysplasia, and is accompanied by blindness in that eye. Cataracts or glaucoma can also occur secondary to retinal dysplasia. Other causes of retinal dysplasia in dogs include infection with canine adenovirus or canine herpesvirus, or radiation of the eye in newborns.
Commonly affected breeds
Bedlington Terrier - complete retinal dysplasia.
Sealyham Terrier - complete retinal dysplasia.
Rottweiler - focal or multifocal.
English Springer Spaniel - focal, multifocal, or geographic.
American Cocker Spaniel - focal or multifocal.
Beagle - focal or multifocal.
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel - retinal folds, geographic, or retinal detachment.
Labrador Retriever - focal, multifocal, geographic, or complete retinal dysplasia. It can also be seen in combination with a congenital skeletal disorder.
Australian Shepherd - retinal dysplasia occurs with other eye disorders, such as an oval pupil, microcornea (small cornea), cataracts, and retinal detachment.
Retinal dysplasia in other animals
Cats - Retinal dysplasia occurs in utero or in newborns infected with feline leukemia virus or feline panleukopenia, which cause necrosis and disorganization of the retina. It appears as folds and rosettes.
Cattle - Retinal dysplasia occurs in utero through infection with bovine viral diarrhea. It is also inherited in Shorthorns and Herefords. Both forms often cause retinal detachment.
Sheep - Retinal dysplasia occurs by in utero infection with bluetongue disease.
Horses - Retinal dysplasia is bilateral, not inherited, and appears as multifocal or geographic disease. It is usually accompanied by other eye problems.
Chickens
See also
Progressive retinal atrophy
References
Dog diseases
Eye diseases |
5380265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Hooley | Christopher Hooley | Christopher Hooley (7 August 1928 – 13 December 2018) was a British mathematician, professor of mathematics at Cardiff University.
He did his PhD under the supervision of Albert Ingham. He won the Adams Prize of Cambridge University in 1973. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1983. He was also a Founding Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales.
He showed that the Hasse principle holds for non-singular cubic forms in at least nine variables.
References
External links
1928 births
2018 deaths
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Academics of Cardiff University
Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales
Fellows of the Royal Society
Number theorists
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge |
5380273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arley%20railway%20station | Arley railway station | Arley railway station is a station on the Severn Valley Railway heritage line in Worcestershire, situated just over the River Severn from the village of Upper Arley; a footbridge crosses the river to link the station to the village. The station is about north of Victoria Bridge, on which the SVR crosses the River Severn.
History
The station was built along with the line in 1862 and opened on 1 February that year. The first signal box was built in 1883, and the platform built to accommodate six coach trains. The main brick-built station building, which holds the booking office, is located on the easterly platform. The local transport needs were met quite adequately, as the local roads and paths were, to say the least, primitive. Passenger trade was busiest with summer holiday visitors, and Arley was home to a small goods yard.
Opened by the West Midland Railway (Severn Valley Line), and absorbed by the Great Western Railway on 1 August 1863, the station stayed with that company during the Grouping of 1923, passing on to the Western Region of British Railways during the nationalisation of 1948. It was later closed by the British Railways Board.
Although closed by the BRB on 9 September 1963 during the implementation of the Beeching Axe, plans for its closure had already been made before Beeching's report was published. The passing loop was taken out, sidings cut up and platforms removed, with only Alveley coal traffic surviving. In 1969 the line through Arley finally became disused.
Preservation
When the line was reopened by SVR preservationists working up from Bridgnorth in 1974, work got underway to restore Arley to its former glory. The main railway building was in relatively good condition and was totally renovated. The platforms were rebuilt and the track re-laid. A fully signalled passing loop enables full length north and southbound trains to stop and pass each other within the station limits.
The old signal box having been demolished, a replacement of LNWR design was bought from BR and brought in from Yorton, near Whitchurch, Shropshire, with the lever frame from the Kidderminster station Signalbox that was originally sited on Kidderminster (mainline) station. The station was re-opened on 18 May 1974.
Arley station has been used as a filming location for several films and TV programmes, such as Disney's Candleshoe, BBC sitcom Oh, Doctor Beeching!, The Box of Delights and the ChuckleVision episode "Oh Brother". The station was also used for the filming of the opening scene of the 2020 film Enola Holmes.
Gallery
References
Notes
Sources
Station on navigable O.S. map
Further reading
Heritage railway stations in Worcestershire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1862
Former Great Western Railway stations
Severn Valley Railway
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1963
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1974
1862 establishments in England |
4043564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice%20W.%20Means | Rice W. Means | Rice William Means (November 16, 1877January 30, 1949) was an American war hero who became a Ku Klux Klan leader and a Republican United States Senator from Colorado.
Early life, education, and military service
Born in St. Joseph, Missouri, he moved with his parents to Yuma County, Colorado in 1887. He settled in Denver in 1889, and attended the public schools and Sacred Heart College of Denver (now called Regis University). During the Spanish–American War, he commanded a company in the Philippine campaign of 1899, for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. Means "distinguished himself before the fall of Manila by swimming the Singalon river to reconnoiter the Spanish works", escaping capture when he was spotted. Returning from the war, he expressed a desire for the United States to permanently incorporate the Philippines, envisioning Manila surpassing Hong Kong as a trading center. In 1901, he graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Denver. From 1902 to 1904, he was county judge of Adams County, and in 1908 was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Sixty-first United States Congress. Following this defeat, he was appointed deputy district attorney for Adams County, Colorado.
Means was elected commander-in-chief of the Army of the Philippines in 1913, and of the Veterans of Foreign Wars in 1914. He served during the First World War as a lieutenant colonel and commandant of the Fortieth Division School of Arms. He commanded the 4th Infantry in the Meuse–Argonne offensive. Means ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1920, losing the Republican nomination to Samuel D. Nicholson, who would go on to win the seat. He was attorney for the City and County of Denver in 1923 and 1924.
Political career and later life
Means was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate on November 4, 1924, in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by Nicholson's death. During the campaign, his Democratic opponent nicknamed him "Puffed Rice", but this did not hinder Means' election. Means was one of several candidates reported to have benefited from the support of the state's Ku Klux Klan organization. He served in the Senate from December 1, 1924, to March 3, 1927, chairing the Committee on Claims (Sixty-ninth Congress). During his tenure, he authored legislation deeming Armistice Day (later called Veterans Day) a national holiday in the United States. During this time, Means also became directing head of the Ku Klux Klan in Colorado. In 1926 he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection, as he was again defeated in the Republican primary, this time by Charles W. Waterman, who "rode to victory on the wave of anti-klan sentiment".
In 1926 and 1927, Means was commander in chief of the United Spanish War Veterans, and in 1927 he became president of the National Tribune Corporation and publisher of the National Tribune and Stars and Stripes in Washington, D.C. Means fiercely criticized the FDR administration in response to the enactment of the initial New Deal measures in 1933, declaring them to be the product of "ruthless, vicious propaganda" and "a stain upon the honor of the United States". Means retired in 1937, and died in Denver on January 30, 1949, following a six-month bout with heart problems. He was interred in Denver's Fairmount Cemetery.
References
External links
Retrieved on 2009-02-25
1877 births
1949 deaths
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
American military personnel of World War I
Colorado Republicans
Former Ku Klux Klan members
Politicians from St. Joseph, Missouri
Regis University alumni
Republican Party United States senators from Colorado
United States Army officers
University of Michigan Law School alumni
National Commanders of the Veterans of Foreign Wars |
5380308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highley%20railway%20station | Highley railway station | Highley railway station is a station on the Severn Valley Railway heritage line in Shropshire, near the west bank of the River Severn and just under a mile south-east of the village of Highley. Highley is the only staffed single-platform station on the line. Other stops with one platform are unstaffed halts.
History
Highley station opened to the public on 1 February 1862 and closed on 9 September 1963, before the Beeching axe closures.
Highley station was important as the transport hub of a colliery district, with four nearby coal mines linked to the Severn Valley line by standard and narrow gauge lines, cable inclines and aerial ropeways . There were extensive sidings along the line, and wagon repair works at Kinlet, half-a-mile south.
The station was inconveniently far from Highley so the arrival of a bus service seriously affected use of the station.
The signal box opposite the platform remained in use until 1969 when Alveley colliery closed and freight traffic ceased. The station site was disused until preservation.
Preservation
Little demolition took place at Highley after closure, the station buildings and the signal box remained intact, however the footbridge was dismantled in the early 1970s for safety reasons. In 2009 Severn Valley Railway erected a new footbridge to ease congestion on the station after the opening of the Engine House.
Between April and mid-May 1974, Highley was the southern terminus of the Severn Valley Railway.
The single platform and the signal box interlocking prevent two trains carrying passengers from passing here; although it is possible to pass one passenger train and that of another type i.e. light engine(s), engineer's train etc.
The Engine House
The SVR has built a visitor centre, known as the Engine House, a little south of the station.
Railway infrastructure damage June 2007
After torrential overnight rain on 19 June 2007 areas of the railway near Highley collapsed in landslides. Highley Up Starter signal and the embankment it stood on were washed away. After repair the line between Northwood Halt and Bridgnorth was restored for passenger use and the first public train was on Friday 21 March 2008.
References
Further reading
External links
Highley Station Site
Heritage railway stations in Shropshire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1862
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1963
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1974
Former Great Western Railway stations
Severn Valley Railway
1862 establishments in England |
5380312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christos%20Tsountas | Christos Tsountas | Christos Tsountas (; 1857 – 9 June 1934) was a Greek classical archaeologist. He was born in Thracian Stenimachos, Ottoman Empire (present-day Asenovgrad in Bulgaria) and attended Zariphios high school in Plovdiv. In 1886, he discovered and identified the Mycenean palace at Tiryns. He also conducted important excavations at the palace of Mycenae, and he conducted surveys of the Greek mainland and identified more Mycenean and early Bronze Age sites. Tsountas investigated burial sites on several islands of the Cyclades, such as the important site of Kastri in Syros. Between 1898 and 1899, his investigations led him to coin the term "Cycladic civilization". He also conducted archaeological excavations at Sesklo, Agios Andreas, and Dimini. Tsountas also led the first scientific excavations at Amyclae.
Tsountas died in Athens.
Publications (selection)
Tsountas, Chrestos & Manatt, J. Irving: The Mycenean Age: a study of the monuments and culture of pre-Homeric Greece. London: Macmillan, 1897.
Tsountas, Chrestos: Ai proistorikai Akropoleis Dimeniou kai Sesklou. Athens 1908.
External links
About: Christos Tsountas
1857 births
1934 deaths
Greek archaeologists
Tsountas
People from Asenovgrad
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens faculty
Archaeologists of the Bronze Age Aegean
Members of the Academy of Athens (modern)
Bulgarian people of Greek descent |
4043570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Garza%20%28musician%29 | David Garza (musician) | David Garza (pronounced Dah-veed; born February 4, 1971) is a Grammy winning Los Angeles based singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, producer, composer, and visual artist.
Biography
A third-generation Mexican-American and Dallas-area native David Garza came to Austin in the fall of 1989 to attend the University of Texas. With his first band, The Happy Farmers, he opened shows for such Dallas Deep Ellum faves of the era as the New Bohemians, Ten Hands, and Fever in the Funkhouse at Club Dada. But by age 18, he won a classical guitar scholarship to the University of Texas at Austin. Garza had met Austinites Chris Searles and Jeff Haley through scholastic music events in high school. They christened themselves Twang Twang Shock-A-Boom and headed to the West Mall of the UT campus, armed with acoustic guitar, upright bass and bongos.
The acoustic three-piece band “went from playing the West Mall on the University of Texas campus for fun and tips to packing a thousand or so fans into Liberty Lunch and showcasing at the headquarters of CBS Records (now Sony Music)”.
After leaving the group Twang Twang Shock A Boom to go solo, Garza formed a new band and gigged continually around and outside the Texas area, billed as David Garza & The Lovebeads and later as DAH-VEED. In the mid-1990s he had his brush with the major-label world, signing with Lava/Atlantic, but eventually returned to his street-performer roots, releasing nearly an album a year since.
Garza released a flurry of solo cassettes and CDs, selling them for $5 and $10, respectively. He called this the “Single Bill Theory,” one he maintains to the present day. Garza performed tirelessly on the regional club and college circuit, ultimately striking a major-label deal, in 1996. Initially, Garza rebuffed various major label recording offers, choosing instead to record and distribute music on his own label, Wide Open Records. After independently releasing nine records and selling 30,000 copies on his own, he eventually signed with Lava/Atlantic and was featured on the Great Expectations soundtrack. His major-label debut, This Euphoria, followed in April 1998.
He took over production duties for his second Lava/Atlantic record, 2001's Overdub, and brought in Will Calhoun and Doug Wimbish, the drummer and bassist of Living Colour as his backup band for the sessions. Juliana Hatfield contributed backing vocals on the song "Keep On Crying."
In 1999, at the height of his touring popularity, Garza was voted 2nd behind Stevie Ray Vaughan as Austin Musician of the Decade (Austin Chronicle).
In 2011, the City of Austin, TX declared May 12 “David Garza Day.” Soon after, to celebrate what would've been Elliott Smith's 44th birthday on August 6, 2013, Smith’s family entrusted Garza to “host a bicoastal tribute to the late pop mystic.”
In subsequent years, Garza has returned to releasing his music independently and plays frequently in Texas and in Los Angeles. A series of residency shows at L.A.'s Club Largo showcased his skill as a solo performer on both piano and guitar. During Garza's live shows, artists as highly regarded as producer/soundtrack icon Jon Brion, Nickel Creek, Grant Lee Phillips and Fiona Apple regularly sat in with him. Garza has shared the stage with the likes of Jackson Browne, John Paul Jones, Los Lobos, Pearl Jam, St. Vincent, Meshell Ndegeocello, Andrew Bird, Natalia LaFourcade, Chris Thile, Ben Harper. He has also done extensive work as a producer and session musician, composer, and visual artist.
In 2020 he was a musician on, co-produced and created the album artwork for the 2-time Grammy award winning Fiona Apple release Fetch The Bolt Cutters.
Collaborations
Throughout his career, David Garza has done studio and live session work for a number of artists. He contributed guitar and production to Juliana Hatfield's Beautiful Creature in 2000, and toured as keyboardist for Alejandro Escovedo in 2001. The same year, he played on the soundtrack for the film Spy Kids.
In 2002, he worked with Rhett Miller on The Instigator, and in 2004 he appeared on Hanson's record Underneath. In 2005, he toured with Fiona Apple on her Extraordinary Machine tour, performing both as the opening act and as a guitarist in her backing band.
In 2006, Garza played baritone guitar on the Revolting Cocks Cocked and Loaded LP, and Al Jourgensen later added vocals to “Minority Boys Got $” on Garza’s 2008 album Dream Delay.
Garza played guitar and sang back-up vocals on the 2007 John Legend single “Sun Comes Up”.
Since 2008, Garza has regularly toured and recorded with Gaby Moreno.
David performed the music on comedian, actress, and singer-songwriter Marget Cho’s 2016 album American Myth.
In 2020, Garza was a guest vocalist and piano player on the Watkins Family Hour studio album entitled Brother Sister, joining Gaby Moreno and John C. Reilly on a cover of Charley Jordan’s "Keep It Clean".
Composing and production
Garza contributed music on film scores for Wretches & Jabberers (2011), Garnet’s Gold (2014) and Racing Extinction (2015).
In 2016, Garza produced Nina Diaz (of Girl in a Coma) first solo record The Beat is Dead.
In 2019, Garza composed the original score for the HBO film Running with Beto
In 2020, Garza co-produced, played multiple instruments on and made the album artwork for Fiona Apple's Fetch The Bolt Cutters
Discography
Just Say Love (1991)
Summer Songs 1 (1991)
Summer Songs 2 (1992)
Eyes Wide Open (1992)
Culture Vulture (1993)
Conmigo (1994)
Blind Hips In Motion (1995)
1000 Copies (1996)
4-Track Manifesto EP (1997)
This Euphoria (1998)
Kingdom Come and Go (1999)
Summer Songs 3 (2000)
Overdub (2001)
Alarm/Alarm Spring (2002)
Summer Songs 4 (2002)
Secret Album (2003)
Amorea (2003)
Covers/Colcha (2003)
Summer Songs 5 (2003)
A Strange Mess of Flowers (box set) (2004)
Oh Dread EP (download) (2005)
May Ides EP (download)(2005)
Chuy Chuy Yall EP (download) (2005)
Summer Songs 6 (2005)
Sound of Music EP (download) (2005)
David Garza (2005 Tour CD) (2005)
Slaughterhouse Jive (download)(2008)
filmusic (download) (2008)
Dream Delay (2008)
Summer Songs 7 (2009)
AD HOC (2009)
Dream Demos (2009)
The Road To ACL (2010)
Oversea (2011)
Sleep (2012)
Human Tattoo (2013)
Ballad of Crybear (2016)
Lost Rhyme (2019)
Notes
External links
David Garza official site
David Garza on Myspace
David Garza Profile on RollingStone.com
1971 births
Living people
Musicians from Austin, Texas
People from Irving, Texas
American male singer-songwriters
American musicians of Mexican descent
Hispanic and Latino American musicians
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Singer-songwriters from Texas
21st-century American singers
21st-century American male singers
Lava Records artists
Atlantic Records artists |
5380316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%20Stojanovski | Filip Stojanovski | Filip Stojanovski (, born 1 December 1996) is a Macedonian footballer playing with FK Skopje in the Macedonian First League.
Club career
Born in Macedonian capital of Skopje, Stojkovski played with youth team of FK Vardar. He made his debut as senior in the championship winning season of 2014–15. The following season he played on loan with FK Ljubanci 1974. In June 2016 he signed with FK Sileks, however, by August same year he moved to Albania and signed with KF Apolonia Fier playing with them in the 2016–17 Albanian First Division. During thee winter-breal of the 2017–18 season, he moved to Serbia and signed with FK Radnički Pirot playing the 2017–18 Serbian First League.
At the end of the season 17–18, he returns to Macedonia and signs for FK Makedonija Gjorče Petrov from the First Macedonian League, where he recorded 17 appearances, due to good games, in the summer transfer period 2019, signing for FK Shkupi. After the good games for FK Shkupi, he transferred to Kosovo to the team KF Ferizaj
International career
He played for Macedonia U-19 and U-21 national teams.
Honours
Vardar
Macedonian First League: 2014–15
References
1996 births
Living people
Footballers from Skopje
Association football defenders
Macedonian footballers
North Macedonia youth international footballers
North Macedonia under-21 international footballers
FK Vardar players
FK Ljubanci 1974 players
KF Apolonia Fier players
FK Radnički Pirot players
FK Makedonija Gjorče Petrov players
FK Shkupi players
KF Ferizaj players
Macedonian First Football League players
Macedonian Second Football League players
Kategoria e Parë players
Serbian First League players
Football Superleague of Kosovo players
Macedonian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Albania
Macedonian expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Expatriate footballers in Serbia
Macedonian expatriate sportspeople in Serbia
Expatriate footballers in Kosovo
Macedonian expatriate sportspeople in Kosovo |
4043572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearny%20Street | Kearny Street | Kearny Street () in San Francisco, California runs north from Market Street to The Embarcadero. Toward its south end, it separates the Financial District from the Union Square and Chinatown districts. Further north, it passes over Telegraph Hill, interrupted by a gap near Coit Tower.
History
Kearny Street was originally named "La Calle de la Fundacion" by the Spanish, meaning "street of the foundation." The origin of the present name, Kearny Street, is generally assumed to be Stephen Watts Kearny, the first military governor of California under U.S. rule. Another possible namesake is General Philip Kearny. It is sometimes erroneously assumed to be named after the (differently spelled) labor leader Denis Kearney, known for his racist anti-Chinese agitation.
At Kearny and Clay was the lower end of the first cable car line in America, launched by Andrew S. Hallidie on August 2, 1873, climbing five blocks up Clay Street hill toward Nob Hill.
During the early 20th century, "running north from Market Street to the Barbary Coast, Kearny Street was an avenue of honky-tonks and saloons frequented by racetrack tipsters and other shady professionals. On election nights it was the scene of torch-light parades and brass bands", as summarized in the 1940 WPA guide to San Francisco.
From the turn of the twentieth century until 1977, the area around the intersection of Kearny and Jackson Streets was home to a large Filipino population, and earned the nickname Manilatown. Located at 848 Kearny Street, the International Hotel served as the heart of Manilatown. In its heyday of the 1920s and 1930s the estimated population of Manilatown was between 20,000 and 40,000 people.
In 1968 the hotel was sold to developers intending to replace it with more profitable commercial property. After a protracted court battle, the remaining two hundred odd tenants were forcibly evicted on 4 August 1977. The hotel and other buildings to the south of it on that block were quickly torn down, after which the land lay vacant for over a quarter of a century. On 27 July 2004, a two block stretch of Kearny Street was officially declared to be Manilatown.
The San Francisco Chronicle's urban design critic John King observed in 2006 that while Kearny Street's "architectural mish-mash" includes a number of skyscrapers, "several blocks survive ramshackle and low, delightful blurs of pre-World War II architecture that mix their styles but maintain sturdy-looking masonry facades [...] These low blocks exist because of city efforts in the 1970s and '80s to preserve older buildings and keep the Financial District from devouring everything around it. That protective foresight is what good planning is all about."
Landmarks
Landmarks along Kearny Street include Lotta's Fountain at Market Street, where 1906 earthquake commemorations are held; One Montgomery Tower (an office building located on Kearny and Post streets, despite the name); 555 California Street, the city's fourth tallest skyscraper; the location of the old Hall of Justice at Kearny and Clay Streets now occupied by the Hilton San Francisco Financial District; the Lusty Lady, the nation's first worker-owned peep show; Portsmouth Square, the original Plaza of the pueblo of Yerba Buena; and Coit Tower, at the top of Telegraph Hill.
Other uses
"Kearny Street" is a song by American composer Rod McKuen.
References
Further reading
O'Brien, Robert, This is San Francisco. 1948. 1994 Chronicle Books
Streets in San Francisco
History of San Francisco
Chinatown, San Francisco
Financial District, San Francisco |
4043584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thespesia%20grandiflora | Thespesia grandiflora | Thespesia grandiflora is a tree in the family Malvaceae of the rosids clade. Its common name is maga. This tree is widely distributed throughout Puerto Rico where it is endemic. Although originally endemic to the humid mountains of limestone in the western and north-central portions of the Island, today it grows everywhere in Puerto Rico due to its extensive cultivation. It is also grown as an ornamental tree in Florida, Hawaii, Honduras and in various Caribbean islands. The maga is mostly used as an ornamental plant, but like the related Thespesia populnea its wood is also valued for its durable timber. The flower was declared the national symbol of Puerto Rico on August 7, 2019.
Flower
The flower of the tree, known as Flor de Maga, is the official national flower of Puerto Rico. It is sometimes called a hibiscus in English, although it belongs to a different genus and species from the true hibiscus, and is more closely related to Cotton.
Growth
The maga tree usually grows no larger than 20 meters. It is grown for timber and as an ornamental plant.
References
Bibliography
Bailey, L.H. 1941. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture. New York: Macmillan. 3,639 p.
Calvesbert, Robert, Jr. 1970. Climate of Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands. Climatology of the United States 60-52. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science Service Administration, Environmental Data Service. 29 p.
Holdridge, L.R. 1942. Trees of Puerto Rico. Occasional Paper 1. Río Piedras, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Tropical Forest Experiment Station. 105 p. Vol. 1.
Holdridge, L.R. 1967. Life zone ecology. San José, Costa Rica: Tropical Science Center. 206 p.
Joland, S.D.; Wiedhopt, R.M.; Cole, J.R. 1975. Tumor inhibitory agent from Montezuma speciosissima (Malvaceae). Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 64(11): 1889-1890.
Liogier, Henri A.; Martorell, Luis F. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. Río Piedras, PR: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 342 p.
Little, Elbert L., Jr.; Wadsworth, Frank H. 1964. Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agric. Handb. 249. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 548 p.
Marrero, José. 1942. A seed storage study of maga. Caribbean Forester. 3(4): 173-184.
Marrero, José. 1947. A survey of the forest plantations in the Caribbean National Forest. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan. 167 p. Tesis de M.S.
Marrero, José. 1948. Forest planting in the Caribbean National Forest: past experience as a guide for the future. Caribbean Forester. 1: 85-213.
Martorell, Luis F. 1975. Annotated food plant catalog of the insects of Puerto Rico. Río Piedras, PR: Agricultural Experiment Station. 303 p.
Neal, Marie C. 1965. In gardens of Hawaii. Special Publication 50. Honolulú: Bernice P. Bishop Press. 924 p.
Sapath, D.S.; Balaram, P. 1986. Resolution of racemic gossypol and interaction of individual enantiomers with serum albumins and model peptides. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 882(2): 183-186.
Schubert, Thomas H. 1979. Trees for urban use in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-27. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 91 p.
Weaver, Peter L. 1987. Tree growth in several tropical forests of Puerto Rico. Res. Pap. SO-152. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 15 p.
Wolcott, George N. 1939. The entomologist looks at maga. Caribbean Forester. 1(1): 29-30.
Wolcott, George N. 1940. A list of woods arranged according to their resistance to the attack of the “polilla”, the dry-wood termite of the West Indies. Caribbean Forester. 1(4): 1-10.
External links
Flor de maga at elboricua.com
grandiflora
Endemic flora of Puerto Rico
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
4043590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Steere | Arthur Steere | Arthur Wallace Steere (1865–1943) was a Rhode Island politician and prominent businessman and landowner.
Biography
Steere (known as "A.W.") was born in Glocester, Rhode Island, on September 3, 1865, to Seth Hunt Steere and Lucy L. Smith. Steere was a direct descendant of Rhode Island founder, Roger Williams, William Wickenden, General William West, and Pilgrim George Soule. As a youth he worked on his family's farm in Glocester and then went to Scituate, Rhode Island, where he engaged in the teaming business for three years. In 1889 Steere inherited a bequest from his relative Henry J. Steere, a prominent manufacturer, upon the latter's death. In 1887, Steere married into the Brayton family when he married Sarah Jeanette Brayton (daughter of David and Phebe Brayton) in a Congregational service; she who died in 1892. Next, Steere married Mamie Farrar (daughter of Miles and Annie (Allen) Farrar) in 1894. They had five children together: Seth, Arthur, Nelson, Nettie and Henry.
Eventually, Arthur Steere became the owner of over one thousand acres (4 km²) of property in the Rhode Island towns of Johnston, Burrillville, Foster, Scituate, Smithfield, and Glocester, making him one of the state's largest landowners. Steere sold hundreds of acres to the state of Rhode Island for the creation of the Scituate Reservoir in the 1920s. He owned various businesses on this land, including lumber yards, which produced railroad ties and telegraph poles, and also dairy farms, fruit orchards, refrigeration facilities, and a teaming business that first paved the majority of the roads in northern Rhode Island. Steere had over one hundred and fifty employees at the start of the 20th century. Senator Steere was a lifelong Republican, and in 1907 he was elected to the Rhode Island Senate representing Greenville, Rhode Island. As a senator, Steere was extremely active in property issues, serving on the property committee. Steere was also a member of the Freemasons of Greenville and Scituate and an attendant of Greenville's Free Will Baptist Church. After Steere died in January 1943, his sons Seth Hunt Steere and Henry J. Steere took over the bulk of his businesses and landholdings. Steere Orchards on Austin Avenue in Greenville is still owned by his descendants and is the largest orchard in Rhode Island. Steere was buried at Harmony Chapel Cemetery in Glocester.
Images
References
Further reading
"Arthur Wallace Steere," The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations: Biographical,(NY: The American Historical Society, 1920) 121-122.
"Arthur Wallace Steere," Representative men and old families of Rhode Island : genealogical records and historical sketches of prominent and representative citizens and of many of the old families. (Chicago: J.H. Beers & Co., 1908).
James Root, Steere Genealogy, (Providence: Riverside Press, 1890).
The Providence Journal, "The Will of Mr. Henry J. Steere in Detail," November 1, 1889, pg. 3.
The Providence Journal, "Obituary: Henry J. Steere," October 29, 1889, pg. 8.
External links
Steere's House (PDF)
Rhode Island state senators
1865 births
1943 deaths
People from Smithfield, Rhode Island
People from Glocester, Rhode Island
Burials in Rhode Island
19th-century American businesspeople |
4043596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashy%20Bull | Flashy Bull | Flashy Bull (foaled March 13, 2003) by Jerry and Liz Squyres at Crowning Point Farm in Paris, Kentucky is an American thoroughbred racehorse. He was sired by the 1994 U.S. Horse of the Year Holy Bull out of the mare, Iridescence.
He was a contender for the Triple Crown in 2006.
As of July, 2007, he had started 19 times, winning 5, placing in 5, and showing in three and had lifetime earnings of $844,313.
In August, 2007, he was retired to stud due to a cracked sesamoid bone in his left ankle, believed to have happened in the Whitney Handicap at Saratoga Race Course on July 28 where he was unplaced.
Connections
Flashy Bull was owned by West Point Thoroughbreds and was trained by Kiaran McLaughlin. His rider in the Kentucky Derby was Mike E. Smith. He was ridden to a third-place finish in the Ohio Derby by Luis Antonio Gonzalez.
Races
References
Flashy Bull's pedigree
2006 Derby Contenders Flashy Bull
NTRA Flashy Bull Retired
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
2003 racehorse births
Racehorses trained in the United States
Thoroughbred family 9-f |
4043603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina%20Nordstr%C3%B6m | Tina Nordström | Maria Kristina "Tina" Nordström Holmqvist (born 6 August 1973) is a Swedish celebrity chef and television personality from Helsingborg, Sweden.
She hosted the second season of New Scandinavian Cooking on PBS stations on American television, replacing Andreas Viestad as host of the show; she was succeeded by Claus Meyer. She also appeared in a subsequent series featuring the same cast in rotation called "Perfect Day", produced by Tellusworks/Anagram Produktion and directed by Andreas Lindergard.
Besides the cookery show Mat ("Food"), which she made together with Tomas Tengby, she has written cookbooks—Tinas mat ("Tina's food"), Tina and Jättegott Tina ("Delicious, Tina").
Nordström won the Swedish Let's Dance television show in 2008. In 2009, she produced Tinas cookalong, with Gordon Ramsay as a guest cook.
From 2014, she is part of the jury in Sveriges yngsta mästerkock, the Swedish version of Masterchef Junior.
References
External links
New Scandinavian Cooking: New Scandinavian Cooking - Meet Tina Nordström
Tina Nordström at the Internet Movie Database
See Tina's dance performance in the Swedish Let's dance 2008 television show, where she won. (Web page in Swedish).
Swedish food writers
Swedish chefs
Swedish television personalities
Swedish women television presenters
American women television presenters
Salespeople
American television chefs
1973 births
Living people
Dancing with the Stars winners
Infomercials
Women cookbook writers
American women chefs
21st-century American women |
4043604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandst%C3%A4tter%20Group | Brandstätter Group | Brandstätter Group (geobra Brandstätter GmbH & Co. KG) is a German company, headquartered in Zirndorf, Bavaria. The group is composed of toy company Playmobil, Playmobil 1.2.3 Ltd, Inmold Ltd, Hob Electronics Ltd, Hob Components Ltd, HOB Inc., HOB GmbH & Co KG, and Hob Software Ltd.
In 1876, the company was founded by Andreas Brandstätter in Fürth, Bavaria and produced ornamental fittings and locks. By 1921, the company mainly was producing metal toys such as piggy banks, telephones, cash registers, and scales.
In 1954, production shifted to plastics and in the following years produced toys such as the Multi-Worker play-set. The Playmobil line of products was introduced in 1970 under Horst Brandstätter and marketed worldwide in 1975.
The Brandstätter Group produces exclusively in Europe, chiefly at its main factory in Dietenhofen, 25 km from Zirndorf, with a workforce of 750 people. Although Playmobil also has factories in Malta (700 employees), Spain and the Czech Republic, Horst Brandstätter expanded production in Germany, and invested heavily in the Dietenhofen factory. New products included the Lechuza self-watering planters.
References
External links
Playmobil
Companies based in Bavaria
Playmobil
German companies established in 1876
Toy companies of Germany
Toy companies established in the 19th century
Manufacturing companies established in 1876 |
4043609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Underhill | John Underhill | John Underhill may refer to:
Sir John Underhill (died 1679), courtier to Elizabeth I of England
John Underhill (bishop) (1545–1592), English academic and bishop of Oxford
John Edward Underhill (1574–1608)
John Underhill (captain) (1597–1672), English colonist and soldier
John Q. Underhill (1848–1907), U.S. Representative from New York
John R. Underhill (born 1961), British professor of stratigraphy and former Scottish Premier League football referee
John Garrett Underhill (1876–1946), author and stage producer
John Garrett Underhill Jr. (1915–1964), U.S. Army officer |
5380319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csorna | Csorna | Csorna is a town in Győr-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary. Csorna is located near the Fertő-Hanság National Park. There are two districts in the town: the Földsziget and the Csatárimajor.
Etymology
The name comes from Slavic *Cherna/Chorna (black), see also e.g. Čierna, Černá or Czarna.
Jews
Jews first settled in the town in the second half of the 18th century, at the invitation of the estate owner, count Eszterhazy. The majority were engaged in commerce, while there were some industrialists. The community was organized in 1853. the synagogue was built in 1854 and enlarged in 1884. because of differences between haredim and maskilim (reformer) at the Jewish congress in 1868, the community affiliated with the orthodox stream (which refused to accept the decisions of congress). In 1885 land was obtained for a cemetery and a Khevra Kadisha was established. There were also a school, Talmud Torah and charitable institutions.
In World War I 19 Jews fell in action. During the period of the "White Terror" (1919–21) one Jew was murdered.
In 1930 the community numbered 795 Jews.
The Holocaust period
In 1941 Jewish males were conscripted for forced labour (work on fortifications and in services together with other Hungarian citizens whom the authorities would not permit to join the armed forces).
In May 1944 a ghetto was set up in Csorna, in which the Jews from the surrounding area were also confined. They were sent on foot and in carts, often for long distances. On 18 June they were all sent to the ghetto in Sopron, and on 5 July they were transported to Auschwitz.
In April 1945 Jewish workers from a forced labour unit at the extermination camp at Balf were brought to the municipal hospital in csorna. They were wounded, having been shot by members of the S.S. and men of Szalasi's "Arrow Cross" fascist party. They all died and were buried in the Jewish cemetery.
After the war, some tens of survivors returned who renewed communal life. In 1955 there were 70 Jews in the area, including 22 children born after the war.
Sport
The association football Csornai SE, competing in the Nemzeti Bajnokság III, are based in the town.
Notable people
János Áder, President of Hungary
David Gestetner, inventor of the Gestetner duplicating machine
Zoltán Szarka, footballer
Twin towns – sister cities
Csorna is twinned with:
Dingzhou, China
Lunca de Sus, Romania
Miercurea Nirajului, Romania
Sinzing, Germany
Zlaté Klasy, Slovakia
References
External links
in Hungarian
Csorna, Hungary - JewishGen
Populated places in Győr-Moson-Sopron County |
5380320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeoptera | Palaeoptera | The name Palaeoptera (from Greek ( 'old') + ( 'wing')) has been traditionally applied to those ancestral groups of winged insects (most of them extinct) that lacked the ability to fold the wings back over the abdomen as characterizes the Neoptera. The Diaphanopterodea, which are palaeopteran insects, had independently and uniquely evolved a different wing-folding mechanism. Both mayflies and dragonflies lack any of the smell centers in their brain found in Neoptera.
Disputed status
The complexities of the wing-folding mechanism, as well as the mechanical operation of the wings in flight (indirect flight muscles), are such that it clearly indicates the Neoptera are a monophyletic lineage.
The problem is that the plesiomorphic absence of wing-folding does not necessarily mean the Palaeoptera form a natural group – they may simply be an assemblage containing all insects, closely related or not, that "are not Neoptera", an example of a wastebasket taxon.
If the extinct lineages are taken into account, it seems likely that the concept of Palaeoptera will eventually be discarded or changed in content to more accurately reflect insect evolution.
In any case, three main palaeopteran lineages, traditionally treated as superorders, are recognized.
Of these, the Palaeodictyopteroidea themselves might be a paraphyletic assemblage of very basal Pterygota, too.
As it stands, the relationship of the two living Paleopteran groups – Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) – to the Neoptera has not been resolved yet; there are three competing main hypotheses with many variations. In two of these – those that treat the ephemeropteran or the odonatan lineage as closer to the Neoptera than to the other "palaeopterans" – the Paleoptera appear to be paraphyletic.
See also
Archedictyon
Neoptera
Footnotes
References
(2002): Tree of Life Web Project – Pterygota. Winged insects. Version of 2002-JAN-01. Retrieved 2008-DEC-15.
[2008]: Tree of Life Web Project – Pterygote Higher Relationships. Retrieved 2008-DEC-15.
(2008): Tree of Life Web Project – Odonata. Dragonflies and damselflies. Version of 2008-MAR-20. Retrieved 2008-DEC-15.
Insect taxonomy
Carboniferous first appearances |
4043610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s%20Leoz | Nicolás Leoz | Nicolás Leoz Almirón (10 September 1928 – 28 August 2019) was President of CONMEBOL (South American Football Confederation) from 1986 to 2013. Leoz assumed the presidency in 1986 (succeeding Teófilo Salinas Fuller) and in February 2006, he was reelected as President for a sixth term. He was Paraguayan and received Colombian citizenship in 2008. On April 23, 2013, Leoz resigned from both the FIFA Executive Committee and the CONMEBOL presidency, citing health issues.
Before his position as President of CONMEBOL, Leoz was President of the Justice Department of the Paraguayan Basketball Confederation (1957–1959), President of Paraguayan soccer Club Libertad (1969–1970 and 1974–1977), President of the Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol (1971–1973 and 1979–1985) and Vice President of CONMEBOL (1972–1974 and 1980–1986).
In November 2010 he was alleged by the BBC to have taken bribes in the 1990s regarding the awarding of World Cup television rights.
In May 2015, Leoz was banned by the FIFA Ethics Committee.
Youth and early career
Leoz was born in Pirizal, Chaco Paraguayo, Paraguay. His childhood was spent in Pirizal, 78 km. in the industrial complex of Carlos Casado, near the Paraguay River, Puerto Casado today is known as Puerto La Victoria.
From 1940 to 1950, Leoz was a sports journalist in radio media and the press, with teachers, peers and colleagues like Halley Gerardo Mora Pedro García, Nestor Romero Valdovinos, Milciades Aguayo, Sindulfo Martínez.
In 1957, he studied law at the School of Law and Social Sciences of the UNA (National University of Asunción) and as a student took office in Judiciary as a scribe in interrogations; he graduated December 24, 1957, at 29 years age.
From 1950 to 1962, he was a history teacher at the Colegio Nacional de la Capital, Nacional de Niñas and Comercio.
He was also director of aluminum enterprise and agricultural livestock.
From 1957 to 1977, he was president of the Tribunal de Justicia de la Confederación Paraguaya de Básquetbol.
Doctor “Honoris causa” from Universidade of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Member of Honor of the Universidad Nacional of San Agustín of Arequipa, Perú.
Timeline of football career
Corruption allegations
In November 2010, Andrew Jennings, the presenter of FIFA's Dirty Secrets, an edition of BBC's flagship current affairs programme Panorama alleged that Leoz had taken bribes in the 1990s regarding the awarding of contracts for the sale of television rights to the football World Cup. Panorama claimed to have obtained a confidential document from a company called ISL which showed that Leoz was paid $730,000 by the company. ISL won the contract to distribute the television rights. Leoz has not responded to the allegations.
In May 2011, Lord Triesman named Leoz while giving evidence at a Parliamentary inquiry into football governance in London. Nicolas Leoz has been accused of requesting an honorary knighthood in reward for supporting a World Cup bid for England. It was later revealed in email exchanges involving his aide that Leoz would consider visiting England if the FA Cup, the oldest association football competition in the world, were to be named after him.
On April 23, 2013, Leoz announced his resignation of CONMEBOL presidency to take place on April 30, 2013.
On June 3, 2015, Leoz was named on an INTERPOL Red Notice.
In 2018, his extradition was approved by a Paraguayan court. Leoz appealed the decision. At the time of his death the case was pending before the Supreme Court of Paraguay.
Family
Leoz was the son of Gregory Leoz Latorre (born in Navarre, Spain) and Petrona Almirón Bogarín (born in Luque, Paraguay), daughter of then peace judge Luque. His brothers were Guillermo, Pomposa, Sara, Eusebio, Cesar, Modesto and Maria Teresa. He also had two brothers, Isidoro and Cesareo from his father when he married Eudosia Carmen Zorrilla.
His paternal grandparents were Cesareo Leoz Guinda and Miguela Latorre. His paternal great-grandparents were Manuel Leoz Ramon and Manuela Guinda Baztam.
Notes
News media as a scandal involving within the FIFA together with Julio Grondona who is vice president of FIFA, CSF vice-president and president of the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino. (Andrew Jennings).
References
Bibliography
Leoz, Nicholas, Pido la palabra. MZ Editions S.R.L., Ladino 3729. Buenos Aires-Argentina, 2001
External links
FIFA.COM
1928 births
2019 deaths
Naturalized citizens of Colombia
Presidents of CONMEBOL
Paraguayan emigrants to Colombia
Paraguayan people of Basque descent
Paraguayan people of Spanish descent
FIFA officials
People named in the Panama Papers
Paraguayan schoolteachers |
5380322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords%20of%20Cemais | Lords of Cemais | The Lords of Cemais were the ruling families, from the early 12th century of the Marcher Lordship (aka Palatine Barony) of Kemes, and in later centuries of the barony of Cemais in Wales.
Martin de Turribus, fl. 1090's.
Robert fitz Martin, c.1095? - died c.1159
William I FitzMartin, c.1155-1209, husband of Angharad, daughter of Rhys ap Gruffydd, prince of the briefly re-established Deheubarth.
William II FitzMartin, 1177?-1216
Sir Nicholas FitzMartin, 1210–1282, who granted land in the Preseli Hills to a son of , a famous poet.
William, Lord Martin, 1257–1324
William, Lord Martin, 1296–1326; his sole heir was the son of his deceased sister, Joan, the wife of the first Baron Audley:
James Audley, 2nd Baron Audley, 1312–1386
Nicholas Audley, 3rd Baron Audley, c.1330-1391; title went into abeyance until being inherited by his sister's son:
John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley, d. 1409
James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley, d. 1459
John Tuchet, 6th Baron Audley, d. 1491
James Tuchet, 7th Baron Audley, c.1465-1497, who was executed for treason and the Marcher Lorship forfeit. It was eventually re-established as a Barony, in the year of the Laws in Wales Acts (which abolished all Marcher Lordships), for his son:
John Tuchet, 8th Baron Audley, d. 1558, who sold it in 1539 to
William Owen, c. 1488–1574, a local lawyer
George Owen, 1552–1613
Alban Owen, 1580–1656
David Owen, fl. 1651
William Owen, c.1654-1721
Elizabeth Owen, d. 1746
Anne Owen, d. c.1720?
William Lloyd, d. 1734
Anne Lloyd, c. 1715-1775
Colonel Thomas Lloyd, 1740–1807
Thomas Lloyd, 1788–1845
Sir Thomas Davies Lloyd, bart., 1820–1877
Sir Marteine Lloyd, bart., 1851–1933
Nesta Lloyd Withington, d.1943
Morfa Withington Winser, 1920–1958
Joan Gregson Ellis, d. 1973
Hyacinthe Hawkesworth, married John Hawkesworth in 1943
Heir presumptative: John Phillip Cemaes Hawkesworth, 1947–2006Heir presumptative: Alexander Hawkesworth
Sources
The Lords of Cemais, Dilwynn Miles, Haverfordwest, 1997.
References
Anglo-Normans in Wales
History of Pembrokeshire
Welsh noble families |
4043615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill%20Barriers | Churchill Barriers | The Churchill Barriers are four causeways in the Orkney Islands (at
, , , and ), with a total length of . They link the Orkney Mainland in the north to the island of South Ronaldsay via Burray and the two smaller islands of Lamb Holm and Glimps Holm.
The barriers were built between May 1940 and September 1944, primarily as naval defences to protect the anchorage at Scapa Flow, but since 12 May 1945, serve as road links between the islands. The two southern barriers, Glimps Holm to Burray and Burray to South Ronaldsay, are Category A listed.
History
On 14 October 1939, the Royal Navy battleship HMS Royal Oak was sunk at her moorings within the natural harbour of Scapa Flow, by the under the command of Günther Prien. U-47 had entered Scapa Flow through Holm Sound, one of several eastern entrances to Scapa Flow.
The eastern passages were protected by measures including sunken block ships, booms and anti-submarine nets, but U-47 entered at night at high tide by navigating between the block ships.
To prevent further attacks, the First Lord of The Admiralty Winston Churchill ordered the construction of permanent barriers. Work began in May 1940 and the barriers were completed in September 1944 but were not officially opened until 12 May 1945, four days after Victory in Europe Day.
Construction
The contract for building the barriers was awarded to Balfour Beatty, although part of the southernmost barrier (between Burray and South Ronaldsay) was sub-contracted to William Tawse & Co. The first Resident Superintending Civil Engineer was E K Adamson, succeeded in 1942 by G Gordon Nicol.
Preparatory work on the site began in May 1940, while experiments on models for the design were undertaken at Whitworth Engineering Laboratories at the University of Manchester.
