id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
389
| title
stringlengths 1
250
| text
stringlengths 2
355k
|
|---|---|---|---|
4042731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement%20%28disambiguation%29 | Atonement (disambiguation) | Atonement is the concept of a person taking action to correct previous wrongdoing on their part.
Atonement may also refer to:
Religion
Atonement in Judaism
Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, the biblical/Jewish observance
Atonement in Christianity
Atonement (governmental view)
Atonement (moral influence view)
Atonement (penal substitution view)
Atonement (ransom view)
Atonement (satisfaction view)
Substitutionary atonement
Society of the Atonement
Universal atonement, as in:
Unlimited atonement, the doctrine that the atonement is unlimited in extent
Universal reconciliation, the doctrine that all will eventually come to salvation
Atonement Academy, a parochial Catholic school in San Antonio, Texas
Blood atonement, a concept in Mormonism
Day of Atonement (Nation of Islam)
Vergangenheitsbewältigung, post-WW2 German denazification and repentance
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
Atonement (1919 film), an American drama film directed by William Humphrey
Atonement (2007 film), a British film directed by Joe Wright, based on Ian McEwan's novel
Music
Albums and soundtracks
Atonement (Your Memorial album) and its title track, 2010
Atonement (Immolation album), 2017
Atonement (Killswitch Engage album), 2019
Atonement (soundtrack), the soundtrack from the 2007 film Atonement
Songs
"Atonement", a song by Opeth from the album Ghost Reveries
"Atonement", a song by The Roots from the album Game Theory
"Atonement", a song by Bloc Party, a b-side to their single "I Still Remember"
"Atonement", a song by Heaven Shall Burn of their Iconoclast (Part 1: The Final Resistance)
Other arts, entertainment, and media
"Atonement" (Babylon 5), a Babylon 5 television series episode
Atonement (novel), a 2001 novel by Ian McEwan
Tsugunai: Atonement, a 2001 role-playing videogame |
5379359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20D%27Orazio | Matt D'Orazio | Matthew Louis D’Orazio (born October 1, 1976) is a former American football quarterback who played in the Arena Football League (AFL). He played college football at Otterbein College.
D'Orazio was a member of the Roanoke Steam, Rochester Brigade, Buffalo/Columbus Destroyers, Mohegan Wolves, Chicago Rush, Philadelphia Soul and Calgary Stampeders. He was named the MVP of ArenaBowl XX. He was also named the 2008 AFL MVP, as well as the ArenaBowl XXII MVP, both in the same season.
Early years
D'Orazio attended St. Francis DeSales High School in Columbus, Ohio, and lettered in football and basketball. In football, he was an All-State selection, and in basketball, he was an All-Conference selection. His #10 jersey was retired by the school.
College career
D'Orazio originally attended Youngstown State University where he red-shirted in 1995 and played in one game in 1996. He then transferred to Otterbein College, where he then set school single-season and career records for passing yards, touchdown passes and total offense. While there, he passed for 8,770 yards and 73 touchdowns while rushing for 594 yards and five touchdowns during his career. In 2012, D'Orazio was inducted into the Otterbein Athletic Hall of Fame.
Professional career
Milwaukee Mustangs
D'Orazio entered the Arena Football League in 2000, when he signed with the Milwaukee Mustangs, where he only spent one season. He was placed on recallable waivers by the Mustangs on January 25, 2001.
New Jersey Gladiators
Then on March 8, 2001, he signed with the New Jersey Gladiators. He was placed on recallable waivers by the Gladiators on April 9, 2001.
Roanoke Steam
In 2001, D'Orazio played for the Roanoke Steam of the AFL's minor league af2.
Rochester Brigade
In 2002, D'Orazio signed with the Rochester Brigade of the af2. For the season, he went 324-of-522, for 3,372 passing yards, 51 touchdowns, and 13 interceptions. He also rushed for 332 yards and 20 touchdowns, an af2 alltime record.
Buffalo Destroyers
In 2003, D'Orazio returned to the AFL, signing with the Buffalo Destroyers' practice squad on February 19, 2003. He was released by the Destroyers on April 9, 2003.
Mohegan Wolves
D'Orazio played for the Mohegan Wolves of the af2 in 2003.
Columbus Destroyers
He signed with the Columbus Destroyers on November 18, 2003, and played for the team until 2005.
Chicago Rush
On November 3, 2005, he signed a two-year contract with the Chicago Rush. At the end of the 2006 season, he led the league as the top-rated passer (126.2), and the top rusher with 200 yards and 10 touchdowns. In ArenaBowl XX, he threw for 250 yards and six touchdowns, as well as rushing for two. He was named Offensive Player of the Game and game MVP for his performance. In the off-season following the 2007 season, D'Orazio was released by the Rush on November 7, 2007. The team did not want to wait until January to make a call on whether to keep him following his 2007 back injury during the playoffs. He was replaced by former Arizona Rattlers quarterback Sherdrick Bonner.
Philadelphia Soul
In 2008, D'Orazio later signed with the Philadelphia Soul as a backup to Tony Graziani. He became the starting quarterback when Graziani was injured and was out for the season. D'Orazio was voted the AFL MVP for the season while leading Philadelphia to ArenaBowl XXII, where they defeated the San Jose SaberCats 59-56, and was named MVP of the game, as well. Along with George LaFrance, he is one of only two players to be named MVP of the ArenaBowl while playing for two different teams.
Calgary Stampeders
On February 13, 2009, the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League signed D'Orazio. He was released on June 25, 2009.
AFL statistics
Stats from ArenaFan:
References
External links
Calgary Stampeders bio
1976 births
Living people
People from Elyria, Ohio
Players of American football from Ohio
American football quarterbacks
Canadian football quarterbacks
American players of Canadian football
Otterbein Cardinals football players
Milwaukee Mustangs (1994–2001) players
New Jersey Gladiators players
Buffalo Destroyers players
Manchester Wolves players
Columbus Destroyers players
Chicago Rush players
Philadelphia Soul players
Calgary Stampeders players
Roanoke Steam players
Rochester Brigade players
Sportspeople from Greater Cleveland |
4042738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20F.%20Shafroth | John F. Shafroth | John Franklin Shafroth (June 9, 1854February 20, 1922) was an American politician who served as a representative, member of the United States Senate, and Governor of Colorado.
Early life
Born in Fayette, Missouri, he attended the common schools and graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1875. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1876 and began practice in Fayette. He moved to Denver, Colorado, in 1879 and continued the practice of law. Beginning in 1889, one of the attorneys he practiced in partnership with for several years was Charles W. Waterman, later a US Senator.
His son, John F. Shafroth Jr., later a vice admiral in the US Navy during World War II, was born on 31 March 1887.
Political career
He was city attorney from 1887 to 1891 and was elected as a Republican to the 54th Congress as a representative. He then joined other Colorado officials, such as Senator Henry M. Teller, in leaving the Republicans to join the Silver Republican Party, the third party on whose ticket he was re-elected to the 55th, 56th, and 57th Congresses. To the 58th Congress, he presented credentials as a Democratic member-elect. Thus, he served in the House from March 4, 1895 to his resignation on February 15, 1904, when he declared that fraud in 29 electoral precincts made him unable to assert that he had legitimately won the election and requested for his opponent, Robert W. Bonynge, to replace him. Subsequently, Shafroth was often referred to (sometimes admiringly, sometimes sarcastically) as "Honest John."
Shafroth was Governor of Colorado from 1909 to 1913 and was instrumental in bringing in Colorado's ballot initiative institutions. In 1912, he was elected as a Democrat to the Senate, where he served one term, from March 4, 1913, to March 3, 1919; he was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 1918. While a Senator, Shafroth was chairman of the Committee on Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico (63rd to 65th Congresses); the leading Senate sponsor of the Jones-Shafroth Act of 1917, which granted citizenship to Puerto Ricans; and a member of the Committee on the Philippines (65th Congress).
Later life and death
After leaving the Senate, he served as chairman of the War Minerals Relief Commission from 1919 to 1921.
He died in 1922 and was interred in Fairmount Cemetery in Denver. His personal and official papers are archived at several locations including the Colorado State Archives (gubernatorial papers), the Colorado Historical Society Library, and the Denver Public Library's Western History and Genealogy Department.
References
External links
Governor John F. Shafroth Collection at the Colorado State Archives
1854 births
1922 deaths
People from Fayette, Missouri
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado
Silver Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado
Democratic Party United States senators from Colorado
Democratic Party governors of Colorado
Governors of Colorado
Members of the United States House of Representatives removed by contest
Politicians from Columbia, Missouri
University of Michigan alumni |
4042744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter%20Johannes%20van%20Rhijn | Pieter Johannes van Rhijn | Pieter Johannes van Rhijn (24 March 1886 – 9 May 1960) was a Dutch astronomer. Born in Gouda, he studied at Groningen. He served as director at the Sterrenkundig Laboratorium (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute) in Groningen.
He died in Groningen. The crater van Rhijn on the Moon is named after him, as is asteroid 2203 van Rhijn.
Sources
Stamboom geslacht Van Rhijn (Dutch language source)
Biografie van Rhijn, Pieter Johannes van (Dutch language source)
20th-century Dutch astronomers
1886 births
1960 deaths
People from Gouda, South Holland
University of Groningen faculty |
4042746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine%20disparue | Albertine disparue | Albertine disparue (Albertine Gone) is the title of the sixth volume of Marcel Proust's seven part novel, À la recherche du temps perdu. It is also known as La Fugitive (in French) and The Sweet Cheat Gone (in English).
Plot
In the sixth volume of the series, the Narrator's past actions meet an equivalent resolution. The captive is now the fugitive. As in previous volumes, envy and distrust eventually reveal unsuspected and unwanted revelations, such as Albertine's homosexuality, which lead the Narrator to reconcile himself with his melancholy. Unfortunately, happiness still eludes him, and the marriages of his former friends pit him against his own misery, which he tries to cover with indifference.
Publication
The final three volumes of the novel were published posthumously and without Proust's final corrections and revisions. The first edition, based on Proust's manuscript, was published as Albertine disparue to prevent it from being confused with Rabindranath Tagore's La Fugitive (1921). The first definitive edition of the novel in French (1954), also based on Proust's manuscript, used the title La Fugitive. The second, even-more-definitive French edition (1987–89) uses the title Albertine disparue and is based on an unmarked typescript acquired in 1962 by the Bibliothèque Nationale.
Mante-Proust typescript
After the death in 1986 of Proust's niece, Suzy Mante-Proust, her son-in-law discovered among her papers a typescript that had been corrected and annotated by Proust. The late changes Proust made include a small crucial detail and the deletion of approximately 150 pages. This version was published in French (Paris: Grasset, 1987) and translated as Albertine Gone by Terence Kilmartin (London: Chatto & Windus, 1989); the translation is now out of print.
Whether Proust's changes to the manuscript can be integrated into the text of modern editions of Lost Time, remains the subject of contentious debate. Current French editions adopt different approaches to the problem. The 1989 French Pléiade edition preserved the deleted material. However, Jean Milly's 2002 GF Flammarion edition follows Proust's typescript, and restores the sub-title "Sodom and Gomorrah III."
This disagreement reflects the dilemma created by the condition of Albertine disparue/La Fugitive. Proust's edited typescript shows his final intentions, but he did not have time to fully realize those intentions. Thus, the typescript leaves Albertine disparue inconsistent with Time Regained. Moreover, Proust's anticipated (but never realized) further volumes of Sodom and Gomorrah might ultimately have included the deleted material.
For the 2002 English translation of the volume, editor Christopher Prendergast charged Peter Collier with translating the 1989 Pléiade edition.
Notes
External links
Albertine disparue, French text.
In Search of Lost Time
1927 French novels
Works by Marcel Proust
Novels published posthumously |
5379364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passchendaele%20%28film%29 | Passchendaele (film) | Passchendaele is a 2008 Canadian war film, written, co-produced, directed by, and starring Paul Gross. The film, which was shot in Calgary, Alberta, Fort Macleod, Alberta, and in Belgium, focuses on the experiences of a Canadian soldier, Michael Dunne, at the Battle of Passchendaele, also known as the Third Battle of Ypres. The film had its premiere at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival on September 4, 2008, when it also had the honour of opening the festival, and it was released widely in Canada on October 17, 2008.
Plot
In the spring of 1917 after Vimy Ridge, Sergeant Michael Dunne of the 10th Battalion, CEF survives heavy combat but suffers from neurasthenia. He is sent home for recovery as a war hero for taking out a German machine gun position. While in hospital in Calgary, Alberta, where he had originally enlisted, he meets nurse Sarah Mann (Caroline Dhavernas).
David Mann (Joe Dinicol) is Sarah's younger brother, ineligible for military service due to asthma but determined to enlist. The Manns are ostracized when it becomes known their father died at Vimy Ridge fighting for the Imperial German Army.
The father of David's girlfriend pulls strings to allow him to enlist. Dunne feels responsible for David's wellbeing and reenlists as a private under his mother's maiden name McCrae. He promised Sarah to protect her brother.
David and Michael end up in the battlefields of Belgium fighting for their lives. Sarah also enlists and follows the 10th as a nurse in triage at an Advanced Dressing Station near the front. The three arrive in Flanders in time for the Battle of Passchendaele. Dunne and Sarah soon meet up again when Dunne brings a wounded man to the aid station. Dunne's cover as McCrae is soon blown, he manages to escape punishment and is promoted to platoon leader by Lieutenant Colonel Ormond, who knew him from earlier combat, when his past actions "should have got a V.C." and because of the need for experienced soldiers as high casualties were expected.
When the Canadians launch their attack, the 8th Battalion (90th Winnipeg Rifles), CEF, known as the Little Black Devils, faces a German counter-attack and become pinned down and fight to complete exhaustion. Dunne's company is sent to support them. After the support company arrives, the 8th Battalion begins to withdraw from the battlefield, believing that they are finally relieved, leaving the job of holding the ground to Dunne's small force. As the reality of the war begins to set in, David Mann begins to realize the war was not what he believed it would be. Dunne's forces spend the night in their trenches, and as a result of the shelling, David begins to have an asthmatic/panic attack and Dunne calms him down, relieving the problem.
The next morning the Germans counter-attack, and make it as far as the line, and both forces attack each other in close quarters combat. As the Germans retreat, David breaks down and chases them back to surrender. He jumps into their trenches and is met by a gun to the face where he begs in German. He is about to be shot when an artillery shell lands and the explosion throws him onto what is effectively a cross, created by walkway timbers from the trench. He is visually crucified by the explosion. This relates to Dunne's earlier story of the legendary report of the crucified soldier. When Dunne sees this he takes his helmet off, throws his gun down and runs to David, in a reckless attempt to keep his promise to keep him alive, getting shot in the process. He crawls to the cross on his knees, looking up at it. The Germans stop firing and allow him to retrieve David, whom he carries back to his own lines. The fighting swiftly resumes with a shell landing. David lives, but Dunne is carried to the hospital where he dies after his last words with Sarah. This happens just as the news comes in that the Canadians have captured Passchendaele Ridge.
The ending scene shows David Mann, who now has only one leg and uses a wheelchair; Sarah Mann; David's girlfriend Cassie; Highway and Dunne's best friend Royster (Gil Bellows) paying tribute at Dunne's grave on his home farm. The marker has been altered to remove the "5" of 1915 and changed to 1917. The camera then pans out and the background alters to a field of hundreds of Canadian war graves with a riderless horse on the horizon.
Cast
Production
Production on the film reportedly began on August 20, 2007, with principal photography in Calgary, Alberta. The film was shot over a period of forty-five days and involved over 200 actors, some of them Canadian Forces soldiers with combat experience in Afghanistan. Battle scenes were filmed on the Tsuu T'ina Indian reserve just outside Calgary, and principal photography finished in October 2007. The film was edited by David Wharnsby, and its score composed by Jan A.P. Kaczmarek.
Inspiration
This film was inspired by Gross's relationship with his maternal grandfather, Michael Joseph Dunne, who served in the 56th, 5th, 14th and 23rd Reserve Battalions, CEF, in the First World War. Like many veterans, he was reticent about sharing his experiences with his family. In a rare conversation on a fishing trip, Dunne told the story of bayonetting a young German soldier, who had eyes like water, through the head and killing him during a battle. A long time later, as Dunne lay in a hospital bed in the last days of his life, his family was mystified by Dunne's behaviour of asking for forgiveness, over and over. Only Gross knew that he was speaking to the young German he had killed.
"He went completely out of his mind at the end. He started telling me about a hideous event that happened during a skirmish in a little ruined town in World War I. He'd killed someone in a miserable, horrible way and that had obviously haunted him throughout the rest of his life. As my grandfather died, in his mind he was back in that town, trying to find a German boy whom he'd bayonetted in the forehead. He'd lived with that memory all his life – and he was of a time when people kept things to themselves. When he finally told the story, it really affected me and I've not been able to get it out of my head."
During the early portion of the film, the scene is recreated in a broken church, when Sergeant Michael Dunne bayonets a young German soldier through the forehead.
Funding
In November 2005, the Government of Alberta announced a $5.5-million grant to Gross and the film project as part of Alberta's centennial; the overall budget has been announced at between $16 million and $20 million, making it the highest-budgeted Canadian-produced film ever. The film was publicly announced at a news conference at the Museum of the Regiments on November 13, 2005.
"The province's centennial is a time to recognize our past and tell our stories, including those about Alberta's military heritage. We must work to keep our veterans' sacrifices in the forefront of our minds. The story of Passchendaele pays tribute to a key event in our country's history, and will educate Albertans and all Canadians for years to come." – Premier Ralph Klein
Historical background
The 10th Battalion was originally formed from Albertans, Saskatchewanians and Manitobans, though as the war progressed it became identified solely as an Alberta battalion. The "Fighting Tenth" served with the 1st Canadian Division and participated in all major Canadian battles of the war, and set the record for highest number of individual bravery awards for a single battle. At Hill 70, sixty men were awarded the Military Medal for the fighting there, in addition to a Victoria Cross, three Distinguished Service Orders, seven Military Crosses, and nine Distinguished Conduct Medals.
"Named for a village located on a low rise in the Ypres Salient, the very word Passchendaele has become synonymous with suffering and waste. Strong German defences in this area, developed over the course of more than two years, gave the British extremely hard going.
"The Tenth Battalion were called out of reserve to assist an attack on Hill 52, part of the same low rise Passchendaele itself was situated on. The Battalion was not scheduled to attack, but the CO wisely prepared his soldiers as if they would be making the main assault – a decision that paid dividends when the unit was called out of reserve. On 10 November 1917, the Tenth Battalion took the feature with light casualties."
Accuracy
The battle scene at the end of the movie depicts a relief of the 8th Battalion, CEF (known by their nickname "The Little Black Devils") by the 10th Battalion, an action that actually happened, as described by the history of the 10th Battalion:
Lieutenant Colonel Ormond, the Commanding Officer of the 10th (also a character in the film) gave a handwritten account of the relief in which he said:
Reception
Passchendaele received mixed or poor reviews from critics. As of April 8, 2022, the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 40% of critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 5 out of 10, based on 15 reviews.
Box office
The film was a commercial failure as it went on to gross only $4,452,423, well under its $20 million budget.
Awards
On March 2, 2009, Paul Gross was honoured for his film Passchendaele, winning that year's National Arts Centre Award for achievement over the past performance year.
At the 29th Genie Awards, the film won the Achievement in Art Direction/Production Design, Achievement in Costume Design, Achievement in Overall Sound, Achievement in Sound Editing, and Best Picture. It also received the Golden Reel Award for Canada's top-grossing film of 2008.
References
External links
2008 films
2008 drama films
2000s historical films
2000s war films
Anti-war films about World War I
Canadian Armed Forces in films
Canadian war drama films
English-language Canadian films
Films about veterans
Films directed by Paul Gross
Films scored by Jan A. P. Kaczmarek
Films set in 1917
Films set in Calgary
Films set in Belgium
Films shot in Belgium
Films shot in Calgary
Best Picture Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
War romance films
Western Front (World War I) films
World War I films based on actual events
Battle of Passchendaele
Canadian epic films
The Calgary Highlanders
2000s English-language films
Canadian World War I films
2000s Canadian films |
4042750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall%20Cool%20One%20%28novel%29 | Tall Cool One (novel) | Tall Cool One is the fourth novel in the "A-List" series by Zoey Dean. It was released in 2005 by Little, Brown.
Plot summary
At the beginning of the novel, Anna is at the beach with Danny, the producer she met while interning for Clark Sheppard on Hermosa Beach, learning to surf but can't seem to get it. The two end up having a conversation about one-night stands. Dan claims Anna isn't the type to have one but Anna claims that she would and that she doesn't think casual sex is bad even though she has only had sex with Ben, who has returned to Princeton. Her relationship with him is not certain between both of them but Anna thinks that them two have broken up or at least, are on a break.
Once Anna returns home she finds her mother and father on the couch in her father's house in Los Angeles having a drink. She finds this shocking because since the divorce, her parents couldn't stand to be in the same room. Her father explains that her sister Susan is coming out of rehab and that her doctor suggested that they meet her as a whole family.
Sam is also having her own family problems as her new stepmother Poppy has taken over the whole house to prepare for Sam's soon to be sister, Ruby Hummingbird. To Sam's further dismay, Dee has become fast friends with Poppy and even moves in to help with the baby preparations, causing Sam to feel ignored. She joins Anna at Las Casitas, not caring that the whole Sharpe family is supposed to appear on The Tonight Show together.
Meanwhile, Cammie and Adam's relationship is growing, but they have not had sex yet which Cammie finds strange. She tries to seduce him on the beach but Adam refuses and Cammie realizes he is a virgin, finding it sweet. Still, she doesn't want people to think she has lost her reputation as a vixen and so Cammie tells everyone she and Adam are having amazing sex, unbeknownst to him. Cammie and Adam do attempt to have sex throughout the course of the book but they are always interrupted. Eventually, she and Adam agree to wait until the time is right.
The two take shelter in a seemingly empty mansion as a thunderstorm begins while Kai and Eduardo realize the girls are missing. Eduardo calls Jackson Sharpe, who cancels the Jay Leno appearance to go to Mexico to search for Sam. A search party begins and in the morning, Sam and Anna are discovered by the guards of the owner who owns the place. The two explain their story and are rescued by Jackson and his helicopter. Anna is a little jealous and hurt that her own father didn't come also. Sam is confused when Eduardo acts coldly to her after they return to Las Casitas but shrugs it off as they are now going their separate ways. However, back in Beverly Hills, Sam throws a party with her friends who all eagerly demand to know the details of the rescue and Eduardo shows up to apologize for mistreating Sam and asks her out on another date. Also, Anna's parents once again part separate ways and she is relieved. With her head clear, Anna is finally able to surf properly, much to her delight.
2005 American novels
American young adult novels
Little, Brown and Company books |
5379377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrick | Marrick | Marrick is a village and civil parish in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England, situated in lower Swaledale in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, the village is approximately west of Richmond. The parish of Marrick also includes the hamlets of Hurst and Washfold, according to the UK 2011 Census, the population of the parish was 148.
History
Marrick Priory, a former Benedictine nunnery dating back to the 12th century was the site of the local place of worship, the Church of the Virgin Mary and St. Andrew until its conversion into a farm building in 1948, and later an outdoor education and residential centre for young people.
The hamlet of Hurst, to the north was a mining centre in the 19th century.
Marrickville in Sydney, Australia is named after Marrick, North Yorkshire.
Governance
The village lies within the Richmond (Yorks) parliamentary constituency, which is under the control of the Conservative Party. The current Member of Parliament, since the 2015 general election, is Rishi Sunak. Marrick is part of the Richmondshire District Council electoral ward of Lower Swaledale and Arkengarthdale.
Notable people
Birthplace of racehorse breeder William Blenkiron.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Swaledale |
5379380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fettesgate | Fettesgate | Fettesgate was the term given to a major scandal involving the Lothian and Borders Police force in the 1990s, from its Fettes Avenue headquarters near Fettes College in Edinburgh.
The "Fettesgate scandal", as the incident was quickly called, began in the early hours of 19 July 1992, when burglars spent three hours in the Fettes headquarters of the police force. The break-in, through an unsecured window of the Scottish Crime Squad’s ground-floor offices in the HQ building, led to several confidential documents being stolen and Animal Liberation Front slogans being sprayed on the walls.
Two journalists who reported on the incident after receiving tip-offs were arrested;
Alan Muir, a reporter for The Sun, wrote a story based on an anonymous telephone call on the day of the incident, and was detained for six hours, and
Ron McKay, a journalist for Scotland on Sunday found documents after another anonymous call six days later. When he wrote a story based on the documents, he was arrested at dawn, while at his girlfriend's house in Chatham, Kent. He was held overnight, and charged with reset, the crime under Scots law of receiving stolen property. The charges were dropped six months later.
The stolen documents concerned the police's use of "telephone metering"; recording the destination and duration of suspects' telephone calls, without listening in on them. Although this was regarded as legal, the controversy led to a debate about privacy and what safeguards were needed regarding information gathered in this way.
The theft of such sensitive material from what should have been such a secure place—a police headquarters—led to questions about the competence of the Lothian and Borders force to take charge of the European summit in Edinburgh later that year.
It transpired that the Animal Liberation Front had not been involved in the break-in. The chief constable later admitted that the treatment of Mr McKay was tactless and apologised to the editor of Scotland on Sunday. Nobody has been charged with the break-in.
The return of the sensitive files was allegedly the result of senior detectives reaching an immunity deal with a man close to the city’s gay criminal underworld. An internal report is believed to have been completed by the police force on the matter, but has never been released to the public.
References
Law enforcement in Scotland
Scandals in Scotland
History of Edinburgh |
5379382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington-Rutland-1%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012 | Bennington-Rutland-1 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012 | The Bennington-Rutland-1 Representative District is a one-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Bennington-Rutland-1 District includes all of the Bennington County towns of Dorset, Landgrove, and Peru, and the Rutland County towns of Danby, and Mount Tabor.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The one member Bennington-Rutland-1 District had a population of 4,091 in that same census, 0.79% above the state average.
District Representative
Patti Komline, Republican
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts -- Statistics
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Danby, Vermont
Dorset, Vermont
Landgrove, Vermont
Mount Tabor, Vermont
Peru, Vermont |
5379398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun%20%28disambiguation%29 | Hun (disambiguation) | A Hun is a member of the Huns, a confederation of nomadic tribes in Western Asia and Europe in late antiquity.
Hun or huns may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Hun, a British subcultural stereotype, see Hun culture
Hun, a character in Pokémon
Hun, a character in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
The Hun (cartoonist), a pseudonymous erotic artist
The Huns (film) a 1960 Italian film
Hun (instrument), a clay Korean flute
Biology
Hun, a nickname for Hungarian partridge
Hun shrew, (Crocidura attila), a mammal species found in parts of Africa
Geography
Húns, a village in Friesland, Netherlands
River Hun, Norfolk, England
Hun River (Liao River tributary), Liaoning Province, China
Hun River (Yalu River tributary), China
Hun, Iran, a village in Hormozgan Province
Hun, Libya, a town
HUN, Chapman code for Huntingdonshire, county in England
History
The Xiongnu, a confederation of nomadic tribes in North-East Asia from the 3rd Century BCE to the late 1st Century CE
The Hunas, "Iranian Huns" and/or Xionites: tribes in Asia between the 4th and 7th Centuries
"Red Huns", who were possibly synonymous with the "Alchon Huns" and/or Kidarites;
"Alchon Huns"
"White Huns", possibly synonymous with, or included the Hephtalites
"Nezak Huns"
North Caucasian Huns, Daghestan, a people who settled in Daghestan during the 6th and 7th centuries
Hun of East Anglia, 8th century ruler
Hun soul, in Chinese folk beliefs
Transportation
Hualien Airport's IATA airport code
Huntingdon railway station's National Rail station code
Huntington (Amtrak station)'s station code
Other uses
Hun School of Princeton, New Jersey, United States
F-100 Super Sabre nickname
Derogatory term used for Germans
Hun, an insult used for Rangers F.C. supporters
HUN, an ISO country code for Hungary
Huntsman Corporation, NYSE symbol
See also
Huna (disambiguation)
Hunnic (disambiguation)
Hunni |
4042755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Mary%27s%20Cathedral%2C%20Edinburgh%20%28Episcopal%29 | St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal) | The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin, commonly known as St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral, is a cathedral of the Scottish Episcopal Church in Edinburgh, Scotland. The cathedral is part of the worldwide Anglican Communion which stretches across 165 countries and many languages. The foundation stone of the Cathedral was laid on 21st May 1874 by the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, and the building was consecrated on 30th October 1879.
St Mary’s Episcopal Cathedral is the see of the Bishop of Edinburgh, one of seven bishops within the Scottish Episcopal Church.
St Mary's was constructed in the late 19th century in Palmerston Place in the city's West End.
Designed in a Victorian Gothic revival style to a design by architect Sir George Gilbert Scott, it has attained Category A listed building status and is part of the Old Town and New Town of Edinburgh World Heritage Site
The Cathedral building has three spires, instantly recognisable from many viewpoints around Edinburgh.
St Mary’s main spire is tall, and makes the building the tallest in the Edinburgh urban area.
The Song School and the Chapter House were added to the Cathedral in later years and the two smaller additional spires were completed in 1917.
History
In 1689, following the Glorious Revolution, Presbyterianism was restored in place of episcopacy in the national Church of Scotland. This led to the emergence of the Scottish Episcopal Church as a separate Christian denomination.
Edinburgh's historic St Giles' Cathedral was raised to cathedral status in 1633, the seat of the newly established Bishop of Edinburgh. However the rejection of episcopacy saw the cathedral converted to Presbyterian use. For a time the Episcopal residue of that congregation worshipped in an old woollen mill in Carrubber's Close, near the site of the present Old Saint Paul's Church. This was used as a pro-cathedral until the early 19th century, when this function was served by the Church of St Paul (now St Paul's and St George's Church) in York Place.
A bequest by Barbara and Mary Walker left the cathedral's site in Edinburgh's West End to the Episcopal Church alongside an endowment allowing for the building of a cathedral dedicated to St Mary the Virgin. The sisters owned the surrounding Drumsheugh Estate and lived in Easter Coates House, which still survives to the north of the cathedral. They were the granddaughters of the Rev. George Walker, the Episcopal minister of Old Meldrum Church (1734-1781). Their father, William Walker, was Attorney in Exchequer, and Bearer of the White Rod of Scotland; their mother was Mary Drummond, daughter of George Drummond, six times Lord Provost of Edinburgh and initiator of the New Town. William Walker bought the Coates estate from the Byres family around 1800 and is remembered in the street names William Street and Walker Street round the corner from Manor Place.
Design and construction
The cathedral was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott and the foundation stone was laid on 21 May 1874 by the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, whose family had been supportive of Scottish episcopacy over the previous hundred years. Inside the stone was placed a bottle containing a copy of the trust deed, the Edinburgh Post Office Directory, Oliver and Boyd's Almanac, newspapers and coins. The cathedral's builder was G.W. Booth and the clerk of works was Edwin Morgan.
St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral has four main doors, West, East, North and South. The Cathedral’s main entrance is the ornate West entrance, from Palmerston Place, which features Saint Peter and the key to the Kingdom of Heaven.
In preparation for the opening of the cathedral a congregation had been formed to worship in a temporary iron church erected on the site now occupied by the Song School. Beginning on 26 May 1876, it was ministered to by the dean, James Montgomery, and two chaplains, and grew rapidly. The nave of the cathedral was opened on 25 January 1879 and from that day, daily services have been held in the cathedral. The cathedral was consecrated on 30 October 1879 in the presence of about 200 clergy from around the country.
The twin spires at the west end, known as "Barbara" and "Mary" after the Walker sisters, were not begun until 1913 and completed in 1917. The architect for these was Charles Marriott Oldrid Scott, Sir George's grandson.
The reredos is designed by John Oldrid Scott and sculpted by Mary Grant. The critic Sacheverell Sitwell condemned the design as "peerless for ugliness, unless it be for its own sister, Scott's chapel of St John's, at Cambridge".
Music
Choral Services
St Mary's Cathedral is the only cathedral in Scotland to maintain a tradition of daily choral services, for most of the year, with choristers drawn from its own choir school.
It was the first cathedral in Great Britain to employ girls in the treble line as well as boys, in 1978, when Dennis Townhill was organist and choir master.
In 2005, St Mary's Cathedral became the first cathedral in the Anglican tradition to have a female alto singing in daily services.
The Song School
The Song School was built in 1885. It was designed by John Aldred Scott. It provided St Mary’s choir with a proper rehearsal space which the choir continue to use for their daily practice. It houses a second Father Willis organ (1829). The Song School walls are ornately decorated by the Irish-born artist Phoebe Anna Traquair. Guided tours of the Song School are available, at certain times during the year.
St Mary's Music School and Choir
St Mary's Music School was founded to educate its choirboys. It continues to educate choristers of the cathedral and is now a separate specialist music school open to all pupils.
Bells
There are ten original bells in the central tower of the cathedral hung for change ringing, with two further bells which have been added more recently. They were the gift of the first Dean of St Mary's, James F. Montgomery.
The bells were all cast by John Taylor & Co. of Loughborough to weight ratios defined by Lord Grimthorpe who was a leading bell designer of his day. This is one of only a few complete Grimthorpe rings still in existence. The tenor bell weighs 41 cwt.
The bells were dedicated on 29 October 1879.
Festival Fringe venue
St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral (Venue 91) hosts classical concerts, coffee concerts, lunchtime recitals, art events and exhibitions, during the annual Edinburgh Festival Fringe.
St Mary’s also has a very active calendar of concerts, charity concerts, events and exhibitions throughout the year.
Organists
1878 Thomas Henry Collinson
1929 Robert Head
1958 Eric Parsons
1961 Dennis Townhill
1991 Timothy Byram-Wigfield
1999 Matthew Owens
2005 Simon Nieminski
2007 (to current day) Duncan Ferguson (Master of Music & Organist)
2021 (to current day) Imogen Morgan (Assistant Master of Music & Organist)
Provosts of the cathedral
Provost, in the Scottish Episcopalian church, is the senior priest of the cathedral, with responsibility for the Mother church of the Diocese. When the Bishop officiates, the provost is assistant priest. They are formally addressed as The Very Reverend and more informally as Provost <first name> or simply <first name>.
1879–1897 James Montgomery
1897–1919 John Wilson
1920–1925 Edward Henderson
1925–1938 William Margetson
1938–1939 Logie Danson
1940–1944 David Dunlop
1944–1949 Ivor Ramsay
1949–1956 Hector Gooderham
1957–1967 Reginald Foskett
1967–1970 Patrick Rodger
1970–1990 Philip Crosfield
1990–2017 Graham Forbes
September 2017 (to current day) John Conway
Objects of Interest
Memorials
Captain James Dundas V.C. (1842–1879)
General Sir Alexander Frank Philip Christison Bt. (1893–1993), erected by the Burma Star Association
Soldiers of the Royal Scots killed overseas 1857–1870
Reclining marble effigy of James Francis Montgomery (1902) by James Pittendrigh Macgillivray.
Barbara and Mary Walker, the philanthropists who funded the church (see above)
The war memorial is by Pilkington Jackson (1920).
The Rood Cross
The Lorimer Rood Cross was designed as part of the National War Memorial, and completed by Sir Robert Lorimer in 1922.
It is positioned high aloft the Nave Altar, dominant and unmissable as eyes lift to view the High Altar, or the east lancet windows beyond. It’s a most striking figure of Christ crucified on a background of Flanders poppies and decorated with golden winged angels.
Sir Walter Scott's Pew
Sir Walter Scott’s pew moved to the Cathedral in 2006. Its first location was in St George's Church on York Place and was then moved in 1932 to St Paul's Church across the road when the two congregations amalgamated, and the latter building became St Paul's and St George's.
Raised a Presbyterian in the Church of Scotland where he was ordained as an elder, in adult life he also adhered to the doctrine of the Scottish Episcopal Church.
Sir Eduardo Paolozzi’s ‘Millennium Window’
The cathedral is home to a stained glass window reworked as an artwork in the Modern Art genre for year 2000 by the artist, who was born in Leith Edinburgh. The glasswork consists of a large rose window with three lancet windows below, in vibrant colours of glass which are designed to project onto stonework inside the cathedral on bright days.
It is visible from the South side of St Mary's from Bishop's Walk but is best viewed from inside with the light behind, from either the Resurrection Chapel on the south side, or beside the ornate wooden casing and pipework of St Mary's ‘Father Willis’ organ on the north side.
The Prayer Labyrinth
The South grounds of the Cathedral, are accessed from Bishop’s Walk, or from the South doors in the Resurrection Chapel when these stand open.
A prayer labyrinth designed by artists connected with the Cathedral has been carved and sown with wild flowers, with help from others in the congregation of St Mary’s.
Unlike a maze, a labyrinth is a single continuous route, from entry point to centre. The prayer labyrinth frees you to think your own thoughts or prayers for others, as you wander the path, edged by small perfectly formed wild flowers; to attract insects. Or just for you to wander to it or sit nearby and enjoy the lovely addition it’s made to St Mary’s grounds.
Gallery
Links of further interest
Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church
Bishop of Edinburgh Diocese
Dean of Edinburgh Diocese, Frances Burberry
Diocese of Edinburgh
List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom
St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Roman Catholic) is the Roman Catholic cathedral of similar name, but situated at the East End of Edinburgh.
References
Sources
Notes
External links
St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral website
A history of the choristers of St Mary's Cathedral
Christianity in Edinburgh
Edinburgh
Mary's Cathedral (Episcopal)
Gothic Revival church buildings in Scotland
Category A listed buildings in Edinburgh
Listed cathedrals in Scotland
George Gilbert Scott buildings |
5379409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glennray%20Tutor | Glennray Tutor | Glennray Tutor (born 1950 in Kennett, Missouri) is an American painter who is known for his photorealistic paintings. He is considered to be part of the Photorealism art movement. His paintings are immersed with bright colors, nostalgic items, metaphor, and with a complete focus on detail. Tutor is a graduate of the University of Mississippi where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Art and English in 1974 and his Master of Fine Arts degree in Painting in 1976.
Work
Glennray Tutor's earliest work was that of barren landscapes resembling the South West United States and Mexico, with titles such as The Road to the Mesa. This work is marked by muted earth colors and rich blacks and is called "The Structure Series." During this time he also illustrated several book covers by Michael Bishop which can be described as fantasy pieces.
Tutor's first Photorealist paintings were done in the early 1980s, without knowledge of the original Photorealism movement. His subject matter ranged from still lifes of mason jars, fireworks, and toys to rural landscapes. In the mid-1980s he became aware of the original Photorealism painters and was particularly receptive to the work of Ralph Goings.
By the end of the 1980s, Tutor's subject matter had almost exclusively become still lifes consisting of the small commonplace artifacts of daily life, often nostalgic items, such as glass jars, cola bottles, toys, and especially fireworks.
Many of Tutor's paintings have appeared in and on the covers of books, record albums, and magazines. He has participated in numerous group and solo exhibitions, at such venues as The Mississippi Museum of Art, Jackson; Cole Pratt Gallery, New Orleans; Frist Center For The Visual Arts, Nashville; Hahn Ross Gallery, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Gallery Henoch, New York, New York; International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC; Schmidt Bingham Gallery, New York, New York; Helander Gallery, New York; The World's Fair, New Orleans; Frank Marino Gallery, New York; Mendenhall Gallery, Los Angeles; and Jay Etkin Gallery, Santa Fe.
Tutor's work can be found in many public, corporate, and private collections, including The Seymour Lawrence Collection of American Art, The Roger Horchow Collection of Art, FedEx Corporation, The Howard Tullman Collection of Art, Universal Studios, NBC Network, Hospital Corporation of America, and 20th Century Fox Studios among others.
During the years of 1999 - 2000 his artwork was featured in a show known as "Outward Bound: American Art on the Brink of the Twenty-first Century: An Exhibition of American Contemporary Art" which was sponsored by the Mobil Corporation. Tutor's work was displayed alongside other artists such as Roy Lichtenstein, Chuck Close, Audrey Flack, Robert Gniewek and Robert Rauschenberg as well as many others. The traveling gallery show started in Washington, DC and then toured South Eastern Asia.
Personal life
Glennray Tutor lives in Oxford, Mississippi.
See also
Photorealism
Hyperrealism
Ralph Goings
Charles Bell
Notes
External links
Glennray Tutor
In-depth Interview with Glennray Tutor
1950 births
Living people
People from Kennett, Missouri
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
University of Mississippi alumni
Photorealist artists
Painters from Missouri
20th-century American male artists |
5379428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia%20Filarmonica%20di%20Bologna | Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna | The Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna ("philharmonic academy of Bologna"; sometimes known in English as the Bologna Academy of Music) is a music education institution in Bologna, Italy.
The Accademia de' Filarmonici was founded as an association of musicians in Bologna in 1666 by Vincenzo Maria Carrati. Saint Anthony of Padua was chosen as the patron saint, and an organ with the motto Unitate melos as the emblem. Through the influence of Pietro Ottoboni, the statute of the academy was approved by Clement XI in 1716. In 1749 the Benedict XIV decreed that the Accademia could award the title of Maestro di cappella.
Among the early members of the academy were Giovanni Paolo Colonna (one of the founders of 1666), Arcangelo Corelli (1670), Giacomo Antonio Perti (1688), Giuseppe Maria Jacchini (1688), Giuseppe Maria Orlandini, Antonio Maria Bernacchi (1722), Giovanni Carestini (1726) and the celebrated castrato singer Carlo Farinelli (1730).
The composer and teacher Giovanni Battista Martini taught at the Accademia from 1758; his pupils included André Ernest Modeste Grétry, Josef Mysliveček, Maksym Berezovsky, Stanislao Mattei (who succeeded Martini as teacher of composition), Johann Christian Bach, the noted cellist Giovanni Battista Cirri and, in 1770, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
In the 19th and 20th centuries the institution was interlaced with such names as Gioacchino Rossini, Giuseppe Verdi, Arrigo Boito, Richard Wagner, Jules Massenet, Camille Saint-Saëns, Giacomo Puccini, and also with John Field, Franz Liszt, Johannes Brahms, Anton Rubinstein, Ferruccio Busoni and Ottorino Respighi.
References
Further reading
Nestore Morini (1967). L'Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna, 1666-1966, volume I: 'Fondazione e vicende storiche'. Bologna: Tamari.
Laura Callegari Hill (1991). L'Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna, 1666-1800. Bologna: A.M.I.S.
Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna
1666 establishments in the Papal States
Educational institutions established in the 1660s
1666 establishments in Italy |
5379429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20Schools%20for%20the%20Future | Building Schools for the Future | Building Schools for the Future (BSF) was the name given to the British government's investment programme in secondary school buildings in England in the 2000s. The programme was ambitious in its costs, timescales and objectives, with politicians from all English political parties supportive of the principle but questioning the wisdom and cost effectiveness of the scheme. The delivery of the programme was overseen by Partnerships for Schools (PfS), a non-departmental public body formed through a joint venture between the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) (formerly the Department for Education and Skills), Partnerships UK and private sector partners. Fourteen local education authorities were asked to take part in the first wave of the Building Schools for the Future programme for the fiscal year 2005/6. By December 2009, 96 local authorities had joined the programme.
In 2007 the programme was complemented by the announcement of a Primary Capital Programme, with £1.9 billion to spend on 675 building projects for primary schools in England over three years.
On 5 July 2010 the Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove, announced that following a review, which was informed by an impartial analysis from Robin F. Paynter Bryant, an experienced City banker, the Building Schools for the Future programme was to be scrapped. Projects which had not achieved the status of 'financial close' would not proceed, meaning that 715 school revamps already signed up to the scheme would not go ahead. He also announced that a further 123 academy schemes were to be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
Management
The BSF programme had historically been dogged by sporadic or no management at the top, with Richard Bowker (Chair and Chief Executive of the Strategic Rail Authority) leaving his post just eight months into the role. However, Bowker was replaced in November 2006 by Tim Byles, who joined from Norfolk County Council, where he had been CEO for 10 years.
Initially all Local Authorities (LAs) had been placed in a national programme consisting of 15 waves. The programme did not proceed as rapidly as had been expected and both the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) and Partnerships for Schools (PfS) began looking closely at the authorities' capacity and readiness to deliver projects. During the Spring of 2008 the DCSF consulted on the management of future waves of BSF and subsequently invited all LAs to submit an Expression of Interest to joint the BSF programme sooner than the original programme might have indicated. The announcement of the new programme arrangements was made on 2 March 2009 and at subsequent briefings to Local Authorities it was made clear by PfS that demonstrable "readiness to deliver" was to be a key condition for future pledges of funding.
A tranche of forty authorities were invited to make a "Readiness to Deliver" submission by 8 May 2009. Of those that did, only Hampshire, Barnet, Bolton, Peterborough, Wigan and Sunderland were successful. In early August 2009 the authorities that had been unsuccessful, as well as those who had delayed making a submission, were advised that all submissions for the remaining twelve places to be allocated during the financial year ending on 31 March 2010 were to be made by 17 September 2009. On 30 November 2009 it was announced that eleven local authorities – Brent, Darlington, Devon, Havering, Kingston, Croydon, Norfolk, Plymouth, Sefton, Wakefield, and Warrington – would be joining the BSF programme for the first time, with another two – Lancashire and Tameside – starting the next phase of their BSF schemes. This brought to 96 the number of local authorities in England which were active in BSF.
The revised management arrangements for BSF apparently reinforced the DCSF's faith in PfS, as the Minister for Schools announced in June 2009 that PfS was to assume responsibility for the management and delivery of all school building and refurbishment programmes. Day-to-day responsibility of all schools' capital programmes, including the Primary Capital Programme, transferred from the DCSF to PfS on 1 October 2009.
In 2009 the National Audit Office noted management issues regarding problems in meeting targets, overuse of expensive consultants, and high staff costs (the Chief Executive and top four directors received about £750,000 pa in total).
Funding and budgets
Primary education
Primary schools were initially not included in BSF, although in March 2006 it was announced that a parallel programme – the Primary Capital Programme (PCP) – would be starting for primary schools and schools for primary-age special needs pupils. Rather than allocating money by authority in waves, it was intended that there will be regional pilot schemes in 2008, leading to a broader approach whereby all authorities could apply for funding from 2009. Funding to Local Authorities would only be confirmed once they had submitted and gained approval for their 'Strategy for Change' (SfC) describing how they would address the PCP priorities.
Thus 23 Local Authorities (LAs) initially had access to £6.5 million each to refurbish a primary school, before widening access to an overall budget of £1.9 billion, with an initial expectation of starting 675 primary school building projects over the following three years. In November 2008, 41 additional LAs had their Strategies for Change accepted (green status) and thus their PCP funding for 2009/10 and 2010/11 approved. 92 LAs were invited to submit further information (amber status) and only had their 2009/10 funding approved, and 15 LAs (red status) were required to address specific issues in their Strategy before any funding was approved.
Secondary education
The BSF programme involved the decentralisation of funds to local education partnerships (LEPs) to build and improve secondary school buildings. However, the LEPs were not only responsible for the construction of the buildings but also for co-ordinating and overseeing the educational transformation and community regeneration that the investment can support. The private sector LEP partner(s) were intended to introduce capital and expertise. With investments of over £2 billion in the first year, across an estimated 200 schools through the country, it was claimed as the single biggest government investment programme in education for over 50 years. The then- Prime Minister Tony Blair said the investment "will see the entire secondary school building stock upgraded and refurbished in the greatest school renewal programme in British history."
Capital funding available for investment in school buildings rose sharply from £683 million in 1996–97 to £3.8 billion in 2003–04; this further increased to £4.5 billion in 2004–05 and to £5.1 billion in 2005–06, £9.3 billion over 2008–11, and £8.2 billion in 2011, ultimately costing £45 billion over 15 years to 20 years. Funding was in 15 'waves', or groups of authorities. BSF was intended to be approximately half conventional and half Private Finance Initiative (PFI) funded. Of the £2.2 billion for BSF, £1.2 billion (55.5%) was covered by PFI credits.
Funding associated with BSF was not just limited to construction and equipment in new schools, but also improving facilities at existing schools, such as providing schools with direct capital funding to spend on buildings and Information and communications technology (ICT). Depending on their size, primary and secondary schools received about £34,000 and £113,000 respectively during 2007–08 for these initiatives, which equates to around £1 billion across English schools.
Criticism
Most of the major new building works were PFI-funded, which takes the construction and facilities management (but not the educational provision) out of the financial control of local education authorities because the construction and facilities management of a school becomes a source of revenue for the consortia involved for up to 30 years, even if the school is no longer needed. While promoted as a huge investment in public services within Secondary Education, it allowed a consortium made up of a financiers, construction companies and IT companies to take away control of public assets from the local authority.
This may handicap future changes, as designers currently face difficulties in trying to predict how learning environments will evolve, exacerbated by poor levels of participation by governors, teachers, pupils, and the community in the design process. The scale of the building programme was far larger than the capacity of the available pool of experienced architects and designers, while the educators running the developments had very little prior experience of commissioning such major construction works. There was little sharing of best practice and learning between authorities, schools, contractors, suppliers and others involved in BSF, and the timescales discouraged thorough planning. The funds provided under this programme were used for materials and building infrastructure (usually including repairs and on-going maintenance) whilst funding for teaching continued in the normal way, except in the case of academies where funding came directly from the Secretary of State. A consequence of the PFI element of the programme was that recurrent and strategic maintenance of school buildings is addressed within the contract, which reverses the tendency for school governing bodies to under-allocate funds for these aspects of asset management, leading to high levels of backlog maintenance at many schools.
Bidders for funding claimed that the work to put together a bid was onerous and costly, and required the navigation of many government bodies. The co-ordinating body, Partnerships for Schools, was reportedly focused on construction procurement without a full understanding of all the other factors involved.
There were accusations that the relationship between the quality of infrastructure and the quality of pupil education was not clearly demonstrated; many of the schools at the top of the league tables were ancient schools with mostly ancient buildings. The House of Commons Select Committee expressed concerns that, whilst this investment in spaces to support learning was unprecedented, the enormous scale of the project was not being managed to ensure that its scope and aims remained appropriate. There were no clear or consistent objectives set down to judge progress, or to establish if this was the best way to spend £45 billion on education. 800 schools most in need had already been prioritised and refurbished in the years immediately before this programme started; it was unclear what the current need was, and how the money previously spent would fit in with the broad untargetted approach of BSF.
The selection of some schools for demolition and rebuilding was controversial; notably there were criticisms in the architectural press over the demolition of the brutalist Pimlico School, with many calls for the building to be protected by being placed on the register of listed buildings. The designs of 10 of the first 11 schools, including Pimlico, were granted planning permission even though they have been described by CABE as 'mediocre' or 'not yet good enough'. They noted that it was possible to be selected for a PFI scheme without a high quality design.
The upgrade programme took place at a time when building standards were being substantially rewritten to incorporate improved energy efficiency and green construction methods. Schools were alleged to emit about 15% of the public sector's carbon footprint in the UK. New schools and refurbishment projects were required to perform an assessment in accordance with the Building Research Establishment's assessment method (BREEAM) that checked against environmental performance targets for new and refurbished school buildings. However, there were concerns that commercial imperatives would mean no incentives to exceed these standards were put in place, and the subsequent works were mainly being designed against the cheaper but less energy-efficient older building standards, with very little cash being set aside to meet pending standards. To counter some of this criticism and to celebrate the many positive aspects of the BSF programme, in November 2008 Partnerships for Schools hosted the first annual "Excellence in BSF Awards", recognising a wide range of aspects of the initiative.
Achievements
District BSF plans
Primary and secondary schools in the district of the Wyre Forest in Worcestershire were part of the national school upgrading process from Building Schools for the Future. The plans also involved local sponsors and LEA funding to provide £130m to rebuild, extend and modernise five secondary schools and approximately 10 primary schools. The Wyre Forest area of Worcestershire is a sub-rural settlement of three towns, Kidderminster being the largest, Stourport being the second largest and Bewdley on Severn being the smallest. The schools that were part of the BSF 2013 rebuild plans included:
Baxter College, Kidderminster – To be rebuilt, 2013
The Bewdley School and Sixth Form Centre – To be largely extended, refurbished and modernised, 2013
King Charles I School – To be rebuilt, 2013
The Stourport High School & VIth Form Centre – To be rebuilt on a new site, 2013
Wolverley CE Secondary School – To be rebuilt, 2014
Primary schools included:
Bewdley Primary School
St.Johns Middle School, Kidderminster
St. Anne's CE Primary School, Bewdley
Stourport Primary School
Lickhill Primary School, Stourport
Sutton Park Primary School, Kidderminster
St. Catherine's CE Primary School, Kidderminster
Wolverley Sebright Primary School and Nursery, Wolverley
Kidderminster Pupil Referral Unit
In 2008 The Bewdley School and Sixth Form Centre were provided with a £4m, state-of-the-art modular building. The look, sustainability and practicality are some of the reasons that the modular building has influenced other new major building projects including BSF, in places such as Birmingham, London and Staffordshire. The new projects in Bristol such as Bridge Learning Campus and many new primary schools have been based on the modular building at Bewdley.