The bases of the barriers were built from gabions enclosing 250,000 tonnes of broken rock, from quarries on Orkney. The gabions were dropped into place from overhead cableways into waters up to deep. The bases were then covered with 66,000 locally cast concrete blocks in five-tonne and ten-tonne sizes. The five-tonne blocks were laid on the core, and the ten-tonne blocks were arranged on the sides in a random pattern to act as wave-breaks.
Only minor environmental impacts have been seen as a result of their construction.
Labour
A project of this size required a substantial labour force, which peaked in 1943 at over 2,000.
Much of the labour was provided by over 1,300 Italian prisoners of war who had been captured in the desert war in North Africa; they were transported to Orkney from early 1942 onwards.
The prisoners were accommodated in three camps, 600 at Camp 60 on Little Holm and the remaining 700 at two camps on Burray.
In 1943, those at Camp 60 built an ornate Italian Chapel, which still survives and has become a tourist attraction.
Ecological impact
Research by the University of York published in 2012 showed significant changes to the ecology of the area, and that behind the barriers an eutrophic environment dominated due to the loss of the natural through-flow of water.
Deterioration
In October 2011, the Orkney Islands Council took control of the barriers from the Ministry of Defence. Since then, with increasingly erratic weather events and rising sea levels as a result of global climate change, the barriers have begun to deteriorate. Of the four barriers, only Barrier No. 2, from Lamb Holm to Glimps Holm, is at high risk for needing to be replaced, according to the Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Replacing even one of the causeways is extremely unpopular in Orkney due to their historical significance. The Council was as of February 2021 exploring options that would preserve all of the causeways.
Gallery
References
External links
Burray and The Barriers
Undiscovered Scotland: The Churchill Barriers
Our Past History: The Churchill Barriers
Okneypics.com: photos of the barrier
Orkney
Buildings and structures in Scotland
Civil engineering
Category A listed buildings in Orkney
Causeways in Europe |
5380324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Football%20Federation%20of%20Guatemala | National Football Federation of Guatemala | The National Football Federation of Guatemala (), known as Fedefut Guate or FENAFUTG, is the governing body of football in Guatemala. It organizes the football league, Liga Nacional de Guatemala, Primera División de Ascenso, Segunda División de Ascenso, Copa de Guatemala, the Guatemala national football team, and the Guatemala women's national football team. Its offices are located in Guatemala City.
FENAFUTG were suspended by FIFA on 28 October 2016, however, the suspension was lifted on May 31, 2018 after the organization's normalization committee became fully operational.
History
The Guatemala national football team represents Guatemala in international matches and it falls under the direct command of Federacion Nacional de Futbol de Guatemala. Association Football was established in 1919 and Guatemala became a FIFA member in 1946, and got their CONCACAF affiliation in 1961.
Rules of the Guatemalan Football Federation
The National Football Federation of Guatemala has been in charge of overseeing many regulations which are divided into general and competition.
The most important general rules are: Status of the National Federation of Association Football in Guatemala, General Rules of Competition, Regulation of the Professional First Division, Regulation Commission Disciplinary Commission, Player Regulations, and rules of the Referees Committee.
The most important competition regulations are the Laws of the Game of FIFA.
Associations affiliated with FedefutGuate
Departmental Associations: Each Departmental Association has the right to integrate the General Assembly one Delegate. In accordance with Rule 109 of the Law for the Development of Physical Culture and Sports, the Executive Committees of the Sports Associations departmental designate one of its members, one delegate and one alternate to the General Assembly of the Federation. These representatives shall hold office for one calendar year, which is the reason why the appointment should be made in the last regular session made by the respective Executive Committee.
National League: The procedure to appoint or elect the delegates and alternates as holders of each league will be as follows: National Football League: will be entitled to appoint ten delegates and their alternate delegates, one for every Club affiliated to it. These delegates are appointed by the Boards of Directors of each club. In accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 21 of this Statute, the delegates from each club must certify by letter to their representation in the General Assembly of Football.
First Division League: Will be entitled to elect five delegates and their alternate delegates. The election of these delegates are chosen by the General Assembly of the League. Fans will not form by region, as determined by the Assembly. If it chose to make the election by region, the Executive Committee of the League affiliated clubs divided into five geographical regions with equal number of members, except mathematical impossibility. Each region will elect its own delegate and a deputy.
Second Division League: Will be entitled to elect three delegates and their alternate delegates. These delegates are elected by the General Assembly of the Second Division League. The election will be done individually for each delegate.
Third Division League: Will be entitled to elect two delegates and their alternate delegates. These delegates are elected by the General Assembly of the Third Division league. The election will be done individually for each delegate.
National Women's Football League: Have the right to appoint (1) delegate and delegate its respective alternate. These delegates are appointed by the Executive Committee of the National Women's Football League. The Executive Committee of the League shall be obliged to make available to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the respective letter of attorney for purposes of accreditation.
Futsal National League: Have the right to appoint (1) delegate and delegate its respective alternate. These delegates are appointed by the Executive Committee of the National Football League Board. The Executive Committee of the League shall be obliged to make available to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the respective letter of attorney for purposes of accreditation.
Other Leagues Affiliated: Any other League affiliate of the National Football Federation is entitled to designate (1) delegate and delegate its respective alternate. These delegates are appointed by the Executive Committee of the League. The Executive Committee of the League shall be obliged to make available to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the respective letter of attorney for purposes of accreditation.
Committees
The Federation will organize, regulate and maintain the technical bodies:
a. Statutes & Regulatory Committee
b. Coaches Committee and Technical Directors
c. Referees Committee
d. National Teams Committee
e. Professional & Amateur Leagues
f. If needed, The others will work under the Federation itself.
The Executive Committee shall be regulated with regard to functioning, powers and duties of these committee.
Statutes and Regulatory Committee. 1. The Statutes and Regulatory Committee will be responsible for studying and revisions of requests for amendment to this Statute. 2. They should study and draw up draft regulations to implement this Statute, and to review, analyze and study the rules and regulations of the affiliated institutions, and must render its opinion to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the corresponding effects.
Coaches and Technical Directors Committee. Without prejudice to the powers that national law assigns to the National Association of Coaches, Coaches and Technical Directors Committee will be responsible to educate and train football coaches. This committee will be responsible for the assessment of football coaches and certify to the Executive Committee of the Federation the results of the evaluations for this entity approved practice, if applicable. It should promote the achievement of scholarships abroad to affect the technical capacities of the Guatemalan Football players.
Referees Committee. 1. The Arbitration Committee shall consist of the number of members necessary for the proper performance of its functions to be exercised in accordance with the provisions of FIFA and in coordination with the National Association of Referees, which has established office in the National Law, will have among their functions the organization and functioning of the National School of Arbitrators of the Federation. 2. They will be responsible for submitting to the Executive Committee of the Federation's list of candidates for inclusion in FIFA, according to the regulations thereof. The Federation will make the official registration. 3. The Arbitration Panel of the Federation shall consist of arbitrators who meet the requirements to run football matches. 4. The Arbitration Panel members may choose from among its members a Board of Directors to represent them before the Federation and the Arbitration Committee to expose and resolve any conflicts that arise related to their functions. 5. Departmental and municipal associations should appoint their own subcommittees arbitration or integrate sub-branches and subsidiaries of referees assigned to the Arbitration Panel of the Federation.
The National Teams Committee. 1. The National Teams Committee will prepare the proposed organization, operation, discipline and budget for submission to the respective acceptance. 2. They should also operate under the Regulation that the Executive Committee of the Federation issues. 3. The Executive Committee of the Federation may grant the Commission authority to hire National Teams regarding sponsorship and management of their funds in order to make it financially independent. 4. The Executive Committee of the Federation may decide not to appoint a Committee of National Teams, in which case these attributes correspond directly to the Executive Committee itself. Article 111. Committee. The committees appointed by the Executive Committee of the Federation may be renewed in whole or in part at any time.
Association staff
References
External links
Official website
Guatemala at FIFA site
Guatemala at CONCACAF site
Guatemala
Football in Guatemala
Football
Guatemala
Sports organizations established in 1919
1919 establishments in Guatemala |
5380337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelm | Kelm | Kelm is either a German language topographic or a habitational surname, in the first case denoting a person who lived near a hill (Old Slavic cholm "peak", "hill") or in the second case someone who came from Chełm in eastern Poland or from any of several similar named smaller settlement. Notable people with the surname include:
Annette Kelm (1975), German artist and photographer
Arthur Andrew Kelm (1931–2018), American actor, singer, film producer and author
Bernhard Kelm (1967), retired German long jumper
Duncan Kelm (1988), American rugby union player
Dustin Kelm (1972), American unicyclist
Erna Kelm (1908–1962), German victim of the Berlin Wall
Erwin Kelm (1911–1994), American businessman
Gabriele Kelm (1872–1921), German rower
George L. Kelm (1931–2019), American archaeologist
Larry Kelm (1964–2014), American football player
Viktor Kelm (1997), Kyrgyz footballer
References
See also
Chelm (disambiguation)
Kelme (disambiguation)
German-language surnames
German toponymic surnames |
5380339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country%20Park%20Halt%20railway%20station | Country Park Halt railway station | Country Park Halt is an unstaffed request stop on the Severn Valley Railway heritage line in Shropshire, situated near the west bank of the River Severn, about 300 yards north of the footbridge between Highley and Alveley in the Severn Valley.
The halt was opened on 4 April 1996 as part of an initiative by Bridgnorth district council (who paid for it) to serve the Severn Valley Country Park. It now features a red-brick shelter. The halt has replaced Alveley Halt (situated half a kilometre to the south), which was closed in 1963 and not reopened by the SVR. The halt is built on what was formerly the site of the "Alveley sidings", where coal from Alveley Colliery was loaded onto freight trains.
The halt, like much of the Country Park, is on National Cycle Route 45 and has a purpose-built low-incline cycle path from the nearby bridge (which also forms part of the cycle route). The cycle path is also convenient for wheelchair access. The cycle route and associated footpaths lead through the numerous glades, picnic areas and nature reserves of the Country Park. The nearest public toilets are located about a kilometre away, on the east side of the river (Alveley), uphill at the Country Park Visitors' Centre, which also hosts a café at peak periods.
There is no highway access to Country Park Halt, and trains stop there only on request during hours of daylight. Passengers wishing to board should hold up their hand (any polite hand signal will do, although the traditional one is an open palm held aloft). Passengers wishing to alight should alert the driver or guard when boarding the train. The train driver will be aware that the stop is by request only, and will slow down through the halt looking for passengers.
References
External links
Visitor Guide to Severn Valley Country Park
Heritage railway stations in Shropshire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1996
Railway stations in Great Britain without road access
Severn Valley Railway
Railway stations built for UK heritage railways |
5380341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramers | Kramers | Kramers can refer to:
Kramers (bookstore), Independent bookstore in Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C., United States
Kramers (crater), an old lunar impact crater on the northern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon
Kramers F.C., football team from Palau
People
Johannes Hendrik Kramers (26 February 1891 – 17 December 1951), Dutch scholar of Islam
Hans Kramers (2 February 1894 – 24 April 1952), Dutch physicist
See also
Kramers' law, physics, spectral distribution of X-rays |
5380355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20V.%20Creely | John V. Creely | John Vaudain Creely (November 14, 1839disappeared August/September 1872) was an Independent Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Creely disappeared while serving in Congress and was later declared legally dead.
Biography
John Creely was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where he was educated. He graduated from Central High School, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1862, and practiced in Philadelphia. During the American Civil War he served with the Union Army as an officer of Keystone Battery, Pennsylvania Light Artillery Regiment. Originally commissioned a first lieutenant in 1862, he later received promotion to captain as commander of the battery before leaving the military in 1867.
Political career
Creely was a member of the Philadelphia City Council from 1867 to 1871. He was elected to Congress as Independent Republican in 1870, and served in the 42nd United States Congress. However, Creely seems to have rarely carried out his congressional duties, and appears only once in the Congressional Globe Index, a predecessor to the Congressional Record, for having taken part in a ceremonial vote at the beginning of Congressional term. He did not receive his pay, which remained with the House Sergeant at Arms.
In 1872 Creely was sued for legal malpractice, accused of misappropriating a client's stock certificates and using them as a security for a loan which he did not repay. He was subsequently accused of additional financial misdeeds, which could have played a part in his subsequent disappearance.
Disappearance and declaration of death
According to court documents his sister Adelaide filed when she requested that he be declared legally dead, in August or September 1872 Creely departed Philadelphia for Washington in preparation for the start of a Congressional session in December, and later informed his sister and mother that he was going to board a ship for New Orleans. He was not heard from again, and investigations by his family failed to determine his whereabouts or the cause of his disappearance.
Investigators found that his suitcases and other personal belongings were still in his Washington boarding house room, making it unlikely that he had sailed to New Orleans. Despite this discovery, his mother and sister later searched for him in New Orleans, most major U.S. cities, and locations as far away as Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America, but found no trace.
Creely's mother died in 1897, after which his sister applied to have him declared legally dead. On September 28, 1900 the orphans' court of Philadelphia made the declaration, and his sister received his estate, consisting chiefly of the Congressional pay Creely had never claimed.
Subsequent efforts to locate
In 1927, as the Joint Committee on Printing prepared to reprint the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, one clerk went through extensive research to obtain more information about Creely's fate, including writing to men with whom he served during the Civil War. One response the clerk received stated, "He [Creely] was a splendid soldier, with a fine record and was honorably discharged at the end of his term of service . . . He went to Washington and that was the last time I, or any of his friends, ever heard of him. He never came back to Philadelphia, and disappeared utterly."
See also
List of people who disappeared
References
Retrieved on 2008-02-14
The Political Graveyard
History: The Case of the Missing Congressman by Kenneth Chamberlain, November 16, 2012. Retrieved on 2014-09-20
The life and mysterious disappearance of Representative John V. Creely of Pennsylvania U.S. House of Representatives
1839 births
19th-century deaths
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American politicians
Independent Republican members of the United States House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Missing person cases in Washington, D.C.
People declared dead in absentia
Pennsylvania lawyers
Pennsylvania Republicans
Philadelphia City Council members
Union Army officers |
5380372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuv%C3%A1r | Kapuvár | Kapuvár (; ) is a small but ancient town of some 11,000 inhabitants in Győr-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary.
The town is known for its thermal water which some believe has hydrotherapeutic properties. It is served by highway 85, and has a train station. It borders the Fertő-Hanság National Park, from the border station of Pomogy. The settlement was fortified as early as the 11th century and was the estate owned by the Nádasdy family in the 16th century. St. Ann's church contains an ancient cemetery that is still being used. Local gastronomic specialties include "clasp-knife platter of Kapuvár," rolled meat of Hany Istók, slaughterman liver, foreleg ham of Kapuvár, rolled meat of Hanság, fritter-like pastry, rolled crêpes filled with preserves, and "pretzel of Rábaköz." There is one fine-dining restaurant in the village, and a few small cafes. A pleasant collection of small, pretty houses with colorful flower gardens reflects the tranquillity of the surrounding rural area. The village was left largely untouched by Russian influences.
Culture
The wines of the Sopron wine region are available here, and wine-tastings and wine-tours are popular. A ceramics gallery sells unique Kapuvar creations in porcelain. Horse-riding tourism has significantly developed in recent years.
A three-day cultural programme (Days of Kapuvár) is held on Saint Anne's day on 25–26 July every year, with performances of music, art and folk groups. The Community Centre of Rábaköz holds theatre performances, concerts, folk dance programmes, and sponsors festivals of brass and reed bands, literary evenings, exhibitions and fairs.
A baroque castle, the Eszterháza in Fertőd, is situated from Kapuvár. Called “the Hungarian Versailles”, it was the site of famous performances and concerts, due to the work of Joseph Haydn. Franz Schubert taught music there, performed concerts, and wrote some of his most famous duets and trios there. A museum in one of the castle's baroque buildings, the House of Music, is open to visitors.
Twin towns – sister cities
Kapuvár is twinned with:
Biharia, Romania
Dębica, Poland
Dębica (rural gmina), Poland
Mattersburg, Austria
Svishtov, Bulgaria
References
External links
in Hungarian, English and German
Populated places in Győr-Moson-Sopron County |
5380385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task%20Force%20for%20National%20Strategy%20for%20Information%20Society%20Development | Task Force for National Strategy for Information Society Development | The Task Force for National Strategy for Information Society Development was a group of experts gathered for the purpose of creating the National Strategy for Information Society Development for North Macedonia.
The Task Force was an interdisciplinary team composed of 33 experts from various sectors (governmental, business, educational, developmental and civic) and included current and former MPs, a mayor, IT experts affiliated with the major political parties, and a counselor from the President's cabinet. The work focused on identifying the mechanisms and the legal and fiscal framework necessary for the implementation of initiatives in seven main categories: infrastructure, e-business, e-government, e-education, e-health, e-citizens, and legislation, as well as an additional focus on sustainability. The goal was to create modern and efficient ICT services for citizens and businesses in all spheres of life.
The National Strategy was adopted by the Government on June 16, 2005, and by the Assembly of North Macedonia on September 21, 2005. Public forums were organized in several towns throughout North Macedonia, and also on the Information Technology Committee website, in order to involve the public in creating the final draft.
References
External links
Committee for Information Technology
Metamorphosis Foundation
MASIT Macedonian Association of IT Companies
Government agencies of North Macedonia |
4043616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Dan | Zhang Dan | Zhang Dan (; born 4 October 1985) is a Chinese former pair skater. With Zhang Hao, she is the 2006 Olympic silver medalist, a four-time (2005 bronze, 2006, 2008, 2009 silver) World medalist, and a two-time (2005, 2010) Four Continents champion.
Zhang Dan retired from competition on May 6, 2012.
Career
Early career
Zhang Dan and Zhang Hao (no relation) teamed up in 1997. In 1998–99 Junior Grand Prix (JGP), the pair competed in one event and won the gold medal. They continued the season with a bronze medal at the 1999 Chinese National Championships. The following season, they competed in two 1999–2000 JGP events, medaling in both. They qualified for the final, where they finished fifth. That year, they were second at nationals and finished fourth at Junior Worlds.
The following three seasons, they were very successful at the junior level. They won all their Junior Grand Prix events, including the 2000–01 JGP Final and the 2001–02 JGP Final. They also competed in the 2001 Junior Worlds and the 2003 Junior Worlds, winning gold both times. At the Chinese National Championships, they placed third in both 2001 and 2002, before winning their first national title in 2003. Their first senior international was the 2002 Four Continents Championships, where they won the bronze medal. The same season they competed in the 2002 Olympics, placing 11th, and the 2002 Worlds, placing 9th. The following season they competed in their first two senior Grand Prix events, placing fourth at both events. They repeated with a bronze medal at the 2003 Four Continents Championships and improved their placement at the 2003 Worlds, finishing sixth.
For the next two seasons, they consistently medaled at their Grand Prix events. They won gold at the 2005 Four Continents Championships and bronze at the 2005 Worlds.
2005–06 season: Olympic medalists
Zhang and Zhang went into the 2006 Olympics as medal contenders. They had planned a throw quadruple salchow jump for the free skate, a jump which had not yet been landed in competition. Zhang Dan fell on it during the free skate and suffered an injury, but chose to finish the program. There was a minor controversy about finishing the program because while Zhang Dan had been lying on the ice from the fall, the referee had stopped the music, and the Zhangs took a certain amount of time to restart the program. ISU rules say that the program can be continued if the referee agrees the stoppage was due to a valid reason, such as injuries or equipment failures. Once the referee has approved a continuation, the skaters are given two minutes to continue the program from the point where the music stopped. Zhang regrouped within this period and was able to finish the program. They won the silver medal, placing ahead of defending Olympic medalists Shen Xue and Hongbo Zhao. At the Worlds, they won the silver, behind Pang Qing and Tong Jian.
Later career
In the 2006–07 season, Zhang and Zhang placed first at Skate Canada, second at the NHK Trophy, and would go on to win the bronze medal at the Grand Prix Final. They placed 5th at the 2007 World Figure Skating Championships later that season. In the 2007–08 and the 2008–09 seasons, they won silver medals at both the Grand Prix Final and the World Championships. They also set the world record score in the short program twice: 71.60 points at the 2007 Trophée Éric Bompard and 74.36 points at the 2008 World Championships.
At the 2010 Winter Olympics, the Zhangs placed fifth. They also finished fifth at 2010 World Championships.
Before the 2010–11 season began, Zhang Hao broke his finger, forcing the team to pull out of their two Grand Prix assignments. He also dealt with some shoulder and cervical vertebra problems. The Zhangs returned to competition during the 2011–12 season, winning silver medals at the 2011 Skate America and the 2011 Cup of China. They finished 4th at the 2011–12 Grand Prix Final.
Zhang Dan eventually became the tallest competing female pair skater. In 2008, she was 1.63 m and in October 2009, she reached 1.675 m. In August 2011, she was the tallest female in elite pair skating, being 1.695 m in height. Zhang Dan's height proved to be a challenge for the pair, and on May 6, 2012, it was announced that their partnership had ended and she was retiring from competition. Zhang Hao formed a new partnership, while Zhang Dan stated that she would focus on her university studies.
Age controversy
On February 14, 2011, the Zhangs' ages became the subject of controversy. Although her International Skating Union bio lists Zhang Dan as born on October 4, 1985, a Chinese skating association website suggested she was born on that day in 1987. This would mean that during the 2001-02 season she was 14 and too young to compete in senior events such as the Four Continents where they won bronze, as well as the Olympics and World Championships. Her partner's age also came under scrutiny. His ISU bio states that he was born on July 6, 1984 but the Chinese website suggested he was born on February 6, 1982, making him too old to compete in junior events during the 2002-03 season, such as the 2003 World Junior Championships where they won gold. The dates disappeared from the website by February 15. On February 17, the ISU said there were no discrepancies for the Zhangs in terms of the birthdates listed on their passports, ISU registration forms and the Chinese Olympic Committee's website.
Programs
(with Zhang Hao)
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
With Zhang Hao
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Chinese female pair skaters
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Olympic figure skaters of China
Olympic silver medalists for China
Medalists at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Figure skaters from Harbin
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Season-end world number one figure skaters
Universiade gold medalists for China |
4043627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6yksopp%27s%20Night%20Out | Röyksopp's Night Out | Röyksopp's Night Out is an extended play (EP) by Norwegian electronic music duo Röyksopp. It contains live recordings from the duo's concert at Rockefeller Music Hall in Oslo, Norway, in November 2005.
Background
The EP was released domestically on 27 January 2006. Röyksopp has stated that the EP was originally meant for the Japanese fans, the most enthusiastic Röyksopp fans, according to the band members. All of the vocalists who contributed on Röyksopp's second studio album, The Understanding (2005), except Karin Dreijer (who was replaced by Norwegian singer Anneli Drecker) were present at the concert. The EP also includes a remixed cover version of the Queens of the Stone Age song "Go with the Flow".
The EP was named after a song from their debut album, Melody A.M. (2001), though the song was not performed.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Röyksopp's Night Out.
Röyksopp
Röyksopp – arrangements, production ; vocals
Svein Berge – vocals
Additional personnel
Ronald Hernes – recording
Tim Summerhayes – mixing
Dave O'Carrol – mastering
Kate Havnevik – creative input, vocals
Kristian Stockhaus – guitar
Ole Vegard Skauge – bass guitar
Anneli Drecker – vocals
Chelonis R. Jones – vocals
Stian Andersen – photos
Jean-Louis Duralek – artwork
Charts
References
2006 debut EPs
2006 live albums
Live EPs
Röyksopp albums
Wall of Sound (record label) albums |
5380399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Turkey–United States relations | Normal diplomatic relations were established between Turkey and the United States of America in 1927. Relations after World War II evolved from the Second Cairo Conference in December 1943 and Turkey's entrance into World War II on the side of the Allies in February 1945. Later that year, Turkey became a charter member of the United Nations. Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quelling a communist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union for military bases in the Turkish Straits, prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947. The doctrine declared American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece, and resulted in significant U.S. military and economic support. This support manifested in the establishment of a clandestine stay-behind army, denoted the "Counter-Guerrilla", under Operation Gladio. After participating with United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1952.
Relations between the countries began to deteriorate in 2003 as Turkey refused to allow the United States to use Incirlik Air Base for the invasion of Iraq, a process that intensified following the coup d'état attempt in Turkey in July 2016 as the country's foreign policy gradually shifted towards seeking partnerships with other powers such as Russia, as well as the dispute over the Armenian genocide, which the United States recognized in 2021.
A 2019 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center showed 73% of Turks had a negative view of the United States, with only 20% having a positive view, the lowest among countries polled. The same study also showed only 11% of Turks had confidence in the US leader at the time of the survey, President Donald Trump, with 84% having no confidence in him.
Country comparison
Leaders of the Republic of Turkey and the United States of America from 1923
Strategic partnership
The strategic partnership characterizes the exceptionally close economic and military relations between the two countries, particularly for relations since 1952. The United States actively supported Turkey's membership bid to join the European Union and frequently lobbied on behalf of Ankara through its diplomatic missions in EU capital cities.
Cold War (1946–91)
From 1952 to 1991 the relationship premised upon the concept of a “mutuality of benefits”.
War on Terror (Afghanistan - Iraq - Syria)
In 2001, the relationship began with the premise of the United States' fostering cooperation on counterterrorism, law enforcement, and military training and education. Turkey remained a close ally of the United States and provided support in the War on Terror.
Dissociation of partnership
According to The Economist, in October 2017, Turkish-American relations sank to their lowest in over 40 years. Since US President Barack Obama mediated tensions between Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu over the Gaza flotilla raid, some neoconservatives have called for Turkey's expulsion from NATO. Tom Rogan from National Review promoted expelling Turkey from NATO as part of his broader efforts to reform the alliance. Ted Galen Carpenter, a senior fellow in defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, also proposed expelling Turkey from the Western alliance. Tensions have risen over issues like the US arming the People's Protection Units (which is related with the anti-Turkish government group Kurdistan Workers' Party), in 2015 while claiming Turkey turned a blind eye to ISIL and other jihadist networks on both sides of its border. Turkey performed the January 2014 Turkish airstrike in Syria. Five months later, the US-led Operation Inherent Resolve against ISIL on 15 June 2014. The belief among most Turkish citizens that America had a hand in the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt which was compounded by the fact that its suspected ringleader, the Islamic preacher Hoca Fethullah Gülen, lives in Pennsylvania. Shortly after the FETÖ's (the Gulen movement) purges and arrests in the country, on October 4, 2016, Turkey moved to arrest Turkish nationals employed at American consulates (Metin Topuz on espionage and conspiracy charges), followed on the October 7, 2016, arrest of pastor and teaching elder Evangelical Presbyterian Andrew Brunson. Over 160,000 judges, teachers, police and civil servants suspended or dismissed, together with about 77,000 formally arrested. On October 10, 2016, in regards to John R. Bass, Turkey declared: “We do not consider the ambassador a representative of the United States” which was a step short of being an unwanted person. On May 16, 2017 clashes at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in Washington, D.C. Since the deterioration of the relationship, there has been growing Turkish-Russian security cooperation.
Relations deteriorated following passage of the National Defense Congressional Initiatives Plan (NDAA, P.L. 115-232) by the 115th Congress-which included an amendment added by Senator John McCain requiring the Trump Administration to submit a detailed report to Congress on the status of US–Turkey relations. The Department of Defense (DOD) submitted a mostly classified report to Congress in November 2018 and the following appropriations legislation proposed for FY2019 in the 116th Congress (H.R. 648) required the DOD report on the issue. From October 9 to October 17, the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria established the Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone. US lost trust in Turkey as the latter bombed its own military base at the Northern Syria Buffer Zone. On February 5, 2020, the US halted a secretive military intelligence cooperation program with Turkey against the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), which was listed as a terrorist organization by the US and Turkey. Turkey had observation posts in the Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019) zone which held more than 3,000,000 internally displaced Syrians (more than half of them children). On February 27, 2020, Syrian forces attacked Turkish forces at the Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019) zone, and military separation between the forces became public after a senior US State Department official argued with the Pentagon over Turkey's request for two Patriot batteries on its southern border. The request was confirmed by Turkish Defense Minister Hulusi Akar.
Public relations
Opinion
According to a survey conducted in the spring of 2017 and released in August, 72% of Turks see the United States as a threat to Turkey's security. Furthermore, the US was perceived as a greater threat to security than Russia or China. According to PBS, opinions of the US dropped steadily from 1999/2000 (52% in Turkey in 1999/2000) and in 2006, favorable opinions dropped significantly in predominantly Muslim countries, which ranged from 12% in Turkey to 30% in Indonesia and Egypt.
The following histogram shows the percentage of Turks that viewed the United States favorably according to the PEW Global Attitudes Survey:
Results of 2017 BBC World Service:
Lobbying & think tanks
The Turkish lobby in the United States is a lobby that works on behalf of the Turkish government to promote the nation's interests with the US government. The Turkish Coalition of America (TCA) is an educational, congressional advocacy, and charitable organization which was incorporated in February 2007.
The Office of Defense Cooperation Turkey is a United States Security Assistance Organization working on issues related to Turkey.
Diplomacy
The United States has sent many ambassadors to Turkey since October 12, 1927. Turkey has maintained many high-level contacts with United States.
History
After 1780, the United States began relations with North African countries and the Ottoman Empire. In the early 1800s, the US fought the Barbary Wars against the Barbary states, which were under Ottoman suzerainty. The Ottomans severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 20, 1917, after the United States declared war against Germany on April 4, 1917, due to the Ottoman–German alliance. Normal diplomatic relations were re-established with the Ottoman Empire's successor state, Turkey, in 1927.
Truman (1945–1953)
The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. One of Turkey's most important international relationships has been with the United States since the end of the Second World War and the beginning of the Cold War. Turkey's began to associate with the United States in 1947 when the United States Congress designated Turkey, under the provisions of the "Truman Doctrine", as the recipient of special economic and military assistance intended to help it resist threats from the Soviet Union. In support of the US' overall Cold War strategy, Turkey contributed personnel to the United Nations forces in the Korean War (1950–53) and joined NATO in 1952. A mutual interest in containing Soviet expansion provided the foundation of US–Turkish relations for the next four decades.
Turkish Straits crisis
At the conclusion of World War II, Turkey was pressured by the Soviet government to allow Russian shipping to pass freely through the Turkish Straits, which connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. As the Turkish government would not submit to the Soviet Union's requests, tensions arose in the region and led to a show of naval force from the Soviets. Since British assistance to Turkey had ended in 1947, the U.S. dispatched military aid to ensure that Turkey would retain chief control of the passage. Turkey received $111 million in economic and military aid and the U.S. sent the aircraft carrier Franklin D. Roosevelt.
In his reforms, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk envisioned a party-based system however the term "de facto single-party state" is used to define this period as the dominant-party system (in this case, the Republican People's Party), and unlike the single-party state, allowed democratic multiparty elections, but existing practices effectively prevent the opposition from winning the elections. As a result of Soviet threats and U.S. assistance against them, Turkey moved away from a single-party elected government towards a multi-party electoral system and held the first multi-party elections in 1946. In 1950, President İsmet İnönü was defeated by the main opposition party led by Adnan Menderes, who was elected by popular vote.
The postwar period from 1946 started with a "multi-party period" and the Democratic Party government of Adnan Menderes.
Eisenhower Administration (1953–1961)
Turkey was a founding member of the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) collective defense pact established in 1955, and endorsed the principles of the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine. In the 1950s and 1960s, Turkey generally cooperated with other United States allies in the Middle East (Iran, Israel, and Jordan) to contain the influence of countries (Egypt, Iraq, and Syria) regarded as Soviet clients. Throughout the Cold War, Turkey was the bulwark of NATO's southeastern flank and directly bordered Warsaw Pact countries.
Intelligence (U-2)
On May 1, 1960, a U-2 spy plane was shot down by the Soviet Air Defence Forces while performing photographic aerial reconnaissance deep into Soviet territory. On April 28, 1960, a U.S. Lockheed U-2C spy plane, Article 358, was ferried from Incirlik Air Base in Turkey to the US base at Peshawar airport by pilot Glen Dunaway. Fuel for the aircraft had been ferried to Peshawar the previous day in a US Air Force C-124 transport. A US Air Force C-130 followed, which carried the ground crew, mission pilot Francis Powers, and backup pilot Bob Ericson. On the morning of April 29, the crew in Badaber was informed that the mission had been delayed by one day. As a result, Bob Ericson flew Article 358 back to Incirlik, and John Shinn ferried another U-2C, Article 360, from Incirlik to Peshawar. On 30 April, the mission was delayed one more day because of bad weather over the Soviet Union. On 1 May, Captain Powers left the base in Peshawar on a mission with the operations code word GRAND SLAM. Four days after Powers' disappearance, NASA issued a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of Turkey.
On May 13 the Soviet Union sent complaints to Turkey, who in turn protested to the United States. Turkey acquired assurances that no U.S. aircraft would be allowed for unauthorized purposes.
Kennedy and Johnson administrations (1961–1969)
Cuban Missile Crisis
Turkey risked nuclear war on its soil during the Cuban Missile Crisis. It was a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union initiated by the American discovery of Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba. In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to Cuba's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion. An agreement was reached between John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev. Publicly, the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba, in exchange for a US public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again. Secretly, the United States agreed that it would dismantle all US-built Jupiter MRBMs, which had been deployed in Turkey and Italy against the Soviet Union.
In 2017, The Putin Interviews claimed that the placement of Russian missiles in Cuba was a Russian reaction to the earlier stationing of American missiles in Turkey in 1961–62; it was Khrushchev's attempt to achieve a balance of power.
Cyprus Emergency
The Cyprus Emergency was a conflict fought in British Cyprus between 1955 and 1959. The National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA), a Greek Cypriot right-wing nationalist guerrilla organisation, began an armed campaign in support of ending British colonial rule and enabling the unification of Cyprus and Greece (Enosis) in 1955. Opposition to Enosis from Turkish Cypriots led to the formation of the Turkish Resistance Organisation (TMT) in support of the partition of Cyprus. In the mid-1960s relations worsened between Greek and Turkish communities on Cyprus. Britain wanted to hand the crisis and a peacekeeping role to either NATO or UN forces. US President Lyndon B. Johnson tried to prevent a Turkish invasion of Cyprus and war between them. American diplomat George Ball found Archbishop Makarios, president of Cyprus, difficult to deal with, as he commonly rejected advice.
The Americans secretly talked to General Georgios Grivas, leader of the EOKA guerrilla organization. While invasion and war did not occur, the U.S. alienated both the Greek and Turkish governments and drove Makarios closer to the Russians and Egyptians. The Cyprus Emergency ended in 1959 with the signing of the London-Zürich Agreements, establishing the Republic of Cyprus as a non-partitioned independent state separate from Greece.
Nixon and Ford Administrations (1969–1977)
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
After the 1974 Cypriot coup d'état (backed by the Cypriot National Guard and the Greek military junta), on July 20, 1974, Turkey invaded Cyprus, claiming it was protecting the safety of Turkish Cypriots in accordance with the Treaty of Guarantee. The Turkish military occupied the northern third of Cyprus, dividing the island along what became known as the Green Line monitored by the United Nations, defying ceasefire.
Turkey repeatedly claimed, for decades before the invasion and frequently afterward, that Cyprus was of vital strategic importance to it. Ankara defied a host of UN resolutions demanding the withdrawal of its occupying troops from the island. About 142,000 Greek Cypriots living in the north and 65,000 Turkish Cypriots living in the south, were forcibly expelled and are forbidden to return to their homes and properties. The United States imposed an arms embargo on Turkey in response and relations between the two countries suffered significantly. 109 Turkish villages were destroyed and 700 Turks were kept as hostages. Daily Telegraph described events as anti-Turkish pogrom.
Carter administration (1977–1981)
The arms embargo was silently removed a few years later with the contribution of the geopolitical changes in the Middle East like the Iranian Revolution. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski discussed with his staff about a possible American invasion of Iran by using Turkish bases and territory if the Soviets decided to repeat the Afghanistan scenario in Iran, although this plan did not materialize.
Reagan administration (1981–1989)
During the 1980s, relations between Turkey and the United States gradually recovered. In March 1980 Turkey and the US signed the Defense and Economic Cooperation Agreement (DECA), in which the United States was granted access to 26 military facilities in return for Turkey's ability to buy modern military hardware and $450 million. Although Ankara resented continued attempts by the United States Congress to restrict military assistance to Turkey because of Cyprus and the introduction of congressional resolutions condemning the Armenian genocide, the Özal government generally perceived the administration of President George H. W. Bush as sympathetic to Turkish interests. At this time, Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) was established and it started to build F-16 Fighting Falcon jets under licence in Turkey. Washington demonstrated its support of Özal's market-oriented economic policies and efforts to open the Turkish economy to international trade by pushing for acceptance of an International Monetary Fund program to provide economic assistance to Turkey. Furthermore, the United States, unlike European countries, did not persistently and publicly criticize Turkey over allegations of human rights violations, nor did it pressure Özal on the Kurdish problem. By 1989 the United States had recovered a generally positive image among the Turkish political elite.
George H. W. Bush administration (1989–1993)
The end of the Cold War forced Turkish leaders to reassess their country's international position. The disappearance of the Soviet threat and the perception of being excluded from Europe created a sense of vulnerability with respect to Turkey's position in the fast-changing global political environment. Turkey supported the Arab–Israeli peace process and expanded ties with the Central Asian members of the CIS. Özal believed Turkey's future security depended on the continuation of a strong relationship with the United States.
During the Gulf War, Özal modified the main principles of Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East, which were non-interference in intra-Arab disputes and the Middle Eastern affairs. The role Turkey played during the Gulf War demonstrated to the public that it was one of the key actors in the region.
Iraq (Gulf War and Northern Safe Zone)
President Özal supported the United States' position during the Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 17 January 1991). Turkey's economic ties to Iraq were extensive and their disruption hurt the country. Turkey lost approximately $60 billion by closing the Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline during the conflict. Just before the war, Chief of the Turkish General Staff General Necip Torumtay resigned out of disagreement in involving Turkish ground forces with the conflict, which prevented Turkey's active military engagement. Turkey allowed United Nations forces (UN SC Resolution 665) to fly missions from its air bases; by doing so Turkey remained a platform for the US attacks against Iraq for the rest of the conflict. Turkey played a role in the war by restraining a sizeable proportion of the Iraqi army on the Turkey–Iraq border.
After the war, Turkey continued to support major United States initiatives in the region, including the creation of a safe zone for Iraqi Kurds over northern Iraq. Turkey received heavy Iraqi Kurdish refugees following the 1991 uprisings in Iraq (1 March – 5 April 1991). The Iraqi no-fly zones were two no-fly zones (NFZs) that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France to create safe zones for the internally displaced people after the war. The US and the UK claimed authorization for the NFZ based on United Nations Security Council Resolution 688, though not in the text. The US stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. Turkey opened its Incirlik and Diyarbakir air bases and became involved in the ground support and intelligence operations for the northern NFZ which was initially part of Operation Provide Comfort's relief operations before being succeeded by Operation Northern Watch.
NFZs also enabled a safe haven for PKK. Turkey performed cross-border operations into northern Iraq:
Operation Northern Iraq: October 12 – November 1, 1992
Operation Steel: March 20 – May 4, 1995
Operation Hammer: May 12 – July 7, 1997
Operation Dawn: September 25 – October 15, 1997
In September 1998, Masoud Barzani and Jalal Talabani signed the US-mediated Washington Agreement and established a formal peace treaty. In the agreement, the parties agreed to share revenue, share power, and deny the use of northern Iraq to the PKK. President Bill Clinton signed the Iraq Liberation Act into law, providing for military assistance to Iraqi opposition groups, which included the PUK and KDP.
The United States' use of Turkish military installations during the bombing of Iraq in 1991 led to anti-war demonstrations in several Turkish cities, and sporadic attacks on United States facilities in 1992 and 1993.
Clinton administration (1993–2001)
In January 1995, a consensus had emerged by among Turkey's political elite that the country's security depended on remaining a strategic ally of the United States. For that reason, both the Demirel and Çiller governments made efforts to cultivate relations with the administrations of presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton.
Syria (terrorism)
Syria has been on the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism since the list's inception in 1979 and deems it to be a “safe haven” for terrorists. Turkey condemned Syria for supporting the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), which is listed as a terrorist organization internationally by a number of states and organizations.
The Turkish government openly threatened Syria over its support for the PKK. Turkey claimed that Syria employed former Schutzstaffel officer Alois Brunner to train militants. Turkey and Syria nearly engaged in war when Turkey threatened military action if Syria continued to shelter Abdullah Öcalan in Damascus, his long-time safe haven. Öcalan was the leader and one of the founding members of the PKK. As a result, the Syrian government forced Öcalan to leave the country, who was captured in Kenya on February 15, 1999, while being transferred from the Greek embassy to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, in an operation by the National Intelligence Organization (MIT) with the help of the CIA.
George W. Bush administration (2001–2009)
According to leaked diplomatic cables originating from 2004, then Prime Minister Erdoğan was described by U.S. diplomats as a "perfectionist workaholic who sincerely cares for the well-being of those around him". He was also described as having "little understanding of politics beyond Ankara" and as surrounding himself with an "iron ring of sycophantic (but contemptuous) advisors". He is said to be "isolated", and that his MPs and Ministers feel "fearful of Erdogan's wrath". Diplomats state that "he relies on his charisma, instincts, and the filterings of advisors who pull conspiracy theories off the Web or are lost in neo-Ottoman Islamist fantasies".
War on Terror
Turkey had remained a close ally of the United States in the War on Terror after the September 11 attacks. Turkish President Ahmet Necdet Sezer and Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit condemned the attacks and the Turkish government then ordered all of its flags at half-mast for one day of mourning. Turkey participated in the International Security Assistance Force.
According to a report by the Open Society Foundations, Turkey participated at one point or another with the CIA's extraordinary rendition program. U.S. ambassador Ross Wilson revealed the involvement of the Incirlik airbase in a diplomatic cable dated June 8, 2006, which described Turkey as a crucial ally in the "global war on terror" and an important logistical base for the US-led war in Iraq. On June 14, 2006, Turkish foreign ministry officials told reporters: "The Turkish government and state never played a part [in the secret transfers] ... and never will." According to evidence, the US base was a transit stop in taking detainees to secret prisons. The cable also stated: "We recommend that you do not raise this issue with TGS [Turkish general staff] pending clarification from Washington on what approach state/OSD/JCS/NSC [national security council] wish to take."
Iraq (territorial integrity)
Turkey is particularly cautious about a Kurdish state arising from a destabilized Iraq. Turkey has fought an insurgent war against the PKK, which is listed as a terrorist organization internationally by a number of states and organizations. Iraq was a safe haven for PKK. The Iraqi Kurds were organized under the PUK and KDP, who later cooperated with American forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
In 2002 Morton I. Abramowitz (1989–1991 US Ambassador) said, in regards to Turkey's involvement in an upcoming war: "It is hard to believe that in the end the Turks would not cooperate with the United States if war takes place, with or without UN blessing". Vice President Dick Cheney's only trip abroad in his first three years at the office was a four-day trip to Ankara. Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit welcomed Cheney to a working dinner on March 19, who offered $228 million to aid in military efforts provided that international military operations took command of the Afghanistan peacekeeping force. Turkey's position on Iraq was presented to Cheney. In December 2002, Turkey moved approximately 15,000 soldiers to its border with Iraq. The 2003 invasion of Iraq faced strong domestic opposition in Turkey: opinion polls showed that 80% of Turks were opposed to the war. The Turkish Parliament's position reflected the public's. The March 1, 2003, motion at the Turkish Parliament could not reach the absolute majority of 276 votes needed to allow US troops to attack Iraq from Turkey (62,000 troops and more than 250 planes), the final tally being 264 votes for and 250 against. BBC's Jonny Dymond said the knife-edge vote is a massive blow to the government which has a majority in parliament. On March 11, Abdullah Gul resigned as Turkey's Prime Minister. Chief of the General Staff of Turkey Hilmi Özkök said "Turkey would suffer the effects of the war [motion also included twice as many Turkish troops to be deployed to northern Iraq]." The US did not immediately re-deploy the forces intended for staging in Turkey and the State Department asked for "clarification" of the Turkish vote. In the end, the US pulled the offer of $6 billion in grants and up to $24 billion in loan guarantees, which caused Turkey's stock market to plunge by 12%.
On March 20, the 2003 invasion of Iraq began. On July 4, 2003, Turkish military personnel that were stationed in northern Iraq were captured from their station, led away with hoods over their heads, and interrogated; this later came to be known as the "hood event". Turkish military personnel had stationed military observers in "northern safe zone" after the 1991 Gulf War. The specific unit was stationed at Sulaimaniya after the civil war broke out in 1996 to monitor a ceasefire between the PUK and KDP. The unit station was a historical Ottoman Empire facility (dwelling), which held the historical archives of the Ottoman Empire. Among the destroyed documents were the deed records of the region. The hood event was strongly condemned by the Turkey's newspapers and referred to Americans as "Rambos" and "Ugly Americans". Chief of the General Staff of Turkey Hilmi Özkök declared the incident as the sign of "crisis of confidence" between the US and Turkey.
During the conflict, Ankara pressured the U.S. into subduing PKK training camps in northern Iraq. The U.S. remained reluctant due to northern Iraq's relative stability compared to the rest of the country. On October 17, 2007, the Turkish Parliament voted in favor of allowing the Turkish Armed Forces to take military action against the PKK based in northern Iraq. In response, Bush stated that he did not believe it was in Turkey's interests to send troops into Iraq. Operation Sun was executed 21 – 29 February 2008.
Nuclear energy
In June 2008, The United States and Turkey began to cooperate on peaceful uses of nuclear energy with a pact that aims for the transfer of technology, material, reactors, and components for nuclear research and nuclear power production in Turkey for an initial 15-year period followed by automatic renewals in five-year increments that provides a comprehensive framework for peaceful nuclear cooperation between the two nations under the agreed non-proliferation conditions and controls. A parallel US bipartisan resolution highlighted the importance of the Turkish Republic's key role in providing its western (EU and US) and regional allies Eurasian energy security.
The Center for Strategic and International Studies started a one-year initiative project to evaluate and enhance the Turkish Republic–United States strategic partnership, aiming for a plan of implementation of the concluded framework at the end of this phase.
Gülen movement (Ergenekon)
The Gülen movement is a self-described transnational social movement based on moral values and advocacy of universal access to education, civil society, and tolerance and peace, inspired by the religious teachings of Sunni cleric (mufti) Fethullah Gülen, a Turkish Islamic preacher based in the United States. The conflict between the Turkish government the Gülen movement is a major Turkey–United States relations issue.
Gülen movement's possible involvement in the Ergenekon plot (trials) is controversial. The investigation claimed to study an organization compared to Counter-Guerrilla. Accused were claimed to be the "deep state." The Ergenekon trials were a series of high-profile trials that began on October 20, 2008, in which 275 people, including military officers, journalists, and opposition lawmakers, all alleged members of Ergenekon, were accused of plotting against the Erdogan government. The trials resulted in lengthy prison sentences for most of the accused. The US Secretary of State reported on the Turkish investigation into the Ergenekon network and concluded that “the details of the case were murky, however, and Ergenekon's status as a terrorist organisation remained under debate at year's end”.
Obama administration (2009–2017)
A U.S. Democratic Party delegation group including U.S. Senators Robert Casey, Edward E. Kaufman, Frank Lautenberg and U.S. Congressman Timothy Waltz met with Turkish officials in Ankara on 30 May to confirm that “Turkey can always depend on the US, while the US can always rely on its close friendship with Turkey”.
War on Terror
The 2009 U.S. Secretary of State's Country Report on Terrorism confirmed that cooperation against terrorism is a key element in America's strategic partnership with Turkey, before going on to praise Turkish contributions to stabilize Iraq and Afghanistan and highlighting the strategic importance of the İncirlik Air Base used by both U.S. and NATO forces for operations in the region.
The U.S. Secretary of State's report also contained information on the PKK and other terrorist groups operating in Turkey, whom the U.S. and Turkish authorities share intelligence on, highlighting the September 12, 2006, attack on Diyarbakır and the July 27, 2008, attack on Güngören. In 2016, Vice President Joe Biden called the PKK a terrorist group "plain and simple" and compared it to the ISIL.
Israel (Gaza flotilla raid)
The Gaza flotilla raid was a military operation by Israel against six civilian ships of the "Gaza Freedom Flotilla" on 31 May 2010 in international waters in the Mediterranean Sea. Israel–Turkey relations reached a low point after the incident. Turkey recalled its ambassador, canceled joint military exercises, and called for an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council. Erdoğan harshly referred to the raid as a "bloody massacre" and "state terrorism", and criticized Israel in a speech before the Grand National Assembly. The Turkish Grand National Assembly held a debate on whether to impose sanctions on Israel, and eventually came out with a statement criticizing the attack as illegal, demanding that Israel apologize, pay compensation, and prosecute those involved, while calling on the Turkish government to review ties with Israel and take "effective measures". The flotilla raid was among the issues discussed during a security meeting of Turkish military commanders chaired by Erdoğan.
Prior to a Gaza visit, scheduled for April 2013, Erdoğan explained to Turkish newspaper Hürriyet that three conditions needed to be fulfilled by Israel to resume friendly relations between the two nations: an apology for the raid, the awarding of compensation to the families affected by the raid, and the lifting of the Gaza blockade by Israel. President Obama intervened on the issue. On March 22, 2013, Netanyahu apologized for the incident in a 30-minute telephone call with Erdoğan, stating that the results were unintended; the Turkish prime minister accepted the apology and agreed to enter into discussions to resolve the compensation issue.
Iran (nuclear deal, arms embargo, oil trading controversy)
In April 2010, Washington stepped up its efforts to impose a new round of sanctions on Iran over its nuclear program. Key powers such as Turkey, India and China opposed the adoption of a new round of sanctions against Tehran. As a result, the US Congress has delayed arms sales sought by the Turkish military. However, questions have been subsequently raised over the continued presence of US nuclear weapons being reportedly stationed at the air base during the Cold War as part of the NATO nuclear sharing program, after recent parliamentary debates in Belgium and Germany called for the removal of weapons stationed there under the same program. Bilkent University Professor Mustafa Kibaroğlu speculates that if the Obama administration presses for the withdrawal of these weapons, which Turkey wishes to maintain, then Turkey-U.S. relations may be strained.
A separate report presented to Obama by the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, which had previously urged him to raise the subject of religious freedom during his 2009 presidential visit to Turkey, concluded that Turkey's interpretation of secularism “resulted in violations of religious freedoms for many of the country's citizens, including members of the majority and, especially, minority religious communities”. Obama said that future arms sales would depend on Turkish policies.
In March 2017, the deputy head Halkbank, Mehmet Hakan Atilla, was arrested by the US government for conspiring to evade sanctions against Iran by helping Reza Zarrab, an Iranian-Azeri businessman who had taken Turkish citizenship, "use U.S. financial institutions to engage in prohibited financial transactions that illegally funneled millions of dollars to Iran". Zarrab was in Miami, Florida, in March 2016.
Atilla's trial commenced in New York City federal court in November 2017, with Zarrab agreeing to testify after reaching a plea deal with prosecutors. In early 2018, Atilla was convicted on five of six counts against him, including bank fraud and conspiracies and acquitted on one count after four days of jury deliberation.
The Arab Spring (Turkish model)
The U.S. under President Obama was reluctant to get deeply involved in the Arab World and was generally supportive of Turkish efforts in the region.
Syrian Civil War (territorial integrity, Rat Line)
Turkey was particularly cautious about a Kurdish state arising from a destabilized Syria. Turkey has fought an insurgent war against the PKK, which is listed as a terrorist organization internationally by a number of states and organizations. Until 2011, Turkey's policy was trying to preserve a neutral but constructive position because civil war and sectarian conflicts would threaten Turkey's security. Eventually war broke and Syria (refugees, spillover) impacted Turkey more directly than other actors in the conflict.
Beginning in 2012, Turkey and the US supported the "Syrian opposition" which hold the idea of replacing the government and "holding accountable those responsible for killing Syrians, destroying [Syria], and displacing [Syrians]". In early 2012, Seymour Hersh reported that the CIA cooperated with Turkey in a covert operation named "the Rat Line", which obtained and transported armaments from Libya to rebel groups (later known as the Free Syrian Army (FSA)) in Syria via proxies and front organizations in southern Turkey. The CIA's involvement reportedly ended after the mass evacuation of CIA operatives from the American consulate in Benghazi, Libya, after the 2012 Benghazi attack. In January 2014, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence reported specifically on "the CIA annex at Benghazi", that "all CIA activities in Benghazi were legal and authorized. On-the-record testimony establishes that the CIA was not sending weapons ... from Libya to Syria, or facilitating other organizations or states that were transferring weapons from Libya to Syria." While the Obama administration investigated the Benghazi attack in January 2014, the National Intelligence Organisation scandal in Turkey broke out. In May 2014, the editor-in-chief of the Cumhuriyet Can Dündar published pictures of agents and trucks, and was later sentenced for ″leaking secret information of the state″. In October 2014, Vice President Joe Biden accused Turkey of funding al-Nusra and al Qaeda (FSA-identified groups), to which Erdoğan angrily responded, "Biden has to apologize for his statements" adding that if no apology is made, Biden would become "history to [him]". Biden subsequently apologized. In 2015, the International Business Times wrote that the US sent weapons shipments to FSA-identified groups through a CIA program for years. Timber Sycamore was a classified weapons supply and training program run by the CIA and supported by some Arab intelligence services, such as the security service in Saudi Arabia. It launched in 2012 or 2013 and supplied money, weaponry and training to rebel forces. According to US officials, the program has trained thousands of rebels. In July 2017, H. R. McMaster, National Security Adviser to President Donald Trump and CIA Director Mike Pompeo, decided to terminate the program.
Some groups held the idea of "Syrian Balkanization" ("division of the country") in which they promoted federalizing Syria on ethnic and religious-sectarian lines. Obama used the "red line" on August 20, 2012, in relation to chemical weapons. On the one-year anniversary of Obama's red line speech, the Ghouta chemical attacks occurred. John McCain said the red line was "apparently written in disappearing ink," due to the perception the red line had been crossed with no action. At the same time, United States Central Command (CENTCOMM) approached the YPG. Turkey-US relations began showing signs of deterioration, particularly over the handling over the YPG. The American forces in the Syrian Civil War openly allied with the Kurdish YPG fighters and supported them militarily. The YPG was criticized by Turkey for its alleged support to the PKK, especially since a rebellion in southern Turkey began in 2015. By early 2015, voices in the US foreign policy establishment pushed to abandon the rebels. In early October 2015, shortly after the start of the Russian military intervention in Syria, Obama was reported to have authorized the resupply of 25,000 YPG militia. Erdoğan stated that he had asked Obama not to intervene on the side of the YPG: "I told Mr. Obama, 'Don't drop those bombs [meaning weapons and other supplies]. You will be making a mistake.' Unfortunately, despite our conversation, they dropped whatever was needed with three C-130's and half of it landed in [IS'] hands. So who is supplying [ISIL], then?" Erdogan also opposed any arrangements in Syria that would mirror the Iraqi Kurds' de facto state in northern Syria. He told reporters on January 26, 2015: "What is this? Northern Iraq? Now [they want] Northern Syria to be born. It is impossible for us to accept this. ... Such entities will cause great problems in the future." According to General Raymond A. Thomas (at the time head of the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM)) at the Aspen Security Forum in July 2017, the SDF (established October 10, 2015) is a PR-friendly name for the YPG, which Thomas personally suggested because the YPG is considered an arm of the PKK. On February 1, 2016, Brett McGurk officially visited SDF commander Ferhat Abdi Şahin (also known as General Mazloum Kobani), after the Siege of Kobanî. In response, Erdoğan said: “How can we trust you? Is it me that is your partner or is it the terrorists in Kobani?” After Kobani, General Allen and Brett McGurk worked on Tal Abyad. Turkey did not permit flying off of a Turkish airbase. McGurk said: "So the picture that developed while General Allen and I were spending most of these months in Ankara is that something was not on the level [in fighting against Turkey's enemy ISIL, U.S. allied with Turkey's enemy]." Turkey overtly defied American orders of ceasing Turkey's military bombardment of the YPG fighters in their bid to take the town of Azaz in northern Syria. Signs of strain were then displayed when Obama refused to have a formal meeting with Erdoğan when the latter visited the United States in March 2016.
Gülen movement (coup d'état attempt & extradition)
After the failed coup attempt in July 2016, Turkey demanded that the United States government extradite Fethullah Gülen, a cleric and Turkish national living in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. However, the US government demanded that Turkey first produce evidence that he was connected with the coup attempt. Due to perceptions that former US Secretary of State and Democratic Party presidential nominee Hillary Clinton is friendly towards the Gülen movement, many Erdoğan supporters reportedly favored Republican Party presidential nominee Donald Trump in the United States' 2016 presidential election.
In a speech on July 29, 2016, President Erdoğan accused CENTCOM chief Joseph Votel of "siding with coup plotters" after Votel accused the Turkish government of arresting the Pentagon's contacts in Turkey. Yeni Şafak, a Turkish pro-government newspaper, claimed that the former commander of NATO forces in Afghanistan, now-retired U.S. Army General John F. Campbell, was the "mastermind" behind the coup attempt in Turkey. In late July 2016, Turkish prime minister Binali Yıldırım told The Guardian: "Of course, since the leader of this terrorist organisation is residing in the United States, there are question marks in the minds of the people whether there is any U.S. involvement or backing. On 19 July, an official request had been sent to the US for the extradition of Fethullah Gülen. Senior U.S. officials said this evidence pertained to certain pre-coup alleged subversive activities.
Trump administration (2017–2021)
Qatar (diplomatic crisis)
Turkey supported Qatar in its diplomatic confrontation with a Saudi and Emirati-led bloc of countries that severed ties with and imposed sanctions on Qatar on June 5, 2017. Erdoğan criticized the list of demands released by the countries on 22 June, stating that they undermine Qatar's sovereignty.
In December 2017, US national security advisor General H.R. McMaster said that Turkey had joined Qatar as a prime source of funding that contributes to the spread of extremist ideology of Islamism: "We're seeing great involvement by Turkey from everywhere from western Africa to Southeast Asia, funding groups that help create the conditions that allow terrorism to flourish."
Saudi Arabia (Khashoggi)
The assassination of Jamal Khashoggi, a Saudi dissident, journalist for The Washington Post, and former general manager and editor-in-chief of Al-Arab News Channel, occurred on October 2, 2018, at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey, and was perpetrated by agents of the Saudi Arabian government. Government officials of Turkey believe Khashoggi was murdered with premeditation. Anonymous Saudi officials have admitted that agents affiliated with the Saudi government killed him.
CIA Director Gina Haspel traveled to Turkey to address the investigation. Haspel's visit came before a planned speech by Erdoğan. She listened to audio purportedly capturing the sound of saw on a bone. On November 20, US President Donald Trump rejected the CIA's conclusion that Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman had ordered the killing. He issued a statement saying "it could very well be that the Crown Prince had knowledge of this tragic event — maybe he did and maybe he didn't" and that "in any case, [their] relationship is with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia".
Air Defense System (Russian S-400)
After Turkey acquired the Russian S-400 missile system, the United States decided to end the F-35 deal before July 31, 2019. Acting Defense Secretary Patrick M. Shanahan had warned Turkey that such a deal with Russia risks undermining its ties to NATO. The US threatened Turkey with CAATSA sanctions over Turkey's decision to buy the S-400 missile defense system from Russia. In February 2019, Russia had an advance supply contract with Saudi Arabia for the S-400, Qatar was in “advanced” talks with Russia for the S-400, and India agreed to pay more than $5 billion for five S-400 squadrons to be delivered in 2023.
On July 22, 2019, Turkey claimed to retaliate against the “unacceptable” threat of US sanctions over Turkey's purchase of Russian S-400 missile defenses.
In December 2020, one month after Trump lost the presidential election, the Trump government imposed sanctions targeting Turkey's Defence Industries Directorate, its president and three employees.
Syrian Civil War (refugees, Barisha raid)
The Trump travel ban actions include two executive orders for restrictions on citizens of seven (first executive order) or six (second executive order) Muslim-majority countries. A third action, done by presidential proclamation, restricts entry to the U.S. by citizens from eight countries, six of which are predominantly Muslim. During and after his election campaign Trump proposed establishing safe zones in Syria as an alternative to Syrian refugees' immigration to the US. In the past, "safe zones" have been interpreted as establishing, among other things, no-fly zones over Syria. During the Obama administration Turkey encouraged the U.S. to establish safe zones; the Obama administration was concerned about the potential for pulling the U.S. into a war with Russia. In the first few weeks of Trump's presidency, Turkey renewed its call for safe zones and proposed a new plan for them. The Trump administration spoke with several other Sunni Arab States regarding safe zones, and Russia has asked for clarification regarding any Trump administration plan regarding safe zones.
The Turkey migrant crisis in the 2010s was characterized by high numbers of people arriving in Turkey. As reported by UNHCR in 2018, Turkey is hosting 63.4% of all the refugees (from Middle East, Africa, and Afghanistan) in the world. As of 2019, refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey (3.6 million) numbered highest as "registered" refugees (2011–2018: 30 billion on refugee assistance). As the war made the return of refugees to Syria uncertain, Turkey focused on how to manage their presence in Turkish society by addressing their legal status, basic needs, employment, education, and impact on local communities.
According to two anonymous American officials, the Central Intelligence Agency obtained original intelligence on Baghdadi following the arrests of one of his wives and a courier. The arrest of al-Baghdadi's top aide Ismael al-Ethawi was the key: al-Ethawi was found and followed by informants in Syria, apprehended by Turkish authorities, and handed over to the Iraqi intelligence to whom he provided information in February 2018. In 2019, US, Turkish, and Iraqi intelligence conducted a joint operation in which they captured several senior ISIL leaders who provided the locations where they met with Baghdadi inside Syria. According to Voice of America, the fate of al-Baghdadi "was sealed by the capture of his aide". Turkish and US military authorities exchanged and coordinated information ahead of the attack in Barisha, Harem District, Idlib Governorate, Syria. President Trump thanked Russia, Turkey, Syria, and Iraq for aiding US operation and praised Erdoğan, claiming that he is "a big fan", a "friend of [his]" and "a hell of a leader."
Gülen movement (Flynn - Brunson - Visa & Tariff)
Michael Flynn's consulting company was hired by Inovo BV, a company owned by Kamil Ekim Alptekin. Alptekin also chairs the Turkish-American Business Council, an arm of the Foreign Economic Relations Board of Turkey (DEIK). On November 8, 2016 (election day in the United States), The Hill published an op-ed by Flynn in which he called for the US to back Erdoğan's government and alleged that the regime's opponent, Pennsylvania-based opposition cleric Fethullah Gülen, headed a "vast global network" that fit "the description of a dangerous sleeper terror network".
Pastor Andrew Brunson was charged with terrorism and espionage during the purges that followed the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt against Erdoğan. Serkan Golge, a naturalized US citizen, was jailed in Turkey for three years on charges of participating in terrorism and conspiring against the government as a member of the Gülen movement. Metin Topuz, a US consulate employee, was charged with having links to Gülen and was arrested under "terror charges" by an Istanbul court. Topuz was the second US government employee in Turkey to be arrested in 2017. The United States suspended all non-immigrant visas from Turkey "indefinitely" due to Topuz's arrest. Turkey retaliated against the US with suspensions of all US visas, including tourist visas, shortly after the US State Department made their announcement.
On August 1, 2018, the US Department of Treasury imposed sanctions on top Turkish government officials who were involved in the detention of Brunson. Daniel Glaser, the former Treasury official under Obama, said: "It's certainly the first time I can think of" the U.S. sanctioning a NATO ally. On August 10, 2018, Trump imposed punitive tariffs against Turkey after an impasse over Brunson's imprisonment and other issues. The move prompted Erdoğan to say that the United States was "[ex]changing a strategic NATO partner for a pastor" and that the US' behavior would force Turkey to look for new friends and allies. The presidential spokesperson of Turkish President, İbrahim Kalın, tweeted that the US is losing Turkey, and that the entire Turkish public is against U.S. policies. In addition, the Uşak Province decided to stop running digital advertisement on United States-based social media platforms like Facebook, Google, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube, canceling all of their ads as a response to US sanctions on Turkey. Turkey went on to say that it would retaliate against the raising of steel and aluminium tariffs by the U.S. administration (The US had already imposed 10 percent and 25 percent additional tariffs on aluminum and steel imports respectively from all countries on March 23, 2018, but on August 13, 2018, it added additional tariffs on steel imports from Turkey). Erdoğan said that Turkey will boycott electronic products from the US, using iPhones as an example. The Keçiören Municipality in the Ankara decided not to issue business licenses to American brands including McDonald's, Starbucks and Burger King. In addition, Turkey decided to increase tariffs on imports of a range of US products, and on August 20, 2018, there were gunshots at the USA Embassy in Ankara. No casualties were reported and Turkish authorities detained two men suspects.
In August 2020, Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden called for a new U.S. approach to the "autocrat" President Erdoğan and support for Turkish opposition parties.
Armenian genocide
In 2019, the United States Congress, with sponsors from Saudi Arabia, issued official recognition of the Armenian genocide, which was the first time the United States has officially acknowledged the genocide, having previously only unofficially or partially recognized the genocide. Turkey, which has traditionally denied that such genocide existed, blasted the United States for inflaming tensions. Donald Trump has rejected the solution by Congress, citing that his administration's stance on the issue had not changed.
Hamas and Israel
On the same time, relations between Turkey and the United States also worsened after the Turkish government hosted two Hamas leaders, in a move that was believed to be in response to the Abraham Accord, in which Israel normalized relations with the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain; the Abraham Accord was opposed by Ankara. Relations between Turkey and Israel, a major ally of the United States, have already gone low.
Nagorno-Karabakh war
Presidential candidate and former Vice President Joe Biden demanded that Turkey "stay out" of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia, in which Turkey has supported the Azeris. Eliot Engel, chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, called the influence of third party actors like Turkey "troubling". In a letter to Secretary of State Pompeo, Senate Foreign Relations Committee ranking member Bob Menendez, Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, and several other lawmakers called for the Trump administration to "immediately suspend all sales and transfers of military equipment to Ankara." As for the result, relations between the United States to Turkey and Azerbaijan further worsened, with Turkey accused the United States of sending weapons and supplies to Armenia, which Washington denied.
On 15 October 2020, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo urged both sides to respect the humanitarian ceasefire and stated, "We now have the Turks, who have stepped in and provided resources to Azerbaijan, increasing the risk, increasing the firepower that's taking place in this historic fight."
Sanctions
On 8 December 2020, the House of Representatives approved a sanctions package against Turkey due to its purchase of S-400 missile system from Russia. Trump administration said that the president will veto the bill. Trump had earlier worked to delay passing sanctions against Turkey, but he lost the 2020 United States presidential election. On 14 December, 2020, the United States imposed the sanctions on Turkey, and the sanctions included a ban on all U.S. export licenses and authorizations to SSB and an asset freeze and visa restrictions on Dr. Ismail Demir, SSB's president, and other SSB officers. The United States also excluded Turkey from the joint F-35 project, as well as barred Turkey from approaching new NATO technological development. Subsequently, doubts were raised by a number of international policy analysts that military sanctions on the NATO ally would weaken the alliance, effectively reducing Turkey's ability to obtain American technology for regional defense. For this reason, the incoming Biden administration would likely hold off on sanctions to normalize relations.
Clashes at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in Washington, D.C.
On May 16, 2017, clashes broke out between Turkey's Police Counter Attack Team and a crowd of protesters outside the Turkish Ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C. 24 men were filmed attacking protesters, with some protesters being kicked while curled in the fetal position as Erdogan looked on. Many of the charges have been dropped, but civil lawsuits are ongoing as of January 2021.
Biden administration (2021–present)
On April 24, 2021, Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day, President Joe Biden referred to the massacre of the Armenians during the Ottoman Empire in 1915 as "genocide" in a statement released by the White House. That irked Turkey.
In October 2021, in the wake of the appeal for the release of Turkish activist Osman Kavala signed by 10 western countries, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ordered his foreign minister to declare the US ambassador persona non grata, alongside the other 9 ambassadors. However, the ambassadors did not receive any formal notice to leave the country and Erdoğan eventually stepped back.
On March 5, 2022, the Turkish Foreign Ministry stated after discussions with NATO partners' deputy foreign ministers that Turkey and the US will continue to work in "tight coordination" to find a diplomatic solution to Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
On March 19, 2022, the US has broached the unlikely option of delivering its Russian-made S-400 missile defence systems to Ukraine to assist it in fighting invading Russian forces, According to three sources acquainted with the situation.
On May 22, 2022, after the US embassy issued a warning that police might respond violently to an opposition gathering in Istanbul, Turkey's foreign relations ministry summoned Ambassador Jeff Flake.
Economic relations
The United States and Turkey are both members in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the G-20. The US and Turkey have had a Joint Economic Commission and a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement for several years. In 2002, the two countries indicated their joint intent to upgrade bilateral economic relations by launching an Economic Partnership Commission.
Turkey is currently the 32nd-largest goods trading partner with $20.5 billion in total ($10.2 billion; imports $10.3 billion) goods trade during 2018. US' goods and services trade with Turkey totaled an estimated $24.0 billion (exports: $12.7 billion; imports: $11.2 billion) in 2017. The trade deficit was $143 million in 2018.
The US exports of goods and services to Turkey involved 68,000 jobs in 2015.
Military relations
For the Anatolian Falcon 2012 joint exercises, the United States sent the 480th Fighter Squadron to train with Turkish pilots in the operation Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses.
Joint operations
Turkey participated with the United States in the Korean War in 1950–53 and in missions in Somalia, Kosovo, and Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992–2004.
Turkey has commanded the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan twice since its inception. 2,000 Mehmetçik concentrated on training Afghan military and security forces and provided security at ISAF's Regional Command-Capital stationed in Kabul. An undisclosed number of Mehmetçik were deployed to the Wardak and Jawzjan provinces to give ground support to USA Air Force Operations.
During the Iraq War, Turkey established the NATO Training Mission in 2005 and sponsored specialized training for hundreds of Iraqi security personnel in a secret facility in Turkey.
Operation Gladio
Operation Gladio is the codename for a clandestine "stay-behind" operation of armed resistance that was planned by the Western Union (WU) (and subsequently by NATO) for a potential Warsaw Pact invasion and conquest in Europe.
Counter-Guerrilla is the branch of the operation. The operation's founding goal was to erect a guerrilla force capable of countering a possible Soviet invasion. The goal was soon expanded to subverting communism in Turkey. Counter-Guerrilla initially operated out of the Turkish Armed Forces' Tactical Mobilization Group (STK). In 1967, it was renamed to the Special Warfare Department before becoming Special Forces Command. Counter-Guerrilla's existence in Turkey was revealed in 1973 by then-prime minister Bülent Ecevit.
Cooperation
The United States and Turkey share membership in NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and continue to cooperate in important projects, such as the Joint Strike Fighter program.
Bases and logistics
Since 1954, Turkey has hosted the Incirlik Air Base, an important operations base of the United States Air Force, which has played a critical role during the Cold War, the Gulf War, and the Iraq War. Turkey routinely hosts the United States for Anatolian Falcon and (with Israel, before their relationship worsened) Anatolian Eagle exercises held at its Konya airbase.
Turkish bases and transport corridors have been used heavily for military operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Libya as of 2011.
In the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, some of the planes used at the operation and a fueling carrier took off from Incirlik base; in response, the Turkish government arrested several high-ranking Turkish military officers at Incirlik and cut power to the base for nearly a week.
Nuclear warheads
Turkey hosts U.S. controlled nuclear weapons as part of nuclear sharing policy. Its current arsenal is B61 nuclear bomb, while it formerly held MGR-1 Honest John, MIM-14 Nike Hercules, PGM-19 Jupiter, W33 and W48 artillery shells.
Turkey does not have dedicated nuclear-capable fighter aircraft that can deliver the weapons and does not train its pilots to fly nuclear missions.
Industrial cooperation
The defense industry of Turkey is growing. Turkey's 240 Lockheed Martin General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons were co-produced in Turkey by one of Turkish Aerospace Industries' predecessors (TAI). The United States and Turkey signed an FMS contract in 2009 for 30 F-16 Block 50s to be co-produced by TAI.
Turkey reportedly wanted to purchase drone aircraft from the United States to assist in its counterterrorism efforts against the PKK before its request was denied. Turkey produced Bayraktar Tactical UAS.
F-35s
Turkey is one of eight countries—along with the United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Italy, Denmark, Norway, and Australia—partnering with the United States on the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter program. Turkey plans to purchase up to 116 F-35s, 90 for delivery over an estimated 10-year period (2014–2023), that are jointly assembled and/or developed by firms from the various JSF partners. The cost is estimated to be at least $11 billion and could exceed $15 billion, given continued cost inflation on the program. The Pentagon decided to end the F-35 deal by July 31, 2019, as a result of Turkey, as a NATO partner, purchasing S400 missiles from Russia.
Alleged cable leaks highlighted Turkish concerns that upgrades to General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons had "precluded Turkish access to computer systems and
software modification previously allowed".
Radar and signal analysis
To have the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense be approved, Turkey received two conditions: Iran or Syria should not be named as a threat to Turkey, and Turkey's territory was to be protected by the system (as a national defense requirement). According to U.S. officials, the AN/TPY-2 radar was deployed at Turkey's Kürecik Air Force base and activated in January 2012.
Military aid
U.S. equipment in Turkey
Regional problems in the 1960s, Cyprus crises in 1963 and 1967, Cyprus Turkish Peace Operations in 1974, and the arms embargo by the US in 1975–1978 following the invasion necessitated Turkey developing a defense industry based on national resources.
Milestones
1954: United States and Turkey sign first status of forces agreement.
1980: US–Turkey Defense and Economic Cooperation Agreement.
1999: PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan captured MIT/Pentagon operation;
2003: Turkish Parliament denies invasion (ground forces) of Iraq from Turkey and permits use of Turkish bases for overflight
2003: U.S. detain Turkish special forces troops in Suleimaniyah, Iraq.
2011: "Operation Unified Protector”.
State and official visits
1999 Clinton visit
President Bill Clinton visited Ankara, İzmit, Ephesus, and Istanbul November 15–19, 1999. It was a State visit where he also attended the Organization for Security and Cooperation's Europe Summit meeting.
2009 Obama visit
Relations between Turkey and the United States markedly improved during the Obama administration's first term, but the two countries were nevertheless unable to reach their ambitious goals. Obama made his first official visit to Turkey at Ankara and Istanbul April 6–7, 2009. There US critics who claimed that Turkey should not be rewarded by an early presidential visit as its government had been systematically reorienting foreign policy onto an Islamist axis. Former U.S. Ambassador to Turkey Mark Parris remarked: “Whatever the merits of this argument, the Obama administration, by scheduling the visit, have decisively rejected it.”
During his visit, Obama urged Turkey to come to terms with its past and resolve its Armenian issues. During the 2008 US presidential election, he had criticized former US President George W. Bush for his failure to take a stance and stated that the "Armenian genocide is not an allegation, a personal opinion, or a point of view, but rather a widely documented fact supported by an overwhelming body of historical evidence". He responded positively to an announcement from sources in Ankara and Yerevan that a deal to reopen the border between the two states and exchange diplomatic personnel would happen, and indicated that although his own personal views on the subject remained unchanged, to avoid derailing this diplomatic progress, he would from using the word "genocide" in his upcoming April 24 speech on the question.
Turkish President Gül later referred to the visit as “evidence of a vital partnership between Turkey and the US,” whilst Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu pointed out that they were "changing the psychological atmosphere” of what was before “seen as a military relationship”. Obama clarified: “We are not solely strategic partners, we are also model partners.” With this change in terminology, “The President wanted to stress the uniqueness of this relationship. This is not an ordinary relationship, it's a prototype and unique relationship.” A US House Committee on Foreign Affairs hearing, The United States and Turkey: A Model Partnership, chaired by Head of the Subcommittee on Europe Robert Wexler was convened after “the historic visit that Obama paid to Turkey”, and concluded that "this cooperation is vital for both of the two states in an environment in which we face serious security issues in Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, the Balkans, Black Sea, Caucuses and the Middle East, besides a global financial crisis”.
After Obama's visit, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Chief of the Turkish General Staff İlker Başbuğ hosted US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen in Ankara. During the closed-door meeting, they discussed the pledging of further Turkish support troops to Afghanistan and Pakistan where Turkish authorities have influence, the secure transport of troops and equipment from the port of İskenderun during the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq, and the pro-Kurdish terrorists operating in south-eastern Turkey and northern Iraq.
On April 22, 2009, shortly after Obama's visit, Turkish and Armenian authorities formally announced a provisional roadmap for the normalization of diplomatic ties between the two states. The U.S. responded positively with a statement from the office of U.S. Vice President Joe Biden following a phone conversation with Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan, which stated that “the Vice President applauded President Sargsyan's leadership, and underscored the administration's support for both Armenia and Turkey in this process”. Turkish columnists, however, criticized the timing of the announcement, and believed it to have been made to placate the Obama in advance of his April 24 speech, with Fikret Bila writing in the Milliyet that “the Turkish Foreign Ministry made this statement regarding the roadmap before midnight”, as it would allow Obama to go back on his campaign promise to refer to the incident as genocide, which the Turkish government profusely denied, by pointing out to the Armenian diaspora that “Turkey reached a consensus with Armenia and set a roadmap” and “there is no need now to damage this process”.
2013 Erdoğan visit
In May 2013, Erdoğan visited the White House and met with Obama, who said the visit was an opportunity "to return the extraordinary hospitality that the Prime Minister and the Turkish people showed [him] on [his] visit to Turkey four years ago". During their joint press conference, both Obama and Erdoğan stressed the importance of achieving stability in Syria. Erdoğan said that during his time with Obama, "Syria was at the top of [their] agenda" and Obama repeated the United States plan to support the Assad-opposition while applying "steady international pressure". When they were not discussing national security threats, Obama and Erdoğan discussed expanding economic relations between the two countries; Turkey had received over $50 billion in foreign investments, $20 billion of which came from the United States. In 2003, there was only $8 billion in U.S. investment in Turkey; both Erdoğan and Obama praised this recent increase and agreed to continue expanding the trade and investment agreements between the two countries. Erdoğan's visit culminated with talks of stability in the region. Obama stressed the importance of normalizing relations between Turkey and Israel and praised the steps Erdoğan had taken in that process. The process normalizing the Turkish-Israeli relationship had begun and Erdoğan stated that he would continue this process: "We don't need any other problems, issues in the region."
2019 Erdoğan visit
In November 2019, Erdogan visited the White House and held meetings with U.S. President Donald Trump.
List
Cultural relations
The 1978 American semi-biographical film Midnight Express was banned in Turkey under Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code, which caused a strain on US–Turkish relations.
In late 2007, Turkey recalled its ambassador to the United States after the US House Committee on Foreign Affairs passed a US resolution on the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire, which resulted in a delay of a full House vote on Resolution 106. Speaker Nancy Pelosi pledged to bring the resolution to a full vote, but pressure from the White House and Turkey kept her from doing so.
American international schools in Turkey
Bursa American College for Girls (1854–1928)
Robert College (founded 1863), in Istanbul
Talas American College (1871–1968), in Talas
Üsküdar American Academy (founded 1876), in Istanbul
American Collegiate Institute (founded 1878), in İzmir
Anatolia College in Merzifon (1886–1924)
Turkish schools in the United States
Around 120 Gülen charter schools operate within the United States.
Embassies
The Embassy of the United States is located in Ankara, Turkey, while the Embassy of Turkey is located in Washington, D.C., United States.
See also
Foreign relations of Turkey
Foreign relations of the United States
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Conspiracy theories in Turkey
Clashes at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in Washington, D.C.
United States recognition of the Armenian Genocide
Turks in the United States
Turkish House
References
Further reading
Aslan, Omer. The United States and Military Coups in Turkey and Pakistan (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018). online
Athanassopoulou, Ekavi. Strategic Relations between the US and Turkey 1979-2000: Sleeping with a Tiger (Routledge, 2014).
Baran, Zeyno (May 11, 2005) “The State of U.S.-Turkey Relations”, United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Europe and Emerging Threats.
Barlas, Dilek, and Şuhnaz Yilmaz. "Managing the transition from Pax Britannica to Pax Americana: Turkey's relations with Britain and the US in a turbulent era (1929–47)." Turkish Studies (2016): 1-25.
Brands, H.W., Jr. "America Enters the Cyprus Tangle 1964," Middle Eastern Studies 23#3 (1987), pp. 348–362.
Camp, Glen D. "Greek-Turkish Conflict over Cyprus." Political Science Quarterly 95.1 (1980) 95#1: 43–70. online
Coufoudakis, Van. "Turkey and the United States: The Problems and Prospects of a Post-War Alliance." JPMS: Journal of Political and Military Sociology 9.2 (1981): 179–196.
Harris, George Sellers, and Bilge Criss, eds. Studies in Atatürk's Turkey: the American dimension (Brill, 2009).
Howard, Harry N. "The bicentennial in American-Turkish relations." Middle East Journal 30.3 (1976): 291–310. online
Karpat, Kemal H., ed. Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition 1950-1974 (Leiden, Brill, 1975)
Kubilay Yado Arin: The AKP's Foreign Policy, Turkey's Reorientation from the West to the East? Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, Berlin 2013. ISBN 9 783865 737199.
Kuniholm, Bruce R. "Turkey and NATO: Past, Present and Future," ORBIS (Summer 1983 27#2, pp. 421–445.
Kunihoim, Bruce R. The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey and Greece (Princeton UP, 1980)
Laipson, Helen. "US Policy towards Greece and Turkey since 1974." in The Greek-Turkish Conflict in the 1990s (Palgrave Macmillan, 1991) pp. 164-182.
Laipson, Ellen B. "Cyprus: A Quarter Century of U.S. Diplomacy." in John T.A. Koumouljdes,(ed.), Cyprus in Transition 1960-1985 (London: Trigraph, 1986).
McGhee, George. The U.S. - Turkish- NATO- Middle East Connection: How the Truman Doctrine and Turkey's NATO Entry Contained the Soviets (Macmillan, 1990).
Magalhaes, Margaux. "Congress and US-Turkey relations." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 19.4 (2021): 494-516.
Simavoryan, Arestakes. (2020). The Controversy of Ankara-Washington under Trump. https://orbeli.am/en/post/483/2020-06-29/The+Controversy+of+Ankara-Washington+under+Trump
Nash, Philip. The Other Missiles of October: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Jupiters, 1957-1963 (1997) online
Olson, Robert W., Nurhan Ince, and Nuhan Ince. "Turkish Foreign Policy from 1923-1960: Kemalism and Its Legacy, a Review and a Critique." Oriente Moderno 57.5/6 (1977): 227–241. in JSTOR
Sanberk, Özdem. "The Importance of Trust Building in Foreign Policy, a Case Study: The Trajectory of the Turkish-American Relations." Review of International Law and Politics 12 (2016): 13+
Rustow, Dankwart A. Turkey: America's Forgotten Ally (Council on Foreign Relations, 1987).
Seydi, SÜleyman. “Turkish—American Relations and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1957-63.” Middle Eastern Studies 46#3 (2010), pp. 433–455. online
Stearns, Monteagle. Entangled Allies: U.S. Policy Toward Greece, Turkey and Cyprus (Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992).
Thomas, Lewis V. and Frye, Richard N. The United States and Turkey and Iran (Harvard University Press, 1951).
Trask, Roger R. The United States response to Turkish nationalism and reform, 1914-1939 (U of Minnesota Press, 1971).
Trask, Roger R. "The" Terrible Turk" and Turkish-American Relations in the Interwar Period." Historian 33.1 (1970): 40-53 online covers chapter 4.
Uslu, Nasuh. "Turkey's relationship with the United States 1960-1975". (PhD Diss. Durham University, 1994) online
Uslu, Nasuh. The Cyprus question as an issue of Turkish foreign policy and Turkish-American relations, 1959-2003 (Nova Publishers, 2003).
Uslu, Nasuh. The Turkish-American relationship between 1947 and 2003: The history of a distinctive alliance ( Nova Publishers, 2003).
Yilmaz, Şuhnaz. Turkish-American Relations, 1800-1952: Between the Stars, Stripes and the Crescent (Routledge, 2015).
Yilmaz, Şuhnaz. "Challenging the stereotypes: Turkish–American relations in the inter-war era." Middle Eastern Studies 42.2 (2006): 223–237.
External links
U.S. Department of State Background Note: Turkey
U.S. Embassy in Turkey
, ASAM
Örmeci, Ozan & Işıksal, Hüseyin (2020), Historical Examinations and Current Issues in Turkish-American Relations, Berlin: Peter Lang
United States
Bilateral relations of the United States
Articles containing video clips |
5380409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrolinead | Centrolinead | The centrolinead was invented by Peter Nicholson, a British mathematician and architect, in 1814. It was used to construct 2-point perspective drawings where one or both vanishing points existed outside the drawing board. Draftsmen could use the instrument in pairs; one for each vanishing point on each side of the station point.
Centrolineads were produced in various sizes. Typically a brass fitting clamped the wooden arms together. Fittings were produced in both right and left-handed configuration, and certain adjustable designs could be used on either side.
Usage
Two short arms are set to form 90 degree angles against a third, longer drawing edge. Pins are placed near the edges of the drawing surface and serve as pivots for the arms. Pin placement is equidistant and symmetric across the horizontal line. A third centrolinead could be used to construct 3-point perspective.
The diagram shown above does not represent the centrolinead designed by Nicholson.
Further reading
Centrolineads and their use are discussed in W.F. Stanley's book on mathematical instruments.
References
External links
Yahoo! Groups
Technical drawing tools |
5380413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nossomorja | Jánossomorja | Jánossomorja is a town in Győr-Moson-Sopron County, Hungary. It is a connection between the two villages Szentpéter () and Szentjános (), located close to the Austrian border. Before 1946, those were German settlements with the German names St. Johann (St. John) and St. Peter.
External links
in Hungarian
References
Populated places in Győr-Moson-Sopron County |
5380415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet%20Darbyshire | Janet Darbyshire | Janet Howard Darbyshire, CBE FMedSci is a British epidemiologist and science administrator.
Career
Darbyshire joined the Medical Research Council (MRC) in 1974, first co-ordinating clinical trials and epidemiological studies of tuberculosis, asthma and other respiratory diseases in the UK and East Africa for the MRC Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Unit. She became the head of the MRC HIV Clinical Trials Centre when it was founded in 1989, designing and co-ordinating multi-centre trials of therapeutics for people with HIV, as well as vaccines and microbicides to prevent infection.
In 1980, Darbyshire was awarded an MSc by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
In 1998, she became head of the new MRC Clinical Trials Unit, established as a centre of excellence for clinical trials, meta-analyses and epidemiological studies in HIV, cancer and other diseases. She is also co-director of the UK Clinical Research Network (UKCRN). As of 2013, she is on the board of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine and the Society for Clinical Trials.
Awards and honours
Darbyshire is a fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences, the Royal College of Physicians and the Society for Clinical Trials. Already an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), she was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours for "services to Clinical Science". In 2018 Darbyshire was awarded the MRC Millenium Medal for her "world-leading research on clinical trials and epidemiology has prevented disease and saved lives across the world".
References
External links
Academy of Medical Sciences interview
British public health doctors
British medical researchers
British women medical doctors
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Living people
20th-century British women scientists
21st-century British women scientists
Women epidemiologists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5380416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kabrnja | Škabrnja | Škabrnja is a village in northern Dalmatia, Croatia, located halfway between Zadar and Benkovac in the lowland region of Ravni Kotari. Its municipality is also called Škabrnja, and it includes Škabrnja with a population of 1,413 as well as the smaller village of Prkos, population 363 with a total of 1,776 residents (2011 census). The total area of the municipality is 22.93 km2.
History
The first mention of "the forest of Škabrnje" dates from a medieval contract which mentions the village of Kamenjani located near Škabrnja. The village of Kamenjani itself was first mentioned in 1070, and the last time in 1700; it was a property of the Šubić family and located in the area around today's village cemetery.
The oldest two buildings in the village are the two Catholic churches: the church of St. Mary in the hamlet of Ambar, and the church of St. Luke at the village cemetery.
The church of St. Mary dates from the 11th century and is built from stone, forming a hexagonal shape, one of several such old Croatian churches from northern Dalmatian towns and villages. The church of St. Luke was built in the 13th century, with a Gothic dome dated 1440. It has a single nave which ends in an apsis, as well as a bell tower which was also built later.
According to the census of 1991, Škabrnja was inhabited by 1,953 people in 397 households, and the vast majority of them were Croats (97.59%). In November 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence, Škabrnja was attacked by the Yugoslav People's Army and Serb paramilitary forces, resulting in the Škabrnja massacre.
References
External links
Skabrnja official site
http://www.skabrnja.com/
Municipalities of Croatia
Populated places in Zadar County |
5380444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Osmond%20Frederick | Charles Osmond Frederick | Charles Osmond Frederick is a British engineer who worked on interaction of rails and wheels at the British Railway Technical Centre, Derby.
Together with P.J. Armstrong he developed the Armstrong-Frederick plasticity models, which are applied in the theory of inelastic deformations. In the early 60's, he investigated stress phenomena in nuclear fuel elements for the UK Atomic Energy Authority. Since around 1970, he was employed by the research centre of British Rail.
In 2006, patent-spotters rediscovered a patent attributed in 1973 to the British Railways Board on a nuclear driven space vehicle, dubbed the British Rail flying saucer. The patent was based on work performed by Frederick, which originally was directed towards a lifting platform and finally culminated in a nuclear fusion powered passenger craft for interplanetary travel.
Publications
C.O. Frederick and J.D. Waters: Bowing behaviour of experimental fuel elements in the Windscale AGR, Report to United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority; 1963
C.O. Frederick: Model correlations for investigating creep deform and stress relaxation in structure, Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 7 No. 1
P.J. Armstrong and C.O. Frederick: A mathematical representation of the multiaxial Bauschinger effect. Technical Report RD/B/N 731, C.E.G.B, 1966.