New schools / colleges / academies
The BSF programme provided funding for the construction of entirely new schools and colleges, as well as rebuilding existing ones and providing ICT funding to non-BSF, new-build schools.
Forest Oak School (Solihull Centre for Inclusive Learning), Solihull. Opened May 2006.
Merstone School (Solihull Centre for Inclusive Learning), Solihull. Opened May 2006.
Bamburgh School (Horsley Hill Community Campus), South Tyneside. Opened October 2006.
Chaucer Business and Enterprise College, Sheffield. Opened October 2006.
Bristol Brunel Academy, Bristol. Opened September 2007.
Elmgreen School, Lambeth. Opened in temporary accommodation, September 2007.
Haringey Sixth Form Centre, Haringey. Opened September 2007.
Birches Head High School, Stoke-on-Trent. Opened November 2007.
Sandon High School, Stoke-on-Trent. Opened February 2008.
The Michael Tippett School, Lambeth. Opened in February 2008.
Ifield School, Kent. Opened March 2008.
Bristol Metropolitan College, Bristol. Opened April 2008.
Canning Street Primary (delivered by BSF LEP), Newcastle. Opened May 2008.
2008 09
Kelmscott School, Waltham Forest. Opened September 2008.
Melland (Part of Gorton Education Village), Manchester. Opened September 2008.
Cedar Mount (part of Gorton Education Village), Manchester. Opened September 2008.
Allerton High, Leeds. Opened September 2008.
Newell Green High School, Manchester. Opened September 2008.
Pudsey Grangefield, Leeds. Opened September 2008.
Rodillian School, Leeds. Opened September 2008.
Lanchester Academy, Solihull. Opened September 2008.
Buttershaw School Bradford. Opened September 2008.
Titus Salt School, Bradford. Opened September 2008.
Tong School, Bradford. Opened September 2008.
Brislington Enterprise College, Bristol. Opened September 2008.
Burnley Campus, Burnley. Opened September 2008.
Pendle Vale College, Lancashire. Opened September 2008.
Pendle Community High School, Lancashire. Opened September 2008.
Shuttleworth College, Burnley. Opened September 2008.
Walbottle Campus Technology College, Newcastle. Opened September 2008.
Walkergate and Stocksfield (primary schools delivered through BSF LEP), Newcastle. Opened September 2008.
Frederick Bremer, Waltham Forest. Opened September 2008.
St Paul's Catholic High School, Manchester. Opened September 2008.
Cockburn College of Arts, Leeds. Opened September 2008.
Penyrn College, Cornwall. Opened September 2008.
Sinfin Community College, Derby City. Opened September 2008.
Charlton Special School, Greenwich. Opened September 2008.
Archbishop Grimshaw Catholic School, Birmingham. Opened October 2008.
Park Hall School, Solihull. Opened October 2008.
Park Campus, Lambeth. Opened November 2008.
2009
Sedgehill School, Lewisham. Opened January 2009.
St Matthew's Roman Catholic High School, Manchester. Opened January 2009.
Christ the King Catholic and Church of England Centre for Learning, Knowsley. Opened January 2009.
Silverdale School, Sheffield. Opened January 2009.
Newfield Secondary School, Sheffield. Opened January 2009.
Talbot Special School, Sheffield. Opened January 2009.
The Bridge Learning Campus, Bristol. Opened January 2009.
North Ridge SEN and Our Lady's RC Sports College (Higher Blackley Education Village), Manchester. Opened February 2009.
West Jesmond Primary School (delivered through BSF LEP), Newcastle. Opened March 2009.
Elm Court Special School, Lambeth. Opened March 2009.
Beaumont Leys, Leicester. Opened April 2009.
Catford School, Lewisham. Opened April 2009.
Durham Johnston School, Durham. Opened April 2009.
Stockwell Park, Lambeth. Opened April 2009.
Chessington Community College, Kingston upon Thames. Opened April 2009.
Buglawton Residential, Manchester. Opened May 2009.
Judgemeadow Community College, Leicester. Opened June 2009.
Rushey Mead School, Leicester. Opened 18 June 2012.
Soar Valley College Leicester. Opened June 2009.
St George's Church of England Foundation School, Kent. Opened June 2009.
The Bulwell Academy, Bulwell, Nottingham. Opened August 2009, new building opened August 2010.
Sir John Thursby Community College, Burnley. Opened September 2009.
Huyton Arts and Sports, Centre for Learning. Opened September 2009.
Marsden Heights Community College, Brierfield. Opened September 2010.
Blessed Trinity RC Community College, Burnley. Opened September 2010.
Hameldon Community College, Burnley. Opened September 2010.
Kingsway Park High School, Rochdale. Opened September 2010.
Rochdale Sixth Form College, Rochdale. Opened September 2010.
Unity College, Burnley. Opened September 2010.
Heartlands High School, Wood Green, Opened September 2010.
Hope Academy, Newton-le-Willows. Opened September 2011.
Rebuilt schools / colleges / academies
All Saints College, Newcastle. Opened September 2006.
Parkside School, Bradford. Opened October 2006.
The Challenge College, Bradford. Opened October 2006.
Oxclose Community School, Sunderland. Opened June 2007.
Brockington College, Leicester. Opened November 2007.
Benfield School, Newcastle. Opened September 2008.
Temple Moor High School, Leeds. Opened September 2008.
Yewlands Technology College, Sheffield. Opened October 2008.
Fullhurst Community College, Leicester. Opened January 2009.
Kingsmeadow Community School, Gateshead. Opened September 2009.
Torquay Community College. Completed 2010.
St. Marylebone CE School, London. Refurbishment and new building completed 2010.
Hadden Park High School, Nottingham. Opened April 2009.
Teddington School, Teddington, Richmond upon Thames. Opened September 2010.
Sirius Academy and Ganton School, Hull. Opened September 2011.
Archbishop Sentamu Academy, Hull. Opened September 2011.
The Regis School, Bognor Regis, West Sussex. Opened September 2010.
Winifred Holtby School, Hull. Opened September 2011.
Lister Community School, London. Opened September 2011.
Tweendykes Special School, Hull. Opened September 2011.
Thomas Tallis School, Greenwich. Opened November 2011.
Kelvin Hall School, Hull. Opened April 2012.
Witton Park High School, Blackburn. Opened September 2012.
Malet Lambert School, Hull. Opened September 2012.
Derby Moor Community Sports College Trust, Derby. Opened September 2012.
Noel-Baker Community School, Derby. Opened September 2012.
Dene Community School, Peterlee. Opened November 2012.
Rainford High Technology College, St Helens. Opened September 2013.
ICT-only schools, colleges and academies
Wright Robinson, Manchester. Opened September 2007.
Sacred Heart, Newcastle. Opened September 2007.
Gosforth East, Newcastle. Opened September 2007.
Gosforth Central Academy, Newcastle. Opened September 2007.
Prendergast – Ladywell Fields College, Lewisham. Opened January 2008.
Forest Hill, Lewisham. Opened January 2008.
Greenvale School, Lewisham. Opened January 2008.
New Woodlands, Lewisham. Opened January 2008.
Thomas Bewick, Newcastle. Opened June 2008.
Lord Lawson of Beamish, South Tyneside and Gateshead. Opened June 2008.
Boldon, South Tyneside and Gateshead. Opened September 2008.
Kings Meadow, South Tyneside and Gateshead. Opened September 2008.
Kenton, Newcastle. Opened November 2008.
South Leeds High, Leeds. Opened April 2009.
Ralph Thoresby High, Leeds. Opened April 2009.
John Smeaton Community College, Leeds. Opened April 2009.
Cardinal Heenan, Leeds. Opened April 2009.
A number of BSF schools were funded as "One School Pathfinders", in Local Authorities that were in later waves of the programme. These projects helped to build capacity and competence in those authorities, as well as to provide exemplars in sustainability and science ("Project Faraday").
See also
Education in the United Kingdom
Notes and references
External links
Hull BSF Schools
Essex BSF Schools
Sheffield BSF Schools
Partnerships for Schools
Lancashire BSF Myspace
Sandwell BSF
Building Schools Exhibition coverage on BSF(Video)
Devon BSF
Department for Education
Education in England
Programmes of the Government of the United Kingdom
Governance of England
Procurement |
5379435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarius%20and%20Celsus | Nazarius and Celsus | Nazarius and Celsus () were two martyrs of whom little is known beyond the discovery of their bodies by Ambrose of Milan.
According to Paulinus the Deacon's Vita Ambrosii, Ambrose, at some time within the last three years of his life, after the death of the Emperor Theodosius (d. 395), discovered in a garden outside the walls of Milan the body of Nazarius, with severed head. Nazarius's blood was reportedly still liquid and red when his body was exhumed by Ambrose. Ambrose had it carried to the Basilica of the Apostles. In the same garden Ambrose likewise discovered the body of Celsus, which he had transported to the same place. The Catholic Encyclopedia states: "Obviously a tradition regarding these martyrs was extant in the Christian community of Milan which led to the finding of the two bodies."
Legend
Nazarius was a citizen of Rome whose father was Jewish or pagan. His mother was Perpetua. Nazarius was a student of the apostle Peter and was baptized by Pope Linus. During the persecutions of Nero, Nazarius fled Rome and preached in Lombardy, visiting Piacenza and Milan, where he met the brothers Gervase and Protase, who had been imprisoned and who inspired Nazarius by their example.
Nazarius was whipped and condemned to exile by the authorities. He traveled to Gaul, where a young boy of nine, Celsus, was entrusted to his care after the boy's mother asked Nazarius to teach and baptize her son. Nazarius raised him as a Christian. The two were arrested, tortured, and imprisoned for their faith. They were released on condition they would not preach at this place any longer. They preached in the Alps and built a chapel at Embrun, and then continued on to Geneva, and then Trier. They preached in Trier, and converted many to Christianity, and they were imprisoned once again there. Celsus was entrusted to the care of a pagan lady, who attempted to make him abjure his faith. Celsus refused, and was eventually returned to Nazarius.
An additional legend that describes their time at Trier states that they were tried by Nero there, who ordered the two to be drowned. Nazarius and Celsus were taken in a ship and thrown overboard, but a storm suddenly arose, frightening the sailors. The sailors pulled the two back on board.
Nazarius and Celsus left Trier and reached Genoa, and then returned to Milan, and were arrested again. They refused to sacrifice to the Roman gods, and were beheaded.
Historicity
This legend, written much later, is without historical foundation and places the martyrdom of Nazarus and Celsus during the persecution of Nero, and describes with many details the supposed journeyings of Nazarius through Gaul and Italy. However, Paulinus says distinctly that the date on which Nazarius suffered martyrdom is unknown. Gregory of Tours states that they were martyred at Embrun, which makes the discovery of their bodies in Milan truly miraculous.
Veneration
The discourse eulogizing the two saints which has been attributed to Ambrose (Sermo lv, in Patrologia Latina, XVII, 715 sqq.) is not genuine, according to some critics.
Ambrose sent some of Nazarius and Celsus's relics to Paulinus of Nola, who placed them in honor at Nola. Paulinus of Nola speaks in praise of Nazarius in his Poema xxvii (Patrologia Latina, LXI, 658). A magnificent silver reliquary with interesting figures, dating from the 4th century, was found in the church of San Nazaro Maggiore in Milan (Venturi, "Storia dell' arte italiana", I, Milan, 1901, fig. 445–49). The Milanese church of San Celso is dedicated to Celsus. There is a sanctuary dedicated to Nazarius at Monte Gargano.
Camillo Procaccini painted his Martirio dei santi Nazaro e Celso around 1629.
References
Books
External links
Santi Nazario e Celso
Ante-Nicene Christian martyrs
Saints duos
Christian child saints
Saints from Roman Italy
Gallo-Roman saints
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
People executed by decapitation
Legendary Romans |
4042757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt%20Trung%20Thu | Tết Trung Thu | Tết Trung Thu (Chữ Hán: 節中秋) is a traditional Vietnamese festival held from the night of the 14th of the 8th lunar month to the end of the 15th of the 8th lunar month (Rằm tháng Tám). Despite its Chinese origin, recently this festival has become a children's festival (Tết Thiếu Nhi), also known as Tết Trông Trăng, Tết Đoàn Viên or Tết Hoa Đăng. Children look forward to this day because they are often given toys by adults, usually a star lamp, a mask, a kéo quân lamp, a tò he, and eat bánh trung thu (bánh nướng and bánh dẻo). On this day, people organize a feast to watch the moon. When the moon is high, children sing and dance while watching the full moon. In some places, people also organize lion dances or dragon dances for the children to enjoy.
Origins
It has been clearly established that Tết Trung Thu originated from the Chinese culture. There are three main legends that are best known to talk about the Tết Trung Thu: Chang'e and Hou Yi, Emperor Tang Ming Huang in China ascending to the moon and the story of uncle Cuội of Vietnam.
The Chinese have celebrated the harvest during the autumn full moon since the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE). The term mid-autumn (中秋) first appeared in Rites of Zhou, a written collection of rituals of the Western Zhou dynasty (1046–771 BCE). The celebration as a festival only started to gain popularity during the early Tang dynasty (618–907 CE). One legend explains that Emperor Xuanzong of Tang started to hold formal celebrations in his palace after having explored the Moon-Palace.
According to Phan Kế Bính in the book of Việt Nam phong tục, the custom of hanging lights to display the feast was due to the ancient scriptures about Emperor Tang Ming Huang. On the birthday of Emperor Tang Ming Huang, he ordered people to hang lights everywhere and arrange a party to celebrate, and since then it has become a custom.
The tradition of lantern processions dates back to the Song Dynasty, due to the story that during the reign of Emperor Song Renzong in China, a carp became a monster, and every night the moon appeared to turn into a girl to harm people. At that time, a new mandarin Bao Gong ordered the folk to make a fish lamp like its image and then bring it out to play in the street so that it would be afraid and not dare to harm the people.
Also according to Phan Kế Bính, the custom of trống quân singing dates back to the reign of Emperor Quang Trung - Nguyễn Huệ, "when he brought troops to the North. Many soldiers were homesick." Nguyễn Huệ presented a way for both sides to pretend to be boys and girls, singing and responding to each other to make soldiers happy and not homesick. There is a drum beat as a beat, so it is called a trống quân (military drum).
Activities and customs
According to Phan Kế Bính in the book of Việt Nam phong tục, "Our people in the 19th century, during the day, made offerings to their ancestors, and in the evening came to present a feast to enjoy the moon. At the beginning of the feast was moon cakes and used many kinds of fruit cakes, dyed a lot colorful, red blue, white and yellow. Girls in the street compete with each other ingenuity, peeling papaya into flowers, molding dough to make shrimp, whale...".
Children's toys in the Tết Trung Thu are made of paper and shaped like creatures such as butterflies, mantises, elephants, horses, unicorns, lions, dragons, deer, shrimps, and fish. During the evenings of the Tết Trung Thu, children play tug and catch, and have a procession of lanterns, lions, drums, and :vi:thanh la.
On this occasion, people buy moon cakes, tea, and wine to worship their ancestors in the evening when the full moon has just risen. Also on this day, people often give grandparents, parents, teachers, friends, relatives and other benefactors mooncakes, fruits, tea and wine. The Chinese often organize dragon dances on the occasion of the Tết Trung Thu, while the Vietnamese do lion dances. The lion symbolizes luck, prosperity and is a good omen for all families. In the past, Vietnamese people also held trống quân singing and hanging lanterns in kéo quân during the Tết Trung Thu. The drums are sung to the rhythm of three "thình, thùng, thình".
According to Vietnamese custom, during the Tết Trung Thu, adults arrange parties for children to celebrate the Tết Trung Thu, buy and make all kinds of candle-lit lanterns to hang in the house and let the children process the lights. The Tết Trung Thu includes moon cakes, candies, sugar cane, grapefruit and other fruits.
Lantern procession
In some rural areas, where neighbors have closer relationships, people often organize so children can carry lanterns together through villages, hamlets and neighborhoods on the Mid-Autumn Festival night. Lantern festivals can be initiated by the local government or by youth groups in the village. They compete with each other to have the largest or prettiest lanterns in the procession. In Phan Thiết (Bình Thuận), a large-scale lantern procession was held with thousands of elementary and junior high school students marching through the streets. This festival was set as the largest record in Vietnam. This is a traditional mid-autumn lantern procession festival dating back hundreds of years, and the scale of the festival in Phan Thiết every year is bigger and bigger, but also more "commercial". In Tuyên Quang, there is also a large lantern procession festival, fully mobilized from the creativity of the people, from village to village and has not been commercialized.
Lion dance
Lion dance is usually held before the Tết Trung Thu, but the busiest are the fifteenth and sixteenth nights.
Party
The usual Tết Trung Thu with the focus on the dog is made of grapefruit cloves, with two black beans attached as eyes. Around there are more fruits and cakes like bánh nướng, bánh dẻo or vegetarian cakes in the shape of a mother pig with a herd of chubby piglets, or a carp are popular images. Grapefruit seeds are usually peeled and skewered on steel wires, dried for 2–3 weeks before the full moon, and on the Tết Trung Thu night, the strings of grapefruit seeds are brought to light the typical fruits and foods of this occasion are bananas and nuggets, apricots, red and blue pickled persimmons, a few daisies, and grapefruit is an indispensable fruit. When the moon reaches the top of the head is the moment to break the feast, everyone will enjoy the taste of the Mid-Autumn Festival.
The custom of looking at the moon is also related to the legend of Uncle Cuội on the moon, because one day Cuội was away, the precious banyan tree was uprooted and flew up into the sky, uncle Cuội clung to the tree roots but could not and was flown. to the moon with his tree. Looking up at the Moon, one can see a clear black spot in the shape of an old tree with people sitting under it, and children believe that it is a picture of uncle Cuội sitting at the base of a banyan tree.
Making Tết Trung Thu toys
Masks, lion lights, star lights and lion heads are the most popular toys during the Mid-Autumn Festival. In the South, the two cities of Hội An and Saigon are famous throughout the country for the craft of making decorative lanterns and paper lanterns used in the Tết Trung Thu. Previously in the North, during the subsidy period (1976 - 1986), toys for children during the Tết Trung Thu were very rare. Most families often made their own toys such as bỏi drums, lanterns, monk lamps, star lamps, kéo quân lamps, masks, tò he, and pinwheels for children in the family. There are also toy ship models. The masks are usually made of paperboard or cardboard, with popular images of children's favorite characters at that time such as: lion head, Ông Địa, Sun Wukong, Zhubajie, or Baigu jing. Today, most toys in Vietnam come from China, and the masks are made of thin plastic.
Types of Trung thu cakes (moon cakes)
From traditional to modern, moon cakes are increasingly diversified as manufacturers get creative in using different ingredients and foods into the filling; stamping cake designs into many vivid shapes; Packed with beautifully designed packaging. However, based on the recipe for making the crust, there are only two types of bánh Trung thu: bánh nướng (baked cakes) and bánh dẻo (flexible cakes).
Bánh nướng
Bánh nướng are made with a crust of flour and a little oil. Sugar to mix into the crust is usually cooked with malt to turn amber and keep for as long as possible (usually after the Tết Trung Thu, bakers cook sugar water, store it well until the next season to use). In the past, in Vietnam, the filling for pies was usually mixed, with a little bit of lime leaves, fatty meat, jam, melon seeds, and sausages.
After molding the cake, pressing the mold, the cake is put in the oven. The baking process is divided into two stages of which about 2/3 of the baking time is the first stage. After that, the cake is unloaded, cooled, covered with egg yolk and then baked for the remaining 1/3 of the time.
Bánh dẻo
Traditionally, mooncakes are made with the shell of roasted and finely ground glutinous rice flour, boiled and cooled white sugar water (not using malt as in pies), juice from pomelo flowers. The filling is made from cooked foods and ingredients. The cake is molded and pressed and can be used immediately without needing to be in the oven.
Singing Trống quân
Tết Trung Thu in the North also has the custom of singing trống quân. The male and female sides sing and respond to each other, while beating on a barbed wire or steel wire stretched on an empty barrel, popping out "thình thùng thình" sounds as the rhythm for the song. The songs are used to sing along with the rhyme, according to their own ideas, or sometimes they are familiar, sometimes they are improvised. The confrontation in the drum singing sessions is very fun and sometimes difficult because of the difficult puzzles.
Give a gift
On Tết Trung Thu, people often give gifts to each other. Gifts are usually boxes of cakes, lanterns, clothes, money. Agencies and businesses also give gifts to customers and employees, sometimes even buying mooncake trucks many companies have thousands of workers, order thousands of boxes of cakes with generous commissionscalculated on the total amount of moon cakes consumed in 2006 (statistics from manufacturers) is estimated at 6,500-6,800 tons, taking the average price of a box of 220-250g cakes about 100,000-130,000 VND, consumers have spent more than 800 billion VND for about 7 million boxes of cakes. And the boxes of cakes were as expensive as gold, and the poor could not afford them kept running around from one to the other.
The object of gift giving by adults is usually superiors such as parents, superiors, people in need, teachers or also neighbors, friends or children in the house. Usually, the more important the recipient of the gift, the higher the value of the gift must be. Giving Tết Trung Thu gifts is a common habit when life improves after Đổi Mới.
For businesses or individuals, not having Tết Trung Thu gifts can be seen as negligent or shameful, so this is not a small expense when it comes to the Tết Trung Thu. The cost of giving gifts is usually spent from the cost of receiving guests in cash. Due to the high commission or discount of bakeries (maybe up to 35%) many people prefer to use agency money to benefit.
The giving of expensive Tết Trung Thu gifts is a "graceful" occasion for adults. Many people often take advantage of this occasion to give gifts to buy and sell officials. The thick boxes of moon cakes with the "gold" and "dollar" filling inside have influenced many officials, and giving gifts during the Tết Trung Thu is a custom of these ingredients.
Watching the moon
People often watch the moon on the night of the Tết Trung Thu because this is the best time to see the moon
Muốn ăn lúa tháng Năm, trông trăng rằm tháng Tám.
Tỏ trăng Mười Bốn được tằm, đục trăng hôm Rằm thì được lúa chiêm.
Tết Trung Thu in literature and art
Poetry about Tết Trung Thu
The poet Tản Đà also mentioned the Tết Trung with the following verses:
Có bầu có bạn can chi tủi
Cùng gió cùng mây thế mới vui
Rồi cứ mỗi năm rằm tháng tám
Tựa nhau trông xuống thế gian cười.
Nguyễn Du
Khi chén rượu khi cuộc cờ,
Khi xem hoa nở khi chờ trăng lên
Songs about Tết Trung Thu
Musician Lê Thương wrote a song about this topic, Thằng Cuội, in the song, there is a passage "Bóng trăng trắng ngà có cây đa to, có thằng Cuội già ôm một mối mơ.....Có con dế mèn, suốt trong đêm thâu, hát xẩm không tiền, nên nghèo xác xơ...".
Musician Ngọc Lễ has a piece titled Cắc tùng cắc tùng about the Tết Trung Thu for children: "Cắc tùng cắc cắc tùng, Em đi chơi trung thu này, Cắc tùng tiếng trống lân tưng bừng...."
Tết Trung Thu toys
When it comes to Tết Trung Thu toys, we have to talk about lanterns, which are indispensable for children to go to the moon procession. From the past to the present, the two cities of Hội An and Saigon are famous throughout the country for the craft of making decorative lanterns and paper lanterns used in the Tết Trung Thu. According to Văn Công Lý now living in Hội An, the ancestor of the lantern making industry here is called Xã Đường. Unique Hội An lanterns are few places, Hội An lanterns are beautiful thanks to all shapes, designs, large and small. The fabric covering the lamp instead of paper is the famous Hà Đông silk, making the light more magical and shimmering.
In Saigon, from before 1975 until now, Phú Bình in District 11 of Saigon is still the largest center for the production of Trung Thu lanterns in South Vietnam, supplying the whole region. This is a migrant village in 1954, originally from Báo Đáp village in Nam Định province. This village in Northern is famous for its dyeing industry. When coming to the Southern, people still live together by dyeing, weaving and making shoes. Phú Bình after 1975 is located in the area of Phú Trung ward, Tân Phú district and Ward 5, District 11, Ho Chi Minh City, about half a kilometer from Đầm Sen tourist area. At first, when coming to the South, Phú Bình only specialized in producing simple Tết Trung Thu lights such as flute lights, fish, stars... intentionally for students to have fun on the holiday night.
From 1960 to 1975, Phú Bình annually produced more than half a million mid-autumn lanterns, supplying all provinces from Bến Hải to Cà Mau. After that, the people in the area continued to do their old jobs. In 1994, Chinese lanterns massively infiltrated the Vietnamese market, suppressing Phú Bình lamps, making the people here suffer from starvation because the goods were delayed because of the beautiful Chinese lanterns, new style, very convenient when going out in the wind, not afraid of burning because of the battery, the price is cheap.
In Vietnam market, the technology industry to produce toys for children on the occasion of the Tết Trung Thu helps create jobs and profits for many small and medium enterprises, due to common materials and simple technology, little capital, after a time for Chinese toys to dominate the market until 2006 Vietnamese lantern production recovered and re-occupy the domestic market.
See also
List of harvest festivals
Tết Nguyên Đán
Tết Đoan Ngọ
Tsukimi, the Japanese autumn harvest festival held on the same day
Chuseok, the Korean autumn harvest festival held on the same day
Mid-Autumn Festival, the Chinese Moon-observance festival held on the same day
References
External links
Bác Hồ viết thơ Trung thu cho thiếu nhi
Trung thu là tết thiếu nhi mà sao tràn ngập hoài niệm của người lớn?
Festivals in Vietnam
Harvest festivals
Lunar observation
September observances
October observances
Moon in culture |
5379439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix%20Weil | Felix Weil | Félix José Weil (; 8 February 1898 18 September 1975) was a German-Argentine Marxist, who provided the funds to found the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Biography
Weil was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina and was the son of the wealthy grain merchant Hermann Weil and his wife Rosa Weil, both of whom were of Jewish origin. At the age of 9 he was sent to attend school in Germany at the Goethe-Gymnasium, Frankfurt.
He attended the University of Tübingen and the University of Frankfurt, where he graduated with a doctoral degree in political science. While at these universities he became increasingly interested in socialism and Marxism. His thesis topic was "Socialization: An Attempt at a Conceptual Foundation, with a Critique of the Plans for Socialization".
He did his doctorate in Frankfurt am Main on the concept of socialization. Like Theodor W. Adorno, he belonged "to the generation of intellectuals born around the turn of the century and from bourgeois, mostly Jewish families, who were attracted in the 1920s to a philosophical Marxism beyond the workers' parties". He met Karl Korsch and studied Marxist economic theory.
Felix Weil married Käthe Badiert and moved to Argentina, his country of birth, for a year. The two were married from 1921 to 1929.
In 1923 he financed the Erste Marxistische Arbeitswoche ("First Marxist Workweek"), a conference in the German town of Ilmenau. The event was attended by various leftist figures such as Georg Lukács, Karl Korsch, Richard Sorge, Friedrich Pollock, and Karl August Wittfogel. The success of this event led him and his friend Friedrich Pollock to, with the help of an endowment from his father, found the Institute for Social Research in 1923.
Works
Argentine Riddle (1944)
See also
Institute for Social Research
Frankfurt School
Critical theory (Frankfurt School)
Friedrich Pollock
References
Sources
Helmuth Robert Eisenbach: Millionär, Agitator und Doktorand. Die Tübinger Studienzeit des Felix Weil (1919). In: Bausteine zur Tübinger Universitätsgeschichte, Band 3, Tübingen 1987, S. 179–216.
External links
History of the Institute of Social Research from the Institute for Social Research
The Frankfurt School at Marxists.org
1898 births
1975 deaths
Frankfurt School
People from Buenos Aires
Argentine Jews
Argentine people of German-Jewish descent |
5379446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipswell | Hipswell | Hipswell is a village and civil parish in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England. The civil parish mainly comprises the northern part of Catterick Garrison. The village of Hipswell is at the eastern end of the civil parish, and effectively forms a suburb of Catterick Garrison.
History
Hipswell was mentioned in the Domesday Book in 1086 as being in the hundred of "Land of Count Alan" and the county of Yorkshire, the population was estimated at 6 households. In the 1320s it was the birthplace of noted English theologian John Wycliffe, leader of the Lollard Movement.
Hipswell was historically a township in the ancient parish of Catterick in the North Riding of Yorkshire. In 1870-72 John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Hipswell as:a township and a chapelry in Richmond district, N. R. Yorkshire. The township lies on Rysdale beck, near its influx to the Swale, and near the Richmond railway, 2 miles SE of Richmond; and is in the parish of Catterick. Acres, 2, 785. Real property, £2, 768. Pop., 260. Houses, 53.Situated close to the church, Hipswell Hall is a 15th-century manor house, with alterations dated 1596, possibly originally part of a fortified house, built for the Fulthorpe family.
Governance
Hipswell lies within the Richmond (Yorks) parliamentary constituency, which is under the control of the Conservative Party. The current Member of Parliament, since the 2015 general election, is Rishi Sunak. An electoral ward for Richmondshire District Council in the same name exists; this ward stretches north almost to Richmond with a total population taken at the 2011 census of 5,610.
Community and culture
Hipswell Church of England Primary School which caters for nearly 200 pupils, is the local primary education provider, Risedale School is also located in Hipswell, which provides secondary and further education for the surrounding Garrison area. The village hall was originally built in 1919, but was re-erected in 1929 after a fire.
Religion
Hipswell ecclesiastical parish is formed by the villages of Hipswell with Colburn and Scotton. Hipswell is served by the church of St. John the Evangelist, Hipswell Road, Hipswell.
Hipswell churchyard was the initial burial ground for soldiers from Catterick Garrison and its Military Hospital in the First World War. It contains the war graves of 64 service personnel from that war and of 2 British soldiers from the Second World War. A screen wall lists those whose graves are not marked by headstones. In 1930, on the churchyard's northern boundary, Catterick Garrison Cemetery was opened by the War Office as a purpose-made cemetery for the camp. This includes war graves of 42 Commonwealth service personnel and some Polish service personnel of the Second World War. A Cross of Sacrifice stands at the boundary of the two burial grounds.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Catterick Garrison |
4042763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citharode | Citharode | A kitharode (Latinized citharode)
( and κιτηαρῳδός; ) or citharist,
was a classical Greek professional performer (singer) of the cithara, as one who used the cithara to accompany their singing. Famous citharodes included Terpander, Sappho, and Arion.
"Citharoedus" or "Citharede" was also an epithet of Apollo (Apollo Citharede), and the term is used to refer to statues which portray Apollo with his lyre.
See also
Relevant musical instruments
Related type of statuary
Apollo Citharoedus
Footnotes
References
Ancient Greek music |
4042764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back%20in%20Black%20%28novel%29 | Back in Black (novel) | Back in Black is the fifth novel in the A-List series by Zoey Dean. It was released in 2005 through Megan Tingley Publishers.
Plot summary
The A-List crew, consisting of Sam, Anna, Dee, Parker, Adam, and Cammie decide to forgo the Spring Break school sponsored trip to Washington D.C. in favor of heading over to Las Vegas instead. Anna misses Ben, who is away at school, and she impulsively invites him to join her and their friends in Vegas too. She also mentions the trip to her best friend from New York, Cyn Baltres, who is impressed with the way Anna has reinvented herself.
Parker Pinelli is worried because he is secretly poor and doesn't have enough money to cover the expenses for their luxurious get away but refuses to confide in any of his friends, fearing they'll kick him off the A-list if they knew the truth. He tries to gamble but is unsuccessful as the Las Vegas laws forbid minors from collecting any winnings so he hooks up with a series of wealthier and older women to cover his costs. No one in the group notices and figure Parker is just a lady killer and decide to kick off their break with a "tacky showgirl outfit contest". The girls eagerly participate although Cammie sneaks away to an undisclosed location which causes Adam to worry that she is cheating on him.
At dinner, the group is joined by none other by Cyn and her boyfriend Scott Spencer, a handsome intellectual Anna secretly had a crush on before coming to L.A. The crew decides to visit a hypnotist, although Dee bows out in favor of trying to help the sinners of Las Vegas reform. Dee's friends are a little bit worried for her as this goes beyond her normal interests in New Age or spiritual fads. Dee has Ruby Hummingbird, Sam's new half sister, on the mind and she frequently calls Poppy in a worry, claiming that she and Ruby Hummingbird have a spiritual connection. Dee begins to hear voices and believes it is Ruby Hummingbird trying to contact her.
Meanwhile, at the hypnotist, Sam is the only one of her friends who doesn't get hypnotized and she watches in shock as everyone's secrets are revealed: Adam admits that sometimes he finds other girls attractive, Cammie admits that she feels Adam can be boring sometimes, and Anna admits her secret crush on Scott. None of them remember what they said and eagerly buy a recording of the show. Sam tries to convince the others not to watch but fails and now everyone is angry with everyone: Adam and Cammie begin to argue about their relationship and Cyn refuses to speak to Anna. However, all is forgotten when Dee suffers a mental breakdown and the crew rush to the hospital to see her.
Dee is fine, although she has elected to spend some time at Ojai Mental Hospital. Relieved that Dee is fine although saddened she won't be at BHH anymore, the group returns to their hotel. Scott takes Anna aside and tells her it wouldn't work out between them and Ana realizes she only liked the idea of him and agrees, although still extremely embarrassed. She makes up with Cyn who tells her that she isn't mad because Anna was secretly lusting for her boyfriend—she was mad that Anna never confided her crush in the first place. Cyn also tells Anna that she and Scott are about to break up, if Anna wants to make a play for him but Anna declines. Meanwhile, Sam finds Parker at the bar and finds out he is poor. She promises not to tell and is impressed with the way he refuses her offer to cover his expenses. Adam and Cammie make up and Cammie admits where she had been sneaking off to—to the house of a platonic family friend who lives in Las Vegas. Said friend invites the crew to his for a party.
At the end, before they go back to Beverly Hills, Ben shows up and Anna stays behind with him. They talk about their relationship and Ben confesses that he's seeing someone at school, Blythe, but it is not serious. In the end, Anna and Ben decide to get back together.
2005 American novels
Little, Brown and Company books
American young adult novels
Novels set in the Las Vegas Valley |
4042768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoncliff | Avoncliff | Avoncliff is a small village in west Wiltshire, England, in the north of Westwood parish about southwest of Bradford-on-Avon.
It is the point at which the Kennet and Avon canal crosses the river and railway line via the Avoncliff Aqueduct, which was built by John Rennie and chief engineer John Thomas, between 1797 and 1801. The aqueduct consists of three arches and is 110 yards long with a central elliptical arch of 60 ft (18.3 m) span with two side arches each semicircular and 34 ft (10.4 m) across, all with V-jointed arch stones. The spandrel and wing walls are built in alternate courses of ashlar masonry, and rock-faced blocks. The central span sagged soon after it was built and has been repaired many times.
There is a picturesque weir on the River Avon where permission for a micro hydro electric scheme was applied for from the Environment Agency in 2009, but this is still awaited in 2013. This is a popular starting point for walks along both the canal and the river, and also to Barton Farm Country Park at Bradford-on-Avon. Avoncliff is covered by two Parish Councils; Winsley on the north side of the river and Westwood on the south side.
The Cross Guns Inn was built in the late 17th century and is a Grade II listed building.
Railway
Avoncliff has a tiny railway station, with a one-carriage-length platform in each direction, which used to be called Avoncliff Halt since it was a request stop, requiring people on the platform to wave down the trains. It has become, as of 2011, a regular stop. Services are hourly, run by Great Western Railway, and generally continue on to Westbury and Weymouth in a southerly direction, or Bristol Temple Meads and Gloucester in a northerly direction.
References
Avoncliff – the Secret History of an Industrial Hamlet in War and Peace, McCamley, Ex-Libris Press 2004
External links
Avoncliff website
Ordnance Survey map of Avoncliff circa 1900
Villages in Wiltshire |
5379467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHDT | WHDT | WHDT (channel 9), branded on-air as Florida 24 Network or FL24, is a news-formatted independent television station licensed to Stuart, Florida, United States, serving the West Palm Beach area. It is owned by the E. W. Scripps Company alongside NBC affiliate WPTV-TV (channel 5); Scripps also provides certain services to Fox affiliate WFLX (channel 29) under a shared services agreement (SSA) with Gray Television. The stations share studios on South Australian Avenue in downtown West Palm Beach (mailing address says Banyan Boulevard, also known as 1st Street), while WHDT's transmitter is located near Wellington west of US 441/SR 7.
History
The station was founded on May 25, 2000; WHDT became the first digital television station in the United States, following a ruling by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) that the station could provide primary over-the-air service using only a digital signal. On June 1, 2001, the station conducted the first over-the-air broadcast using a progressive high definition format operating at 720p/60 fps, with custom-designed 35 mm frame-transfer cameras.
WHDT established the legal precedent requiring local cable systems to carry the primary programming of all digital television stations in both high definition format and in standard definition analog format. It is the first television station to have its high definition and standard definition feeds carried on cable providers under the FCC's digital "must-carry" rules. The station originally operated as the first broadcast partner of the Deutsche Welle World Television Service. WHDT was one of three stations operated by WHDT World Television Service (DE), a business unit of Marksteiner AG.
The station's two translators, WHDT-CD in Miami (now WLPH-CD) and WHDT-LD in Boston are notable as those stations were the first and second digital translators to be authorized by the FCC. WHDT-CD has a longer history than its full-power cousin. The station was first licensed as W25AL on September 21, 1987. In 1989, it was moved to Coral Springs as W55BO, which functioned as a translator of Miami CBS owned-and-operated station WCIX (channel 6, now WFOR-TV on channel 4). Ownership of the station was transferred to Günter Marksteiner in 1996. The station continued to carry a full schedule of CBS programming until 1997, when it was relocated to North Miami and began digital translator operations for WHDT in December 2001. In January 2014, the call sign was changed to WLPH-CD, and in March, the station was sold to LocusPoint Networks.
In August 2010, WHDT became the first high-definition affiliate of the Retro Television Network. The network's classic television programming was aired up-converted to 16:9 HD format as opposed to being remastered from the original film masters. On October 27, 2011, WHDT announced that it would disaffiliate from RTV and begin carrying programming from WeatherNation TV; it switched to WeatherNation on the weekend of October 29.
On June 15, 2012, WHDT launched The Auto Channel (TACH-TV), a full high-definition broadcast service dedicated to automobile enthusiasts.
From July 13 to December 31, 2015, WHDT carried SonLife Broadcasting Network (SBN), the Christian television network of Jimmy Swaggart Ministries.
On April 1, 2016, the station affiliated with Gun TV upon that network's launch the same day. Gun TV ceased operations in January 2017 and was subsequently dropped by the station.
On January 15, 2017, the station added the educational series TED Talks to its nightly lineup.
On December 3, 2018, it was announced that WHDT would be sold to the E. W. Scripps Company for $25 million. The sale was completed on April 4, 2019.
Programming
Prior to 2019, WHDT produced high definition program content for syndication and for broadcast. Its programming included evening news and weather, documentaries, independent films, classical music concerts, equestrian sports, automotive news and motorsport programs, aviation, fishing, cooking, travel and syndicated entertainment shows. The station maintains a full high definition schedule, including paid programming.
On July 6, 2021, WHDT switched programming over from Court TV to a news-formatted independent station under Scripps' newly-launched statewide streaming news service known as the Florida 24 Network which includes syndicated programs (as of 2022) AgDay, Business First A.M., Live with Kelly and Ryan, The Wendy Williams Show, The Kelly Clarkson Show and Right This Minute (the latter four also air in earlier timeslots on WPTV) as well as rebroadcasts of sister station WPTV's 6 a.m. (at 7 a.m.), weekend 7 a.m. (at noon; weekends only), 11 a.m. (at noon; weekdays only), weekend 6 p.m. (at 7 p.m.; weekends only), 7 p.m. (at 7:30 p.m.; weekdays only) and 11 p.m. (at 11:30 p.m.) newscasts. Court TV was later relocated to subchannel 9.2.
News operation
WHDT previously broadcast ten hours of locally produced news each week, exclusive of rebroadcast of news highlights on weekends. The station's WHDT World News aired each day at 5 and 11 p.m.; the weekend edition was a compilation of notable segments from the weekday broadcasts. The newscasts were produced by WHDT World Television Service, with offices in West Palm Beach, Miami, Boston, Chicago, Sacramento, Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. The hub newscasts originated from Boston and Chicago and featured local and national stories as well as extended interview segments, a brief weather segment from the National Weather Service with a forecast for the West Palm Beach area, an entertainment segment ("Hollywood News"), and political, financial and science reports from contributing editors.
Technical information
Subchannels
As part of the digital television transition, UHF channels 52-69 were removed from the broadcast spectrum. Consequently, WHDT moved its digital signal from channel 59 to channel 42 after WXEL-TV shut off its analog signal on channel 42 on June 12, 2009. Because WXEL-TV continued to use its former analog channel number 42 as a virtual channel, WHDT was assigned 9 as its new virtual channel. WHDT is assigned to RF channel 34 in the repacked UHF TV band following conclusion of the Incentive Spectrum Auction in early 2017.
Former translator
Until 2019, the station's programming was simulcast on translator station WHDN-CD (channel 9) in Naples, Florida.
See also
WHDT-LD (former partner station in Boston)
References
External links
Television channels and stations established in 2000
HDT
E. W. Scripps Company television stations
2000 establishments in Florida
Independent television stations in the United States
Court TV affiliates
TrueReal affiliates
Stuart, Florida |
5379468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotton%2C%20Richmondshire | Scotton, Richmondshire | Scotton is a village, civil parish and electoral ward in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England. The civil parish includes the centre and south of Catterick Garrison. The village lies in the south of the civil parish, and is effectively a suburb of Catterick Garrison. The village of Scotton is located miles south west of Catterick village.
History
In the 1870s, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Scotton like this:
SCOTTON, a township in Catterick and Patrick-Brompton parishes, N. R. Yorkshire; 3 miles S S E of Richmond. Acres, 1, 500. Real property, £1, 203. Pop, 111. Houses, 23. The manor belongs to Lord Wenlock.
The township became a separate civil parish in 1866. Scotton is now categorised as being a 'small town surrounded by inhabited countryside' by the Office for National Statistics. Since the opening of the army barracks in Catterick, there has been a growth of housing in Scotton, to accommodate families and dependants of the army personnel based in the nearby town. Typical housing types in Scotton are semi-detached and terraced housing, and the average house price for a semi-detached house calculated in 2013 was £214,333.
Governance
Scotton is one of 53 Parish and Town councils in Richmondshire. The Parish Council is the local government in Richmondshire nearest to the people of Scotton. It manages local amenities in Scotton and has a watching brief on local issues; their opinion is noted by higher authorities in matters concerning them, such as local planning issues.
Transport
Scotton lies four miles south of Richmond town. The closest railway station is Northallerton railway station, which is located 11.63 miles from Scotton and there are also 13 bus routes serving Scotton.
Demography
According to census information, between 1881 and 1951, the population of Scotton increased from 116 to 7,655. In 1911 the population totalled 97 and by 1921 it was 558. This major influx in population was most likely due to the opening of Catterick Garrison army barracks at the beginning of the First World War in 1914, when it was founded by Lord Baden Powell. During the Second World War Catterick Garrison was home to over 40,000 military personnel and in 2012 it was still home to 13,000; so dependants of these service personnel living in Scotton would have led to this increase in population.
It had a population of 4,810 according to the 2011 census. In 1951, the population of Scotton was 7,655, so it has decreased since due to the decline in military activity in neighbouring Catterick Garrison. Before the development of Catterick Garrison, Scotton was a country estate. Scotton Hall, its park, Scotton Lodge and Scotton Cottage are now surrounded by army barracks.
Economy
In the 1881 census of England and Wales it was recorded that 26 people worked in agriculture in Scotton, 24 of which were men. 4 women were recorded to work in domestic services or offices and the few remaining men were recorded to have worked in positions including food and lodgings, and animals. Further evidence to suggest the agricultural background of the village is the names origin. The name 'Scotton' originated from a 'Scots farm or settlement'; with 'Scott' meaning a Scot, and 'tun' being Old English for an enclosure or farmstead.
There has been a clear shift in industry in the village since 1881. According to the 2011 census, 14 people worked in agriculture. There has been a decreased number of people working in agriculture since 1881, despite an increase in population. The main job sector in 2011 was 'Public Administration and Defence; Compulsory Social Security'; 2165 people worked in 'Public Administration and Defence' in 2011. This high number is most likely because of Scotton's close proximity to Catterick, as a vast majority of the population would be working at Catterick Garrison (army barracks), in the national defence sector.
Community and culture
Education
There are no schools in Scotton Village itself; the closest schools are in neighbouring Catterick. There are a number of primary schools situated in the area, including Le Cateau Community Primary School, Carnagill Primary School, Wavell Community Infant & Junior School, Hipswell C of E Primary School, Cambrai Primary School and Colburn Community Primary School. There is one secondary school in Catterick, Risedale Sports & Community College.
Amenities
There are a small handful of amenities located in Scotton village, including Scotton Auto Services and Scotton Park, located on Scotton Road. There is no post office in Scotton Village; the closest one is located in Catterick Garrison town. Overall, shops are limited in the village, so Catterick is the closest town to visit for things such as supermarkets and other facilities.
Religion
Scotton lies within the ecclesiastical parish of Hipswell and is served by the church of St John the Evangelist, Hipswell Road, Hipswell.
The current church building was built in 1811, but before that there was a chapel nearby Hipswell Hall, that dated back to the 1200 or 1300s. The chapel became a parish in 1664, when a congregation was formed from the local area. Other churches in the vicinity include St. Joan of Arc and St. Anne, both located in Catterick. There is evidence of St. Anne church dating back to the 7th century and further evidence of a Saxon church having been built on the current site. The present doorway dates back to 1150 and St. Anne is referred to in the Doomsday Book.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Catterick Garrison |
4042769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd%27s%20Adventures%20in%20Slime%20World | Todd's Adventures in Slime World | Todd's Adventures in Slime World is a side-scrolling platform video game first released for the Atari Lynx in 1990, with Sega Mega Drive/Genesis and PC Engine CD versions following in 1992.
Gameplay
The main character of the game is Todd the explorer, who enters Slime World to search for gems. Todd starts the game with a water pistol and computer generated map. Players in Slime World are armed with a water cannon that can be fired at many angles and can kill most enemies in one hit, cling to and climb most walls, and perform high and long jumps. Although nominally an action game, many rooms require knowledge of the player's abilities and can only be navigated in certain ways, frequently giving it an air of a puzzle game.
Todd can sustain ordinary damage from many sources, but there are invulnerability shields and pools of water that remove all damage taken when used. Red enemies, when shot, release a spray of red slime that can instantly kill even a shielded player, creating circumstances when it is best not to shoot foes.
There is also a type of enemy called a Hidden Snapper, that instantly kills players that step over it. Snappers are often undetectable until triggered, though subtle design cues hint at their location. Players (usually) have infinite lives to explore the world, but lose all their inventory items if Todd dies and are also sent back to the last checkpoint arrow passed.
Plot
Todd is a galactic explorer who, while in the Andromeda sector, discovered a starship and downloaded part of the captain's log. The log contains information on Slime World, a world teeming with disgusting life forms and the presence of valuable slime gems.
Multiplayer
In the multiplayer scenario there is one single seater escape capsule and the players must fight each other to get to it first.
Variations
The game contains seven "levels" that are more akin to game variations, each possessing not just its own map but its own variation on the basic rules. The variations are:
Easy: A relatively simple mode with little red slime or snapjaws, good for learning the game.
Exploration: Players are given a huge map with a great number of secret passages, and many enemies.
Action: The hardest level in terms of enemy opposition.
Logic: A slower-paced, solo-only mode in which the water gun does not work. Players must instead avoid, dodge or outrun foes, or find other ways of defeating them like mega bombs. While checkpoint arrows work, everything else in the world is reset when Todd dies.
Suspense: The player is given a severe time limit within which to escape Slime World. It starts at 3 minutes, but it can be extended by one minute for each mushroom collected. While the route to the exit is mostly linear, there are a number of false routes to confound players.
Combat: Most of the modes can be played cooperatively, but this one is competitive. Everyone gets five lives, and the last player in the game wins. Players may find slime guns to replace their water guns, that are capable of directly harming the other players. There are also other weapons to use, with room-destroying mega bombs at the top of the list. The Combat map is also just as packed with environmental dangers as the other modes.
Arcade: The greatest challenge of Slime World, in this mode the map is almost as dangerous as Action, but the checkpoint arrows do not work. While the map is shorter than some of the other modes, it is still fairly substantial, and the player must start over from the beginning every time a life is lost. In the Lynx version of the game, there are multiple exits from the map. Continuing past the first few exits, the automap will show that the floor layout spells "GREEN TODD: OPT 1". This is an hint for an Easter egg in the game: the "Zit popping game". In the Easter egg game players need to repeatedly press the A button to make a slime bubble grow. If the player is fast enough the slime bubble will explode in hundreds of slime drops.
Items
The items in the game are:
Slime Gem: Very common items that award a large score bonus and also partially heal the player.
Red Slime Gem: Rarer bonus item that awards a tremendous number of points, completely heals the player and gives them an invincibility shield for a while, but if accidentally shot, pops in a spray of deadly red slime.
Triple Shot: Upgrades the water gun to fire three streams of water, useful for tough foes and crowded rooms.
Slime Gun: Changes the player's ammo to slime, capable of harming the other players instead of cleaning them off. However, the many slime monsters of the game are still killed by it.
Shield: Makes the player invulnerable to slime for a limited period and completely heals all damage, but provides no protection against red slime or Snappers. (It does protect against red monsters, though.)
Cleanser: Permanently turns a pool of normal, damaging slime into pure water, capable of healing the player.
Enemy Bait: Draws enemies in the room to its location, where they are killed automatically. It does not work on some monsters, and red monsters still burst in a spray of red slime when killed in this way.
Mega Bomb: When used, is thrown onto the ground a short distance in front of the player, waits a few seconds, then destroys everything in its room in a gigantic explosion. While the explosion does not work on Hidden Snappers (since they lurk in the ground, not in the room), everything else in the game can be destroyed by bombs: monsters, players, items, pools of slime and water, and even checkpoint arrows.
Jet Pack: Gives the player the ability to fly for a limited time. Players cannot fire while flying, and pools are incredibly dangerous while using a Jet Pack, causing an explosion like a Mega Bomb if one is flown into liquid.
Development
Peter Engelbrite who worked for Epyx one of the programming divisions at Atari stated in his interview with Retro Gamer Magazine that "I saw that many of the movies for kids around that time had at least some slime in them" and commented that it was the "current craze" in the 1990s. Engelbrite went on to develop the game which also included the option to link up eight Atari Lynx machines through its Comlynx system. This was then credited to be the first eight player game ever created and the only eight player game on the Lynx.
Matt Householder of Epyx was charged with porting the game from the Lynx to Sega Genesis and PC Engine CD. The Genesis and PC Engine CD versions were changed to two player split screen, had different sound tracks and the map moved to the top right corner.
Reception
Atari Lynx
In a capsule review of the Lynx version for STart, Clayton Walnum called the game "Wonderfully gross" and "a guaranteed hit." CVG Magazine reviewed the game in their January 1991 issue calling it a "superb exploration game", "highly original", "with plenty of long-lasting appeal" giving a score of 90 out of 100.
Robert A. Jung reviewed the Atari Lynx version of the game in IGN. In his final verdict, he stated that "Todd's Adventures in Slime World will appeal mostly to players who enjoy the idea of exploring every nook and cranny of its vast, gooey terrain. For others, however, the appeal is not as distinct; depending on personal preferences and the availability of friends, the value of this card will vary significantly." He gave the game 7 out of 10.
Marshal Rosenthal reviewed the game in the short lived Raze Magazine giving a score of 92%.
Sega Genesis
N. Somniac of GamePro characterized the Genesis version as "a faithful translation" of the Lynx version which benefits from the large screen presentation. He was especially impressed that the multiplayer mode was adapted to split-screen format without significant slowdown or reduction in graphic quality. Additionally praising the convenience of the restart/password feature and the variety of gameplay possibilities resulting from the many features, he concluded, "Sharp graphics, an engaging story line, and a nice mixture of action and suspense guarantees a messy, but fun-filled, time for all!" Most of the four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly agreed that the Genesis version improved on the presentation of the Lynx original, though Martin Alessi contended the controls are not nearly as good, affecting the playability. Steve Harris found the essential gameplay concept "awkward and flat", while Ed Semrad and Sushi-X had more positive reactions, praising the long levels and challenge. They gave it a 6.25 out of 10. Mega Action gave a negative review writing: "The sound is poor and the graphics are small and untidy" and felt one of the major problems with Slime World is the lack of variety between levels.