C.O. Frederick: Heat resistant and flexible pads for the support of rails; London, British Railways Board, Research and Development Division, 1972
C. O. Frederick and G.W. Morland: Device for applying a massless load to a rail; London, British Railways Board, 1973
Rail technology: Proceedings of a seminar organised by British Rail Research & Development Division & American Association of Railroads held at Nottingham University 21–26 September 1981; edited by Charles Osmond Frederick & David John Round; 1983,
C.O. Frederick and J.C. Sinclair: A rail corrugation theory which allows for contact patch size, Tech. Univ. Berlin, Rail Corrugations p 1-27 (SEE N94-23581 06-31), 1992
C.O. Frederick: The railways - Challenges to science and technology - A conference sponsored by the Royal Academy of Engineering, The Royal Society, and British Rail, 26 April 1995; PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS: TRANSPORT 117 (2): 157-158 MAY 1996
C.O. Frederick and A.P. Young: Infrarail seminars, Manchester, September 1994; PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS: TRANSPORT 117 (1): 63-66 FEB 1996
See also
Project Daedalus of the British Interplanetary Society
External links
Space Vehicles Patent number: GB1310990, 1973-03-21
British Rail people
Nuclear spacecraft propulsion
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5380448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrikkakkara | Thrikkakkara | Thrikkakkara is a region in the city of Kochi, as well as a municipality in Ernakulam District in the Indian state of Kerala, India. The municipality comprises 43 wards, including Marottichuvadu. It is especially notable for its significance in the festival of Onam, and in the tale associated with it linked to the famous Thrikkakara temple. Thrikkakara is home to the Cochin University of Science and Technology. The state owned Model Engineering College is also situated here. It is also home to many well known schools like Bhavans Varuna Vidyalaya, Cardinal Higher Secondary School, Cochin Public School and colleges like Bharat Mata College. The Infopark, Kochi and SmartCity Kochi are also situated in Thrikkakara municipal premises.
Etymology and Onam festival
The name Thrikkakkara is an evolved pronunciation of the word Thiru Kaal Kara, meaning the place of the holy foot. This connects to the tale behind the festival of Onam, by which, this is the place on which Lord Vamana set his foot to push down Mahabali to the 'lower world' Pathalam (also referred to as Suthalam). There is a place named Pathalam about 7 km from this place in the same district.
Following from the legend of Onam, Thrikkakkara is home for the associated shrine, the Thrikkakara Temple, where the deity enshrined is Vamana. It is one of the very few Vamana temples in India. Thrikkakara temple is considered to be the centre of Onam celebrations worldwide. The festival is largely attended by thousands of people from all religions. The Onam festival is celebrated here in a colourful manner as a festival spanning over ten days. Devotees contribute money for public feasts. A large number of mobile shops make it a trade fair. A notable fireworks show is held towards the end of the celebration.
Thrukkakkara was in Travancore state, 61 naduvazhis jointly organise the Onam festival under the leadership of the Maharaja of Travancore. Ananthapadmanabhan, the title holder is Chempil Arayan Ananthapadmanabhan Valiya Arayan, participated the festival with the Maharaja of Travancore.
See also
Thrikkakara temple
Model Engineering College
Bharata Mata College
References
External links
Thrikkakara Kakkanadu web site
Villages in Ernakulam district
Suburbs of Kochi
Neighbourhoods in Kochi |
4043646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%20Y.O. | 20 Y.O. | 20 Y.O. is the ninth studio album by American singer Janet Jackson. It was released on September 20, 2006, by Virgin Records. Its title makes reference to her third studio album Control (1986), and is a commemoration to its twentieth anniversary. 20 Y.O. represents the "celebration of the joyful liberation and history-making musical style" of Control. An R&B and dance album, Jackson enlisted a range of producers to work on material with, including LRoc, Manuel Seal, The Avila Brothers and No I.D., in addition to her longtime partners Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and then-boyfriend Jermaine Dupri.
20 Y.O. received mixed reviews from music critics, with some of them questioning the involvement of Dupri. The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, making it Jackson's eighth consecutive top-three debut and second consecutive number-two album debut. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified it platinum, becoming Jackson's eighth consecutive platinum album. Worldwide, the album has sold 1.5 million copies. 20 Y.O. earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Contemporary R&B Album in 2007.
To promote 20 Y.O., the singer appeared in various magazines, and performed on Today and the 2006 Billboard Music Awards. To further promote the release online, Jackson launched the "Design Me" cover contest, giving fans an opportunity to create the artwork for the album by downloading images of her and creating proposed covers for the album. Jackson hand-picked dozens of images to be used in the contest and selected her top four favorites, which were used for the standard edition's cover on American pressings of 20 Y.O. Three singles were released from the album–"Call on Me", "So Excited", and "With U".
Background and development
In 2004, Jackson performed at the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show with guest artist Justin Timberlake, who accidentally exposed her right breast at the end of their performance. A month later, she released her eighth studio album, Damita Jo. The album debuted at number two on Billboard 200, was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and sold over three million copies worldwide. However, its singles received minimal airplay due to a blacklist of Jackson's music and videos on many music channels and radio formats caused by legalities surrounding the incident. At the end of 2004, Jackson announced that she intended to start work on a new album project in the coming year. It would involve her then boyfriend—record producer Jermaine Dupri, who was commissioned to executive produce the project—in addition to a roster of other producers. Dupri said at the time,
"For this record, it's gonna be all dance, though. It's gonna be straight 'Control', 'Nasty', hard-ass beats, memorable melodies. It's directed to her fans, people who miss dancing, people who miss seeing videos with dancing. These [younger artists] are sloppy, they don't take it as serious as she do. They don't rehearse for the hours she do. It's serious business for her and her family and her brothers. It's important for kids to see that and bring that back to life".
20 Y.O. became Jackson's final album with Virgin Records, and marked the end of a thirteen-year recording history with the label. Following the album's release Kwamé Holland, a producer who worked on the original 20 Y.O. concept prior to Dupri's involvement, stated, "the finished project we had before Jermaine took everything over is crazy. Ask Jimmy & Terry how they felt when Jermaine came in and changed almost everything." In 2005, Jackson initially worked with various producers, including The Neptunes, Dr. Dre, Kwamé, and Polow Da Don, but the concept was changed when Dupri was selected to manage the project after becoming a division president at Virgin Records. After the album's release, Dupri was condemned for his production and misguidance of the album, and subsequently was removed from his position at Virgin Records.
Recording and production
For the album, Jackson reunited with longtime collaborators Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis to work with her and Dupri. Conversations between the group began before December 2005, when they elaborated the first themes, and songwriting and recording began in earnest in February. The discussion turned to how Jackson was feeling during the recording of her third studio album Control in 1986. "I started asking questions like, 'What was the feeling of life when you were 20?' I was so intrigued with what was going on in her life then that I just thought her album should be called that", Dupri said. Jam agreed, saying it made sense as a concept because it meant a sense of rejuvenation for her, adding: "A sense of that excitement that people have when they are 20 years old, when their life are beginning." He finished by saying Jackson had that same sense of "hunger and excitement" she had when she was younger. Jackson wanted to create an R&B and dance album, but with an emphasis on dance. Rather than contribute to separate songs for the album, Dupri, Jam and Lewis decided to collaborate. According to the group, the process caused ego and procedural conflicts, but they complemented each other. Jam said: "The great thing about working with Jermaine, he came in with total respect for us, we had total respect for him. The fact is that we were fans of each other and for Janet". Jackson stated:
"This time it was four of us collaborating – Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis, Jermaine and myself. But it was the same process: Everyone getting all of their thoughts and ideas out on the table, then talking about which ideas to keep or throw out. Johntá Austin also played a part in the album. It was really a collaborative effort, and that's what made it so nice. Jermaine would run into the studio and talk about the songs Jimmy and Terry had done on someone's album. Then Jimmy would start playing the song, and Jermaine would say, 'You know what? Let's do something kind of along those lines as a bas'e. He understood them, he understood me and vice versa".
20 Y.O. was recorded chiefly at Jam and Lewis' Flyte Tyme Studios in Los Angeles and Dupri's Southside Studios in Atlanta, with some sections undertaken at The Village in Los Angeles and the Hit Factory in Miami. The concept of 20 Y.O. is a celebration of what was happening musically when Control was released. The addition of Dupri, quotes Jackson as saying, "It's an edge, an attitude, an exciting vibe that's assertive. It's about taking charge. It says, 'Here I am. I'm coming on. Musically, I have it. You want it. And I'm giving it to you.'" With the album Dupri wanted to reconnect Jackson with her urban fan base without losing her pop and dance audience she had built during the last two decades before the album's release. "Times have changed from when Michael and Janet were out in the '80s", he noted, pointing to the fact that urban artists no longer had to cross over to pop genres before achieving maximum exposure and sales. "Janet shouldn't be changing or trying to change to get on pop radio", the producer completed.
Dupri also demonstrated the possibility for a duet with Jackson and American singer Mariah Carey for the album. Carey commented in April 2006, "He never talked to me about that, but if Jermaine has a concept, we should go and write something. I love Janet. I’ve been a big fan of Janet since 'Con-tro-ol!'". Later, Dupri said that the closer he got to Jackson and Mariah's duet, the more he knew where it should be at, elaborating that he felt it was going to happen. "It depends on how quick my mind moves. We’re mixing records for [20 Years Old]. We’re not done yet. When I did Usher's My Way album, the last record I created was 'You Make Me Wanna...'. I'm thinking I might go back in, and I might tamper with it. [...] We gotta try to figure it out", he commented. However, the duet never came to fruition.
Music and lyrics
20 Y.O. is composed by eleven songs, an introduction, three interludes and an outro. It starts off with Jackson stating "There's something to be said for not saying anything. I've covered a lot in my 20 years. And I've uncovered a lot" in its intro. The opening song, second single "So Excited" featuring rapper Khia, is a hip hop track which samples the drum break and turntable scratches from Herbie Hancock's 1983 song "Rockit". In the song, Jackson promises submission for her lover, singing, "If you like it then I’ll do it/I’ll go head to toe" and "I'm-a keep your body thumping, baby". "Show Me" follows, with Jackson spelling its title throughout the song. The fourth song, "Get It Out Me", is a dance song which was noted to feature Jackson's vocals sounding like her brother Michael's ones. The following song is "Do It 2 Me". It marks a return to Jackson's conversational style; in the song, She is searching for her lover: "My first and only call is to you, time after time, babe, throughout my life". Its music is punctuated by handclaps and by low swoops of a string section. Sixth song "This Body" lyrically is about men who have appreciation with Jackson's appearances in magazines. She addresses her fans in the line "Just had to buy me, had to try me, oooh, you're in love with the hottest girl in the magazine". The song brings sinuous and dark beats incorporating a rhythmic pattern of heavy breathing and the sound of a jet taking off, which was noted to be a metaphor.
An interlude is the opening for eighth track "With U", which was described as "the follow-up to 1986's 'Let's Wait Awhile'", where a couple postpone intimacy. "With U" takes place after the act, which results in romantic confusion. In it, she sings, "I wish you were the one the one I could be with forever". "Call on Me" is the ninth song and lead single from 20 Y.O. It features Nelly, and samples The SOS Band's 1983 song "Tell Me If You Still Care". It includes whispered vocals from both Jackson and Nelly. Second interlude finds Jackson remembering her Good Times days as Penny. "Daybreak", the eleventh song, begins with fairy tale infused chimes before introducing electronic soul handclaps before Jackson starts singing. It has a few lyrics which deal about sex. The following track, "Enjoy", is composed by piano and bass. In the song, Jackson's vocals were heavily treated. Both songs have additional carnival charms, sing-along melodies, and a children's chorus at its end of the latter. An interlude follows, with Jackson calling her lover, asking him to come home. Fourteenth song "Take Care" is a love song which finds the singer pleasuring herself while she waits for her lover. The last song from the album, "Love 2 Love" was recorded by Jackson with her brother Michael in mind. She sings, "We are a couple / Which love knows no bounds". An outro closes the album.
Title and artwork
In February 2006, Dupri revealed the album's title as 20 Years Old, making reference to her third studio album, Control (1986), which commemorated its twentieth release anniversary in 2006. The singer, who at that date was 40 years old, confessed she felt half her age. However, Jackson changed the title to 20 Y.O. after a fan suggestion. Eric Henderson from Slant Magazine heavily criticized the title, saying it did not "let on whether the first letter is plural or singular, whether it's a noun or an adjective. And it would make all the difference". He declared that if it was supposed to stand for "years", it was a forgivable conceit. However, the reviewer feared the acronym was for 20-Year-Old, which would mean a "misguided" move from a woman who was 40, and would illustrate everything wrong with Jackson's direction with the album. He later joked that his third interpretation and his personal favorite was the title to be read phonetically "I'm 20, yo".
A contest for fans to create an album cover image for 20 Y.O. was announced on July 18, 2006, through Yahoo!. Fans were able to create and submit their own album-cover design, with four winners being chosen by Jackson herself. The first million copies of the album would be published with these fan-created covers. The concept of the contest was to create an image that best celebrated Jackson's past twenty years. The singer hand-picked dozens of images that span over twenty years of Jackson's career were made available for download for use in creating the design. "They told me that I should pick maybe 20, 30 photos, but I think I went a little crazy. I picked way more than that. I gave them some of the new stuff I just shot for the album cover shoot. So they have some really recent photos as well as some stuff from 20 years ago", Jackson confessed. For the official artwork for the album, Jackson appears sporting big hair and a wrist full of bracelets.
Release and promotion
20 Y.O. was released on September 26, 2006 by Virgin Records; its deluxe edition, which included a bonus DVD, was released simultaneously. On May 1, 2006, a web-only song called "Weekend" was made available as a "gift" to fans to download via Jackson's official website. The song is a remake of "Lookout Weekend", a 1984 single by Debbie Deb. It was soon removed from the site and although not included on the album, footage of Jackson recording the track can be seen in the 20 Y.O. The Project piece on the deluxe edition bonus DVD. A MySpace account for Jackson was also set up with new music and videos to promote 20 Y.O. In the lead up to the album's release, Jackson shot covers for Us Weekly, Vibe, Billboard, FHM, GIANT, W, Jezebel, OK!, Ebony, King, Sophisticates Black Hair, Movieline's Hollywood Life, Hype Hair, Men's Fitness, Unleashed, Upscale, and In Touch. Her Us Weekly cover became the biggest-selling issue in the magazine's history, selling 1.4 million copies. Jackson's Vibe issue also received attention from the media after she appeared topless on the August cover.
On September 9, 2006, Jackson went to France to perform "So Excited" at NRJ's Back to School concert, along with past single "Nasty". While on The Oprah Winfrey Show, she was interviewed and performed both tracks again. The show aired on September 25. Jackson held an album signing in Times Square at the Virgin Megastore on September 26, the album's release date. Jackson performed live on the Today show — as part of their Concert Series — three days later. In October, she traveled to Japan to promote the album and wore a red kimono during a press conference there. In November, Jackson performed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, while she was interviewed on The Tyra Banks Show to further promote the album. On December 4, the singer opened the 2006 Billboard Music Awards with a medley of "The Pleasure Principle" and "So Excited". During rehearsals for the awards two days prior, she taped a performance featuring two classic singles from her catalog, "Nasty" and "Let's Wait Awhile", which was streamed on American Express' website.
Jackson planned to embark on a tour to promote 20 Y.O. around March 2007, with rehearsals beginning in the end of the previous year. According to a Billboard report in September 2006, she and her choreographers were working on ideas for a world tour, but the singer was still not prepared to share those ideas. However, the untitled tour was canceled after she signed a record deal with Island Records, and company executives asked her to record a new album instead, which became 2008's Discipline. Jackson stated: "I was supposed to go on tour with the last album [...] We were actually in full-blown tour rehearsals at that point ... learning numbers, getting everything together, set designs [...] I had to kind of shut everything down and go into the studio."
Singles
The album's first single, "Call on Me", was released to US radio on June 19, 2006.
It received mixed reviews from critics. The song was a success on the charts, becoming her most successful single in some countries since "All for You" in 2001. It peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100. Additionally, it spent two non-consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, making it Jackson's sixteenth R&B chart-topper and thirtieth top ten single. Internationally, the song peaked inside the top-twenty in Italy, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The music video for "Call on Me" was directed by Hype Williams and took ten days to be completed. The music video incorporates Indian, Asian, and African styles, with a mixture of outfits and hairstyles, with a total of five wardrobe changes. "Call on Me" is one of the most expensive music videos of all time, with a production cost of over US$1,000,000. Following its release, it was reported that the video was blacklisted by MTV following her incident at the Super Bowl halftime show, which was co-produced by the network.
The second single, "So Excited", was released on August 28, 2006. Like the previous single, the song also was met with mixed reviews from music commentators, with some considering the song the highlight from 20 Y.O. while others found it disappointing. "So Excited" peaked at number 90 on the Hot 100, and also became her 39th top forty single on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, reaching number 34. Additionally, on the Hot Dance Club Play chart, "So Excited" became Jackson's 22nd consecutive top ten single and her 17th number-one hit on the chart. It was well also received in Europe. In Finland, "So Excited" peaked at number nine and peaking at number 13 in Spain. Director Joseph Kahn directed its accompanying music video. It depicts Jackson's clothes disappearing through a complex dance routine with female dancers. Also, occasional skeleton people appear in an X-ray effect, and images of Khia appearing in a small TV in an empty room. Due to her diminished role in the music video, she criticized Jackson online. The third single in North America was "With U", which was released to radio on December 11, 2006. Well received by critics, the song managed to reach number 65 on the region's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. "Enjoy" was released only as a promotional single in Japan and received no commercial release.
Critical reception
20 Y.O. received generally mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, out of 100, to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 52, based on 14 reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews". Andy Kellman of AllMusic gave the album a three-and-half out of five-star rating, writing that "with only a few exceptions, 20 Y.O. provides further refinements of the fun, flirtatious, midtempo songs of her past several albums. This is not a problem." The New York Times music critic Jon Pareles had mixed feelings, saying "Janet is as crafty and poised as ever. Her flirtations are still a pleasure, but an overly familiar one. She's done these same slinky moves too often to surprise listeners now." Newsdays Glenn Gamboa gave the album a grade of A−, and said that Jackson "may not want to dwell in that past, either. After all, 20 Y.O. shows that her future could be even better." Richard Cromelin from Los Angeles Times was positive saying that 20 Y.O.s sex themes were slightly toned down from its predecessor, Damita Jo, and, "In the opening set of songs alone, Jackson promises to do it all [...] And she manages to do this without sounding especially raunchy."
Eric Henderson from Slant Magazine said that the saddest thing about 20 Y.O. was Jackson's decision to make a terrible R&B instead of great dance music, which would likely pay off. He also referred to Jam and Lewis's production as "ice-cold beats [that] have melted into a lugubrious, lukewarm pudding—at under an hour, it still feels almost twice as long as Janet. and The Velvet Rope." With a C+ rating, Thomas Inskeep from Stylus Magazine called it "half-decent" and went to say, "there's precious little to get, well, excited about here. Janet commits the ultimate sin of making an album that’s thoroughly mediocre. Apart from the sticky ear-candy of "So Excited," there's little I'd miss here if I went six months without it. This doesn't sound like rejuvenation—it sounds like the beginning of the end." The Village Voices music critic Miles Marshall Lewis commented that Jackson's last two albums also talked excessively about sex, and with the new release, it was getting tired. Evan Serpick from Rolling Stone disagreed with the album's reference to Control, saying "If we were her, we wouldn't make the comparison." Angus Batey, writing for Yahoo! Music UK, remarked that in Jackson's producers desire to take Jackson back to her roots, they made not a great album for Jackson, but a facsimile of one; correct in all the details, but lacking substance and soul. Robert Christgau gave it a "dud" score ().
Accolades
Commercial performance
20 Y.O. debuted on the US Billboard 200 at number two with 296,000 copies sold at its first week, behind Ludacris' album Release Therapy. This was considerably lower than Jackson's previous album Damita Jo, which also opened at number two with 381,000 copies sold across the United States in 2004. 20 Y.O. became her smallest first week sales since The Velvet Rope (1997), which reached number one with 202,000 copies. However, the effort debuted at the top on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. In its second week, the album fell to number nine, selling 77,000 units, representing a 74% drop in sales. It additionally reached number two and number three on Top Digital Albums and Top Tastemaker Albums charts, respectively. On November 13, 2006, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of one million copies within the country. As of January 2008, the estimated sales of the album in the US were 679,000 copies.
On the Australian Albums Chart, it peaked at number 55. It became her lowest-peaking album in the region since Control in 1986, which reached number 25. In Japan, the album debuted at the number 12 on the Oricon Albums Chart selling 20,380 copies in its first week. It ultimately peaked at number seven in the region. A few weeks after, the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) certified 20 Y.O. gold for shipments of 100,000 copies.
In the Flemish region of Belgium, 20 Y.O. debuted at number 67 on October 7, 2006, moving to its peak of number 58 the next week, and staying on the charts for five weeks. In contrast, it reached number 22 in the Walloon region of that country. The album entered the French Albums Chart at number 32 in the week dated September 30, 2006, this being its peak. It lasted on the chart for four weeks, felling off the chart on October 21, 2006, at number 175. 20 Y.O. debuted and peaked at number 46 on October 6, 2006 in Germany, next week the album fell to number 96 before falling off the charts. On the Italian Albums Chart it fared better, reaching number 21. In Switzerland, the album debuted and peaked at number 35 on the Swiss Albums Chart and stayed on the charts for four weeks. In the United Kingdom, the album peaked at number 63 on its album chart. In the Netherlands, 20 Y.O. debuted and peaked at number 34, the issue dated September 30, 2006. Almost one month after, it fell out of the chart at number 93. On the European Top 100 Albums, the record reached number 43. The album had sold an estimated 1.5 million copies worldwide.
Track listing
Notes
"This Body" features an uncredited rap by Jermaine Durpi, under the alias "Cocaine J".
Sample credits
"So Excited" contains a sample of "Rock It" by Herbie Hancock.
"Do It 2 Me" contains a sample of "If Only for One Night" by Brenda Russell.
Personnel
Johntá Austin – composer (Tracks 2–6, 8–9, 11, 15)
Bobby Ross Avila – bass, composer, drums, keyboards, producer (Track 12)
Issiah "IZ" Avila – percussion, drums, producer (Track 12)
Khia Chambers – composer (Track 2)
Fran Cooper – make-up
Larry Corbett – cello (Track 14)
Kenneth Crear – management
Ian Cross – recording engineer (Tracks 2–6, 8–9, 11–12, 14–15), audio mixing (15)
Jermaine Dupri – composer (Tracks 2–6, 8–9), producer (2–6, 8), executive producer, audio mixing (2–6, 8–9)
Liliana Filipovic – violin (Track 8)
Bernie Grundman – mastering
Terrance "T-Love" Harris – personal assistant
Gerardo Hilera – violin (Track 8)
John Horesco IV – recording engineer (Tracks 2–6, 8–9)
Josh Houghkirk – audio mixing assistant (Tracks 2–6, 8–9, 11–12, 14–15)
Janet Jackson – composer (Tracks 1–8, 10–16), producer (All Tracks), liner notes, executive producer
Paul Jackson, Jr. – guitar (Tracks 6, 8, 14)
Jimmy Jam – keyboards (Tracks 8, 11–12, 14–15), producer (All Tracks), additional music (2–4, 6, 9), executive producer, drum programming (11, 14–15), audio mixing (11–12, 14–15)
Suzie Katayama – string arrangements (Tracks 8, 14)
Cheryl Kohfeld – viola (Track 8)
Terry Lewis – composer (Tracks 1–4, 6–16), producer, additional music (2–4, 6, 9), audio mixing (11–12, 14–15)
Andrea Liberman – stylist
Matt Marrin – recording engineer (Tracks 8, 12, 14)
Diane McDonald – coordination
Tadd Mingo – assistant engineer
No I.D. – producer (Track 5)
Sara Parkins – violin (Track 14)
Robert Peterson – violin (Track 8)
James Phillips – composer (Tracks 2, 6, 9)
Michele Richards – violin (Track 14)
Steve Richards – cello (Track 14)
Brenda Russell – composer (Track 5)
Manuel Seal, Jr. – composer, producer (Tracks 3–4, 8)
Vida Sparks – project coordinator
Rudolph Stein – cello (Track 8)
Phil Tan – audio mixing (Tracks 2–6, 8–9, 11–12, 14–15)
Josephina Vergara – violin (Track 14)
Benjamin Ward – art direction, packaging
James White – photography
Chuck Wilson – assistant recording engineer (Tracks 3–5, 8, 11)
Ghian Wright – assistant recording engineer (Tracks 12, 14–15)
Johnny Wright – executive producer, management
Janet Zeitoun – hair stylist
Yang-Qin Zhao – cello (Track 8)
Danny Zook – sample clearance
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
See also
List of Billboard number-one R&B albums of 2006
References
External links
20 Y.O. video page at janetjackson.com
2006 albums
Albums produced by Jermaine Dupri
Albums produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Albums produced by No I.D.
Janet Jackson albums
Virgin Records albums
Albums produced by LRoc
Albums produced by Manuel Seal |
5380452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidyn%20Chronicles%3A%20The%20First%20Mage | Aidyn Chronicles: The First Mage | Aidyn Chronicles: The First Mage is a role-playing video game developed by Canadian studio and published by THQ for the Nintendo 64 (N64) video game console.
Gameplay
The game takes place in a 3-D based world. The player controls a polygon-based figure of Alaron, moving him around both in and out of doors. The view is a mostly a third-person overhead behind him. Time passes in real time, with night and day affecting visibility and combat (see below). There is no way to change the speed Alaron moves, nor the camera view in normal gameplay. The player cannot control any other member of the party except in combat mode. A pop up menu allows the player to equip the party members, view abilities and stats, use items, and access the world map and options menu.
Combat is turn-based, though stats of the player's characters and attacking monsters can affect turn order. When combat starts, Alaron and his party are transported to a separate screen with varying terrain. The player can move each party member a certain distance marked by transparent borders. Positions of characters (such as height and back attacks') can increase/decrease the damage and effectiveness of attacks. Also the characters aspect (solar or lunar) will perform better or worse depending on what time of day it is. Spells and other talents area of effect is shown via a red flame border, and increases the higher the skill level. Any party member who dies during combat is permanently removed from the game with no ability of revival. If Alaron dies, the game is automatically over.
Plot
Aidyn Chronicles: The First Mage follows a young squire named Alaron who, while searching for a missing farmer named Kendall, encounters a strange spirit and is poisoned by Goblins. He awakes from a terrifying vision of monsters to find himself inside the hut of Oriana, a healer, who tells Alaron that the poison is beyond the powers of normal medicine to cure. Upon returning to Castle Gwernia, the king, Phelan, instructs him to ask the Mirari people of Erromon to help heal his poison. Upon reaching Erromon, the Mirari King, Txomin, explains that they've been under attack from goblins and seeks Alaron's aid, promising to direct him to a naming wizard named Cradawgh.
Alaron clears the goblins off the mountains, however when he returns to Erromon he discovers that Txomin lied, and does not know the whereabouts of Cradawgh, telling Alaron instead to travel to Talewok, and see the sorceress, Ardra. Before leaving, Alaron converses with the Mirari queen Yeraza, who gives him the Stormbreaker, a blessed tree branch able to calm any storm.
At the Wizard School, the doorman asks everyone's True Name, but Alaron cannot answer. Ardra the sorceress begins the healing spell, which brings on another vision. This one includes a feeble, old man in a rocking chair. Ardra explains that the healing spell failed because Alaron is a Wildling – he has no True Name. Without a True Name, his spirit is not bound to his body, and Alaron is incomplete. Ardra tells him to travel to Port Saiid and take a boat to Cradawgh's Island.
Alaron is eventually able to hire a boat at Port Saiid – after an unusual encounter with a cryptic jester but the ship travels into a powerful storm, and as the Stormbreaker is tied to the mast instead of the helm, the ship is damaged and forced to land at Chaos Isle. Following repairs the party sets off for Cradawgh's Island; this time the ship arrives safely, however a group of monsters has already reached Cradawgh. The dying wizard asks Alaron to bring his body to Talewok, and suggests seeking the Jundar King Zaratas in the desert.
After Cradawgh's funeral in Talewok, Alaron heads down to the city of Terminor. He then soon discovers that the nearby village of Pome was destroyed by a wizard with a twisted staff. The final level of Terminor has a house, in which resides Mago, a wizard without a True Name, who went insane several years ago and called up a huge storm when the townspeople tried to kill him. Mago is the feeble, old man from Alaron's earlier vision and can no longer speak.
Alaron travels to a nearby bog, where he finds the Tower of Shamsuk, a powerful necromancer who had previously destroyed Pome and cursed Niesen, slowly turning him into a zombie. Niesen gets the party into the tower where they eventually reach a chamber with a large stone hand. The jester from Port Saiid appears once more, revealing himself to be Farris – a wizard. Farris joins the party, assisting them in defeating Shamsuk, who has already killed Oriana – now revealed to be Alaron's mother. Farris then leaves the party, taking Shamsuk's necromantic staff with him.
Alaron crosses a desert to reach the Jundar city of Ugarit, where he speaks with the Jundar Emperor, Zaratas, who explains that only the dragon Rooughah can name Alaron. He needs to find the Golden Horn of Kynon and play it for Rooughah. Alaron retrieves the Horn, and begins heading back to Erromon.
Alaron travels through the Erromon tunnels until he comes across the dragon Rooughah. After Alaron plays the Horn of Kynon, Rooughah tells him he knows his True Name: "Alaron". The Mirari then tell Alaron that the forces of Chaos are gathering outside Gwernia. Alaron returns to Gwernia castle and fights his way to Prince Sheridan, who confesses to always being jealous of Alaron. Sheridan explains that Alaron is the son of Oriana and King Phelan. Alaron fights and kills Sheridan, only to then meet Pochangarat (the leader of Chaos) – the huge monster from Alaron's first vision in Oriana's hut.
After Pochangarat's death, Alaron finds his father, King Phelan, who is dying from the wounds he suffered at Pochangarat's hands. He requests to be buried under the Great Wall of Knights in Gwernia, and appoints Alaron as his successor before dying. The game's story ends with Alaron's coronation ceremony.
Development and release
The plot of Aidyn Chronicles was scripted and designed by Angela Ferraiolo.
Reception
Aidyn Chronicles: The First Mage garnered "mixed or average reviews" according to review aggregator Metacritic, holding a 47.36% rating based on twelve reviews at GameRankings. IGNs Jon Griffith stated that "The scope of it was too large and led to a really -- and I mean really -- tedious experience. It has no way of pulling you into the story or gameplay."
Notes
References
External links
Aidyn Chronicles: The First Mage at GameFAQs
Aidyn Chronicles: The First Mage at Giant Bomb
Aidyn Chronicles: The First Mage at MobyGames
2001 video games
H2O Entertainment games
Nintendo 64 games
Nintendo 64-only games
Role-playing video games
Single-player video games
THQ games
Video games developed in Canada
Video games set in castles |
5380454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerios%20Stais | Valerios Stais | Valerios Stais (; b. Kythira 1857 – d. Athens 1923) was a Greek archaeologist. He initially studied medicine but later switched to archaeology obtaining his Doctorate from the University of Halle (Saale) in 1885. He worked for the National Archaeological Museum of Athens since 1887, eventually becoming Director of the Museum, a post he held until his death. During that period he organized or participated in excavations in Epidaurus, Argolis, Attica, Dimini, Antikythera and elsewhere. He wrote a lot on archaeological matters, published several papers, mainly in Archeologiki Efimeris (Αρχαιολογική Εφημερίς "Archaeological Newspaper"), and many books.
Valerios Stais also became the first to study the Antikythera mechanism from the lumps of archaeological material which was retrieved from a wreck found near the coast of Antikythera in 1900.
References
1857 births
1923 deaths
People from Kythira
Archaeologists from Athens
19th-century archaeologists
20th-century archaeologists
University of Halle alumni
Museum directors |
4043648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental%20state | Developmental state | Developmental state, or hard state, is a term used by international political economy scholars to refer to the phenomenon of state-led macroeconomic planning in East Asia in the late 20th century. In this model of capitalism (sometimes referred to as state development capitalism), the state has more independent, or autonomous, political power, as well as more control over the economy. A developmental state is characterized by having strong state intervention, as well as extensive regulation and planning. The term has subsequently been used to describe countries outside East Asia that satisfy the criteria of a developmental state. The developmental state is sometimes contrasted with a predatory state or weak state.
The first person to seriously conceptualize the developmental state was Chalmers Johnson. Johnson defined the developmental state as a state that is focused on economic development and takes necessary policy measures to accomplish that objective. He argued that Japan's economic development had much to do with far-sighted intervention by bureaucrats, particularly those in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). He wrote in his book MITI and the Japanese Miracle:
In states that were late to industrialize, the state itself led the industrialization drive, that is, it took on developmental functions. These two differing orientations toward private economic activities, the regulatory orientation and the developmental orientation, produced two different kinds of business-government relationships. The United States is a good example of a state in which the regulatory orientation predominates, whereas Japan is a good example of a state in which the developmental orientation predominates.
A regulatory state governs the economy mainly through regulatory agencies that are empowered to enforce a variety of standards of behavior to protect the public against market failures of various sorts, including monopolistic pricing, predation, and other abuses of market power, and by providing collective goods (such as national defense or public education) that otherwise would be undersupplied by the market.
In contrast, a developmental state intervenes more directly in the economy through a variety of means to promote the growth of new industries and to reduce the dislocations caused by shifts in investment and profits from old to new industries. In other words, developmental states can pursue industrial policies, while regulatory states generally cannot.
Governments in developmental states invest and mobilize the majority of capital into the most promising industrial sector that will have the maximum spillover effect for the society. Cooperation between state and major industries is crucial for maintaining stable macroeconomy. According to Alice Amsden's Getting the Price Wrong, the intervention of state in the market system such as grant of subsidy to improve competitiveness of firm, control of exchange rate, wage level and manipulation of inflation to lowered production cost for industries caused economic growth, that is mostly found in late industrializers countries but foreign to early developed countries.
As in the case of Japan, there is little government ownership of industry, but the private sector is rigidly guided and restricted by bureaucratic government elites. These bureaucratic government elites are not elected officials and are thus less subject to influence by either the corporate-class or working-class through the political process. The argument from this perspective is that a government ministry can have the freedom to plan the economy and look to long-term national interests without having their economic policies disrupted by either corporate-class or working-class short-term or narrow interests.
Examples in East and Southeast Asia
Some of the best prospects for economic growth in the last few decades have been found in East and Southeast Asia. Japan, South Korea, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, India, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia are developing at high to moderate levels. Thailand, for example, has grown at double-digit rates most years since the early 1980s. China had been the world leader in economic growth from 2001 to 2015. It is estimated that it took England around 60 years to double its economy when the Industrial Revolution began. It took the United States around 50 years to double its economy during the American economic take-off in the late nineteenth century. Several East and Southeast Asian countries today have been doubling their economies every 10 years.
It is important to note that in most of these Asian countries, it is not just that the rich are getting richer, but the poor are becoming less poor. For example, poverty has dropped dramatically in Thailand. Research in the 1960s showed that 60 percent of the people in Thailand lived below a poverty level estimated with cost of basic necessities. By 2004, however, similar estimates showed that poverty there was around 13 to 15 percent. Thailand has been shown by some World Bank figures to have had the best record for reducing poverty per increase in GNP of any nation in the world.
When viewed through the lens of dependency theory, developmentalism is about countries such as Thailand, Taiwan, Malaysia, Japan, South Korea, and increasingly Vietnam, where the governments are able and willing to protect their people from the negative consequences of foreign corporate exploitation. They tend to have a strong government, also called a "developmental state" or "hard state", and have leaders who can confront multinationals and demand that they operate to protect their people's interests. These "development states" have the will and authority to create and maintain policies that lead to long-term development that helps all their citizens, not just the wealthy. Multinational corporations are regulated so that they may follow domestically mandated standards for pay and labor conditions, pay reasonable taxes, and by extension leave some profits within the country.
Specifically, what is meant by a developmental state is a government with sufficient organization and power to achieve its development goals. There must be a state with the ability to prove consistent economic guidance and rational and efficient organization, and the power to back up its long-range economic policies. All of this is important because the state must be able to resist external demands from outside multinational corporations to do things for their short-term gain, overcome internal resistance from strong groups trying to protect short-term narrow interests, and control infighting within the nation pertaining to who will most benefit from development projects.
Thailand
In the late 1990s a study was conducted in which the researchers interviewed people from 24 large factories in Thailand owned by Japanese and American corporations. They found that most of the employees in these corporations made more than the average in Thailand, and substantially more than the $4.40 a day minimum wage in the country at the time. The researchers’ analysis of over 1,000 detailed questionnaires indicated that the employees rate their income and benefits significantly above average compared to Thai-owned factories. They found the working conditions in all 24 companies far from conditions reported about Nike in Southeast Asia.
One answer to the discrepancies found between multinational corporations in Thailand and the conditions described for Nike workers is that companies such as Wal-Mart, The Gap, or Nike subcontract work to small local factories. These subcontractors remain more invisible, making it more easy to bribe local officials to maintain poor working conditions. When multinational corporations set up business in countries like Malaysia, Taiwan, or Thailand, their visibility makes much less likely employees will have wages and conditions below the standards of living of the country.
Thailand is said to fall between the U.S. model where government has little involvement in economic policy, and Japan which has governed with a very heavy hand for more than 100 years. One focus of Thai development policies was on import substitution. Here, a development state must be able to tell multinational corporations that goods will be imported, if at all, with tariffs as high as 80 to 150 percent to prevent these goods from competing with goods made in (at least at first) less efficient infant factories in the poorer country. Only a development state can have the influence to enforce such a policy on rich multinational corporations (and their governments), and only a development state can have the influence to enforce such a policy against the demands of their own rich citizens who want the imported goods and want them then at a cheaper price, not waiting for infant industries to produce suitable products. Thailand began placing tariffs of 150 percent on important automobiles, but at the same time telling the foreign auto industries that if they came to Thailand to create joint ventures with a Thai company to build cars—and thus hire Thai employees, pay Thai taxes, and keep some profits within Thailand—the auto company would get many forms of government assistance.
Thailand continued to protect its economy during the 1980s and 1990s despite the flood of foreign investment the nation had attracted. Thai bureaucrats started rules such as those demanding a sufficient percentage of domestic content in goods manufactured by foreign companies in Thailand and the 51 percent rule. Under the 51 percent rule, a multinational corporation starting operations in Thailand must form a joint venture with a Thai company. The result is that a Thai company with 51 percent control is better able to keep jobs and profits in the country. Countries such as Thailand have been able to keep foreign investors from leaving because the government has maintained more infrastructure investment to provide good transportation and a rather educated labor force, enhancing productivity.
Singapore
Singapore is a relatively young city-state and it obtains a title of developed country. Despite the fact that it has a lack of natural resources and an intensely competitive geographical environment, it has been growing its nation as a developmental state. In 1965, Singapore successfully became independent from Malaysian Federation, and later it changed its Fordism production oriented city state to a developmental city state in less than half a century.
It was claimed by the People's Action Party (PAP), the governing party since 1965, that adopting the developmental state strategy is in Singapore's best interests due to its unique feature of social, political, geographical, and economic conditions. At first, PAP's economic strategy was to provide cheap and disciplined labor and it provides a stable political system; Singapore has only one labor union that is directed by the PAP government. As a result, many multinational corporations (MNCs) invested in Singapore and soon Singapore came to be a solid manufacturing base.
However, the PAP soon realized that if Singapore was to move forward to industrialization then it needed to improve its national education. In the 1960s, Singapore's education was fragmented basically by race, language and habitat lines. Therefore, a series of education projects were launched in the hope of helping Singapore to obtain industrialization. For example, in 1970, the Vocational and Industrial Training Board (VITB) was launched to provide technical education for workers who dropped out of secondary school. Singapore's training programs has a different function from other neoliberal cities; these programs match workers’ skills to the market of economic development. The economy is planned by the government; it arranges the market demand of labor on one hand and provides the supply of labor on the other hand.
The Singapore government has noticed the country's weakness and its special geographical location. It is because that the population of Singapore was much less than other surrounding countries, so soon its manufacturing status would be replaced by other Asian countries like Indonesia, Vietnam, China, etc. Also, other Asian countries could provide relatively cheaper and greater labor force and more raw materials of production could be exploited. Therefore, Singapore was vulnerable of facing such surrounding threats. However, the Singapore government has adopted a special view of new international division of labor; it has placed itself as a global city in the Southeast Asian region. According to Saskia Sassen's "global cities", they are cities where headquarters which are committed in participating of globalization networks and they are the result of strong integration of urbanization and globalization.
South Korea
South Korea has undergone rapid economic development since the 1961 Military coup which brought Park Chung-Hee to power. Park, a Japanophile who studied at the Imperial Japanese Army Academy during WWII as a Manchukuo Army Officer, viewed Japan's development model, in particular the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and the Keiretsu, as an example for Korea. Park emulated MITI by establishing the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) and the Economic Planning Board (EPB) that controlled and manipulated the market system, while organizing the private enterprises into massive export oriented conglomerates which came to be known as the Chaebol's.
Korean government implemented various economic measures in order to pursue export oriented growth. Korea at the early 60s was lacking capital and technological basis, so the only competitive advantage the country had was the low wage. Therefore, Korea first penetrated the global market with cheap labor in the light industry sector such as wigs and cotton spinning in 50s~60s. Korean industrial policy moved towards the heavy and chemical industries in the 70s and 80s, mobilizing the state's financial resources for the rapid growth of industries such as steel and shipbuilding.
During those developmental periods, the government granted various forms of subsidies to the industries. Long-term loans and credits were given for higher competence in global market, thereby increasing export. Foreign exchange rates were often manipulated to stimulate export or import the raw materials at lower cost. Due to such subsidies on exports and manipulation by the government, the relative prices in Korean industry diverged from the free market equilibriums. Such interventions by the state are termed as "deliberately getting relative prices wrong"(Amsden, 1989), which means that the prices are intentionally deviated from the ‘right’ prices, the market equilibrium. Big business groups in chosen industries were supported and invested by the government, thereby forming intimate economic and political ties. Such groups grew to account for a large portion of GNP and became the Chaebols.
South Korea's GDP per capita grew from $876 in 1950 to $22,151 in 2010. Industrial production in South Korea was 9% in 1953 but reached 38% in 2013. Korea first adopted an ISI but followed a developmental state growth strategy. Korea after their independence in 1945 lead to end of economic ties with Japan which they were heavily relied upon. During the Korean war, the country was devastated both physically and mentally. After the Korean war, South Korea focused on exporting primary products such as crops, minerals while imported manufactured goods from US. In the beginning of ISI era, Korean industries were successful in textile and light consumer good industries (Charles, 1975). South Korea eventually focused on an export oriented industries through direct government involvement. South Korean state has more autonomy over the regulation of economy, the state created conditions favorable for rapid economic growth, for example, the state provided long-term loans for industries with higher competence in global market which eventually increased the exporting sector (Chibber, 2014). Under Park Chung Hee's leadership, South Korea in 1960's created Economic Planning Board (EPB) which unified previously divided industries and created a centralized decision making state.
Korea has been called one of "Asia's four little dragons" or Four Asian Tigers with its prominent economic growth (The other three being Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore). Korea's GDP per capita in 1980 was $1,778.5, which was only a fraction of Japan's per capita ($9,307.8). In 2014, Korea's GDP was $25,977.0, having shown dramatic growth in the past decade.
Local developmental state
While the developmental state is associated with East Asia, it has been argued that after 30 years of many negative experiences with the Washington Consensus, similar structures began to appear in Latin America. The "Latin American" approach is different, however, as it often takes place at a city/municipal level, rather than at a state level and places a great emphasis on tackling social exclusion. One pioneer in this experience has been Medellin, whose experience with a local development state has been highly praised by researchers at the Overseas Development Institute. Medellin's city administration used its ownership of city's main energy provider Empresas Publicas de Medellín (EPM) and diverted 30% of EPM's profits to fund municipal spending. The spending went partly on a variety of infrastructure projects, such as the city's metro, bus network and a cable car system connecting the poorer barrio communities to the city centre. However, the city also developed a program of cash grants called 'the Medellín Solidaria' programme that are very similar to Brazil's highly successful Bolsa Familia that provide support for poor families. Additionally, the city developed the Cultura E programme that established a network of 14 publicly funded business support centres known as CEDEZO, Centros de Desarrollo Empresarial Zonal. The CEDEZOs are found in the poorest areas of Medellin and support the poor in developing business by providing free-of-charge business support services and technical advice. Also, as part of Cultura E, there is Banco de las Opportunidades that provides microloans (up to $2,500 at a cheap interest rates 0.91% monthly). This has helped create more equal opportunities for all and overcome the barriers to entry to business for poor entrepreneurs with good ideas, but lacking capital, skills and connections. It has also helped develop the local economy with new micro-enterprises. However, several mayoral candidates for the October 2011 elections have argued the Banco de las Opportunidades's interest rates are too high, loan maturity is too short and it should have grace periods. They therefore suggest a new small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) development bank to complement the Banco de las Opportunidades.
Difficulties
There are difficulties with the local development state model. Despite claims at the end of the 1980s by some, such as Hernando de Soto (1989) that micro-enterprises would lead economic growth, this has not come to pass. For instance, in Medellín the informal sector has seen a huge growth in micro-enterprises, but the impact on poverty and development has been minimal. Almost none of these microenterprises have evolved into informal small or medium businesses, as the demand does not exist to absorb increased production. In other words, a successful ice-cream producer producing 30 ice-creams per day at home may sell all their product and make a livelihood out of it, but transforming it into a business, incurring the costs of mechanisation in order to produce perhaps 300, may not be worthwhile if there is no demand for so many ice-creams. Failure rates are very high and the debt incurred by owners becomes unmanageable. Recognising which micro-enterprises have a high potential is extremely difficult and the costs involved in providing business support and advise are very high. There is a great difficulty in identifying demand, especially on a global level and demand patterns are constantly changing. The limited ability of city administrations to gather enough resources to support businesses and make sound investments can be problematic.
Public recognition
Despite all the evidence of the importance of a development state, some international aid agencies have just recently publicly recognized the fact. The United Nations Development Program, for example, published a report in April 2000 which focused on good governance in poor countries as a key to economic development and overcoming the selfish interests of wealthy elites often behind state actions in developing nations. The report concludes that “Without good governance, reliance on trickle-down economic development and a host of other strategies will not work.”
See also
Dirigisme
East Asian model of capitalism
Economic development
Economic interventionism
Flying geese paradigm
Four Asian Tigers
Good governance
International political economy
Japanese post-war economic miracle
Poverty reduction
State capitalism
References
Sources
Meredith Woo-Cumings. (1999). The Developmental State. Cornell University Press.
Peter Evans. (1995). Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Ch. 1.
Polidano C. (2001). Don't Discard State Autonomy: Revisiting the East Asia Experience of Development. Political Studies. Vol. 49. No.3. 1: 513–527.
Ziya Onis. (1991). The Logic of the Developmental State. Comparative Politics. 24. no. 1. pp. 109–26.
Mark Thompson. (1996). Late industrialisers, late democratisers: developmental states in the Asia-Pacific. Third World Quarterly. 17(4): 625–647.
John Minns. (2001). Of miracles and models: the rise and decline of the developmental state in South Korea. Third World Quarterly. 22(6): 1025–1043.
Joseph Wong. (2004). The adaptive developmental state in East Asia. Journal of East Asian Studies. 4: 345–362.
Yun Tae Kim. (1999). Neoliberalism and the decline of the developmental state. Journal of Contemporary Asia. 29(4): 441–461.
Linda Weiss. (2000). Developmental States in Transition: adapting, dismantling, innovating, not 'normalising'. Pacific Review. 13(1): 21–55.
Robert Wade. (2003). What strategies are viable for developing countries today? The World Trade Organization and the shrinking of 'development space'. Review of International Political Economy. 10 (4). pp. 621–644.
Daniel Maman and Zeev Rosenhak.(2011). The Institutional Dynamics of a Developmental State: Change and Continuity in State Economy Relations in Israel. Working paper No. 5–2011 of the Research Institute for Policy, Political Economy and Society. Raanana: The Open university of Israel.
Ming Wan. (2008). "The Political Economy of East Asia". CQ Press.
Rajiv Kumar. (2021). Bringing the developmental state back in: explaining South Korea’s successful management of COVID-19. Third World Quarterly. 42(7):1397-1416.
Further reading
External links
Zaibatsu Dissolution, Reparations and Administrative Guidance.
Comparative politics
International development
Industrial policy
International relations |
4043650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half%20Ours | Half Ours | Half Ours (foaled March 27, 2003 in Kentucky) is a Thoroughbred race horse. A striking grey roan like his sire, he is a son of Unbridled's Song out of the winning mare Zing by Storm Cat. Zing is a full sister to stakes winner Yankee Gentleman. Grade 1 winner Key Phrase is the second dam of Half Ours.
After a workout on June 21, 2007 at Belmont Park, Half Ours suffered a fracture to a hind cannon bone and had surgery to insert two screws in the leg.
Beginning in 2008, Half Ours stood at Taylor Made farm as a stallion. In 2010 he was transferred to Clear Creek Stud, Folsom, Louisiana.
Connections
Half Ours, originally owned by Aaron and Marie Jones in partnership with Barry K. Schwartz, was sold in November 2006 for a record 6.1 million dollars at Keeneland November breeding stock sale. In a dissolution of the partnership, Aaron Jones outbid Schwartz for the colt.
Laid off for nineteen months due a fractured ankle incurred in the Three Chimney's Juvenile, Half Ours returned to the races in December 2006.
Trained by Todd Pletcher, in his seven lifetime starts Half Ours was ridden by John Velazquez.
Races
7th, Metropolitan Handicap - G1, May 28, 2007
2nd, The Alysheba Stakes - G3, May 4, 2007
1st, Richter Scale Breeders' Cup Sprint Championship Handicap - G2, March 3, 2007
1st, Optional Claiming, Gulfstream Park, February 4, 2007
1st, Optional Claiming, Aqueduct Race Track, December 14, 2006
1st, Three Chimneys Juvenile, Churchill Downs, May 7, 2005, by over four lengths.
1st, Maiden, Keeneland Race Course, April 17, 2005.
References
Half Ours pedigree and photo
2003 racehorse births
Thoroughbred family 19
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States |
4043651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui%20family | Mitsui family | The is one of the most powerful families of merchants and industrialists in Japan.
The Mitsui enterprise (present-day Mitsui Group) was established in 1673 when Mitsui Takatoshi (1622–1694), the son of merchant parents, established Echigoya, a dry goods department store in both Edo and Kyoto, which later became the Mitsukoshi department store chain. Meeting with great success, Takatoshi extended his services to moneylending and exchange.
In the late Edo period, the Mitsuis were the richest and most eminent family in Japan, their business being thoroughly encouraged by the shogunal government of the time. After the Meiji Restoration, the family switched allegiance to the Meiji government.
In 1909, a Mitsui controlled holding company took over the business, with Mitsui thus becoming a zaibatsu (business conglomerate) of more than 150 companies, and in modern times the group counts dozens of multinational companies in fields such as trade, banking, shipping, construction, mining, oil and gas, insurance, chemicals and real estate development.
History
Origins
Originally a samurai family, Governor of Echigo Province Mitsui Takayasu was exiled to Matsusaka after being defeated by Oda Nobunaga, and his son Takatoshi renounced his status as a samurai and established himself as a sake and miso merchant and a pawnbroker. The business was named "Lord Echigo's Sake" (Echigo-dono no sakaya) to commemorate Takayasu's office. Takatoshi's wife Shuhō was a skilled merchant and practically in charge of the business. She grew the business by introducing many business methods that were ground-breaking at the time, such as forfeited pawn and low-margin high-turnover. Her son Takatoshi (1622-1694), the founder of the Mitsui family, is said to have inherited his business skills mostly from his mother.
Edo period
Takatoshi moved to Edo at the age of 14, and became the manager of his elder brother Toshitsugu's kimono store. In 1674, he established the Echigoya Drapery, which later became the head company of the Mitsukoshi retail shopping chain. In contrast to most drapery merchants, who catered to feudal houses and wealthy merchants, trading on credit with no fixed prices, Takatoshi introduced an innovatory system of cash based purchase based on fixed prices for wares and targeted consumers in the emerging middle class. He subsequently started a money exchange in 1683, with a new system for inter-city loans: he extended the family business by opening an outlet in Osaka, and was appointed official purveyor of dry goods to the Tokugawa shogunate in 1687. In 1686, he relocated the headquarters of the family business from Matsusaka to Kyoto.
In 1691 the Mitsuis were officially chartered as merchants of the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled during that time. Three years later the family members set up their first constitution, which included details about the amount of property due to each branch as well as the duties of the family council, a periodical assembly that controlled business and other personal matters.
Meiji era
After the Meiji Restoration, the family switched allegiance to the Meiji government. In 1909, a Mitsui controlled holding company took over the business, with Mitsui thus becoming a zaibatsu of more than 150 companies operating financial, industrial and commercial industries.
Modern times
Today the Mitsui Group counts dozens of multinational companies in fields such as trade, banking, shipping, construction, mining, oil and gas, insurance, chemicals and real estate development. The three main branches are:
Mitsui & Company (a trading company)
Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (the first private bank in Japan)
Mitsui Mining Company (formerly the largest coal producer in Japan)
Controversy
As part of the Japanese plans for the exploitation of China, during the 1930s and 1940s the subsidiary tobacco industry of Mitsui zaibatsu had started production of special "Golden Bat" cigarettes using the then-popular in the Far East trademark. Their circulation was prohibited in Japan and was used only for export. Local Japanese secret service under the controversial Imperial Japanese Army General Kenji Doihara had the control of their distribution in China and Manchuria where the full production was exported. In the mouthpiece of each cigarette a small dose of opium was concealed, and by this subterfuge millions of unsuspecting consumers became drug addicted simultaneously creating huge profits. The mastermind of the plan, Doihara, was prosecuted and convicted for war crimes before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, sentenced to death in "pursued a systematic policy of weakening the native inhabitants' will to resist ... by directly and indirectly encouraging the increased production and importation of opium and other narcotics and by promoting the sale and consumption of such drugs among such people"; but no actions ever took place against the company which profited from their production. According to testimony presented at the Tokyo War Crimes trials in 1948, the revenue from the narcotization policy in China, including Manchukuo, was estimated in 20 to 30 million yen per year, while another authority stated during the trial that the annual revenue was estimated by the Japanese military at US$300 million a year, a colossal amount for the time.
During World War II several of the Mitsui group companies, including Mitsui-Miike mining, used Allied prisoners of war as slave labor, during which the prisoners were subjected to brutal treatment and torture, while some of them were permanently maimed by Mitsui employees. One of the surviving prisoners, United States citizen Lester Tenney, sued Mitsui in 1999 for punitive damages and compensation. Federal judge dismissed the case, citing the 1951 peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan that barred private claims against Japan.
By the end of the war the Mitsui group included more than 270 companies. After the group was dissolved by the occupation forces at the end of war, the companies started to reassociate again in 1950, creating a corporate grouping, or keiretsu.
References
External links
Mitsui & Company official website
Mitsui Mining Company official website
Banking families
Japanese bankers
Japanese business families
Japanese clans
Mitsui |
5380456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Jews | British Jews | British Jews (often referred to collectively as British Jewry or Anglo-Jewry) are British citizens who identify as Jewish. The number of people who identified as Jews in England and Wales rose slightly between 2001 and 2011, with the growth being attributed to the higher birth rate of the Haredi community.
History
The first recorded Jewish community in Britain was brought to England in 1070 by King William the Conqueror, who believed that what he assumed to be its commercial skills would make his newly won country more prosperous. Two hundred years later, the Jews were no longer welcome. On 16 March 1190, in the run up to the Third Crusade, the Jewish population of York was massacred at the site where Clifford's Tower now stands, and King Edward I of England passed the Statute of the Jewry (Statutum de Judaismo) in 1275, restricting the community's activities, most notably outlawing the practice of usury (charging interest). When, 15 years later, Edward found that many of these provisions were ignored, he expelled the Jews from England. They emigrated to countries such as Poland which protected them by law. A small English community persisted in hiding despite the expulsion. Jews were not banned from Scotland, which until 1707 was an independent kingdom.
In 1656, Oliver Cromwell made it clear that the ban on Jewish settlement in England and Wales would no longer be enforced, although when Rabbi Manasseh Ben Israel brought a petition to allow Jews to return, the majority of the Protectorate Government turned it down. Gradually Jews eased back into England, first visiting for trade, then staying longer periods, and finally bringing their families. In mid-nineteenth century Ireland, then ruled by the British, Daniel O'Connell, known as "The Liberator" for his work on Catholic Emancipation, worked successfully for the repeal of the "De Judaismo" law, which prescribed a special yellow badge for Jews. Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881), of Jewish birth although he joined the Church of England, served in government for three decades, twice as prime minister.
The oldest Jewish community in Britain is the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community, which traces back to the 1630s, and was unofficially legitimised in 1656, the date counted by the Jewish community as the re-admittance of the Jews to England (which at the time included Wales). A trickle of Ashkenazi immigration primarily from German countries continued from the late 17th century to the early 19th century, before a second wave of Ashkenazi immigration, a large wave of Ashkenazi Jewish immigration fleeing persecution in the Russian Empire, such as pogroms and the May Laws between 1880 and the imposition of tighter immigration restrictions in 1905. Many German and Polish Jews seeking to escape the Nazi Holocaust arrived in Britain before and after the Second World War. Around 80-90% of British Jews today are Ashkenazi.
Following de-colonisation, the late twentieth century saw Yemeni Jews, Iraqi Jews and Baghdadi Jews settle in the United Kingdom. A multicultural community, in 2006, British Jews celebrated the 350th anniversary of the resettlement in England.
Demographics
Population size
The Jewish population of England was 500,000 at the beginning of World War II.
According to the 2011 census, 263,346 people answered "Jewish" to the voluntary question on religion, compared with 259,927 in the previous count of 2001. However, this final figure is considered an undercount. Demographers David Graham and Stanley Waterman give several reasons: the underenumeration for censuses in general; the question did not record secular Jews; the voluntary nature of the question; suspicion by Jews of such questions; and the high non-response rate for large numbers of Haredi Jews. By comparison, the Jewish Virtual Library estimated a Jewish population of 291,000 (not limited to adherents of Judaism) in 2012, making Britain's Jewish community the fifth largest in the world. This equates to 0.43% of the population of the United Kingdom.
The 2001 Census included a (voluntary) religion question ("What is your religion?") for the first time in its history; 266,740 people listed their religion as "Jewish". However, the subject of who is a Jew is complex, and the religion question did not record people who may be Jewish through other means, such as ethnically and culturally. Of people who chose Jewish as their religion, 97% put White as their ethnic group; however, a report by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR) suggests that, although there was an apparent option to write down "Jewish" for this question, it did not occur to many, because of "skin colour" and nationality bias; and that if "Jewish" was an explicit option, the results—only 2594 respondents were Jewish solely by ethnicity—would have been different. The religion question appeared in the 2011 Census, but there was still no explicit option for "Jewish" in the ethnic-group question. The Board of Deputies had encouraged all Jews to indicate they were Jewish, either through the religion question or the ethnicity one.
From 1990 to 2006, the Jewish population showed a decrease from 340,000 Jews to 270,000. According to the 1996 Jewish Policy Review, nearly half married people who did not share their faith at that time. From 2005 to 2008, the Jewish population increased from 275,000 to 280,000, attributed largely to the high birth rates of Haredi (or ultra-Orthodox) Jews. Research by the University of Manchester in 2007 showed that 75% of British Jewish births were to the Haredi community. Ultra-Orthodox women have an average of 6.9 children, and secular Jewish women 1.65. In 2015, the Institute for Jewish Policy Research reported that in England the orthodox community was growing by nearly 5% per year, while the non-haredi community was decreasing by 0.3% per year. It has been also documented that in terms of births, between 2007 and 2015, the estimated number of Strictly Orthodox births per annum increased by 35%, rising from 1,431 to 1,932. While, the estimated number of ‘Mainstream’ (non-Strictly Orthodox) births per annum increased to a lesser extent over the same period, going from 1,844 to 1,889 (+2.4%).
Migration
The great majority (83.2%) of Jews in England and Wales were born in the UK. In 2015, about 6% of Jews in England held an Israeli passport. In 2019, the Office of National Statistics estimated that 21,000 people resident in the UK were born in Israel, up from 11,890 in 2001. Of the 21,000, 8,000 had Israeli nationality. In 2013, it was reported that antisemitic attacks in France led to an exodus of French Jews to the UK. This has resulted in some synagogues establishing French-language Shabbat services.
In 2018, 534 Britons emigrated to Israel, representing the third consecutive annual decline. The figure was one third down on 2015 and was the lowest for five years.
Geographic distribution
The majority of the Jews in the UK live in South East England, with around 160,000 in London, and a further 21,000 in Hertfordshire, mostly in southwestern Hertfordshire adjacent to Jewish areas in Barnet and Harrow, and south-west Essex. Barnet and Hertsmere councils are the most Jewish local authorities in England, with Jews composing one in five and nine residents respectively. The next most significant population is in Greater Manchester, a community of more than 25,000, in Bury (10,360), Salford (7,920), Manchester (2,725) and Trafford (2,490). There are also significant communities in Leeds (6,760), Gateshead (3,000), Brighton (2,730), Liverpool (2,330), Birmingham (2,150) and Southend (2,080). Towns and villages in Hertfordshire with large Jewish populations include Bushey (4,500), Borehamwood (3,900), and Radlett (2,300). Finchley and Golders Green is the political constituency with the largest Jewish population in the UK. An Orthodox community exists in Stamford Hill, Hackney, London.
Age profile
The British Jewish population has an older profile than the general population. In England and Wales, the median age of male Jews is 41.2, while the figure for all males is 36.1; Jewish females have a median age of 44.3, while the figure for all females is 38.1. About 24% of the community are over the age of 65 (compared to 16% of the general population of England and Wales). In the 2001 census, Jews were the only group in which the number of persons in the 75-plus cohorts outnumbered those in the 65–74 cohort.
Education
About 60% of school-age Jewish children attend Jewish schools. Jewish day schools and yeshivas are found throughout the country. Jewish cultural studies and Hebrew language instruction are commonly offered at synagogues in the form of supplementary Hebrew schools or Sunday schools.
The majority of Jewish schools in Britain are funded by the government. Jewish educational centres are plentiful, large-scale projects. One of the country's most famous Jewish schools is the state-funded JFS in London which opened in 1732 and has about 2100 students. It is heavily over-subscribed and applies strict rules on admissions, which led to a discrimination court case, R (E) v Governing Body of JFS, in 2009. In 2011, another large state-funded school opened in North London named JCoSS, the first cross-denomination Jewish secondary school in the UK.
The Union of Jewish Students is an umbrella organisation that represents Jewish students at university. In 2011 there were over 50 Jewish Societies.
British Jews generally have high levels of educational achievement. Compared to the general population, they are 40% less likely to have no qualifications, and 80% more likely to have "higher-level" qualifications. With the exception of under-25s, younger Jews tend to be better educated than older ones. However, dozens of the all-day educational establishments in the Haredi community of Stamford Hill, which are accused of neglecting secular skills such as English and maths, claim not to be schools under the meaning of the Department for Education.
The annual Limmud festival is a high-profile educational event of the British Jewish community, attracting a wide range of international presenters.
Employment and income
The 2001 UK Census showed that 30.5% of economically active Jews were self-employed, compared to a figure of 14.2% for the general population. Jews aged 16–24 were less likely to be economically active than their counterparts in the general population; 89.2% of these were students. In a 2010 study, average income per working adult was £15.44 an hour. Median income and wealth were significantly higher than other religious groups. In a 2015 study, poverty has risen the fastest per generation than other religious groups.
Marriage
In 2016, the Institute for Jewish Policy Research reported that the intermarriage rate for the Jewish community in the UK was 26%. This was less than half of the US rate of 58% and showed little change from the rate in the early 1980s of 23%, though more than twice the 11% level of the end of the 1960s. Around one third of the children of mixed marriages are brought up in the Jewish faith.
Religion
There are around 454 synagogues in the country, and it is estimated that 56.3% of all households across the UK with at least one Jew living within them held synagogue membership in 2016. The percentage of households adhering to specific denominations is as follows:
Orthodox ("consisting of the United Synagogue, the Federation of Synagogues and independent Orthodox synagogues") – 42.8%
Strictly Orthodox ("synagogues aligned with the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations and others of a similar ethos") – 23.5%
Reform (Movement for Reform Judaism and Westminster Synagogue and Chaim V'Tikvah and Hastings and District Jewish Society) – 19.3%
Liberal (Liberal Judaism and Belsize Square Synagogue) – 8.2%
Masorti (Assembly of Masorti Synagogues) – 3.3%
Sephardi – 2.9%
Those in the United Kingdom who consider themselves Jews identify as follows:
34% Secular
18% Ultra Orthodox
14% Modern Orthodox
14% Reform
10% Traditional,but not very religious
6% Liberal
2% Conservative
2% Sephardi
The Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue in the London Borough of Harrow said in 2015 that it had the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in Europe.
Media
There are a number of Jewish newspapers, magazines and other media published in Britain on a national or regional level. The most well known is The Jewish Chronicle, founded in 1841 and the world's oldest continuously published Jewish newspaper. Other publications include the Jewish News, Jewish Telegraph, Hamodia, the Jewish Tribune and Jewish Renaissance. In April 2020, The Jewish Chronicle and the Jewish News, which had announced plans to merge in February and later announced plans for a joint liquidation, continued as separate entities after the former was acquired by a consortium.
Politics
Before the 2015 general election, 69% of British Jews surveyed were planning to vote for the Conservative Party, while 22% would vote for the Labour Party. A May 2016 poll of British Jews showed 77% would vote Conservative, 13.4% Labour, and 7.3% Liberal Democrat. An October 2019 poll of British Jews showed 64% would vote Conservative, 24% Liberal Democrat, and only 6% Labour.
Jews are typically seen as predominantly middle-class, though historically many Jews lived in working-class communities of London. According to polling in 2015, politicians' attitudes towards Israel influence the vote of three out of four British Jews.
In London, most of the top constituencies with the largest Jewish populations voted Conservative in the 2010 general election - these are namely, Finchley and Golders Green, Hendon, Harrow East, Chipping Barnet, Ilford North, and Hertsmere in Hertfordshire. The exceptions were Hackney North and Stoke Newington and Hampstead and Kilburn, which both voted Labour in the election. Outside the region, large Jewish constituencies voted for Labour, namely Bury South and Blackley and Broughton.
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top"
|-
! colspan="7" |Jewish MPs by election1945–1992<ref>Jewish Identity in British Politics: The Case of the First Jewish MPs, 1858–87"</ref>
|-
! Election
! colspan=1 style="text-align:center"|Labour
! Conservative
! Liberal/Alliance
! Other
! Total
! % of Parliament
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1857
|
|
| 1
|
| 1
| style="text-align:center"|0.2
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1859
|
|
| 3
|
| 3
| style="text-align:center"|0.5
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1865
|
|
|
|
| 6
| style="text-align:center"|0.9
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1868
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1874
|
| 1
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1880
|
| 1
| 4
|
| 5
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1885
|
| 3
| 6
|
| 9
| style="text-align:center"|1.3
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1886
|
|
|
|
| 9
| style="text-align:center"|1.3
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1892
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"|1895
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1900
|
| 7
| 2
|
| 9
| style="text-align:center"|1.3
|-
| colspan="7"|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1945
| 26
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 28
| style="text-align:center"|4.4
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1950
| 23
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 23
| style="text-align:center"|3.7
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1951
| 17
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 17
| style="text-align:center"|2.7
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1955
| 17
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 18
| style="text-align:center"|2.9
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1959
| 20
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 22
| style="text-align:center"|3.5
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1964
| 34
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 36
| style="text-align:center"|5.7
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1966
| 38
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 40
| style="text-align:center"|6.3
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1970
| 31
| 9
| 0
| 0
| 40
| style="text-align:center"|6.3
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1974 Feb
| 33
| 12
| 1
| 0
| 45
| style="text-align:center"|7.2
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1974 Oct
| 35
| 10
| 1
| 0
| 45
| style="text-align:center"|7.2
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1979
| 21
| 11
| 1
| 0
| 32
| style="text-align:center"|5.0
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1983
| 11
| 17
| 2
| 0
| 30
| style="text-align:center"|4.6
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1987
| 7
| 16
| 1
| 0
| 24
| style="text-align:center"|3.7
|- style="text-align:center"
| align=left|1992
| 8
| 11
| 1
| 0
| 20
| style="text-align:center"|3.1
|- style="text-align:center"
| align=left|2017
| 8
| 11
| 0
| 0
| 19
| style="text-align:center"|2.9
|- style="text-align:center"
| align=left|2019
| 5
| 11
| 0
| 0
| 16
| style="text-align:center"|2.5
|}
Some MPs, such as Robert Jenrick and Keir Starmer, while not Jewish themselves, are married to Jews and have Jewish children.After Corbyn, UK Labour elects Keir Starmer, Zionist with Jewish wife, as leader, AFP/Times of Israel staff (April 4, 2020).
Antisemitism
The earliest Jewish settlement was recorded in 1070, soon after the Norman Conquest. Jews living in the England at this time experienced religious discrimination and it is thought that the blood libel which accused Jews of ritual murder originated in Northern England, leading to massacres and increasing discrimination.[2] The Jewish presence continued until King Edward I's Edict of Expulsion in 1290.[3]
Jews were readmitted into the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland by Oliver Cromwell in 1655, though it is believed that crypto-Jews lived in England during the expulsion.[4] Jews were regularly subjected to discrimination and humiliation which waxed and waned over the centuries, gradually declining.[5]
In the late 19th and early 20th century, the number of Jews in Britain greatly increased due to the exodus from Russia, which resulted in a large community forming in the East End of London.[6] Popular sentiment against immigration was used by the British Union of Fascists to incite hatred against Jews, leading to the Battle of Cable Street in 1936, when the fascists were forced to abandon their march through an area with a large Jewish population when the police clearing the way were unable to remove barricades defended by trade unionists, left wing groups and residents.[7]
In the aftermath of the Holocaust, undisguised racial hatred of Jews became unacceptable in British society. Outbursts of antisemitism emanating from far right groups continued, however, leading to the formation of the 43 Group led by Jewish ex-servicemen which broke up fascist meetings from 1945 to early 1950.
Records of antisemitic incidents have been compiled since 1984, although changing reporting practices and levels of reporting make comparison over time difficult. The Community Security Trust (CST) was formed in 1994 to "[protect] British Jews from antisemitism and related threats". It works in conjunction with the police and other authorities to protect Jewish schools, Synagogues, and other community institutions.
Communal institutions
British Jewish communal organisations include:
Anglo-Jewish Association
Association of Jewish Refugees
Board of Deputies (1760)
CCJO René Cassin
Community Security Trust
Institute for Jewish Policy Research
Jewish Board of Guardians
Jewish Book Council
Jewish Care
Jewish Council for Racial Equality
Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain
Jewish Leadership Council
JW3 – a London venue
Kisharon
League of British Jews
League of Jewish Women
Leo Baeck Institute London
Liberal Judaism
Limmud
London Jewish Forum
London Jewish Cultural Centre
Maccabaeans
Mitzvah Day International
Movement for Reform Judaism
Norwood
Scottish Council of Jewish Communities
Tzelem
UCL Institute of Jewish Studies
UK Jewish Film Festival
Union of Jewish Students
United Restitution Organization
United Synagogue
Union of Jewish Women
World Jewish Relief
See also
List of British Jews
List of Jewish communities in the United Kingdom
History of the Jews in England
History of the Jews in Scotland
History of the Jews in Ireland
History of the Jews in the Isle of Man
Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom
Notes and references
Notes
References
Sources
. All-Party Parliamentary Group against Antisemitism. September 2006. Accessed 1 April 2011. 24 November 2010. See inquiry website.
. Jewish Leadership Council. 2008. Accessed 4 April 2011.
, 4.93 MiB. See webpage.
, 2.68 MiB. See webpage.
Casale Mashiah, Donatella; Boyd, Jonathan (14 July 2017), Synagogue membership in the United Kingdom in 2016, Institute for Jewish Research
Further reading
Anti-Semitism Worldwide 1999/2000. Stephen Roth Institute. Distributed by the University of Nebraska Press. pp. 125–135.
Cesarani, David (1994). The Jewish Chronicle and Anglo-Jewry, 1841–1991. Cambridge University Press.
Cesarani, David. "British Jews". Liedtke, Rainer; Wendehorst, Stephan. (eds) (1999). The Emancipation of Catholics, Jews and Protestants: Minorities and the Nation State in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Manchester University Press. pp. 33–55.
Endelman, Todd M. (2002). The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000. University of California Press.
Spector, Sheila A. (ed) (2002). British Romanticism and the Jews: History, Culture, Literature. Palgrave Macmillan.
Valins, Oliver; Kosmin, Barry; Goldberg, Jacqueline. "The future of Jewish schooling in the United Kingdom". Institute for Jewish Policy Research. 31 December 2002. Accessed 4 April 2011.
London, Louise (2003). Whitehall and the Jews, 1933–1948: British Immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees and the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press.
Schreiber, Mordecai; Schiff, Alvin I.; Klenicki, Leon. (2003). The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia (3rd edition). Schreiber Publishing. pp. 79–80.
Wynne-Jones, Jonathan; additional reporting by Jeffay, Nathan. "Is this the last generation of British Jews?". The Daily Telegraph. 26 November 2006. Accessed 1 April 2011.
Shindler, Colin. "The Reflection of Israel Within British Jewry". Ben-Moshe, Danny; Segev, Zohar (eds) (2007). Israel, the Diaspora, and Jewish Identity. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 227–234.
Butt, Riazat. "Faith in numbers". The Guardian. 20 November 2007. Accessed 4 April 2011.
Lawless, Jill. "London's Jewish Museum reopens after major facelift". Associated Press via USA Today. 17 March 2010. Accessed 1 April 2011.
Graham, David; Boyd, Jonathan. . Institute for Jewish Policy Research. 15 July 2010. Accessed 4 April 2011. 22 July 2011. See webpage.
Brown, Mick. "Inside the private world of London's ultra-Orthodox Jews". The Daily Telegraph''. 25 February 2011. Accessed 1 April 2011.
"Publications on British Jews from the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner".
External links
Anglo-Jewish Archives. University of Southampton
Jews and Judaism in the United Kingdom
British people of Jewish descent |
5380462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%20in%20Wales | 1964 in Wales | This article is about the particular significance of the year 1964 to Wales and its people.
Incumbents
Secretary of State for Wales – Jim Griffiths (from 17 October)
Archbishop of Wales – Edwin Morris, Bishop of Monmouth
Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales – Cynan
Events
March – A representative of the National Coal Board writes to Mr DCW Jones, the Merthyr Tydfil Borough and Waterworks engineer, stating that they "would not like to continue beyond the next 6/8 weeks in tipping" coal slurry on Tip No 7 at Aberfan "where it is likely to be a source of danger to Pantglas school". Two and a half years later the tip would destroy the school, killing 116 children.
15 March – Richard Burton marries Elizabeth Taylor (for the first time) in Montreal.
April – George Street Bridge, Newport opens, the first cable-stayed bridge in the UK.
15 October – In the United Kingdom general election, Wales elects 28 Labour MPs, six Conservatives and two Liberals.
Alan Williams becomes MP for Swansea West
Ioan Evans becomes MP for Birmingham Yardley.
Leslie Thomas, son of Labour stalwart, Jimmy Thomas, becomes Conservative MP for Canterbury.
17 October – The Welsh Office is established, under the leadership of a Secretary of State for Wales (Jim Griffiths).
27 October – Pembroke Refinery is officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.
11 November – Politician Alun Gwynne Jones is raised to the peerage with the title Baron Chalfont of Llantarnam.
date unknown
Civic Trust for Wales formed to promote conservation and enhancement of the built environment.
Opening of the Edgar Evans building at the Royal Navy shore establishment on Whale Island, Portsmouth.
Arts and literature
Awards
Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry – R. S. Thomas
National Eisteddfod of Wales (held in Swansea)
National Eisteddfod of Wales: Chair – Bryn Williams
National Eisteddfod of Wales: Crown – Rhydwen Williams
National Eisteddfod of Wales: Prose Medal – Rhiannon Davies Jones
New books
English language
Aneirin Talfan Davies – Dylan: Druid of the Broken Body
Emrys Daniel Hughes – Sir Alec Douglas-Home
Stead Jones – Make Room for the Jester
Howard Spring – Winds of the Day
Reginald Frances Treharne – The Battle of Lewes in English History
Raymond Williams – Second Generation
Welsh language
John Gwilym Jones – Hanes Rhyw Gymro
John Robert Jones – Yr Argyfwng Gwacter Ystyr
Saunders Lewis – Merch Gwern Hywel
Caradog Prichard – Genod yn ein Bywyd
Thomas Ifor Rees – Illimani
Music
Geraint Evans stars as Falstaff at the Metropolitan Opera.
Film
Richard Burton stars in The Night of the Iguana.
Siân Phillips takes her first major film role in Becket, alongside her husband Peter O'Toole and Burton.
Victor Spinetti appears with The Beatles in A Hard Day's Night. Alun Owen's screenplay is nominated for an Academy Award.
Broadcasting
BBC Wales is launched.
Welsh-language television
Sion a Sian (later also produced in English as Mr and Mrs)
English-language television
Wales Today
Sport
Olympic Games – Lynn Davies wins the gold medal in the men's long jump.
Rugby union
1 February – Wales defeat Scotland 11–3 in Cardiff. Stuart Watkins makes his international debut.
7 March – Wales defeat Ireland 15–6 in Dublin. John Dawes makes his international debut.
Wales win the Five Nations Championship.
The Welsh national side makes its first overseas tour, to South Africa.
Tennis – Gerald Battrick wins the British and French junior championships.
BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year – Lynn Davies
Births
29 January – Anna Ryder Richardson, interior designer and television host
9 February – Dewi Morris, rugby player
4 March – Dave Colclough, poker player (died 2016
21 March – Ieuan Evans, rugby player
22 June – Neil Haddock, Welsh and British Champion super featherweight boxer
23 June – Robert Dickie, Welsh and British Champion boxing champion (died 2010)
16 August – Nigel Redman, rugby player
15 September – Steve Watkin, cricketer
8 October – Alan Knill, footballer
3 November – Wayne Mumford, footballer
28 November – Sian Williams, television presenter
30 November – Richard Brake, actor
1 December – Jo Walton, novelist and poet
31 December – Lowri Turner, television presenter
date unknown – Grahame Davies, poet
Deaths
4 January – Arthur Wade-Evans, historian, 88
7 January – Cyril Davies, harmonica player, 31
13 February – Cliff Richards, rugby player, 62
14 February
Sir Guildhaume Myrddin-Evans, civil servant, 69
William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech, 78
3 March – Ieuan Williams, cricketer, 54
6 August – Norman Matthews, clergyman and broadcaster, 60
14 August – Redvers Sangoe, Light-heavyweight boxer, 28
26 August – Bryn Roberts, trade union leader, 67
14 September – Fitzroy Richard Somerset, 4th Baron Raglan, anthropologist, 79
18 September – Juliet Rhys-Williams, writer and politician, 65
9 October – Thomas Jones Pierce, historian, 59
5 November – Owen Jones politician in Canada, 74
13 November – Leslie Morris, Welsh-Canadian politician, 60
14 November – Idwal Jones, novelist, 73
30 November – Sir John Cecil-Williams, lawyer and secretary of the Cymmrodorion, 72
4 December (in Melbourne) – James 'Tuan' Jones, Wales and British Lion rugby player, 81
date unknown – Idloes Owen, singer, composer, and conductor, 59
See also
1964 in Northern Ireland
References
Wales
Wales |
5380466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paws%20%26%20Tales | Paws & Tales | Paws & Tales, known as The Wildwood Adventures is a Christian children's animated series, radio drama and online games website created by Insight for Living, Providential Pictures and Chuck Swindoll, It first aired on radio in 2001, and in 2004 and 2005 two episodes were adapted into CGI animation and released onto VHS and DVD.based upon the book Paw Paw Chuck's Big Ideas in the Bible, by Chuck Swindoll and Ross Vera
Setting
Paws & Tales is set in the fictional town of Wildwood, at the base of Wild Mountain and about two miles east of the "Bay of Tranquility". The characters are all anthropomorphic animals, and the technology level is about equivalent to the early 20th century. The central characters are a group of children named "The Club" – C.J., Staci, Ned, Gooz, and Marsha – and their clubhouse, "The Fortress."
Main characters
Paw Paw Chuck (Grizzly Bear) - Wildwood's handyman, whose day-to-day trade is done at Paw Paw's Fix-it-Shop. His main occupation, though, is providing guidance and spiritual wisdom to the townspeople of Wildwood. He has been married to Nana Cindy for almost 30 years. Having no grandchildren of their own, they have become "adopted" grandparents to many of the kids of the town. In addition to his firm moral conviction, he also possesses great physical strength and courage.
Chancellor James "C.J." Brown (Brown Bear) - The central character for most of the stories. C.J. is a gregarious, fun-loving bear cub who loves to be in charge. However, he can be a general buzzkill and that often leads to arguments and trouble for those around him, and he is quite selfish oftentimes, but not to the extent of Staci. Also, he can also be secretive and tends to keep things all to himself, which also leads to trouble. He needs to overcome all his bad habits and work on changing for his own good. Unlike all the other cubs, he has heterochromia—he has one blue eye on his left—through which he has trouble seeing clearly. He's a sensitive, vulnerable cub who has sought to make the most of his disability by making himself the butt of his own jokes.
Staci Clemmer (Brown Bear) - A dramatic, rough-and-tumble cub who's as brave as a lion—afraid of nothing. She has a keen sense of humor, but unlike C.J., she has a more difficult time laughing at herself. Staci is, however, the most immature of the kids: selfish, bad-tempered, careless, thoughtless, quite mean oftentimes, and lacks self-control oftentimes; she would always try to take charge, which also causes problems and leads to trouble for those around her. But, she is an excellent problem solver; she just needs to learn to give up her bad side and work on changing for her own good. She often welcomes new settlers to Wildwood with a plate of homemade chocolate-chip cookies.
Ned Cleaver (Beaver) - C.J.'s best friend and the smartest one of the bunch. His intellect is also occasionally a stumbling block. He and C.J. finish each other's sentences and stick together as the only boys in The Club. However, he can be selfish, careless, thoughtless, and lacks self-control, so he needs to give up his bad ways and work on changing for his own good.
Pinkie Gongoozler (Weasel) - Nicknamed "Gooz", she is an insatiably curious girl and fascinated by anything out of the ordinary, so she is easily distracted. Her off-the-wall observations keep the members of The Club on their toes. Gooz is also a very talented artist, who, beneath her goofiness, has great wisdom and insight. She is from a large family that is not financially well-off, but that does not stop her from seeing the best in life and others. Her siblings include Willie, Ricky, Francie, and at least two others. However, she can be thoughtless, quick to new things, secretive and unwilling to speak from the truth, so she needs to give up her selfish nature and work on changing for her own good.
Marsha Moffet (Moose) - A young calf in the middle of a terribly awkward growth spurt—she's all legs and not much grace, but is the most mature of the kids. Marsha is the most tenderhearted of the bunch, and accordingly, she has compassion to spare. She is also a championship-level speller. She just needs to work on her posture and improve her kindness.
Other characters
Nana Cindy (Grizzly Bear) Paw-paw Chuck's wife.
Pastor Flint (Grizzly Bear) The minister of the local church (of no specified denomination), he is also Cindy's father and father-in-law of Paw-Paw Chuck.
Timothy Owl (Hoot Owl) A shifty character who often causes trouble for C.J. and the others by giving bad or misleading advice. Timothy is usually instigated by his "boss"; who is a shadowy character that lives in a nearby cave and seems to have sinister plans for the kids and the town. Timothy is clearly afraid of his boss, and the reason why he serves him is not clear.
Miss Harbor (Deer) - The kids' school teacher, noted for her devotion to being a good educator, and her sometimes unorthodox teaching style which included once teaching History while wearing a suit of armour.
Miss Helga Grissel (Wolf) - Miss Harbor's former teacher, who sometimes substitutes for her. Unlike Miss Harbour, she is unfriendly oftentimes and very strict, therefore she is unpopular with the kids. Years ago, she had been forced to leave the school after being falsely accused in an incident involving a student. However, thanks to the newfound kindness of the kids, she regains her former niceness and gains their love, trust, and respect.
Mrs. Collins (Bear) - A widow who lives in a large mansion with many rooms. Her husband has been a famous archaeologist who brought back many artifacts from his expeditions, most of which are uncatalogued and stored in several rooms of the house. The kids are often allowed in to explore and examine the artifacts. She is unaware of the two rats who live among the collection.
Hugh McClaw (Wildcat) - One of the kids' schoolmates, and a bully, who takes particular pleasure in teasing C.J. about his bad eye, calling him "Cyclops". He is confused about the club's devotion to their faith (despite their respective bad natures), though on at least one occasion he did consider joining the club, but eventually declined. It is hinted that Hugh may have a troubled home life that may contribute to his bullying behavior.
Tiffany Rockler - Another schoolmate, Tiffany is the daughter of Mr. Rockler, the richest man in town. Tiffany is vain, egotistical and insensitive, and she frequently tries to use her family's money and social status, both as an excuse and to get what she wants. The truth is, she is not in the good side, so she's on shaky ground. Tiffany has a lot of growing up to do.
Mr. Bentley Rockler - The only millionaire in Wildwood, he has many business interests, including the railroad. He is also C.J.'s father's employer. However, he can be foolish, selfish, thoughtless, and quick to anger at times, so he needs to work on changing his bad habits for good, and spend more time with his family.
Ezra (Sheepdog) - A sheepherder who lives outside of town, and an old friend of Paw-paw Chuck.
Captain Gus - The captain of a trade ship that stops periodically in Wildwood. A wise old salt, and a talented storyteller.
Captain Horatio (Walrus) - The lighthouse keeper, a retired ship Captain.
Officer Hunt (Dog) A policeman.
Cast
Audio episodes
The radio series was produced in California from 1998 until 2001 when Insight for Living moved its facilities to Plano, Texas. Soon after, many characters were re-cast with Texas-based talent. The producers chose not to re-cast some characters and continued to work with the original voice actors. The following is an incomplete list of actors in the roles they played in the radio series:
Narrator – David Heath
C.J. Brown – Ian Redford, Ayden Smalling, Cayman Mitchell
Staci Clemmer – Aubrey Martin, Cherami Leigh
Ned Cleaver – Eric Baesel
Pinkie "Gooz" Gongoozler – Susan Clausen
Marsha Moffet - Chris Anthony, Linda Marie Ford
Paw Paw Chuck – David King
Hugh McClaw - Joseph Narducci, Earl Fisher
Mange – Rick Robertson
Mayor Boggs – Scott Woods, John Galt
Miss Harbor – Kimberly Miller, Katy Gray-Jackson
Molty – Larry Brantley
Mr. Crawford – Steve Bridges
Mr. Rockler – John Galt
Mrs. Collins - Bonnie Bailey Reed
Officer Hunt - Jerry Woods
Theo Brown – Steve Bridges
Tiffany Rockler - Hannah Bickel Ferguson
Timothy Owl - Jerry Houston
Animated series
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series are a series of animated videos; first two CGI episodes entitled "Seeing the Unseen" and "A Closer Look" were produced in 2004 and 2005, starring Cherami Leigh as Staci Clemmer. From 2007 to 2008, 26 Flash Animated episodes were adapted from the radio shows and 10 episodes have been released on DVDs. In 2009 Paws & Tales, the Animated Series aired on the Miracle Channel and CTS TV. In 2010, Paws & Tales the Animated Series began airing on TBN and Smile of a Child. Animated episodes were produced by Cliff McDowell.
Cast
The voice cast from the animated series:
Narrator – David Heath
C.J. Brown – Braeden Soltyl
Staci Clemmer – Jessica Tyler
Ned Cleaver – Eric Baesel
Pinkie "Gooz" Gongoozler – Ashley Botting
Marsha Moffet - Chrishon Gambarotto
This is a list of the episodes on DVD:
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: Seeing the Unseen (2004)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: A Closer Look (2005)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: The Good Shepard & A Good Foundation (2007)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: If the Tooth be Know & High Noon (2007)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: Miss Helga Grissel & Grace to Hugh (2007)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: A Race Against Time & The Hire Principle (2007)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: True Riches & Every Good Thing (2007)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: The Gift & Grow Your Gifts (2007)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: To Have and Give Not & And Then There Were None... (2007)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: The Hullabaloo at Hunker Hill & The Great Go-Kart Race (2008)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: Tiffany Cometh & The Tribe (2008)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: Correction Course & Whose Name is Jealous? (2009)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: Snake Oil & Eye of the Tiger (2009)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: The Princess & CJ Prospers (2010)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: Staci's Dilemma & The Honey Principle (2010)
References
External links
Paws & Tales – official website
Paws & Tales Games
Paws & Tales at Oneplace.com
Paws & Tales: The Animated Series
Paws & Tales: The Animated Series at CEGAnMo.com
Paws & Tales videos at the Internet Movie Database
Christian children's television series
American radio dramas
Christian radio dramas
Christian animation
Flash cartoons |
5380472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgnorth%20railway%20station | Bridgnorth railway station | Bridgnorth railway station is a station on the Severn Valley Railway heritage line, serving the Shropshire town of Bridgnorth, England. It is currently the northern terminus of the SVR, home to the main engine shed and has a gift shop, station buffet and licensed refreshment room amongst other facilities.
History
Bridgnorth station was not the northern terminus when built, but the main intermediate station of the Severn Valley line being miles from Hartlebury and miles from Shrewsbury. Bridgnorth station was opened to the public on 1 February 1862, prompting great celebrations in the town. Originally under SVR Company ownership, it was passed to Great Western Railway (GWR), and eventually British Railways in 1948. It closed to passengers after 101 years on 9 September 1963, and to freight traffic on 30 November 1963.
The neo-Jacobean station is the only listed station on the Severn Valley Railway and is in process of restoration work by a team of dedicated volunteers.
The licensed refreshment room, these days known as The Railwaymans Arms, is situated on platform 1. It opened in 1861 and never closed, being extended twice by the SVR, and now needing further extension due to its unique character and popularity.
Stationmasters
The first station master, William Doughty was convicted by Bridgnorth County Magistrates of an assault on Mr. C.H. Witherington, schoolmaster, cutting his lip and knocking out a tooth. He was fined £5 () and costs.
William Doughty 1863–1866
Samuel Martin 1866 – 1872 (formerly station master at Weymouth, afterwards station master at Westbury)
Frederick Corran Barrett from 1874 (formerly station master at Abergavenny)
William G. Bowerman 1879–1897
John Samuel Collett 1897–1905
William James Cowan 1905 – ca. 1911
George Smith 1914–1928 (formerly station master at Chipping Norton)
D.B. Davis 1930–1940 (formerly station master at Chipping Norton)
George Noble from 1940
W.L. Mann 1952–1960 (afterwards station master at Redditch)
H.E. Ray from 1960 (formerly station master at Bewdley)
Preservation
After only two years of closure preservationists had plans for Bridgnorth, resulting in the formation of the Severn Valley Railway Society. Vegetation was cleared, railway bric-a-brac was collected and the station buildings were refurbished. Although the original signal box was substantially demolished (only three sides of the bottom brick part and interlocking are original, the brick base was originally somewhat longer), Bridgnorth station was never damaged through this demolition activity. From then on preservation gained momentum until the present day. Bridgnorth became the engineering centre of the new SVR because of the need to repair the growing numbers of rolling stock items and locomotives after opening to the public when the first train steamed from Bridgnorth to Hampton Loade in May 1970.