In a 2006 retrospective review, Benjamin Galway of Sega-16 stated that the Genesis version's reduction of the multiplayer mode from eight players to two, along with its addition of an ever-present map to eliminate any possibility of getting lost, takes away most of the game's appeal. He also stated that the background graphics, animations, and color palette are inferior to the Lynx version's, and while the play control is the same, this is not a positive since the original had clunky and unnatural control. He nonetheless gave it a 7 out of 10.
Awards
Todd's Adventures in Slime World was awarded Game Players Magazine' game of the year.
References
External links
Atari Lynx – the handheld system that time forgot (includes Slime World review & download)
Sega-16 review of the Genesis port
1990 video games
Atari Lynx games
Epyx games
Metroidvania games
Sega Genesis games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
TurboGrafx-CD games
Video games developed in the United States |
4042771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlos%20Argui%C3%B1ano | Karlos Arguiñano | Karlos Arguiñano Urkiola (born September 6, 1948) is a Spanish chef, popular TV presenter and producer, and Basque pelota businessman.
His devotion to cuisine started when he was a child and helped at home because he was the eldest of four siblings and had a disabled mother.
Before beginning his training in the field of cooking, he worked for CAF, a rail car manufacturer at Beasain. When he was 17 years old, he decided to take part in a course at the Escuela de Hostelería del Hotel Euromar where, over three years, he was taught the main principles of cooking by Luis Irizar. There he met some people who have gone on to achieve great success in the world of cuisine, such as Pedro Subijana and Ramón Roteta.
Arguiñano has had a hotel-restaurant on the beach at Zarautz since 1978.
He was one of the first TV chefs in Spain with his cooking show, La cocina de Karlos Arguiñano , first on Euskal Telebista, later on Televisión Española, Argentine ATC, back in Spain with Telecinco and, since September 2010 on Antena 3.
Arguiñano combines recipe preparation with tips, jokes and amateur singing.
His catchphrase is Rico, rico y con fundamento ("Tasty, tasty and with nutritional value") and his trademark is the use of parsley.
His sister Eva Arguiñano has also appeared on TV, usually in the dessert section of the show.
He has taken over control of the show through his production company Asegarce. Asegarce also controls a big part of the professional Basque pelota business and is one of the owning companies of the TV channel La Sexta.
Filmography
Karlos Arguiñano has participated in some films.
El rey de la Granja (2002), directed by Carlos Zabala and Gregorio Muro
Año Mariano (2000), directed by Karra Elejalde and Fernando Guillén Cuervo
Airbag (1997), directed by Juanma Bajo Ulloa
Curiosities
In 2005, the chef Manu Piñero (Karlos Arguiñano Aiala Gastronomic School's executive chef), has participated on behalf of Karlos Arguiñano in the first cook work days of Cocina Fusión Vasco-Canaria by the city hall of La Orotava and managed by the Canarian chef Alberto Fortes, collaborating with several basque chefs.
References
External links
Hotel Restaurante Karlos Arguiñano
Asegarce
1948 births
Living people
Spanish chefs
Spanish television chefs
Male actors from the Basque Country (autonomous community)
Basque cuisine
People from Beasain |
4042773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mamas%20%26%20the%20Papas%20%28album%29 | The Mamas & the Papas (album) | The Mamas & the Papas is the self-titled second studio album by the Mamas and the Papas, released in September 1966. The album peaked at number 4 on the US Billboard 200 album chart and number 24 in the UK. The lead off single, "I Saw Her Again", reached number 5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 11 in the UK Singles Chart. "Words of Love" was released as the second single in the US peaking at number 5. In the UK, it was released as a double A-side with "Dancing in the Street" (a cover of the 1964 hit by Martha and the Vandellas) and charted at number 47 in the UK.
After John Phillips discovered that group member Michelle Phillips was having an affair with Gene Clark of the Byrds, he fired her from the group on June 4, 1966. In June, a new singer was hired to replace her. Jill Gibson was producer Lou Adler's girlfriend at the time and was already a singer/songwriter who had performed on several Jan and Dean albums.
There has been considerable speculation over the years about which songs, if any, Jill Gibson sings on. In 2009, dedicated fans Richard Campbell and Greg Russo talked to Gibson herself, and consulted session sheets from the recording of the album. Their conclusion was that Gibson sings on "Trip, Stumble and Fall," "Dancing Bear," "Strange Young Girls," "I Can't Wait," "Even If I Could," and "That Kind of Girl," as well as "Did You Ever Want to Cry" (which turned up on the following album, Deliver); while Michelle Phillips sings on "No Salt on Her Tail," "Words of Love," "My Heart Stood Still," "Dancing in the Street," "I Saw Her Again," and "Once Was a Time I Thought."
The photo already chosen for the album's cover featured Michelle Phillips prominently, so Dunhill had Gibson take a photo posed in exactly the same position as Michelle, and then superimposed the new photo over that of Phillips. However, the decision was then made to shoot an entirely new picture with the new line-up and to also change the album's title to Crashon Screamon All Fall Down. Several thousand advance pressings of the album with this cover and title were sent out to radio stations and record distributors, but with the return of Michelle to the group just prior to the LP's general release, the original cover and eponymous title were quickly reinstated. Copies of the rare Crashon pressings are now highly sought after collector's items.
The album was first issued on CD in 1988 (MCAD-31043) and also appears in its entirety on All the Leaves Are Brown, a retrospective compilation of the band's first four albums, with the single versions of "I Saw Her Again" and "Words of Love".
Original track listing
All songs by John Phillips, unless otherwise noted.
Side one
"No Salt on Her Tail" - 2:35
"Trip, Stumble and Fall" (John Phillips, Michelle Gilliam) - 2:35
"Dancing Bear" - 4:08
"Words of Love" - 2:13
"My Heart Stood Still" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) - 1:43
"Dancing in the Street" (Marvin Gaye, William "Mickey" Stevenson, Ivy Jo Hunter) - 3:00
Side two
"I Saw Her Again" (John Phillips, Denny Doherty) - 2:50
"Strange Young Girls" - 2:45
"I Can't Wait" - 2:40
"Even If I Could" - 2:40
"That Kind of Girl" - 2:20
"Once Was a Time I Thought" - 0:58
Personnel
Denny Doherty - vocals
Cass Elliot - vocals
John Phillips - vocals, guitar
Michelle Phillips - vocals
Jill Gibson - vocals
Hal Blaine - drums, percussion
Larry Knechtel - organ, piano
Joe Osborn - bass guitar
"Doctor" Eric Hord - guitar
Tommy Tedesco - guitar
P. F. Sloan - guitar
Peter Pilafian - electric violin
Ray Manzarek - organ, piano on "No Salt on Her Tail"
Technical
Lou Adler - producer
Dayton "Bones" Howe - engineer
Henry Lewy - engineer
Bowen David - assistant engineer
Jimmie Haskell - string arrangement on "I Saw Her Again"
Gene Page - horn arrangement on "My Heart Stood Still"
Guy Webster - photography
George Whiteman - artwork
Chart positions
References
The Mamas and the Papas albums
1966 albums
Albums arranged by Jimmie Haskell
Albums arranged by Gene Page
Albums produced by Lou Adler
Albums recorded at United Western Recorders
Dunhill Records albums |
4042784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Williams%20%28Canadian%20Army%20officer%29 | Victor Williams (Canadian Army officer) | Major-General Victor Arthur Seymour Williams (1867 – December 12, 1949) was a Canadian general in the First World War and later the Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police. In June 1916 he was seriously wounded and captured by the Germans. As a brigadier-general he was one of the highest ranked Canadians ever captured by the enemy.
Early life and education
Williams was born at Port Hope, Ontario, in 1867, the son of Arthur Trefusis Heneage Williams, by his wife Emily, daughter of Benjamin Seymour. After attending Trinity College School in Port Hope, he entered the Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, in 1884. In 1886, “Williams was one of four new Inspectors who had attended the Royal Military College in Kingston. The other three officers were: S.T. Wood, P.C.H. Primrose, and T.W. Chalmers." Two years into his studies he was withdrawn from the college at his parents' request and entered service in the North-West Mounted Police. In December 1887 he was gazetted an inspector.
Army career
He transferred to the Mounted Infantry in 1889. He married Helen Euphemia Sutherland on October 23, 1890. He eventually took a commission with the Royal Canadian Dragoons in 1893. In 1899 he went to South Africa, serving as a major and lieutenant-colonel in command of 'B' Squadron of the Canadian Mounted Rifles during the Second Boer War.
Williams was promoted brevet colonel for his overseas service and appointed commandant of the Royal School of Cavalry in Toronto, Ontario. In 1907 he was appointed commanding officer of the Royal Canadian Dragoons and Inspector of Cavalry for the Dominion of Canada. In 1911 he commanded the mounted units at the Coronation of King George V. From 1912 to 1914 he was Adjutant-General at Ottawa. He commanded Valcartier Camp, Quebec, during the mobilization of the 1st Canadian Division, and accompanied the contingent overseas. During the war he served on the general staffs of Field Marshal Sir John French and the British II and III Corps.
As a brigadier-general, he commanded the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade of the 3rd Canadian Division from December 1915 to June 1916. He was mentioned in despatches on 30 April 1916 for gallant and distinguished services in the field. He was severely wounded and taken prisoner on June 3, 1916, during the Battle of Mont Sorrel. He was released in a prisoner exchange before the end of the war.
He returned to Canada in late 1918. After the war, he was promoted major-general in command of Military District 2 based in Toronto. He then commanded military districts in Kingston and Toronto. He served as the Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police from 1922 to 1939. He died in Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto on December 12, 1949, and was buried in the St. John's Cemetery in Port Hope.
Recognition and honours
Mount Williams (2730 metres) in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia was named in his honour in 1918. He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in January 1920 for his war service.
Footnotes
References
- Total pages: 352
1867 births
1949 deaths
Burials in Ontario
Canadian people of Cornish descent
People from Northumberland County, Ontario
Trinity College (Canada) alumni
Royal Military College of Canada alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Canadian military personnel of the Second Boer War
Canadian generals of World War I
Commissioners of the Ontario Provincial Police
Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Canadian prisoners of war in World War I
Canadian military personnel from Ontario
The Royal Canadian Dragoons officers
Canadian Militia officers
World War I prisoners of war held by Germany |
5379481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Bohn | Jason Bohn | Jason Duehn Bohn (born April 24, 1973) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour. He has won two PGA Tour events.
Amateur career
Bohn was born in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. In 1992, while a sophomore on the Alabama golf team, Bohn was playing in a charity fund-raiser in Tuscaloosa when he made a hole-in-one worth $1 million. Bohn dropped his amateur status and golf scholarship on the spot and turned professional. He graduated from Alabama in 1995.
Professional career
While playing the Canadian Tour, Bohn shot a 58 in the final round to win the 2001 Bayer Championship. He also played the Nationwide Tour before earning promotion to the PGA Tour, where he has played since 2004. In 2005 he won the PGA Tour's B.C. Open.
During the 2009 season Bohn lost in a playoff at the Wyndham Championship along with Kevin Stadler to Ryan Moore.
In April 2010, Bohn won the 2010 Zurich Classic of New Orleans wire to wire, when he birdied three of the last four holes to win by two shots.
At the Greenbrier Classic in July 2015, Bohn shot a nine under par 61 during the third round that moved him from the cutline into the co-lead entering the final round. The round of 61 was Bohn's lowest ever career round on the PGA Tour. He also had his best FedEx Cup finish of 40th.
Professional wins (6)
PGA Tour wins (2)
PGA Tour playoff record (0–2)
Nationwide Tour wins (1)
Nationwide Tour playoff record (0–2)
Canadian Tour wins (2)
Other wins (1)
Results in major championships
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Results in The Players Championship
CUT = missed the halfway cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
Results in World Golf Championships
"T" = Tied
Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.
See also
2003 Nationwide Tour graduates
2004 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
References
External links
American male golfers
Alabama Crimson Tide men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Korn Ferry Tour graduates
Golfers from Pennsylvania
Golfers from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Cobb County, Georgia
1973 births
Living people |
5379499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavin | Cavin | In fortification, a cavin is a hollow way, adapted to cover troops, and facilitate their approach to a place.
Sources
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. 1913.
Fortification (architectural elements) |
5379501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAR%20High%20School | SAR High School | Salanter Akiba Riverdale High School (SAR High School) is an Open Orthodox Jewish day school located in Riverdale, New York City. It was founded in 2003 by Rabbi Naftali (Tully) Harcsztark. The school is affiliated with SAR Academy, which is also in Riverdale.
The high school's founding and current principal is Rabbi Tully Harcsztark. In fall 2019, previous assistant principal Rabbi Jonathan Kroll, returned to the school to serve as its Co-Principal.
As of the 2017–18 school year, the school had an enrollment of 539 students and 121.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 4.45:1.
Extracurricular activities
Students have the opportunity to contribute to a wide variety of publications including Ruach Searah, the Dvar Torah newsletter; 'SAR Broadcasting club'where students learn how to work cameras how to setup a broadcasting setup and broadcast sting/games played at the school. The Buzz, the official school newspaper; The Science Journal; Math Mag, an award-winning publication; the literary journal, Euphrates; The Israel Activism Committee's HaOketz'' covering Israel current events; "House Divided," the first student run publication dedicated to political and historical dialogue; SARcasm, the school satire magazine, and the Global Awareness and Action Committee's (GAAC) publication. Clubs include Model United Nations, Debate, Mock Trial, College Bowl, and countless others. SAR also has many charity clubs, including the Cookies For A Cause Club, which has won multiple grants and awards, including the Optimum Charity Champions grant in 2015. In 2019, SAR's Economics Club won the National Championships in the Personal Finance Challenge, beating over 18,000 other students nationwide.
In February 2021, The EPG (elections, politics, and governance) club held a town hall for the New York City mayoral election. Several candidates, including Andrew Yang, Eric Adams, and Maya Wiley, were in attendance.
Sports
All of SAR's teams are members of the Metropolitan Yeshiva High School Athletic League, which is composed of many of the Jewish day schools throughout the New York metropolitan area.
SAR teams compete in baseball, softball, hockey, soccer, Swim, volleyball, basketball, track, tennis, and wrestling.
SAR's College Bowl team was featured in the 2012–2013 season of MSG Varsity's the Challenge. They were the Bronx/Brooklyn champions but lost in the following round.
SAR also has a Fencing Team that competes once a year with other Jewish day schools.
Controversies
In 2013, SAR High School made news by allowing female students to put on tefillin during morning prayers, becoming the first Modern Orthodox school to do so. This decision was generally supported by most, however it did cause the school to receive significant backlash from the more traditional community.
External Links
SAR High School Home Page
References
Educational institutions established in 2003
Private high schools in the Bronx
Modern Orthodox Jewish day schools in the United States
Riverdale, Bronx
2003 establishments in New York City |
5379523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Piece%3A%20Pirates%27%20Carnival | One Piece: Pirates' Carnival | is a party game based on the One Piece anime for the Nintendo GameCube and PlayStation 2. One Piece: Pirates' Carnival comprises over 30 different minigames, which support up to four players, and includes a Reversi-like board game mode in which winning minigames lets you take control of squares and recruit pirates for your ship's crew. It uses the opening in the Japanese version.
Gameplay
The main style of gameplay is the Board Game, which features a massive gameboard consisting of dozens of panels. The objective of the game is to have as much money as possible when every tile belongs to a player. Each player has two varieties of money - the money earned from winning a minigame and the money earned from simply owning a panel. Note that while the latter is easily increased (and just as easily decreased), only three effects in the entire game can affect the former.
Each of the four players take turns uncovering panels around the gameboard; who goes first is determined by a minigame at the beginning that takes place at the center panel. While at the beginning, players can only uncover panels that are close to the central one, as the game goes on, more panels may be uncovered. A panel owned by a player is marked by being bordered with the player's colors; if the color is gray, then nobody owns it and anyone can select it.
Similar to One Piece: Grand Battle! Rush, some gameplay items and features were removed from the American version because the American version of the anime had not progressed as far as the Japanese version (Everything past the Skypiea Arc of the anime was removed) and the soundtrack of the introduction of the game was changed because 4Kids' version of the anime never used any of the original theme songs.
Game boards
There are 5 kinds of boards in the game, each one representation a place from the story. The shape and size of each board is different for the others'.
They are based in East Blue, Calm Belt to Alabasta, Skypiea, Water 7 and Longring Longland.
Panels
There are three types of panels on the gameboard:
Event: These panels, when uncovered, results in the player who uncovered them immediately gaining ownership of them. All event panels have some sort of effect, from increasing/decreasing the player's money to gaining ownership of a panel that an opponent owns.
Mini-Game: These panels, when uncovered, list a trio of minigames, one of which the player that uncovered it chooses to engage in with all the other players. The winner of the minigame gains ownership of the panel.
Captain: These panels, when uncovered, result in a special minigame where the player who uncovers them plays as the captain of the game, and follows different rules than all the other players. If the captain wins, the player who uncovered the panel earns ownership of it, while if one of the other players win, they gain ownership of it. Note that captain panels are always found in pairs, and that if a player gains ownership of one, the other is also revealed and brought under ownership of him/her. Similarly, captain panels also change ownership/get destroyed/get frozen in unison.
Note that if two panels of the same color are in line with one another, all uncovered panels between them with different colors switch to the color of the two panels on the edges, and are brought under ownership of the player with the color.
Versus Game
Any game that the player has participated is automatically added to the Versus Game section, to be played whenever they feel like it. The games are classified into these categories:
Mini-Game
Usually only uncovered by the Mini-Game panel. These include:
Ship Battle Royale: Players battle each other on board the Going Merry.
Pirates' Concentration: Players take turns flipping over tiles featuring members of the Straw Hat crew on a giant raft, searching for matches.
Going Merry Shooting Gallery: Players use the Going Merry's cannon to shoot islands & ships to gain points.
The Great Smoke Escape: Players search for keys in the Loguetown Marine HQ while avoiding Smoker/Chaser.
Snowcap Battle Hiking: Players climb up the Drum Rockies, encountering various obstacles (such as hiking bears and Lapahns) along the way.
Yuba Sand Digout: Players dig for water in Yuba while avoiding sandstorms.
Kung Fu Dugong Punch Out: Players have their own territory and take out the Kung-Fu Dugongs in order to win with less Dugongs.
Supersonic Ledge Race: Players ride spot-billed ducks up the Alubarna Plateau.
Sunken Treasure Salvage: Players explore a sunken ship in diving suits, searching for treasure while avoiding the punches of Masira.
Balloon Dive Chicken Race: Players use the octopus balloon to descend from Skypiea and onto the Going Merry.
Battle of the Long Stilts: Players walk within a ring on massive stilts, attempting to knock each other over.
Where Is Pandaman?: Players use a telescope to search for Pandaman in a large crowd.
Straw Hat Members' Games
Unlike the other Captain Games, the Straw Hats' panels cannot be uncovered in a board game. The only way to play these games is to challenge a member's tile over a Davy Back Fight.
In "Gum Gum Carnival", players try to select certain beats in a tune while avoid being hit by Luffy. The last one standing is the winner.
"Thundering Swordplay" is played in a ring, which is slippery from the rain. There, players must put Zoro/Zolo out of the ring. Whoever defeats him wins, unless he defeats the other players. If so then he wins.
In "Loguetown Treasure Chase", Nami is chased by players on the streets of Loguetown. The players who successfully steals Nami's treasure three times wins, unless she makes it to the Going Merry. If so then she wins.
In "Defend Usopp Factory!", players attempt to steal treasure from one of three doors. Usopp stands in the middle, and must choose a door to protect.
"Cooking Fighter" is played in the Baratie, where the players attempt to steal food aboard the Baratie as Sanji throws it to Patty. Forks can be used to slow down the other players. Whoever steals three dishes first wins, unless Sanji delivers five dishes to Patty before then. If so then he wins.
"Wave the Pirate Flag!" takes place in Drum Island, where the players attempt to steal a pirate flag from Chopper upon Drum Castle and wave it to fill a gauge. Chopper himself must place the flag upon each of the castle's seven sections and turn the snow pink.
In "The Ancient Ruin Mystery", players attempt to steal treasure from the ruins of Shandora and bring it back to their own camp while Robin is deciphering pone cliffs. The player who acquires 100,000 berries wins, unless Robin completely deciphers the pone cliffs. If so then she wins.
Captain Games
The player who uncovers a captain tile gets to play as the captain. All the other players face off against them in a mini-game. Once in a while, captains will mutiny, and all four players battle against them.
Chop-Chop Festival: Players battle Buggy by stepping on either his head or lower body. Buggy himself can attack of his own will and go into a "berserker" mode whenever he is hit. Mohji and Cabaji will also be firing cannonballs at the players.
The Cat Out of the Bag: Players battle Kuro in Kaya's front yard while avoiding Jango's hypnosis. Kuro himself can create a trail of light when he starts running, and can surround players with it, attacking them all at once with his "Out of the Bag Attack".
Beware the MH5!: Players jump across the pieces of Baratie's fins and Krieg's ship to reach Don Krieg himself. The entire stage is covered with poison gas, and players must periodically acquire gas masks to deplete their poison meter, or they will die. Krieg himself can hinder players with spears and (if he acquires one) bombs.
Arlong Darts Park: Players engage in a game of darts at Arlong Park. Arlong himself takes his turn after all three players, and only gets three shots as opposed to the other players getting four. However, he can knock down other players' darts to steal their points, and the three spots that he chose form a triangle. Any darts within the triangle instantly have their score stolen by Arlong.
Little Garden Bomb Battle: Players battle the giants Dorry and Brogy on Little Garden by tossing bombs at the giants' feet. Dorry and Broggy can retaliate by stepping on the players, guided by a skull mark.
Wapol's Munch-Munch Factory: Players battle a rotating Wapol (in the center of the stage) by hitting his heart, which pops out at a random spot every time he attacks. In addition to using cannons and hammers, Wapol can also devour anyone who he is facing, filling up a gauge. When the gauge is filled, Wapol can engage in a secret technique that attacks all opponents.
Clone-Clone Panel Shootout: Players engage in a guessing game with Mr. 2 Bon Clay at the Sandora River, trying to guess which face he has transformed into.
Mr. 4's Batter Up!: Players attempt to deflect exploding baseballs that Mr. 4 hits toward them. In addition to normal baseball bombs, Mr. 4 can also have Lasso sneeze out up to three "tornado shots" that automatically explode.
Crocodile's Sand Trap: Players battle Crocodile with water guns while attempting to not get sucked into the "Desert Girasole". Crocodile himself can dodge water shots and retaliate with Desert Spada and sandstorms.
Chomp It Up! Pie Eatout: Players engage in a pie-eating contest with Blackbeard, and must avoid bombs. Blackbeard himself can use an apple bomb whenever Doc Q shows up, causing three apples to appear before each of the players, at least one of which is a bomb (the exploding apples do not reveal themselves until a few seconds later).
Spring Hopper Daredevil: Players attempt to dodge Bellamy's bouncing attacks in Mock Town while trying to make it through all three sections. Bellamy himself creates a hole in the dock wherever he lands if he does not hit anybody, and these holes cause instant death if a player falls through them. If two or more have survived all three sections of Mock Town, Bellamy goes into a frenzied "Spring Hopper" that does not stop until there is only one player left standing.
Wyper Strikes!: Players must stop Wyper from destroying the Going Merry by absorbing his bazooka shots. Wyper himself can fire an extra-potent shot if he stops firing for a while.
Illusion Forest, Ordeal of Orbs: Players must knock exploding Surprise Orbs toward Satori. Satori himself can either deflect them with his cane or connect Surprise Orbs to the one that he is standing on, and once he has connected four, he can use the Orb Dragon technique, which allows him to hurt players just by touching them.
Light the Shandorian Fire!: Players must reach the Golden Bell by climbing up Giant Jack and avoiding a rotating thunder cloud. Enel follows the players on another cloud, and attacks them with "30,000,000 Volt Hino" (which is horizontal) and "El Thor" (which is vertical).
The Suitcase Scramble: Players must take three suitcases full of money back to their own area. Smoker/Chaser (Paulie in the Japanese version) snatches the suitcases away from the players. Hammers can be used to attack him, attack other players, or knock a suitcase out of another player's area.
Chop-Chop Harpoon Mayhem!: Players collect treasure while avoiding Buggy's attacks (Franky's attacks in the Japanese version) and the junk fired out of the cannons. He can grab players and toss them into the cannon, firing them out.
Pandaman's Panic Maze: Players avoid flames while breaking down doors in a maze-like burning mansion. When a blue arrow appears, players can escape the mansion by getting to it in time. Pandaman (Blueno in the Japanese version) travels through walls to attack the players, and can alter the direction of the flames up to three times.
Twirling Whips of Flame: Players must avoid Mohji & Cabaji (Kaku & Kalifa in the Japanese version) running over them with a whip while attempting to toss them into a fire. The duo can stop at any time and start spinning in a circle, increasing the range of their attack.
Lucci's game (Original version only): Players run through a devastated and burning Galley-la building, while Rob Lucci chases them and attempts to stop them by throwing burning furniture and utilizing his six form techniques.
Reception
The game was met with very mixed to negative reception upon release. GameRankings gave it a score of 51% and 47 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version, and 45% and 49 out of 100 for the GameCube version. In Japan, Famitsu gave the game a score of one seven and three sixes, bringing it to a total of 25 out of 40. Famitsu Cube + Advance, however, gave the GameCube version a score of one nine, two eights, and one seven, bringing it to a total of 32 out of 40.
References
Notes
External links
Bandai America's Official Website (archived)
Bandai Official Website (Japanese)
2005 video games
PlayStation 2 games
GameCube games
Pirates Carnival
Party video games
Toei Animation video game projects
Video games developed in Japan |
5379548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Kong | Queen Kong | Queen Kong is a 1976 British-German adventure comedy film parodying King Kong. The film was never released theatrically in the United Kingdom, due to legal action by Dino De Laurentiis, producer of the 1976 King Kong remake and RKO, the copyright holder of King Kong at the time. It got a limited release in Italy and Germany. The film has since resurfaced on DVD.
The film has a cult following in Japan. In 1998, a troupe of Japanese comedians produced their own Japanese dialogue for the film, in a similar spirit to Woody Allen's What's Up, Tiger Lily?; this version with the new Japanese dialogue was released on DVD in 2001. The film was novelized by James Moffat and published by Everest Books in 1977.
It was shot at Shepperton Studios and on location around London and Newhaven. In addition, miniature sets were created utilising the scale model of London at the now long-defunct Bournemouth theme park Tucktonia.
Plot
This film switches the traditional roles of females and males and reverses all the genders of the original cast of King Kong, the main character Ray Fay plays the damsel in distress which tends to usually be played by women. He is kidnapped by film director Luce Habit to star in her new African jungle movie, he then finds himself the amorous attraction of a giant female gorilla that pursues him across London.
Main cast
Robin Askwith as Ray Fay
Rula Lenska as Luce Habit
Valerie Leon as Queen of the Nabongas
Roger Hammond as Woolf
Linda Hayden as the Singing Nun
John Clive as Comedian
Carol Drinkwater as Ima Goodbody
Anthony Morton as Antique Dealer
Vicki Michelle as Crew Girl
Anna Bergman as Crew Girl
Geraldine Gardner as Crew Girl
Jeannie Collings as Crew Girl
References
External links
Queen Kong on Nanarland
Fictional queens
1976 films
1970s fantasy-comedy films
1970s monster movies
King Kong (franchise) films
1970s parody films
1970s adventure comedy films
British parody films
Constantin Film films
Films set in London
1976 comedy films
Films shot at Shepperton Studios
British monster movies
British natural horror films
British comedy horror films
1970s English-language films
1970s British films
1970s Japanese films |
5379568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Courageous%20%28S50%29 | HMS Courageous (S50) | HMS Courageous (S50) is a decommissioned nuclear fleet submarine in service with the Royal Navy from 1971. She is now a museum ship managed by the Devonport Naval Heritage Centre.
In 2021, plans to set up a Cold War Centre around Courageous entered their first phase of implementation, supported by the National Museum of the Royal Navy.
Operational history
In 1982, Courageous along with her sister ship, , was sent with the British task force to retake the Falkland Islands from the occupying Argentine forces. She returned home later in the year without damage. Courageous was retired from service in 1992.
During the HMNB Devonport Navy Days 2006, one of the members of the team restoring HMS Courageous pointed out that HMS Valiant was one of the first Royal Navy submarines to have her reactor removed. As Valiant had been cosmetically wrecked by this work, HMS Courageous was selected for the museum ship to represent the nuclear submarine fleet of the Royal Navy during the Cold War. Components were removed from HMS Valiant to restore Courageous. HMS Courageous was due to be moved in 2007 from her current berth to a new berth, due to development of the HMNB Devonport area where she resided.
External links
HMS Courageous Society website
References
Cited footnotes
Cited texts
HMS Courageous: A Cold War Veteran. Published by the Courageous Society 2008.
Churchill-class submarines
Museum ships in the United Kingdom
Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom
1970 ships |
5379574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20of%20Selenhofen | Arnold of Selenhofen | Arnold of Selenhofen (c. 1095/1100 – 24 June 1160) was the archbishop of Mainz from 1153 to his assassination in the Benedictine abbey St. Jakob, where he took shelter from the raging crowd.
He was born to a wealthy Mainz family. He studied at the University of Paris and became the treasurer of the archdiocese of Mainz, then provost of the cathedral. Conrad III made him archchancellor of Germany in 1151 and Frederick Barbarossa made him archbishop in 1153.
His administration of justice was unforgiving. While he was away in Italy working for the recognition of the Antipope Victor IV in 1159, the leading citizens rebelled. When he returned, he was murdered in front of the monastery of St. Jakob. He was buried in the church of St. Maria ad gradus (St. Mary of the Steps).
Literature
Johann Friedrich Böhmer: Martyrium Arnoldi Archiepiscopi Moguntini. Stuttgart 1853. (Fontes Rerum Germanicarum 3), pp. 173–217
Burkhardt, Stefan, Mit Stab und Schwert. Bilder, Träger und Funktionen erzbischöflicher Herrschaft zur Zeit Kaiser Friedrich Barbarossas. Die Erzbistümer Köln und Mainz im Vergleich (Mittelalter-Forschungen 22), Ostfildern 2008.
Burkhardt, Stefan, Vita Arnoldi archiepiscopi Moguntinensis, Schnell + Steiner, 2014,
12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Holy Roman Empire
11th-century births
1160 deaths
Archbishops of Mainz
Assassinated German people
Assassinated religious leaders |
5379576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Stevens | Lord Stevens | Lord Stevens or Baron Stevens may refer to:
David Stevens, Baron Stevens of Ludgate (born 1936)
John Stevens, Baron Stevens of Kirkwhelpington (born 1942)
Simon Stevens, Baron Stevens of Birmingham (born 1966) |
4042786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotives%20of%20the%20Furness%20Railway | Locomotives of the Furness Railway | The Furness Railway Company owned many different types of locomotives, built by several locomotive building companies, including Sharp Stewart and Company. Others were built by the Furness' constituent companies - the Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway, among others.
Furness Railway locomotives
The classes listed below are not the official FR designations; they were made popular by Bob Rush in his books about the Furness Railway.
Cleator & Workington Junction Railway
The Furness railway entered into a working agreement with the Cleator & Workington Junction Railway where the FR would work the companies mainlines and the branch lines were worked by C&WJR engines. The loco list previously shown on this page has been amended thus:
Cleator & Workington Junction Railway locomotives
All the nameplates used on this company's locomotives were named after residences of C&WJR company directors. Until recently there was uncertainty about the name of No. 2 but the personal notebook of the Company Accountant shows otherwise. The engine never ran in service with the name "Ennerdale" .
No. 1 Brigham Hill (1st) and Rothersyke (1st)
An outside cylinder 0-4-0T Built in 1894 by Fletcher Jennings Ltd for C&WJR. Builders No. 187. Nameplates carried: Brigham Hill (1882–1894) and Rothersyke (1894–1897) Renumbered: No known renumbering of this engine. Disposal: To West Stanley Colliery Coy. County Durham in 1897
No. 2 Unnamed for fifteen years, then Rothersyke (2nd)
An outside cylinder 0-4-0ST. Built circa 1875 by Barclay & Co. (not an Andrew Barclay Sons & Co. product). Built originally for Ward, Ross & Liddlelow, railway contractors to the C&WJR, No.2 was purchased second hand in 1882. No. 2 was originally named Ennerdale but the nameplates were removed after acquisition by the C&WJR on the order of the Managing Director. Nameplates Carried: None from 1882 to 1897. The redundant plates from engine No.1 Rothersyke were fitted when it was decided to sell the engine. Renumbered: No known renumbering of this engine. Disposal: To SD Coasdell of Workington in July 1898 for £150.
No. 3 South Lodge
An outside cylinder 0-6-0ST of 1884, built by Robert Stephenson and Company for the C&WJR. Builders No. 2553. The saddle tank did not cover the smokebox. Nameplates carried: South Lodge. (1884 to 1920) Renumbered: No known renumbering of this engine. Disposal: To J.F. Wake Ltd., Dealers, Darlington, County Durham, July 1920
No. 4 Harecroft
An outside cylinder 0-6-0ST built in 1885 by the Lowca Engineering Co. Ltd. for the C&WJR. Builders No. 196. Similar in appearance to No.3 and the saddle tank did not cover the smokebox. Nameplates carried: Harecroft. (1885 to 1915) Renumbered: After disposal by new owner to 46 Disposal: Withdrawn September 1915 and sold to Workington Iron & Steel Company.
No. 5 Moresby Hall
An outside cylinder 0-6-0ST built in 1890 by Robert Stephenson and Company for the C&WJR. Builders No. 2692. The saddle tank did not cover the smokebox.Nameplates carried: Moresby Hall . (1890 to 1919) Renumbered: No known renumbering of this engine. Disposal: Withdrawn and scrapped 1919.
No. 6 Brigham Hall
An outside cylinder 0-6-0ST built in 1894 by Robert Stephenson and Company for the C&WJR. Builders No. 2813. The saddle tank did not cover the smokebox.Nameplates carried: Brigham Hall . (1894 to 1920) Renumbered: Allocated 11564 by the LMS in 1923 after the grouping, but not known if it was repainted into LMS colours. Disposal: Withdrawn 11/12/1926 and scrapped by the LM&SR
No. 7 Ponsonby Hall
An outside cylinder 0-6-0ST built in 1896 by Robert Stephenson and Company for the C&WJR. Builders No. 2846. The saddle tank did not cover the smokebox.Nameplates carried: Ponsonby Hall . (1886 to 1926) Renumbered: Allocated 11565 by the LMS in 1923 after the grouping, but not known if it was repainted into LMS colours. Disposal: Withdrawn 18/12/1926 and scrapped by the LM&SR
No. 8 Hutton Hall
An 0-6-0ST built in 1907 by Peckett and Sons for the C&WJR. Builders No. 1134. Nameplates carried: Hutton Hall (1907 to 1927) Renumbered: Allocated 11566 by the LMS in 1923 after the grouping, and repainted into early LMS black goods livery. Disposal: Withdrawn 3/12/1927 and scrapped by the LM&SR
No. 9 Millgrove
An outside cylinder 0-6-0ST built in 1919 by Peckett and Sons for the C&WJR. Builders No. 1340. Nameplates carried: Millgrove (1919 to 1928) Renumbered: Allocated 11567 by the LMS in 1923 after the grouping, and repainted into early LMS black goods livery. Disposal: Withdrawn 5/12/1928 and scrapped by the LM&SR
No. 10 Skiddaw Lodge
An outside cylinder 0-6-0ST built in 1920 by Hudswell Clarke & Co. for the C&WJR. Builders No. 1400. Nameplates carried: Skiddaw Lodge . (1920 to 1932) Renumbered: Allocated 11568 by the LMS in 1923 after the grouping, and repainted into early LMS black goods livery. Disposal: Withdrawn 1932 by LM&SR and sold to Hartley main Collieries Northumberland, via Robert frazer & Sons Ltd., Hebburn, County Durham.
Preserved locomotives
Three very early Furness Railway locomotives have been preserved:
Furness Railway No. 3 – "Old Coppernob" 0-4-0 tender engine of 1846, preserved at the National Railway Museum in York.
Furness Railway No. 20 – Sharp Stewart Class A5 0-4-0 tender engine of 1863, now at Ribble Steam Railway in Lancashire. This is Britain's oldest working standard-gauge steam locomotive. It had been converted to a saddle-tank locomotive, but has now been restored to its original tender locomotive design.
Furness Railway No. 25 – Sharp Stewart Class A5 0-4-0 tender engine of 1865, now at Ribble Steam Railway awaiting restoration. Unlike No. 20 (above), this locomotive remains in its later saddle-tank format.
Furness Railway No. 115 – Sharp Stewart Class D1 0-6-0 tender locomotive of 1881. The locomotive was lost when a mine working collapsed at Lindal-in-Furness on 22 September 1892; only the tender was rescued, which was then used on a loco to replace 115. The locomotive remains buried 200 ft underground, but is technically still in existence.
References
External links
Steam Index's Furness Railway Page
Furness Railway
Furness Railway |
4042797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpley%20Stoke | Limpley Stoke | Limpley Stoke is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England. It lies in the Avon valley between Bath and Freshford, and is both above and below the A36 road.
The parish is surrounded to the north, west and south by the Bath and North East Somerset district and includes the outskirts of the Somerset villages of Freshford and Midford. The Avon forms the eastern boundary of the parish, and its tributary the Midford Brook is the boundary in the north and west.
History
The 18th-century country house at Waterhouse is a Grade II listed building.
Limpley Stoke was the westernmost part of the ancient hundred of Bradford, and a tithing of Bradford parish, which was divided into civil parishes in 1894.
A small Baptist chapel was built on Middle Stoke in 1815 and rebuilt in 1888, providing 150 seats. The chapel closed in the 1970s. A National School was opened on Middle Stoke in 1845; in 1893 there were 51 pupils. The school closed in 1932 owing to low pupil numbers, and the building is now the village hall.
In 1886 Messrs E G Browne and J C Margetson acquired a cloth mill, known as Avon Mill, on the banks of the River Avon at Limpley Stoke. The previous owners of the mill had originally been timber merchants, but had later diversified into the production of rubber goods. By 1890 the business had transferred to premises in Melksham, where it became the leading industry of the town; the company later became Avon Rubber.
The village's last pub, The Hop Pole, closed in 2018. The 17th-century was used in 1993 for the filming of The Remains of the Day with Anthony Hopkins.
A landmark water tower, nearby in Friary Wood, is referred to as the Limpley Stoke Water Tower.
Canals and railways
The Kennet and Avon Canal was built in 1804 through the Avon valley, on the other side of the parish boundary. The Somerset Coal Canal opened in 1805; it followed the Midford Brook, again just beyond the parish boundary, to join the Kennet and Avon next to the Dundas Aqueduct in Monkton Combe parish.
In 1857 the Great Western Railway (GWR) built their branch from Staverton Junction, north of Trowbridge, via Bradford on Avon to join their main line at Bathampton. The line follows the Avon valley, on the Limpley Stoke side of the river; Limpley Stoke station was below the north end of the village.
The Coal Canal closed in 1898 and its route was bought by the GWR, who used it to extend their Bristol and North Somerset Railway from Camerton to Limpley Stoke; this line opened in 1910. Passenger traffic was light and ceased in 1925. Goods service from Camerton continued until 1951 and the track was lifted in 1958.
Limpley Stoke station closed in 1966. The line remains open, as part of the Wessex Main Line. The Kennet and Avon Canal fell into decline and almost closed in the 1950s, but restoration began in the 1970s and the whole canal was reopened in 1990.
Parish church
The Church of England parish church of Saint Mary dates from the 10th century; it was first dedicated to the Wiltshire saint Edith of Wilton, but in the 16th century, after some five hundred years, was rededicated to St Mary.
The present building was begun in the early 13th century, and the north porch has an arch of that period. The short west tower was added in the 15th century; restoration in 1870 was of limited scope, leading Pevsner to describe the church as "unrestored". When a south aisle and vestry were added in 1921 to designs of Charles Nicholson, a Saxon arch was incorporated in the arcade.
The stone pulpit is from the 15th century. There is one bell, cast in 1596. Stained glass includes a 1932 memorial by A.K. Nicholson. The church was designated as Grade II* listed in 1962.
The early church was annexed to the church at Bradford. In 1846 the chapelry of Limpley Stoke was joined with that of Winsley to form a perpetual curacy; a new parish, Winsley with Limpley Stoke, was created in 1868. In 1970 the parish was uncoupled from Winsley and united with Freshford, in the diocese of Bath and Wells. In 1976 the parish of Hinton Charterhouse was added, thus today the church is in the parish of Freshford with Limpley Stoke and Hinton Charterhouse, alongside St Peter's, Freshford and St John the Baptist, Hinton Charterhouse.
Notable residents
Kate Allenby, modern pentathlete, Olympic bronze medallist
Miles Kington (1941–2008), journalist, musician and broadcaster
Vicky Holland, modern triathlete
Gallery
See also
Neighbouring civil parishes (clockwise from north):
Monkton Combe – small Somerset village
Winsley – small Wiltshire village
Freshford – Somerset village
Southstoke – small Somerset village
References
External links
www.limpleystoke.org – Parish Council website
Limpley Stoke Web – maps, photographs and other sources for local history and genealogy
Kennet and Avon Canal
Villages in Wiltshire
Civil parishes in Wiltshire |
4042802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Mary%27s%20Church%2C%20Bramall%20Lane | St Mary's Church, Bramall Lane | St Mary's Church, Bramall Lane is a Church of England parish church in the City of Sheffield, England.
History
St Mary's Church is one of three churches that were built in Sheffield under the Church Building Act 1818 (the other two being St George's Church, Portobello and St Philip's Church, Netherthorpe), and is the only one still to be used as a church. The church was designed by Joseph Potter and cost £13,927 (). A grant of £13,941 was received from the Church Building Commission to cover the cost of building and other expenses. The foundation stone was laid on 12 October 1826 by the Countess of Surrey, and the church was consecrated on 21 July 1830.
The church is built in the Perpendicular style, with a high tower, It was damaged by bombing during the "Sheffield Blitz" and when restored was divided: the chancel and two east bays of the nave remained in use as a church, the rest of the building used as a community centre.
In 1839 some Chartists, suspicious of the big new Anglican churches, unsuccessfully attempted to fire-bomb St Mary's.
It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated grade II* listed building.
Present day
In 2000, a major internal refurbishment took place resulting in the church and community centre becoming a combined space. The space is also used to host conferences.
There are close links between the church and Sheffield United F.C., whose ground is situated on Bramall Lane. During the refurbishment in 2000, church services took place at the football club.
See also
Listed buildings in Sheffield
List of Commissioners' churches in Yorkshire
References
External links
Official website
Churches completed in 1830
Bramall Lane, Saint Marys Church
Grade II* listed buildings in Sheffield
Bramall Lane, Saint Marys Church
Bramall Lane, Saint Marys Church
Commissioners' church buildings
Grade II* listed churches in South Yorkshire
1830 establishments in England |
5379595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayan%20Sanyal | Narayan Sanyal | Narayan Sanyal (26 April 1924 – 7 February 2005) was an Indian writer of modern Bengali literature as well as a civil engineer.
Biography
Narayan Sanyal was born in Krishnagar to Chittasukh Sanyal and Basantalata Devi. His name was initially Narayandas Sanyal in school life. His family consisted of wife Sabita Sanyal; elder daughter Anindita Basu, son-in-law Amitabha Basu, son Tirtharenu Sanyal, daughter-in-law Sharmila Sanyal, younger daughter Mou Sanyal Talukdar, son-in-law Soumitra Talukdar. His granddaughter is Ayoshi Talukdar.
Although Sanyal is known mostly as a novelist, he was also an eminent civil engineer by profession. After graduating in science from the University of Calcutta, he passed Bachelor of Engineering from Bengal Engineering College in 1948. Thereafter he joined Public Works Department and later National Buildings Organisation, Ministry of Works and Housing, Eastern Region, Govt of India. He was a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India) and a Fellow of the Association of Engineers (India). He also wrote books in Civil Engineering such as Vaastu Vigyan.
A biography of Narayan Sanyal was written by Pradip Dutta – Ami Narayan Sanyal Ke Dekhechi.
A Documentary on Writer Narayan Sanyal was screened on the 18th Kolkata International Film Festival on 15 November 2012 at Bangla Academy . The film " CHOKHER DEKHA PRANER KOTHA .... Narayan Sanyal " in Bengali named by his elder son-in-law Amitabha basu, was directed by his younger son-in-law Soumitra Talukdar and produced by his younger daughter Mou Sanyal.
Overview of his works
Sanyal wrote numerous books that dealt with various topics, such as children, science, art and architecture, travels, psychiatry, technology, refugee problems, history, biographical pieces, encyclopaedia of animals, social novel and Devadasi-related.
This author also preferred writing books on deep shadow of many world-famous works. One of the most popular Sci-Fictions Nakshatraloker Debatatma [নক্ষত্রলোকের দেবতাত্মা], is based on the transformation of human race from primitive creature to civilised intelligent species controlling the whole earth. Then it deals with Jupiter exploration and a super intelligent Computer HAL. The three parted book is an inspiration of 2001: A Space Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke. In his book, Sanyal named HAL as Jantra-Na, in his mother tongue Bengali, it ambiguously means 'not a machine' as well as 'pain'.
His most popular work is Biswasghatak [বিশ্বাসঘাতক] written about the Manhattan project that developed the first US Atom Bomb. This book is based on the shadow of Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists (1970), by Austrian Robert Jungk.
Another book Timi Timingil is on Whales. This stands on an article published in Readers Digest.
He also wrote a series of detective fiction called the Kanta [কাঁটা] (Thorn) series. Most of the stories were inspired from various foreign novels of Erle Stanley Gardner and Agatha Cristie. The protagonist of Kanta series thriller, Barrister P.K. Basu was based on the character Perry Mason.
Apart from this series, he wrote Bishupal Bodh: Uposonghar [বিশুপাল বধ: উপসংহার], which is basically a completion of Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay's unfinished Byomkesh Bakshi story: Bishupal Bodh. Narayan Babu fulfilled some terms given by Bandyopadhyay's friend Pratul Chandra Gupta, who edited Bandyopadhyay's works. Samaresh Basu, as the editor (also a friend of Sanyal) of Mahanagar, a magazine, published it in a Puja issue.
Sanyal did not simply copy foreign works; he took the central themes and adapted them for a proper Bengali atmosphere, which would be familiar to Bengali readers. For this reason, some changes in the original plot and a few anachronisms (that suit, e.g. offering a chair to the accused & the witness at the courtroom in India—- which is not generally the practice) necessarily occur in his writings. He always mentioned the source, the changes he made in his script, and why these were necessary. He also tried to keep the nomenclature resembling the original so as to offer his gratitude. He often referred to P. K. Basu as "the Perry Mason of the East", as it was Erle Stanley Gardner's masterpiece that inspired him to create Basu.
It is undoubtedly accepted by all that Narayan Babu was one of the finest authors in Bengali and he was a class apart from the flock of contemporary Bengali writers those who were too dependent on sentiment and emotional overdose in their writings and too dependent on monopolist Bengali media/publication groups in commercial front.
Accolades
He received several awards for literature including Rabindra Puraskar (for Aporupa Ajanta in 1969), Bankim Puraskar (for Rupmanjari in 2000), and Narasingha Dutta Award. Many of his books were filmed and he won the Best Film Story Writer Award (for Satyakaam) by Bengal Film Journalists.
List of works
Adaptations in movies
Satyakam, his novel, was adapted into Hindi film, Satyakam (1969), directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee, starring Dharmendra, Sharmila Tagore as Ranjana, Rabi Ghosh and Ashok Kumar.
His another novel, Nagchampa was turned into Jadi Jantem, a Bengali Film released on 1 March 1974. This film was directed by Yatrik and starred by Uttam Kumar as P. K. Basu, Ruma Guha Thakurta as Ranu, Soumitra Chatterjee as Koushik Mitra, Supriya Choudhury as Sujata, Basanta Choudhury, Kamal Mitra and Haradhan Banerjee. Sanyal also wrote the dialogue.
The plot of Ashleelotar Daye was adopted to a Chiranjit starred film with the same name (1983).
Neelimay Neel was turned into a Tapas Paul, Indrani Haldar & Anup Kumar starred film in 1991.
Pashanda Pandit was filmed by director Shibaprasad Sen. Soumitra Chatterjee starred film in 1993.
Gajamukta was released in 1994 by director Ajit Lahiri.
Children and teenage literature
Sherlock Hebo [শার্লক হেবো] (1971)
Origami (1982; with Pradip Dutta)
Disneyland [ডিসনেল্যান্ড] (1985)—A delightful account on his trip to Disneyland, California. The book contains some of his pencil sketches.
Nak Unchu [নাক উঁচু] (1985)
Hati Aar Hati [হাতি আর হাতি] (1989)
Scientific articles and science fictions
Biswasghatak [বিশ্বাসঘাতক] (1974)—This is a book about the story of the Manhattan Project in the US during the 1930s and has a good insight on the type of collective intellect that worked together to make the project a success. This book also displays the win of economics and politics over "common sense" and the disastrous aftermath of such an action.
He Hansabalaka [হে হংসবলাকা] (1974)
Obak Prithibee [অবাক পৃথিবী] (1976)
Nakshatraloker Debotatma [নক্ষত্রলোকের দেবতাত্মা] (1976)
Aji Hote Shatobarsho Pore [আজি হতে শতবর্ষ পরে] (1985)
Charles Augustus Lindebark
Bihanga Basona (1998)
Painting, sculpture, architecture
Ajanta Aparupa [অজন্তা অপরূপা] (1968)
La-jawab Dehli Aparupa Agra [লা-জবাব দেহ্লি অপরূপা আগ্রা] (1982)
Immortal Ajanta (1984)
Erotics in Indian Temples (1984)
Bharatiyo Bhaskarje Mithun [ভারতীয় ভাস্কর্যে মিথুন] (1980)
Prabanchak [প্রবঞ্চক] (1987)—This contains two articles, one on the original story of stealing the Mona Lisa & the other one is on the greatest forgery in the history of paintings.
Travel
DandokShabori [দণ্ডকশবরী] (1962)
Pother Mohaprosthan [পথের মহাপ্রস্থান] (1965)
Japan Theke Fire [জাপান থেকে ফিরে] (1971)—This is an account of a trip to Japan during Exposition, 1970.
Nostalgic
Shat Ekshotti [ষাট একষট্টি] (1984)
Abar Se Esechhe Firiya [আবার সে এসেছে ফিরিয়া] (1989)
Psychological
Monami [মনামী] (1960)
Antarleena [অন্তর্লীনা] (1966)
Tajer Swapno [তাজের স্বপ্ন] (1969)
Detective
All books of the Kanta series are of Prasanna Kumar Basu (famously known as P. K. Basu), Bar at Law.
1.Nagchampa [নাগচম্পা] (Published: 1968)
This novel is the first P. K. Basu story by Sanyal, though he called it as a "trial ball". It was later adopted in a Bengali movie, Jadi Jantem in 1974. Here, Basu is shown to be an old, unmarried man; who solves the death mystery of a businessman. Sujata, who is an essential character of the following stories, was accused of murder. Koushik, in a disguise of a driver, also helps her. Koushik is a typical example of bulk of the engineers who fails to manage any satisfiable job.
2.Sonar Kanta [সোনার কাঁটা] (Written:1974 Published:October 1974; Inspiration: mousetrap by Agatha Christie; Dedication: Late Byomkesh Bakshi)
After Jodi Jantem, he changed the character Basu to be an aged lawyer, whose wife Ranu is made invalid & Suborna alias Mithu, their only daughter is died in an accident. This novel marks the proper starting of the series. This is based on a murder of Ramen Guha, a policeman and some other incidents at The Repose, a hotel at Ghum, Darjeeling, run by the Mitra couple, Sujata & Koushik Mitra.
3.Machher Kanta [মাছের কাঁটা] (Written:1974, Published:March 1975; Dedication: Samarjit Gupta)
Mitra couple returns Kolkata, after selling the hotel and starts a private detective agency, named Sukoushali [সুকৌশলী] at Basu's residence at New Alipore. This story revolves about Supriya Dashgupta [সুপ্রিয় দাশগুপ্ত], a manager of a Bombay based farm. At the end of the story, the caught person is proved to be different than the original culprit.