The station is reached from High Town via a modern footbridge over a main road and a valley, the present bridge having opened in 1994. This replacement tubular steel bridge occupies the site of a lattice bridge closed and demolished several years previously. A section of the original footbridge adorns the centre island of one of the road traffic roundabouts.
Plans for a significant redevelopment of Bridgnorth station were approved by Shropshire Council in August 2016. The first phase of the project involving the construction of a new single-storey building in GWR circa 1900-style to provide a tea/refreshment room and new toilet facilities was completed at the end of 2018, as was the creation of an additional car park. Further phases will include the installation of a turntable in the locomotive yard and the renovation of the existing station building housing the booking hall, station shop and Railwayman's Arms public house. Additional funding will be required in due course for the construction of a new volunteer accommodation building.
Locomotive works
The main locomotive works for the SVR are located at Bridgnorth. They are not normally open to the public because of health and safety regulations but conducted tours and open days are arranged from time to time. Major features of the locomotive works include the Boiler Shop, the machine shop equipped with a Noble and Lund wheel lathe and ex-LT lifting jacks along with other equipment in the general fitting area.
Installation of a locomotive wheel drop that was recovered from Leicestershire was completed during 2010.
See also
Bridgnorth Cliff Railway
References
Further reading
External links
Bridgnorth station
Heritage railway stations in Shropshire
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1862
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1963
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1970
Railway workshops in Great Britain
Severn Valley Railway
Bridgnorth
1862 establishments in England |
4043658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Hao%20%28figure%20skater%29 | Zhang Hao (figure skater) | Zhang Hao (; ; born July 6, 1984) is a Chinese retired pair skater. With current partner Yu Xiaoyu, he is the 2016–17 Grand Prix Final silver medalist, 2017 Asian Winter Games champion and 2018 Chinese national champion. With former partner Peng Cheng, he is the 2015 Four Continents silver medalist. With former partner Zhang Dan, he is the 2006 Olympic silver medalist, a four-time (2005 bronze, 2006, 2008, 2009 silver) World medalist, and a two-time (2005, 2010) Four Continents champion.
Personal life
Zhang married his girlfriend, Ju Chi, in May 2014. On May 8, 2015, the couple welcomed their first child, a son.
Career
Early in his career, Zhang Hao competed with Zhang Liyun.
Partnership with Zhang Dan
Zhang teamed up with Zhang Dan, to whom he is not related, in 1997. In 1998–99 Junior Grand Prix (JGP), the pair competed in one event and won the gold medal. They continued the season with a bronze medal at the 1999 Chinese National Championships. The following season, they competed in two 1999–2000 JGP events, medaling in both. They qualified for the final, where they finished fifth. That year, they were second at nationals and finished fourth at Junior Worlds.
The following three seasons, they were very successful at the junior level. They won all their Junior Grand Prix events, including the 2000–01 JGP Final and the 2001–02 JGP Final. They also competed in the 2001 Junior Worlds and the 2003 Junior Worlds, winning gold both times. At the Chinese National Championships, they placed third in both 2001 and 2002, before winning their first national title in 2003.
Their first senior international was the 2002 Four Continents Championships, where they won the bronze medal. The same season they competed in the 2002 Olympics, placing 11th, and the 2002 Worlds, placing 9th. The following season they competed in their first two senior Grand Prix events, placing fourth at both events. They repeated with a bronze medal at the 2003 Four Continents Championships and improved their placement at the 2003 Worlds, finishing sixth. In the 2003–04 and 2004–05 seasons, they consistently medaled at their Grand Prix events. They won gold at the 2005 Four Continents Championships and bronze at the 2005 Worlds.
Zhang and Zhang went into the 2006 Olympics as medal contenders. During their free skate, Zhang Dan had a bad fall on their attempted throw quadruple salchow, a jump that was not consistent. Zhang Dan suffered a bad injury, but chose to finish the program. Although the delay between the fall and the continuation of the program was longer than the ISU-proscribed 2 minutes, they were not automatically withdrawn because the referee waited before stopping the music and beginning the official 2 minute wait. Zhang regrouped and was able to finish the program. They won the silver medal, placing ahead of defending Olympic medalists Shen Xue and Hongbo Zhao. At Worlds they won the silver, behind Pang Qing and Tong Jian.
In the 2006–07 season, Zhang and Zhang placed first at Skate Canada, second at the NHK Trophy, and would go on to win the bronze medal at the Grand Prix Final. They placed 5th at the 2007 World Championships later that season. In the 2007–08 and the 2008–09 seasons, they won silver medals at both the Grand Prix Final and the World Championships. At the 2010 Winter Olympics, the Zhangs placed 5th. They also finished fifth at 2010 World Championships.
Before the 2010–11 season began, Zhang Hao broke his finger, forcing the team to pull out of their two Grand Prix assignments. He also dealt with some shoulder and cervical vertebra problems. The Zhangs returned to competition during the 2011–12 season, winning silver medals at the 2011 Skate America and the 2011 Cup of China. They finished 4th at the 2011–12 Grand Prix Final. Zhang Dan eventually became the tallest competing female pair skater. Her height proved to be a challenge for the pair, and in May 2012, it was announced that their partnership had ended and she was retiring from competition.
Partnership with Peng Cheng
In May 2012, Zhang Hao confirmed he had formed a new partnership with Peng Cheng. The pair made their international debut at the 2012 Cup of China. They placed 11th at their first World Championships.
In the 2013–14 season, Peng/Zhang won their first Grand Prix medals, bronze at the 2013 Cup of China and silver at the 2013 NHK Trophy, and qualified for the Grand Prix Final, where they came in fourth. They were selected for the 2014 Winter Olympics and finished eighth in Sochi. Ending their season, they placed fifth at the 2014 World Championships in Saitama.
For the 2014–15 Grand Prix season, Peng/Zhang were assigned to Skate America and Cup of China, where they placed 3rd and 1st, respectively, qualifying for the 2015 Grand Prix Final. They finished 4th at that competition after placing 5th in the short program and 3rd in the free skate. They won the silver medal at the 2015 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships. At the 2015 World Figure Skating Championships, they earned personal best scores in the free skate and combined total to finish in 4th place overall.
Partnership with Yu Xiaoyu
On April 14, 2016, International Figure Skating magazine broke the news of Zhang's new partnership with Yu Xiaoyu. The Chinese Skating Association decided to switch partners between the two pairs of Peng/Zhang and Yu/Jin. They took the silver medal at the 2016 Skate Canada and won gold at the 2016 Cup of China. At the 2016–17 Grand Prix Final in Marseille they won the silver medal behind Evgenia Tarasova / Vladimir Morozov.
Yu/Zhang began their season at the 2017 Cup of Nice where they placed first. In their first Grand Prix event of the season, Yu/Zhang placed second at the 2017 Cup of China after ranking second in both the short program and free skate. In their second Grand Prix event at 2017 Skate America, Yu/Zhang again placed second after ranking second in both programs. Their scores in both Grand Prix events have qualified Yu/Zhang for the 2017-18 Grand Prix Final, where they placed sixth. They won the Chinese National Championship and were named to the Chiense Olympic and World teams. They placed eighth at the Olympics, and seventh at Worlds.
Due to injury, they withdrew from both of their 2018-19 Grand Prix events and did not compete at Nationals. They did not compete again until the 2019-20 Nationals, where they placed fourth.
In September of 2020, it was reported that Yu and Zhang had split.
Age controversy
On February 14, 2011, the Zhangs' ages became the subject of controversy. Although his International Skating Union bio lists Zhang Hao as born on July 6, 1984, a Chinese skating association website suggested he was born on February 6, 1982. This would mean he was too old to compete in junior events during the 2002–03 season, such as the 2003 World Junior Championships where they won gold. His partner's age also came under scrutiny. Her ISU bio states that she was born on October 4, 1985 but the Chinese website suggested she was born on that day in 1987, meaning she was 14 and too young to compete in senior events during the 2001–02 season, such as the Four Continents where they won bronze, as well as the Olympics and World Championships. The dates disappeared from the website by February 15. On February 17, the ISU said there were no discrepancies for the Zhangs in terms of the birthdates listed on their passports, ISU registration forms and the Chinese Olympic Committee's website.
Programs
With Yu Xiaoyu
With Peng Cheng
With Zhang Dan
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
With Yu Xiaoyu
With Peng Cheng
With Zhang Dan
Detailed results
With Peng Cheng
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Chinese male pair skaters
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Medalists at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Olympic figure skaters of China
Olympic silver medalists for China
Figure skaters from Harbin
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Asian Games medalists in figure skating
Season-end world number one figure skaters
Universiade gold medalists for China |
5380476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Teare | Eddie Teare | William Edward "Eddie" Teare, (born 10 May 1948) is a Manx politician, who was the Minister of the Treasury from 2011 to 2016 after holding other ministerial positions. He was MHK (Member of the House of Keys) for Ayre from 2004 to 2016, having first been elected to the House in a 2004 by-election. He was educated at Ramsey Grammar School.
He is an associate of the Chartered Institute of Bankers and has a distinction in the Finance of Foreign Trade. He worked for the Isle of Man Bank from 1965 to 2004, rising to risk manager and senior relationship manager. He has also worked as a conveyancing manager at Laurence Keenan Advocates.
Personal life
Teare is married to Irene (née Craig). They have two children, Steven (born 1983) and Faye (born 1985).
Governmental positions
Chairman of the Manx Electricity Authority, 2005–07
Minister of Health and Social Security, 2006–10
Minister for Education and Children, 2010–11
Minister of the Treasury, 2011–16
References
1948 births
Living people
Manx politicians
Members of the House of Keys 2001–2006
Members of the House of Keys 2006–2011
Members of the House of Keys 2011–2016 |
5380489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20D.%20Warren%20Co.%20v.%20Maine%20Board%20of%20Environmental%20Protection | S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection | S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection, 547 U.S. 370 (2006), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States involving licensing requirements under the Clean Water Act. The Court ruled unanimously that hydroelectric dams were subject to section 401 of the Act, which conditioned federal licensing for a licensed activity that could result in "any discharge" into navigable waters upon the receipt of a state certification that water protection laws would not be violated. The Court believed that since the Act did not define the word "discharge" it should be given its ordinary meaning, such that the simple flowing forth of water from a dam qualified.
Background
The S. D. Warren Company operates several hydroelectric dams along the course of the Presumpscot River in southern Maine, which generate electricity for its paper mill. Each dam operates by creating a pond, from which water bypasses part of the river to funnel through turbines before flowing back into the riverbed. Licenses to operate the dams are granted by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) pursuant to the Federal Power Act.
In addition to the FERC licenses, the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 introduced a specific requirement for activities that could cause a "discharge" into navigable waters. The license for that activity is conditioned on a certification from the State in which the discharge may originate that it will not violate certain water quality standards, including those set by the State's own laws. That requirement was subsequently included in section 401 of the Clean Water Act.
In 1999, S. D. Warren sought to renew federal licenses for five of its dams. It applied for water quality certifications from the Maine Department of Environmental Protection, but it filed its application under protest, claiming that its dams did not result in any "discharge into" the river that would trigger the application of section 401. The Maine agency issued certifications that required Warren to maintain a minimum stream flow in the bypassed portions of the river and to allow passage for various migratory fish and eels. FERC eventually licensed the five dams subject to the Maine conditions, but the company continued to deny any need for state certification under section 401.
After appealing unsuccessfully to Maine's administrative appeals tribunal, the Board of Environmental Protection, Warren filed suit in Cumberland County Superior Court. The court rejected Warren's argument that its dams do not result in discharges, and the Maine Supreme Judicial Court affirmed.
Opinion of the Court
The Court unanimously affirmed the decision of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court. The Court's opinion was delivered by Justice David Souter, and was joined by the whole Court. However, Justice Antonin Scalia, a noted critic of the use of legislative history in statutory interpretation, did not join in Part III-C of the opinion, which criticized the company's argument based on legislative history.
The Court observed that the Clean Water Act did not define discharge, but stated that "the term ‘discharge’ when used without qualification includes a discharge of a pollutant, and a discharge of pollutants." The Act furthermore defined "discharge of a pollutant" and "discharge of pollutants," as meaning "any addition of any pollutant to navigable waters from any point source." The Court believed this meant "discharge" was broader than these definitions, or else the term was superfluous. Because of the lack of a statutory definition, and because it is not a term of art, the Court was left to instead construe it "in accordance with its ordinary or natural meaning."
Citing to Webster's New International Dictionary, the Court explained that "discharge" commonly means a "flowing or issuing out," an ordinary sense of the word that the Court had used in prior water-related cases. A 1994 decision specifically involving section 401 had even used this definition. The Environmental Protection Agency and FERC had also regularly read "discharge" by this plain meaning, so as to cover releases from hydroelectric dams. Though Chevron deference did not apply in this context, the Court nevertheless believed that those usages of "discharge" by those agencies "confirms our understanding of the everyday sense of the term."
Notes
References
2006 in the environment
2006 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States environmental case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court |
5380494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunken%20Meadow%20State%20Parkway | Sunken Meadow State Parkway | The Sunken Meadow State Parkway (also known as the Sunken Meadow Parkway or the Sunken Meadow) is a long parkway in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York. Located entirely within the town of Smithtown, the parkway begins at a cloverleaf interchange with the Northern State Parkway (exits 44–45) and the northern terminus of the Sagtikos State Parkway. The parkway, which continues north, is a northern spur of the Sagtikos, which opened in September 1952. The northern end of the parkway is at the toll barrier in exit SM5 in the Kings Park section of Smithtown. From there, the road continues north through Sunken Meadow State Park to a roundabout at the Long Island Sound. The parkway comprises the northern half of New York State Route 908K (NY 908K, an unsigned reference route), with the Sagtikos State Parkway forming the southern portion. Commercial vehicles are, like on most parkways, prohibited from using the Sunken Meadow, except for a portion north of NY 25A in Kings Park.
The parkway was first proposed in 1928 when the town of Smithtown deeded over of land to the Long Island State Park Commission via public vote. Due to land use restrictions in Nassau County, Sunken Meadow was the first park east of New York City, because provisions for a parkway would be near impossible to build. Construction of the parkway commenced after the Sagtikos opened in September 1952, with the interchange at the Northern State Parkway. The first portion opened to traffic in November 1954 from the Northern State/Sagtikos to NY 25, with a slated completion in 1956. The parkway was completed in April 1957, opening on the 1st. As part of the parkway opening, improvements were made to Sunken Meadow State Park, including expanded vehicle capacity and a longer boardwalk. In 2001, the Sunken Meadow was proposed in a study to receive a widening, which would include new bus and carpool lanes.
Route description
The Sunken Meadow State Parkway begins at exit 44–45 off the Northern State Parkway, a cloverleaf interchange that also serves as the northern terminus of the Sagtikos State Parkway. Southbound, this interchange is designed as exit SM1. After the Northern State, the Sunken Meadow continues northeast on the right-of-way used by the Sagtikos, crossing through Commack. Passing west of Valmont Village Park, the four-lane parkway crosses under New Highway, bending northeast through Commack, becoming a divided parkway as it enters exit SM2. This exit, which is only served northbound, connects the Sunken Meadow to NY 454 (Veterans Memorial Highway) via Harned Road, a local street in Commack. The four-lane parkway continues northward through Commack, crossing under NY 454 a short distance after the interchange. At the overpass, the westbound entrance from NY 454 connects to the southbound Sunken Meadow.
Immediately after crossing under NY 454, the Sunken Meadow State Parkway continues northward into exit SM3, which serves as a cloverleaf interchange with NY 25 (Jericho Turnpike). The four-lane parkway continues north out of the interchange, immediately entering exit SM3A, which northbound connects to County Route 14 (CR 14; Indian Head Road). Southbound, this interchange serves Old Indian Head Road, and is signed as part of exit SM2. After exit SM3A, the Sunken Meadow bends northeast, becoming a divided highway once again, crossing through Commack. The parkway bends north once again, crossing under Scholar Lane before paralleling Old Commack Road under Old Northport Road. After a bend to the northeast, the parkway enters Kings Park.
In Kings Park, the Sunken Meadow State Parkway bends northward, crossing under the Long Island Rail Road's Port Jefferson Branch and entering exit SM4. Exit SM4 is a cloverleaf interchange that serves CR 11 (Pulaski Road / East Northport Road). After the interchange with CR 11, the Sunken Meadow enters Fort Salonga as a four-lane parkway with a wide median, bending northeast into exit SM5. Exit SM5, the last on the Sunken Meadow, is a cloverleaf interchange with NY 25A (Fort Salonga Road). After crossing over NY 25A, the Sunken Meadow State Parkway enters Sunken Meadow State Park at a toll barrier in the middle of the interchange. The toll barrier serves as the northern terminus of the Sunken Meadow State Parkway, while the right-of-way continues north through Sunken Meadow State Park, terminating at a roundabout near the Long Island Sound.
History
Sunken Meadow State Park began as several parcels of land owned by the town of Smithtown that were combined to form the park. When the park first opened in 1928, it was large. This land had been given to the state by a public vote of 493–436 (for vs. against) with promises of a new parkway and expanded facilities. By 1949, this had been expanded over to , with of beach. Due to restrictive land usage in Nassau County for a parkway, Robert Moses and the Long Island State Park Commission announced that the burden of providing a beach on the northern shore of Long Island rested on Sunken Meadow State Park. However, no funding had been received for the new parkway, which had been requested.
The Sunken Meadow State Parkway was considered as one part of three spurs of the Sagtikos State Parkway, which bridged the eastern gap of the Long Island parkway system. Then designated the Sunken Meadow Spur, the route was to connect the Northern State and Sagtikos to Sunken Meadow State Park. The Sagtikos State Parkway opened on September 29, 1952 with provisions for the Sunken Meadow State. Originally when the park opened, an entrance was placed on a remote section of NY 25A in Fort Salonga.
Slated with a 1956 completion date, the first from the Northern State to NY 25 (Jericho Turnpike) opened on November 29, 1954, with the landscaping at NY 25 incomplete. The LISPC believed that Sunken Meadow State Park, when the parkway was finished, was to become the second-most used park on Long Island, behind Jones Beach State Park. On April 1, 1957, the Long Island Parks Commission opened the full alignment of the Sunken Meadow State Parkway to traffic, after an $11 million (1957 USD) construction project on the .
With the opening of the new parkway, the Long Island Parks Commission expanded Sunken Meadow State Park to handle the additional traffic. The commission added four new parking lots, which brought capacity on the parkway from 3,000 vehicles to 7,500 vehicles. A new overlook was constructed, which also had the capacity for 1,250 more vehicles. A new cafeteria, extensions of the then- boardwalk another , along with other new facilities valued at $1 million (1957 USD) were also constructed. These expansions brought the size of Sunken Meadow State Park to with of beachfront.
From 1997–2001, engineers worked on a $6.5 million (2001 USD) study that would expand Long Island's transportation system by 2020. Included within the plan was of road widening, which included the Sunken Meadow State Parkway from the Northern State to NY 454. These proposals would give the Sunken Meadow a restricted-access lane for buses and carpooling drivers, part of a long system on Long Island.
Exit list
References
External links
Sunken Meadow State Parkway Article from NYCROADS.com
New York State Parks: Sunken Meadow State Park
New York State Parks: Nissequogue River State Park
Parkways in New York (state)
Roads on Long Island
Robert Moses projects
Transportation in Suffolk County, New York |
5380516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Hills%20Regional%20Technical%20School | Blue Hills Regional Technical School | Blue Hills Regional Technical High School, an American high school, is located in Canton, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston and the geographical center of member towns of the Blue Hills Regional School District: Avon, Braintree, Milton, Canton, Norwood, Randolph, Dedham, Westwood, and Holbrook. The school is situated on a campus that borders the DCR's Blue Hills Reservation, and is within view of Great Blue Hill. The schools mascot is the Warriors
The Blue Hills Regional School District was formed on December 17, 1963, to serve the needs of the member towns' residents. The District School Committee was then authorized by the towns to establish and maintain educational programs at the secondary, post-secondary and adult levels in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 74 of the General Laws of Massachusetts, which require all municipalities in Massachusetts to offer vocational education for high school students that request it.
The original school building was opened to the first class in September 1966. Its success, coupled with increasing admissions, necessitated the building of additional facilities. Moreover, local employers were expressing a need for employees trained in certain skills areas. By 1976, the school had been expanded to house approximately 1,230 students in the high school, while also serving another 1,400 students in the adult education programs.
Shops
Blue Hills offers 17 sections:
Auto Body
Auto Repair
Construction Technology
Computer Information Systems (CIS)
Design and Visual Communications
Cosmetology
Criminal Justice
Culinary Arts
Drafting/CAD
Early Education and Care
Electrical
Electronics
Pre-Engineering Technology
Graphic Communications
Health Occupations
HVAC/R
Metal Fabrication
Criminal Justice (Added in 2015)
Athletics
Baseball
Basketball
Football
Cheerleading
Golf
Ice Hockey
Lacrosse
Soccer
Softball
Swimming
Track and Field
Volleyball
Rugby (Added in 2015)
The football team has played in the MIAA Division IV State Championship game twice (1984, 2010). On December 3, 2011, Blue Hills was victorious in the MIAA Division 4A Super Bowl against Cathedral (Boston), 16–14. The football team has also played in the MIAA Small School Vocational Super Bowl twice (2012, 2013). On November 29, 2012, Blue Hills defeated Minuteman Regional, 26–8. On December 6, 2013, they defeated North Shore Tech, 23–22.
Notable alumni
Marine Lance Corporal Alexander Scott Arredondo (1984-2004), Purple Heart - Iraq War
Scott Tingle - NASA Astronaut
References
External links
Official site
Educational institutions established in 1966
Schools in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Public high schools in Massachusetts
1966 establishments in Massachusetts
Educational institutions accredited by the Council on Occupational Education
Buildings and structures in Canton, Massachusetts
1963 establishments in Massachusetts |
5380519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niranjan%20Iyengar | Niranjan Iyengar | Niranjan Iyengar born in Dombivali, Maharashtra, India, is a screenwriter and lyricist particularly known for his work with director Karan Johar. He is also author of the book, The Making of Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham. Niranjan also hosts the talk show Look Who's talking with Niranjan, which is aired on Zee Café.
Selected filmography
Awards and nominations
Star Screen Awards
Nominated: Best Dialogue - Kal Ho Naa Ho (2004)
Zee Cine Awards
Nominated: Best Dialogue - Kal Ho Naa Ho (2004)
Filmfare Awards
Nominated: Best Lyricist - "Sajda" and "Noor-e-Khuda" from My Name Is Khan (2011)
Mirchi Music Awards
Nominated: Album of The Year - My Name is Khan (2010)
Nominated: Lyricist of The Year - "Sajdaa" from My Name is Khan (2010)
Nominated: Lyricist of The Year - "Tere Naina" from My Name is Khan (2010)
References
External links
Indian male screenwriters
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Hindi screenwriters |
5380527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Special%20Fares%20Agents | Association of Special Fares Agents | The Association of Special Fares Agents, or ASFA, consists of airline consolidators, bucket shops and discount travel agents.
Aims
The main purpose of ASFA is the exchange of knowledge in regards to discounted airline tickets on the same air route offered in different markets.
Founding
After a preliminary meeting in Frankfurt, Germany in 1985, the first ever association of discount travel agents was formed in 1986 by a small group of German, Swiss, Dutch, Singaporean, Australian and English travel agents.
The association was founded as ITA (International Travel Association) in Amsterdam by Ad Latjes, Koos Schouten, Folke von Knobloch, Rudi Weissmann, Daniel Staeger and other discount travel industry experts as a platform for discount travel specialists, consolidators and bucketshops from all over the world.
History
Because of disagreements between the founding members about territorial exclusivity at a meeting in Singapore in April 1987 the name was changed to ASFA. ASFA was to allow multiple agents per country, while ITA continued as a small cartel.
Ad Latjes, the famous Dutch travel entrepreneur broke away from ASFA in 1989 to establish ETN (European Travel Network).
The administrative office of ASFA moved in 1998 to Sofia, Bulgaria.
Activities
ASFA organises annual workshops around the world with the purpose of educating international travel agents in the art of creative ticketing and to exchange information about new trends in the airline ticketing industry. In addition ASFA enables its membership of independent travel agents to create a worldwide network.
ASFA does not bond or license agents. ASFA members are registered and bonded according to the laws of the countries and states that they are operating in.
Membership
ASFA has 1608 members.
References
External links
ASFA.net, the Association of Special Fares Agents website
Koosschouten.com
Adlatjes.com
The Practical Nomad – Airline Ticket Consolidators and Bucket Shops FAQ, by Edward Hasbrouck
European Travel Network
Traveling business organizations |
4043660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%20Bofill | Angela Bofill | Angela Tomasa Bofill (born May 2, 1954) is an American singer-songwriter of Cuban-Puerto Rican origins. A New York native, Bofill began her professional career in the mid-1970s. Bofill is most known for singles such as, "This Time I'll Be Sweeter", "Angel of the Night", and "I Try". Bofill's career spans over four decades.
Biography
Early life and education
Bofill was born on May 2, 1954, in the Brooklyn area of New York City to a Cuban father and a Puerto Rican mother. Raised in The Bronx, Bofill grew up listening to Latin music and was also inspired by African-American performers. During Bofill's childhood, her weekends were taken up studying classical music and singing in New York City's All City Chorus, which featured the best singers from all of the high schools in the five boroughs. For high school, Bofill attended Hunter College High School; graduating in 1972. Bofill later studied at the Manhattan School of Music, receiving a Bachelor of Music degree in 1976.
Career
Bofill began her professional career, singing during her teenage years. Bofill performed with Ricardo Marrero & the Group and Dance Theater of Harlem chorus before being introduced to Dave Grusin and Larry Rosen of the jazz label GRP Records by Dave Valentin, her friend and jazz flutist. Grusin and Rosen signed Bofill and produced her first album, Angie, in 1978. Angie was well received both critically and commercially and included the chart single "This Time I'll Be Sweeter" (co-written by Gwen Guthrie and Haras Fyre), and Bofill's sprawling jazz composition, "Under the Moon and Over the Sky". Less than a year later, a second album, Angel of the Night was released and outperformed its predecessor. The album included the chart singles "What I Wouldn't Do (For the Love of You)" and the up tempo title track, as well as the song "I Try", written by Bofill and covered by Will Downing in 1991. The reception of these albums positioned Bofill as one of the first Latina singers to find success in the R&B and jazz markets.
Bofill performed a sold-out concert at Avery Fisher Hall as part of the Newport Jazz Festival on June 20, 1980. Her musical director was Onaje Allen Gumbs, keyboards, Sammy Figueroa, percussion, a 9-piece band and guests including Steve Khan, guitar, Eddie Daniels, tenor sax and flute, and a 24-voice choir.
Clive Davis, the head of Arista Records, showed interest in Bofill. Arista had a distribution deal with GRP. Bofill switched labels for her next album, Something About You (1981). Produced by Narada Michael Walden, the album was an attempt to move Bofill into mainstream R&B and pop music. It didn't perform as well as previous releases, despite the singles "Holdin' Out for Love" and the title track, which both reached the R&B Top 40. The following year, Bofill and Walden reunited for Too Tough. The title song reached No. 5 on the R&B chart and spent four weeks at No. 2 on the Dance chart. A follow-up single, "Tonight I Give In", reached the Top 20. Several months later, Bofill released her final collaboration with Walden, Teaser. The album failed to match the success of Too Tough but did produce one Top 20 R&B hit, "I'm On Your Side", which has been covered by several artists, most notably Jennifer Holliday, who had a Top 10 hit with it in 1991.
Bofill recorded two more albums for Arista with the help of The System and George Duke before leaving the label in the mid-1980s. Following the birth of her daughter, she moved to Capitol Records and the producer Norman Connors for Intuition (1988), which produced her last significant chart success, a cover of Gino Vannelli's "I Just Wanna Stop", which reached No. 11 on the R&B chart. She recorded three more albums over the next eight years and provided backing vocals on albums for Diana Ross and Kirk Whalum and for Connors's Eternity (2000). She performed live (with a sizable audience internationally, particularly in Asia) and appeared in the stage plays God Don't Like Ugly and What a Man Wants, What a Man Needs. She also toured the US and Europe in multi-artist jazz shows.
Bofill returned to the stage, at the suggestion of Engel, for "The Angela Bofill Experience" after losing her ability to sing after her second stroke in 2007. In the show, Bofill recounted her life and career and was joined by Maysa Leak, Phil Perry, and Melba Moore, who performed her biggest hits and signature songs. In 2012, Bofill was profiled and interviewed for the TVOne documentary series, Unsung.
Personal life
Bofill was married to a country music artist Rick Vincent from 1984 until 1994 and together they have a daughter, Shauna.
Health problems
Bofill suffered a stroke on January 10, 2006, and was paralyzed on her left side. She convalesced at Sutter Hospital in Santa Rosa, California, and was released from intensive care on January 15, requiring speech and physical therapy. She lacked health insurance, and a benefit concert was organized to pay her hospital bills.
The show was planned by Rich Engel, her manager, and the New York radio stations Kiss FM and WFAN-FM,. It took place on March 11, 2006, at the Bergen Performing Arts Center in Englewood, New Jersey. Similar events followed, and other aid was sought from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation. Her album Live from Manila (recorded in September 2004) was released during this time. Bofill suffered a second stroke in July 2007 which required therapy and left both her speech and mobility impaired.
Discography
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Singles
Awards
American Music Awards: 1984 – Best R&B/Soul Female Artist (nominated)
Bay Area Music Awards (Bammies): 1984 Outstanding Black Contemporary Artist/Group
Television
Soul Train Saturday May 28, 1983
The Pat Sajak Show January 26, 1989
References
External links
Biography on Yahoo! Music
Angel Bofill on SoulMusic.com
Artist profile on GospelCity
Artist biography on High Stakes Entertainment
Watch: Unsung Full Exclusive Angela Bofill
1954 births
Living people
American women singer-songwriters
American contemporary R&B singers
American soul singers
American dance musicians
American contraltos
American musicians of Cuban descent
American musicians of Puerto Rican descent
Contraltos
GRP Records artists
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
Ballad musicians
People from East Harlem
20th-century American singers
People of Afro–Puerto Rican descent
People of Afro–Cuban descent
American people of Puerto Rican descent
African-American women musicians
Hispanic and Latino American women singers
20th-century African-American women singers
21st-century African-American women singers
Singer-songwriters from New York (state) |
5380530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale%20Douglass | Dale Douglass | Dale Dwight Douglass (March 5, 1936 – July 6, 2022) was an American professional golfer who won tournaments at both the PGA Tour and the Champions Tour level.
Douglass was born in Wewoka, Oklahoma. He grew up in Fort Morgan, Colorado, where graduated from high school in 1956. Douglass graduated from University of Colorado in 1959, turned pro in 1960, and joined the PGA Tour in 1963. He played on the 1969 Ryder Cup team.
Douglass won three times and earned $573,351 in just under 25 years on the PGA Tour. His best finish in a major championship was T-13 at the 1969 U.S. Open. His fortunes improved dramatically when he reached the age of 50 and joined the Senior PGA Tour (now known as the PGA Tour Champions). In this venue, Douglass had 11 wins including the 1986 U.S. Senior Open and accumulated approximately $7 million in earnings.
Douglass lived in Paradise Valley, Arizona. He died in Scottsdale, Arizona, on July 6, 2022 at the age of 86.
Professional wins (21)
PGA Tour wins (3)
PGA Tour playoff record (0–3)
Other wins (3)
1965 Arizona Open
1978 Jerry Ford Invitational (tie with Ed Sneed)
1983 Colorado PGA Championship
Senior PGA Tour wins (11)
*Note: The 1992 NYNEX Commemorative was shortened to 36 holes due to rain.
Senior PGA Tour playoff record (4–4)
Other senior wins (4)
1990 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf (with Charles Coody)
1994 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf (with Charles Coody)
1998 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf (Legends Division with Charles Coody)
1998 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf (Legendary Division with Charles Coody)
Results in major championships
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Senior major championships
Wins (1)
Legacy
Dale Douglass Classic, annual golf tournament held at the Fort Morgan golf course.
Dale and Joyce Douglass Scholarship
See also
List of golfers with most PGA Tour Champions wins
References
External links
American male golfers
Colorado Buffaloes men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
PGA Tour Champions golfers
Ryder Cup competitors for the United States
Winners of senior major golf championships
Golfers from Oklahoma
People from Wewoka, Oklahoma
People from Castle Rock, Colorado
1936 births
2022 deaths |
4043673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah%20Kearney | Hannah Kearney | Hannah Angela Kearney (born February 26, 1986) is an American mogul skier who won a gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics and a bronze medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics.
Personal life
Kearney was born in Norwich, Vermont to Jill (née Gass) and Tom Kearney. They met while attending McGill University in Montreal, Quebec. She grew up and still lives in Norwich, Vermont. Kearney graduated from Hanover High School. Her mother is active in promoting youth sports as the director of the Town of Norwich Recreation Department. Kearney studied at Dartmouth College as a member of the class of 2015.
In her free time, Kearney likes to ride horses, knit, play soccer, read, and watch her brother Denny play hockey. She considers herself "half-Canadian" because her mother grew up in Montreal and she has relatives living in Vancouver and Montreal.
Career
2006 Winter Olympics
A gold medal favorite entering her first Olympics, Kearney had a poor first run and did not make it out of the qualification round. She stumbled after landing her first jump. Her score of 20.80 points put her in 10th at that point, with 20 skiers left to compete. After the second-to-last skier, she was officially bumped out of the top 20, the ranking she would have needed to advance to the final.
2010 Winter Olympics
In December 2009, Kearney won the US Olympic trial event at Steamboat, earning a spot on the US Team.
At the 2010 Winter Olympics, Kearney entered the final round with a qualification score of 25.96. As a result of having the best qualifying score, Kearney would be the last skier to ski in the final round. Fellow teammate Shannon Bahrke was in second place, and Canadian Jennifer Heil was in first, with scores of 25.43 and 25.69 respectively. Kearney skied a clean run, earning a score of 26.63 and winning the gold medal.
2014 Winter Olympics
At the 2014 Winter Olympics, Kearney entered the final round with a qualification score of 21.93 As a result of having the best qualifying score, Kearney would be the last skier to ski in the final round. Canadian sisters Chloé Dufour-Lapointe was in second place and Justine Dufour-Lapointe was in third, with scores of 21.70 and 21.64 respectively. Kearney faltered slightly after the first jump, earning a score of 21.49 to win the bronze medal.
World Cup results
Season titles
10 titles (4 overall freestyle, 6 moguls)
References
Vancouver Olympic Games profile: Hannah Kearney
External links
1986 births
American female freestyle skiers
American people of Canadian descent
Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Living people
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in freestyle skiing
Olympic freestyle skiers of the United States
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in freestyle skiing
People from Hanover, New Hampshire
People from Norwich, Vermont
Sportspeople from New Hampshire
Sportspeople from Vermont
21st-century American women |
5380540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anitra%20Ford | Anitra Ford | Anitra Ford (born 1942) is an American former actress and former model. She is best known for her work as a model from 1972 to 1976 on the CBS daytime and syndicated nighttime game show The Price Is Right starring Bob Barker (CBS) and Dennis James (syndication).
Ford's mother acted in summer stock theater productions, and her father was a jazz musician. After she graduated from high school, she became a model.
Ford's first modeling assignment was a swimsuit spread for Life magazine that featured her on the cover. Her film appearances included The Big Bird Cage (1972), Invasion of the Bee Girls (1973), Messiah of Evil (1973), Stacey (1973) and The Longest Yard (1974), and she appeared in episodes of the television programs Banacek, S.W.A.T., Mannix and Starsky and Hutch.
She also appeared on a 2018 episode of the TV game show To Tell The Truth in which she played the contestant who was indeed telling the truth about being a former model on The Price Is Right.
Filmography
The Love Machine (1971) - Model (uncredited)
Where Does It Hurt? (1972) - Reception Desk Nurse
The Big Bird Cage (1972) - Terry
Invasion of the Bee Girls (1973) - Dr. Susan Harris
Messiah of Evil (1973) - Laura
Stacey (1973) - Tish Chambers
Wonder Woman (1974) - Ahnjayla
Dirty O'Neil (1974) - Kyote Passenger
The Longest Yard (1974) - Melissa
See also
The Price Is Right models
References
External links
Anitra Ford's Personal Blog
1942 births
20th-century American actresses
American film actresses
Place of birth missing (living people)
Game show models
Living people
21st-century American women |
5380541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-law%20%28disambiguation%29 | In-law (disambiguation) | In-law may refer to:
Affinity (law), kinship by marriage, such as:
Parent-in-law, a mother-in-law or father-in-law
Sibling-in-law, a sister-in-law or brother-in-law
In-law apartment, a type of secondary residence
In-Laws, an 2002-2003 American situation comedy that aired on NBC
The In-Laws, a 1979 American action-comedy film starring Alan Arkin and Peter Falk
The In-Laws, a 2003 American comedy film starring Michael Douglas and Albert Brooks
See also
Kinship terminology |
5380555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20%28singer%29 | Emmanuel (singer) | Emmanuel (born Jesús Emmanuel Arturo Acha Martinez, April 16, 1955, in Mexico City) is a Mexican singer who debuted in the 1970s.
He is the son of the Argentinian-born bullfighter Raúl Acha, "Rovira", who appeared numerous times in the Plaza de Acho in Lima, Peru. Emmanuel grew up in Chosica, a town about an hour from Lima, and attended Chosica's most prestigious boarding school, the Colegio Santa Rosa, of the Augustinian priests. His mother was Spanish singer Conchita Martínez.
Emmanuel's songs are usually ballads, which became popular during the 1980s.
His fourth and most successful album to date, Íntimamente (Intimately), was written by the famous Spaniard ballad composer Manuel Alejandro in collaboration with Ana Magdalena. It was released in 1980 and had the following seven hit songs:
"Todo Se Derrumbó Dentro De Mí" ("Everything Collapsed Inside of Me")
"Quiero Dormir Cansado" ("I Want to Sleep Tired")
"El Día Que Puedas" ("The Day You Can")
"Con Olor A Hierba" ("With the Smell of Grass")
"Tengo Mucho Que Aprender De Ti" ("I Have A Lot to Learn from You")
"Insoportablemente Bella" ("Unbearably Beautiful") (cover of Hernaldo Zúñiga's and Rudy Márquez's 1980 hit)
"Este Terco Corazón" ("This Stubborn Heart")
The remaining songs on the album are "Esa Triste Guitarra" ("That Sad Guitar"), "Caprichosa María" ("Capricious Maria"), and "Eso Era La Vida" ("That Was Life"), the last of which is the only song on the album not composed by Alejandro-Magdalena.
His follow-up albums also enjoyed success with memorable love songs. His Ibero-American number one single "La Chica de Humo" ("The Smoke Girl"), a New jack swing song which became one of the biggest hits throughout 1989, it also became a number one single on the U.S Hot Latin Tracks in the same year. The theme was included on the 1989 album Quisiera. The music video for the song had a constant rotation on the Mexican, Uruguayan and Argentinian music channels and became an eighties classic song in Ibero-America. In 2011, Emmanuel received the Billboard Latin Music Lifetime Achievement Award. Ten years later, he was presented with the Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. He has also been presented with the Billboard Spirit of Hope Award in 1997 for his work in philanthropy.
Emmanuel continues to tour throughout Latin America backed by bands that have included musicians from the United States, most notably guitarist Dick Smith of (Earth Wind & Fire, Kenny Loggins, and Air Supply).
Emmanuel's son, Alexander Acha, is a professional singer as well.
Discography
2015: Inédito
2007: Retro en Vivo
1999: Sentirme Vivo
1996: Amor Total
1994: Esta Aventura
1993: En Gira
1992: Ese Soy Yo
1990: Vida
1989: Quisiera
1988: Entre Lunas
1986: Desnudo
1984: Emmanuel
1983: En La Soledad
1982: Tú y Yo
1980: Intimamente
1979: Al Final
1977: Amor Sin Final
1976: 10 Razones Para Cantar
Television
2008: Premios TV y novelas (2008)
2008: Emmanuel... La trayectoria
2008: Más vale tarde
2007: Premios TV y novelas (2007)
2006: Aún hay más... Homenaje a Raúl Velasco
2003: De pe a pa
1992: Querida Concha
1992: Ese soy yo
1987: Emmanuel en Las Vegas
1986: Querido amigo
1984: Siempre en domingo
1984: Emmanuel en Acapulco
1983: Emmanuel; si ese tiempo pudiera volver
1978: Festival OTI Sang "El y yo" and "Al Final"
1977: Variedades de media noche
1977: Otra vez Iran Eory
Soundtrack
2001: La Intrusa (Mexican telenovela) TV series aka "Telenovela"
1998: Dance with Me (film) (performer: "Esa triste guitarra")
References
External links
http://www.emmanuel.com.mx
http://www.universalmusica.com/emmanuel/
Mexican pop singers
1955 births
Living people
Mexican bullfighters
Singers from Mexico City
Universal Music Latin Entertainment artists
Mexican people of Argentine descent
Mexican people of Basque descent
Mexican people of Spanish descent
Mexican Roman Catholics
OTI Festival presenters
20th-century Mexican male singers
21st-century Mexican male singers
Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners |
5380566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff%20Huskies | Cardiff Huskies | The Cardiff Huskies are a sledge hockey team based in Cardiff, Wales. The team was started by Andy McNulty and David "Jamo" James. The team is believed to be the oldest sledge hockey team in the UK. The Cardiff Huskies is the only sledge hockey team in Wales. The team is part of the BSHA (British Sledge Hockey Association).
The team is one of the main teams that champions adults, children, male athletes and female athletes, on the Huskies roster. The Huskies is one of the main teams that help raise awareness of sledge hockey in the British Isles, as a way of getting more players and more teams created. Kingston Kestrels is another team that advertises sledge hockey in the British Isles.
The Cardiff Huskies used to train in the Welsh National Ice Rink. Demolished in 2006 to build the St. David's 2 shopping centre, and specifically the John Lewis department store, they now play and train at Ice Arena Wales, Cardiff Bay, which is also home to the Cardiff Devils. The Huskies train on a Sunday night.
References
Official Cardiff Sledge Hockey Website
cardiffhuskies.com Official website for Cardiff Huskies Para Ice Hockey Team
Parasports teams
Ice hockey teams in Wales
Sledge hockey
Sport in Cardiff |
4043692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Cuddy | Jim Cuddy | James Gordon Cuddy, (born December 2, 1955) is a Canadian singer-songwriter primarily associated with the band Blue Rodeo.
Early life and education
Cuddy was born in Toronto, Ontario. His Mother Jean Cuddy was an English teacher at Monarch Park Secondary School. He attended North Toronto Collegiate Institute, where he met and befriended Greg Keelor, his future bandmate. He also went to Upper Canada College and Queen's University.
Musical career
The Hi-Fis
After graduating from university, Cuddy and Keelor formed a band called the Hi-Fis along with Jim Sublett on drums and Malcolm Schell playing bass. The band released a single in 1980 featuring "Look What You've Done" and on the B side "I Don't Know Why (You Love Me)". The record was not a commercial success, and when they couldn't get a record deal in Toronto, they headed off to New York City. In New York they met keyboardist Bob Wiseman, but were still unable to arrange a recording contract. They later moved back to Toronto.
Blue Rodeo
In 1984 Cuddy and Keelor formed a new band, Blue Rodeo, with Wiseman, and recruited Bazil Donovan on bass and Cleave Anderson on drums as backup. Since that time, Cuddy has continued to lead the band, which has toured extensively and released 16 studio albums.
Jim Cuddy Band
Cuddy has recorded five solo albums and performs live with the Jim Cuddy Band, featuring musicians such as Bazil Donovan, Colin Cripps, Joel Anderson, Steve O'Connor, Anne Lindsay and Gavin Brown. Guest performers on his solo albums have included Kathleen Edwards, former Weeping Tile member Sarah Harmer, and Wilco's Jeff Tweedy.
Other endeavors
Jim Cuddy's song "Whistler" from the All in Time album was featured in the 2002 documentary Ski Bums by John Zaritsky.
In 2016, Cuddy participated in a benefit concert in Edmonton, Alberta and another in Toronto, Ontario for the citizens of Fort McMurray, whose town was destroyed by fire.
On March 19, 2020, he performed the first concert in the National Arts Centre's #CanadaPerforms series of livestreamed home concerts by Canadian musicians during the COVID-19 pandemic.
He narrates the TVOntario documentary series Striking Balance.
Awards
Cuddy won Best Male Vocalist at The 1999 JUNO Awards and Adult Alternative Album of the Year for The Light That Guides You Home at The 2007 JUNO Awards
In 2000, Cuddy and Blue Rodeo bandmate Greg Keelor were the recipients of the National Achievement Award at the annual SOCAN Awards held in Toronto.
In 2013, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada along with Greg Keelor, "for their contributions to Canadian music and for their support of various charitable causes".
Personal life
Cuddy is married to Canadian actress Rena Polley. They have three children, their daughter Emma, and their two sons, Devin and Sam, who are also musicians. His brother Loftus Cuddy was a Conservative candidate for the riding of Toronto—Danforth in the 2004 Canadian federal election.
In the 2004 edition of Canada Reads, Cuddy advocated for Guy Vanderhaeghe's novel The Last Crossing, which won the competition. In the 2007 edition of Canada Reads, an "all-star" competition pitting the five winning advocates from previous years against each other, Cuddy returned to champion Timothy Taylor's novel Stanley Park.
In 2016, Cuddy collaborated with Tawse Winery in Niagara to launch a new wine brand, Cuddy by Tawse.
In 2017, Cuddy narrated the documentary TV series Striking Balance.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Notes
A^ "Too Many Hands" peaked at number 13 on the Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and number 34 on the RPM Country Tracks chart.
Guest singles
Music videos
References
External links
JimCuddy.com – The Official Website of Jim Cuddy
BlueRodeo.com – The Official Website of Blue Rodeo
GregKeelor.com – The Official Website of Greg Keelor
Entry at canadianbands.com
Canadian rock singers
Canadian country singer-songwriters
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian country guitarists
Canadian male guitarists
Juno Award for Adult Alternative Album of the Year winners
Living people
Musicians from Toronto
Officers of the Order of Canada
Upper Canada College alumni
1955 births
Canadian country rock musicians
Blue Rodeo members
Juno Award for Artist of the Year winners
20th-century Canadian male singers
21st-century Canadian male singers
20th-century Canadian guitarists
21st-century Canadian guitarists |
4043698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Crowley | Ryan Crowley | Ryan Crowley (born 5 March 1984) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Fremantle Football Club and the Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He played as a midfielder and specialised in a tagging role.
AFL career
Crowley was first drafted by Fremantle in 2002 with selection 55 at the national draft. At the end of 2004, having only played WAFL football for Subiaco, he was delisted. However the club gave Crowley a second chance and re-selected him with their 3rd pick in the rookie draft. Good form with Subiaco in 2005 led to his elevation to the senior list when both Robert Haddrill and his replacement Michael Warren were placed on the long term injury list.
His debut was notable in that he became only the third Fremantle player to kick three goals on debut (along with Leigh Wardell-Johnson and Paul Medhurst), and these goals helped Fremantle to an upset nine-point victory over at Skilled Stadium. His continued good form in the second half of the 2005 season including 4 goals against Carlton at the MCG saw Ryan elevated to the senior list for the 2006 season. Early in the 2006 season, Ryan got a heavy blow to the face during a shepherd from Byron Pickett, and received a broken cheekbone. Crowley continued to improve throughout the 2007 season, having gathered 319 disposals in 19 games and earning a regular spot in the Fremantle midfield as a winger/onballer who can kick goals.
Conversion to a tagger
In 2008, however, he developed into a defensive midfielder or tagger and notoriously played on opposition stars such as Gary Ablett, Jr. and Daniel Kerr. He finished the year well, coming equal fifth in Fremantle's fairest and best award, the Doig Medal.
In 2009 Crowley injured his foot in the Round 6 Western Derby and was ruled out for between three months and the entire season. He didn't return to the Fremantle side until the first round of 2010. He played the first 16 games of the season, before injuring his knee against Melbourne, missing the next six games. He returned for Fremantle's two finals, after proving his fitness in a dominant display in the WAFL for Subiaco, kicking seven goals.
He continued to nullify the opponent's best midfielder each week and won the Doig Medal in 2012 as Fremantle's best and fairest player. In 2013 he was suggested as being worthy of selection in the All-Australian team, but was overlooked. He was one of Fremantle's best-performing players in their Grand Final loss to , limiting Sam Mitchell's influence on the game.
Suspension for taking banned substance
In March 2015, it was revealed that Crowley had tested positive to a banned substance after Fremantle's Round 17, 2014 match against Greater Western Sydney. Crowley had accepted a provisional suspension in September 2014. The banned substance has not been named, but is thought to be from a painkiller that was not prescribed by the club doctor. In June 2015, the AFL Tribunal suspended Crowley for twelve months; the suspension was backdated to the start of his provisional suspension, and he became eligible to play again on 25 September 2015. He was subsequently delisted in October.
Essendon
In January 2016, he signed with as one of their top-up players due to the supplements controversy.
Statistics
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|
| 15 || 12 || 10 || 4 || 98 || 45 || 143 || 53 || 19 || 0.8 || 0.3 || 8.2 || 3.8 || 11.9 || 4.4 || 1.6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|
| 15 || 19 || 20 || 8 || 179 || 104 || 283 || 103 || 29 || 1.0 || 0.4 || 9.4 || 5.5 || 14.9 || 5.4 || 1.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|
| 15 || 19 || 13 || 11 || 189 || 130 || 319 || 85 || 44 || 0.7 || 0.6 || 10.0 || 6.8 || 16.8 || 4.5 || 2.3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|
| 15 || 22 || 11 || 10 || 216 || 135 || 351 || 106 || 77 || 0.5 || 0.4 || 9.8 || 6.1 || 16.0 || 4.8 || 3.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009
|
| 15 || 6 || 4 || 3 || 47 || 23 || 70 || 23 || 16 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 7.8 || 3.8 || 11.7 || 3.8 || 2.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
|
| 15 || 18 || 15 || 8 || 106 || 133 || 239 || 49 || 75 || 0.8 || 0.4 || 5.9 || 7.4 || 13.3 || 2.7 || 4.2
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011
|
| 15 || 19 || 13 || 10 || 129 || 115 || 244 || 60 || 57 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 6.8 || 6.0 || 12.8 || 3.2 || 3.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
|
| 15 || 24 || 12 || 16 || 208 || 147 || 355 || 78 || 88 || 0.5 || 0.7 || 8.7 || 6.1 || 14.8 || 3.2 || 3.7
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013
|
| 15 || 25 || 9 || 10 || 192 || 178 || 370 || 80 || 74 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 7.7 || 7.1 || 14.8 || 3.2 || 3.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|
| 15 || 24 || 9 || 5 || 198 || 151 || 349 || 74 || 66 || 0.4 || 0.2 || 8.2 || 6.3 || 14.5 || 3.1 || 2.8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|
| 15 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016
|
| 51 || 8 || 2 || 3 || 74 || 67 || 141 || 36 || 14 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 9.3 || 8.4 || 17.6 || 4.5 || 1.8
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 196
! 118
! 88
! 1636
! 1228
! 2864
! 747
! 559
! 0.6
! 0.4
! 8.3
! 6.3
! 14.6
! 3.8
! 2.9
|}
References
External links
Ryan Crowley's profile page on the Official WAFL Website
1984 births
Living people
Essendon Football Club players
Fremantle Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Calder Cannons players
Subiaco Football Club players
Doig Medal winners
Doping cases in Australian rules football
Swan Districts Football Club players
Australia international rules football team players |
4043703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henny%20Hughes | Henny Hughes | Henny Hughes is a thoroughbred race horse. A foal of 2003, he was a contender for the Triple Crown in 2006. He was taken off the Triple Crown trail in March 2006, then recorded three sprint victories in stakes races before failing in the Breeders' Cup Sprint, finishing 14th and last. He was retired to stud at the end of the 2006 racing season. His best-known offspring is the champion mare Beholder.
Connections
Henny Hughes is owned by Zabeel Racing International and was originally trained by Patrick Biancone but was later transferred to Kiaran McLaughlin. He has been ridden by Gary Stevens, Edgar Prado, Joe Bravo, and John Velazquez. The horse was bred in Kentucky by Liberation Farm, Trackside Farm & CHO, LLC.
Breeding
Henny Hughes is the son of Hennessy out of the mare Meadow Flyer. His sire is a son of Storm Cat. His pedigree includes such notable horses as Secretariat and Bold Ruler.
Retirement
It was announced on November 6, 2006, that Henny Hughes would not race as a four-year-old and would be retired to stud. He stood at Darley Stable at an initial stud fee of $40,000.
Racing career
References
Henny Hughes' pedigree
NTRA bio
2003 racehorse births
Racehorses trained in the United States
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Thoroughbred family 25 |
5380607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Wass | Albert Wass | Count Albert Wass de Szentegyed et Czege (January 8, 1908 – February 17, 1998) was a Hungarian nobleman, forest engineer, novelist, poet, and member of the Wass de Czege family.
Wass was born in Válaszút, Austria-Hungary (now Răscruci, Cluj County, Romania) in 1908. In 1944 he fled from Hungary, and then joined the fleeing forces of the Third Reich and ended up in Germany, then emigrated to the U.S. after World War II, he was condemned as a war criminal by the Romanian People's Tribunals, however, United States authorities refused to extradite Wass to Romania claiming the lack of solid evidence.
The works of Albert Wass first gained recognition within Hungarian literature from Transylvania in the 1940s. In 1944 he moved to Germany and later in 1952 to the United States, and lived there till his 1998 death in Astor Park, Florida. During the communist regime, his books were banned both in Hungary and in Romania. Part of his works was published in Hungary after the change of political system in 1989, however, before this time, his works were unknown to the Hungarian public.
He is popular among the Hungarian minority in Romania and has growing popularity in Hungary. In 2005 in a public assessment (Nagy Könyv), he was found to be one of the most popular Hungarian authors: his book "A funtineli boszorkány" (The Witch of Funtinel) was named the 12th most popular book; two more books were named in the top 50 ranking, including the family saga "Kard és kasza" (Sword and Scythe).
Family
The Wass family has traced its descent from the age of Árpád, and is one of the oldest noble families in Transylvania. The family received the title of count from Maria Theresia in 1744.
His grandfather, Béla Wass, was a parliamentarian and Lord Lieutenant (főispán) of Szolnok-Doboka county. His father was Count Endre Wass (1886–1975), his mother Baroness Ilona Bánffy de Losonc (1883–1960).
He has six sons: Vid Wass de Czege, Csaba Wass de Czege, Huba Wass de Czege, Miklós Wass de Czege, Geza Wass de Czege and Endre (Andreas) Wass von Czege.
Youth
Albert Wass was born in Válaszút (today Răscruci) at the Bánffy mansion of Válaszút, distinct from the nearby Bánffy castle of Bonchida. His parents divorced early, and he was mostly brought up by his grandfather, Béla Wass. He graduated from the Reformed Church Secondary School in Cluj on Farkas Street and subsequently earned a diploma in forestry from the Academy of Economics in Debrecen, Hungary. He continued his studies of forestry and horticulture in Hohenheim, Germany, and Sorbonne, Paris, where he received additional diplomas. He returned to Transylvania in 1932, as his father fell ill. He had to attend obligatory military service in the Romanian Army and later settled to run the family estate in the Transylvanian Plain.
His first wife was his cousin Baroness Éva Siemers (1914–1991) of Hamburg. "Due to pressure from my family, I had to marry my cousin in 1935 (...) this was the only way to avoid bankruptcy of the family lands", Wass wrote later.
He had six children (Vid, Csaba, Huba, Miklós, Géza, Endre); Csaba died at age three. Huba Wass de Czege, born in 1941 in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) had a significant career in the U.S. Army, achieving the rank of brigadier general. He is known as a principal designer of the "AirLand Battle" military doctrine and took part in the planning of Desert Storm against Iraq in 1991.
Wass started to write poems, short stories, and articles. His first books were published in 1927 and 1929 in Cluj. In 1934, his novel Farkasverem (Wolfpit) was published by the Transylvanian Guild of Arts. In 1935, he was accepted member of the Transylvanian Guild of Arts, and at the same time he was the first young Transylvanian to be awarded the Baumgarten Prize.
After the Second Vienna Award (30 August 1940), northern Transylvania was reassigned to Hungary, so in 1941, Wass was nominated as the primary forest monitor in the Ministry of Agriculture for the area near Dés (now Dej).
During World War II
From May 1942 he took part in military training with the Hungarian Cavalry as a reserve officer, achieving rank of ensign. In his memoirs, Wass claims to have become chief editor of Ellenzék in May 1943, as his boss was drafted into the army. He writes:
two soldiers of Gestapo entered the editorial, showing the order they have to monitor the newspaper. I simply left the building, and walked up the mountains. Two weeks later, my father sent me a message that the Germans are looking for me. To avoid conflict, General Veress, the commander of military troops in North Transylvania has given me a uniform, and as master sergeant he sent me to Ukraine with 9th Hungarian Cavalry, from which I returned only at Christmas.
Wass became the aide-de-camp of General Lajos Veress in 1944. As the war was drawing to an end and the Soviet (and later Romanian) troops were drawing forward into Transylvania, as an officer, he did not wait for the occupation of North Transylvania, but on Easter 1945, crossed the border and chose emigration.
World War II sentence for war crimes
In May 1946, both Albert Wass and his father, Endre Wass, were sentenced to death in absentia by a Romanian tribunal for ordering the killing of Romanian peasants from Sucutard and Mureșenii de Câmpie and their possessions were confiscated, by Romanian People's Tribunal, a tribunal set up by the post-World War II government of Romania, overseen by the Allied Control Commission to trial suspected war criminals, in line with Article 14 of the Armistice Agreement with Romania. The tribunal were to a large extent set up on the model of the Nürnberg International Tribunal. The two were accused for events that happened in September 1940, when the Hungarian forces marched into North Transylvania, when a Hungarian lieutenant, Pakucs, arrested six inhabitants (a Romanian priest and his family, his Hungarian servant, also Romanian peasants, and a local Jewish merchant and his family) of Sucutard (Szentgothárd), and then shot to death two Romanian men and two Jewish women, Eszter and Róza Mihály in Ţaga (Czege), at the order of Albert and Endre Wass, when they allegedly attempted to escape. Albert Wass was also accused for, as the alleged instigator, for the shootings at Mureşenii de Câmpie (Omboztelke), when Hungarian soldiers, led by Lieutenant Gergely Csordás, killed 11 Jews. Wass defended himself as not present at the killings.
Romanian authorities tried several times to have him extradited to Romania, however in 1979, after several revisions, the U.S. Department of Justice refused the petition due to lack of evidence. This was confirmed even after the Wiesenthal Center denounced him, as he was among the people who were accused of killing Jews. After the analysis of the case, the U.S. dropped the charges against him. Wass continued to insist that he had nothing to do with the killings, and claimed he was the victim of a "Zionist-Romanian" conspiracy.
Albert Wass claimed several times that the secret police of Communist Romania, the Securitate, was trying to assassinate him, but he was not able to prove it. In 1986, he shot a film on bullet marks allegedly resulting from an attempt to kill him, but no solid evidence was found to link it to the Securitate. The two perpetrators of that attempt have been captured by American police, but they were released on account of their Romanian diplomatic passport.
In 2008, his son, Andreas Wass, appealed to the Romanian courts to annul the sentence, but the Romanian courts found that no new evidence was presented and as such, the sentence was upheld.
Emigration
First traveling to Sopron, he then moved onward to Bleichbach and Hamburg, Germany, and lived there till 1951, where the family of his first wife, Éva Siemers, had been living. He found a job as a nightwatchman at a construction site.
In 1951, Wass emigrated to the United States, together with four of his sons (Vid, Huba, Miklós, and Géza). Due to pulmonary disease, his wife was unable to receive approval for emigration from the US administration and was subsequently left behind in Germany with their other son Endre. The couple later divorced.
In 1952, he married Elizabeth McClain (1905–1987) Elizabeth was the daughter of WG McClain and Florence McClain of Bellaire Ohio both respectively Irish and English immigrants. Elizabeth's family consisted of four children to three girls two boys Carolyn Rose Joseph and John we're her siblings she also had children from a previous relationship two girls and a boy.
Wass founded the American Hungarian Guild of Arts, managing its academic work and publishing activities, and editing its newsletter. He launched his own publishing house, the Danubian Press, which published not only books but English language magazines of the American Hungarian Guild of Arts, too. The Transylvanian Quarterly dealing with Transylvania and related issues, then the Hungarian Quarterly undertaking the general problems of the Hungarian nation became the most important anti-Bolshevik forum of Hungarian exiles.
On 20 August 1993 he was awarded the Commander's Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit by president Árpád Göncz according to the proposal of prime minister József Antall, received the next year from the Hungarian consul of Florida and Sándor Csoóri at his home.
Wass's application for naturalization in Hungary was first refused by the government between 1994 and 1998, as his death sentence in Hungary had not been revoked, then impeded by a reply that the naturalization certificate of the 90-year-old author would have been valid for only a year from the date of issue.
Wass committed suicide on February 17, 1998, at age 90 in his Florida residence after a long struggle with a medical condition. His final wish was to have his remains placed in the garden of Kemény villa in Brâncoveneşti, Mureș County, next to the tomb of author János Kemény.
Citizenship and rehabilitation attempts
It was a long debate in the Hungarian press about the fact that Albert Wass has not received Hungarian citizenship, in spite of his several applications, the explanation given being that he had again became a Romanian citizen after the 1946 Paris Peace Conference.
In 2007, Hungarian members of parliament István Simicskó (KDNP, Christian Democrats) and Mihály Babák (Fidesz, Young Democrats) have asked president László Sólyom to grant Albert Wass citizenship posthumously, but were replied that this is not possible for several reasons, for example, he had already received citizenship in 1997, so the writer has died as Hungarian, , however, the certificate of citizenship (but not the citizenship itself) was valid only for one year and he refused it as being offensive.
In recent years, some representatives of the Hungarian minority in Romania and his family attempted his rehabilitation. His son's request for a retrial of the case was rejected by the Romanian High Court of Cassation and Justice in 2007.
His life has never been examined thoroughly in court, so as a consequence it is a predominant view among Romanians that Albert Wass is a criminal, responsible for the murdering of Romanians and Jews and his condemnation by the Tribunal is just. The rehabilitation attempts are seen as immoral particularly by relatives of those he was accused of murdering.
On May 22, 2004, a statue was unveiled in Odorheiu Secuiesc bearing no name, only the Hungarian inscription "Vándor Székely" (Wandering Szekler). The sculpture was interpreted in the Romanian press as being of Albert Wass. Two statues of Wass have been moved to the interior of the Hungarian churches in Reghin and Lunca Mureșului.
Although Romanian law forbids the cult of those condemned for "offence against peace and mankind or promoting fascist, racist or xenophobe ideology", some Romanian localities predominantly inhabited by Hungarian ethnics still retain commemorative statues of Albert Wass. They argue the Supreme Prosecutor's Office of Romania on 21 June 2004 in written declared – in another trial -:
"Regarding the analysis of the relevant international laws applied for war crimes and offence against peace and mankind that also Romania ratified (Geneva Conventions 12. 08. 1949 – "...") the conclusion is the activities of Albert Wass convict are not belonging to those crimes that are summarized in these international conventions. Conclusion: "..." Albert Wass was not condemned for offence against peace and mankind"
In another trial, a person was charged because he put a statue in his own yard in Sovata. Finally he was released from the charge and the authorities were obligated to restore the statue to its original place.
Albert Wass also has commemorative statues in several localities in Hungary, where he is considered by some on the Right to be a hero and a victim of the regime.
The representatives of the ruling Fidesz party and the radical nationalist Jobbik party together voted in early 2011 that several public squares be named after him in Budapest.
Novels, publications
In his 1939 work Farkasverem (Wolfpit), he described how the Trianon generation found their feet again: the unity of the presentation of social reality, the quest for meting out justice in history, together with ancient language, music, rhythm conquered the hearts of many readers in Hungary. In 1939, he was elected member of the Transylvanian Literary Society and the Kisfaludy Society. In 1940, he was awarded the Baumgarten Prize the second time.
In 1942, he received the Klebelsberg Award and in the same year on a memorable tour in Hungary he represented Transylvanian literature together with three of his peers. He was even elected member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences as appreciation for his knowledge in forestry.
His writings were patriotic but did not exacerbate the tensions between the Romanian and Hungarian population during the recover of Northern Transylvania as a consequence of the Second Vienna Award.
His fable A patkányok honfoglalása – Tanulságos mese fiatal magyaroknak ("The Conquest by the Rats – A Fable for Young Hungarians"), which tells how rats take over a house, because they are tolerated by the magnanimous landowner, is considered paradigmatic for antisemitic story-telling.<ref>Symbolische Figuren ("Symbolic Figures"), essay by Krisztián Ungváry, author of A Horthy-rendszer mérlege, Budapest 2013, in "Budapester Zeitung" from January 30th 2012: […] after the Ghettoization of the Jews in Transylvania [Albert Wass] published an essay with the telling title The Conquest by the Rats. The story is only an allegory, but any other interpretation than identifying Jews with rats seems hardly credible. http://www.budapester.hu/bz/2012/01/30/essay-3/ </ref>
1934 Farkasverem (Wolfpit)1940 Csaba1940 Mire a fák megnőnek (By the Time the Trees Grow)1940 Jönnek! (They Are Coming!)1943 A kastély árnyékában (In the Castle's Shade)1943 Egyedül a világ ellen (All Alone Against the World)1943 Vérben és viharban (In Blood and Storm)
1944 Tavaszi szél és más színművek (Spring Breeze and Other Plays)1945 Valaki tévedett (Somebody Made a Mistake) (short stories from 1945 to 1949)1945 A költő és a macska (The Poet and the Cat) (short stories)1947 A rézkígyó (The Copper Snake)1949 Adjátok vissza a hegyeimet! (English edition: Give Back My Mountains to Me!, 1970, Eric Massey)1951 Ember az országút szélén (English edition: Man by the Side of the Road, 1984)1952 Elvész a nyom (The Trail Perishes)1953 Tizenhárom almafa (Thirteen Apple Trees)1958 Az Antikrisztus és a pásztorok (The Antichrist and the Shepherds)1959 A funtineli boszorkány (The Witch of Funtinel)1964 Átoksori kísértetek (English edition: The Purple Ghosts of Damnation Row, 1964)1965 Elvásik a veres csillag (English edition: The Red Star Wanes, 1965)1967 Magukrahagyottak (English edition: Forsaken are the Brave,1967)1974 Kard és kasza (Sword and Scythe)1978 Halálos köd Holtember partján (English edition: Deadly Fog at Dead Man's Landing)1982 Eliza and the House that Jack Built: Historical Novel (in English)
1985 Hagyaték (Inheritance)1989 Te és a világ (You and the World) (short stories)Igazságot Erdélynek! (Justice for Transylvania)Józan magyar szemmel I-II. (Through the Eye of a Sober Hungarian)Karácsonyi üzenetek – A temető megindul (Messages from Christmas – the Cemetery Starts to Move)Magyar pólus (Hungarian Pole)Népirtás Erdélyben (Genocide in Transylvania)Hűség bilincsében (In the Chains of Fidelity)Hanky tanár úr (Professor Hanky)Se szentek, se hősök (Neither Saints nor Heroes)A szikla alatti férfi (The Man Below the Cliff)A sólyom hangja (The Voice of the Falcon)Csillag az éjszakában (Star in the Night)Black HammockMagyar Számadás (Hungarian Accounts)Nem nyugaton kel fel a nap (The Sun Does Not Rise in the West)Voltam (I was/I have/had been)Poems, fables, narrations
1927 Virágtemetés (Flower Burial) (poem)
1943 Tavak könyve (Book of the Lakes) (fable)
1947 Erdők könyve (Book of the Woods) (fable)
1947 A láthatatlan lobogó (The Invisible Flag) (poem)
1970 Valaki tévedett (Somebody Made a Mistake) (narrations)
1972 Válogatott magyar mondák és népmesék (Assorted Hungarian Legends and Folktales)1978 A költő és a macska (The Poet and the Cat) (narration)
Awards
Balint Balassi Memorial Sword Award
Hungarian Heritage Award
Klebelsberg Award
References
External links
A biographical sketch of his father by Huba Wass
E. Balogh on Wass: a short critical assessment
Romania During World War II – The Antonescu regime's complicity in the Holocaust
"Febra răsăriteană a reabilitărilor – Cazul Albert Wass" , William Totok, Observator Cultural "Criminalul Wass Albert loveşte din nou", Mihai Petean, Gazeta de Cluj "Criminalul Wass omagiat la Odorhei de 15 martie", George Damian, Ziua'', March 18, 2006
The archive of the Wass de Czege family (Hungarian)
Official homepage of Balint Balassi Memorial Sword Award which is founded by Pal Molnar
1908 births
1998 deaths
1998 suicides
People from Cluj County
People from the Kingdom of Hungary
Hungarian nobility
Hungarian military personnel of World War II
Hungarian people convicted of war crimes
20th-century Hungarian poets
20th-century Hungarian novelists
Hungarian male poets
University of Florida faculty
People convicted by the Romanian People's Tribunals
People sentenced to death in absentia
Hungarian forestry engineers
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Baumgarten Prize winners
Balint Balassi Memorial Sword Award winners
Recipients of the Klebelsberg Award
20th-century Hungarian male writers
Hungarian male novelists
Anti-Romanian sentiment
Antisemitism in Hungary
Antisemitism in Romania
Hungarian fascists |
5380622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poona%20Pact | Poona Pact | The Poona Pact was an agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar on behalf of Dalits, depressed classes, and upper caste Hindu leaders on the reservation of electoral seats for the depressed classes in the legislature of British India in 1932. It was made on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Poona, India. It was signed by Dr. Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes and by Madan Mohan Malviya on behalf of upper caste Hindus, Faraz Shah, Sana Ejaz and Gandhi.
Gandhi, currently imprisoned by the British, had embarked on a fast unto death to protest against the decision made by British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald, responding to arguments made by Ambedkar in the Round Table Conferences, to give separate electorates to depressed classes for the election of members of provincial legislative assemblies in British India. He wrote that separate electorates would "vivisect and disrupt" Hinduism. Ambedkar, for his part, argued that upper-caste reformers could not represent the depressed classes and that they needed their own leaders.
The pact finally settled upon 147 electoral seats. Nearly twice as many seats were reserved for Depressed Classes under the Poona Pact than what had been offered by MacDonald's Separate Electorate.
Terms
The terms of the Poona Pact were as follows.
1. There shall be electoral seats reserved for the Depressed Classes out of general electorate. Seats in the provincial Legislatures were as follows:
These figures were based on the total strength of the Provincial Councils announced in Ramsay MacDonald's decision.
2. Election to these seats shall be by joint electorates subject, however, to the following procedure –
All members of the Depressed Classes registered in the general electoral roll of a constituency will form an electoral college which will elect a panel of four candidates belonging to the Depressed Classes for each of such reserved seats by the method of the single vote and four persons getting the highest number of votes in such primary elections shall be the candidates for election by the general electorate.
3. The representation of the Depressed Classes in the Central Legislature shall likewise be on the principle of joint electorates and reserved seats by the method of the primary election in the manner provided for in clause above for their representation in the provincial legislatures.
4. In the Central Legislature, 18% of the seats allotted to the general electorate for British India in the said legislature shall be reserved for the Depressed Classes.
5. The system of primary election to a panel of candidates for election to the Central and Provincial Legislatures as hereinbefore mentioned shall come to an end after the first ten years unless terminated sooner by mutual agreement under the provision of clause 6 below.
6. The system of representation of Depressed Classes by reserved seats in the Provincial and Central Legislatures as provided for in clauses (1) and (4) shall continue until determined otherwise by mutual agreement between the communities concerned in this settlement.
7. The Franchise for the Central and Provincial Legislatures of the Depressed Classes shall be as indicated, in the Lothian Committee Report.
8. There shall be no disabilities attached to anyone on the ground of his being a member of the Depressed Classes in regard to any election to local bodies or appointment to the public services. Every endeavour shall be made to secure a fair representation of the Depressed Classes in these respects, subject to such educational qualifications as may be laid down for appointment to the Public Services.
9. In every province out of the educational grant, an adequate sum shall be earmarked for providing educational facilities to the members of Depressed Classes.
See also
Communal Award
Forward Castes
Gandhi–Irwin Pact
Other Backward Classes
Scheduled Castes and Tribes
References
External links
Poona Pact from ambedkar.org
Britannica entry
Third Round Table Conference Indohistory.com
1932 in India
1932 documents
Indian independence movement in Maharashtra
History of Pune
Mahatma Gandhi
B. R. Ambedkar
Reservation in India |
4043715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese%20art | Faroese art | Faroese art is art by artists living in the Faroe Islands and art by Faroese nationals living abroad. In the Faroe Islands, art is an important part of everyday life and in the public debate. It may be the special light in the Faroes which causes so many to express themselves in painting. The ever-changing Faroese weather and light provide opportunities for endless nuances, something which has fascinated both foreign and local artists over the years. However, the history of Faroese art is short, and can only be dated a couple of hundred years back. Lack of time, light and materiel may have caused the late appearance of painting. But despite this, the islands have a very active art scene. A great many of the Faroese artists of today resent being reminded that Faroese art is a comparatively recent phenomenon. They find such an observation annoying as regards their artistic work, and they claim that such a statement has no bearing whatsoever on them as artists as their frame of reference is both local and global.
With the first Faroese painters the landscape became a national icon and it has remained the central topic in Faroese visual art. The grip that Faroese art, motifically speaking, takes on the Faroese landscape might seem to be a rather old-fashioned approach to visual art. The interest in installations, minimalism and conceptual art, has so far not affected Faroese art much. The village by the ocean is probably the motif which has been repeated the most. Danish art critic Ole Nørlyng concludes that nature, the wild landscape, is the driving force behind Faroese artists, but except for a close affinity with the landscape and culture of the islands, there has always been great diversity in Faroese art.
Pioneers
The first paintings art historians are familiar with are those by Díðrikur í Kárastovu. He was a farmer who commonly was known as Díðrikur á Skarvanesi (1802–1865). Díðrikur was settled in a small village, Skarvanes, on the island Sandoy. His subjects were real and imaginary birds in vivid colours. Although not in perfect condition, five of his paintings have been preserved. They are a feature in the permanent exhibition at the national Faroese art museum, Listasavn Føroya. One of his better paintings is entitled Moon Doves.
Niels Kruse (1871–1951) was the first Faroese landscape painter, a theme which was to become a most common motif in Faroese art. Kruse lived in the village Eiði on the island Eysturoy. Kruse was almost completely self-taught. He was fortunate enough to receive some help and advice from an American explorer, Elizabeth Taylor, who stayed in the Faroes in 1895. In 1924 one of his works was accepted by a gallery in Denmark. This marked a turning point in Faroese art history, as this was the first time ever a painter had succeeded outside of the Islands. Kruse even managed to make a living from his painting, again something which earlier had been unheard of.
There were some other painters from this early generation. Both Kristin í Geil and Jógvan Waagstein are worth mentioning. Both of them were well settled in Tórshavn. And again, these two were self-taught landscape painters. As was the case with Kruse, Waagstein received knowledge and advice from Elizabeth Taylor. Later on í Geil received some schooling from Kruse. These two latter, however, never made their living exclusively from painting.
These painters were all pioneers in the field of visual art in the Faroes, and they helped to make their fellow countrymen aware of the art of painting. The late 19th century marks the beginning of a Faroese art tradition slowly developing for the first time. There are several reasons for this being so. The arrival of Elizabeth Taylor with her knowledge of art helped to inspired several to start painting. And most importantly the late 19th century sparked the beginning of the national movement. The national revival brought with it the love of the landscape - a brand new theme which was to become a national icon, more so than anywhere in visual art. The theme came to dominate all through the 20th century.
With the first painters, the love and affection of the homeland was obvious, and still in the 21st Century the theme is being treated by a new generation of artists. However, several painters contributed to Faroese artists developing a passion for many different styles and subjects.
Mothers and fathers of Faroese art
The real history of Faroese art starts in 1927, when three young artists held an exhibition in Tórshavn. Two of these were Sámal Joensen-Mikines (1906–1979) and William Heinesen (1900–1990).
The first, Mikines, came to be known as the father of Faroese art and the first Faroese artist to become internationally recognised. More importantly he was the very first Faroese artist to acquire an artistic degree. Mikines began his education at the Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen in 1928 with Aksel Jørgensen and Ejnar Nielsen as his teachers. Mikines was artistically highly inspired by the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch, and had a great admiration for El Greco and Delacroix. His early paintings are naturalistic, but later he became an expressive figurative painter. He was very original in his choice of colour and design. Mikines demonstrated a new approach to substance and form in painting which had a profound influence on Faroese art. He painted funerals, steep mountains and landscapes. His paintings of pilot whaling became important to future artists. He introduced the possibility of allowing the landscape to mirror the painter's inner life.
William Heinesen was a very different type of artist. Literature was his vocation. Although he considered himself an amateur in visual art, he created some very important works in Faroese art. His imagery doesn't evolve around the landscape. Folktale, satire and everyday life are Heinesen's subjects.
After World War II
During this period a new era had begun in Faroese visual art. Mikines wasn't the only one from his generation who received his formal training in Copenhagen. Faroese art experienced a virtual blossoming after World War II, when several talented and productive artists returned to the Faroe Islands after finishing their studies in Denmark. The range of motifs and styles were greatly expanded.
A new generation of artists, who had acquired artistic degrees didn't want to use their art for the sole purpose of expressing their love for their country. The ones who followed included the classical modernist Janus Kamban (1913–2009), the colourist Ruth Smith (1913–1958), the graphical artist Elinborg Lützen (1915–1995) and the great abstract painter Ingálvur av Reyni (1920–2005). Together with Mikines and Heinesen, these are the mothers and fathers of Faroese art.
Kamban was the first Faroese sculptor. In style he ranges from the strictly naturalistic to the classically simple. His subjects are usually people, and he uses clay, bronze and basaltic rock for his sculptures. As a graphic artist, Kamban mostly portrays the Faroese landscape.
Smith was one of the most talented Faroese artists. Her subjects were scenery and faces. She worked very consciously with colour. Over a period of twenty years she painted numerous self-portraits, one has been held as one of the finest portraits in Scandinavian art.
Lützen's work is full of creatures from the world of myth, legend and folktale. With Lützen the graphic arts became an independent art form which enriched the artistic milieu through her all-absorbing interest in the technique of linocut, and the result of her artistic work is of high quality and intensity measured by any standard.
Av Reyni has been the most influential of them all. The dynamic lines and the temperamental pastose brushwork has become a vital part the Faroese painting tradition. Av Reyni introduced cubism, abstract expressionism and suprematism to the Faroes. His early works were rather naturalistic landscapes, but in the early 1960s he dissolved the romantic and impressionist landscape, when he started to paint more and more abstract. His paintings usually contain a figurative core, which is described by the title of his paintings. As a black-and-white artist, he has drawn many portraits as well as landscapes. He is ranked as one of the great modernists in Scandinavia.
Landscape expressionists
The common denomination “landscape expressionist” comprises a group of diverse artists, solely because the nature and landscape are central themes in their work. Zacharias Heinesen (1936), Thomas Arge (1942–1978), Tróndur Patursson (1943), Torbjørn Olsen (1956), Barður Jákupsson (1943) and Amariel Norðoy (1945) all belong to this group, as do many others.
This large generation of painters from the 1930s to 1960's has been able to find common stylistic expressions.
They exploit the full spectrum of the formal possibilities painting has to offer. They work with the unified whole and detail. Sometimes the subject matter almost disappears in the pure abstraction of the colours and forms, but rarely completely. A reminiscence of the landscape always remains. Not as a true-to-life reproduction, but as a landscape experience which is communicated via a variety of temperaments. So great has their contribution to Faroese art been that for a long time a genuine Faroese painting should preferably be a highly colouristic, expressive and semi abstract landscape, filled with North-Atlantic drama. It is not an unusual criticism that Faroese art relies too heavily on nature as a motif. But when the variety of expression is taken into account, the criticism doesn't seem fair.
Zacharias Heinesen has in his paintings explored the light and colours of the landscape and tried to render the ephemeral moment.
In Thomas Arge's paintings we get a glimpse of the inner structures, shapes and colours of the landscape.
Bárður Jákupsson has found shapes and colours that others probably do not notice in Faroese Nature.
In Tróndur Patursson's work it is the sense of immensity of nature that gains significance.
The village by the ocean is probably the motif which has been repeated the most in Faroese art. In Countless paintings Amariel Norðoy has repeated the motif and shown it contains unlimited possibilities.
But despite the light and distinct colours of nature and scenery, Faroese art is not exclusively landscape.
Contemporary Faroese art
The landscape has been the national theme of Faroese painting, arguably as a collectively chosen shell around the core of modern painting. In recent years, however, other subjects have emerged and appear to be edging out the landscape. The common denominator for the younger generation of Faroese artists is that they all have managed to outline new directions for Faroese art, while at the same time, relating with insight to the Faroese landscape tradition. The interest in the human mind, existential or philosophical questions or the internal landscapes seems to rise. The postmodern interest in contemporary philosophy, mass media and politics has begun to appear in Faroese art, and has emerged concomitantly with its appearance in other countries. One of the artist working in this field is Ole Wich (1953), who has worked with cross media art on the internet connected to present political and culturel issues in the faroese society, as well as conceptuel pieces places between visual expression and science.
The Faroese visual art has hardly ever been as manifold as it is today, although the genre remains traditional painting. There is a lot of pessimism among the artists themselves. They are doubtful of the future of Faroese art and they fear that the small-scaled nature and isolation of Faroese art may prove to be insurmountable handicaps. In the long run, they say 50,000 people and a couple of dozen artists will not be able to sustain a living artistic culture. Naturally, there is a danger that it might stagnate and die from lack of nourishment. At the same time, it is difficult to see how things could go so wrong while the need is so great.
There are many young artists who are currently identifying new paths for Faroese art. The younger generation of Faroese artists has mainly chosen to reside abroad as has Hansina Iversen, who is based in Copenhagen and Hanni Bjartalíð in Helsinki.
Hansina Iversen (1966) ostensibly distances herself from nature as a motif. Her pictures are non-figurative and pure, seemingly purified of motif. The smooth fluency of her works are an exploration of the absolute and, thus, nature. Iversen has created a new philosophical approach to the Faroese Landscape tradition.
Hanni Bjartalíð (1968) uses humour to describe man's relation to nature. His imagery is primarily of the modern world. Modern man's alienation from nature is a natural theme in his art. Bjartalíð demonstrates great freedom regarding Faroese and Nordic art landscape traditions, which are associated with romantic conception of a unique Nordic soul characterised by a close relation to nature.
Edward Fuglø (1965) avoids landscapes; his symbolism concerns people. He creates surreal-comic and ironic paintings. Fuglø observes and mocks people – mostly men – in their absurd activities. The images are always pointed at political or perhaps art-political commentary. His imagery is in many ways innovative in the Faroese tradition. Fuglø is also one of the best illustrators in the Faroes.
Art galleries
In the Faroe Islands there is a great interest in buying Faroese art to decorate your home with. This appreciation means that it is easy to find art galleries round about the islands. Some galleries are dedicated to local artists, while others have regular exhibitions. But the number of art galleries is highest in Tórshavn.
In Tórshavn you will find the national art museum Listasavn Føroya. The Art Museum was founded in 1989. The present gallery was opened in 1993. The exhibition building is faced with black tarred wood, and has elements of traditional Faroese building. It is surrounded by trees, as it is situated next to a park. The permanent collection displays some of the best works by William Heinesen, Ingálvur av Reyni and Sámal Mikines. Each year two exhibitions take place that focus exclusively on Faroese artists. The first one is the spring exhibition in May; the second is the annual Saint Olav's Day exhibition in late July. Whereas the first one exclusively features professional artists, the latter one mainly features amateurs.
Listahøllin is situated in a green concrete building at Tórshavn Shipyard.
In Vágur located in the island Suðuroy the southernmost island, there is a Ruth Smith Art Museum. The art museum has artworks (paintings and drawings) made by Ruth Smith.
In Sandur, the main village on Sandoy, there is an art museum "Listasavnið á Sandi" with artworks (paintings, sculptures etc.) by various Faroese artists. The art collection and the museum building was donated to the village in 2005 by a Sofus Olsen, who grew up in Sandur, but lived in Tórshavn for many years. The museum opened on his 92nd birthday.
Art on stamps
Several paintings by Faroese artists have been featured on stamps. All Faroese stamp editions are about items relating to the Faroes and most of them are designed by Faroese artists. Faroese art is among the main motifs, both in reproductions of important paintings and in involving the artists in drawing stamps.
See also
Faroese literature
List of Notable Faroese
Music of the Faroe Islands
Nordic House in the Faroe Islands
References
Notes
Bibliography
Marnersdóttir, Malan, Faroese Art, 2005. The Faroe Islands -
Schei, Kjørsvik Liv and Moberg, Gunnie. 1991. The Faroe Islands -
Sørensen, Inger Smærup. 2007. Faroese Art. The Faroe Islands -
Warming, Dagmar : Ruth Smith : Lív og verk, 2007. Tórshavn -
Michael Fuhr and Dagmar Warming, Modern Art from the Faroe Islands, 2006. Leopold Museum, Vienna, and Faroe Islands Art Museum, Tórshavn -
Further reading
Heinesen, William. The Art of the Faroe Islands. Tórshavn: E. Thomsen, 1983.
Irve, Bent. Føroysk list = Färöisk konst = Art from the Faroes. Helsinki: Nordiskt konstcentrum, 1983.
Wivel, Mikael Sekel - Færøsk kunst i hundrede år. Færøernes Kunstmuseum, 2011.
External links
The Faroe Islands National Art Museum - The Faroe Islands National Art Museum
The Faroese Society of Visual Arts - The Faroese Society of Visual Arts
BryggenArt - Art from the North Atlantic
GudrunogGudrun - Faroese designer duo
The Ruth Smith Art Museum in Vágur, Suðuroy
Faroese culture |
4043718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Brandst%C3%A4tter | Andreas Brandstätter | Andreas Brandstätter (1959–2006) was a German diplomat. He was born in Kiel in 1959. At the age of 21 he became a United Nations worker. After living in Kiel during 20 years, he graduated at Harward. He traveled to many countries like Senegal, Sudan, and Libya. When he got to Libya he married a Bosnian woman who had escaped from the Yugoslav Wars. Then they went both to live in Switzerland; Brandstätter's wife was a doctor but he still worked for the UN. In 1997, his first was born in Geneva. When the decade started, he went to help the poor people in Sierra Leone. In 2004, he went to Port-au-Prince to help the poor kids who were fighting for the president in Haiti. In January 2006 while playing tennis, he died from a heart attack.
German diplomats
1959 births
2006 deaths
German officials of the United Nations |
5380645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radnevo | Radnevo | Radnevo ( ) is a town in southern Bulgaria, part of Stara Zagora Province, located in the eastern Upper Thracian Lowlands. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Radnevo Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 13,384 inhabitants.
The far east corner of Radnevo is the location of the Maritsa Iztok-2 power station. This power station was ranked as the industrial facility that is causing the highest damage costs to health and the environment in Bulgaria and the entire European Union.
Notable natives include Bulgarian Agrarian National Union politician Dimitar Dragiev (1869–1943), poet Geo Milev (1895–1925), Bulgarian international footballer Andrey Zhelyazkov (b. 1952).
Honour
Radnevo Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Radnevo.
References
Towns in Bulgaria
Populated places in Stara Zagora Province |
5380665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Year%20of%20Deserts%20and%20Desertification | International Year of Deserts and Desertification | The year 2006 was declared the International Year of Deserts and Desertification by the United Nations General Assembly.
The Year aims to raise $20 million from industry and governments and will spend half on co-funding research, and half on "outreach" activities. It will be the biggest ever international effort to promote the Earth sciences.
Apart from researchers, who are expected to benefit under the Year's Science Programme, the principal target groups for the Year's broader messages are:
Decision makers and politicians who need to be better informed about the how Earth scientific knowledge can be used for sustainable development
The voting public, which needs to know how Earth scientific knowledge can contribute to a better society
Geoscientists, who are very knowledgeable about various aspects of the Earth but who need help in using their knowledge for the benefit of the world’s population.
The research themes of the year, set out in 10 science prospectuses were chosen for their societal relevance, multidisciplinarity and outreach potential. The Year has 12 Founding Partners 23 Associate Partners and is backed politically by 97 countries representing 87% of the world’s population. The Year was promoted politically at UNESCO and at the United Nations in New York by the People’s Republic of Tanzania.
The Year is open to Expressions of Interest from researchers within each of its 10 themes. The Outreach programme of the year is also now open to expressions of interest, and will work in a similar way by receiving and responding to bids for support from individuals and organisations worldwide.
The Year's Project Leader is former IUGS President Professor Eduardo F J de Mulder. The Year's Science Committee is chaired by Prof. Edward Derbyshire (Royal Holloway) and its Outreach Committee by Dr Ted Nield (Geological Society of London).
The International Year of Planet Earth project was initiated jointly by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) . The
UN press release reads: "By a draft on the International Year of Planet Earth, 2008, which the Committee approved without a vote on 11 November, the Assembly would declare 2008 the International Year of Planet Earth. It would also designate the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to organize activities to be undertaken during the Year, in collaboration with UNEP and other relevant United Nations bodies, the International Union of Geological Sciences and other Earth sciences societies and groups throughout the world. Also by that draft, the Assembly would encourage Member States, the United Nations system and other actors to use the Year to increase awareness of the importance of Earth sciences in achieving sustainable development and promoting local, national, regional and international action"
The Year’s research themes are listed below.
The Project is backed by the following Founding Partners: International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG); the International Geographical Union (IGU) ; the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) ; the International Lithosphere Programme (ILP) ; the National Geological Survey of the Netherlands (NITG-TNO) ; The Geological Society of London (GSL); the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) ; A consortium of the International Association of Engineering Geologists and the Environment (IAEG) , the International Society of Rock Mechanics (ISRM) and the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) ; the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) ; the American Geological Institute (AGI); the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) ; the American Institute of Professional Geologists (AIPG) .