4.Pother Kanta [পথের কাঁটা] (Written:1975, Published:January 1976; Dedication: Mukul Chakraborty)
Old Jagadananda Sen lives with granddaughter Nilima Sen, nephew Jogananda and Jogananda's relative Shyamal. Mahendra, his ex-employee, whom he revoked, suddenly comes back and starts blackmailing Jagadananda. He, then seeks help from Basu. Meanwhile, police arrests Jagadananda in charge of killing his own nephew Jogananda. Joydeep, Nilima's fiance shadows another ex-employee of Jagadananda, Yu Siang, a Burmese, who is also supposed to come India to blackmail the old man. Finally, Basu succeeds to make him free catching the culprit.
5.Ghorir Kanta [ঘড়ির কাঁটা] (Written:1976, Published:January 1977; Dedication: Suresh Prasad Lahiri Chaudhuri)
Rabi Bosu, a police inspector, who is prevalent in some later stories, is introduced. This story is about a ticket of lottery and a murder. Basu makes Prakash Sengupta, a doctor free from all charges of killing his friend, Kamalesh Mitter.
6.Kuler Kanta [কুলের কাঁটা] (Written:1977, Published:May 1978; Dedication: Kamal Hossain)
Minati Roychaudhury, alias Minti, a lost granddaughter of GokulChandra Roychaudhury is found back. This story has a very little to do with Basu.
7.Uler Kanta [উঁলের কাঁটা] (Written: 1978, Published:May 1980; Inspiration: The Case of the Perjured Parrot by Erle Stanley Gardner; Dedication: Sheela & Gourdas BosuMallik)
Mahadeo Prasad Khanna, an ex-M. P. was murdered in a lonely cottage in Kashmir. A parrot is taught in such a way that Rama Khanna, a Bengali lady, supposed to be married by Khanna is kept in the lock-up. Basu finally solves the issue by tracing some clues at the cottage, that includes a pair of wool knitting sticks (in Bengali, which are called Uler Kanta).
8.Aw-Aaw-Kaw Khuner Kanta [অ-আ-ক-খুনের কাঁটা] (Written: 1986, Published: Kolkata Book Fair, 1987; Inspiration: The A.B.C. Murders by Agatha Christie; Dedication: Prafulla Roy)
ChandraaChoor Chatterjee [চন্দ্রচূড় চ্যাটার্জী] of Chandannagar was murdered by his brother in law Bikash Mukherjee. Bikash makes an excellent plan to put the blame on a retired Mathematics teacher Shibajee Protap Chakraborty. Chakraborty has a bit psychological problems and has past records of attempt of murder unconsciously. Bikash takes full advantage of this, by sending some letters to Basu. These letters apparently seem to be a childish or lunatic job, as it contain quotations & pictures from Sukumar Ray's writings for children and some hotchpotch of Sanskrit & English, but the thing turns serious when murders are made in Asansol and Burdwan (these two names are mentioned in the letters).
9.Sarmeyo Genduker Kanta [সারমেয় গেণ্ডুকের কাঁটা] (Written: April 1988, Published: Kolkata Book Fair, 1989; Inspiration: Dumb Witness by Agatha Christie; Dedication: Late Probodh Chandra Basu)
Miss Pamela Johnson of Merinagar, a hypothetical township near Kanchrapara, West Bengal dies at age 72. She donates all her belongings to her servants and non-profitable organisations, totally unexpectedly, as everyone anticipates that the old lady would give it to her relatives: Suresh Haldar, Smrituku Haldar alias Tuku & Hena Thakur. This novel is unique in a way as it is written in a first person speech of Koushik Mitra.
10.Koutuholi Koner Kanta [কৌতূহলী কনের কাঁটা] (Published: 1993 from Ujjwal Sahitya Mandir; Dedication: Aloka & Ananta Prasad Tribedi) ()
A distressed lady, Chhanda, is presently married to Tridib Narayan Rao, son of Tribikram Narayan Rao who is an aristocrat Rajput and also a business tycoon. She is accused of a murder of her previous husband Kamalendu Biswas alias Kamalskha Kar alias Kamal Chandra Ghosh, who also had previous marriages. Basu saves the poor lady.
Abhi Purbak Nee Dhatu Aw-er Kanta [অভি পূর্বক নী ধাতু অ-য়ের কাঁটা] (Inspiration: The Case of the Restless Redhead by Erle Stanley Gardner).
Jadu Eto Boro Ronger Kanta [যাদু এতো বড় রঙ্গের কাঁটা]
Ristedarer Kanta [রিস্তেদারের কাঁটা] (Published: 1992; Inspiration: The Case of the Beautiful Beggar by Erle Stanley Gardner).
Dress Rehearsaler Kanta [ড্রেস রিহার্সালের কাঁটা] (Inspiration: Three Act Tragedy by Agatha Christie).
NyayNishtha Nyasnasheer Kanta [ন্যায়নিষ্ঠ ন্যাসনাশীর কাঁটা] (Published: 1994).
Sokol Kanta Dhyonyo Kore [সকল কাঁটা ধন্য করে]
Kantay Kantay (in 6 volumes) [কাঁটায় কাঁটায়] -A collection of all Kanta books, published by Dey's Publishing.
Kantay Kantay 1 (Published: 1990): Sonar Kanta, Machher Kanta, Pother Kanta, Ghorir Kanta, Kuler Kanta.
Kantay Kantay 2 (Published: 1990): Uler Kanta, Aw-Aaw-Kaw Khuner Kanta, Sarmeyo Genduker Kanta.
Research related
Netaji Rahasyo Sandhane [নেতাজি রহস্য সন্ধানে] (1970)
Chin-Bharat Long March [চিন-ভারত লং মার্চ] (1977)
Poyomukhm [পয়োমুখম] (1987)
Refugee problems
Bolmeek [বল্মীক] (1955)
Bakultala P.L. Camp [বকুলতলা পি. এল. ক্যাম্প] (1955)
AronyoDondok [অরণ্যদণ্ডক] (1961)
Historical
Mohakaler Mondir [মহাকালের মন্দির] (1964)
Hanseshwaree [হংসেশ্বরী] (1977)
AnandaSwarupini [আনন্দস্বরূপিণী] (1978)
Ladley Begum [লাডলী বেগম] (1986)
RupManjari [রূপমঞ্জরী]
Mrityorma Amritam
Biographical
Ami Netajike Dekhechhi [আমি নেতাজিকে দেখেছি] (1970)
Ami Rasbeharike Dekhechhi [আমি রাসবিহারীকে দেখেছি] (1973)
Lindeberg [লিন্ডবার্গ] (1978)
Devdasi related
Sutonuka Ekti Devdasir Nam [সুতনুকা একটি দেবদাসীর নাম] (1983)
Sutonuka Kono Devdasir Nam Noy [সুতনুকা কোন দেবদাসীর নাম নয়] (1984)
Dramas
Muskil Aasan [মুস্কিল আসান] (1954)
Ek Dui Tin [এক দুই তিন] —An adoption in Bengali of the play by George Orwell-Animal Farm.
Essay collections
Swargiyo Naraker Dwar Ebong... [স্বর্গীয় নরকের দ্বার এবং...] (1992)
Leonardor Noteboi Ebong... [লেঅনার্দোর নোটবই এবং...] (1992)
Na Manush (Not Human) related
Gajomukta [গজমুক্তা] (1973)
Timi Timingil [তিমি তিমিঙ্গিল] (1979)
Raskel [রাস্কেল] (1984)
Na-Manushi Bishwokosh (Ek) [না-মানুষী বিশ্বকোষ এক] (1988)
Na-Manushi Bishwokosh (Dui) [না-মানুষী বিশ্বকোষ দুই] (1990)
Na-Manusher Kahini [না-মানুষের কাহিনী] (1988)
Social novels
Bryatya [ব্রাত্য] (1959)
Alokananda [অলকানন্দা] (1963)
Neelimay Neel [নীলিমায় নীল] (1964)
Satyakam [সত্যাকাম] (1965)
Pashanda Pandit [পাষণ্ড পণ্ডিত] (1970)
Asleelotar Daye [অশ্লীলতার দায়ে] (1975; Inspiration: Seven Minutes by Irving Wallace).
Lal Trikon [লাল ত্রিকোণ] (1975)
Parabola Sir [প্যারাবোলা স্যার] (1977)
Aabar Jodi Ichcha Karo [আবার যদি ইচ্ছা কর]
Milanantak [মিলনান্তক] (1985)
Chonbal [ছোঁবল] (1989)
Chhoytaner Chaoyal [ছয়তানের ছাওয়াল] (1989)
Emonta To Hoyei Thake [এমনটা তো হয়েই থাকে] (1992)
Amrapali [আম্রপালি] (1992)
Maan Mane Kachu [মান মানে কচু] (1992)
References
External links
An obituary on BE College
Another obituary on The Hindu
WorldCat Booklist
Autograph of Narayan Sanyal
Bengali novelists
Bengali-language writers
Bengali writers
Bengali detective fiction writers
Recipients of the Rabindra Puraskar
1924 births
2005 deaths
University of Calcutta alumni
People from Nadia district
Writers from Kolkata
20th-century Indian novelists
Indian crime fiction writers
Krishnagar Government College alumni |
5379598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo%2C%20Paran%C3%A1 | Toledo, Paraná | Toledo is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Paraná. It is located in the western region of the state, near Cascavel. Its population is 142,645 inhabitants, as estimated by IBGE.
The road distance to the state capital is 540 km.
History
Toledo is located in a region of recent settlement, and received its first residents in 1946, Gaucho settlers from the city of San Marcos, then within Caxias do Sul, then for the Território Federal do Iguaçu. In 1951, the city was liberated from Foz do Iguaçu by Law No. 790, signed by the governor of Paraná Bento Munhoz da Rocha Neto.
The first election was held on November 9, 1952, and the official installation of December 14, 1952, when he saw the inauguration of Mayor Ernesto Dalloglio (1952/1956).
In the late 1960s, the region had only five counties: Foz do Iguaçu, Cascavel, Toledo, Guaíra and Guaraniaçu.
Toledo came when Industrial lumber mill and Colonization Rio Paraná S / A - Maripá acquired from a British real estate company a tract of land called Farm Britain, then started the occupation and clearing of bringing settlers to the area of Rio Grande do Sul.
The initial activity was the logging markets to meet the Argentina and Uruguay. The plan colonization was based on small farms averaging 10 acres in São Paulo.
Thereafter the development occurred rapidly, initially around the economics of farming communities, which lent the company a strong spirit herd.
In the late 1960 to 1970 the modernization of production printed new relationships and expertise in the field favored the monoculture and the concentration of ownership, causing the exodus and accelerated urbanization.
Pig farming, which was complementary activity to the pioneers, developed rapidly in the 1950s, culminating with the founding of the Pioneer Refrigerated S / A, which had its controlling interest acquired by the company Sadia in the year of 1964, which came to implement the system integration in the areas of poultry and pork, and a manufacturing facility that has installed the largest industry in the city. Initially Frigobrás worked through, but after the merger of the Sadia SA, the purchasing department was transferred to another location. More recently the merger between Sadia and Perdigao, Current BRF, led to the transfer of the administration to Curitiba, but the factory complex remains inalteraldo, with about 7000 workers, whose production meets the domestic and foreign markets. In the 90 Sadia started to invest in the expansion of pig and Toledo area expanded their flock of 100 000 to more than 400 thousand heads.
Education
The municipal education stands out in Paraná. The Development Index IDEB (Basic Education), which is evaluated every two years, has the rate of 6.7 in the city, above the national rate
Higher education
Universidade Federal do Paraná (Federal University of Paraná) (UFPR)
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (Federal Technological University of Paraná) (UTFPR)
Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (State University of West of Paraná) (UNIOESTE)
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná) (PUC-PR)
Universidade Paranaense (University of Paraná) (UNIPAR)
Centro Universitário Fundação Assis Gurgacz (University Assis Gurgacz) (FAG)
Faculdade das Industrias (University of Industries) (SENAI)
Universidade Norte do Paraná (University North of Paraná) (UNOPAR)
Geography
The city of Toledo is located in Western Paraná, bordering:
North: Maripá and Nova Santa Rosa;
South: Santa Tereza do Oeste and São Pedro do Iguaçu;
East: Assis Chateaubriand, Tupãssi and Cascavel;
West: Quatro Pontes, Marechal Cândido Rondon and Ouro Verde do Oeste.
Hydrography
Major rivers, and creek that sanghas cuts the city of Toledo are:
Rio Toledo - Tanks nearly all regions of the municipality;
Rio São Francisco - It has a hydroelectric power plant in operation and another off;
Sanga Panambi - With spring in the Garden City, supplies Lake City;
Arroio Marreco - Old Point leisure, rural property and some supplies New Lake.
Numbers of the city
23rd place in the ranking of Best Cities in Brazil, according to Istoé / Austin Rating.
49th place among the top 100 municipalities in Brazil to invest, according to Exame magazine.
94,688 vehicles
10th place in the state and 91st national in the ranking of development according to IFDM-FIRJAN.
3rd place in the human development index (IDH) among the 10 largest cities in Parana.
1 freshwater aquarium in the southern region.
9th place in the collected tax on movement of goods and services (ICMS) of Paraná.
10th in gross domestic product (GDP) total of Parana.
1st place in the industrial park in western Paraná.
1 in the agricultural GDP of Parana and the southern region and 11th in the country.
1 in the VBP Paraná reaching 1 billion.
3rd place in value added of agriculture in Brazil.
1 in the swine herd of Parana.
1 in the flock of chickens Paraná.
3rd largest milk producer in Paraná, producing 70 million liters / year.
1 in fish farming in Paraná.
Owned by several years the largest refrigerated poultry in Latin America, with capacity to slaughter 360,000 birds / day.
Evolution of the population of Toledo
* Variation in the last six years, according to IBGE estimates.
Demographics
According to the IBGE, the population of Toledo is formed of the following ethnicities.
Source: Instituto Paranaense de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social
Television
RPC TV (Cascavel) (Globo) - Streaming digital (HDTV)
TV Naipi (SBT) - Streaming digital (HDTV)
RIC TV Toledo (Rede Record) - Streaming digital (HDTV)
Rede Vida - Streaming digital (HDTV)
CATVE (TV Cultura)
TV Tarobá Cascavel (Band) - Streaming digital (HDTV)
Transportation
Road
BR-467 Excerpt Toledo - Cascavel (Highway José Neves Formighieri)
PR-182 Excerpt Toledo - Palotina (Highway Alberto Dalcanale)
PR-317 Excerpt Toledo - Santa Helena (Highway Dr. Ivo Rocha)
PR-585 Excerpt Toledo - São Pedro do Iguaçu (Highway Egon Pudell)
BR-163 Excerpt Toledo - Quatro Pontes (Highway Ernesto Dalloglio)
PR-486 Excerpt Toledo - Assis Chateaubriand (Highway Moacir Micheletto)
Air
Toledo has the Aeroporto Luiz Dalcanalle Filho, which operates by instruments and night flights.
Projects of federal and state governments indicate that, in 10 years, western Paraná will have a large airport with passenger and cargo flights.
Rail
There are studies that Toledo count on the extent of Ferroeste - Ferrovia Paraná Oeste, which will join the city to the Brazilian railway network.
Subdivisions
The city has 23 districts:
Besides this, there are 10 district :
(source: Law 1941 December 27, 2006)
* ** (source: Law 2016 June 23, 2016 )
Main Avenues and Streets of Toledo
Av. Parigot de Souza
Av. Maripá
Av. J.J. Muraro
Av. Ministro Cirne Lima
Av. Senador Attílio Fontana
Av. Egydio Geronymo Munaretto
Av. Nossa Senhora de Fátima
Av. Tiradentes
Rua Primeiro de Maio
Rua Barão do Rio Branco
Rua São João
Rua Santos Dumont
Largo São Vicente de Paulo
Administration
Mayors
Ernesto Dall 'Oglio (1952/1956) - 1st Mayor;
Pudell Egon (1956/1960);
Willy Barth (1960/1962) - died on April 2, 1962;
Ernesto Dall 'Oglio (1962/1964) - Elected to replace Willy Barth;
Avelino Campagnolo (1964/1969);
Pudell Egon (1969/1973);
Wilson Charles Kuhn (1973/1977);
Duílio Genari (1977/1983); - Arnoldo Bohnen as interim May 1982 to January 1983
Albino Corazza Neto (1983/1989);
Luiz Alberto de Araújo (1989/1992);
Albino Corazza Neto (1993/1996);
Antonio Derli Donin (1997/2000);
Antonio Derli Donin (2000/2004) - Re-elected;
Jose Carlos Schiavinato (2005/2008)
Jose Carlos Schiavinato (2009/2012) - Reelected;
Luis Adalberto Beto Lunitti Pagnussatt (2013-2016)
Lucio de Marchi (2017-2020)
Political representation
Congressman Dilceu Sperafico (PP)
State Representative Jose Carlos Schiavinato (PP)
Tourism - Sports - Leisure - Culture
Tourism
The city of Toledo is preparing for the "Industry of the Third Millennium", with several options for tourism, leisure, gastronomy, culture, sport and business events.
It has natural beauty, such as jumps, waterfalls, ecological trails in the São Francisco River, with emphasis on the Ecological Park Diva Paim Barth, fully central region, with a lake, forest and other attractions that make it a meeting point of the population.
Culture
Municipal Theatre
Inaugurated on November 26 of 1999, is the 3rd largest theater of the State of Paraná, with total area of 2974.18 square meters, between stage, audience, dressing rooms, rehearsal rooms, administrative and other dependencies.
It seats 1,022 people and also has seats for obese patients and those with special needs.
Willy Barth History Museum
Located in its own headquarters on Guarani Avenue, its purpose is to portray the history of the colonization of the city and region. Having already established their own projects, with more space for their collection and study.
House of Culture
Officially opened on December 4 of 1976 was the first of its kind to be created in the State of Paraná.
It houses the headquarters of the Municipal Culture of Toledo.
Libraries
The Municipal Library was established in December 12 of 1960 and recorded in the Instituto Nacional do Livro (National Institute of Paper). It has its headquarters at the Cultural Center Oscar Silva, in the city center.
Sports
Account with the Estádio Municipal 14 de Dezembro, with capacity for 20,000 spectators. Opened in 1968 and renovated in the late 1980, is where the Toledo Colonia Work sends his games. It has track and the Olympic Athletics, formed by a public pool, a soccer field and an Olympic Center Rhythmic Gymnastics which houses part of the sport today gives greater visibility within the city through sports contributions and achievements in national and international competitions with their athletes. Currently, the technique Kliemann Anita, who is from Toledo, is the coach of the Brazilian GR. Among the most outstanding athletes of the project of GR in Toledo are the medalists Brazil Angelica Kvieczynski (6 gold medals in the South American Games in Medellin, Colombia in 2010, three bronze and one silver at the Pan American Games in Guadalajara in 2011), Nicolle Muller (3 gold medals in all the Pan American Games in Brazil in 2007) and Ana Paula Scheffer (bronze medal at the Pan American Games in Brazil in 2007).
In the city there are several gyms belonging to organizations and companies, as well as slopes covered in schools, benefiting 11,000 children and adolescents with activities in 35 sports:
GymnasiumJaime Zeni (Basketball)
Gym Hugo Zeni (Volleyball)
Gym Euzébio Garcia
Gym CCR
Gym Alcides Pan
Gym Lauri José Simon
The city is home to an indoor soccer team, the Futsal Association of Toledo, founded in 2009 with the aim of rescuing the sport, a sports project featuring new and different from previous ones. He rode with local athletes and teams has partnered with various schools of the city futsal.
In its first year of activities, participated in the Bronze Key Campeonato Paranaense de Futsal and has already won one of two places, along with the Green Club of Ponta Grossa, for the Silver Key in 2011.
Send your games in gymnasiums:
Aldanir Angelo Rossoni (Gymnasium CCR) - capacity 4500 spectators
Alcides Pan - capacity of 6000 spectators
JAP'S
In 2011 the final phase of the JAP'S (Paraná Open Games) was held in Toledo, between 11–20 November. Competition among 78 cities, had male and female athletes of various sports.
Brazil Trophy of Gymnastics
Toledo was the first city inside of Brazil to receive this competition that usually occurs in capitals.com national renown of Daiane dos Santos, Daniele Hypolito, Jade Barbosa, Lais Souza, Sérgio Sasaki and Angelica Kvieczynski, the tournament will serve as selective to Olympics London 2012.
Rugby
Rugby is an emerging sport and rapidly growing in Toledo after it was brought to the city by a South African, Pieter van Wyk. Clube de Rugby Toledo was established in 2010 and since, Toledo hosted the first pilot rugby championship within the JAP's in 2011 and in addition various other State Rugby championships throughout 2011 and 2012. Currently rugby in Toledo is represented by three categories: Orge Knights (adult male team); Harpias (female adult team) and Rhinos (youth team).
Polo Gastronomic
Toledo offers a variety of dishes based on typical products of agriculture Logal, such as pork, beef, poultry, fish and fresh produce.
Major festivals
Festa Nacional do Porco no Rolete (National Festival of the Pig in Roller) - One of the great gastronomic events in the state, the celebration is held since 1974. It is said that the event was born of a contest where the winner would be the one to produce the most delicious recipe pig roasted whole. The event was the subject of the plot of the United Samba School Bridge, carnival in 1995.
Concórdia Fest - is a gastronomic event, held in the District of West Concord.
Festa do Leitão na Estufa (Festival of the Pig in the Greenhouse) - held in the district of Vila Nova, which has pork in one of its main sources of economy. The festival provides another shows the great variety of dishes can be prepared based on pork.
Festa do Frango (Party of Chicken) - held at the District Ten May. Based in large poultry production in the District, the board of SOCEDEMA (Society for Cultural and Sports Ten May), decided to create an event capable of providing, in addition to the entertainment community, another way to raise funds to improve infrastructure and boost the club's activities. The festival also offers visitors a very special café colonial, and commercial and industrial exposure. It was the forerunner of the party district.
Bruderfest - typical festival held in the German town of Two Brothers, cultivates the Germanic traditions inherited from the pioneers and has attractions such as gastronomy, music and beer, with an audience of more than 4 million people.
Ipirangafest - is a popular festival of the town of Vila Ipiranga held to encourage the productive activities of the community, especially poultry and swine, with an audience estimated at more than 3 million people.
Michel'sFest - held in the district of San Miguel, on the occasion of the passing of its patron, the community has its party, to offer as the main dish costelão roast in the oven.
Festa da Ovelha e Costelão a Fogo de Chão (Feast of the Sheep and Costelão the Fire Ground) - held at the St. Louis District of the West, when the community celebrates the Day of the Settler and the driver, where is the blessing to the cars and the audience can sample the dishes offered, plus beer.
Festa do Milho (Feast of the Corn) - held in the town of Good Principle, the annual event brings together nearly 3 million people who have the opportunity to participate in cultural activities and folk. The party is made from corn because Toledo is a major producer of grains in Brazil.
Festa do Leitão à Sarandi (Feast of the Pig Sarandi) - started in 1996, brings together approximately 7 million people. The suckling pig is prepared whole, grilled and seasoned to provide a very peculiar flavor.
Festa do Leitão à Paraguaia (Feast of the Paraguayan Piglet) - held in the community of San Salvador, is growing every year, becoming a party with great acceptance by the population of the municipality. The suckling pig is roasted without spices, that only minutes before serving is injected.
Festa do Leitão à Italiana (Italian Feast of the Pig) - is held annually, usually in October, in the Parish of Infant Jesus in the Garden Porto Alegre. Conceived by Nilton Gregorio and Martin Welter, in the year 2006. The main course consisted of roast suckling pig and stuffed with polenta and Bacon. The public is around 1500 people. In the 2011 edition of the audience was around 4,000 people and is one of the biggest issues so far.
References
External links
Official site of the city - in Portuguese
Commercial and Business Association of Toledo - in Portuguese |
5379599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Marsh | Jesse Marsh | Jesse Marsh (July 27, 1907 – April 28, 1966) was an American comics artist and animator. His main claim to fame is his work on the early Tarzan and related books for Western Publishing that saw print through Dell Comics and later Gold Key Comics. He was the first artist to produce original Tarzan comic books. Up to that time, all Tarzan comics were reprints from the newspaper strips. He also worked on the Gene Autry comic book for many years.
Prior to working for Western, he had worked for the Walt Disney Company, doing animation work for Make Mine Music and some Pluto cartoons as well.
He would turn the Tarzan series over to Russ Manning in 1965 due to failing health.
In 2009, Dark Horse Comics announced an archive reprint series of his work on Tarzan entitled Tarzan: The Jesse Marsh Years.
Collected editions
Tarzan: The Jesse Marsh Years
Volume 1 collects Four Color #134 and 161 and Tarzan #1–4, 256 pages, January 2009,
Volume 2 collects Tarzan #5–10, 224 pages, May 2009,
Volume 3 collects Tarzan #11–16, 240 pages, September 2009,
Volume 4 collects Tarzan #17–21, 232 pages, November 2009,
Volume 5 collects Tarzan #22–27, 240 pages, February 2010,
Volume 6 collects Tarzan #28–32 and Tarzan's Jungle Annual #1, 248 pages, August 2010,
Volume 7 collects Tarzan #33–38, 224 pages, November 2010,
Volume 8 collects Tarzan #39–43, 224 pages, February 2011,
Volume 9 collects Tarzan #44–46 and Tarzan’s Jungle Annual #2, 240 pages, May 2011,
Volume 10 collects Tarzan #47–51, 224 pages, December 2011,
Volume 11 collects Tarzan #52–56 and March of Comics #125, 224 pages, July 2012,
References
Further reading
Panels #2 (1981) contains a tribute and analysis of Marsh's work by Alex Toth.
Batmania #1 (1964) contains Russ Manning's analysis of Marsh's style. It was reprinted in Sense of Wonder #12 (1972).
External links
1907 births
1966 deaths
20th-century American artists
American comics artists
Animators from Alabama
Disney comics artists
Golden Age comics creators
People from Florence, Alabama
Silver Age comics creators
Walt Disney Animation Studios people |
5379602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement%20of%20Faith%20of%20the%20United%20Church%20of%20Christ | Statement of Faith of the United Church of Christ | The Statement of Faith of the United Church of Christ is a Christian confession of faith written in 1959 to express the common faith of the newly founded United Church of Christ, formed in 1957 by the union of the Evangelical and Reformed Church with the Congregational Christian Churches. The statement was prepared by a 28-member commission elected at the Uniting General Synod in 1957 and was formally ratified by the Second General Synod in 1959. The commission, chaired by Elmer J. F. Arndt (Evangelical and Reformed) and vice-chaired by Douglas Horton (Congregational Christian), had equal representation from the two predecessor bodies, and included six women.
Since the original version was adopted in 1959, two further revisions of the statement have been written in order to make the statement's language more gender-inclusive (that is, to remove references to God and to humanity that are exclusively masculine). The 1976 version drafted by then-UCC president Robert Moss retains the original statement's confession-of-faith language form, while the 1981 version transformed the language of the statement into a doxological prayer form. The statement has also been translated into Spanish.
The 1959 Original Version
We believe in God, the Eternal Spirit,
Father of our Lord Jesus Christ and our Father,
and to his deeds we testify:
He calls the worlds into being,
creates man in his own image
and sets before him the ways of life and death.
He seeks in holy love to save all people from aimlessness and sin.
He judges men and nations by his righteous will
declared through prophets and apostles.
In Jesus Christ, the man of Nazareth, our crucified and risen Lord,
he has come to us
and shared our common lot,
conquering sin and death
and reconciling the world to himself.
He bestows upon us his Holy Spirit,
creating and renewing the church of Jesus Christ,
binding in covenant faithful people of all ages, tongues, and races.
He calls us into his church
to accept the cost and joy of discipleship,
to be his servants in the service of men,
to proclaim the gospel to all the world
and resist the powers of evil,
to share in Christ's baptism and eat at his table,
to join him in his passion and victory.
He promises to all who trust him
forgiveness of sins and fullness of grace,
courage in the struggle for justice and peace,
his presence in trial and rejoicing,
and eternal life in his kingdom which has no end.
Blessing and honor, glory and power be unto him.
Amen.
The 1976 "Robert V. Moss" Version
This revision of the Statement of Faith was prepared by Robert V. Moss, Jr., President of the United Church of Christ from 1969–1976, in order to express the statement in more 'inclusive' language, removing all references to the masculinity of God.
We believe in God, the Eternal Spirit,
who is made known to us in Jesus our brother,
and to whose deeds we testify:
God calls the worlds into being,
creates humankind in the divine image,
and sets before us the ways of life and death.
God seeks in holy love to save all people from aimlessness and sin.
God judges all humanity and all nations by that will of righteousness
declared through prophets and apostles.
In Jesus Christ, the man of Nazareth, our crucified and risen Lord,
God has come to us
and shared our common lot,
conquering sin and death
and reconciling the whole creation to its Creator.
God bestows upon us the Holy Spirit,
creating and renewing the church of Jesus Christ,
binding in covenant faithful people of all ages, tongues, and races.
God calls us into the church
to accept the cost and joy of discipleship,
to be servants in the service of the whole human family,
to proclaim the gospel to all the world
and resist the powers of evil,
to share in Christ's baptism and eat at his table,
to join him in his passion and victory.
God promises to all who trust in the gospel
forgiveness of sins and fullness of grace,
courage in the struggle for justice and peace,
the presence of the Holy Spirit in trial and rejoicing,
and eternal life in that kingdom which has no end.
Blessing and honor, glory and power be unto God.
Amen.
The 1981 Version "In the Form of a Doxology"
This version of the Statement of Faith was approved by the United Church of Christ Executive Council in 1981 for use in connection with the twenty-fifth anniversary of the denomination. It expresses another path toward shaping the statement in more 'inclusive' language, this time changing most references to God to 'you', and removing the line referring to creation.
We believe in you, O God, Eternal Spirit,
God of our Savior Jesus Christ and our God,
and to your deeds we testify:
You call the worlds into being,
create persons in your own image,
and set before each one the ways of life and death.
You seek in holy love to save all people from aimlessness and sin.
You judge people and nations by your righteous will
declared through prophets and apostles.
In Jesus Christ, the man of Nazareth, our crucified and risen Savior,
you have come to us
and shared our common lot,
conquering sin and death
and reconciling the world to yourself.
You bestow upon us your Holy Spirit,
creating and renewing the church of Jesus Christ,
binding in covenant faithful people of all ages, tongues, and races.
You call us into your church
to accept the cost and joy of discipleship,
to be your servants in the service of others,
to proclaim the gospel to all the world
and resist the powers of evil,
to share in Christ's baptism and eat at his table,
to join him in his passion and victory.
You promise to all who trust you
forgiveness of sins and fullness of grace,
courage in the struggle for justice and peace,
your presence in trial and rejoicing,
and eternal life in your realm which has no end.
Blessing and honor, glory and power be unto you.
Amen.
En Español: La Declaración de Fe de la Iglesia Unida de Cristo
Creemos en Dios, el Espíritu Eterno,
Padre de nuestro Señor Jesucristo y nuestro Creador;
y de sus obras testificamos:
Dios llama los mundos para que existan,
creó al ser humano a su imagen y semejanza,
y puso ante la humanidad los caminos de la vida y la muerte.
Busca en su santo amor salvar a todas las personas de su desorientación y pecado.
Dios juzga al ser humano y a las naciones por medio de su justa voluntad
declarada a través de los profetas y los apóstoles.
En Jesucristo, el hombre de Nazaret, nuestro Señor crucificado y resucitado,
Dios ha venido y ha compartido nuestra suerte,
venció el pecado y la muerte
y reconcilió al mundo para sí mismo.
Dios nos concedió el Espíritu Santo,
que crea y renueva la iglesia de Jesucristo
y une en un pacto de fidelidad a personas de todas las edades, idiomas y razas.
Dios nos llama como iglesia
para que aceptemos el costo y la alegría del discipulado,
para que seamos sus servidores al servicio del ser humano,
para proclamar el evangelio a todo el mundo
y resistir los poderes del maligno,
para compartir el bautismo de Cristo, comer en su mesa,
y unirnos a Jesús en su pasión y victoria.
Dios promete a toda persona que confía en Jesús
el perdón de los pecados y la plenitud de su gracia,
valor en la lucha por la justicia y la paz,
su presencia en las tristezas y en las alegrías,
y vida eterna en su reino que no tiene fin.
Bendición y honor, gloria y poder sean dados a Dios.
Amén.
Notes and references
Full text of the four versions of the Statement of Faith taken from: http://www.ucc.org/beliefs_statement-of-faith. The three English versions can also be found in Book of Worship: United Church of Christ, ©1986 United Church of Christ Office for Church Life and Leadership, New York (admin. Cleveland, OH: Local Church Ministries, United Church of Christ), pp. 512–514.
United Church of Christ
Christian statements of faith
1959 documents
1959 in Christianity |
5379611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%20Bhasha | Sant Bhasha | Sant Bhasha (ਸੰਤ-ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ; Sant Bhāṣā) is a language composed of vocabulary common to northern Indian languages, which was extensively used by saints and poets to compose religious verses. It can be understood by readers with a background in either Punjabi, Hindi or Urdu.
Sant Bhasha is most prominently used in the central Sikh scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib. The languages used include Punjabi, Lahnda, regional Prakrits, Apabhramsa, Sanskrit, Hindi languages (Brajbhasha, Awadhi, Hindustani, etc.), Bhojpuri, Sindhi, and Persian.
See also
Sadhukadi
References
Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of India
Sikh culture |
5379615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson%20Post | Jefferson Post | The Jefferson Post was a twice-weekly newspaper printed in West Jefferson, North Carolina. It prints news, announcements and obituaries as the newspaper of record for Ashe County. The Jefferson Post merged with the Ashe Mountain Times and is now called the Ashe Post & Times. The newspaper is owned by Adams Publishing Group and has a circulation of 6,500, according to the company's website.
History
The Jefferson Post began publishing in 1988. The newspaper is the result of a merger between Ashe County's historic weekly newspaper The Skyland Post and a competing weekly of 10 years, the Jefferson Times.
The Skyland Post got its name from an early slogan for mountainous Ashe County, "The Land of the Sky." The Skyland Post was purchased in the 1930s by Ed M. Anderson, whose newspaper empire included The Alleghany News in Sparta, the Spindale Sun in Spindale, the Transylvania Times in Transylvania County, North Carolina, and the Courier in Forest City. Stella W. Anderson was editor of The Skyland Post from her husband's death until the early-1980s when it was purchased by Patty Wheeler, and her husband, Al.
In October 1988 The Skyland Post merged with the Jefferson Times, which had been competing with the Post since August 1978.
The paper was formerly owned by Mid-South Management Company, which was acquired by Heartland Publications in 2007. In 2012 Versa Capital Management merged Heartland Publications, Ohio Community Media, the former Freedom papers it had acquired, and Impressions Media into a new company, Civitas Media. Civitas Media sold its properties in the Carolinas to Champion Media in 2017. Later in 2017, Champion Media sold its Mount Airy area newspapers to Adams Publishing Group.
The newspaper is now called The Ashe Post & Times after combining with the Ashe Mountain Times on December 1, 2017.
References
External links
Jefferson Post
The Park Library's list of North Carolina newspapers, by circulation
Ashe County Newspapers at the North Carolina Newspaper Project
Ashe County, North Carolina
Defunct newspapers published in North Carolina |
5379619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20S.%20Purcell%20House | Edna S. Purcell House | The Edna S. Purcell house (now known as the Purcell–Cutts House) was designed by the firm of Purcell, Feick and Elmslie for architect William Purcell and his family in 1913. It is located in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
The dwelling is a notable example of Prairie School architecture, featuring a long, narrow floor plan that disregards Victorian concepts about room divisions. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is now part of the collection of the Minneapolis Institute of Art and has been extensively restored. The museum conducts tours on the second weekend of every month.
History
The “Edna Purcell dwelling,” as it was referred to in its original project files, was built in 1913. William Purcell and partner George Elmslie collaborated on the house, designed for a narrow, 50- by 150-foot city lot near Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis, Minnesota; construction costs totaled $14,500. While George Feick Jr., appears as a partner on the project, he was not involved in the house's design and left the partnership that year.
William Purcell and his wife, Edna, conceived plans for a permanent home in 1911, while they were residing in an apartment building on Humboldt Avenue in Minneapolis. Having adopted their son James that year, they needed a new space for their daily needs that also accommodated their increased social activity and showcased the architectural firm's expertise.
The house was built at 2328 Lake Place, near the residence that Purcell and Feick had built for William Purcell's mother, Catherine Gray, on Lake of the Isles Parkway in 1907. With financial assistance from William Purcell's father, Charles A. Purcell, the firm was able to realize the project. The Purcell family moved into the house at Christmas, 1913. In 1916, a decline in commissions induced Purcell to take a position as advertising manager at Alexander Brothers Leather and Belting Company in Philadelphia. By 1918, his family had all moved to Philadelphia, and the house on Lake Place was put up for sale.
In 1919, Anson Bailey Cutts Sr. (1866–1949), a chief rate clerk with the Great Northern Railway, purchased the Edna S. Purcell house. Cutts and his wife, Edna Browning Stokes (1875–1976), lived in the house with their son, Anson B. Cutts Jr. (1905–1985). Though he left the house to attend Yale and pursue his career, Anson Jr. returned to the house in 1962 to aid his widowed mother when her health was failing. He continued to live there after her death in 1976. In 1985, Cutts bequeathed the house to the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, parent organization of the Minneapolis Institute of Art. It now is part of the museum's collection.
Architecture, design, and ornament
Plan and exterior features
The Edna S. Purcell house, or the “Little Joker,” as Elmslie nicknamed it, is known for its innovative arrangement of space. Occupying a deep, narrow lot, the plan of the house was organized on a single axis, open from one end to the other, evoking spaciousness within the relatively small interior.
Purcell and Elmslie set the house thirty feet behind the front property line, conserving a sense of privacy for its inhabitants and allowing them to look over their neighbors’ gardens to their north and south, rather than through their windows. Likewise, the Purcells and the neighbors could enjoy the home's front garden, created in collaboration with landscape architect Harry Franklin Baker, including a reflecting pool with water plants and small fountain, and native plants and trees. The back porch overlooked the Lake of the Isles, where the Purcells could enjoy a secluded natural haven in the center of Minneapolis, in concordance with Prairie School ideals.
The structure of the house is steel-reinforced, with a buff-colored stucco exterior, built on a concrete foundation. Its overall design and decoration emphasizes a clean, modern aesthetic while serving practical functions and staying in harmony with natural surroundings. Overhanging eaves, with a 7-foot projection of the roof at the front (east) side of the house, emphasize the building's horizontality while also regulating heat and light at its entrance. A front wall of art glass windows connects the dwelling's interior to the garden, with bands of windows on the upper story adding to the sense of horizontality. Wooden piers and trim were all given “jin-di-sugi” treatment, a wood-aging technique based on traditional Japanese techniques using the application of chemicals or burning to artificially age wood.
The exterior features ornamentation created by George Elmslie, including bands of red and blue stenciled square motifs and sawn wood elements. These include playful symbols of Purcell's family life: for example, a sawn wood beam-end decoration above the side gate that includes the motto, “Gray Days and Gold,” in reference to Purcell's grandparents, the Grays, to the colors of the firm's progressive architecture, and to the funds supporting Purcell's architectural practice and house. Two art glass windows flanking the entryway door contain a written message for neighbors and callers: “Peek-a-Boo.”
Interior
Though open-plan, the first-level interior of the Purcell–Cutts House features individual room areas by virtue of alterations in floor level and breadth of floor space, while the tented ceiling maintains the same height throughout. The ground floor living room area at the front of the house features a high ceiling, increasing available space for the repeated pairs of art glass windows that comprise the walls of the front of the living room, while the dining area behind, set a half-story above, has a low ceiling. The pointed prow separating the dining and living areas creates a small nook, reserved as Edna Purcell's writing area. The effect of the main level's design is to maintain intimacy within the larger space, not rendering adjacent spaces automatically visible in main areas of the house, while preserving unity between rooms and the openness of the entire floor.
The second floor is accessed by a stairway on the north side, and includes a small hallway opening to a guest bedroom with sink, a bathroom, and the family bedroom space. The latter is a singular suite which could be divided by a built-in folding screen wall, separating it into children's and master bedrooms. The maid's room is accessed off the stair landing, which is surrounded by wraparound wall of art glass windows.
Decoration, furniture, innovative features
Throughout the house's interior, painted Elmslie-designed stencils repeat along the upper border of walls, with designs differing from room to room. Curtains were originally painted to match the rooms’ respective stencils, or were embroidered with other designs. Windows throughout the house also feature graceful geometric patterns of clear glass, highlighted with subtle colors, which vary slightly from window to window. In the first floor living room space, these patterns echo in art glass doors of the bookcase, built into the prow. Above the mantel-less fireplace, a mural by illustrator Charles Livingston Bull depicts Louisiana herons flying before a lake scene. A wood decoration of semicircular design, decorated with art glass and sawed wood decoration, partially frames the painted scene.
Purcell and Elmslie designed select pieces of furniture for the house, including a small, triangular-backed chair, dubbed a “surprise point” chair by William Purcell, for use in Edna's writing nook. Several noteworthy built-in furnishings include a combined bench and radiator cover beneath the front living room windows; a desk in the writing nook; and a combined bed, writing desk, bookcase, and storage area in the children's room, which Purcell designed after the Pullman-style bed of a train's sleeping car. Purcell brought furniture from his previous home for use in the dining space, and folding chairs were stored in the dining area for impromptu visitors.
Several technological innovations were incorporated into the house's design, including a state-of-the-art heating and cooling system, as well as a central vacuum system. The Purcell home had a telephone nook, an electric call system for the maid, and a spring-loaded pocket door to the kitchen, activated through buttons in the floor.
Alteration and restoration
William Purcell resumed correspondence with the Cutts family around 1953, when he and George Elmslie were honored with an exhibition at the Walker Art Center. The Cutts family had avoided changing the house substantially, except for adding a garage in the 1920s and later filling the reflecting pool in the front garden. The kitchen and bathroom remained nearly untouched, and are rare original service areas in a home of this age.
In 1961 letter, Purcell expressed his gratitude to Edna Cutts for opening her home to students and voiced the desire to have a share in any attempts to restore the house or make it public. Purcell also sketched out a scheme for expanding the space around the house and setting up a trust fund for the building. He imagined reproducing the Purcell and Elmslie dining suite designed for Mrs. William H. Hanna of Chicago. The suite is now in the collection of the Minneapolis Institute of Art, renting the space to young couples at low rates, and allowing regular public entry.
Though Purcell's plans did not come to fruition in his lifetime, Anson Cutts Jr.’s bequest of the house, along with funds for its restoration, led to a 3-year-long undertaking (lasting from 1987 to 1990) by the Minneapolis Institute of Arts with the firm of MacDonald & Mack Architects. It was opened to the public as the Purcell–Cutts House in September 1990. Their restorative work centered on preventing further deterioration of the roof of the house, stabilizing the main roof and straightening the cantilever of the projecting first-story eaves. Restorers also worked to return surfaces to their original color, re-tinting exterior stucco, and preserving, restoring, or repainting interior stencil friezes as necessary. Wood trims were refinished and waxed, and the mural by Charles Livingston Bull was cleaned. The art glass windows were repaired and cleaned. The landscaping, including the reflecting pool and fountain, were recreated to match historic photographs. Based on historic evidence, the MIA reproduced furniture for the house including a reproduction of the Hanna suite for the dining room. As a part of the house's bequest, mementos of the Cutts family also remain. Public tours are held the second weekend of each month.
Significance
The Edna S. Purcell House was known to architects of its time, published and pictured extensively in the Western Architect. It was also published with several photographs in the March 1917 issue of The Minnesotan. Purcell himself, and later architectural scholars like David Gebhard and H. Allen Brooks, would declare the house to be one of the most complete works of architecture by the firm of Purcell and Elmslie, if not the most complete.
The many modern features of the home, including its open plan, flexible room spaces, built-in furniture, and technologically advanced amenities pointed toward the future of home design. Contrasting it with the expensive houses built concurrently by Frank Lloyd Wright, the Purcell home's modern considerations accommodated for fewer servants and limited daily issues of maintenance, while giving flexibility for use and daily living, providing for the lifestyle of a young early 20th-century family.
References
Bibliography
Brooks, H. Allen. The Prairie School: Frank Lloyd Wright and his Midwest Contemporaries. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972.
Brooks, H. Allen, ed. Prairie School Architecture: Studies from ‘The Western Architect.’ New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1983.
Conforti, Michael, et al. Minnesota 1900: Art and Life on the Upper Mississippi 1890–1915. Newark : University of Delaware Press, 1994.
Gebhard, David. “William Gray Purcell and George Grant Elmslie: Early Progressive Movement in American Architecture from 1900 to 1920, v. 1–2.” Diss. Minneapolis State U, 1957. Print.
Kliment, Stephen A., ed. “At Home on the Prairie.” Architectural Record: Preservation, March 1991: 144–151.
Kohls, Ann. “The Art of Architecture: The Purcell–Cutts House, now part of the museum’s collection, is respectfully restored.” Arts Magazine, August 1990, 12.
Kronick, Richard L. “The Underachieving Cantilever.” Old House Journal, June 1997: 40–45.
Olivarez, Jennifer Komar, et al. Progressive Design in the Midwest: The Purcell–Cutts House and the Prairie School Collection at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts. Minneapolis, Minn. : Institute of Arts : Distributed by the University of Minnesota Press, 2000.
William Gray Purcell papers, N3, Northwest Architectural Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries, Minneapolis, MN.
“Where Other People Live: Describing briefly the Attractive home of a Minneapolis architect, William Gray Purcell, President of the Minnesota chapter of A.I.A., who designed his own home to express a real and useful idea in planning for the convenience and beauty of home life.” The Minnesotan, March 1917: 21–23.
External links
The Minneapolis Institute of Art. Explore the Collection: The Purcell–Cutts House
Unified Vision: The Architecture and Design of the Prairie School (Minneapolis Institute of Art)
For more details on interior ornament and furnishings, see the online tour of the house, provided by the Minneapolis Institute of Art.
Where Other People Live, article from March, 1917, Minnesotan magazine
Houses completed in 1913
Houses in Minneapolis
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Purcell and Elmslie buildings
Historic house museums in Minnesota
Museums in Minneapolis
Prairie School architecture in Minnesota
1913 establishments in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Minneapolis |
5379622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrohalogenation | Dehydrohalogenation | In chemistry, dehydrohalogenation is an elimination reaction which removes a hydrogen halide from a substrate. The reaction is usually associated with the synthesis of alkenes, but it has wider applications.
Dehydrohalogenation from alkyl halides
Traditionally, alkyl halides are substrates for dehydrohalogenations. The alkyl halide must be able to form an alkene, thus halides having no C–H bond on an adjacent carbon are not suitable substrates. Aryl halides are also unsuitable. Upon treatment with strong base, chlorobenzene dehydrohalogenates to give phenol via a benzyne intermediate.
Base-promoted reactions to alkenes
When treated with a strong base many alkyl chlorides convert to corresponding alkene. It is also called a β-elimination reaction and is a type of elimination reaction. Some prototypes are shown below:
Here ethyl chloride reacts with potassium hydroxide, typically in a solvent such as ethanol, giving ethylene. Likewise, 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane give propene.
Zaitsev's rule helps to predict regioselectivity for this reaction type.
In general, the reaction of a haloalkane with potassium hydroxide can compete with an SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction by OH− a strong, unhindered nucleophile. Alcohols are however generally minor products. Dehydrohalogenations often employ strong bases such as potassium tert-butoxide (K+ [CH3]3CO−).
Base-promoted reactions to alkynes
Upon treatment with strong base, vicinal dihalides convert to alkynes.
Thermal cracking
On an industrial scale, base-promoted dehydrohalogenations as described above are disfavored. The disposal of the alkali halide salt is problematic. Instead thermally-induced dehydrohalogenations are preferred. One example is provided by the production of vinyl chloride by heating 1,2-dichloroethane:
CH2Cl-CH2Cl → CH2=CHCl + HCl
The resulting HCl can be reused in oxychlorination reaction.
Thermally induced dehydrofluorinations are employed in the production of fluoroolefins and hydrofluoroolefins. One example is the preparation of 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene from 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane:
CF2HCH(F)CF3 → CHF=C(F)CF3 + HF
Other dehydrohalogenations
Epoxides
Chlorohydrins, compounds with the connectivity R(HO)CH-CH(Cl)R', undergo dehydrochlorination to give epoxides. This reaction is employed industrially to produce millions of tons of propylene oxide annually from propylene chlorohydrin:
CH3CH(OH)CH2Cl + KOH → CH3CH(O)CH2 + H2O + KCl
Isocyanides
The carbylamine reaction for the synthesis of isocyanides from the action of chloroform on a primary amine involves three dehydrohalogenations. The first dehydrohalogenation is the formation of dichlorocarbene:
KOH + CHCl3 → KCl + H2O + CCl2
Two successive base-mediated dehydrochlorination steps result in formation of the isocyanide.
References
External links
Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides
Elimination reactions
Olefination reactions |
4042821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Star%20Wars%20spacecraft | List of Star Wars spacecraft | The following is a list of starships, cruisers, battleships, and other spacecraft in the Star Wars films, books, and video games.
Spacecraft appearing in the original trilogy
Death Star
The Death Star is the Empire's battle station which can destroy planets. It appears throughout the Star Wars franchise, particularly the original trilogy.
Executor (Super Star Destroyer)
The Executor serves as Darth Vader's personal flagship during the events of The Empire Strikes Back, leading the Death Squadron against the Rebel Alliance on Hoth and in pursuit of the Millennium Falcon. It features again in Return of the Jedi where, during the final space battle, it is destroyed after a Rebel A Wing crashes into the command bridge, causing the Executor to lose control and be destroyed as the second Death Star's gravity pulls the flagship into its surface.
For The Empire Strikes Back, George Lucas wanted the Executor to be so massive it made the previous Star Destroyers appear tiny. A six-foot model of the Executor was constructed which had over 150,000 individual lights in it. According to chief model maker Lorne Peterson, the ship was originally scaled to appear sixteen miles long, though later sources would amend this figure.
According to in-universe Star Wars sources, the Executor was the lead ship of a new class of Star Dreadnoughts; the term "Super Star Destroyer" is a colloquialism applied to any ship larger than a standard Imperial Star Destroyer. At long, the ship bristles with thousands of turbolasers, ion cannons, missile launchers and tractor beams. It similarly carries more than a thousand ships including TIE Fighters.
Home One (Mon Calamari cruiser)
Home One made its theatrical appearance in Return of the Jedi as Admiral Ackbar's flagship during the Battle of Endor. According to the old Expanded Universe (now Star Wars Legends) material, the Galactic Empire occupied the planet of Mon Calamari (also known as Mon Cala or Dac). After the Empire destroyed three floating cities to pacify the planet, the peaceful Mon Calamari converted their passenger liners and deep space exploration cruisers into warships, driving the Imperials from their homeworld prior to the Battle of Yavin. Darth Vader successfully subjugates Mon Cala, leading to a mass exodus of city-ships from Mon Cala. This fleet would later be commanded by Admiral Raddus and Admiral Ackbar and join the Rebel Alliance.
Each Mon Calamari vessel was individually unique due to the artistry of their Mon Calamari builders, even those of the same "class". According to Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game sourcebooks, while smaller and carrying less weaponry than Imperial-class Star Destroyers, the Mon Calamari cruisers are often more than a match in head-to-head engagements. This is attributed to the Mon Calamari cruisers' multiple backup shields and multiple shield generators as well as more balanced all-around firing arcs. The franchise's books, comics, and video games from Legends describe and depict other Mon Calamari cruisers and successor designs, such as the MC80B Mon Remonda in the Star Wars: X-wing novels, the MC90 star cruiser Galactic Voyager, the Mediator-class battle cruisers, and Viscount-class Star Defenders (which were meant to be the answer to the Executor-class Super Star Destroyers) in R.A. Salvatore's Vector Prime.
Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) created two Mon Calamari cruiser designs: the cylindrical "flying cigar" Home One command ship and a "winged" model identified in the Expanded Universe as the Liberty. The "winged" model would have its wings removed and thrusters modified to portray another subtype. The ships were designed to be as aesthetically different from the Imperial Star Destroyers as possible, although the filming crew disliked the "pickle ships" due to the models' unflattering angles. Internal neon lights provided lighting, and detail was painted on by using the second Death Star model's exposed framework as a makeshift frisket. The model's design, as well as that of other Mon Calamari cruisers to appear in the film, was a collaborative effort between George Lucas, Nilo Rodis-Jamero, and Joe Johnston.