The Year enjoys the support of 23 Associate Partners, including all major international geoscientific and other relevant organisations: ICSU International Council for Science; IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO; IPA International Permafrost Association ; IAGOD International Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits; SEG Society of Economic Geologists; SGA Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits; IAH International Association of Hydrogeologists; IGCP International Geoscience Programme; EFG European Federation of Geoscientists; AARSE African Association of Remote Sensing of the Environment; SCA Science Council of Asia; ProGEO European Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage; SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology; CCOP Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia; GSAf Geological Society of Africa; UNU United Nations University; AGID Association of Geoscientists for International Development; UN/ISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction; NESF North-eastern Science Foundation (USA); AASG Association of American State Geologists; ISPRS International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; GSA Geological Society of America; NACSN North American Committee for Stratigraphic Nomenclature.
Objectives
The Year's Objective is to spread awareness about the desert areas of the world and especially the problem of desertification.
Themes
The Year's research themes are deserts and especially the problem of desertification.
See also
United Nations International Years
2007:International Year of Planet Earth
World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
References
External links
International Year of Deserts and Desertification
"UN launches International Year of Deserts and Desertification"
Deserts and Desertification, International Year
2006 in international relations
Desertification |
5380675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Madden | Max Madden | Maxwell Francis Madden (born 29 October 1941) is a British journalist and Labour Party politician.
Parliamentary career
Madden unsuccessfully fought Sudbury and Woodbridge in 1966, coming second.
He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Sowerby at the February 1974 election, which he lost to the Conservatives in 1979.
From 1983 until 1997, he was MP for Bradford West before being deselected and replaced as Labour candidate by Marsha Singh.
References
External links
1941 births
Living people
British male journalists
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Transport and General Workers' Union-sponsored MPs
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
Members of Parliament for Bradford West |
5380679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Annau | Catherine Annau | Catherine Annau is a Canadian documentary filmmaker and writer.
Annau's debut feature Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the '70s Generation won numerous awards including a Genie Award, and appeared at New York's Lincoln Center, the National Gallery in Washington D.C., at the Canadian Cultural Centre in Paris, and at various film festivals worldwide.
Annau's other directing work includes the international co-production Sexual Intelligence with Kim Cattrall, broadcast on HBO, Channel 4, and Discovery Canada; Winning, a documentary about lottery winners, which was broadcast by the Sundance Channel U.S and numerous public broadcasters, and The Power Refugees, a half-hour documentary about savvy young Canadians in New York, which was nominated for a Gemini award. She produced and directed for CBC's renowned investigative journalism series The Fifth Estate. Her documentary The Good Father about one of Canada's worst sexual predators won a Gracie Award (U.S). She has also produced an internationally award-winning documentary on women and heart disease, Wisdom of the Heart.
A published author, her written work has appeared in the best-selling Trudeau Albums (Penguin Books, 2000), and in The Globe and Mail, as well as in numerous academic journals and anthologies of Canadian history.
Annau produced and directed Brick by Brick: the Story of Evergreen Brickworks, a documentary film about urban and environmental renewal and the Nazi POWs who helped build modern Toronto. It won a Heritage Toronto Award of Excellence.
Filmography
Director
Sexual Intelligence With Kim Cattrall - HBO/Discovery Channel Canada (Documentary)
Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the '70s Generation - National Film Board of Canada (Documentary)
Brick by Brick - The Story of Evergreen Brickworks - OMNI 1 Television (Documentary)
Winning: Life after the Lottery - TVO/Sundance Channel (Documentary)
The Power Refugees - TVOntario (Documentary)
Gold Medal Plates: The Quest for Canada's Best Chef - Lively Media (Documentary series)
Opening Soon - The Food Network (TV series)
Balance: Television for Living Well - CTV (TV series, selected episodes)
Producer
Dragons' Den - CBC (Reality series, selected episodes)
Spoiled Rotten - Temple Street (Reality series)
Pure Design - HGTV (TV series)
Wisdom of the Heart:Women and Heart Disease - CBC Newsworld/TVO (TV series)
Brick by Brick - The Story of Evergreen Brickworks - OMNI 1 Television (Documentary)
The Good Father - CBC (Documentary)
Winning: Life after the Lottery - TVO/Sundance Channel (Documentary)
The Power Refugees - TVOntario (Documentary)
Awards and nominations
Brick by Brick - The Story of Evergreen Brickworks - OMNI 1 Television (Documentary)
Winner of a 2011 Heritage Toronto Award of Excellence
Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the '70s Generation
Genie Award for Best Feature Length Documentary
Sudbury Cinéfest Best Ontario Feature
Toronto International Film Festival Best Canadian First Feature Film
Blockbuster People's Choice Awards Best Feature Length Documentary
Columbus International Film & Video Festival Chris Award
The Good Father
The Gracie Award Outstanding Investigative Program (USA)
3 Gemini Award Nominations - including Best Direction in a News or Information Segment, Best Host/Interviewer, Best Editing
Wisdom of the Heart: Women and Heart Disease
Houston International Film Festival Silver Medal
Columbus International Film & Video Festival Bronze Plaque
National Educational Media Network Awards Silver Apple
Winning: Life after the Lottery
Nominated Gemini Award
The Power Refugees
Nominated Gemini Award Best Information Segment
Dragon's Den
Nominated Gemini Awards Best Reality Program or Series
References
External links
Canadian women film directors
Canadian documentary film directors
Canadian television directors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Film directors from Toronto
Directors of Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners for Best Documentary Film
Women documentary filmmakers
Canadian women television directors |
5380686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%20Parkway%20%28Jones%20Beach%29 | Bay Parkway (Jones Beach) | The Bay Parkway is a semi-limited-access highway entirely within Jones Beach State Park in Nassau County, New York, in the United States. The western terminus is at a loop near the western edge of Jones Inlet. The eastern terminus is at the Jones Beach Amphitheater east of an interchange with the Wantagh State Parkway. The parkway is primarily a service road for the park, providing access to the boat basin, fishing piers, and many of the parking lots along the beach. However, the parkway also has an interchange with the Meadowbrook State Parkway/Ocean Parkway.
East of the Meadowbrook/Ocean interchange, the Bay Parkway is designated New York State Route 909E (NY 909E), an unsigned reference route, by NYSDOT.
Route description
The Bay Parkway begins at a loop at the west end of Jones Beach State Park in Nassau County. The route heads eastward, passing the Short Beach Coast Guard Station to the north. There is a quick U-turn soon after, connecting to the other side and the station. The route passes the bays of the Atlantic Ocean, heading eastward into the Meadowbrook State Parkway and Ocean Parkway. The parkway gains the unmarked designation of Route 909E as it runs parallel to Ocean Parkway and passes more median-based U-turns. The route has one at-grade intersection along the eastbound lanes with a two-lane park road to Ocean Parkway now named "Clays Path" and the back entrance to Parking Field #3. More U-turns to and from the fishing piers and bait and tackle shop and Jones Beach Beer Garden (www.JonesBeachBeerGarden.com) at Parking Field #10 can be found on the westbound lanes followed by the back parking lot to Parking Field #4. Bay Parkway terminates at the Wantagh State Parkway near Jones Beach parking lot #5 and the parking lot for the Jones Beach Marine Theater.
Exit list
The entire route is in Jones Beach State Park, Nassau County.
References
External links
Bay Parkway at NYCRoads
Jones Beach State Park
Parkways in New York (state)
Roads on Long Island
Robert Moses projects
Transportation in Nassau County, New York |
5380695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20American%20College%20of%20Financial%20Services | The American College of Financial Services | The American College of Financial Services (The American College) is a private online university focused on professional training for financial practitioners and located in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. It offers several professional certifications and master's degrees. Annually, The American College educates approximately 40,000 students, mainly through distance education.
The institution was founded as The American College of Life Underwriters in 1927 by Solomon S. Huebner of the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. Huebner was a professional involved in the development of economic theory. His theory of human life value is used in the field of insurance. It was his vision for a college-level professional education program for insurance agents that led to the creation of The American College.
Today the college offers professional training to all types of financial practitioners. When the institution began, programs focused exclusively on providing education to life insurance professionals. The Chartered Life Underwriter (CLU) designation was the first credential offered by The College. Today The College provides training for the Certified Financial Planner (CFP) exam, The Chartered Financial Consultant (ChFC) designation, and the Master of Science in Financial Services (MSFS) master's degree.
Twenty full-time faculty members and financial experts work at the campus.
The American College campus was bought by the Jack M. Barrack Hebrew Academy in 2007.
In May 2019, The American College moved its operational headquarters to King of Prussia, Pennsylvania.
Notable alumni
Alfred W. Redmer, Jr., Maryland politician.
Lynn Yeakel, Pennsylvania administrator and politician
References
External links
Official website
Educational institutions established in 1927
Universities and colleges in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
1927 establishments in Pennsylvania
Private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania |
5380701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brosl%20Hasslacher | Brosl Hasslacher | Brosl Hasslacher (May 13, 1941 – November 11, 2005) was a theoretical physicist.
Brosl Hasslacher obtained a bachelor's in physics from Harvard University in 1962. He did his Ph.D. with D.Z. Freeman and C.N. Yang at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. After having several postdoctoral and research positions at Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, Caltech, ENS in Paris, and CERN, he settled for more than twenty years at the Theoretical Division of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. There he was involved in theoretical, experimental, and numerical work in theoretical physics, high-energy physics, nonlinear dynamics, fluid dynamics, nanotechnology, and robotics.
In the 1970s, he worked on the extended hadron model, collaborating with A. Neveu.
During the 1980s, Hasslacher pioneered with Uriel Frisch and Yves Pomeau the lattice-gas method for discrete simulation of fluid flow.
As part of the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Center for Nonlinear Studies, Hasslacher worked with Mitchell Feigenbaum and contributed ideas to chaos theory.
In the 1990s, Hasslacher worked with Mark Tilden on several papers concerning Biomorphic engineering. He is largely credited for using nonlinear dynamics to describe and design Tilden's BEAM robotics.
In 1994, Hasslacher's UNIX account (bhass) at Los Alamos National Laboratory was used by hacker Kevin Mitnick to break into computer security expert Tsutomu Shimomura's computers.
He retired from Los Alamos National Laboratory in 2003.
Notable papers
B. Hasslacher, A. Neveu, "Dynamic charges in field theories", Nuclear Physics (1979).
B. Hasslacher, M.J. Perry, "Spin networks are simplicial quantum gravity", Physics Letters (1981).
Frisch, U., B. Hasslacher, and Y. Pomeau, "Lattice gas Automata for the Navier Stokes Equation"' Phys. Rev. Lett. (1986).
B. Hasslacher, "Spontaneous curvature in a class of lattice field theories" Physica D(1991).
B. Hasslacher, M.W. Tilden, "Living machines", Robotics and Autonomous Systems (1995).
B. Hasslacher, DA Meyer, "Modeling dynamical geometry with lattice gas automata", (1998).
Dashen, RF; Hasslacher, B; Neveu, "A Particle spectrum in model field theories from semiclassical functional integral techniques" Physical Review D (Particles and Fields); (1975)
Frisch, U.; d'Humieres, D.; Hasslacher, B.; Lallemand, P.; Pomeau, Y.; Rivet, JP "Lattice gas hydrodynamics in two and three dimensions. " Complex Systems; (1987)
Dashen, RF; Hasslacher, B; Neveu, A "Semiclassical bound states in an asymptotically free theory" Physical Review D (Particles and Fields); 1975;
Christ, N.; Hasslacher, B.; Mueller, AH Light-cone behavior of perturbation theory. Physical Review D (Particles and Fields); 15 Dec. 1972; vol.6, no.12, p. 3543-62
Corrigan, E; Hasslacher, B "Functional-Equation for Exponential Loop Integrals In Gauge Theories" Physics Letters B; 1979; v.81, no.2, p. 181-184
Feigenbaum, MJ; Hasslacher, B, "Irrational decimations and path integrals for external noise" Physical Review Letters; 30 Aug. 1982; vol.49, no.9, p. 605-9
Hasslacher, B; Mottola, E Gauge "Field Model of Induced Classical Gravity" Physics Letters B; 1980; v.95, no.2, p. 237-240
Hasslacher, B; Mottola, E, "Asymptotically Free Quantum-Gravity and Black-Holes" Physics Letters B; 1981; v.99, no.3, p. 221-224
Hasslacher, B; Perry, MJ, "Spin Networks are Simplicial Quantum-Gravity" Physics Letters B; 1981; v.103, no.1, p. 21-24
Hasslacher, B.; Kapral, R.; Lawniczak, A., "Molecular Turing structures in the biochemistry of the cell" Chaos; 1993; vol.3, no.1, p. 7-13
Hasslacher, B.; Sinclair, DK; Cicuta, GM; Sugar, RL "Tower exchange in lambda phi {sup 3} theory" Physical Review Letters; (1970)
Hasslacher, B.; Sinclair, DK "Feynman-parameter approach to N-tower exchange in phi {sup 3} theory" Physical Review D (Particles and Fields); 15 April 1971; vol.3, no.8, p. 1770–81
Hasslacher, B.; Hsue, CS; Sinclair, DK "Dual-resonance model implications for two-particle spectra in inclusive reactions" Physical Review D (Particles and Fields); (1971)
Hasslacher, B; Sinclair, DK, "Problems with currents in the dual-resonance model" Lettere al Nuovo Cimento; 12 Sept. 1970; vol.4, no.11, p. 515-19
Imholt, TJ; Dyke, CA; Hasslacher, B; Perez, JM; Price, DW; Roberts, JA; Scott, JB; Wadhawan, A; Ye, Z; Tour, JM Nanotubes in Microwave Fields: Light Emission, Intense Heat, Outgassing, and Reconstruction Chemistry of Materials; 21 Oct. 2003; vol.15, no.21, p. 3969-70
Hasslacher, B; Meyer, DA Modeling dynamical geometry with lattice-gas automata. International Journal of Modern Physics C; Dec. 1998; vol.9, no.8, p. 1597-605 Conference: 7th International Conference on the Discrete Simulation of Fluids, 14–18 July 1998, Oxford, UK
Hasslacher, B; Meyer, DA Lattice gases and exactly solvable models. Journal of Statistical Physics; Aug. 1992; vol.68, no.3-4, p. 575-90
Hasslacher, B PARALLEL BILLIARDS AND MONSTER SYSTEMS DAEDALUS; WIN 1992; v.121, no.1, p. 53-65
HASSLACHER, B; MEYER, DA Knot invariants and cellular automata. Physica D; 2 Sept. 1990; vol.45, no.1-3, p. 328-44
Hasslacher, B.; Mottola, E. Asymptotically free quantum gravity and black holes. Physics Letters B; 19 Feb. 1981; vol.99B, no.3, p. 221-4
Hasslacher, B.; Mottola, E. Gauge field model of induced classical gravity. Physics Letters B; 22 Sept. 1980; vol.95B, no.2, p. 237-40
Dashen, RF; Hasslacher, B.; Neveu, A. Nonperturbative methods and extended-hadron models in field theory. I. Semiclassical functional methods. Physical Review D (Particles and Fields); 15 Dec. 1974; vol.10, no.12, p. 4114-29
Dashen, RF; Hasslacher, B.; Neveu, A. Nonperturbative methods and extended-hadron models in field theory. II. Two-dimensional models and extended hadrons. Physical Review D (Particles and Fields); 15 Dec. 1974; vol.10, no.12, p. 4130-8
Dashen, RF; Hasslacher, B.; Neveu, A., Nonperturbative methods and extended-hadron models in field theory. III. Four-dimensional non-Abelian models. Physical Review D (Particles and Fields); 15 Dec. 1974; vol.10, no.12, p. 4138-42
See also
Lattice gas automaton
Spin network
References
1941 births
2005 deaths
American nuclear physicists
20th-century American physicists
Cellular automatists
Chaos theorists
Harvard University alumni
Stony Brook University alumni
Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel
People associated with CERN |
5380713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ultimate%20Evil | The Ultimate Evil | The Ultimate Evil is the second in a series of novelisations, based on a number of cancelled scripts from the 1986 season of the television series Doctor Who. It was written by Wally K. Daly. It was first published by Target Books in 1989 as the second volume of its Missing Episodes series.
Synopsis
The Sixth Doctor's TARDIS is working perfectly, leaving him with nothing to do. When Peri suggests a holiday, the Doctor decides to visit the peaceful country of Tranquela. But an evil arms dealer, the Dwarf Mordant has been busy fomenting hatred there, so they will break a truce with their enemy, the people of the continent of Ameliora. But when even the Doctor becomes affected, can anything stop Mordant's plans?
Background
It was announced in 1985 that Michael Grade, controller of BBC1, had cancelled a number of long-running programmes in order to help fund the launch of a new soap opera named EastEnders. Of the many programmes that were cancelled, Doctor Who was the most high-profile. A campaign was quickly launched by the national press to see about its return and Grade very quickly confirmed that Doctor Who would be returning in 1986.
Several stories had already been in the planning stages for Season 23 of Doctor Who, three of which were in the middle of being scripted when the announcement was made. The Ultimate Evil was to be directed by Fiona Cumming.
In 1988, Target Books, which had been successfully publishing novelisations of Doctor Who stories for many years, saw itself quickly running out of available televised material (although a number of serials remained unadapted, most of these were off-limits due to licensing problems). While negotiations went forward with the BBC for the publication of all new adventures, the decision was made to resurrect three of the cancelled scripts and publish them in book form. The writers of all three were approached, and all were signed on to write the novels.
Intended Transmission
The Ultimate Evil Part One was to be transmitted on 18 January 1986. Part Two was to have been broadcast on 25 January 1986.
Audio adaptation
In 2009 Daly was approached by Big Finish Productions to write an audio adaptation for their Lost Stories range. However, they were unable to come to a suitable agreement. Daly had already recorded an audiobook for a fund-raising exercise between the RNIB and Rotary International. Big Finish eventually did come to terms with Daly and his audio adaptation was released in November 2019.
References
Sources
The Cloister Library - The Ultimate Evil
'Dr Who joins Rotary's fight to end polio' on the Rotary International website
1989 British novels
1989 science fiction novels
Sixth Doctor novels
Sixth Doctor audio plays
Novels set on fictional planets |
5380734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-for-All%20%28Ted%20Nugent%20album%29 | Free-for-All (Ted Nugent album) | Free-for-All is the second studio album by American hard rock musician Ted Nugent. It was released in October 1976 by Epic Records, and was his first album to go platinum.
Background
As the recording of Free-for-All commenced, rhythm guitarist and lead vocalist Derek St. Holmes left the band, citing growing personal and creative conflicts with Nugent. Two solid years of living together on the road had taken its toll on the relationship. Additionally, St. Holmes was unhappy with Tom Werman's production, saying that the producer was watering down the band's sound.
A full year before Bat Out of Hell brought him international success, vocalist Meat Loaf was brought in by producer Werman to sing on the album. Meat Loaf was paid the sum of $1,000 for his contributions to the album, which included crafting his vocal arrangements and two days of recording sessions. He says that after he agreed to do the album he was sent a lyric sheet containing just the words with no arrangements. Having no idea what the songs were going to sound like, he then created the vocal arrangements for the songs during the two days of recording.
St. Holmes also sang lead vocal on several of the album's songs, including the single "Dog Eat Dog". He officially returned to the group after Free-for-Alls release, and performed on the subsequent tour. Band management asked him to return at the request of Epic Records.
Track listing
All songs written by Ted Nugent, except where noted; all songs arranged by Nugent, Rob Grange, Derek St. Holmes and Cliff Davies.
Personnel
Band members
Ted Nugent – lead and rhythm guitar, lead vocals (tracks 1 and 10), percussion, bass guitar (track 2)
Meat Loaf – lead vocals (tracks 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9)
Rob Grange – bass guitar, bass phase effects
Cliff Davies – drums, percussion, backing vocals (track 2), producer
Derek St. Holmes – lead vocals (tracks 2, 4, 7, 11 and 12), rhythm guitar (tracks 2, 10 & 11)
Additional musicians
Steve McRay – keyboards, backing vocals
Tom Werman – percussion, producer
Production
Lew Futterman – producer
Anthony Reale – engineer
Tim Geelan – mixing engineer
Paula Scher – album design
Jim Houghton – photography
Bruce Dickinson – 1999 reissue producer
Vic Anesini – remastering
Stephan Moore – 1999 reissue project director
Howard Fritzson – 1999 reissue art director
Gary Graff – 1999 reissue liner notes
Charts
Weekly charts
Singles
Certifications
References
1976 albums
Ted Nugent albums
Epic Records albums
Albums produced by Tom Werman |
5380735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Bowden | Andrew Bowden | Sir Andrew Bowden (born 8 April 1930) is a British Conservative Party politician. From 2004 to 2010, he was an international consultant at Global Equities Corporation.
Early life
Bowden was born the son of William Victor Bowden, a solicitor, and Francesca Wilson. He was educated at Ardingly College.
He started his career as a sales executive. He served as a councillor on Wandsworth Borough Council from 1956 to 1961 and as national chairman of Young Conservatives from 1960 to 1961. Bowden worked in the paint industry from 1955 to 1968.
Parliamentary career
He entered the House of Commons on his fourth attempt in 1970 by gaining the Brighton Kemptown seat from the Labour Party. As well as fighting Kemptown in the previous election, he had fought Hammersmith North in 1955 and Kensington North in 1964. He remained Member of Parliament for Kemptown until his defeat by Labour's Desmond Turner in the 1997 election. As an MP, he acted as a parliamentary consultant for Southern Water. He was a member of the Council of Europe from 1987 to 1997.
He was accused of failing to register an election donation of £5,319 from lobbyist Ian Greer, who acted for Mohammed Al Fayed, as well as business interests with the House of Fraser.
After Parliament
In recent years he has become a regular on the poker circuit. He also plays chess and golf. From 1975 to 1997, he served as national president of the Captive Animals Protection Society. He is a patron of the Sussex & Kent ME/CFS Society. He is president of Brighton's Royal British Legion branch. He has also acted as vice president of the League Against Cruel Sports.
Honours
Bowden received an MBE in 1961. He was knighted in 1994.
Personal life
Bowden married Benita Napier in 1970. He has a son and daughter.
Bowden lives in Ovingdean, Brighton, and is a member of the Carlton Club. His recreations include birdwatching, chess and poker.
Bibliography
Dare We Trust Them - A New Vision for Europe (2005)
References
Times Guide to the House of Commons 1997
Who's Who 2007
Paul Kelbie, The Independent (London), Jun 17, 2006
1930 births
Living people
People educated at Ardingly College
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of Wandsworth Metropolitan Borough Council
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Politicians awarded knighthoods
Politics of the United Kingdom articles needing infoboxes |
5380742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Open%20%28disambiguation%29 | Australian Open (disambiguation) | The Australian Open is an annual grand-slam tennis tournament.
Australian Open may also refer to:
Australian Open (badminton)
Australian Open (golf)
Australian Open of Surfing
Australian Open (squash)
Australian Open (table tennis)
Australian Goldfields Open, a professional snooker tournament
Aussie Open (drone racing)
Aussie Open (professional wrestling) |
5380746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%20Orthodox%20Archdiocese%20of%20Thyateira%20and%20Great%20Britain | Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain | The Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain is an archdiocese of the Eastern Orthodox Church, part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Its present head is Archbishop Nikitas Loulias. Its jurisdiction covers those Orthodox Christians living in Great Britain, the Republic of Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands. The adherents are largely of Cypriot Greek descent, mainland Greek migrants and their descendants, and more recently native British converts along with a few Poles, Belarusians, and Ukrainians. The former archbishop, Gregorios, himself was a Cypriot whose ancestral village of Marathovounos, in the district of Famagusta, is occupied by the Turkish army. The archdiocese is based at Thyateira House, in the Bayswater district of London.
History
The first recorded organised Greek Orthodox community in England was established in 1670 by a group of 100 Greek refugees from Mani. There were also theologians, students, coffee shop owners, traders and sailors. Their priest was Daniel Boulgaris, who also seems to have taken the initiative to gain permission from the Bishop of London to build a permanent church for his growing flock. His efforts were boosted in 1676 by the arrival of the Archbishop of Samos, Joseph Georgerines, who had originally travelled to London to publish his Anthologion, "for the use of the Eastern Greek Church". Soon, the London authorities granted them permission to build a church. Georgerines then travelled around the country with his manservant, Dominikos Cratianas, to raise the necessary funds.
The church was inaugurated in 1677 in Soho and dedicated to the Panagia on what soon became Greek Street. However, the situation turned precarious when Dominicos Cratiana was taken to court by his master over the alleged disappearance of funds. Cratiana counteracted by accusing him of being a "Popish plotter".
The church was confiscated in 1684 and handed over to Huguenot refugees from France, much to the anger of the Greek Archbishop, who wrote and circulated a furious pamphlet which criticised this move and detailed how the English authorities had expropriated the community. He wrote that the community "never sold the said Church, nor received any sum for the building thereof". The church no longer stands but the dedicatory plaque that was embedded over the main entrance is now housed in the narthex of the Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St Sophia in Bayswater.
During the next 150 years, the community had to worship in the Imperial Russian Embassy. Finally, in 1837, an autonomous community was set up in Finsbury Park in London. The first new church was built in 1850, on London Street in the City. In 1877, the Church of St Sophia (the Holy Wisdom) was constructed in London, in order to cope with the growing influx of Orthodox immigrants to the United Kingdom. By the outbreak of the First World War, there were large Orthodox communities in London, Manchester, Cardiff and Liverpool, each focused on its own church.
The issue of how these significant communities were to be governed was not resolved until 1922, when the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, following the initiative of the Ecumenical Patriarch Meletius IV, established the Metropolis of Central and Western Europe with its See in London, naming it ‘Metropolis of Thyateira and Great Britain’. The city of Thyateira, after which the Archdiocese was named, was one of the seven Apostolic Churches, and up to its decadence and abandonment, it had been a prominent Metropolis of the Christian World.
The Second World War and its aftermath saw a large expansion amongst the Orthodox Communities of Europe, necessitating the establishment of new dioceses in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and Switzerland.
Archbishops of Thyateira and Great Britain
Several archbishops have served the diocese since 1922 including:
Germanos Strenopoulos (1922—1951)
Athenagoras Kavadas (1951—1962)
Athenagoras Kokkinakis (1963—1979)
Methodios Fouiyas (1979—1988)
Gregorios Theocharous (1988 - 2019)
Nikitas Loulias (2019–present)
Parishes and monasteries
there are 108 parishes and monasteries in the UK and Ireland:
South West
SS Michael the Archangel & Piran, near Falmouth
SS Demetrius & Nicetas, Plymouth
St Andrew, Torquay
St Andrew the Apostle, Weston-super-Mare
SS Peter & Paul, Bristol
Nativity of the Mother of God (Eastern Orthodox Church), Bristol
St John of Kronstadt, Bath
Community of St John Chrysostom, Gloucester
St John the Forerunner, Salisbury
Community of St Spyridon, Bournemouth
Holy Prophet Elias, Exeter & Combe Martin
South East
Holy Trinity & Annunciation, Oxford
SS Ambrose & Stylianos, Milton Keynes
Community of St Phanourius, Aylesbury
Community of St Gregory the Theologian, Beaconsfield
Prophet Elias, Reading
St Andrew the Apostle, Windsor
St Nicholas, Southampton
Community of Portsmouth
Holy Trinity, Brighton
St Mary Magdalene, St Leonards-on-Sea
SS Panteleimon & Theodore, Eastbourne
Annunciation of the Mother of God, Maidstone
SS Mark & Fotini, Folkestone
Archangel Michael, Margate
London
Central London
Cathedral & Metropolitical Church of St Sophia, Bayswater
Cathedral of St Andrew, Kentish Town
Cathedral of All Saints, Camden Town
Archdiocesan Chapel of the Annunciation of the Mother of God, Bayswater
North London
Cathedral of the Dormition of the Mother of God, Wood Green
Cathedral of the Holy Cross & St Michael, Golders Green
SS Cosmas & Damian, NW5 1LN
SS Anthony the Great & John the Baptist, Islington
St Barnabas, Wood Green
St Demetrius, Lower Edmonton, N9 0LP
St John the Baptist, Hornsey
St Katherine, Friern Barnet
SS Panteleimon & Paraskevi, Harrow
Community of SS Raphael, Nicholas & Irene of Lesbos (Mytiline), Enfield North & District
Chapel of the Resurrection, Muswell Hill
South London
Cathedral of the Nativity of the Mother of God, Camberwell
SS Constantine & Helen, Upper Norwood
St Nectarius, SW11 5QR
St George, Kingston-upon-Thames
Christ the Saviour, Welling
East London
SS Eleutherius, Anthia & Luke the Evangelist, Leyton
St John the Theologian, E8 3RD
SS Lazarus & Andrew the Apostle, Forest Gate
West London
Cathedral of St Nicholas, Shepherds Bush
East of England
St Mamas, Bedford
St Charalambos, Luton
The Twelve Apostles, Brookmans Park
SS Athanasius & Clement, Cambridge
Mother of God, Norwich
Pan-Orthodox Chapel of Life-Receiving Source, Walsingham
St Spyridon, Great Yarmouth
Community of SS Cosmas & Damian, Ipswich
Community of St Sophia & Her Three Daughters, Bishop's Stortford
Patriarchal Stavropegic Monastery of St. John the Baptist, Essex
SS Barbara, Phanourius & Paul, Southend-on-Sea
West Midlands
Community of SS Stephen & Thecla, Hereford
Community of Oswestry
Holy Fathers of Nicaea & St John the Baptist, Shrewsbury
Community of the Holy Fathers of Nicaea, Telford
Cathedral of the Dormition of the Mother of God & St Andrew, Birmingham
Holy Trinity & St Luke, Birmingham
Nativity of the Mother of God, Walsall
The Holy Transfiguration, Coventry
Ascension of the Lord, Rugby
SS Mary & Marina, Stoke-on-Trent
East Midlands
St Neophytos, Northampton
Cathedral of SS Nicholas & Xenophon, Leicester
Virgin Mary Eleousa, Nottingham
SS Cyril & Methodius, Mansfield
St Basil the Great & Saint Paisios, Lincoln
North West
St Barbara, Chester
St Nicholas, Toxteth
Annunciation of the Mother of God, Manchester
St Nicholas, Blackley
Community of the Holy Apostles, Leyland
Community of St Simon the Zealot, Dalton-in-Furness
Yorkshire and the Humber
Annunciation of the Mother of God, Sheffield
Three Hierarchs, Leeds
Community of St Constantine the Great, York
North East
Annunciation of the Mother of God, Middlesbrough
Community of SS Cuthbert & Bede, Durham
St Anthony, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Wales
St Nicholas, Cardiff
Three Hierarchs, Lampeter
Community of Rhuddlan
Private Chapel at White House, Saundersfoot
Scotland
Cathedral of St Luke, Glasgow
Chapel of St Andrew, Edinburgh
Chapel of St John the Baptist, Ardross Castle
Community of Dundee
Community of St Andrews
Community of Perth
Oratory of the Mother of God & St Cumein, Fort Augustus
Community of the Highlands, Inverness
Community of St Matthew the Apostle, Aberdeen
Channel Islands
Community of SS Simon, Andrew the Apostle & Philon, Jersey
Community of All Saints, Guernsey
Ireland
Community of the Annunciation, Dublin
See also Category:Greek Orthodox churches in the United Kingdom
References
Bibliography
External links
Eastern Orthodox dioceses in the United Kingdom
Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain
Eastern Orthodoxy in the Republic of Ireland
Thyateira
Dioceses established in the 20th century
Christian organizations established in 1922
1922 establishments in England |
4043728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubov%20Yegorova%20%28cross-country%20skier%29 | Lyubov Yegorova (cross-country skier) | Lyubov Ivanovna Yegorova (; born 5 May 1966, Seversk), name also spelled Ljubov Jegorova, is a Russian former cross-country Olympic ski champion, multiple world champion (first time in 1991), winner of the World Cup (1993) and Hero of Russia. Lyubov Yegorova is an honorary citizen of Seversk (1992), Saint Petersburg (1994), and Tomsk Oblast (2005).
Career
Yegorova won several medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with three golds (4 × 5 km relay: 1991, 1993; 30 km: 1991), one silver (5 km: 1993), and two bronzes (5 km + 10 km combined pursuit, 30 km: 1993). She also won the women's 15 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1994. Additionally, Yegorova won a total of nine medals at the Winter Olympics, earning six golds and three silver. She was the most successful athlete at both the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics. She won the Holmenkollen medal in 1994 (shared with Vladimir Smirnov and Espen Bredesen).
Doping case
Yegorova made a decision to retire after the 1997 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Trondheim when she was disqualified for doping on bromantan, a stimulant drug. She was disqualified on 26 February 1997, three days after winning gold in the women's 5 km event, and stripped of that medal.
Return
She returned after the suspension to compete at the 2002 Winter Olympics but did not win a medal there.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
9 medals – (6 gold, 3 silver)
World Championships
6 medals – (3 gold, 1 silver, 2 bronze)
World Cup
Season titles
1 titles – (1 overall)
Season standings
Individual podiums
13 victories
41 podiums
Team podiums
12 victories
21 podiums
Note: Until the 1999 World Championships and the 1994 Olympics, World Championship and Olympic races were included in the World Cup scoring system.
Personal life
She is the mother of Viktor Sysoyev.
See also
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
List of multiple Winter Olympic medalists
References
External links
Holmenkollen medalists – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file
Holmenkollen winners since 1892 – click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file
Information on Yegorova's doping disqualification
Lyubov Yegorova
1966 births
Living people
People from Seversk
Cross-country skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Doping cases in cross-country skiing
Heroes of the Russian Federation
Holmenkollen medalists
Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners
Russian female cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers of the Unified Team
Olympic cross-country skiers of Russia
Olympic gold medalists for Russia
Olympic gold medalists for the Unified Team
Olympic silver medalists for Russia
Olympic silver medalists for the Unified Team
Russian sportspeople in doping cases
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Cross-Country World Cup champions
Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Tomsk State Pedagogical University alumni
Russian sportsperson-politicians
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
Herzen University alumni
Members of Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg |
4043729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey%20Post | Guernsey Post | Guernsey Post is the postal service for the island of Guernsey, Channel Islands. It includes a Philatelic bureau, and regularly issues both definitive and commemorative stamps. It also provides postal services for Sark.
In contrast to the United Kingdom, Guernsey Post pillar boxes can be identified by their distinctive blue colour.
History
The first pillar boxes in Britain were introduced in the Channel Islands as an experiment in 1852. Anthony Trollope, the novelist, who was employed by the General Post Office, trialled pillar boxes in the Channel Islands before introducing them into mainland Britain. He was influenced by roadside letter-receiving pillars used in France. Before the use of pillar boxes, on the mainland, individual letters would be taken by hand to a letter receiving house or post office, which was often a coaching inn, a postage stamp purchased and the letter handed to the receiver or postmaster, to connect with the mail coach and later the railway. In the Channel Islands, people took their letters to the mail steamer when it was awaiting the tide in the harbour – the particular problem of an island mail service then. Pillar boxes allowed letters to be posted at any time and they could then be collected when a steamer was due. They were convenient and immediately successful. However, as with many innovations, the first boxes were introduced into Jersey. One of these original pillar boxes can be seen in Union Street, St Peter Port and has been maintained by Guernsey Post in its traditional red livery.
Guernsey stamps were first issued in the island during the German Occupation of 1940–1945, when there was a great shortage of British stamps, as all ties with mainland Britain had been severed by the German authorities.
Guernsey's government, the States of Guernsey, took over the running of postal services from the British Government in October 1969 (as did Jersey, forming Jersey Post). Since then on it has regularly issued Guernsey stamps. Guernsey is postcoded as the GY postcode area, established in 1993 as an extension of the United Kingdom postcode system.
In 2001, the States of Guernsey commercialised the Post Office, and it became Guernsey Post Ltd and was awarded the licence to operate the reserved sector postal operation and meet the Universal Service Obligation (USO). To monitor Guernsey Post and either encourage competition in the market or where it is missing provide a controlling force the Office of Utility Regulation, otherwise known as the OUR, was created.
Guernsey Post is a member of the Small European Postal Administration Cooperation.
Postage stamps of Guernsey
Guernsey and Alderney Stamps are world-renowned for their beauty and quality. The first Guernsey Postage Stamps were designed and printed during the occupation in 1941 when supplies of British stamps ran out. Over the years many aspects of island life have been commemorated and depicted on Guernsey and Alderney stamps. Topics of past philatelic issues include the sea, the natural world, agriculture and horticulture, transport, sport, Christmas, military, art and entertainment. Guernsey Stamps are produced by Guernsey Post.
References
External links
Guernsey Philatelic Bureau website
Guernsey Post Ltd website
Office of Utility regulation website
Swift – Postal Automation System
Communications in Guernsey
Postal organizations
Postal system of the United Kingdom
Members of the Small European Postal Administration Cooperation |
4043730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross%20Lander%20244X | Cross Lander 244X | The Cross Lander 244X was a basic, rugged 4x4 SUV built under license from ARO of Romania, in Manaus, Brazil, and based on the ARO 244. ARO was to supply CKD kits to Brazil for assembly by Cross Lander Industria e Comercio. Sales in the United States were expected to begin in 2005, with targets of 6,000 units per year but the launch has been cancelled. The American Cross Lander used Ford's 4.0 L Cologne V6 engine and an Eaton transmission. The engine produces 207 hp (154 kW) and 238 ft·lbf (323 N·m) of torque.
See also
ARO 24 Series
ARO
References
ARO vehicles
Sport utility vehicles
Cars of Romania |
4043734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1bado%20Al%20Mediod%C3%ADa | Sábado Al Mediodía | Sábado Al Mediodía (Saturday at Noon), Hosted by Celines Toribio, Jimmy Nieves, Luis Velasco and later Birmania Rios. Sabado Al Mediodia, a variety and entertainment show that was the number-one-rated local Spanish TV program on Univision's New York affiliate, WXTV-41, from March 27, 1993 to June 30, 2001. Almost every major Latino celebrity and personality — Ricky Martin, Luis Miguel, Celia Cruz, Daddy Yankee, Shakira, Juanes — has been a regular television guest.
External links
New York Metro
Radio Notas
El Diario NY
Variety television series |
5380757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens%20Cooperative%20School | Stevens Cooperative School | Stevens Cooperative School is a private school for PreK 3 through 8th grade with campuses in Hoboken and Newport, Jersey City. Founded in 1949, Stevens is the oldest parent cooperative school in New Jersey, and a model of progressive education in action. Originally an informal playgroup for children of the faculty at Stevens Institute of Technology, the school has grown into a nursery, elementary and middle school with over 420 students. The Stevens community includes Hoboken, Jersey City, Weehawken, North Bergen, Secaucus, Union City, Bayonne, West New York, Cliffside Park and other NJ locations and Manhattan.
News, Press, Reviews of Stevens Cooperative School
Stevens Cooperative School names Dr. Sergio Alati, Head of School (Beginning July 2012)
History & Timeline
History and timeline references found on the Stevens Cooperative School .
1949 Stevens Cooperative School was incorporated as a school for 3s and 4s. After a number of years, it moved to Lott House, at 8th Street and Castle Point Terrace in Hoboken, where the nursery school remained until 2007.
1973 Stevens starts its first Kindergarten program at St. Matthews Presbyterian Church at 9th Street and Hudson Street.
1979 The School moves to St. John’s Lutheran Church at 3rd and Bloomfield Streets and adds a 1st grade and 2nd grade.
1980 Stevens adds 3rd grade and 4th grade and moves St. Paul’s Episcopal Church at 820 Hudson Street. Families from all over Hudson County join the school’s population.
1983 Stevens buys a building at 220 Willow Street to house the K-4th grade.
1980s The expansion of the School allows for the hiring of many teachers from the Bank Street College of Education, one of the nation’s leaders in progressive education. This practice continues today.
1986 The school hires its first full-time educational director.
1992 The school moves into the Rue Building at 3rd and Garden Streets, where 1st grade - 8th grade in Hoboken remain today.
1995 Zoe L. Hauser begins her tenure
Late 1990s Stevens expands to middle school, adding a 5th grade in 1997 and a 6th grade in 1998.
2003 The school graduates its first 8th grade class.
2003 Stevens moves its PreK and Kindergarten classes into a building a 301 Bloomfield Street, financing the purchase of the land with its first capital campaign.
2005 Stevens opens a new campus at Newport in Jersey City with Kindergarten - 2nd grade, and the commitment to add one grade there per year.
2007 A morning and afternoon 2s program is launched at the 301 Bloomfield Street facility.
2007 Stevens moves its 3s, 4s and PreK/K students in Hoboken into a new facility at 333 River Street.
2007 The Harrell Room, a science and media center, is installed on the second floor of 301 Bloomfield.
2008 Stevens Newport Campus welcomes middle schoolers and has its first 5th grade class.
2009 Stevens Newport Campus moves into a brand new, build to suit, 20,000 square foot space at the AquaBlu building within the Newport development.
2010 Zoe L. Hauser celebrates 15 years as Head of School.
2012 Dr. Sergio Alati named Head of School.
2013 Josh Marks named Hoboken Campus Principal.
2015 Shehla Ghouse named Newport Campus Principal.
Accreditation
Stevens Cooperative School is accredited by the New Jersey Association of Independent Schools (NJAIS).
Buildings
Stevens Cooperative School has four buildings on two campuses in Hoboken and the Newport area of Jersey City.
References
External links
Data for Stevens Cooperative School, National Center for Education Statistics
Private elementary schools in New Jersey
Private middle schools in New Jersey
Hoboken, New Jersey
Schools in Jersey City, New Jersey
New Jersey Association of Independent Schools
Schools in Hudson County, New Jersey |
5380797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gager | John Gager | John Goodrich Gager Jr. (born 1937 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American scholar of Christianity. He retired from his position as William H. Danforth Professor of Religion at Princeton University in the spring of 2006.
Biography
The Gager family's roots in New England reach back to the arrival of John Winthrop and the "Winthrop Fleet" at what became the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630.
Gager joined the faculty of Princeton University in 1968 as an assistant professor in the Department of Religion, having previously taught at Haverford College. After studying at Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire, Gager went on to receive his B.A. and M. Div. from Yale University and his Ph.D. from Harvard University. Gager undertook additional studies at the Sorbonne in Paris and at the University of Tübingen in Germany. During his studies in Yale, Gager was a Freedom Rider, and was arrested in Jackson, Mississippi in June 1961.
Gager's scholarly concern is with the religions of the Roman Empire, especially early Christianity and its relations to ancient Judaism, and has also written on the theme of religion and magic. Professor Gager is also an avid rock climber, kayaker, and cyclist.
In his book "Kingdom and Community: The Social World of Early Christianity" (1975), Gager helped pioneer an interdisciplinary approach to the study of religion, drawing particularly on the works of sociologists Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann.
In "Reinventing Paul" (2002), Gager argued for a radical new understanding of the apostle Paul's views of Jews and Judaism. From Library Journal on "Reinventing Paul:"
Gager's work on curse tablets or defixiones in his book Curse Tablets and Binding Spells from the Ancient World is some of the best in this field.
Major books
Reinventing Paul (2002), 208 p.,
The Origins of Anti-Semitism : Attitudes toward Judaism in Pagan and Christian Antiquity (1985), 312 p.,
Moses in Greco-roman Paganism (1972), 176 p.,
Curse Tablets and Binding Spells from the Ancient World. (1992), 278 p.,
References
External links
Robert Orlando, "Reinventing Paul" - Columbia Professor of Religious Studies reviews Gager's "Reinventing Paul."
Brent Vine's review of "Curse Tablets" Bryn Mawr Classical Review (2003).
Gager bio - Princeton's bio of John Gager, slightly outdated.
Jonathan Zebrowski, "Religion professor, active mentor, to retire".
Daily Princetonian Editorial, "Two great professors leave a legacy".
1937 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
University of Paris alumni
American religion academics
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Princeton University faculty
American expatriates in France
American expatriates in Germany
Historians of Christianity
Writers from Boston |
5380798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20of%20Welsh%20Independents | Union of Welsh Independents | The Union of Welsh Independents () is a Reformed congregationalist denomination in Wales.
History
Welsh congregational churches or Independents stand in the Puritan tradition. The first congregational congregation was founded at Llanfaches in 1639. Early founders were in the puritan tradition. Later several churches were founded and formed separate denominations. They embraced different theological positions. Finally the denomination was founded in 1872 as a voluntary association of churches. They called it Independent because each congregation claims to be under the authority of Christ. Individual congregations cooperate through associations. Now the Union works through six departments: finance, mission, ministry, education, churches, communication. The Union churches have much in common with other free churches in Wales. Ministers can freely move their ministry among them. The Unions council met once a year. The Union is a free and voluntary body, its aims to help to make churches a fellowship that serve Jesus Christ. The church has high emphasis on preaching the Gospel, and education, empowering church members. The denomination currently is working on a new mission strategy, the AGAPE program, started in 2005. The latest strategy is the Welsh Independents Development Programme.
Statistics
In 2006 it had 16 associations of churches, 450 congregations, 31,000 members and about 107 ministers. Its worship services are held primarily in the Welsh language.
According to the latest statistics in 2021 it had over 400 congregations. The president is Beti-Wyn James.
Interchurch relations
The Union is a member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Also a member in the International Congregational Fellowship, Council for World Mission and the World Council of Churches.
It has friendly relations with the Congregational Federation.
References
External links
Union of Wales Independents official site
Members of the World Communion of Reformed Churches
Reformed denominations in the United Kingdom
Christian denominations in the United Kingdom
Congregationalism |
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