In Return of the Jedi, Admiral Ackbar (Timothy M. Rose) leads the Rebels during the Battle of Endor from the flagship, Alliance Headquarters Frigate Home One, a modified MC80A star cruiser; although that ship survives the Battle of Endor, the Death Star's superlaser destroys other Mon Calamari cruisers, including the Liberty. In Revenge of the Sith, the Confederacy of Independent Systems (Separatists) used the Providence-class carrier/destroyer as their frontline capital ship at the Battle of Coruscant. A modified variant, the Invisible Hand, serves as the command ship for Count Dooku and General Grievous. In Rogue One, Admiral Raddus flew his flag on the MC75 Star Cruiser Profundity at the Battle of Scarif. The design of Profundity was meant to be a cross between the MC80 star cruiser from Return of the Jedi and the Separatists' Providence-class carrier/destroyer in Revenge of the Sith. In The Last Jedi, the Raddus, formerly known as the Dawn of Tranquility, was an MC85 Star Cruiser that served as the flagship of General Leia Organa. It was used by the Resistance during its war against the First Order. It was one of the last purpose-built warships before the signing of the Military Disarmament Act by the Galactic Empire and New Republic. The vessel gained the moniker Raddus upon its entry into the service of the Resistance, when Admiral Gial Ackbar petitioned to rename it in honor of the famed Admiral Raddus, who had died in service of the Alliance at the Battle of Scarif after defying the Rebel Alliance's political leaders and choosing to fight against seemingly insurmountable odds.
A 1994 Micro Machines three-pack included a winged Mon Calamari cruiser toy, and a 1996 three-pack included the other variety. Hasbro in 2003 planned to release a Mon Calamari cruiser as part of its Action Fleet collection but they cancelled the line before producing it. Decipher and Wizards of the Coast published Mon Calamari cruiser cards for the Star Wars Customizable Card Game and Star Wars Trading Card Game, respectively. In 2006, Wizards of the Coast created a Mon Calamari Star Defender miniature as part of its Star Wars Miniatures Starship Battles game. Mon Calamari cruisers are player-controllable units in LucasArts' Empire at War real-time strategy. Fantasy Flight Games's Star Wars: Armada, a table top miniatures game released on March 27, 2015, adds several Mon Calamari cruisers to the Rebel side in the expansions, including the MC80 Home One, MC80 Liberty, MC75 Profundity, and MC30c Frigate.
Imperial landing craft (Sentinel-class landing craft)
Imperial landing craft (or Sentinel-class landing craft) were designed for the Special Edition release of Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope and created entirely with CGI. However, they first appeared in products of the Star Wars: Shadows of the Empire multimedia campaign. According to in-universe sources, the primary mission for Sentinel-class craft is deploying Imperial military forces from orbit onto a planet, though it can be used for other missions including short-range scouting, cargo transport and close air support. Heavily armored and equipped with powerful deflector shields, Imperial landers carry eight laser cannons, two concussion missile launchers, two blaster cannons and an ion cannon turret. As a troop transport it can carry 54 stormtroopers into battle, or carry vehicles via cargo pod installed on its underside.
Imperial shuttle (Lambda-class shuttle)
Lambda-class T4a shuttles first appeared in Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi, and were later added to the Special Edition release of The Empire Strikes Back. Joe Johnston, Ralph McQuarrie, and Nilo Rodis-Jamero borrowed elements from the skyhopper designed for A New Hope when refining the shuttle's appearance. Earlier versions were boxy, boat-like, or had TIE fighter-like components. Industrial Light and Magic's modelmakers made two shooting models, although CGI versions were used for the craft's Special Edition appearance in The Empire Strikes Back. The Theta-class shuttle in Revenge of the Sith was designed to appear like a predecessor to the Lambda class. A Lambda-class shuttle makes a cameo appearance during the docking sequence of Inara Serra's shuttle in "Serenity", the pilot episode of Joss Whedon's Firefly.
According to reference material, Lambda-class shuttles are one of the most common vessels in the Imperial navy and can be configured for a number of roles, including cargo transport, troop carrier, or diplomatic courier. It is a popular personal transport for high-ranking Imperial officials as its armament, reinforced hull and deflector shielding allow it to travel safely even without an escort. The shuttle is propelled by two ion engines while a hyperdrive allows for long-distance journeys. At long, the shuttle can carry up to 20 passengers in standard configuration or up to 80 metric tons (176,370lbs) of cargo. A crew of two to six pilot the shuttle in a forward cockpit, which in an emergency can jettison from the main body of the vehicle; not all 20 passengers can fit in the cockpit however, so the most senior personnel are given priority to escape. For armament the Lambda-class shuttle is equipped with two Taim & Bak KX5 double blaster cannons on the folding wings, two forward-mounted Taim & Bak GA-60s double laser cannons, and a rear-mounted ArMek R-Z0 retractable double blaster cannon.
Imperial Star Destroyer
The Star Destroyers are the Galactic Empire's assault ships. Much like the Republic assault ships, the two have similar hulls, bridges, engines, and many other parts. They appear in a variety of forms throughout the Star Wars franchise. The Ravager, an Executor-class Star Dreadnought, was destroyed during the Battle of Jakku.
Millennium Falcon (YT-1300 light freighter)
The Millennium Falcon is a highly modified YT-1300F light freighter captained by smuggler Han Solo (Harrison Ford) and his Wookiee first mate, Chewbacca (Peter Mayhew).
The YT-1300 Corellian light freighter, manufactured by the Corellian Engineering Corporation, was essentially a giant "forklift" designed to tug around giant container ships. As one of the most successful designs in history, the appeal of the vessel is not its basic equipment, but its modular ability to take an extraordinary amount of modifications and alterations. But the downside is the cockpit being placed on the right side makes it extremely hard to pilot correctly. Its popularity among freighter captains throughout the galaxy guaranteed commercial operation in the galaxy during the final days of the Galactic Republic and the reign of the Galactic Empire.
Rebel Medical Frigate (Nebulon-B frigate)
Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) receives a prosthetic hand aboard the Redemption, a modified Nebulon-B escort frigate, at the conclusion of Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back. A Nebulon-B medical frigate is part of the Rebel Alliance fleet at the Battle of Endor in Return of the Jedi. Expanded Universe material states that relatively affordable Nebulon-B frigates, which are effective at engaging starfighters, are used by both the Rebellion and the Galactic Empire. The frigates appear in several LucasArts titles, including the X-Wing flight simulators series, Empire at War real-time strategy game, and Star Wars: Battlefront, as well as episodes 'Zero Hour' and 'Secret Cargo' of Star Wars Rebels.
Industrial Light & Magic's Nilo Rodis-Jamero and Joe Johnston created the frigate late during work on The Empire Strikes Back, with the design following a suggestion by George Lucas that it be based on an outboard motor. The model was produced in a short time with limited financial access; it was primarily built from components left over from previous kitbashing exercises, including battleship hulls and artillery pieces. The resulting model was long, tall, and included a "window" where a still from the scene in the medical bay could be inserted for filming.
Following the completion of filming, Lucas decided to revisit the end of the movie to better establish the characters' final locations, requiring a section of the frigate to be built that corresponded to the scale of the Millennium Falcon model. The model was originally referred to as the Rebel starcruiser or Rebel cruiser, but during filming of Return of the Jedi, it was renamed Rebel Medical Frigate after the cruiser name was used for the Mon Calamari cruisers.
According to in-universe sources, the EF76 Nebulon-B escort frigate is a versatile design which can be modified to fulfill a variety of different roles, from long-range scouting to search-and-rescue missions. When fully armed, the -long frigate is equipped with twelve turbolasers, twelve laser cannons, and a pair of tractor beam projectors, and can carry a full squadron of starfighters. The design is most famous for serving as medical frigates, with full-service hospital facilities and a capacity for 700 patients.
Rebel Transport (GR-75 medium transport)
GR-75 medium transports are a class of ship which first appears in The Empire Strikes Back during the evacuation of Echo Base on Hoth, and have made appearances in other media. Only long, these ships are described in Star Wars sources as largely consisting of a thick outer hull with its interior entirely open for modular cargo pods. These are held in place by a magnetic shield and allows the transport to accommodate of cargo. Cheap and easy to maintain, these transports are only equipped with four twin laser cannons and minimal deflector shields, though some are retrofitted for combat.
Slave I (Firespray-31)
Slave I is the starship used by bounty hunter Boba Fett (Jeremy Bulloch) in The Empire Strikes Back and The Mandalorian (in which Boba is played by Temuera Morrison), and by his father Jango Fett (also played by Morrison) in Attack of the Clones. The ship's design is said to resemble the shape of a street lamp. However, the actual inspiration for the shape of the ship was a radar dish, according to Nilo Rodis-Jamero, the assistant art director and visual effects creator on The Empire Strikes Back. Rodis-Jamero created the initial design after seeing Joe Johnston's ideas for Boba Fett, and states that "the original design I had was round, but when you looked at it from the side, it became elliptical...George [Lucas] thought it was elliptical, so that's what it became." He goes on to say that "[w]hen building the ship at ILM, someone looked at the street lamps and pointed out that they looked like Boba's ship. So everyone began to think that was where I got the idea for the design." Its appearance in the original release of The Empire Strikes Back was realized by a combination of matte paintings and a model.
According to in-universe reference material, Slave I is a modified Firespray-31-class patrol craft produced by Kuat Systems Engineering. Unique in design, the Firespray-31-class has a distinct engine cluster on which the ship rests when landed, but when in flight the ship rotates 90 degrees so that the top-mounted cockpit faces forward. The ship's artificial gravity similarly reorients depending on the flight mode, while the rotating stabilizer fins on either side carry repulsorlifts to assist with landing. The class only saw limited production, as it was considered too heavily armed for civilian use, too underpowered for Kuat's home fleet, and too reliable for post-sale maintenance business. Jango Fett chose the vessel for, among other reasons, its anonymous appearance, but heavily modified it with additional weaponry, expanded crew quarters and more secure (and less humane) prisoner cabinets.
After inheriting Slave I from his father, Boba Fett made additional modifications to the vessel. These include a secret (and stolen) military sensor-jamming and masking device that enables the ship to disappear from most sensor systems, immobilizing bunks for up to six prisoners, and even more weaponry. Armaments include 2 Borstel GN-40 twin rotating blaster cannons, 2 Dymek HM-8 concussion missile launchers, a Brugiss C/In ion cannon, a Phylon F1 tractor beam projector, and 2 Arakyd AA/SL proton torpedo launchers.
Tantive IV (Rebel Blockade Runner)
The Tantive IV, identified in source material as a CR90 Corellian corvette, first appears in the opening scene of the original Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope, commanded by Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher) as she evades pursuit from Darth Vader (David Prowse/James Earl Jones) aboard his Imperial Star Destroyer. Her adoptive father Bail Organa (Jimmy Smits) is seen using a similar vessel during the prequel movie Revenge of the Sith, identified in source material as the CR70 model Tantive III. Corellian corvettes, also known as Rebel Blockade Runners for their powerful engine array and ability to outrun customs vessels, are manufactured by the Corellian Engineering Corporation.
Spacecraft appearing in the prequel trilogy
Banking Clan Frigate (Munificent-class Star Frigate)
Also known as Separatist Frigates, these vessels made their theatrical appearance in Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith and feature in Clone Wars-related media. The design of these and other Separatist vessels was done specifically to reverse the visual iconography of the original Star Wars trilogy by having "good guy" ships be triangular and "bad guy" ships be smoother and more organic. Unused Joe Johnston designs of Rebel ships from Return of the Jedi were used as inspiration by Revenge of the Sith concept artists in creating the Banking Clan frigate and other vessels.
According to in-universe material, these Munificent-class Star Frigates were built by Hoersch-Kessel Drive Inc. on behalf of the InterGalactic Banking Clan for the Separatist cause. Forming the bulk of the Separatist fleet during the war, these frigates filled the dual role of combat and communications ships, using powerful antennas to coordinate fleet actions utilizing faster-than-light hyperwaves to communicate anywhere within the galaxy or jam enemy sensors and communications.
Official sources give their length as , a width of and height of . However they require only a small crew of 200 battle droids to operate, with a storage capacity of up to 150,000 additional battle droids for boarding actions or ground assaults. In battle, these frigates' armaments make them grossly overpowered for their size. Each is armed with two forward-facing heavy turbolaser cannons which at full power can blast-melt an ice-moon in diameter; two long-range ion cannons; 26 twin turbolaser cannons; 20 light turbolaser turrets; and 38 point-defense laser cannons.
Commerce Guild Support Destroyer (Recusant-class Light Destroyer)
These spacecraft made their theatrical appearance in Revenge of the Sith in addition to other Clone Wars-related media as a capital ship used by Separatist forces. As with other Separatist spacecraft, the design of these destroyers was based on unused concept art for Rebel capital ships from Return of the Jedi.
Officially referred to as Recusant-class light destroyers in background material, their in-universe origin comes from Mon Calamari plans that were stolen by Quarren Separatists and jointly manufactured by the Commerce Guild and Techno Union. These ships measure long, wide and high. Because they are primarily controlled via droid brain, they require a crew of only 300 battle droids to operate, with storage space for an additional 40,000 battle droids. Their diverse armament includes a prow heavy turbolaser cannon, 4 heavy turbolaser cannons, 6 heavy turbolaser turrets, 5 turbolaser cannons, 30 dual laser cannons, 12 dual light laser cannons, and 60 point-defense light laser cannons. However their effectiveness in battle comes from overwhelming numbers, as between four to six Recusant-class ships are needed to outgun a Venator Star Destroyer. Their only true weakness is the single-minded nature of their droid brain, although the lack of self-preservation means they are not above deliberately ramming their target in order to destroy it.
Dooku's solar sailer
Darth Tyranus, also known as Count Dooku (Christopher Lee), reaches Coruscant near the end of Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones aboard a Punworcca 116-class interstellar sloop, better known as a "solar sailer", built by the Huppla Pasa Tisc Shipwright Collective. The ship, which also appears multiple times in Star Wars: The Clone Wars, is equipped with a solar sail which was originally part of the concept for the Naboo royal starship in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. However the model was redesigned to reflect the harsher environment of Geonosis and the insectoid Geonosians, resembling both a beetle and a butterfly. Originally it was to have separate pilot and passenger compartments, but during production this was altered and a forward cockpit bubble was added when it was determined there was a need for a shot of Dooku sitting next to his pilot. It is somewhat similar to the private Antonov An-2 plane in real life. During filming of Attack of the Clones, a full-size model of the sailer was built in order to stage the lightsaber duel between Count Dooku and Yoda (Frank Oz).
According to Star Wars canon sources, the solar sailer is a luxurious yacht commissioned by Dooku from his allies on Geonosis prior to the outbreak of the Clone Wars. While only long, it is surprisingly spacious with room for Dooku's databook library and fast with a Class 1.5 hyperdrive. Instead of carrying fuel, the sailer deploys a wide sail which collects interstellar energy and channels it directly to the engines. To defend it from attack, the vessel is equipped with eighty-four tractor/repulsor beam projectors.
Invisible Hand (Providence-class carrier/destroyer)
General Grievous's flagship in Revenge of the Sith is the Invisible Hand, appearing in the film's opening space battle above the planet Coruscant. With Supreme Chancellor Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid) held prisoner aboard the ship, Jedi Knights Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor) and Anakin Skywalker (Hayden Christensen) launch a rescue mission to save him, boarding the ship where they confront and ultimately defeat Count Dooku (Christopher Lee). With the Invisible Hand crippled in the battle, General Grievous flees aboard an escape pod as the heroes successfully guide it to an emergency landing on the planet below.
George Lucas had a personal hand in the design of the ship, including the addition of the raised spire in which Obi-Wan, Anakin and Count Dooku have their duel. The raised spire also helped differentiate the command ship from the other capital ships over Coruscant. While the ship was completely CGI, unlike similarly modeled ships for the film it needed a complex interior that was fully mapped out for the various set pieces which take place during the movie. Once the floor plans were approved, they were constructed as both CG and actual rooms, with multiple large-scale sets for the actors to perform in. More sets of rooms aboard the ship were built than seen in the final film; several "serial-type escapades" were cut from the final release. Other sets, built inside a mount that could rotate them, were used to depict the vessel's collapse.
The Invisible Hand is described according to in-universe references as a Providence-class carrier/destroyer, a classification representing the dreadnought's dual roles in planetary domination. Manufactured by the Free Dac Volunteers Engineering Corps, the vessel is long, wide and high. Given its size the Invisible Hand can store up to 1.5 million battle droids but only requires a crew of 600 to operate. The Invisible Hand can unleash tremendous damage with 14 quad turbolaser cannons, each of which at maximum output is equivalent to a magnitude-10 earthquake; 2 heavy ion cannons; 34 dual laser cannons; 12 point-defense ion cannons, and 102 proton torpedo launchers. Its hangars have been extensively modified from other Providence-class vessels, allowing the battleship to carry 120 fighters (a mixture of Vulture droids and Tri-fighters), 160 MTTs and 280 other ground vehicles including AATs, Hailfire droids and Homing spider droids. Providence-class ships are equipped with a main upper sensor tower and a secondary ventral sensor pod, but on the Invisible Hand the main communication/sensor pod is refitted into a lofty sanctum for Count Dooku from which he broadcasts spiritual propaganda to divide the galaxy.
Naboo Royal Cruiser
Also known as the Naboo Diplomatic Cruiser, this ship makes its theatrical appearance in the opening scene of Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones. The ship is seen being escorted by Naboo N-1 starfighters, carrying Senator Padmé Amidala (Natalie Portman) to Coruscant for an important vote on the Military Creation Act. After coming to rest on a landing pad, the ship is blown up in an assassination attempt on Senator Amidala's life, though she escapes unharmed.
The ship's design was inspired by the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber. While the cruiser was entirely CGI, for filming purposes a full-size set of the landing pad was built for the actors with a digital matte painting inserted to create the background. Pyrotechnics were used in the filming of the scene, though the majority of the explosion was created with CGI by visual effects art director Alex Jaeger.
Background material on the Diplomatic Cruiser state that it was designed in the wake of the Invasion of Naboo to address shortcomings in the previous J-type 327 starship. Still unarmed and covered in shiny chromium plating, it is nevertheless faster and better shielded, with additional back-up drives in case the main Class 0.7 hyperdrive fails. At long, the vessel's spacious interiors are designed with comfort in mind for four VIPs, six bodyguards and a crew of five. The leading edge of its wing also feature four recharging sockets for N-1 starfighters to dock with the ship.
Naboo Royal Starship
The Naboo Royal Starship features prominently in Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace as the ship that Queen Padmé Amidala (Natalie Portman), Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor) and Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson) use to escape from the Trade Federation blockade of Naboo. After arriving on Tatooine where they free young Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd), the heroes continue aboard the Royal Starship to Coruscant, before finally using it to return to Naboo and free the planet from the Trade Federation's occupation in a climactic battle. The ship is based on a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird.
An early design depicted the ship powered by a solar sail; when Lucas called for a sleeker look, designer Doug Chiang drew inspiration from 1950s hood ornaments. According to Chiang, the design of the queen's ship was to exemplify Theedian technology the same way the Space Shuttle exemplified the power of technology in America. A thirty inch, highly detailed model of the ship was built, then sliced into one-inch sections and scanned in order to create a digital model. To reduce the amount of CGI work on the film and get more realistic footage of the ship under natural lighting, a larger ten-foot model was also created for filming scenes of the ship when landed.
According to in-universe material, the Naboo Royal Starship was meant to be a visual representation of the glory of Naboo. A modified J-type 327 Nubian starship, the vessel's unique spaceframe was handcrafted by the Theed Palace Space Vessel Engineering Corp. and its decorative plating of royal chromium – reserved only for Naboo's monarch – was hand-polished and crafted by artisans. Lacking weaponry, the -long ship featured state-of-the-art deflector shields and a cohort of astromech droids to make emergency repairs. One drawback was that its high-performance T-14 hyperdrive, while easy to acquire on many civilized worlds, could be harder to find on more remote planets.
Naboo Star Skiff
Padmé Amidala travels to Mustafar aboard a Naboo star skiff in Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith to confront Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader (Hayden Christensen) after he turns to the dark side. Designer Ryan Church sketched the ship to appear "supercharged". Only the ship's boarding ramp was built full scale; some footage was altered from material used in Attack of the Clones. The ship is designed to be reminiscent of the "rocket ships" seen in pulp science-fiction.
Neimoidian Shuttle (Sheathipede-class transport shuttle)
Neimoidian shuttles first appear in The Phantom Menace and are seen throughout the prequel trilogy and Clone Wars television series. Their design is based on a Trade Federation landing ship, turned vertically and altered to be more insectoid and less symmetrical. They are also used by the other Separatist leaders, such as Nuvo Vindi and Wat Tambor. Star Wars lore refers to these vessels as Sheathipede-class transport shuttles built by the insect-like Charrian species, especially popular with the Neimoidians but used by many worlds associated with the Separatist cause. Intended for short-range diplomatic missions, these -long shuttles feature powerful communication arrays and are unarmed but can be modified for combat. Some also incorporate an automatic pilot, allowing for a more expansive passenger compartment.
Republic Assault Ship (Acclamator-class assault ship)
Republic assault ships of the Acclamator-class first appear in Attack of the Clones. These ships, originally called "Jedi troop transports", demonstrate a connection to the original trilogy's Star Destroyers through their triangular hulls. According to Star Wars reference material, these assault ships were built by Rothana Heavy Engineering to serve as the Republic's primary troop transport at the start of the Clone Wars, with a secondary offensive role in space battles. Their secret construction was initiated by Darth Sidious (Ian McDiarmid) under false orders from the Jedi High Council as part his plan to take control of the galaxy.
Republic assault ships measure at long, wide and in depth. With a crew of 700, they can carry up to 16,000 clone troopers and support personnel, along with heavy vehicles including LAAT gunships, AT-TE walkers and SPHA artillery. Unlike many other Star Wars vessels of similar size they can conduct both ground and water landings, allowing them to deploy troops and vehicles directly into battle. Their armament includes 12 quad turbolaser turrets, 24 laser cannons, and 4 heavy strategic missile/torpedo launchers. This weaponry allows them to conduct a range of orbital bombardments, from surgical strikes in support of ground forces to "Base Delta Zero" fleet bombardments which melt the upper crust of a planet's surface.
Republic Attack Cruiser (Venator-class Star Destroyer)
Republic attack cruisers, formally known as Venator-class Star Destroyers, made their first theatrical appearance in the opening space battle of Revenge of the Sith and have appeared throughout the Star Wars franchise. Described in-universe as large and powerful battleships of the Republic Navy, attack cruisers are long with a crew of 7,400 and powerfully armed with eight heavy dual turbolaser turrets, two medium dual turbolaser turrets, fifty-two point-defense laser cannons, four heavy proton torpedo launchers and six tractor beam projectors. A -long flight deck is built directly into the ship's prow with bow doors, allowing a quick exit for the vessel's complement of 420 starfighters, forty LAAT gunships and twenty-four AT-TEs. After the Republic's victory, these cruisers continued to serve under the Galactic Empire.
Republic Cruiser (Consular-class cruiser)
The Consular-class Republic Cruiser Radiant VII is the first vessel seen in The Phantom Menace. Jedi knights Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson) and Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor) travel aboard the Radiant VII on their mission to end the Trade Federation's blockade of the planet Naboo. After docking with the Federation's Droid Control Ship, the Radiant VII is destroyed to prevent the Jedi from escaping.
Originally, the Radiant VII was going to be sleek like most Old Republic ships depicted in the Star Wars prequel trilogy. However, Lucas suggested a design similar to the ships in the original trilogy; Doug Chiang and the Lucasfilm art department responded with a design similar to the Tantive IV model created for Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope. Several antennae were added to focus attention to the cockpit during the opening sequence of The Phantom Menace. For filming the destruction of the Radiant VII, the crew built a gigantic seven-foot model and rigged it with pyrotechnics, around which was constructed a to-scale hangar. This use of practical special effects allowed for pieces of the exploding model to interact with the surrounding environment without having to utilize CGI resources.
Consular-class Republic Cruisers like the Radiant VII are "instantly recognizable throughout the galaxy" according to the Star Wars Databank. Built by the Corellian Engineering Corporation, these Republic Cruisers are generally unarmed and feature a red color scheme as a symbol of neutrality and "diplomatic immunity". At long, their features include strong deflector shields, three powerful Dyne 577 radial atomizer engines and a Longe Voltrans tri-arc CD-3.2 hyperdrive for faster-than-light travel. Underneath the bridge is an interchangeable diplomatic salon pod which can eject from the cruiser in an emergency. During the Clone Wars, many Republic Cruisers underwent the Charger c70 retrofit to become Republic Frigates. Slightly longer at , these vessels were retrofitted with additional armor plating, a twin laser cannon and five twin turbolaser cannon turrets.
Scimitar (Sith Infiltrator)
Darth Maul pilots a Sith infiltrator, named Scimitar, in The Phantom Menace. Its design includes elements of the TIE interceptor and Lambda-class shuttle. The vehicle has been made into toys by Hasbro and Galoob and models kits by Lego and Ertl. The Scimitar is identified by in-universe sources as a heavily-modified Star Courier manufactured by Republic Sienar Systems, supposedly designed by Raith Sienar himself under orders from Darth Sidious. The ship's distinctively long prow, giving it a length of , houses an experimental full-effect cloaking device that can make it invisible on command. Beneath the invisibility field generator are storage compartments for probe droids, a speeder bike and other equipment. The Scimitar also incorporates an experimental high-temperature ion engine system which necessitates large radiator panels that fold inward for landings, and is well-armed with six low-profile laser cannons and a proton torpedo launcher.
Star freighter
Padmé Amidala and Anakin Skywalker travel to Naboo aboard a starfreighter in Attack of the Clones. The transport's design is partly based on an ocean liner.
Techno Union Starship (Hardcell-class Interstellar Transport)
Techno Union Starships made their theatrical appearance in Attack of the Clones during the Battle of Geonosis as the Separatist droid army attempts to hold off the clone troopers of the Galactic Republic. Background material on the ship class describes it as a common sight in the Star Wars universe, long with a Class 1 hyperdrive and six large rocket thrusters, but ineffective as a combatant with only two laser cannon batteries. Its lack of repulsorlifts gives it limited maneuverability within a planet's atmosphere and the large fuel stores for its rockets are a glaring weakness that can be exploited during the battle. Of the 286 Techno Union starships at the Battle of Geonosis, 169 escape.
Theta-class Shuttle
Emperor Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid) travels aboard a Theta-class shuttle in Revenge of the Sith. The ship was designed to appear like a predecessor to the Lambda-class shuttle. Only the shuttle's boarding ramp was built for filming.
Trade Federation battleship (Lucrehulk-class battleship)
Trade Federation Lucrehulk-class battleships appear in the Prequel trilogy and various other Star Wars media. Lucas called for these ships to have a "saucer" look with a distinct front and rear, achieved by placing the engines on one side of the ship and the antennae and docking bays on the other.
In The Phantom Menace a fleet of these ships enforces a blockade of the planet Naboo, one of which (identified in background material as the Vuutun Palaa) serves as the Droid Control Ship at the center of the movie's climactic battle. To capture the Droid Control Ship's destruction, a 1/800 scale model was created and blown up using specially designed pyrotechnic material to simulate a believably massive explosion, and filmed at 340 frames per second to get enough frames for the cut. A second scale model of the ship's hangar was created and mapped out for the scene where Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd) accidentally flies his starfighter inside the ship.
In-universe, these vessels were originally Lucrehulk-class LH-3210 cargo freighters manufactured by Hoersch-Kessel Drive Inc. that the Trade Federation secretly modified into warships to build up their armed forces. At in diameter, each massive battleship can carry an entire army: 6,250 Armored Assault Tanks, 550 Multi-Troop Transports, 1,500 troop carriers, 50 C-9979 Landing Craft, 1,500 Vulture droids and over 329,000 B1 Battle Droids. The crew is similarly large with 60 supervisors, 3,000 droid crew and 200,000 maintenance droids. To destroy enemy starfighters trying to attack its transports, each converted battleship is equipped with 42 quad laser emplacements on rotating mounts to hide the ships' military nature. While helping to conceal the Trade Federations' military build-up, the limited coverage of these weapons leaves significant blind spots vulnerable to attack. A small number of these battleships were further modified as Droid Control Ships and featured additional communications and computer systems to operate the Trade Federation's droid armies; destroying a Droid Control Ship would disable all droids under its command.
During the Clone Wars, many Lucrehulk-class freighters were more extensively retrofitted to increase their armament over what was carried during the Battle of Naboo. These Separatist battleships had 185 quad laser batteries, 520 assault laser cannons, and 51 turbolasers. However, blind spots remained in the armament's coverage which left vulnerable angles that Republic ships could exploit.
Trade Federation Landing Ship (C-9979 Landing Craft)
Trade Federation Landing Ships transport the Trade Federation's invasion forces to Naboo's surface in The Phantom Menace and have appeared in other Star Wars media. Although initial designs were reminiscent of dirigibles, the final design is based on a dragonfly. George Lucas likened the ship's similarity to a biplane. In addition to digital models, an eight-foot-wide scale model of the lander was built to film scenes of these craft landing on Naboo's surface. Another larger-scale model of the lander's doorway was built to film scenes of Trade Federation vehicles exiting the craft.
Formally known within the setting as a C-9979 Landing Craft, this vessel has an imposing wingspan of which is used to store a tremendous number of vehicles: 114 Armored Assault Tanks, 11 Multi-troop transports and 28 troop carriers. Deploying a full load of vehicles is a complex process which can take up to 45 minutes to complete as they exit the vessel via large deployment doors. These doors include perimeter field sensors which detect land mines and other hazards. Powerful tensor field generators bind the removable wings to the vessel while "repulsorlifts" keep them from sagging under their own weight. Manufactured for the Trade Federation by Haor Chall Engineering, the -long craft has a crew of 88 battle droids. In addition to piloting the landing craft and manning its weaponry, these droids also run maintenance and repair shops which service the onboard attack force. Another 361 battle droids can also be carried on board in storage. For self-defense the landing craft is equipped with deflector shields and is armed with two pairs of wingtip laser cannons and four turret-mounted laser cannons.
Spacecraft appearing in the sequel trilogy
Raddus
The Raddus made its theatrical debut as the main cruiser used during the Evacuation of D’Qar in The Force Awakens. The Raddus got its name on request of Admiral Gial Akbar, to honor the fallen Admiral Raddus who died during the battle of Scarif after his ship sustained heavy damage from Imperial bombardment. The Raddus is a MC85 model flagship designed and made in Mon Calamari. The Raddus would later go on to be used by Vice Admiral Amilyn Holdo in a near light speed raming of the First Order Supremacy.
Spacecraft appearing in other Star Wars media
Ghost (VCX-100 light freighter)
The Ghost is a modified VCX-100 light freighter, manufactured by the Corellian Engineering Corporation, appearing in the Star Wars Rebels television series. Owned and piloted by the gifted Twi'lek, Hera Syndulla (voiced by Vanessa Marshall), it serves as "home base" for a small band of Lothal rebels during the Age of the Empire. Named for its ability to travel past Imperial sensors without detection on numerous missions and skirmishes, the craft included many hidden surprises that aided the crew in their fight against the Empire. Among its many features were a 360-degree dorsal laser cannon turret
The Ghost makes a cameo appearance in Rogue One near the Great Temple of Massassi on Yavin IV. Its captain, Hera Syndulla, is briefly mentioned in the film, and its repair droid, Chopper, makes a brief appearance inside the Temple.
Han Solo pretends to own a spacecraft of the same model in Solo: A Star Wars Story, during the Sabacc game in which he first met Lando Calrissian.
Hammerhead corvette (Sphyrna-class corvette)
The Hammerhead corvette is a ship class that originally appeared in the Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic video game, and was given a prominent role in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story during the final space battle when one of these ships rammed a disabled Imperial Star Destroyer into another. Its CGI design was purposefully meant to be evocative of the Tantive IV from the original Star Wars film. The in-universe origin for Hammerhead corvettes, formally known as Sphyrna-class corvettes, is that they are an ancient line of ships built by the Corellian Engineering Corporation. Reliable and adaptable, these corvettes are long and armed with two forward and one rear dual laser cannons, but can be modified with additional sublight engines and add-on modules. They are used by the Rebel Alliance in many different roles: scout ships, tugs, transports, and even battleships.
Rhett Allain, an associate professor of physics at Southeastern Louisiana University, estimated in a 2017 article for Wired that the Hammerhead's engines in Rogue One would have had to generate (or 200 billion) Newtons of force to push the Star Destroyer: 6,000 times the amount of thrust force generated by a Saturn V rocket.
Imperial Freighter (Gozanti-class cruiser)
The term Imperial Freighter refers to a type of Gozanti-class cruiser, which first appeared as a background vessel in The Phantom Menace and has appeared in other Star Wars media, most notably the Star Wars Rebels television series. Reference material describes Gozanti-class cruisers as being used by a variety of factions, but those in Imperial service have stronger deflector shields, quicker engines and better weaponry to deter pirates and rebels from stealing their cargo. In addition to a dorsal twin laser cannon turret and ventral heavy laser cannon turret, these -long ships can carry four TIE fighters via extendable docking clamps. Gozanti-class Assault Carriers are equipped with magnetic docking clamps that allow them to carry a pair of Walkers for planetary assaults. Another variant, the IGV-55 Surveillance Vessel, is equipped with multiple listening arrays, modified sensor-dampened engines, and a computer database to store billions of yottabytes of data.
Imperial / Jedi Light Cruiser (Arquitens-class light cruiser)
The Arquitens-class light cruiser is a vessel which first appears in the 2008 Clone Wars television series as well as the Star Wars Rebels television series. Source material describes it as serving the Galactic Republic during the Clone Wars as a light warship, earning the nickname Jedi Light Cruiser. After the Republic's victory it continued to serve the Galactic Empire in the same capacity, though under the name Imperial Light Cruiser. Armed with four double-barrel turbolaser batteries and four quad laser turrets, Arquitens-class ships can absorb a surprising amount of damage thanks to their armored hulls and layers of energy shielding.
Outrider (YT-2400 freighter)
Within Star Wars Legends, the Outrider is Dash Rendar's CEC YT-2400 class freighter in the Shadows of the Empire multimedia campaign. It is a playable ship in the Shadows of the Empire video game, and Kenner released an Outrider toy. While Steve Perry outlined the ship's story and role, Doug Chiang designed the ship itself.
The Outrider was digitally inserted into the Special Edition of A New Hope. A YT-2400 light freighter also appeared within the Star Wars Rebels Season 3 episode Iron Squadron. It was piloted by Mart Mattin, who was a nephew of Rebel Commander, Jun Sato. It is unknown if the ship is meant to be same as the one in A New Hope. According to Gary Whitta, who served as writer of Rogue One, Dash Rendar is a controversial character among Lucasfilm Story Group, which decreases the chances of the character becoming part of canon.
Profundity (Mon Calamari cruiser)
The Profundity first appears in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, leading the Rebel fleet's attack on Scarif under Admiral Raddus. It is identified in Star Wars sources as a modified MC75 star cruiser, a class of Mon Calamari buildings and exploration ships which have been repurposed for war. The Profundity itself was the former Civic Governance tower of the city of Nystullum during the Mon Calamari's exodus from their homeworld. At long, the Profundity has a crew of 3,225 and is heavily armed with twelve turbolaser cannons, four ion cannons, twenty point-defense laser cannons, twelve proton torpedo launchers and six tractor beam projectors.
Razor Crest
The Razor Crest was a pre-Imperial patrol gunship owned and piloted by the Mandalorian bounty hunter Din Djarin in the Disney+ web-series The Mandalorian.
Stinger Mantis
The Stinger Mantis, more commonly known as the Mantis, was an S-161 "Stinger" XL luxury yacht piloted by Greez Dritus in Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order.
The Malevolence
The Malevolence was a Subjugator-class heavy cruiser that served as the flagship of the Confederacy of Independent Systems, as well as General Grievous's ship until it was destroyed by Anakin Skywalker when he sabotaged the navigation systems and caused it to slam into a moon. It has two ion cannons that can knock out the power from ships, before destroying it with its turbolasers. The warship appeared in Season One of Star Wars: The Clone Wars.
Spacecraft appearing in Star Wars Legends
A number of named vessels appear only in Star Wars Legends sources, material which was branded non-canon after The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm. The Ebon Hawk is Darth Revan's ship in Star Wars: The Old Republic: Revan, Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic, and Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords. It is designed to be reminiscent of the Millennium Falcon. The Moldy Crow is a modified Corellian HWK-290 used by Kyle Katarn and Jan Ors in the Star Wars: Dark Forces and Star Wars: Dark Forces II: Jedi Knight video games. After it is destroyed in Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast, it is replaced with the Raven's Claw. The Rogue Shadow is the ship used by Starkiller and Juno Eclipse in Star Wars: The Force Unleashed. The Virago is Xizor's ship in Shadows of the Empire. Its clamshell design, styled after a stealth fighter, is inspired by pulley castings. The Wild Karrde is medium-sized freight vessel used by smuggler Talon Karrde in Timothy Zahn's Heir to the Empire novels.
See also
List of Star Wars starfighters
Walker (Star Wars)
Star Wars planetary vehicles
Bibliography
Notes
References
External links
Index to Star Wars starships at starwars.com
A visual guide to major Star Wars starships at https://screenrant.com
Intricate Illustrations of Star Wars Spacecraft Cutouts Reveal Their Inner Mechanics by Leah Pellegrini April 23, 2016
Star Wars lists
Star Wars |
5379641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewdley%20railway%20station | Bewdley railway station | Bewdley railway station serves the town of Bewdley in Worcestershire, England. Until 2014, it was the administrative headquarters of the Severn Valley Railway, after which they were moved to Comberton Hill, Kidderminster. Bewdley is the principal intermediate station on the line.
History
Bewdley station originally opened in 1862 as one of the main intermediate stations on the line between Hartlebury and Shrewsbury. It was operated by the West Midland Railway, before that company was absorbed into the Great Western Railway (GWR).
In 1864, the Tenbury & Bewdley Railway opened, with its route through the Wyre Forest branching off the SVR north of Bewdley station, before crossing the River Severn over the now partially-dismantled Dowles Bridge. Thus Bewdley became a junction station.
In 1878, GWR opened a "loop-line" to Kidderminster, which meant that Bewdley had a direct link with the town and became a double junction. As a legacy of its former junction status, Bewdley station is unique on the SVR in that it has two signal boxes, Bewdley North and Bewdley South.
Bewdley station was at its busiest at weekends and local holiday periods, but traffic declined with the increasing use of cars in the 1950s. As a consequence, rationalisation resulted in the end of through passenger traffic — firstly on the Wyre Forest line in 1962, followed by the Severn Valley line in 1963. Although thought by some to have been a result of the Beeching axe, those closures pre-dated his report.
Until January 1970, British Rail continued to serve the last remaining stations of Stourport-on-Severn, Burlish Halt, Bewdley, Foley Park Halt and Kidderminster.
Stationmasters
Thomas Appleton 1862 - 1897
George Smith 1898 - 1909 (afterwards station master at Chipping Norton)
Frederick Hallett 1909 - 1914
Alfred W. Cooke 1923 - 1937 (formerly station master at Cleobury Mortimer)
E.T. Rose 1939 - 1942 (afterwards station master at Broadway)
William H. Needle until 1956 (afterwards station master at Totnes)
H.E. Ray 1956 - 1960 (afterwards station master at Bridgnorth)
Preservation
Bewdley was disused for only four years before preservationists from the new SVR Company bought the land, track and buildings in 1974, enabling the SVR to extend from Bridgnorth–Hampton Loade to Highley and eventually Bewdley that same year.
From 1980 onwards, occasional bank holiday services were operated to Bewdley, originally from Kidderminster and later from Birmingham New Street. The SVR's own services to Kidderminster could not commence until sugar beet traffic to Foley Park ceased in 1982, and its own station, Kidderminster Town, was opened, which occurred two years later.
During and after preservation:
The station clock on platforms 2 & 3 was brought from Stourbridge Junction railway station.
The longer valancing pieces on the east side of the island platform canopy came from Birmingham Snow Hill station. That is marked on the canopy. The canopy itself was constructed for the opening of the line to Kidderminster and was later extended. It was not brought in from elsewhere, as has been reported.
Bewdley Tunnel
Just to the East of the station lies the -long Bewdley Tunnel.
Future services
Due to heavy congestion in the Wyre Forest, there have been calls for Bewdley station to be returned to the National Rail network. The idea of Kidderminster to Bewdley trains has been discussed at meetings with Central Trains, its successors London Midland, West Midlands Trains and Chiltern Railways. The obstacle was always the question of who would provide the infrastructure and staff. New services could run further than Kidderminster, to Birmingham, Dudley or London. West Midlands Trains says it plans to operate extensions of services from Kidderminster to the station by December 2019.
Famous Media Appearances
Bewdley Railway Station has been used as a location for a number of television and cinema productions. These include the 1992 film Howards End, the 2007 film Woes of the Departed, and, as "Musborough Junction" station, the opening scenes of the 1984 BBC Television adaptation of the John Masefield novel The Box of Delights (keen-eyed viewers will spot the Bewdley station sign reflected in a window).
References
Further reading
External links
Official Station Web Site
Heritage railway stations in Worcestershire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1862
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1970
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1974
Former Great Western Railway stations
Severn Valley Railway
Railway station
1862 establishments in England |
4042824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gintaras%20Einikis | Gintaras Einikis | Gintaras Einikis (born September 30, 1969) is a Lithuanian retired professional basketball player and current coach. He stands at 6 ft 10 in (208 cm), and is a former center for the senior Lithuanian national team. Einikis is the only player from the Lithuanian national team to have won all three consecutive bronze medals at the Summer Olympics, in Barcelona, Atlanta, and Sydney.
Professional career
In 1987, the then 18-year-old Einikis, arrived at Žalgiris, to replace his injured teammate, Arvydas Sabonis. Einikis established himself as a strong and aggressive defender, an excellent center, and a surprisingly accurate three-point shooter. When Sabonis left Žalgiris, Einikis continued his career, as a starter.
In 1995, Einikis joined Avtodor Saratov. After dominating with Avtodor, Einikis then moved to CSKA Moscow. After 2 moderate seasons with CSKA, he moved to Idea-Slask, where he averaged 9 points per game, and 4.4 rebounds per game, in 22 minutes per game of EuroLeague action. After a tumultuous first half of the season, he left Śląsk and signed with Greek side Near East to finish the season.
He then moved back to Zalgiris, where he contributed more to the team. During the last years of his career, his averages fell drastically; however, he still helped Lietuvos Rytas to win the ULEB Cup (EuroCup) championship in 2005. He retired after the 2005–06 season.
In 2009, he returned to playing professional basketball, and played for Naglis-Adakris. After the 2009–10 season, he retired for a second time.
Career statistics
EuroLeague
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2001–02
| style="text-align:left;"| Wrocław
| 9 || 7 || 22.1 || .437 || .182 || .765 || 4.4 || .8 || .6 || .6 || 9.0 || 6.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2002–03
| style="text-align:left;"| Žalgiris
| 14 || 12 || 26.0 || .530 || .444 || .750 || 4.9 || .6 || .7 || .4 || 13.0 || 10.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2004–05
| style="text-align:left;"| Unicaja
| 8 || 1 || 10.0 || .563 || .222 || .500 || 1.4 || .0 || .3 || .1 || 3.1 || 2.3
Coaching career
On February 10, 2016, it was announced that Einkis had become an assistant coach for Avtodor Saratov.
Controversies
In 2008, Einikis participated in altercation with a night club's staff, yelling insults, threatening physical harm and refusing to leave the club. He and his friend were fined with 3,000 Litas.
After the incident, Einikis was spotted leaving the club in his car Volkswagen Touareg. Because he had lost his license a year ago after his involvement in a hit and run accident, he was fined with an additional 2,500 Litas. During the accident, it was speculated that he was on cocaine. The police discovered cocaine powder in his car.
In 2011, Einikis, heavily intoxicated, with 5.11 per mil blood-alcohol concentration, went to his friend's house and threatened to kill her by setting her house on fire. He was later arrested and charged with threats of arson and assault.
He married his longtime friend Jurgita in July 2012. Later that month, however, he, while under the influence of alcohol, physically assaulted his wife.
Awards and achievements
Pro clubs
6× Lithuanian Champion: (1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2003)
Lithuanian SSR Champion: (1991)
2× Lithuanian Champion: (1992, 1993)
3× Lithuanian League (LKL) Champion: (1994, 1995, 2003)
2× Lithuanian League MVP: (1994, 1995)
2× Lithuanian League Finals MVP: (1994, 1995)
FIBA EuroStar: (1997)
Russian League Champion: (2000)
Polish League Champion: (2004)
ULEB Cup (EuroCup) Champion: (2005)
FIBA EuroCup All-Star (FIBA EuroChallenge All-Star): (2006)
Czech League Champion: (2006)
Lithuanian senior national team
1992 Summer Olympics:
EuroBasket 1995:
1996 Summer Olympics:
2000 Summer Olympics:
References
External links
Eurobasket.com Profile
Basket Stats Profile
1969 births
Living people
Asseco Gdynia players
Baloncesto Málaga players
Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
BC Avtodor Saratov players
BC Rytas players
BC Žalgiris players
Centers (basketball)
Liga ACB players
Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in Poland
Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in Russia
Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in Spain
Lithuanian men's basketball players
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic basketball players of Lithuania
Olympic bronze medalists for Lithuania
Olympic medalists in basketball
PBC CSKA Moscow players
Power forwards (basketball)
Soviet men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Kretinga
1998 FIBA World Championship players
Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in the Czech Republic |
5379646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Sterling | Robert Sterling | Robert Sterling (born William Sterling Hart; November 13, 1917 – May 30, 2006) was an American actor. He was best known for starring in the television series Topper (1953–1955).
In 1960, Sterling was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the television industry.
Early life
Sterling was born William Sterling Hart in New Castle, Pennsylvania, 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Pittsburgh. The son of Chicago Cubs baseball player William S. Hart, he attended the University of Pittsburgh and worked as a clothing salesman before pursuing an acting career.
Career
Columbia Pictures
After signing with Columbia Pictures in 1939, he changed his name to Robert Sterling to avoid confusion with silent western star William S. Hart. His name was legally changed while he was a second lieutenant attending flight training in Marfa in West Texas in 1943.
Sterling appeared in small parts for Columbia movies, often uncredited: Blondie Meets the Boss (1939), Romance of the Redwoods (1939), First Offenders (1939), Outside These Walls (1939), The Chump Takes a Bump (1939), That Girl from College (1939), and a serial Mandrake the Magician (1939).
He was in Only Angels Have Wings (1939), Missing Daughters (1939), and a short with Buster Keaton, Pest from the West (1939). Sterling was in Good Girls Go to Paris (1939), The Man They Could Not Hang (1939), Golden Boy (1939), The Gates of Alcatraz (1939), A Woman Is the Judge (1939), The Story of Charles Goodyear (1939), Scandal Sheet (1939), Mr Smith Goes to Washington (1939), Beware Spooks! (1939), Blondie Brings Up Baby (1939), The Amazing Mr Williams (1939), Glove Slingers (1939), The Awful Goof (1939) (a short), and Crime's End (1939).
He was in Nothing But Pleasure (1940) a Buster Keaton short, and The Heckler (1940) a short with Charley Chase,
20th Century Fox
At 20th Century Fox he played the lead in Manhattan Heartbeat (1940) and Yesterday's Heroes (1940). He was in The Gay Caballero (1940)
MGM
In November 1940, Sterling went to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He appeared in The Penalty (1941) and had the lead in I'll Wait for You (1941), The Getaway (1941), and Ringside Maisie (1941) with Ann Sothern, whom he would later marry.
He had a good support role in Two-Faced Woman (1941) with Greta Garbo and Johnny Eager (1941) with Robert Taylor. Sterling could also be see in Dr. Kildare's Victory (1942) and This Time for Keeps (1942). He was billed third in Somewhere I'll Find You (1942), after Clark Gable and Lana Turner - one of MGM's biggest films of the year. But just as it seemed Sterling was about to break through as a star he joined the service.
Post war
Sterling served in World War II as a United States Army Air Corps flight instructor. He got out of the army in October 1945 and MGM announced him for The Last Time I Saw Paris but the film would not be made for several years, and not with Sterling. He appeared in The Secret Heart (1946) at MGM.
At RKO he had the lead in Roughshod (1949). He made an independent Western, The Sundowners (1950) with Robert Preston and John Drew Barrymore, and did Bunco Squad (1951) at RKO.
He was appearing on Broadway in The Grammercy Ghost when he formed a relationship with actress/singer Anne Jeffreys.
On television, Sterling starred in "The Man Who Had Influence", the May 29, 1950, episode of Studio One. He also appeared on such shows as The Ford Theatre Hour, Showtime, U.S.A., The Clock, The Web (starring in the episode "Homecoming"), Faith Baldwin Romance Theatre, Celanese Theatre, Lights Out (one episode with Grace Kelly), Betty Crocker Star Matinee (an episode with Audrey Hepburn), Suspense, The Gulf Playhouse, Robert Montgomery Presents, Studio One in Hollywood (an adaptation of The Ambassadors), and Climax!.
Sterling had an excellent part as Steve Baker, opposite Ava Gardner as Julie, in the hit MGM 1951 film version of Show Boat. He supported Audie Murphy in Column South (1953). He and his second wife, actress Anne Jeffreys, also developed a night club act.
Topper
Sterling is perhaps most well known for starring with Jeffreys as the spirited George Kerby, to Jeffreys' Marion Kerby in the television program Topper, based on the 1937 original film Topper; Sterling played Cary Grant's role in the TV series, which aired on the CBS network from 1953 to 1955. Leo G. Carroll starred in the title role. Wife Marion Kerby was referred to as "the ghostess with the mostest", while Sterling's character was known as "that most sporty spirit".
In 1955 he and Jeffreys appeared in a TV production of Dearest Enemy, adapted by Neil Simon. He continued to guest star on shows like The Loretta Young Show, Lux Video Theatre, Star Stage, The 20th Century-Fox Hour, The Ford Television Theatre, Cavalcade of America, and Telephone Time.
On December 18, 1957, Sterling and Jeffreys played a couple with an unusual courtship arrangement in "The Julie Gage Story" on the first season of NBC's Wagon Train.
Love That Jill
In 1958, the couple co-starred in another comedy series, Love That Jill on ABC. Sterling and Jeffreys portrayed heads of rival modeling agencies in New York City.
Sterling appeared on The United States Steel Hour, then returned to features at Fox. He had good roles in Return to Peyton Place (1961), as Mike Rossi, husband of Eleanor Parker, and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (1961) for Irwin Allen.
Ichabod and Me
In the 1961–1962 television season, Sterling co-starred with George Chandler and Reta Shaw in CBS's Ichabod and Me, a sitcom set in New England. He portrayed 44-year-old Bob Major, a newspaper reporter from New York City, who purchased and ran the paper in a small town called Phippsboro.
In 1963, Sterling starred in The Twilight Zone episode "Printer's Devil" alongside Burgess Meredith. He was also in The Alfred Hitchcock Hour and Naked City, plus A Global Affair (1964) with Bob Hope.
Later career
After some additional television work in the early 1960s, Sterling made only sporadic appearances in later shows such as the hospital drama The Bold Ones, the sitcoms Nanny and the Professor, Love, American Style, Diana and The Brian Keith Show, the TV movie Letters from Three Lovers (1973), and the miniseries Beggarman, Thief in 1979.
In the 1970s Sterling was a vice president and the spokesman for a company that implemented the software for one of the first supermarket barcoding and computer inventory systems. He later launched Sterling & Sons, a Santa Monica company that manufactured custom golf clubs.
In the 1980s he guest starred on shows like Fantasy Island, Simon & Simon, Masquerade, Murder, She Wrote, and Hotel.
Sterling's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is located at 1709 Vine Street.
Personal life
Sterling was married twice. His first marriage, in 1943, was to noted actress-singer Ann Sothern. They had a daughter, Patricia, who became an actress. Sothern and Sterling divorced in 1949.
Sterling met actress-singer Anne Jeffreys soon after his Broadway debut, and they wed in 1951 and remained married for 55 years until his death. They had three sons.
Sterling was a Republican who campaigned for Dwight Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.
Sterling died Tuesday, May 30, 2006, aged 88, at his home in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California. According to the Associated Press, his son, Jeffrey, indicated that Sterling died of natural causes and also suffered from debilitating shingles for the last decade of his life. He was cremated and his ashes were returned to his family in residence.
References
External links
1917 births
2006 deaths
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male comedy actors
20th-century American male actors
Male actors from Pennsylvania
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
People from New Castle, Pennsylvania
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Pennsylvania Republicans
California Republicans |
5379650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohida | Rohida | Rohida is a historic village situated in Sirohi district of Indian state of Rajasthan.
The village is known for Audichya Rodwal Brahman Community residing there.
The Maharaja of Sirohi State has provided the land to the Rodwal Brahmins.
Rohida has been named after King Rohida, the Son of Satayavadi Raja Harish Chandra who lived his last years of life at Rohida.
Rohida is the birthplace of the historian Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha.
In 1922 Motilal Tejawat started Eki Movement to unit tribals at Rohida.
The village is known for historical temples of Hindu community such as Somnath Mahadev, Rajrajeshwar Mahadev and Sugreeveshwar Mahadev.
After independence, when Panchayati Raj established, the village elected Ravishankar Yagnik, one of freedom fighters from Rodwal community as first Sarpanch (Head of Gram Panchayat) of the village, who also has been elected the first Tehsil Pradhan of the Pindwara Tehsil, after he represented the constituency to Rajasthan Assembly and requested for Backward Status for Sirohi District that has been approved by Assembly. Here, Marwadi language is spoken which is quite similar to Mewadi & Gujarati language in pronunciation and words.
Devnagari script has been used to write the history of Rohida.
Rohida is also related to Lord Parshuram, at the period of Mahabharata, Parshuram visited Rohida and established Lord Shiva temple and named it Jabeshwar Mahadev Mandir which is around 4 km from Rohida.
References
Rohida village
Rohida PIN
Rohida in freedom movement
Villages in Sirohi district |
5379666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickhill | Pickhill | Pickhill is a village in North Yorkshire, England, west of Thirsk. It forms part of Hambleton District, and is a part of the civil parish of Pickhill with Roxby.
History
The Roman road, Dere Street, passed close to the village following the route of the modern A1(M) motorway.
The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Picala. The manor at the time of the Norman invasion was split between Sprot and Thor. Afterwards it passed to Count Alan of Brittany. Up to the 16th century, the manor was largely owned by the Neville family, with some having been given to Fountains Abbey. Thereafter it was split in two and was the possession of the Byerley and Meynell families until the 18th century.
Pickhill with Roxby was a large ancient parish, which comprised the townships of Ainderby Quernhow, Holme, Howe, Pickhill with Roxby, Sinderby and Swainby with Allerthorpe. All these townships became separate civil parishes in 1866.
The village used to have a station in the North Eastern Railway region on the Ripon to Northallerton Line. The old Station House can be found on Cross Lane. It was functioning between March 1875 and September 1959.
Roxby
Roxby is a deserted medieval village about west of the village, recorded in 1198. By the 20th century it was reduced to a single farmhouse, Roxby House. The farmhouse was demolished in 1994 to make way for the construction of the A1(M) motorway.
Governance
The village lies within the Richmond (Yorks) UK Parliament constituency. It is also within the Bedale electoral division of North Yorkshire County Council and the Tanfield ward of Hambleton District Council.
Geography
The village is located a mile east of the A1(M), and its nearest neighbours are Sinderby to the south, Holme to the south-east and Ainderby Quernhow to the south. Pickhill Beck runs through the village before joining the nearby River Swale
The 2001 UK Census recorded the population as 411, of which 318 were over the age of sixteen years. There were 157 dwellings of which 112 were detached.
Education
The village has one school, Pickhill CE Primary School, which is within the catchment area of Thirsk School for secondary education.
Religion
There is a church in the village dedicated to All Saints. Built around the 12th century, it is a Grade II* listed building that has been restored several times. There was a Wesleyan Chapel erected in the village around 1864, now disused.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Hambleton District |
5379680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwood%20Halt%20railway%20station | Northwood Halt railway station | Northwood Halt is an unstaffed request stop on the Severn Valley Railway in Worcestershire, situated a little to the north of Bewdley on the outskirts of the Wyre Forest at the north end of North Wood. There is an ungated level crossing just to the south of the single platform. It is the only surviving original halt on the line.
History
The halt first opened in June 1935 and was in use until the end of British Railways passenger services north of Bewdley in 1963. Although thought by some people to have been closed as part of the Beeching axe in 1963 its planned closure pre-dated his report. It was well used by fishermen, ramblers and tourists, and was reopened immediately after the SVR's southerly extension of services in 1974. Northwood Halt is not included in the public timetable.
The level crossing is now protected by light signals and an audible warning; this system replaced hand-operated gates, the scene of two serious accidents in 1947 and 1964.
Upon reopening the only shelter for passengers awaiting trains was a wooden shed. This was subsequently replaced with a GWR style pagoda that was constructed by volunteers at Kidderminster.
References
Further reading
External links
Visitor guide to Northwood Halt
Heritage railway stations in Worcestershire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1935
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1963
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1974
Former Great Western Railway stations
Severn Valley Railway |
5379684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holme%2C%20North%20Yorkshire | Holme, North Yorkshire | Holme (or Holme on Swale) is a small village and civil parish in the Hambleton District of North Yorkshire, England. It is located near Pickhill, Sinderby and Ainderby Quernhow, on the west bank of the River Swale. The population of the civil parish was estimated at 60 in 2014.
Hambleton Ales is a small brewery which started life in Holme. It has now moved to Melmerby.
Holme was historically a township in the ancient parish of Pickhill with Roxby in the North Riding of Yorkshire. At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 it belonged to the Bishop of Durham as part of his manor of Hutton Conyers and Howgrave. The township formed a detached part of the wapentake of Allertonshire, and retained a detached part at Howgrave, west of the village, apparently only a single farm, into the 19th century. The township was for that reason referred to as Holme cum Howgrave. Holme became a separate civil parish in 1866.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire |
4042839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20halfpipe | Snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's halfpipe | The men's halfpipe event in snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Bardonecchia, a village in the Province of Turin, Italy. Competition took place on 12 February 2006.
Medalists
Results
The halfpipe event for men took place on 12 February 2006, both the qualification rounds and the finals taking place on that day. Forty-four snowboarders took part in the qualification, the top twelve of whom move on to the finals.
In the qualification round, each snowboarder was given two runs to be in the top six of that run. Regardless of how many points the person received, as long as they placed in the top six, they advanced to the finals. If the person qualified in the first run, they did not need to do a second run in the qualification. Shaun White, the gold medalist for this event, came in seventh place after the first run, requiring him to compete again in the second run, where he recorded the highest score of the event to that point. The finals proceeded in a similar fashion. The twelve qualifiers had two runs in which to score the highest possible points. The snowboarders were ranked by their highest score, and medals were awarded accordingly. The following is a table detailing the results of the qualification and finals runs of the competing snowboarders.
References
Snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Men's events at the 2006 Winter Olympics |
4042857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing-song%20girls | Sing-song girls | Sing-song girls (), also known as flower girls, is an English term for the courtesans in China during the 19th century AD.
Origin
Before the founding of modern China in 1911, concubinage was legal. In Chinese custom, males carry the family name and the family's heritage after marriage. To ensure male heirs were produced, it was a common practice for an upper-class married male to have one or more concubines, provided he could support them.
The custom could be invoked without the wife's consent: the husband's actions were protected by law. Concubines would co-exist in the family along with wives and children. A man might choose a courtesan to be his concubine. Many of these courtesans would sing songs to attract potential husbands, hoping to become secondary wives.
Terminology
Western observers in China during the nineteenth century witnessed these women singing but had no idea what to call them since they were not classified as prostitutes. Thus the term "Sing-Song Girls" came about.
There is another theory of the source of the term. According to the 1892 fictional masterpiece by Han Bangqing called Sing-Song Girls of Shanghai (later adapted into the 1998 film Flowers of Shanghai), people in Shanghai called the women who performed in sing-song houses () in the Wu language. The term was pronounced like "sing-song" in English and the young women always sang to entertain the customers; thus Westerners called them Sing-Song girls. The word sian sang in this case is a polite term used to refer to an entertainer.
Their lives
Sing-song girls were trained from childhood to entertain wealthy male clients through companionship, singing and dancing in special sing-song houses. Not all performed sexual services, but many did. They generally saw themselves as lovers and not prostitutes. Sing-song girls did not have distinctive costumes or make-up. Often they wore Shanghai cheongsam as upper-class Chinese women did. Sing-song girls often performed amateur versions of Chinese opera for clients and often wore the traditional Chinese opera costume for small group performance. The girls had one or several male sponsors who might or might not be married and relied on these sponsors to pay off family or personal debts or to sustain their high standard of living. Many sing-song girls married their sponsors to start a free life.
Classes
Among sing-song girls were actually several subclasses of performers divided by the quality of skill. Over time, these would evolve, beginning with one class, developing into four, and consolidating down to two before becoming obsolete during the Cultural Revolution.
Shuyu – Highest class were the Shuyu (storytellers), who traced their professional roots back to ancient imperial entertainers. These were skilled in cultured entertainments such as singing, playing instruments, writing poetry, and performing opera. Additionally, these were picked for beauty, trained in sophisticated conversation, and known for their extravagant dress. They were not known for their sexual services so much as for their artistry. Given time, the Shuyu class of entertainer would become assimilated into the Changsan class of prostitutes as a result of their reluctance towards offering sexual services.
Changsan – The Changsan ("long three") were the highest class of prostitutes. The term originally came from them charging three yuan for company and three more to spend the night. They maintained the class and artistry akin to the Shuyu, while still being distinctly part of the sex trade. For instance, their intimate company would require an elaborate period of courtship. Still, however, such relations were neither permanent nor monogamous.
Yao'er – The Yao'er ("one two") was the lower tier equivalent of the Changsan. It was named this way because they traditionally charged one yuan for entertainment and two for company. Originally there was an intermediary class called the Ersan ("two three") however, over times these became considered the same class as the Changsan. While Yao'er prostitutes were lower tier than Changsan, they still focused on entertainment as well as sexual services. However, they charged less than the Changsan, and accordingly their beauty, singing, and performances were not as good.
Classes of other sex workers
Below these, fell those whose services were purely sexual. Where some sing-song girls worked as such by choice, the women serving in the lowest tiers of the sex trade were often there as a result of being sold, mortgaged, kidnapped, or otherwise forced into the industry. (These do not address the women in other industries, such as masseuses and taxi dancers, who part-time sold sexual services.)
"Salt pork" – These prostitutes were housed in brothels which focused entirely on selling sexual services. These houses were colloquially named "salt pork shops" for the similarities between the selling of these women's bodies and of the division and selling of salt pork. Unlike the sing-song girls, these women had almost no say regarding their lives and services, as rather than performing, they were simply having their bodies rented.
"Pheasants" – The next class of prostitutes were streetwalkers. Being in the streets, they had little protection from law enforcement and thugs, leaving them doubly at risk of arrest or assault. An example of this can be found in the 1934 silent film The Goddess (神女). That said, a majority of "pheasants" did belong to brothels and would bring their customers back to service them. They were called "pheasants" for their gaudy dress and habit of scouring the streets for customers.
"Flowers" – Coming from the term "flower-smoke rooms," this and the following were the lowest class of prostitutes. Flower smoke rooms were opium dens where customers could have prostitutes while smoking opium. This class of prostitutes disappeared before the Cultural Revolution Reforms with the ban of opium.
"Nailsheds" – These brothels were targeted towards low class laborers such as rickshaw pullers.
Historical use of the term
The concept has been around for 2,000 years as recorded by emperors of the Han Dynasty who needed to provide female entertainment for troop amusement. In ancient China, many terms were given to these entertainers, such as "gē jì" (), "gē jī" (), "ōu zhě" (), etc.
The English term came from 1911 (see Origin).
During the 1930s, Li Jinhui started the Chinese popular music industry with a number of musical troupes. The groups were mostly young women performing and singing. The term Sing-Song-Girls stuck, since the Communist Party of China associated pop music as Yellow Music or pornography in the 1940s.
Cultural impact
In Shanghai, Sing-song girls became a unique part of the city's culture, one which, in turn, affected the culture of other parts of China. As Shanghai was divided into different concessions loosely governed by multiple parties, there was greater freedom there for sing-song girls to come into the public eye without legal repercussions. This opened the door, allowing for the entertainment culture of the sing-song girls to impact the more traditional Chinese culture.
While even the highest class Changsan could not escape the ignominy of the sex trade, in some ways, that liberated her to flaunt a provocative culture which conservative Chinese tradition would not allow. Traditional views held that once married, a woman had no need to impress anyone. In conjunction with Confucian ideals of the virtues of modesty, this led to a standard of dress aimed to hide the form of the body within. However, sing-song girls, being unburdened such virtues, unmarried and perpetually courting were free not only to explore high fashion, but also to adapt it to be more. An example of this can be seen in the cheongsam which not only became more form fitting, but also became sleeveless with a long slit running up each side.
In general, the fact that sing-song girls were solely focused on entertainment meant that they were able to push the envelope of culture and style. For instance, they often decorated their parlors with expensive decor and modern amenities, making them culturally progressive to the point where there are documented cases of women sneaking into the entertainment houses to catch a glimpse of what the latest decorations and fashions were. Additionally, the fact that the sing-song girls were often courted by prominent individuals in society gave them further attention, even notoriety. For instance, it was not uncommon for famous sing-song girls to be invited to publicly accompany their courters allowing for them to further flaunt their fashion.
Sing-song girls would also be some of the first individuals in Chinese society to penetrate mass media. For instance, some sing-song girls began to use portraits of themselves as a way to attract business, early business cards. Moreover, the advent of mass advertisement and its use of women to market products resulted in the circulation of images of famous sing-song girls being displayed as the apparent standard of dress and beauty.
In a way, at least in Shanghai, the highest class sing-song girls became the first modern celebrities. Their fame came to them, not because of their virtues and industry, rather because of their association with high culture and the latest fashion. Accordingly, they used that fame to continue stretching the confines placed by conservative culture in ways which popularized modern technology and the expression of feminine sexuality.
Fiction
Sing-song girls are popularized in the 1892 novel by Han Bangqing called Sing-Song Girls of Shanghai (later adapted into the 1998 film Flowers of Shanghai).
Sing-song girls play a minor role in Isabel Allende's Daughter of Fortune (Hija de la fortuna). Tao Chi'en dedicates his work to healing sick girls – although most end up dying – because it is when they are sick that he can sneak them out of the house under the pretext of conducting "experiments". He tries to help those girls who manage to recover to improve their lives so that they no longer need to prostitute themselves.
Allende also mentions sing-song girls in her book Portrait in Sepia (Retrato en Sepia).
Amitav Ghosh's novel River of Smoke, set in southern Chinese port cities, refers to prostitutes in Canton as "sing-song girls."
See also
Oiran
Tawaif, similar profession during colonial India
Yiji
References
History of Shanghai
Courtesans by type |
4042866 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20MacDonell%20%28political%20strategist%29 | John MacDonell (political strategist) | John Edward MacDonell is Past President of the Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia. He is the son of Dr. John MacDonell and Mrs. Antonia (Toni) (née Mazerolle) MacDonell.
References
External links
http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1152106-law-firm-will-have-man-in-ottawa
http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1134958-peter-mackay-adviser-macdonell-leaves-for-private-sector
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian political consultants
Canadian people of Scottish descent
People from Antigonish County, Nova Scotia
Schulich School of Law alumni |
4042868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head%20of%20the%20Deceiver | Head of the Deceiver | Head of the Deceiver is an album by the German power metal band Wizard, released in 2001.
Track listing
All songs written & arranged by: Wizard
"Evitum Okol" - 0:59
"Magic Potion" - 4:24
"Head of the Deceiver" - 4:50
"Collective Mind" - 4:42
"Defenders of Metal" - 4:32
"Calm of the Storm" - 5:04
"Demon Witches" - 4:41
"Iron War" - 3:22
"The First One" - 4:43
"Revenge" - 3:42
"True Metal" - 6:41
Album line-up
Sven D'Anna – vocals
Michael Maass – guitar
Volker Leson – bass
Sören van Heek – drums
2001 albums
Wizard (German band) albums
Limb Music albums |
4042869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKP%20class%20Pm36 | PKP class Pm36 | PKP class Pm36 is a class of two express passenger (P) 4-6-2 (m) steam locomotives ordered in 1936 for the Polskie Koleje Państwowe (Polish State Railways).
History
Design
The design was ready in 1936 and the following year the first two prototypes were built. One of them (Pm36-1) had aerodynamic fairing. The construction as well as the shape of it was designed by inz. Kazimierz Zembrzuski, head of the design office in the First Polish Factory of Locomotives and at the same time professor of the Warsaw University of Technology. The other (Pm36-2) had a standard look. The idea was to test both engines in parallel to compare top speed, acceleration, coal and water consumption etc. The Pm36-1 won a gold medal at the 1937
International Exposition of Art and Technology
in Paris.
Service
After the German occupation of Poland during World War II, the two locomotives were renumbered into the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRB) fleet as 18 601 and 18 602 (class 186). The 18 601 had its streamlining removed, but was later damaged and subsequently scrapped (probably in 1942). The 18 602 survived the war, and was returned to Poland where it regained its PKP class and number. It continued to work for PKP until 1965, when it was given to the Warsaw Railway Museum.
Present day
In 1995 the machine went through a major overhaul and is now working in Wolsztyn as a tourist attraction, called Beautiful Helen (pl. Piękna Helena). It is occasionally used in regular service, pulling trains to Poznań or Leszno. Currently Beautiful Helen waits for repair in Wolsztyn.
Gallery
See also
PKP classification system
Notes
References
External links
Pm36 article at Steam locomotives site URL accessed on 5 August 2006
Photo of Pm36-1 (left). The engine on the right (Pm36-2) is currently in service at the Wolsztyn depot (Poland). Public domain.
Scan of a Polish postage stamp depicting Pm36-1. Public domain.
Public domain. Pm36-1 photo.
Public domain. Pm36-1 photo.
Railway locomotives introduced in 1937
Pm36
4-6-2 locomotives
Streamlined steam locomotives
Science and technology in Poland
Fablok locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Poland
2′C1′ h2 locomotives
Passenger locomotives |
5379687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Vakulenko | Julia Vakulenko | Julia Olegovna Vakulenko (; born July 10, 1983, in Yalta) — is a Ukraine-born female tennis player. She achieved her career-high ranking of No. 32 in November 2007.
In April, 2008, Vakulenko renounced her Ukrainian citizenship, and then announced her decision to acquire the citizenship of Spain where she's lived for the last 10 years.
Career
At the 2006 French Open, Vakulenko reached the third round.
At Wimbledon 2006, she withdrew during the first round due to injury.
Julia became Kim Clijsters' last opponent in her professional career (before Clijsters' return in 2009). Julia won 7–6(3), 6–3 in the second round of J&S Cup in Warsaw, Poland on 3 May 2007. This earned her the nickname "Kimmie Killer".
A week later, Julia defeated world No. 3, Amélie Mauresmo, at the German Open in Berlin 2–6, 6–1, 6–2 (her career best) and then defeated Dinara Safina 6–3, 5–7, 6–3, before retiring in the first set in the semifinals to eventual champion Ana Ivanovic due to an injury.
On 28 August 2007, in the first round of the US Open, Julia defeated ninth seed Daniela Hantuchová, 6–4, 3–6, 6–1. She eventually reached the fourth round, her best performance at a major, before falling to Ágnes Szávay.
At the final event of the season, the Bell Challenge held in Quebec City, Julia reached the first WTA Tour final of her career. En route, she beat Rossana de los Ríos, home favourite Stéphanie Dubois, Olga Govortsova and Julie Ditty. In the final, she lost 4–6, 1–6 to three-time Grand Slam champion Lindsay Davenport, who was playing in only her third event since giving birth.
After changing of her citizenship from Ukraine to Spain in April 2008, she planned to play for Spain in the Fed Cup, but wasn't able to compete in the 2008 Olympics due to lack of time to be included in Spain's application.
WTA career finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
ITF Finals
Singles (7–6)
Doubles (0–1)
Singles performance timeline
1 Doha became a Tier I tournament in 2008, replacing San Diego and Zürich
Head-to-head record against other players
Dinara Safina 1–1
Jelena Kostanić 1–0
Svetlana Kuznetsova
Flavia Pennetta 2–1
Daniela Hantuchová 1–1
Elena Dementieva 0–1
Patty Schnyder
Francesca Schiavone
Anna Chakvetadze 1–0
Maria Sharapova 0–1
Ai Sugiyama 1–0
Jelena Janković 1–1
Amélie Mauresmo 1–1
Kim Clijsters 1–1
Caroline Wozniacki 0–1
Anna Kournikova 0–1
Lindsay Davenport 0–1
Ana Ivanovic 0–1
Justine Henin 0–1
Serena Williams 0–1
Petra Kvitová 0–1
Mary Pierce 0–1
Kimiko Date-Krumm
Paola Suárez
Alicia Molik
Marion Bartoli 0–1
Top 10 wins
References
External links
1983 births
Spanish female tennis players
Ukrainian female tennis players
Ukrainian expatriates in Spain
Ukrainian emigrants to Spain
People who lost Ukrainian citizenship
Living people
People from Yalta
Tennis players from Barcelona
Spanish people of Ukrainian descent
Ukrainian people of Spanish descent |
4042873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrassMunk | BrassMunk | BrassMunk was a Canadian hip hop group from Scarborough, Ontario. It was formed in 1997 by emcees S-Roc (Dwayne King), Clip (Jason Balde), May One 9 (Randy Brookes) and DJ/producer Agile (Ajene Griffith). May 19 was replaced by King Reign (Kai Thomas) in 2006.
Brassmunk independently released their first EP (variations on the singles "One, 2" and "Stop, Look, Listen") in 1999. Their title track from their second EP, Live Ordeal!, received a Juno nomination for Rap Recording of the Year. The track "El Dorado', from their 2002 EP, also received a Juno nomination for Rap Recording of the Year.
Also in 2002, they released the EP Dark Sunrise. The following year, Dark Sunrise was re-released worldwide on Battleaxe Records as an LP, and included their previous independent releases. Dark Sunrise was nominated for Rap Recording of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2004. Their follow-up album, FEWturistic, was released on March 20, 2007, and featured several additional artists including Kardinal Offishall and Moka Only. In 2008, the album earned them another Juno nomination.
The band's best known singles are "Big", produced by Mr. Attic of Da Grassroots and "Oh Supaman", produced by Agile.
BrassMunk has been inactive since 2008. Reign died of a heart attack in 2016, at age 40.
Discography
Albums
Dark Sunrise (2003), Battle Axe Records, Fifty Fourth Music
FEWturistic (2007), EMI Music Canada, Fifty Fourth Music
EPs
One, 2 / Stop, Look, Listen (1999), Independent
Live Ordeal! (2000), Audio Research Records
Push Up / Get Right (Bring It) (2001), Heavy Headz Entertainment
Dark Sunrise (2002), Virgin Music Canada, 54th Regiment Records
El Dorado / Big (2002), 54th Regiment Records
Singles
"Spider Rider's Theme Song" (2007)
Award nominations
Juno Awards of 2001
Best Rap Recording - "Live Ordeal!" (Nominated)
Juno Awards of 2003
Best Rap Recording - "El Dorado" (Nominated)
Juno Awards of 2004
Rap Recording of the Year - Dark Sunrise (Nominated)
Juno Awards of 2008
Rap Recording of the Year - FEWturistic (Nominated)
References
External links
BrassMunk at MySpace
BrassMunk at Discogs
Canadian hip hop groups
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups from Toronto
Scarborough, Toronto
Musical quartets
1997 establishments in Ontario |
4042877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest%20Field%20Aerodrome | Forest Field Aerodrome | Forest Field Aerodrome is a small airport 10 nautical miles (18.5 km) to the northwest of Christchurch International Airport in Canterbury, New Zealand. The aerodrome is a privately operated airport.
Operational information
No runway lighting
Runway strength ESWL 9,080
Circuit: All Runways - left hand
Circuit Height: 1,500 ft AMSL
Sources
NZAIP Volume 4 AD
New Zealand AIP (PDF)
Transport in Canterbury, New Zealand
Airports in New Zealand
Transport buildings and structures in Canterbury, New Zealand |
4042892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrishabhavathi%20River | Vrishabhavathi River | The Vrishabhavathi River is a minor river, a tributary of the Arkavathy, that flows through the south of the Indian city of Bangalore. The river was once so pristine that the water from it was used for drinking and used by the famous Gali Anjaneya temple but is now highly polluted due to pollutants from industrial, agricultural and domestic sources..
Etymology
Vrishabhavathi is derived from the Sanskrit word Vrishabha which refers to a bull. The river is believed to originate at the feet of the monolithic Nandi statue at the Big Bull Temple in Basavanagudi, hence giving it the name Vrishabhavathi.
Course
The origin of the river is near the Dakshinamukha Nandi Tirtha or the Kadu Malleshwara Temple in Malleswaram, and it flows through major areas like Nayandahalli, Rajarajeshwari Nagar and Kengeri. The river can be seen near the Mantri Mall Malleswaram, Magadi Road and Mysore Road metro stations. The river culminates in a reservoir named after itself Vrishabhavathi Reservoir near Bidadi. It joins Arkavathy River near Kanakapura as a tributary. The river has a basin area of 383 sq. km and passes through 96 out of the 198 wards in Bangalore.
A smaller stream of the river originates near Bugle Rock in Basavanagudi, and joins the main river near Mysore Road.
Religious Significance
There are several temples throughout the course of the river. Some of the well-known temples along the banks on the Vrishabhavathi are Dodda Ganesha and the Dodda Basava Temple, Gali Hanumantha Temple, Gavi Gangadhareshwara temple and the Kadu Malleshwara Temple. The Gali Hanumantha Temple is over 600 years old, constructed in 1425 by Sri Vyasaraya of Channapattana who was a Rajaguru of Vijayanagara Empire. The temple was constructed on the confluence of two rivers – Vrishabhavathi and Paschimavahini. The Ishwara Temple at Kengeri dates back to 1050 AD.
Pollution and current concerns
The river is highly polluted due to pollutants from industrial, agricultural and domestic sources. It is said to be dark, smelly and frothy due to "untreated or badly treated domestic sewage that goes into the river."
In 2005, the then Chief Minister of Karnataka, Dharam Singh proposed to remodel the river valley to include widening of the river, and adopt measures to prevent inundation.
References
Rivers of Karnataka
Geography of Bangalore
Rivers of India |
4042893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20MacDonell%20%28Nova%20Scotia%20politician%29 | John MacDonell (Nova Scotia politician) | John MacDonell (born April 2, 1956) is a Canadian retired educator and politician.
A native of Halifax, MacDonell was educated at Acadia University and Saint Mary's University. MacDonell worked on a dairy farm and taught biology at Hants East Rural High School from 1985 to 1998.
Political career
In 1998, MacDonell successfully ran for the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party nomination in the riding of Hants East. He was elected in the 1998 provincial election and was re-elected in the 1999, 2003, 2006 and 2009 provincial elections.
In 2002, MacDonell was a candidate for the leadership of the Nova Scotia NDP. At the leadership convention in June 2002, MacDonell was defeated by Darrell Dexter.
On June 19, 2009, MacDonell was appointed to the Executive Council of Nova Scotia, where he served first as Minister of Natural Resources until 2011. He then served as Minister of Agriculture. MacDonell was defeated in the 2013 provincial election.
References
1956 births
Living people
Members of the Executive Council of Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia New Democratic Party MLAs
People from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Acadia University alumni
Canadian schoolteachers
Saint Mary's University (Halifax) alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians |
4042895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyricon%20%28disambiguation%29 | Satyricon (disambiguation) | Satyricon is an ancient Roman novel attributed to Petronius Arbiter.
Satyricon may also refer to:
Fellini Satyricon, a 1969 film by Federico Fellini based on Petronius' book
Satyricon (1969 Polidoro film), a 1969 film by Gian Luigi Polidoro based on Petronius' book
Satyricon (band), a Norwegian black metal band
Satyricon (Satyricon album), 2013 self-titled album by the band
Satyricon (nightclub), a defunct Portland, Oregon, nightclub germinal to the Pacific Northwest punk movement
Satyricon (Meat Beat Manifesto album) by Meat Beat Manifesto
Satyricon (opera), an opera by Bruno Maderna
Satyricon (theatre), a theatre in Moscow
See also
Satirikon, a Russian weekly magazine of satire and humor published 1908–1918 |
4042899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%20Sigurd | Earl Sigurd | Earl Sigurd may refer to
Sigurd Hlodvirsson, Earl of Orkney (circa 991–1014)
Sigurd Haakonsson (circa 895–962), Earl of Lade
MV Earl Sigurd, a ferry in the Orkney Ferries fleet |
4042901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Party | European Party | European Party may refer to:
European Party (Cyprus), a centrist political party in Cyprus founded in 2005
European Party of Ukraine
See also
European Democratic Party, a centrist European political party in favour of European integration
European Green Party, the Green political party at European level
European People's Party, a centre-right European political party
European Workers Party, Sweden
European political party, the transnational political parties of the European Union |
4042903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Party%20%28Cyprus%29 | European Party (Cyprus) | The European Party (Greek: Evropaiko Komma, Ευρωπαϊκό Κόμμα; abbreviated Ευρωκό, "Evroko") was a political party in Cyprus founded in 2005, largely out of the parties New Horizons and European Democracy. In March 2016, it dissolved to merge into the Solidarity Movement.
The two predecessors were considered the most nationalist, anti-Turkish and anti-immigrant among Greek Cypriot parties. Evroko had a hard-line stance on the Cyprus problem, rejecting any compromise with Turkey or the Turkish-dominated Northern Cyprus, as proposed by the Annan Plan for Cyprus. It supported European integration and maintaining Greek influence in Cyprus. The party supported free market economic policies similar to that of Democratic Rally and the Democratic Party. In electoral campaigns, Evroko stirred up xenophobic ressentiments, suggesting that Greek Cypriots would become a minority in their own country, endangered by criminal, illegal aliens who would steal their jobs.
The party was a member of the European Democratic Party.
In the elections of 21 May 2006, the party won 5.8 percent and 3 out of 56 seats. In the 2009 European parliament election, Evroko won 4.12% of votes. In the 2011 legislative elections the party won 3.88 percent and 2 out of 56 seats. In 2013, Nikos Koutsou, one of the two members of parliament, left the party to become an independent due to disagreement. For the European Parliament election, 2014, the party formed an alliance with the Democratic Rally (DISY). Both seats won by the alliance went to DISY members.
References
External links
Official website
Greek Cypriot nationalism
Defunct political parties in Cyprus
Political parties established in 2005
Political parties disestablished in 2016
European Democratic Party
2005 establishments in Cyprus
Pro-European political parties in Cyprus |
4042906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20P.%20Hill | Nathaniel P. Hill | Nathaniel Peter Hill (February 18, 1832 – May 22, 1900) was a professor at Brown University, a mining executive and engineer, and a politician, including serving in the United States Senate. Originally from the state of New York, he came to Colorado following the Pike's Peak Gold Rush to try his hand at mining. He traveled to Europe to investigate ways to smelt ore and developed processes to make mining more profitable. He was the mayor of Denver before becoming a United States Senator.
Early life
Born in Montgomery, Orange County, New York, at the Nathaniel Hill Brick House (now a museum). He was a descendant of Thomas Hale, one of the first settlers in Newbury from England in 1635.
Hill took over the family farm in Montgomery, until he was 21, while his eldest brother, James King, attended Yale University. During this time he was a part-time student at Montgomery Academy. He graduated from Brown University in 1856.
Career
Educator
He was an instructor and later professor of chemistry at Brown University from 1856 to 1864. He was the first to bring the idea of laboratories to Brown, which he copied from other schools, mostly in Europe.
Mining
His scientific eligibility led him to be invited by cotton manufacturer Colonel William Reynolds to search for mining areas in the West. The greater salary enticed him to journey West. Hill traveled to Colorado in the spring of 1864 to investigate mineral resources. In his search, he traveled alone and with fellow scientists and entrepreneurs. He returned home to Providence after having accomplished little, where he officially resigned from his teaching position and vowed to devote the rest of his life to the search for gold.
Upon his return to the West, he bought several gold mines, but soon ran into financial difficulties because the smelting techniques at the time were resulting in low yields. The Sterling Gold Mining Company and the Hill Gold Mining Company were established around Central City in Colorado. The preferred method of extraction in those days was stamp milling. A stamp mill consisted of heavy iron blocks attached to wooden or steel rods that rose and fell in accordance with a horizontal beam. After the ore containing the gold was crushed sufficiently, the resulting dust was run over copper plates containing mercury, which formed an alloy from which the gold could be more easily extracted. Once miners got past the upper ore deposits, they found that the lower ores contained large amounts of complex sulfides. As a result, a precipitous drop in the recovery rate of gold occurred. Failed attempts at introducing alternative methods of extracting gold contributed to the tensions and financial turmoil of the West, until Hill popularized the method of smelting.
Accordingly, he spent a portion of 1865 and 1866 in Swansea, Wales and Freiberg, Saxony studying metallurgy, and returned to the United States with a perfected method of smelting. Hill learned while abroad, especially in the coal mines, that the best method was that of copper matte. In this method - known as the Swansea process - copper sulfide ore was mixed with gold and silver ore and the copper acted as a vehicle to hold the gold and silver. After returning, he took up a permanent residence in Black Hawk, Colorado. While in Blackhawk, he had the opportunity to work with James E. Lyon, an entrepreneur who he had met on his first trip to Colorado, and who had erected the first real smelter there. However, his findings surpassed those of Lyon. He capitalized on the experience and with his professional training as a chemist and the knowledge gained in Europe, founded the Boston & Colorado Smelting Company, which encompassed numerous ventures aside from mining. Through the funding of numerous capitalists, Hill worked alongside popular metallurgists to oversee the smelting process and thus rose in wealth and popularity.
Politician
Hill was mayor of Black Hawk in 1871 and a member of the Territorial council in 1872 and 1873. He moved to Denver in 1873 and engaged in smelting and the real estate business, and was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4, 1879, to March 3, 1885. He ran on a platform of Republican ideals and free silver whose interests lay in the establishment of a monopolistic society and the implementation of a federal telegraph system. Hill also warned against the corruption of the American political system by special interests like monopolies. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Mines and Mining (Forty-seventh Congress), Committee on Post Office and Post Roads (Forty-eighth Congress), and was involved in the International Monetary Commission. His defeat by Henry M. Teller in 1885 ended his political career. Nevertheless, he remained politically active in other ways, purchasing The Denver Republican and using it to further the causes he had fought for in the Senate.
Personal life
He married Alice Hale of Providence, Rhode Island, on July 26, 1860 (she was born January 19, 1840, and died July 19, 1908). Alice's father was Isaac Hale, born in the town of Newbury County of Essex, Massachusetts on Sept. 17, 1807. Her mother, Harriet Johnson, daughter of David Johnson and Lucy Towne, was born in the town of Newbury, VT, July 29, 1814. David Johnson was a son of Col. Thomas Johnson, who distinguished himself during the Revolutionary War.
Hill and Alice had three children, Crawford (who was married to Louise Sneed Hill), Isabel, and Gertrude. He died in Denver on May 22, 1900, from a stomach disease and was interred in Fairmount Cemetery.
References
External links
Find a Grave (burial site)
1832 births
1900 deaths
People from Montgomery, New York
Politicians from Denver
Members of the Colorado Territorial Legislature
Brown University alumni
American chemists
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
Republican Party United States senators from Colorado
Colorado Republicans
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American politicians
People from Gilpin County, Colorado
Scientists from New York (state) |
4042913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Avenue%20%28Chicago%29 | Western Avenue (Chicago) | Western Avenue is a street within the city of Chicago. Western Avenue extends south as a continuous road to the Dixie Highway at Sibley Boulevard (Illinois Route 83) in Dixmoor, giving the road a total length of . Western Avenue, after turning into Asbury Ave, runs out on the north side at Green Bay Road in Evanston and on the south side at Crete-Monee Road in Crete. However, Western Avenue extends intermittently through the Southland to the Will/Kankakee county border in unincorporated Will Township. Within Chicago's grid street system, Western Avenue is 2400 West, three miles west of State Street (0 East/West).
Western Avenue becomes Asbury Avenue at Howard Street at the Chicago/Evanston border and continues north to Isabella Street on the Evanston/Wilmette border. Unlike Pulaski Road, which was originally Crawford Avenue in both the city and suburbs, Western was always the name in the city. Asbury is only used in Evanston.
In the suburbs, Western Avenue constitutes the boundary between several of Cook County's southern townships. North of 135th Street, Worth Township is on the west and Calumet Township is on the east; from 135th to 183rd Streets, Bremen Township is on the west and Thornton Township is on the east; and south of 183rd Street, Rich Township is on the west and Bloom Township is on the east.
History
From 1851 to 1869, Western Avenue delineated the western edge of the city of Chicago. Being at the edge of town, it became a picnic spot, and Riverview Park was built at the intersection of Western and Belmont Avenues. The amusement park remained open from 1904 until 1967. The park's property is now home to the Riverview Plaza shopping center, the Belmont District Chicago Police Station, and DeVry University.
Rosehill Cemetery is also located on Western Avenue in the Lincoln Square neighborhood.
Transit
Western Avenue is serviced by many CTA buses and trains. The street is serviced by the Brown Line, Orange Line, Pink Line, two Western stations on the Blue Line on the O'Hare and Forest Park branches, and twice by Metra's commuter lines. There are three CTA buses that run along Western Avenue. The main bus route along Western Avenue is the 49 Western, which runs 24 hours a day/7 days a week from Berwyn Avenue on the North Side to 79th Street on the South Side. The 49B North Western runs from Howard Street at the city's northern border to Leland Avenue, where it connects to the Brown Line. The 349 South Western bus route, which is operated by Pace, has completely replaced CTA service on the former 49A South Western route. This route runs from 79th Street in Chicago to the Pace Harvey Transportation Center in Harvey, Illinois. Western Avenue is also the location of multiple stations of the Metra commuter rail network, on the BNSF Railway Line at (18th & Western), the Milwaukee District / North Line and Milwaukee District / West Line on Artesian near Grand, with the station of the Rock Island District a few blocks east of Western Ave. in Blue Island.
South Side Irish Parade
Western Avenue also played host to the South Side Irish Parade. Held yearly on the Sunday before St. Patrick's Day, along Western between 103rd and 115th Street in the Beverly and Morgan Park neighborhoods, it was the city's largest neighborhood parade, drawing hundreds of thousands of revelers annually.
The parade was canceled after the 2009 event due to a growing number of public intoxication arrests. There continues to be an annual Irish Festival, to replace the initially family-oriented parade. In 2012, the parade returned.
Chicagoland Toys for Tots Motorcycle Parade
Since 1979, Western Avenue has been the venue for what is billed as the largest motorcycle parade in the world. On the first Sunday of December, thousands of motorcyclists assemble at the Dan Ryan Woods Forest Preserve at 87th Street and Western Avenue, bringing new, unwrapped toys for donation to the Toys for Tots charity. The parade drives north to deposit toys at Lane Tech at Addison Street, a distance of over fifteen miles. From 1979 through 2008, the parade instead continued north to deliver the toys to the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve station on Foster Avenue, a total distance in excess of eighteen miles.
References
External links
ForgottenChicago.com article on an Art Deco Era Streetscape on S. Western Ave.
Streets in Illinois
Streets in Chicago |
4042918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia%20Hayden | Sophia Hayden | Sophia Hayden (October 17, 1868 – February 3, 1953) was an American architect and first female graduate of the four-year program in architecture at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Life
Early life
Sophia Gregoria Hayden was born in Santiago, Chile. Her mother, Elezena Fernandez, was from Chile, and her father, George Henry Hayden, was an American dentist from Boston. Hayden had a sister and two brothers. When she was six, she was sent to Jamaica Plain, a suburb of Boston, to live with her paternal grandparents, George and Sophia Hayden, and attended the Hillside School. While attending West Roxbury High School (1883–1886) she found an interest in architecture. After graduation Hayden's family moved to Richmond, Virginia, but she returned to Boston for college. She graduated from MIT in 1890 with a degree in architecture, with honours.
Education
Hayden shared a drafting room with Lois Lilley Howe, a fellow female architect at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Hayden's work was influenced by MIT professor Eugène Létang.
After completing her studies Hayden may have had a hard time finding an entry level apprentice position as an architect because she was a woman so she accepted a position as a mechanical drawing teacher at a Boston high school.
Career
World's Columbian Exposition
She is best known for designing The Woman's Building at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, when she was just 21. The Woman's Building was the nation's most prominent design competition for women at that time. Hayden based her design on her thesis project, "Renaissance Museum of Fine Arts," a grand two-story structure with center and end pavilions, multiple arches, columned terraces and other classical features, reflecting her Beaux-Art training. It became a controversial structure as many women objected to having their work in a separate structure.
Hayden's entry won first prize out of a field of thirteen entries submitted by trained female architects. She received $1,000 for the design, when some male architects earned $10,000 for similar buildings.
During construction, Hayden's design principles were compromised by incessant changes demanded by the construction committee, spearheaded by socialite Bertha Palmer, who eventually fired Hayden from the project. Hayden appeared at the Inaugural Celebration and had published accounts of support by her fellow architects.
Her frustration eventually was pointed to as typifying women's unfitness for supervising construction, although many architects sympathized with her position and defended her. In the end the rifts were made up, perhaps, and Hayden's building received an award for "Delicacy of style, artistic taste, and geniality and elegance of the interior." Within a year or two, virtually all the Fair buildings were destroyed. Frustrated with the way she had been treated, Hayden may or may not have decided to retire from architecture, but she did not work again as an architect.
Retirement
In 1900, Hayden married a portrait painter and, later, interior designer, William Blackstone Bennett, in Winthrop, Massachusetts. A stepdaughter, Jennie "Minnie" May Bennett, was from William Blackstone Bennett's prior marriage. The couple had no children. William died of pneumonia on April 11, 1909.
Although Hayden designed a memorial for women's clubs in the U.S. in 1894, it was never built. She worked as an artist for years and lived a quiet life in Winthrop, Massachusetts. Hayden died at the Winthrop Convalescent Nursing Home in 1953 of pneumonia after suffering a stroke.
In popular culture
Hayden is mentioned in Erik Larson's 2003 novel The Devil in the White City.
Hayden is played by Katherine Cunningham in the eleventh episode of the first season of the TV series Timeless (2017), although she didn't stay at H.H. Holmes' hotel.
Works or publications
"Abstract of Thesis: Sophia G. Hayden, 1890." Technology Architectural Review 3 (September 31, 1890): 28,30.
"The Woman's Building." In Rand McNally and Company's A Week at the Fair, 180. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1893.
See also
Women architects
Women in architecture
References
Further reading
Allaback, Sarah; The First American Women Architects, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008. p. 94-96. .
Ashby, Ruth, and Deborah G. Ohrn. "Sophia Hayden." Herstory: Women Who Changed the World. New York: Viking, 1995. .
Darney, Virginia Grant, Women and World's Fairs: American International Expositions, 1876-1904. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI Dissertation Services, 1982.
Gullet, Gayle. "Our Great Opportunity": Organized Women Advance Women's Work at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. Illinois Historical Journal (Winter 1994). PDF edition. Illinois State Historical Society. .
Hayden, William B. In Memoriam: Mrs. Sophia W. Hayden, 1819-1892. Boston: Massachusetts New-Church Union Press, 1893. Print. .
Larson, Erik; The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America, Crown Publishers, 2003. .
Sicherman, Barbara, and Carol H. Green. “Hayden, Sophia Gregoria.” In Notable American Women: The Modern Period : a Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980. .
Stern, Madeleine B. "Three American women firsts in architecture: Harriet Irwin, Louise Bethune, Sophia G. Hayden Science & technology : America's first woman telegrapher: Sarah G. Bagley." We the Women: Career Firsts of Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Schulte Pub. Co, 1963.
Torre, Susana. "Sophia Hayden and the Woman's Building Competition / Judith Paine,"Women in American Architecture: A Historic and Contemporary Perspective : a Publication and Exhibition Organized by the Architectural League of New York Through Its Archive of Women in Architecture. New York: Whitney Library of Design, 1977. .
Weimann, Jeanne M. The Fair Women: the Story of the Woman's Building, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago 1893. Chicago, Ill: Academy Chicago, 1981. .
Online Resource - Photo Source
Alden, Henry M. Harper's New Monthly Magazine. New York: Harper & Bros, 1850. Internet resource. Sophia G. Hayden at Hathi Trust.
External links
Pioneering Women of American Architecture, Sophia Gregoria Hayden Bennett
Remembering Sophia Hayden Bennett - detailed biography with references
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sophia-Hayden#ref668673
1868 births
1953 deaths
People from Santiago
American women architects
World's Columbian Exposition
MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni
American people of Chilean descent
Deaths from pneumonia in Massachusetts
Clubwomen
People from Jamaica Plain |
4042929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibeji | Ibeji | Ibeji (known as Ibejí, Ibeyí, or Jimaguas in Latin America) is the name of an Orisha representing a pair of twins in the Yoruba religion of the Yoruba people (originating from Yorubaland, an area in and around present-day Nigeria). In the diasporic Yoruba spirituality of Latin America, Ibeji are syncretized with Saints Cosmas and Damian. In Yoruba culture and spirituality, twins are believed to be magical, and are granted protection by the Orisha Shango. If one twin should die, it represents bad fortune for the parents and the society to which they belong. The parents therefore commission a babalawo to carve a wooden Ibeji to represent the deceased twin, and the parents take care of the figure as if it were a real person. Other than the sex, the appearance of the Ibeji is determined by the sculptor. The parents then dress and decorate the ibeji to represent their own status, using clothing made from cowrie shells, as well as beads, coins and paint.
Ibeji figures are admired by tribal art collectors and many have made their way into western collections. The world's largest collection of Ibejis is at the British Museum, London.
The firstborn of the twins is known as Taiwo while the second one is called Kehinde. In Yoruba culture the second twin is considered the elder twin; the reason for this is that Taiwo is sent by Kehinde to judge if the world is fit and beautiful before he/she descends, in accordance with Yoruba belief.
Books
Bruno Claessens, "Ere Ibeji: African Twin Statues", Delft 2013,
Chemeche, G. "Ibeji: The Cult of Yoruba Twins". 5 Continents Editions. 2006.
Fausto Polo, "Encyclopedia of the Ibeji", Ibeji Art, 2008,
See also
Taiwo
Kehinde
References
Ray, Benjamin C. Notes from "African Art: Aesthetics and Meaning" art exhibit. Bayly Art Museum, University of Virginia. January 25 – August 15, 1993.
the web-site containing the largest existing collection of photos of Ibeji.
Childhood gods
Abundance gods
Yoruba gods
Yoruba words and phrases
Santería
Divine twins |
4042937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead%20United%20F.C. | Gateshead United F.C. | Gateshead United Football Club was a football club based in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England. The club was established in South Shields in 1936 as a replacement for the club that had relocated to Gateshead in 1930. Like their predecessor, the club was also relocated to Gateshead in 1974 after the former club went bust. Renamed Gateshead United, they folded three years later.
History
South Shields
Following the departure of the original South Shields to Gateshead in 1930, the new club was formed in 1936 following a public meeting at the Ocean Road Congregational Church Hall organised by the Shields Gazette. The club was admitted to the North Eastern League for the 1936–37 season. They finished third in their first season, before winning the league in 1938–39. After World War II they reached the first round of the FA Cup for the first time in 1947–48, losing 4–1 at Crewe Alexandra. In the preliminary qualifying round match against Radcliffe Welfare United, Chris Marron scored 10 goals in a 13–0 win, an FA Cup record. The following season saw them finish as runners-up, a feat they repeated in 1955–56 and 1956–57. The latter season also saw another FA Cup first round appearance, resulting in 4–0 defeat at Chesterfield in a replay. In the following season the club reached the second round of the FA Cup, beating Frickley Colliery in the first round, before losing 3–1 to York City in the second round. They went on to win the league that season, after which the club applied for election to the Fourth Division of the Football League, but received only one vote.
The North Eastern League folded in 1958, after which South Shields became members of the Midland League. In 1958–59 the club reached the second round of the FA Cup again after thrashing Fourth Division Crewe 5–0 in a replay, before losing 2–0 at Oldham in the next round. Another second round appearance followed the next season, with a 2–1 win over Third Division Chesterfield in the first round setting up a second round tie with Bradford Park Avenue, which saw them lose 5–1. Both of their seasons in the Midland League saw the club apply for Football League membership again, but they received only a single vote on each occasion.
In 1960 the Midland League also folded, and the club became members of the new Northern Counties League, effectively a reformed North Eastern League; they were joined by Gateshead, who had been voted out of the Football League. Another attempt at gaining Football League membership in 1961 saw them receive their customary one vote. The 1961–62 season saw them finish as league runners-up and win the League Cup, but in the Football League elections they failed to any votes. The league was renamed the North Eastern League in 1962 and the club finished as runners-up again in 1962–63, receiving a single vote again in the Football League elections. At the end of the 1963–64 season, which had seen the club finish second for a third consecutive season (and two votes in the Football League elections), the league was disbanded.
South Shields subsequently became members of the North Regional League, which was largely composed of reserve teams of Football League clubs. Further attempts to gain election to the Football League saw them gain one vote in 1965 and three in 1966, which marked their final attempt. They were North Regional League champions in 1966–67, and in 1968 the club became a founder member of the Northern Premier League. Although they had made regular appearances in the first round of the FA Cup throughout the 1960s, the 1969–70 season saw the club achieve their best-ever run. After beating Fourth Division clubs Bradford Park Avenue and Oldham in the first and second round, they were drawn away to Second Division QPR in the third round, losing 4–1. In 1972 they applied for membership of the Scottish Second Division (along with Wigan Athletic) but were rejected. The 1973–74 season saw the club reach the semi-finals of the FA Trophy, eventually losing 3–0 on aggregate to Morecambe, despite having beaten them 6–0 and 7–1 in the league earlier in the season.
At the end of the 1973–74 season South Shields were made homeless after selling their Simonside Hall ground and being prevented from moving back to Horsley Hill. Repeating what had happened in 1930, the club relocated to Gateshead and were renamed Gateshead United. Another attempt was made to join the Scottish league, but they were rejected again, losing out to Ferranti Thistle.
Gateshead United
In its first season under the new name, the club finished seventh in the Northern Premier League and reached the second round of the FA Cup, defeating Crewe in the first round, before losing 3–0 at Altrincham. Another second round appearance the following season ended with a 3–1 defeat at Rochdale after the club had won 3–1 at Grimsby Town in the first round. However, at the end of the 1976–77 season the club disbanded and was replaced by another new Gateshead club.
Ground
The club originally played at Horsley Hill, the former grounds of the original South Shields. However, a dispute with the stadium owners led to them leaving in 1950 to move to a new ground at Simonside Hall. With support from the 13,000-strong supporters' club, two new stands were built and floodlights installed. The supporters' club bought the ground in the 1950s to ensure it could be used by the club in perpetuity. The ground's record attendance was 20,500, and there were plans to create a 35,000 capacity stadium.
The supporters' club was later disbanded and ownership of the ground passed to the football club's directors. In the 1970s the ground was sold with the intent to move back to Horsley Hill. However, a deal had not been finalised to buy Horsley Hill before Simonside Hall was sold, leaving the club was left homeless. When the club relocated to Gateshead, they played at the Gateshead Youth Stadium.
Colours
Upon the reformation in 1936, South Shields played in Red and Green quartered shirts, colours going back to the town's early football league days in the 1920s. In the 1960s however, the club reverted to all white with Blue trim. Come the end of the decade Shields were then seen playing in Amber shirts and Blue shorts, these colours were worn at their FA Cup 3rd Round tie at QPR in 1970. At some point in the 1970s Shields had reverted to an all red kit until their departure from Simonside Hall.
For their existence as Gateshead United, they adopted home colours of White and Green.
Honours
North Eastern League
Champions 1938–39, 1957–58
League Cup winners 1961–62
North Regional League
Champions 1966–67
Durham Challenge Cup
Winners 1936–37, 1937–38, 1948–49
Records
Best FA Cup performance: Third round, 1969–70
Best FA Trophy performance: Semi-finals, 1973–74
See also
Gateshead United F.C. players
Gateshead United F.C. managers
References
Defunct football clubs in England
Defunct football clubs in Tyne and Wear
Association football clubs established in 1936
1936 establishments in England
Association football clubs disestablished in 1977
1977 disestablishments in England
Sport in Gateshead
North Eastern League
Midland Football League (1889)
North Regional League
Northern Premier League clubs |
5379719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20production | Hydrogen production | Hydrogen production is the family of industrial methods for generating hydrogen gas. As of 2020, the majority of hydrogen (∼95%) is produced from fossil fuels by steam reforming of natural gas and other light hydrocarbons, partial oxidation of heavier hydrocarbons, and coal gasification. Other methods of hydrogen production include biomass gasification, zero-CO2-emission methane pyrolysis, and electrolysis of water. The latter processes, methane pyrolysis as well as water electrolysis can be done directly with any source of electricity, such as solar power.
The production of hydrogen plays a key role in any industrialized society, since hydrogen is required for many essential chemical processes. In 2020, roughly 87 million tons of hydrogen was produced worldwide for various uses, such as oil refining, and in the production of ammonia (NH3) (through the Haber process) and methanol (CH3OH) (through reduction of carbon monoxide [CO]), and also as a fuel in transportation. The global hydrogen generation market was valued at US$135.94 billion in 2021, and expected to grow to US$219.2 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% from 2021 to 2030.
Methods of hydrogen production
There are four main sources for the commercial production of hydrogen: natural gas, oil, coal, and electrolysis; which account for 48%, 30%, 18% and 4% of the world's hydrogen production respectively. Fossil fuels are the dominant source of industrial hydrogen. Carbon dioxide can be separated from natural gas with a 70–85% efficiency for hydrogen production and from other hydrocarbons to varying degrees of efficiency. Specifically, bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of methane or natural gas.
Steam methane reforming
Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a method of producing hydrogen from natural gas, which is mostly methane (CH4). It is currently the cheapest source of industrial hydrogen. Nearly 50% of the world's hydrogen is being produced by this method. The process consists of heating the gas to between in the presence of steam and a nickel catalyst. The resulting endothermic reaction breaks up the methane molecules and forms carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen (H2). The carbon monoxide gas can then be passed with steam over iron oxide or other oxides and undergo a water-gas shift reaction to obtain further quantities of H2. The downside to this process is that its byproducts are major atmospheric release of CO2, CO and other greenhouse gases. Depending on the quality of the feedstock (natural gas, rich gases, naphtha, etc.), one ton of hydrogen produced will also produce 9 to 12 tons of CO2, a greenhouse gas that may be captured.
For this process, high temperature steam (H2O) reacts with methane (CH4) in an endothermic reaction to yield syngas.
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2
In a second stage, additional hydrogen is generated through the lower-temperature, exothermic, water-gas shift reaction, performed at about :
CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
Essentially, the oxygen (O) atom is stripped from the additional water (steam) to oxidize CO to CO2. This oxidation also provides energy to maintain the reaction. Additional heat required to drive the process is generally supplied by burning some portion of the methane.
Other production methods from fossil fuels
Methane pyrolysis
Pyrolysis of methane is a hydrogen production process from natural gas. Hydrogen separation occurs in one step via flow through a molten metal catalyst in a "bubble column". It is a "no-greenhouse-gas" approach for potentially low-cost hydrogen production being measured for its capability to scale up and for operation at scale. The process is conducted at higher temperatures (1065 °C or 1950 °F). Other forms of methane pyrolysis, such as the thermo-catalytic decomposition of methane, however, are able to operate at a reduced temperature between 600 °C - 1000 °C depending on the chosen catalyst.
(g) → C(s) + 2 (g) ΔH° = 74.8 kJ/mol
The industrial quality solid carbon can then be sold as manufacturing feedstock or landfilled, it is not released into the atmosphere and does not pollute groundwater in landfills.
Partial oxidation
Hydrogen production from heavy hydrocarbons, which are unsuitable for catalytic steam reforming, is achieved by partial oxidation. A fuel-air or fuel-oxygen mixture is partially combusted, resulting in a hydrogen- and carbon monoxide-rich syngas. More hydrogen and carbon dioxide are then obtained from carbon monoxide (and water) via the water-gas shift reaction. Carbon dioxide can be co-fed to lower the hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio.
The partial oxidation reaction occurs when a substoichiometric fuel-air mixture or fuel-oxygen is partially combusted in a reformer or partial oxidation reactor. A distinction is made between thermal partial oxidation (TPOX) and catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX). The chemical reaction takes the general form:
CnHm + n/2 O2 → n CO + m/2 H2
Idealized examples for heating oil and coal, assuming compositions C12H24 and C24H12 respectively, are as follows:
C12H24 + 6 O2 → 12 CO + 12 H2
C24H12 + 12 O2 → 24 CO + 6 H2
Plasma reforming
The Kværner process or Kvaerner carbon black & hydrogen process (CB&H) is a plasma reforming method, developed in the 1980s by a Norwegian company of the same name, for the production of hydrogen and carbon black from liquid hydrocarbons (CnHm). Of the available energy of the feed, approximately 48% is contained in the hydrogen, 40% is contained in activated carbon and 10% in superheated steam. CO2 is not produced in the process.
A variation of this process is presented in 2009 using, plasma arc waste disposal technology for the production of hydrogen, heat and carbon from methane and natural gas in a plasma converter.
From coal
For the production of hydrogen from coal, coal gasification is used. The process of coal gasification uses steam and oxygen to break molecular bonds in coal and form a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide and pollutants may be more easily removed from gas obtained from coal gasification versus coal combustion. Another method for conversion is low-temperature and high-temperature coal carbonization.
Coke oven gas made from pyrolysis (oxygen free heating) of coal has about 60% hydrogen, the rest being methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, molecular nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Hydrogen can be separated from other impurities by the pressure-swing adsorption process. Japanese steel companies have carried out production of hydrogen by this method.
From petroleum coke
Petroleum coke can also be converted to hydrogen-rich syngas via coal gasification. The produced syngas consists mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and H2S from the sulfur in the coke feed. Gasification is an option for producing hydrogen from almost any carbon source.
From water
Methods to produce hydrogen without the use of fossil fuels involve the process of water splitting, or splitting the water molecule (H2O) into its components oxygen and hydrogen. When the source of energy for water splitting is renewable or low-carbon, the hydrogen produced is sometimes referred to as green hydrogen. The conversion can be accomplished in several ways, but all methods are generally more expensive than fossil-fuel based production methods.
Electrolysis
Around 8 GW of electrolysis capacity is installed worldwide in 2020, accounting for around 4% of global hydrogen production.
Electrolysis consists of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Electrolysis of water is 70–80% efficient (a 20–30% conversion loss) while steam reforming of natural gas has a thermal efficiency between 70–85%. The electrical efficiency of electrolysis is expected to reach 82–86% before 2030, while also maintaining durability as progress in this area continues apace.
Water electrolysis can operate between , while steam methane reforming requires temperatures between . The difference between the two methods is the primary energy used; either electricity (for electrolysis) or natural gas (for steam methane reforming). Due to their use of water, a readily available resource, electrolysis and similar water-splitting methods have attracted the interest of the scientific community. With the objective of reducing the cost of hydrogen production, renewable sources of energy have been targeted to allow electrolysis.
There are three main types of electrolytic cells, solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs), polymer electrolyte membrane cells (PEM) and alkaline electrolysis cells (AECs). Traditionally, alkaline electrolysers are cheaper in terms of investment (they generally use nickel catalysts), but less-efficient; PEM electrolysers, conversely, are more expensive (they generally use expensive platinum group metal catalysts) but are more efficient and can operate at higher current densities, and can therefore be possibly cheaper if the hydrogen production is large enough.
SOECs operate at high temperatures, typically around . At these high temperatures, a significant amount of the energy required can be provided as thermal energy (heat), and as such is termed high-temperature electrolysis. The heat energy can be provided from a number of different sources, including waste industrial heat, nuclear power stations or concentrated solar thermal plants. This has the potential to reduce the overall cost of the hydrogen produced by reducing the amount of electrical energy required for electrolysis. PEM electrolysis cells typically operate below . These cells have the advantage of being comparatively simple and can be designed to accept widely varying voltage inputs, which makes them ideal for use with renewable sources of energy such as photovoltaic solar panels. AECs optimally operate at high concentrations of electrolyte (KOH or potassium carbonate) and at high temperatures, often near .
Industrial output and efficiency
Efficiency of modern hydrogen generators is measured by energy consumed per standard volume of hydrogen (MJ/m3), assuming standard temperature and pressure of the H2. The lower the energy used by a generator, the higher would be its efficiency; a 100%-efficient electrolyser would consume of hydrogen, . Practical electrolysis typically uses a rotating electrolyser, where centrifugal force helps separate gas bubbles from water. Such an electrolyser at 15 bar pressure may consume , and a further if the hydrogen is compressed for use in hydrogen cars.
Conventional alkaline electrolysis has an efficiency of about 70%, however advanced alkaline water electrolyser with efficiency of up to 82% are available. Accounting for the use of the higher heat value (because inefficiency via heat can be redirected back into the system to create the steam required by the catalyst), average working efficiencies for PEM electrolysis are around 80%, or 82% using the most modern alkaline electrolysers.
PEM efficiency is expected to increase to approximately 86% before 2030. Theoretical efficiency for PEM electrolysers is predicted up to 94%.
As of 2020, the cost of hydrogen by electrolysis is around $3–8/kg. Considering the industrial production of hydrogen, and using current best processes for water electrolysis (PEM or alkaline electrolysis) which have an effective electrical efficiency of 70–82%, producing 1 kg of hydrogen (which has a specific energy of 143 MJ/kg or about 40 kWh/kg) requires 50–55 kWh of electricity. At an electricity cost of $0.06/kWh, as set out in the Department of Energy hydrogen production targets for 2015, the hydrogen cost is $3/kg. The US DOE target price for hydrogen in 2020 is $2.30/kg, requiring an electricity cost of $0.037/kWh, which is achievable given recent PPA tenders for wind and solar in many regions. The report by IRENA.ORG is an extensive factual report of present day industrial hydrogen production consuming about 53 to 70 kWh per kg could go down to about 45 kWh/kg H2. The thermodynamic energy required for hydrogen by electrolysis translates to 33 kWh/kg, which is higher than steam reforming with carbon capture and higher than methane pyrolysis.
One of the advantages of electrolysis over hydrogen from steam methane reforming (SMR) is that the hydrogen can be produced on-site, meaning that the costly process of delivery via truck or pipeline is avoided.
Steam methane reforming is between $1–3/kg on average. This makes production of hydrogen via electrolysis cost competitive in many regions already, as outlined by Nel Hydrogen and others, including an article by the IEA examining the conditions which could lead to a competitive advantage for electrolysis.
Chemically assisted electrolysis
In addition to reduce the voltage required for electrolysis via the increasing of the temperature of the electrolysis cell it is also possible to electrochemically consume the oxygen produced in an electrolyser by introducing a fuel (such as carbon/coal, methanol, ethanol, formic acid, glycerol, etc.) into the oxygen side of the reactor. This reduces the required electrical energy and has the potential to reduce the cost of hydrogen to less than 40~60% with the remaining energy provided in this manner. In addition, carbon/hydrocarbon assisted water electrolysis (CAWE) has the potential to offer a less energy intensive, cleaner method of using chemical energy in various sources of carbon, such as low-rank and high sulfur coals, biomass, alcohols and methane (Natural Gas), where pure CO2 produced can be easily sequestered without the need for separation.
Radiolysis
Nuclear radiation can break water bonds through radiolysis. In the Mponeng gold mine, South Africa, researchers found bacteria in a naturally occurring high radiation zone. The bacterial community which was dominated by a new phylotype of Desulfotomaculum, was feeding on primarily radiolytically produced hydrogen.
Thermolysis
Water spontaneously dissociates at around 2500 °C, but this thermolysis occurs at temperatures too high for usual process piping and equipment resulting in a rather low commercialization potential.
Thermochemical cycle
Thermochemical cycles combine solely heat sources (thermo) with chemical reactions to split water into its hydrogen and oxygen components. The term cycle is used because aside from water, hydrogen and oxygen, the chemical compounds used in these processes are continuously recycled. If electricity is partially used as an input, the resulting thermochemical cycle is defined as a hybrid one.
The sulfur-iodine cycle (S-I cycle) is a thermochemical cycle processes which generates hydrogen from water with an efficiency of approximately 50%. The sulfur and iodine used in the process are recovered and reused, and not consumed by the process. The cycle can be performed with any source of very high temperatures, approximately 950 °C, such as by Concentrating solar power systems (CSP) and is regarded as being well suited to the production of hydrogen by high-temperature nuclear reactors, and as such, is being studied in the High-temperature engineering test reactor in Japan. There are other hybrid cycles that use both high temperatures and some electricity, such as the Copper–chlorine cycle, it is classified as a hybrid thermochemical cycle because it uses an electrochemical reaction in one of the reaction steps, it operates at 530 °C and has an efficiency of 43 percent.
Ferrosilicon method
Ferrosilicon is used by the military to quickly produce hydrogen for balloons. The chemical reaction uses sodium hydroxide, ferrosilicon, and water. The generator is small enough to fit a truck and requires only a small amount of electric power, the materials are stable and not combustible, and they do not generate hydrogen until mixed. The method has been in use since World War I. A heavy steel pressure vessel is filled with sodium hydroxide and ferrosilicon, closed, and a controlled amount of water is added; the dissolving of the hydroxide heats the mixture to about 93 °C and starts the reaction; sodium silicate, hydrogen and steam are produced.
Photobiological water splitting
Biological hydrogen can be produced in an algae bioreactor. In the late 1990s it was discovered that if the algae are deprived of sulfur it will switch from the production of oxygen, i.e. normal photosynthesis, to the production of hydrogen. It seems that the production is now economically feasible by surpassing the 7–10 percent energy efficiency (the conversion of sunlight into hydrogen) barrier. with a hydrogen production rate of 10–12 ml per liter culture per hour.
Photocatalytic water splitting
The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means of water splitting process is one of the most interesting ways to achieve clean and renewable energy systems. However, if this process is assisted by photocatalysts suspended directly in water instead of using photovoltaic and an electrolytic system the reaction is in just one step, it can be made more efficient.
Biohydrogen routes
Biomass and waste streams can in principle be converted into biohydrogen with biomass gasification, steam reforming, or biological conversion like biocatalysed electrolysis or fermentative hydrogen production.
Among hydrogen production methods such as steam methane reforming, thermal cracking, coal and biomass gasification and pyrolysis, electrolysis, and photolysis, biological ones are more eco-friendly and less energy intensive. In addition, a wide variety of waste and low-value materials such as agricultural biomass as renewable sources can be utilized to produce hydrogen via biochemical pathways. Nevertheless, at present hydrogen is produced mainly from fossil fuels, in particular, natural gas which are non-renewable sources. Hydrogen is not only the cleanest fuel but also widely used in a number of industries, especially fertilizer, petrochemical and food ones. This makes it logical to investigate alternative sources for hydrogen production. The main biochemical technologies to produce hydrogen are dark and photo fermentation processes. In dark fermentation, carbohydrates are converted to hydrogen by fermentative microorganisms including strict anaerobe and facultative anaerobe bacteria. A theoretical maximum of 4 mol H2/mol glucose can be produced and, besides hydrogen, sugars are converted to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and alcohols as by-products during this process. Photo fermentative bacteria are able to generate hydrogen from VFAs. Hence, metabolites formed in dark fermentation can be used as feedstock in photo fermentation to enhance the overall yield of hydrogen.
Fermentative hydrogen production
Biohydrogen can be produced in bioreactors. The process involves bacteria consuming hydrocarbons and producing hydrogen and CO2. The CO2 and hydrogen can be separated.
Fermentative hydrogen production is the fermentative conversion of organic substrate to biohydrogen manifested by a diverse group of bacteria using multi enzyme systems involving three steps similar to anaerobic conversion. Dark fermentation reactions do not require light energy, so they are capable of constantly producing hydrogen from organic compounds throughout the day and night. Photofermentation differs from dark fermentation because it only proceeds in the presence of light. For example, photo-fermentation with Rhodobacter sphaeroides SH2C can be employed to convert small molecular fatty acids into hydrogen.
Fermentative hydrogen production can be done using direct biophotolysis by green algae, indirect biophotolysis by cyanobacteria, photo-fermentation by anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria and dark fermentation by anaerobic fermentative bacteria. For example, studies on hydrogen production using H. salinarium, an anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria, coupled to a hydrogenase donor like E. coli, are reported in literature. Enterobacter aerogenes is another hydrogen producer.
Enzymatic hydrogen generation
Diverse enzymatic pathways have been designed to generate hydrogen from sugars.
Biocatalysed electrolysis
Besides dark fermentation, electrohydrogenesis (electrolysis using microbes) is another possibility. Using microbial fuel cells, wastewater or plants can be used to generate power. Biocatalysed electrolysis should not be confused with biological hydrogen production, as the latter only uses algae and with the latter, the algae itself generates the hydrogen instantly, where with biocatalysed electrolysis, this happens after running through the microbial fuel cell and a variety of aquatic plants can be used. These include reed sweetgrass, cordgrass, rice, tomatoes, lupines and algae.
Nanogalvanic aluminum alloy powder
An aluminum alloy powder invented by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory in 2017 was shown to be capable of producing hydrogen gas upon contact with water or any liquid containing water due to its unique nanoscale galvanic microstructure. It reportedly generates hydrogen at 100 percent of the theoretical yield without the need for any catalysts, chemicals, or externally supplied power.
Environmental impact
As of 2020, most hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels, resulting in carbon dioxide emissions. This is often referred to as grey hydrogen when emissions are released to the atmosphere, and blue hydrogen when emissions are captured through carbon capture and storage (CCS). Blue hydrogen has been estimated to have a greenhouse gas footprint 20% greater than burning gas or coal for heat and 60% greater when compared to burning diesel for heat, assuming US up- and mid-stream methane leakage rates and production via steam methane reformers (SMR) retrofitted with carbon dioxide capture. The use of autothermal reformers (ATR) with integrated capture of carbon dioxide allow higher capture rates at satisfactory energy efficiencies and life cycle assessments have shown lower greenhouse gas emissions for such plants compared to SMRs with carbon dioxide capture. Application of ATR technology with integrated capture of carbon dioxide in Europe has been assessed to have a lower greenhouse gas footprint than burning natural gas, e.g. for the H21 project with a reported reduction of 68% due to a reduced carbon dioxide intensity of natural gas combined with a more suitable reactor type for capture of carbon dioxide.
Hydrogen produced using the newer, non-polluting technology methane pyrolysis is often referred to as turquoise hydrogen. High quality hydrogen is produced directly from natural gas and the associated non-polluting solid carbon is not released into the atmosphere and can then be sold for industrial use or stored in landfill.
Hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources is often referred to as green hydrogen. There are two practical ways of producing hydrogen from renewable energy sources. One is to use power to gas, in which electric power is used to produce hydrogen from electrolysis of water, and the other is to use landfill gas to produce hydrogen in a steam reformer. Hydrogen fuel, when produced by renewable sources of energy like wind or solar power, is a renewable fuel. Hydrogen produced from nuclear energy via electrolysis is sometimes viewed as a subset of green hydrogen, but can also be referred to as pink hydrogen. The Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant made an agreement in January 2022 to supply commercial pink hydrogen in the order of kilograms per day.
, estimated costs of production are $1–1.80/kg for grey hydrogen and blue hydrogen, and $2.50–6.80 for green hydrogen.
Use of hydrogen
Hydrogen is used for the conversion of heavy petroleum fractions into lighter ones via hydrocracking. It is also used in other processes including the aromatization process, hydrodesulfurization and the production of ammonia via the Haber process, the primary industrial method for the production of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer for growing 47 percent of food worldwide.
Hydrogen may be used in fuel cells for local electricity generation or potentially as a transportation fuel.
Hydrogen is produced as a by-product of industrial chlorine production by electrolysis. Although requiring expensive technologies, hydrogen can be cooled, compressed and purified for use in other processes on site or sold to a customer via pipeline, cylinders or trucks. The discovery and development of less expensive methods of production of bulk hydrogen is relevant to the establishment of a hydrogen economy.
See also
Ammonia production
Artificial photosynthesis
Biohydrogen
Hydrogen analyzer
Hydrogen compressor
Hydrogen embrittlement
Hydrogen leak testing
Hydrogen pipeline transport
Hydrogen purifier
Hydrogen purity
Hydrogen safety
Hydrogen sensor
Hydrogen storage
Hydrogen station
Hydrogen tank
Hydrogen tanker
Hydrogen technologies
Hydrogen valve
Industrial gas
Liquid hydrogen
Next Generation Nuclear Plant (partly for hydrogen production)
Hy4Heat
Lane hydrogen producer
Linde–Frank–Caro process
Underground hydrogen storage
References
https://www.hfpeurope.org/infotools/energyinfos__e/hydrogen/main03.html
External links
U.S. DOE 2012-Technical progress in hydrogen production
U.S. NREL article on hydrogen production
Further reading |
4042941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelan%20Simmons | Chelan Simmons | Chelan Lauren Simmons (born October 29, 1982) is a Canadian actress and former professional model. She is best known for her roles in the films Final Destination 3 (2006), Good Luck Chuck (2007), and Tucker & Dale vs. Evil (2010). She is also known for her roles in the television series It (1990), Wonderfalls (2004), Kyle XY (2006–2009), and The L.A. Complex (2012).
Personal life
Simmons was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, the middle child of three (one younger brother and an older sister). Simmons is married to Greg Street in 2015. On June 1, 2016, Simmons gave birth to a daughter. Simmons filmed the TV movie Operation Christmas portraying a pregnant woman during her real life pregnancy. Simmons resides in Vancouver and L.A. Outside of acting, Simmons is a dog lover and enjoys cooking.
Career
Simmons' parents wanted her to become an actress at the age of three but they waited until she turned five to pursue a career. She started modeling and appeared in commercials. Simmons made her official film debut in It (1990) as Laurie Anne Winterbarger. She went on to star in the award-nominated family film Bingo, her first theatrical release, and appeared in several television shows as a child star.
Simmons returned to acting seven years later, giving up her modeling career. Simmons played guest appearances on multiple shows before portraying recurring roles in the MTV show MTV'S Now What? and Crystal in Edgemont for 11 episodes. Simmons has also starred in a number of television films, including Stephen King's Carrie (2002). Due to Simmons' many roles in the horror genre, such as the television films Snakehead Terror and Chupacabra: Dark Seas, she is considered a modern-day scream queen.
In 2005, Simmons was cast in the comedy film The Long Weekend, her first theatrical release in over 10 years. The following year, Simmons starred in the 2006 horror film Final Destination 3, the third installment in the Final Destination franchise. Simmons portrayed the popular Ashley Freund, possibly her best-known role to date. The film received mixed reviews but was a success at the box office and was nominated for awards. It involved Simmons' first nude scene, which she initially didn't want to do. The script required her to be topless during a tanning booth scene. When she expressed her reluctance to director James Wong, he convinced her it was important because it made the scene more realistic, so she agreed. The set was closed off during filming and only the cameraman was present, so it made her and actress Crystal Lowe, who was also topless, feel more comfortable. Simmons also starred in the Direct-to-DVD sequel Dr. Dolittle 3 before appearing in small roles in the teen comedy John Tucker Must Die and the horror Wind Chill.
Simmons won the role of recurring character Hillary in the ABC Family show Kyle XY. She portrayed Hillary for three years until the show was canceled in 2009 after three seasons. Simmons also had a recurring role in the short-lived comedy series About a Girl. Simmons continued her film roles in Good Luck Chuck alongside Dane Cook and Jessica Alba. The film was critically panned. Simmons portrayed Lindsay Lohan in the television film Paparazzi Princess: The Paris Hilton Story. In 2010, Simmons had a small role as a lotus eater in Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief. The film grossed $226,497,209 worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film Simmons has appeared in to date. Simmons also starred in the critically well received and award-winning comedy-horror film Tucker & Dale vs Evil.
Simmons landed a regular role on The L.A. Complex as Alicia Lowe, "a sensitive, aspiring dancer from Regina who will do whatever it takes to make ends meet." The show premiered on the Canadian network MuchMusic on Jan. 10, 2012. and aired in the U.S. on The CW. Simmons became a guest star during the shows second season and final season.
Simmons provided the voice for the character Liz Ramsey in the children's animated television show Action Dad which is yet to premiere. At the end of 2012, Simmons had appeared in one episode on the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, before guest starring on an episode of Hannibal in 2013, in which she reprised her role as Gretchen Speck whom she portrayed in the short lived series Wonderfalls. Simmons appeared as Kayla in the horror sequel See No Evil 2 released direct to DVD in October 2014.
Filmography
Film
Television
Television films
References
External links
1982 births
Actresses from Vancouver
Canadian child actresses
Female models from British Columbia
Canadian film actresses
Canadian television actresses
Living people
20th-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses |
4042947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelepte | Thelepte | Thelepte () was a city in the Roman province of Byzacena, now in western Tunisia. It is located near the border with Algeria about 5 km north from the modern town of Fériana and 30 km south-west of the provincial capital Kasserine.
History
The Roman city held the rank of colonia. An important network of roads branched out from it, linking it with Cilium and Theveste to the north, and Gafsa and Gabès to the south. In the 6th century it became the residence of the military governor of Byzacena. Procopius (De Ædificiis, VI, 6) says that the city was fortified by Justinian.
Bishopric
The names of several of the bishops of Thélepte are known. Julianus was present at the Council of Carthage (256) that Cyprian called to consider the question of the lapsi; Donatianus, who assisted at the joint Council of Carthage (411) between Catholic and Donatist bishops and at a council in Carthage in 416 called by Saint Aurelius and at another in Milevum in the same year; he himself as senior bishop of the province held a council of the bishops of Byzacena in 418 either at Thelepte or at Zella (the manuscripts do not agree). Frumentius was one of the Catholic bishops whom the Arian Vandal king Huneric summoned to Carthage in 484 and then exiled. Stephanus was present at an anti-monothelitism Council of Byzacena in 641.
The Thélepte diocese is one of the 14 of Byzacena still mentioned in the Notitiae Episcopatuum of Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise (886-912). But today, no longer being a residential bishopric, Thelepte is listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
Present state
The ruins of Thelepte may be seen at Medinet el-Kedima, in Tunisia, a little to the north of Gafsa. The Byzantine citadel, in utter ruins, occupies the centre of the city. There are also the remains of baths, a theatre, and of ten churches recently discovered, one of which had a nave and four aisles.
Fulgentius of Ruspe
Thelepte was the birthplace of Saint Fulgentius of Ruspe, who became bishop of Ruspe, whose exact location is uncertain.
References
Roman sites in Tunisia
Populated places in Kasserine Governorate
Catholic titular sees in Africa
Communes of Tunisia
Roman fortifications in Roman Africa |
4042951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bates%20Student | The Bates Student | The Bates Student, established in 1873, is the newspaper of Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, run entirely by students. It is one of the oldest continuously-published college weeklies in the United States and claims to be the oldest co-ed college weekly in the nation.
Circulation
Approximately 1,900 copies of The Student are printed every week and distributed to hundreds of alumni, parents, and other friends of the college. The paper is published each Wednesday while classes are in session and can be found in distribution boxes located in Common, Ladd Library, Pettingill Hall, the Den and Post and Print. Faculty and staff also have the option to request copies delivered through intercampus mail. The Student has been intermittently online since the late 1990s. Once a year, usually at the end of the year, The Student runs a spoof edition commonly known as the "Bates Spudent."
History
The Bates Student was founded as a combination of the college's newspaper and literary magazine and as a successor to earlier publications such as the Seminary Advocate (1855–1863) and College Courant (ca. 1864-1872). The Bates Student was founded in 1873 in the years following the Civil War. It describes itself as "the nation's oldest continuously co-ed college weekly," although this assertion has been contested. Since many college newspapers were founded around the same time, there have been competing claims for which one was the oldest or the first in the United States. For example, The Bowdoin Orient, founded two years earlier in 1871, claims to be the "oldest continuously-published college weekly", but Bowdoin was an all-male school; the Yale Daily News claims to be the "oldest college daily"; the Harvard Crimson, also founded in 1873, claims to "the nation's oldest continuously published daily college newspaper"; The Dartmouth began in 1843 as a monthly and tries to claim institutional continuity with a local eighteenth-century paper called the Dartmouth Gazette. Accordingly, The Bates Student has claimed that it is the oldest continuously-published weekly newspaper from a co-educational college. In the late 19th century, the paper was published on a bi-weekly basis, and in the early 20th century, it was published on a weekly basis. It has been published continuously and without interruption during each academic year since 1873.
Among its earliest editors and writers in the 1870s were African Americans and women. The paper's was originally formatted in a smaller literary magazine layout and included literary works such as poems and fiction alongside news reports. In 1879, the literary society formed a separate publication called The Garnet, and thereafter The Student focused primarily on news. In the early twentieth century, the paper abandoned the smaller literary magazine format and adopted a larger broadsheet layout.
Archives are kept at the offices of The Bates Student (with issues dating back to 1873) as well as the college's library, with its Edmund S. Muskie Archives and Special Collection Library, which has a nearly complete archive of past issues in print form. The library also has issues of the Seminary Advocate and College Courant dating back to the 1850s and 1860s.
Generally the newspaper has been the primary newspaper for the college, although it had some competition when The John Galt Press was being published at Bates. In addition, the Maine College Republicans and Democrats also distributed their own college newspapers for a few brief years in the past but these have not been published in many years.
In 2021, a group of students created a petition accusing the college administration of forcing The Student to remove an article which detailed alleged anti-union actions by the college and replace it with an article that focused on anti-union arguments. The newspaper published a statement refuting these claims, stating that it was "not coerced or censored by any member of the Bates administration, the Bates Communication Office, or any other member of the Bates community in the writing or republishing" of the article.
Notable student writers and editors
Henry Chandler, early African American politician and attorney
Lewis Penick Clinton, Bassa prince and African missionary
Louis B. Costello, Maine newspaperman
Bryant Gumbel, sports columnist and broadcaster
Ella Knowles Haskell, Attorney, and first woman to argue a U.S. Supreme Court case
Noah Levick, columnist at NBC Sports Philadelphia
Carolyn Ryan, Managing Editor at the New York Times
References
Anthony, Alfred Williams, Bates College and Its Background, (Philadelphia: Judson Press, 1936).
External links
Text of 1877-78 Bates Student on Google Book Search
Bates College
Student newspapers published in Maine
Mass media in Lewiston, Maine
Publications established in 1873
1873 establishments in Maine |
4042957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians%20in%20Serbia | Hungarians in Serbia | Hungarians (, ) are the second-largest ethnic group in Serbia. According to the 2011 census, there are 253,899 ethnic Hungarians composing 3.5% of the population of Serbia. The vast majority of them live in the northern autonomous province of Vojvodina, where they number 251,136 or 13% of the province's population, and almost 99% of all Hungarians in Serbia. Most Hungarians in Serbia are Roman Catholics by faith, while smaller numbers of them are Protestant (mostly Calvinist). Hungarian is listed as one of the six official languages of the Vojvodina, an autonomous province that traditionally fosters multilingualism, multiculturalism and multiconfessionalism.
History
Parts of the Vojvodina region were included in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary in the 10th century, and Hungarians then began to settle in the region, which before that time was mostly populated by West Slavs. During the Hungarian administration, Hungarians formed the largest part of the population in northern parts of the region, while southern parts were populated by sizable Slavic peoples. Following the Ottoman conquest and inclusion of Vojvodina into the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, most Hungarians fled the region. During Ottoman rule, the Vojvodina region was mostly populated by Serbs and Muslim Slavs (Great Migrations of the Serbs). New Hungarian settlers started to come to the region with the establishment of the Habsburg administration at the beginning of the 18th century, mostly after the Peace of Passarowitz (Požarevac).
Settlement
Count Imre Csáky settled Hungarians in his possessions in Bačka in 1712. In 1745, Hungarian colonists settled in Senta, in 1750 in Topola, in 1752 in Doroslovo, in 1772 in Bogojevo, in 1760 in Stara Kanjiža, in 1764 in Iđoš, in 1767 in Petrovo Selo, in 1776 in Martonoš, in 1786 in Pačir and Ostojićevo, in 1787 in Piroš, and in 1789 in Feketić. Between 1782 and 1786, Hungarians settled in Crvenka and Stara Moravica, and in 1794 in Kula.
Hungarians of Roman Catholic faith originated mostly from Transdanubia, while those of Protestant faith originated mostly from Alföld. Between 1751 and 1753, Hungarians settled in Mol and Ada (Those originated mostly from Szeged and Jászság). In 1764–1767, Hungarians settled in Subotica, Bajmok and Čantavir, and in 1770 again in Kanjiža, Mol, Ada and Petrovo Selo, as well as in Feldvarac, Sentomaš and Turija.
In Banat, the settling of Hungarians started later. In 1784 Hungarians settled in Padej and Nakovo, in 1776 in Torda, in 1786 in Donji Itebej, in 1796 in Beodra and Čoka, in 1782 in Monoštor, in 1798 in Mađarska Crnja, in 1773 in Krstur and Majdan, in 1774 in Debeljača, in 1755–1760 in Bečkerek, and in 1766 in Vršac. In 1790, 14 Hungarian families from Transylvania settled in Banat.
In the 19th century, the Hungarian expansion increased. From the beginning of the century, the Hungarian individuals and small groups of settlers from Alföld constantly immigrating to Bačka. In the first half of the 19th century, larger and smaller groups of the colonists settled in Mol (in 1805), as well as in Feldvarac, Temerin and Novi Sad (in 1806). In 1884, Hungarian colonists settled in Šajkaška and in Mali Stapar near Sombor. In 1889, Hungarians were settled in Svilojevo near Apatin and in 1892 in Gomboš, while another group settled in Gomboš in 1898. Many Hungarian settlers from Gomboš moved to Bačka Palanka. After the abolishment of the Military Frontier, Hungarian colonists were settled in Potisje, Čurug, Žabalj, Šajkaški Sveti Ivan, Titel and Mošorin. In 1883 around 1,000 Székely Hungarians settled in Kula, Stara Kanjiža, Stari Bečej and Titel.
In 1800, smaller groups of Hungarian colonists from Transdanubia settled in Čoka, while in the same time colonists from Csanád and Csongrád counties settled in the area around Itebej and Crnja, where they at first lived in scattered small settlements. Later they formed one single settlement – Mađarska Crnja. In 1824, one group of colonists from Čestereg also settled in Mađarska Crnja. In 1829 Hungarians settled in Mokrin, and in 1880 an even larger number of Hungarians settled in this municipality. In 1804, Hungarian colonists from Csongrád county settled in Firiđhaza (which was then joined with Turska Kanjiža), as well as in Sajan and Torda. Even a larger group of Hungarians from Csongrád settled in 1804 in Debeljača. In 1817–1818 Hungarians settled in Veliki Bikač, and in 1820–1840 smaller groups of Hungarians settled in Vranjevo. In 1826, colonists from Jászság and Kunság settled in Arač near Beodra. In 1830, Hungarians from Alföld settled in Veliki Lec, in 1831 in Ostojićevo, in 1832 in Malenčino Selo near Veliki Gaj, in 1839 and 1870 in Padej, in 1840 in Jermenovci and Mađarski Sentmihalj, in 1840–1841 in Dušanovac, in 1841 in Hetin, in 1859 in Sanad, in 1869 in Đurđevo (later moved to Skorenovac), and in 1890 in Gornja Mužlja. In 1883-1886, Székely Hungarians from Bukovina were settled in Vojlovica, Skorenovac, Ivanovo and Đurđevo. The total number of Székely colonists was 3,520.
In the southern region of Srem, the first Hungarian settlers moved there during the 1860s from neighbouring counties, especially from Bačka.
According to the 1900 census, the Hungarians were the largest ethnic group in the Bács-Bodrog County and made up 42.7% in the population (the second largest were Germans with 25.1%, and the third largest group were Serbs with 18.2%). The Hungarians were third largest group in the Torontál County (West Banat) with 18.8% (after Serbs with 31.5% and Germans with 30,2%). In the next census, in 1910, the Hungarians were the largest group in the Bács-Bodrog County with 44,8% in the population (followed by Germans with 23.5% and Serbs with 17.9%), and the third largest in the Torontál County with 20.9% (Serbs with 32.5%, Germans with 26.9%).
The new temporary borders established in 1918 and permanent ones defined by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 put an end to Hungarian immigration. After World War I, present-day Vojvodina was included into the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), and many Hungarians of Vojvodina wanted to live in the post-Trianon Hungarian state; thus, some of them immigrated to Hungary, which was a destination for several emigration waves of Hungarians from Vojvodina. As a result, the interwar period was generally marked by a stagnation of the Hungarian population. They numbered around 363,000 (1921 census) – 376,000 (1931 census), and they constituted about 23-24% of the entire population of Vojvodina. The outbreak of the Second World War caused some changes in population numbers, but more importantly, it created tensions between the Hungarian and Serb communities.
World War II
With the onset of World War II, the Hungarian-Serb relations were low. Nazi Germany, in accordance to its "Operation Punishment" plan, invaded Yugoslavia, and subsequently, Axis Hungarian forces occupied Bačka. Hungary annexed this region, and it was settled by new Hungarian settlers, at which time the number of Hungarians in the area grew considerably. In contrast, at the same time, many Serbs were expelled from Bačka. The brutal conduct of the Axis Hungarian occupying forces, including the Hungarian army and Royal Hungarian Gendarmes, has polarized both Hungarian and Serb communities. Under the Axis Hungarian authority, 19,573 people were killed in Bačka, of which the majority of victims were of Serb, Jewish and Romani origin.
Although most of the local Hungarian population supported Hungarian Axis authorities, some other local Hungarians opposed Axis rule and fought against it together with Serbs and other peoples of Vojvodina in the Partisan resistance movement organized by the Communist Party. In some places of Vojvodina (Bačka Topola, Senta), most of the members of the communist party were ethnic Hungarians. In Subotica, the party secretary and most of the leadership were either ethnic Hungarians or Hungarian-speaking Jews. In the Bačka Topola municipality, 95% of communists were ethnic Hungarians. One of the leaders of the partisan resistance movement in Vojvodina was Erne Kiš, an ethnic Hungarian, who was captured by the Axis authorities, sentenced to death by the court in Szeged and executed.
Among the other actions of the resistance movement, the first corn stacks were burned near Futog by five communists, of whom two were ethnic Hungarians – brothers Antal Nemet and Đerđ Nemet. Antal was killed there, together with his Serb comrade, fighting against gendarmes. At the same time, his brother was captured and killed in Novi Sad because he refused to reveal any information about the resistance movement. The corn stacks were soon also burned near Subotica. The communists that burned these corn stacks were arrested, tortured and sent to court. Two of them were sentenced to death (Ferenc Hegediš and Jožef Liht), while five others were sentenced to prison (because they were underage).
The Axis authorities also arrested a sizable number of Hungarian communists in Bačka Topola, Čantavir, Senta, Subotica and Novi Sad. Many of them were sent to the investigation centre in Bačka Topola, where some were killed, while some committed suicide. Among those Hungarian communists who were sent to the centre were Otmar Majer, Đula Varga, Pal Karas and Janoš Koči. Because of the size of the communist movement among Hungarians, new investigation centres were opened in Čantavir, Senta, Ada and Subotica. In the investigation centre in Subotica, almost 1,000 people were tortured, and part of them killed, among whom were Maćaš Vuković and Daniel Sabo. Among those communists sentenced to death were Otmar Majer, Rokuš Šimoković and Ištvan Lukač from Subotica, Peter Molnar from Senta, as well as Đula Varga, Rudi Klaus, Pal Karas and Janoš Koči from Novi Sad. In Petrovo Selo, Mihalj Šamu was killed during his attempt to escape. These actions of the Axis authorities were a hard strike on the resistance movement in Bačka, especially on its Hungarian component. The Hungarian component of the resistance movement was struck so hard that it could not recover until the war's end.
In 1944, the Soviet Red Army and the Yugoslav partisan took control of Vojvodina. New communist authorities initiated purges against one part of the local population that either collaborated with the Axis authorities or was viewed as a threat to the new regime (see: Communist purges in Serbia in 1944–1945). During this time, Partisans brutally massacred about 40,000 Hungarian civilians. In October 1944, 3,000 inhabitants of Hungarian nationality in Srbobran were executed by the Serbian communist partisans from the village of 18,000 inhabitants.
In Bečej killing of the Hungarians began on 9 October 1944. In the city of Sombor in October 1944, the murdering of the Hungarians started at once based on the death list previously made. The Hungarians were taken to the Palace of Kronich. Next to the race-course, the common graves were dug in which 2,500 Hungarians were buried. Several other common graves can be found in the outside districts of the city. The inhabitants of the Hungarian city were fully exterminated. In total, 5,650 Hungarians were executed. A Soviet officer in Temerin prevented the extirpation of the whole Hungarian population of the village. Hungarian human loss of the village was 480 people. During the first week, about 1500 Hungarians were shot down into the Danube in Novi Sad under the leadership of Todor Gavrilović. On 3 November 1944 in Bezdan, Hungarian male inhabitants of the village between 16 and 50 years were driven to a sports ground. 118 men were shot down by machine pistol to the Danube. 2830 Serbian communist partisans who made the murder belonged to the 12th "Udarna" Brigade of the 51st Division. Strangely, the Soviet officers stopped further executions as they were also horrified at the massacre. On 3 December 1944, 56 Hungarian citizens were executed on the bank of the Tisza river in Adorjan. In Žabalj, 2,000 Hungarian citizens were killed.
In Subotica during the 1944-45 period, about 8,000 citizens (mainly Hungarian) were killed by Yugoslav Partisans as retribution for supporting Hungary re-taking the city. At the end of the war, detachments of Serbian Partisans occupied Čurug and murdered 3000 local ethnic Hungarian residents. The surviving ethnic Hungarian residents of the village were deported to detention camps and were never allowed to return. Ethnic Hungarians Germans were declared to be collaborators or exploiters. Those suspected of not supporting the emerging Communist regime or who belonged to a "wrong" ethnic group were the targets of persecution.
After World War II
Since the end of the Second World War, the Hungarian population has been steadily declining, mainly due to low birth rates and emigration. In 1974, the Yugoslav constitution was modified, giving Vojvodina a very high autonomy and local Hungarians participated in Vojvodinian provincial administration. The Hungarians were also allowed to keep their culture and language alive; they had their own schools and cultural institutions. During the reign of Josip Broz Tito, life in Vojvodina was peaceful for Hungarians and others. The Yugoslav authorities heavily cracked down on single nations' nationalist activity.
As the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s were raging, more Hungarians left Vojvodina. One of the reasons for this emigration was the country's ruined economy and the inability of employment, which was why many Serbs and others also emigrated from Vojvodina. Although the province was peaceful and calm compared to other areas of Yugoslavia, some Hungarians felt threatened, especially because Vojvodina was near the front lines during the War in Croatia. With an emigration of Hungarians from Vojvodina, one part of their former houses was used to resettle refugees from other parts of the former Yugoslavia. This created a change in the ethnic structure in some parts of the region. The Hungarian population has fallen from 340,946 (16.9%) in 1991, to 290,207 (14.28%) in 2002. In recent years (mostly in 2004 and 2005), some members of the ethnic Hungarian community have sometimes been the targets of anti-Hungarian sentiment.
Today, many Hungarians in Vojvodina want their political rights to be extended. Some local Hungarian politicians proposing the creation of a new autonomous region in the northern part of Vojvodina inhabited mainly by Hungarians (see: Hungarian Regional Autonomy). They also want to attain Hungarian citizenship without being Hungarian residents, as this would automatically make them EU citizens, giving them many benefits. However, a referendum on this issue in Hungary failed. The political future of Vojvodinian Hungarians is uncertain, as their community is characterized by low birth rates and a dwindling population – according to some demographic predictions, Hungarians of Vojvodina will probably lose ethnic majority/plurality in some municipalities and sizable towns. Still, they will certainly remain in the majority in others. Thus, while Hungarians will remain a notable ethnic group in the northern part of Vojvodina, partial demographic changes in the area will probably reduce the demands of local Hungarian politicians for territorial autonomy or at least for wide territorial extension of the proposed Hungarian autonomous region.
Demographics
Almost all Hungarians in Serbia are to be found in Vojvodina, and especially in its northern part (North Bačka and North Banat districts, respectively) where majority (57.17%) of them live. Hungarians in the five municipalities form the absolute majority: Kanjiža (85.13%), Senta (79.09%), Ada (75.04%), Bačka Topola (57.94%), and Mali Iđoš (53.91%). The ethnically mixed municipalities with relative Hungarian majority are Čoka (49.66%), Bečej (46.34%) and Subotica (35.65%). The multiethnic city of Subotica is a cultural and political centre for the Hungarians in Serbia. Protestant Hungarians form the plurality or majority of population in the settlements of Stara Moravica, Pačir, Feketić, Novi Itebej and Debeljača.
Religion
According to the 2011 Census, most Hungarians are part of the Catholic Church in Serbia (224,291 people, or 88.3% of all Hungarian people). Around 6.2% belong to various forms of Protestantism and a much smaller number is part of the Eastern Orthodox Church (1.2%).
Politics
There are five main ethnic Hungarian political parties in Vojvodina:
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians, led by István Pásztor
Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians, led by Áron Csonka
Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians, led by András Ágoston
Civic Alliance of Hungarians, led by László Rác Szabó
Movement of Hungarian Hope, led by Bálint László
These parties advocate establishing territorial autonomy for Hungarians in the northern part of Vojvodina, which would include the municipalities with a Hungarian majority.
Culture
Media
Magyar Szó, a Hungarian-language daily newspaper published in Subotica
Radio Television of Vojvodina broadcasts program in 10 local languages, including daily radio and TV shows in Hungarian language.
Délmagyarország ("Southern Hungary") was a Hungarian-language daily newspaper. The first issue was published on March 14, 1909, to serve as the information source for the Hungarian language-speaking population in Bács-Bodrog County within the Kingdom of Hungary in Austria-Hungary. It was published in Subotica. The last issue of Délmagyarország was on June 27, 1909. Its editor-in-chief was Henrik Braun.
Notable people
Born before 1920 in the Kingdom of Hungary
Catherine, Queen consort of Serbia
Elizabeth, Queen consort of Serbia
Paul Abraham, Jewish-Hungarian composer of operettas
Géza Allaga, Hungarian composer, cellist and cimbalis
József Bittenbinder, Hungarian gymnast who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics
Ugrin Csák, Hungarian nobleman and oligarch in the early 14th century
Géza Csáth, physician, writer
József Törley, sparkling-wine producer
István Donogán, Hungarian track and field athlete
József Hátszeghy, Hungarian fencer
Ferenc Herczeg, playwright and author who promoted conservative nationalist opinion in his country
Tibor Harsányi, composer and pianist
Alexander Kasza, World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories
Dezső Kosztolányi, one of the most renowned Hungarian-language writer
Vilmos Lázár, Hungarian general, one of the 13 Martyrs of Arad
András Littay, Hungarian General during World War II
Endre Madarász, Hungarian track and field athlete
László Moholy-Nagy, Hungarian painter and photographer, a notable professor of the Bauhaus school
Károly Molter, Hungarian novelist
Gyula Ortutay, Hungarian politician in FKGP
Gyula Pártos, Hungarian architect
Ferenc Rákosi, Hungarian field handball player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics
Mátyás Rákosi, Communist leader of Hungary
Jenő Rátz, Hungarian military officer
Michael Szilágyi, general and Regent of Hungary in 1458
Carl von Than, Hungarian chemist
Mór Than, Hungarian painter
József Vértesy, Hungarian water polo player
Jenő Vincze, Hungarian footballer and a legend of Újpest, playing for the national team in the 1938 World Cup Final
Henrik Werth, Hungarian military officer
Born after 1920 in Yugoslavia and Serbia
Dalma Ružičić-Benedek, Hungarian-born sprint canoer
Aranka Binder, sport shooter, bronze medal winner in Women's Air Rifle in the 1992 Summer Olympics
Tamara Boros, Croatian table tennis player
Zoltán Dani, a former colonel of the Yugoslav Army who shot down an F-117 Nighthawk during the Kosovo War
Lajos Engler, basketball player
Szilvia Erdélyi, table tennis player
Krisztián Frisz, wrestler
László Györe, tennis player
Vilim Harangozó, table tennis player
Ervin Holpert, sprint canoer
Jožef Holpert, handball goalkeeper
Zoltán Illés, Hungarian politician in Fidesz
Karolj Kasap, wrestler
Gabor Kasa, cyclist
József Kasza, politician, former leader of the Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians
Ervin Katona, strongman competitor
Zsombor Kerekes, Hungary national football team player
Mihály Kéri, footballer playing for Yugoslavia and the United States
Mihalj Kertes, politician, close associate of Slobodan Milošević
Tereza Kočiš, gymnast
Norbert Könyves, Hungarian national football team player
Renata Kubik, sprint canoer
Félix Lajkó, violinist and composer
Péter Lékó, Hungarian Chess Grand Master
Sylvester Levay, Hungarian composer
Vilmos Lóczi, basketball player and coach
Béla Mavrák, Hungarian tenor singer
Đula Mešter, FR Yugoslav volleyball player, Olympic champion
Brižitka Molnar, volleyball player
Antonija Nađ, sprint canoeist
Albert Nađ, footballer
Mate Nemeš, wrestler
Viktor Nemeš, wrestler
László Nemet, Roman Catholic bishop of Zrenjanin (Nagybecskerek)
Nemanja Nikolić, footballer
Erzsebet Palatinus, table tennis player
Béla Pálfi, footballer
Antónia Panda, sprint canoeist
János Pénzes, Roman Catholic bishop of Subotica (Szabadka)
Žolt Peto, table tennis player
Eva Ras, actress, writer, painter
László Rátgéber, Hungarian basketball coach
Magdolna Rúzsa, singer, winner of the third season of Megasztár (Hungarian Idol)
Nandor Sabo, wrestler
Szebasztián Szabó, swimmer
Monica Seles, former World No.1 female tennis player
Árpád Sterbik, world champion handball goalkeeper
Csaba Szilágyi, Serbian Olympic swimmer
Mario Szenessy, German author, translator, and literary critic
Lajos Szűcs, Hungarian national football team player, a gold medal winner at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Marta Tibor, sprint canoer
József Törtei, wrestler, bronze medal winner at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Mihály Tóth, Hungarian footballer and a legend of Újpest, playing for the national team in the 1954 World Cup Final
Tibor Várady, legal scholar former Minister of Justice of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (July-December 1992)
See also
Ethnic groups of Vojvodina
Hungarian exonyms (Vojvodina)
Hungarians in Slovakia
Hungarians in Romania
Székelys
Hungarian-Serbian relations
Notes
Further reading
Jenne, Erin. 2007. "Ethnic Bargaining in the Balkans: Secessionist Kosovo versus Integrationist Vojvodina." in Ethnic Bargaining: The Paradox of Minority Empowerment. Cornell University Press.
References
Notes
Karolj Brindza, Učešće jugoslovenskih Mađara u narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi, Vojvodina u borbi, Matica Srpska, Novi Sad, 1951.
Borislav Jankulov, Pregled kolonizacije Vojvodine u XVIII i XIX veku, Novi Sad - Pančevo, 2003.
Peter Rokai - Zoltan Đere - Tibor Pal - Aleksandar Kasaš, Istorija Mađara, Beograd, 2002.
Enike A. Šajti, Mađari u Vojvodini 1918-1947, Novi Sad, 2010.
Aleksandar Kasaš, Mađari u Vojvodini 1941-1946, Novi Sad, 1996.
External links
The Encyclopedia of Vojvodina
Hungarian population in the territory of present-day Vojvodina between 1880 and 1991
Ethnic Hungarian Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe
Vojvodina
Ethnic groups in Vojvodina
Ethnic groups in Serbia
Serbia |
4042967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referer%20spoofing | Referer spoofing | In HTTP networking, typically on the World Wide Web, referer spoofing (based on a canonised misspelling of "referrer") sends incorrect referer information in an HTTP request in order to prevent a website from obtaining accurate data on the identity of the web page previously visited by the user.
Overview
Referer spoofing is typically done for data privacy reasons, in testing, or in order to request information (without genuine authority) which some web servers may only supply in response to requests with specific HTTP referers.
To improve their privacy, individual browser users may replace accurate referer data with inaccurate data, though many simply suppress their browser's sending of any referer data. Sending no referrer information is not technically spoofing, though sometimes also described as such.
In software, systems and networks testing, and sometimes penetration testing, referer spoofing is often just part of a larger procedure of transmitting both accurate and inaccurate as well as expected and unexpected input to the HTTPD system being tested and observing the results.
While many websites are configured to gather referer information and serve different content depending on the referer information obtained, exclusively relying on HTTP referer information for authentication and authorization purposes is not a genuine computer security measure. HTTP referer information is freely alterable and interceptable, and is not a password, though some poorly configured systems treat it as such.
Application
Some websites, especially many image hosting sites, use referer information to secure their materials: only browsers arriving from their web pages are served images. Additionally a site may want users to click through pages with advertisements before directly being able to access a downloadable file — using the referring page or referring site information can help a site redirect unauthorized users to the landing page the site would like to use.
If attackers acquire knowledge of these approved referrers, which is often trivial because many sites follow a common template, they can use that information combined with this to exploit and gain access to the materials.
Spoofing often allows access to a site's content where the site's web server is configured to block browsers that do not send referer headers. Website owners may do this to disallow hotlinking.
It can also be used to defeat referer checking controls that are used to mitigate Cross-Site Request Forgery attacks.
Tools
Several software tools exist to facilitate referer spoofing in web browsers. Some are extensions to popular browsers such as Mozilla Firefox or Internet Explorer, which may provide facilities to customise and manage referrer URLs for each website the user visits.
Other tools include proxy servers, to which an individual configures their browser to send all HTTP requests. The proxy then forwards different headers to the intended website, usually removing or modifying the referer header. Such proxies may also present privacy issues for users, as they may log the user's activity.
See also
Notes
Deception
Internet fraud
Internet privacy
Web security exploits
he:Referer#הונאת Referer |
5379721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostelecom%20Cup | Rostelecom Cup | The Rostelecom Cup (), formerly the Cup of Russia (), is an international, senior-level figure skating competition held as part of the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating series since 1996. Organized by the Figure Skating Federation of Russia, it has most frequently been held in Moscow, with several editions held in Saint Petersburg and once in Sochi. Medals are awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.
The event adopted the name Rostelecom Cup in 2009 after its title sponsor. It was dropped in 2010, but returned in 2011. The Rostelecom Cup is a successor to the Prize of Moscow News, an annual elite international event held in the Soviet Union from 1966 to 1990 (excluding 1989).
In April 2022, the ISU canceled the 2022 Rostelecom Cup, which was to have been held in Russia in November. This decision was made in response to the International Olympic Committee’s recommendation to bar Russia and Belarus from holding international athletic competitions until further notice, after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.
Medalists
Men
Ladies
Pairs
Ice dancing
References
External links
Grand Prix of Figure Skating at the International Skating Union
ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating
International figure skating competitions hosted by Russia
Recurring sporting events established in 1996
1996 establishments in Russia |
5379725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Balls%20%28film%29 | Golden Balls (film) | Golden Balls () is a 1993 film directed by Bigas Luna which stars Javier Bardem.
Plot
Benito González is a flamboyant engineer in Melilla, with a brash and pushy personality. His dream is to build the tallest building ever in the region. After his girlfriend leaves him, he devotes himself entirely to his ambitions, deciding to let nothing get in his way. He marries the daughter of a billionaire, intending to use her father's money to realise his project. Benito waltzes his way through a career of excess, fetishes and deceptions, but the personal conflicts he unleashes ultimately send his life spiraling down to disaster.
The film makes direct and symbolic references to the work of Spanish Surrealist painter Salvador Dalí.
Cast
See also
List of Spanish films of 1993
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
1993 films
1990s Spanish-language films
1993 drama films
Films shot in Madrid
Films directed by Bigas Luna
Spanish drama films
Films scored by Nicola Piovani
Films set in Melilla
1990s Spanish films |
4042974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertamina | Pertamina | PT Pertamina (Persero) (formerly abbreviated from Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi Negara, lit. 'State Oil and Natural Gas Mining Company') is an Indonesian state-owned oil and natural gas corporation based in Jakarta. It was created in August 1968 by the merger of Pertamin (established 1961) and Permina (established 1957). In 2020, the firm was the third-largest crude oil producer in Indonesia behind US-based companies ExxonMobil's Mobil Cepu Ltd and Chevron Pacific Indonesia. In 2013, Pertamina was included for the first time in the Fortune Global 500 list of companies, ranked at 122 with revenues of $70.9 billion, it was also the sole Indonesian company to be featured in the list. According to the 2020 Fortune list, Pertamina is the largest company in Indonesia.
History
Nationalization
In 1957, Royal Dutch/Shell's assets in Indonesia (trading as Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij) were nationalised, from which Permina was founded as a state-owned oil monopoly, headed by Lieutenant-General Ibnu Sutowo. Ibnu Sutowo's position as the second deputy of Abdul Haris Nasution was the beginning of the armed forces' involvement in the oil industry. Permina distributed oil for the entire archipelago.
Permina founded the Apprentice Technical School (Sekolah Kader Teknik) in Brandan to train and produce experts in the field. To meet this goal Permina established the Oil Academy in Bandung in 1962. Oil Academy's curriculum pertains to the technical aspects of the oil industry, and the graduates became the main forces of Pertamin (which later transformed to Pertamina).
In 1960, the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly enacted a policy that the mining of Indonesian oil and ground gases are only permitted for the state, through a state-administered company. Pertamin, established in 1961, was responsible for the administration, management and controlling of the exploration and production. The policy was short-lived. An agreement between the state and foreign companies was affirmed that gradually, oil refinery manufactures and other assets in marketing and distribution were to be sold to Indonesia within five to fifteen years.
In 1968, to consolidate the oil and gas industry for its management, exploration, marketing and distribution, Permina and Pertamin merged and became PN. Pertamina. It continued to do little drilling itself but made production-sharing agreements with foreign companies.
The 1970s
After the merge, Pertamina's production rose considerably (about 15% each in 1968 and 1969, and nearly 20% in 1973). By the end of 1973, it directly produced 28.2% of Indonesia's oil, with agreements of Caltex and Stanvac to produce the rest (67.8% and 3.6%, respectively). Its assets included seven refineries, oil terminals, 116 tankers, 102 other vessels and an airline. It was also active in cement, fertiliser, liquid natural gas, steel, hospitals, real estate, a rice estate, and telecommunications.
The 1974 oil price increases produced revenues of $4.2 billion in that year, equivalent to approximately one-sixth of Indonesia's gross domestic product. Much of this revenue was used by Sutowo to expand Pertamina's interests far beyond oil production to include investments in oil tankers, steel and construction. Pertamina built the Bina Graha, the presidential executive office building in Jakarta. The global oil crisis of the 1970s greatly increased oil prices and profits. Pertamina initially provided a fiscal lift to the hopes of Indonesia's development planners.
For President Suharto and other members of the ruling elite revenue from Pertamina was "an ongoing source of funding" without accountability. "They ran this cash-cow into the ground, using it for both military and personal ends." Historian Adrian Vickers describes the endemic corruption at Pertamina:
At each stage of the transaction chain, somebody was getting a percentage... If accidents occurred, as in 1972 when eighty impoverished people died... they could be covered up.
In 1973, the government's ability to borrow money from overseas was constrained, and Pertamina was no longer providing revenues to the state. Instead, the massive enterprise turned out not to be making money but compiling exponentially large losses. In February 1975, Pertamina could no longer pay its American and Canadian creditors. An investigation followed, which revealed over US$10 billion in debts, mismanagement, and corruption within the company. This debt was equivalent to approximately thirty per cent of Indonesia's GNP at the time. Others offer a figure of a $15 billion debt. A public investigation hurt the reputation of the national elite both among Indonesians and foreigners. The charges against Ibnu Sutowo were dismissed. Ibnu Sutowo and his family were among the richest and most powerful in Indonesia, into the 21st century. The government took over the operation of the company and sought means by which to repay its debts. Pertamina's debt problems were eventually solved through a large government bail-out, which nearly doubled Indonesia's foreign debt.
Since the 1980s
Human rights observers have long expressed concerns about Indonesia's hostility to labour unions. According to the Multinational Monitor: "In 1985, the government ordered the firing of over 1,600 workers at Pertamina and foreign oil companies, charging that they had been members of the Indonesian Communist Party, which had been permanently banned 19 years earlier when Suharto took power."
In 2003 Pertamina legally became PT PERTAMINA (Persero), as per the enactment of Government Regulation No.31/2003. Pertamina is now under the coordinator of the State Minister of State-owned Enterprises.
Like other contractors, Pertamina holds a Cooperation Contract with the Oil and Gas Regulatory Body. With its transformation into a limited company, Pertamina has become a business entity with the main target of making a profit.
President directors
During the 1970s, until 1976, the president director of Pertamina was Ibnu Sutowo, a well-known figure in Indonesia. Since then, there have been a number of president directors. Recent president directors have included the following:
Soegijanto (1996 to 1998).
Martiono Hadianto (1998–2000). Before his appointment as president director of Pertamina, Martiono was briefly Finance Director of the state-owned airline company Garuda Indonesia
Baihaki Hakim (2000–2003). Baihaki was formerly president of Chevron Texaco's subsidiary in Indonesia PT Caltex Pacific Indonesia. He was appointed as president director of Pertamina by the president Abdurrahman Wahid in 2000. Subsequent to his resignation in 2003, there was controversy surrounding decisions taken in Pertamina during his period as president director concerning the purchase of giant tankers for the transport of oil.
Ariffi Nawawi (2003–2004).
Widya Purnama (2004–2006). Widya Purnama was appointed from outside of the energy sector, formerly having been president (since 2002) of the Indonesian telecommunications company PT Indosat.
Ari Hernanto Soemarno (2006 – 2009).
Karen Agustiawan (2009–2014). In February 2009 it was announced that Karen Agustiawan would become president director of Pertamina for a five-year term. Her appointment was extended in 2013. She resigned for unannounced reasons in August 2014. It was said at the time that she had plans to teach in Harvard University in the United States.
Dwi Soetjipto. In November 2014, the new president of Indonesia Joko Widodo announced a major reorganisation of the board of Pertamina as part of a series of reform measures for the energy sector. A new president director, Dwi Soetjipto, was appointed along with a number of new members to the board. The appointment of Dwi Soetjipto, previously president director of the major state-owned cement firm PT Semen Indonesia, attracted media attention because unlike most previous president directors of Pertamina, he had little previous experience in the oil sector.
Elia Massa Manik. In March 2017, after Soetjipto was dismissed due to leadership issues, the Board appointed Manik who had served as president director of Elnusa, a Pertamina subsidiary, from 2011 to 2014. He then spent a period as the CEO of PT Perkebunan Nusantara (PTPN) III, the holding company of 14 state-owned agriculture firms.
Nicke Widyawati. In late August 2018, it was announced that president Jokowi had decided that Nicke Widyawati, who had been acting president director since March, would be confirmed in the position of head of Pertamina. The decision was announced at a press conference in the Ministry for State-Owned Enterprises on 29 August.
Facilities
Refineries
Pertamina has not built any new refineries since the Balongan refinery was opened in West Java in the mid-1990s.
PTT Public Company Limited and Pertamina signed into partnership to build a new petrochemical complex in Indonesia for an estimated cost of US $4 to 5 billion.
Currently (2013) Pertamina owns six oil refineries which have a total combined capacity of around of oil per day:
Source: Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Resources, 2012 Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia.
(Note: By world standards, none of Indonesia's refineries are large. The world's largest refinery, at Jamnagar in India, has a production capacity of over per day. As a rule of thumb, refineries need to produce at least per day to reach reasonable international standards of efficiency.)
There are several other refineries in Indonesia which Pertamina has responsibilities for:
Source: Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Resources, 2012 Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia.
In addition to the refineries which Pertamina owns, Pertamina has invested in two operating companies that manage output from LNG plants.
PT Badak LNG operates a plant in Bontang, East Kalimantan, with 8 trains having a total capacity of 22.5 million tons per annum.
PT Donggi Senoro LNG in Uso Village, Batui Subdistrict, Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, with 1 train with a capacity of 2 million tons per annum.
Pertamina also invested in the PT Arun 6 LNG trains near Lhokseumawe, Aceh, which had a total capacity of 12.5 million tons per annum. They closed down due to a lack of feed gas in 2014, and now Arun has used an LNG import terminal.
During 2012 and early 2013, it was announced several times that there were plans to build two more large fuel refineries, each with a capacity of around per day, perhaps in Balongan, West Java (or, alternatively, in Bontang, East Kalimantan) and in Tuban, East Java. The first facility was planned to be built by Pertamina in partnership with Kuwait Petroleum, while the second was expected to be built by Pertamina in co-operation with Saudi Aramco. Total investment was expected to be around $20 billion. One main problem holding up an agreement to build the refineries was the issue of financial concessions to be provided for the foreign investors. Eventually, in September 2013 it was announced that the plans for the first refinery had been cancelled. At the same time, the government said that there were plans for yet a different refinery project which would be constructed solely by Pertamina and funded by the state. The crude oil for this alternative project was expected to be supplied from Iraq. Pending further progress on these large investment plans, Pertamina has announced (late 2014) plans to upgrade the existing refineries so as to add around per day to Pertamina's current refining capacity of around per day.
Pertamina also has two gas reserves and a petrochemical company. Pertamina's products include a great variety of fuels, chemicals, additives, and retail products.
Petrol pumps
Pertamina is the largest distribution network of petroleum products (gas stations, etc.) in Indonesia.
Bright Convenience Store
Along with the gas stations, Pertamina also has a convenience store chain, integrated with their gas stations. The development of Bright convenience stores and cafes is self-governed by PT Pertamina Retail.
Subsidiaries
These are 27 subsidiaries of Pertamina based on Pertamina Annual Report 2016.
Pertamina EP
PT Pertamina EP (PEP) is engaged in managing upstream oil and gas production through more manageable exploration and exploitation activities. Adding to that, PEP has been undertaking other supporting businesses, which have been intended to back up the main business directly or indirectly.
Presently, Pertamina EP production level for oil is around per day and around per day at standard conditions for gas.
Pertamina EP Working Areas of 140.000 km2 were once largely PT Pertamina (Persero)’s Oil and Gas Mining Authority Zone. The working areas are managed through its own operation and partnership co-operation.
Pertamina EP Working Areas consist of five assets. The operation of those assets comprise 19 Field Areas, namely Rantau, Pangkalan Susu, Lirik, Jambi and Ramba in Asset 1, Prabumulih, Adera, Limau and Pendopo in Asset 2, Tambun, Subang and Jatibarang in Asset 3, Cepu in Asset 4 as well as Sangatta, Sangasanga, Bunyu, Tarakan, Tanjung and Papua in Asset 5.
Besides the management of working areas as stated earlier, other business patterns include management through projects, such as Pondok Makmur Development Project in West Java, Paku Gajah Development Project in South Sumatera, Jawa Gas Development Project in Central Java, and Matindok Gas Development Project in Central Sulawesi.
Pertamina Gas
Pertamina established PT Pertagas on 23 February 2007, and it became PT Pertamina Gas in 2008. The company undertakes gas transportation, trading and processing.
In the gas transmission business, Pertamina owns a gas pipeline network with a total volume of 34,000 km-inches in Northern Sumatra, Central Sumatra, Southern Sumatra, Western Java, Eastern Java, and East Kalimantan
In January 2009, PT Pertamina Gas obtained a Transportation Permit and in February 2009, it received an exclusive right from BPH Migas for gas transportation along 43 transmission routes. These permits and exclusive rights complemented the business permit that had been issued previously (in September 2008). By obtaining a business license and special rights, PT Pertamina Gas now has a regulatory basis to play the principal role in the gas business in Indonesia.
Pertamina Geothermal Energy
PGE was founded on 12 December 2006. This Pertamina subsidiary carries out geothermal exploration and exploitation in 15 working areas (WKP) in Indonesia, namely: Sibayak-Sinabung, Sibual-buali–Sarulla, Sungai Penuh-Sumurup, Tambang Sawah-Hululais, Lumut Balai, Waypanas-Ulubelu, Cibereum-Parabakti, Pengalengan (Patuha-Wayang Windu), Kamojang-Darajat, Karaha-Telagabodas, Dieng, Iyang-Argopuro, Tabanan-Bali, Lahendong-Tompaso and Kotamobagu.
Pertamina EP Cepu
PEP Cepu, which was established on 14 September 2005, is a subsidiary of PT Pertamina (Persero) that focuses on the upstream oil and gas business. In the Cepu Block, Pertamina has a 45% interest in partnership with Mobil Cepu Ltd (as the operator) and the Regional Owned Enterprise (BUMD) that manages the KKS for the Cepu Block.
Pertamina Drilling Services Indonesia
PT PDSI was established on 13 June 2008 as a drilling service management business entity.
The services provided comprise drilling, workover activities, and drilling services that use a Daily Rate and Integrated Drilling Management (MPT) system for oil, gas, and geothermal wells.
Presently, PT PDSI owns 34 drilling rigs (28 owned by PT PDSI and 6 transferred from PT Usayana)
Pertamina Hulu Energy
PHE is one of the Upstream Directorate subsidiaries working in the oil and gas upstream business and is also an upstream business vehicle for managing the domestic and overseas co-operation portfolio in the form of Production Sharing Contracts (PSC), Joint Operating Body-Production Sharing Contracts (JOB-PSC), Indonesian Participating / Pertamina Participating Interests (IP/PPI) and Badan Operasi Bersama (BOB). PHE’s overseas working areas covered: Western Desert Block 3, Iraq; Block 10 & 11.1, Offshore South Vietnam; Block SK-305, Offshore Sarawak, Malaysia; Sabratah 17-3 Block, Offshore Libya; Sirte 123-3 Block, Libya; Block 13, Red Sea, Offshore Sudan; Block-3, Offshore Qatar; and Basker Manta Gummy Block, Australia.
Pertamina Internasional EP
Pertamina Internasional Eksplorasi dan Produksi (PIEP) is established on 18 November 2013, based on the need for international asset management that is focused on overseas assets of PT Pertamina (Persero).
Pertamina EP Cepu ADK
PT Pertamina EP Cepu ADK hereinafter referred to as PEPC ADK was established on 15 August 2013 in order to manage Fields of Alas Dara and Kemuning (ADK). Following the prevailing rules and legislation in the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the PSC between SKKMigas and PEPC ADK was signed on 26 February 2014. PEPC ADK is the operator of Alas Dara and Kemuning, located in Blora, Central Java, which was previously operated by Mobil Cepu Ltd. (MCL). In line with the commitment to the Government, PEPC ADK shall conduct Well Re-entry, Perform G&G Study, GGR Study, and exploration drilling. Since established, the PEPC ADK has never changed its name.
ConocoPhillips Algeria Ltd
ConocoPhillips Algeria Ltd. owns three onshore oil fields. The company is based in Algeria. As of 27 November 2013, ConocoPhillips Algeria Ltd. operates as a subsidiary of PT Pertamina (Persero).
Pertamina Gas Negara
Pertamina Power Indonesia
Pertamina Patra Niaga
Pertamina Trans Kontinental
Pertamina Retail
Pertamina Lubricants
Pertamina Internasional Shipping
Pertamina Training & Consulting
Patra Jasa
Pertamina Bina Medika
Pelita Air Service
Pertamina Dana Ventura
Elnusa, Tbk.
Pertamina Internasional Timor S.A.
Pertamina Hulu Indonesia
Pertamina East Natuna
Pertamina Energy Trading Limited
Pertamina E&P Libya
Tugu Pratama Indonesia
Pratama Mitra Sejati
Products
There are various PERTAMINA products consisting of fuel (BBM), non-fuel, gas, petrochemical products, and lubricants.
Fuel (BBM)
Fuel Products:
Kerosene
HSD (High-Speed Diesel)
MDF (Marine Diesel Fuel)
MFO (Marine Fuel Oil)
Motor Gasoline (e.g. Premium 88 and Solar)
Special Fuel
Special Fuel products:
Aviation Gasoline
Aviation Turbine Fuel
Pertalite (RON 90)
Pertamax (RON 92)
Pertamax Turbo (RON 98)
Pertamax Racing (RON 100)
Solar/Bio Solar (CN 48, Sulfur 3.500 ppm)
Dexlite (CN 51, Sulfur 1.200 ppm)
Pertamina Dex (CN 53, Sulfur 300 ppm)
Non-Fuel (Non-BBM)
Non Fuel Products:
Asphalt
Calcined Coke
Green Coke
Heavy Aromate
Paraffin Wax
Solvent
Lube Base Oil
Slack Wax
Lube Base Oil
Pertamina’s Lube Base Oil Products based on their function:
Automotive Gear Oil
Circulating Oils
Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Oils
Industrial and Marine Engine Oils
Industrial and Hydraulic Oils
Passenger Car Oils
Powershift Transmissions and Heavy Equipment Hydraulic Oils
Refrigerating Oils
Two-Stroke Gasoline Engine Oils
Gas
Gas products include:
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
Gas Fuel (BBG)
Musicool (Substitute refrigerant for CFC, with low pollution and environmentally friendly)
Petrochemical
Petrochemical products include:
Benzene
Paraxylene
Polypropylene
Pure Terephthalic Acid (PTA)
Sulfur
Financial summary
Pertamina: Summary balance sheet as at 31 December 2016
2016 data:
Total sales: $36.5 billion
Gross profit: $8.5 billion
Net profit: $3.2 billion
Source: Pertamina website, Annual Reports.
Commercial automotive partnerships
Pertamina is an official recommended fuel and lubricants partner for Lamborghini for automobiles since 2015.
Sports sponsorships
From 2006-2007, Pertamina became the main sponsor for Doni Tata Pradita in Yamaha Team who raced in the MotoGP 125cc class. And in 2008-2009 seasons, again became a sponsor for Doni Tata Pradita who promote to MotoGP 250cc category.
Then starting the 2021 season, Pertamina collaborated with the Mandalika Racing Team and SAG Team to compete in the Moto2 category with Bo Bendsneyder and Thomas Lüthi as the racers.
Rio Haryanto, Indonesia's first Formula One driver, was sponsored by Pertamina throughout his junior career and played a pivotal role in securing his drive with the Manor Racing team in 2016. The company also sponsors Formula Two team Arden through its Indonesian driver, Sean Gelael, as well as being a primary backer of the Lamborghini Super Trofeo Asia Championship. Pertamina also sponsored Italian automotive giants Lamborghini since 2015 as an official global lubricant partner.
Pertamina is main sponsor for Mandalika International Street Circuit and Indonesian motorcycle Grand Prix.
References
External links
Companies based in Jakarta
Oil and gas companies of Indonesia
Government-owned companies of Indonesia
Indo
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1957
Indonesian brands
Biodiesel producers
Automotive fuel retailers
Energy companies established in 1957
Indonesian companies established in 1957 |
5379726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenay%20Perry | Shenay Perry | Shenay Perry (born July 6, 1984) is a retired tennis player from the U.S. She is the current coach of professional tennis player Kristie Ahn.
Shenay's career-high singles ranking of No. 40 she reached on August 28, 2006. Her career-high doubles ranking of No. 97, she achieved on December 8, 2003. Shenay won nine singles and seven doubles ITF titles in her career.
She retired from professional tennis in September 2010.
ITF Circuit finals
Singles: 10 (9 titles, 1 runner-up)
Doubles: 13 (7 titles, 6 runner-ups)
External links
Living people
1984 births
African-American female tennis players
American female tennis players
Tennis people from Washington, D.C.
Sportspeople from Coral Springs, Florida
21st-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
Tennis players from Washington, D.C.
Sports coaches from Washington, D.C.
20th-century African-American women |
5379733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piney%20%28Pine%20Barrens%20resident%29 | Piney (Pine Barrens resident) | Piney is a historically derogatory term for the inhabitants of the New Jersey Pine Barrens, but is now considered a cultural demonym. The Pine Barrens have sandy, acidic soil considered unsuitable for traditional farming by early settlers, who called the land "barren". The area is forested mainly with pitch pine and scrub oak. Many areas are swampy with cedar forests that grow along brownish-red, fresh water called "cedar water." The red color is actually created by the high level of iron in the water.
Living conditions in the "Barrens" were considered inhospitable, and those that lived there were considered to be the dregs of society: fugitives, poachers, moonshiners, runaway slaves or deserting soldiers. Often poor, pineys were forced to make a living in any way possible. They collected and sold sphagnum moss or pine cones, hunted, fished, and lived off of the land. Some of the pineys included notorious bandits known as the Pine Robbers.
Pineys were further demonized after two eugenics studies in the early 20th century, which depicted them as congenital idiots and criminals, most notably the research performed on "The Kallikak Family" by Henry H. Goddard and Elizabeth Kite. In a 1939 guidebook, the Federal Writers' Project largely endorsed Kite's eugenicist and ahistorical depiction of Pineys, and added that "a staff correspondent of the Newark Evening News reported that U. S. Navy blimps must be careful in their flights over the area. The Piney bootleggers, suspecting that the low-flying blimps are seeking illicit stills, are quick on the trigger; frequently the small dirigibles return to Lakehurst from training flights with bullet holes in the fabric."
Pineys often fostered stories of how terrible the Pine Barrens are or how violent they were in order to discourage outsiders and law enforcement from entering the Barrens. The Jersey Devil stories often had this effect also. Today, pineys tend to wear the label as a badge of honor, much like the term "redneck" has been embraced in the Appalachian Mountains and the Southern United States.
References
American regional nicknames
Class-related slurs
New Jersey culture
Pejorative demonyms
Pine Barrens (New Jersey)
Poverty in the United States
Rural culture in the United States
Stereotypes of rural people
Working-class culture in New Jersey |
4042984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro%20Mounds | Spiro Mounds | Spiro Mounds (34 LF 40) is an archaeological site located in present-day eastern Oklahoma that remains from an indigenous Indian culture that was part of the major northern Caddoan Mississippian culture. The 80-acre site is located within a floodplain on the southern side of the Arkansas River. The modern town of Spiro developed approximately seven miles to the south.
Between the ninth and fifteenth centuries, the local indigenous people created a powerful religious and political center, culturally linked to the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex identified by anthropologists as the Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere (MIIS). Spiro was a major western outpost of Mississippian culture, which dominated the Mississippi Valley and its tributaries for centuries.
In the 1930s during the Great Depression, treasure hunters bought the rights to tunnel into Craig Mound—the second-largest mound on the site—to mine it for artifacts. Without concern for scientific research, they exposed a hollow burial chamber inside the mound, a unique feature containing some of the most extraordinary pre-Columbian artifacts ever found in the United States. The treasure hunters sold the artifacts they recovered to art collectors, some as far away as Europe. The artifacts included works of fragile, perishable materials: textiles and feathers that had been uniquely preserved in the conditions of the closed chamber.
Later, steps were taken to protect the site. This site has been significant for North American archaeology since the 1930s, especially due to its many preserved textiles and a wealth of shell carving. Later, some of the artifacts sold by treasure hunters were returned to regional museums and the Caddo Nation, but many artifacts from the site have never been accounted for.
Since the late twentieth century, the Spiro Mounds site has been protected by the Oklahoma Historical Society and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Chronology
Typically, the history of the Spiro culture is divided into archaeological phases:
Evans Phase (900–1050 CE)
Harlan Phase (1050–1250 CE)
Norman Phase (1250–1350 CE)
Spiro phase (1350–1450 CE)
Residential construction at Spiro decreased dramatically around 1250, and the people resettled in nearby villages, such as the Choates-Holt Site to the north. Spiro continued to be used as a ceremonial and mortuary center through 1450. The mound area was abandoned about 1450, but nearby communities persisted until 1600.
The historic cultures following in the wake of Spiro, such as the Caddo, Pawnee, and Wichita peoples, were less complex and hierarchical.
Mounds and plaza area
Mississippian culture spread along the lower Mississippi River and its tributaries between the ninth and sixteenth centuries. The largest Mississippian settlement was Cahokia, the capital of a major chiefdom that built a six-mile-square city east of the Mississippi River that now is St. Louis, Missouri, in present-day southern Illinois.
Archeological studies have revealed that Mississippian culture extended from the Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast, along the Ohio River, and into both the lowland and mountain areas of the Southeast. Mississippian settlements were known for their large earthwork, platform mounds (usually truncated pyramids), surmounted by temples, the houses of warrior kings and priests, and the burial houses of the elite. The mounds were arranged around large, constructed flat plazas believed to be used for ceremonial community gathering and ritual games. Archaeological research has shown that Mississippian settlements such as Cahokia and Spiro took part in a vast trading network that covered the eastern half of what is now the U.S. and parts of what is now the western U.S. as well.
The Spiro site includes twelve earthen mounds and 150 acres of land. As in other Mississippian-culture towns, the people built a number of large, complex earthworks. These included mounds surrounding a large, planned and leveled central plaza, where important religious rituals, the politically and culturally significant game of chunkey, and other important community activities were carried out. The population lived in a village that bordered the plaza. In addition, archaeologists have found more than twenty related village sites within five miles of the main town. Other village sites linked to Spiro through culture and trade have been found up to a away.
Spiro has been the site of human activity for at least 8,000 years. It was a major Mississippian settlement from 800 to 1450 AD. The cultivation of maize during this period allowed accumulation of crop surpluses and the gathering of more dense populations. The town was the headquarters of a regional chiefdom, whose powerful leaders directed the building of eleven platform mounds and one burial mound in an area on the south bank of the Arkansas River. The heart of the site is a group of nine mounds surrounding an oval plaza. These mounds were the bases of the homes of important leaders or formed the foundations for religious structures that focused the attention of the community.
Brown Mound, the largest platform mound, is located on the eastern side of the plaza. It had an earthen ramp that gave access to the summit from the northern side. Here, atop Brown Mound and the other mounds, the inhabitants of the town carried out complex rituals, centered especially on the deaths and burials of Spiro's powerful rulers.
Archaeologists have shown that Spiro had a large resident population until about 1250. After that, most of the population moved to other towns nearby. Spiro continued to be used as a regional ceremonial center and burial ground until about 1450. Its ceremonial and mortuary functions continued and seem to have increased after the main population moved away.
The Great Mortuary
Craig Mound – also called "The Spiro Mound" – is the second-largest mound on the site and the only burial mound. It is located approximately southeast of the plaza. A cavity created within the mound, approximately high and wide, allowed for almost perfect preservation of fragile artifacts made of wood, conch shell, and copper. The conditions in this hollow space were so favorable that objects made of perishable materials such as basketry, woven fabric of plant and animal fibers, lace, fur, and feathers were preserved inside it. In historic tribes, such objects have traditionally been created by women. Also found inside were several examples of Mississippian stone statuary made from Missouri flint clay and Mill Creek chert bifaces, all thought to have originally come from the Cahokia site in Illinois.
The "Great Mortuary", as archaeologists called this hollow chamber, appears to have begun as a burial structure for Spiro's rulers. It was created as a circle of sacred cedar posts sunk in the ground and angled together at the top similarly to a tipi. The cone-shaped chamber was covered with layers of earth to create the mound, preventing collapse. Some scholars believe that minerals percolating through the mound hardened the log walls of the chamber, making them resistant to decay and shielding the perishable artifacts inside from direct contact with the earth. No other Mississippian mound has been found with such a hollow space inside it, nor with such spectacular preservation of artifacts. Craig Mound has been called "an American King Tut's Tomb".
Between 1933 and 1935, Craig Mound was excavated by a commercial enterprise that had bought the rights from local landowners to excavate and to keep or sell the artifacts they recovered. Tunneling into the mound and breaking through the Great Mortuary's log wall, they found many human burials, together with their associated grave goods. They discarded the human remains and the fragile artifacts—made of textile, basketry, and even feathers—that were preserved in these extremely unusual conditions. Most of those rare and priceless objects disintegrated before scholars could reach the site, although some were sold to collectors. When the commercial excavators finished, they dynamited the burial chamber and sold the commercially valuable artifacts, made of stone, pottery, copper, and conch shell, to collectors in the United States and overseas. Probably, most of these valuable objects are lost, but some have been returned through donation and have been documented by scholars.
Funded by the Works Progress Administration (WPA), archaeologists from the University of Oklahoma excavated parts of the site between 1936 and 1941. The Oklahoma Historical Society established the Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center in 1978 that continues to operate. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is preserved as Oklahoma's only Archeological State Park and only pre-contact Native American site open to the public.
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
Spiro Mounds people participated in what cultural anthropologists and archaeologists call the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC), a network of ceremonial centers sharing the Mississippian culture and similar spiritual beliefs, cosmology, ritual practices, and cult objects. The complex was a vast trading network that distributed exotic materials from all across North America that were used in the making of ritual objects. These materials included colored flint from New Mexico, copper from the Great Lakes, conch (or lightning whelk) shells from the Gulf Coast, and mica from the Carolinas. Other Mississippian centers also traded in these prized resources, but apparently, Spiro was the only trading center that acquired obsidian from Mexico. Using these valued materials, Mississippian artists created exquisite works of art reflecting their cultural identity and their complex spiritual beliefs.
When commercial excavators dug into Craig Mound in the 1930s, they found many beautifully crafted ritual artifacts, including stone effigy pipes, polished stone maces, finely made flint knives and arrow points, polished chunkey stones, copper effigy axes, Mississippian copper plates (Spiro plates), mica effigy cut outs, elaborately engraved conch shell ornaments, pearl bead necklaces, stone earspools, wood carvings inlaid with shell, and specially made mortuary pottery. The conch shells were fashioned into gorgets and drinking cups engraved with intricate designs representing costumed humans, real and mythical animals, and geometric motifs, all of which had profound symbolic significance. The Spiro Mounds ceremonial objects are among the finest examples of pre-Columbian art in North America.
Later, archaeologists recognized that the ritual artifacts at Spiro were similar to comparable objects excavated at other powerful Mississippian towns that also participated in the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. These include Cahokia in Illinois, the largest Mississippian town; Etowah and Ocmulgee in Georgia; and Moundville in Alabama. In economic terms, Spiro seems to have been a gateway town that funneled valuable resources from the Great Plains and other western regions to the main Mississippian ceremonial centers farther east. In return, it received valuable goods from those other centers. Spiro's location on the Arkansas River, one of the principal tributaries of the Mississippi River, gave the Spiro traders access to the Mississippian heartland.
Spiro and other Mississippian towns clearly looked to the great city of Cahokia, in what now is southern Illinois, as a cultural model to be emulated. Located about 400 miles northeast of Spiro near the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, Cahokia was the largest and most impressive of all the Mississippian towns. Mineralogical analysis of some of the most beautiful stone effigy pipes found at Spiro, including the famous "Grizzly Man" or "Kneeling Rattler" pipe, have shown they came from Cahokia, based on the material from which they were made. Cahokia also influenced the styles of the artifacts made at Spiro. Archaeologists have identified four distinct styles: the Braden Style characteristic of artifacts brought from Cahokia and the Craig A, B, and C styles that are local derivatives of the Braden Style.
Antonio Waring and Preston Holder first defined the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex in the 1940s, according to a series of distinct cultural traits. Since the late 1980s, archaeologists have adopted a new classification scheme that is based on their greatly improved understanding of Mississippian cultural development. The new scheme divides the SECC into five periods, or horizons, each defined by the appearance of new ritual objects and cultural motifs connected with new developments in politics and long-distance trade. Archaeologists have determined that Spiro was at the peak of its cultural importance in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
Mississippian iconography
Anthropologists have tried in recent years to interpret the meaning of the ritual artifacts and artistic imagery found at Spiro and other Mississippian sites. While reaching firm conclusions about the meanings of works of art made centuries ago by people of an extinct culture is difficult, they have made some compelling interpretations by comparing Mississippian artistic imagery with the myths, religious rituals, art, and iconography of historic Native American groups.
One of the most prominent symbols at Spiro is the "Birdman", a winged human figure representing a warrior or chunkey player. Chunkey was a game played in the Mississippian period, but also in historic times by the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, and other tribes throughout the Eastern Woodlands. Based upon these historic records, the game consisted of players rolling a stone disk for a considerable distance and then hurling spears as close as they could to the point where the stone stopped.
Another Spiro icon is the "Great Serpent", a being said to inhabit the Under World, the spiritual domain on the opposite side of the Mississippian universe. The Great Serpent is portrayed in Mississippian art with a serpent's body, but also with wings or horns. Similar beings were the subject of myth in historic times among the Micmac, Huron, Kickapoo, Cherokee, Muscogee Creek, Caddo, and other Native American tribes, appearing in tribes of at least three major language families. The spiritual beings of the Under World were thought to be in constant opposition to those in the Upper World. Humans had to fear these beings, according to Native American mythology, but they could also gain great power from them in certain circumstances.
Mississippian art also features the cedar tree or striped-center-pole motifs, which researchers have interpreted as the axis mundi, the point at which the three parts of the Mississippian spiritual universe come together: the Upper World, the Under World, and the Middle World where humans dwell. Often, the cedar tree, or the striped-center-pole, is found on engraved conch shell gorgets, with human or animal figures positioned on either side. The concept of an axis mundi — the point where different cosmic domains converge — is found in many cultures around the world. It is frequently represented as a tree (including the Tree of Life), since trees pass through the surface of the earth and connect the subsurface and the sky. The fact that the Great Mortuary at Spiro was built with cedar (or cedar elm) posts suggests that the burial chamber was meant to be a point of departure from one spiritual domain to another, as cedar was a sacred wood.
Archaeologists found that one of the conch shell cups from Craig Mound had a black residue in the bottom. This suggests that the Spiro people may have practiced a version of the Black Drink Ceremony, a purification ritual that was also performed in historic times by their descendants - the southeastern tribes. Participants drank a tea made from the Yaupon Holly from conch shell cups.
Caddoan Mississippians
Most authorities agree that the people of Spiro were Caddoan speaking, but their descendants in historic times are difficult to identify. Anthropologists speculate that the Caddo Confederacy, Wichita, Kichai, or non-Caddoan Tunica, could be their descendants. However, the cultures of all these peoples, when encountered by the Spanish and French in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, were substantially different from that of Spiro.
Under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma and the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita, Keechi, Waco and Tawakonie) are recognized by the U.S. Federal government, cultural anthropologists, and archaeologists as the cultural descendants of the builders of Spiro Mounds.
When the Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto led a military expedition into what is now the southeastern United States in the 1540s, he encountered Native American groups including the Tula people, who lived near the Arkansas River. de Soto's forces also encountered numerous Caddo villages. Composed of many tribes, the Caddo were organized into three confederacies, the Hasinai, Kadohadacho, and Natchitoches, which were all linked by similar languages.
At the time of de Soto's conquest, the Caddoan peoples occupied a large territory. It included what now is eastern Oklahoma, western Arkansas, northeastern Texas, and northwestern Louisiana. Anthropologists have thought that the Caddo and related peoples had been living in the region for centuries and that they had their own local variant of Mississippian culture.
Recent excavations have revealed more cultural diversity than scholars had expected within that region. The sites along the Arkansas River, in particular, seem to have their own distinctive characteristics. Scholars still classify the Mississippian sites found in the entire Caddo area, including Spiro Mounds, as "Caddoan Mississippian".
The Caddoan Mississippian region contained many towns in addition to Spiro, including the Battle Mound Site. Scholars have determined that Battle Mound, lying along the Great Bend of the Red River in southwest Arkansas, was a larger site than Spiro. Little excavation has been conducted there to date. The Caddoan Mississippian towns had a more irregular layout of earthen mounds and associated villages than did towns in the Middle Mississippian heartland to the east. They also lacked the wooden palisade fortifications often found in the major Middle Mississippian towns. Living on the western edge of the Mississippian world, the Caddoan may have faced fewer military threats from their neighbors. Also, their societies may have had a somewhat lower level of social stratification.
The Spiro people probably were speakers of one of the many Caddoan languages. The Caddoan languages once had a broad geographic distribution, but many are now extinct. The modern languages in the Caddoan family include Caddo, Wichita, Kitsai, Pawnee, and Arikara languages. Wichita and Kitsai are both extinct.
Museum complex
The Spiro Mounds are located within the Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center complex in Fort Coffee, Oklahoma. The center features various exhibits and trails, and it offers tours, including a virtual tour.
See also
Mississippian culture
Cahokia
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
Caddoan Mississippian culture
Mississippian stone statuary
Mississippian copper plates
Shell gorgets
List of Mississippian sites
References
Further reading
Brown, James Allison & Alice Brues. The Spiro Ceremonial Center: The Archaeology of Arkansas Valley Caddoan Culture in Eastern Oklahoma, Ann Arbor: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 1996.
Hamilton, Henry, Jean Tyree Hamilton, & Eleanor Chapman. Spiro Mound Copper, Columbia, MO: Missouri Archaeological Society, 1974.
Hudson, Charles M. (ed.). Black Drink: A Native American Tea, Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2004.
La Vere, David. Looting Spiro Mounds: An American King Tut's Tomb, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007.
Merriam, Larry & Christopher Meriam. The Spiro Mound, A Photo Essay: Photographs from the Collection of Dr. Robert E. Bell, Oklahoma City: Merriam Station Books, 2004.
Pauketat, Timothy R. The Ascent of Chiefs: Cahokia and Mississippian Politics in Native North America, Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama, 1994.
Pauketat, Timothy R. Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians, London: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Pauketat, Timothy R. and Thomas E. Emerson (eds.). Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press: 1997.
Phillips, Philip & James Allison Brown. Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings from the Craig Mound at Spiro, Oklahoma, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum Press, 1984.
Reilly, F. Kent and James F. Garber (eds.). Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2007.
Townsend, Richard F. Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, Chicago, IL: Art Institute of Chicago, 2004.
External links
Spiro Mounds on Oklahoma Historical Society
Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center on TravelOK.com Official travel and tourism website for the State of Oklahoma
Spiro Mounds Information & Videos - Chickasaw.TV
Arkansas Antiquities
Spiro and the Arkansas Basin
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
Oklahoma Archeological Survey
Southernhistory.com
Spiromound.com
Destruction of Craig Mound
Spiro Mounds Bibliography
Caddoan Mississippian Culture
"Towns and Temples of the Mississippian Culture" (animation video)
The Spiro Mounds Site
Caddoan Mississippian culture
Mounds in the United States
Native American history of Oklahoma
Native American museums in Oklahoma
Museums in Le Flore County, Oklahoma
Archaeological museums in Oklahoma
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
Caddo
Protected areas of Le Flore County, Oklahoma
Parks in Oklahoma
Historic American Landscapes Survey in Oklahoma
Oklahoma Historical Society
National Register of Historic Places in Le Flore County, Oklahoma |
5379735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleeve%20Horne | Cleeve Horne | Arthur Edward Cleeve Horne, , (January 9, 1912 – July 5, 1998) was a Canadian portrait painter and sculptor.
Career
Born in Jamaica, British West Indies, Horne came to Canada with his parents in 1913. When he was around nine years of age, recovering from pneumonia, his mother gave him modelling clay to pass the time. He did a head of Shakespeare which won a prize at the Canadian National Exhibition. By age 15, he was exhibiting with the Royal Canadian Academy.
In Horne's early career, he wanted to become a portrait sculptor and studied under Dorothy Dick, a British sculptor (1927-1928). From 1931 to 1934, he attended the Ontario College of Art and Design, Toronto, first studying sculpture under Emanuel Hahn but soon changing to painting with J. W. Beatty. He also studied portrait and landscape painting under John Wentworth Russell (1934-1935). He was told by Emanuel Hahn, "A sculptor can never change his hand and become a painter." Horne, however, achieved much more acclaim as a painter than a sculptor.
Horne was primarily a society painter. He is thought to have painted over 400 portraits during his career ca.(1928–1991). His most notable subjects include Alexander Graham Bell, Claude Bissell, Bora Laskin, Pauline Mills McGibbon, Jeanne Sauvé, Colonel R. Samuel McLaughlin and John Diefenbaker among many others. He held his first exhibition in 1935, his second in 1937, and served as a camouflage officer in the army in the Second World War and retired with the rank of Captain. Cleeve Horne died at Toronto, Ontario, Canada of a respiratory-related illness in 1998.
Commissions
Alexander Graham Bell, Brantford, Ont., 1948;
Wm Shakespeare, Stratford, Ont., 1950;
War Memorial, Law Society Upper Canada, Osgoode Hall, Toronto, 1951;
bas-relief on Bank of Canada Building (Toronto), 1958.
Awards and honours
1934 Awarded the Lieutenant Governor's Medal for Painting at the Ontario College of Art (first recipient)
1963 Awarded the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada's Allied Arts Medal
1965 Awarded the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts Medal
1967 Awarded the Canadian Centennial Medal
1977 Awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal
1982 Awarded the Ontario Society of Artists Award
1992 Awarded the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal
1984 Appointment as "fellow", Ontario College of Art & Design
1987 Appointment to the Order of Ontario
1996 Appointment as officer of the Order of Canada
1999 Named "One of the Top 100 Portrait Artists of the 20th Century" by the Canadian Portrait Academy
Professional affiliations
Horne was a member of the Ontario Society of Artists and held the position of President from 1949-1951. He was also a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, Sculptors Society of Canada, the Canadian Portrait Academy and an Associate of the Ontario College of Art (AOCA).
Works
Personal life
Horne lived the majority of his life in Toronto. At the Ontario College of Art he met Jean Harris, a sculpture student; they married in 1939 and had three sons. The Hornes owned two houses that were both designed by prominent architectural firms. One was a permanent residence at 181 Balmoral Avenue in Toronto, built in 1952 and designed by Gordon Adamson. The other was a summer home at 1950 Concession 8 in Pickering, Ontario. The summer home was built in 1957 and designed by architects Michael Clifford and Kenneth Lawrie, and features a hyperbolic paraboloid roof.
Notes
External links
Official website
1912 births
1998 deaths
20th-century Canadian painters
Canadian male painters
Officers of the Order of Canada
Members of the Order of Ontario
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
Canadian portrait painters
20th-century Canadian sculptors
Jamaican emigrants to Canada
20th-century Canadian male artists |
4042987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokua%20Kanza | Lokua Kanza | Lokua Kanza (born April 1958) is a singer-songwriter from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He is known for his soulful, folksy sound.
Biography
Lokua Kanza was born Pascal Lokua Kanza in Bukavu in the province of Sud-Kivu, in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo. He is the eldest of eight children, with a Mongo father and a Tutsi mother from Rwanda. In 1964, the family went to live in Kinshasa in a middle class area, until the day when Pascal's father, a ship's captain, died. His mother then moved to a much poorer area of the city, and Pascal had to work to feed the family. As well as singing in churches. Lokua Kanza sings in French, Swahili, Lingala, Portuguese, and English. He was a coach in The Voice Afrique Francophone in 2016 and 2017.
Discography
Lokua Kanza (1993, Universal)
Wapi Yo (1995, BMG)
3 (1998, Universal)
Toyebi Te (2002, Universal)
Toto Bona Lokua (2004, No Format!) with Richard Bona & Gerald Toto
Plus Vivant (2005, Universal)
Nkolo (2010)
See also
Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
References
External links
BBC World Music Review of Toyebi Te
1958 births
Living people
People from South Kivu
Wrasse Records artists
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo male singers
Democratic Republic of the Congo songwriters
Democratic Republic of the Congo people of Rwandan descent
Mongo people
Tutsi people
20th-century Democratic Republic of the Congo male singers
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people |
5379739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantially%20equal%20periodic%20payments | Substantially equal periodic payments | Substantially equal periodic payments (SEPP) are one of the exceptions in the United States Internal Revenue Code that allows a retiree to receive payments before age 59 from a retirement plan or deferred annuity without the 10% early distribution penalty under certain circumstances.
Rules
The rules for SEPPs are set out in Code section 72(t) (for retirement plans) and section 72(q) (for annuities), and allow for three methods of calculating the allowed withdrawal amount:
Required minimum distribution method, based on the life expectancy of the account owner (or the joint life of the owner and his/her beneficiary) using the IRS tables for required minimum distributions.
Fixed amortization method over the life expectancy of the owner.
Fixed annuity method using an annuity factor from a reasonable mortality table.
The interest rate that can be used in the latter two calculations has been fixed at one not more than 120% of the Applicable Federal Mid Term rate (AFR) for either of the two months prior to the calculation. SEPP payments must continue for the longer of five years or until the account owner reaches 59. The payments cannot be changed beyond a one-time allowed change from one of the latter two calculation methods to the first or all of the payments received will be retroactively taxable and penalized.
If the retirement account owner withdraws more or less than the amount calculated under the SEPP formula, the 10% early distribution penalty that was waived would apply in all instances (where it was waived under the SEPP program), and interest on those amounts would also apply.
References
External links
IRS Publication 590 , Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs)
IRS Publication 575 , Pension and Annuity Income
Retirement plans in the United States
Personal taxes in the United States |
4042990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s%20Midwest | Macy's Midwest | Macy's Midwest, St. Louis, Missouri, is a former division of Macy's, Inc. It had operations in New York, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. It was created February 1, 2006 from a reorganization of the Famous-Barr division acquired August 30, 2005 with The May Department Stores Company. It also incorporated the Macy's stores operating in western Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh) and the majority of the Kaufmann's stores operated by Filene's. An additional realignment of store operations with Macy's South and Macy's North occurred July 30, 2006, with a further transfer of stores with Macy's South to occur by early 2007. On September 9, 2006, the Famous-Barr, L.S. Ayres, The Jones Store and Kaufmann's nameplates were phased out in favor of the nationally known Macy's. In 2008, Macy's Midwest merged with Macy's South to form Macy's Central. Macy's Central later merged with Macy's East and West and further consolidated with the holding company.
History
There was a prior division of R.H. Macy & Co., Inc. named Macy's Midwest, formed in 1981, headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri. It operated stores in Missouri, Kansas and Ohio. The former division itself was created from a consolidation of two Macy's divisions, Lasalle's (Toledo, Ohio) and Macy's Missouri-Kansas, in 1982. It was merged with Davison's, to form Macy's Atlanta on February 1, 1985. Its former Lasalle's stores were sold to Elder-Beerman in 1985 and its former Missouri-Kansas stores were sold to Dillard's in 1986.
Lasalle's (The Lasalle & Koch Co.) was purchased by R.H. Macy & Co. in 1923. It operated as a division of Macy's, with offices in the downtown Toledo Lasalle's store at 513 Adams Street, until the consolidation in 1982.
References
Macy's
2006 establishments in the United States |
4043000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quba%20Khanate | Quba Khanate | The Quba Khanate (also spelled Qobbeh; ) was one of the most significant semi-independent khanates that existed from 1747 to 1806, under Iranian suzerainty. It bordered Caspian sea to the east, Derbent Khanate to the north, Shaki Khanate to the west, and Baku and Shirvan Khanates to the south. In 1755 the khanate conquered Salyan from the Karabakh Khanate.
History
The khans of Quba were from the Qeytaq tribe, which was divided into two branches, the Majales and the Yengikend. The origin of the tribe is obscure. First attested in the 9th-century, only their chieftain and his family were Muslims, according to the historian al-Masudi (died 956). The chieftain bore the Turkic title of Salifan, as well as the title of Kheydaqan-shah. According to the 17th-century Ottoman historian, Evliya Çelebi (died 1682), the Qeytaq spoke Mongolian, but this was dismissed as a "hoax" by the Iranologist Vladimir Minorsky (died 1966), who demonstrated that Çelebi copied the alleged Mongolian speech of the Qeytab from the texts of Hamdallah Mustawfi (died after 1339/40). The German historian and orientalist, Josef Markwart (died 1930), quoting from a earlier source, refers to the chieftain as Adharnarse. The khans of Quba were descended from Hosein Khan of the Majales branch, who was given the governorship of Saleyan and Quba by Shah Soleiman () in the second half of the 1680s.
The khanate achieved its greatest prominence under Fath-Ali Khan, whose governorship lasted from 1758 to 1789. He seized Derbent, and divided Shirvan with Hosein Khan of Shaki.
After Fath Ali Khan's death, the khanate's influence declined. As a result of Mohammad Khan Qajar's conquests and the devastation it had brought, the Alliance of Northern khanates disintegrated. The khanate was conquered by Russia in 1806, and was fully incorporated into newly created Shamakha Governorate by 1846.
Population
The Quba Khanate was mainly populated by Tatars (later known as Azerbaijanis) and Tats. It was also populated by Armenians, Lezgins and Mountain Jews.
Khans
The khans of the Quba khanate were the following;
1747 – 1758 - Hossein-Ali Khan
1758 – 1789 - Fath-Ali Khan
1789 – 1791 - Ahmad Khan
1791 – 1806 - Shaykh-Ali Khan
See also
Khanates of the Caucasus
Russian conquest of the Caucasus
References
Sources
States and territories established in 1747
States and territories disestablished in 1806
History of Tats |
4043032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basavanagudi | Basavanagudi | Basavanagudi is a residential and commercial locality in the Indian city of Bangalore. It is located in South Bangalore, along the borders of Jayanagar. The name "Basavanagudi" refers to the Bull Temple, which contains a monolith statue of the Nandi Bull. The word Basava in Kannada means bull, and gudi means temple.Basavanagudi is one of the oldest and poshest areas of Bangalore. 4.6 km far from Bangalore City Railway Station and BMTC, and 38.7 km to Kempegowda International airport. The main commercial street of Basavanagudi is DVG Road, which is home to numerous retail businesses - several of them dating back to the 1920s and 1930s. Towards the middle of DVG Road is Gandhi Bazaar, known for its markets which sell fresh flowers, fruits, and vegetables. The neighbourhood includes several historic restaurants, notably Vidyarthi Bhavan, a vegetarian restaurant which was opened in 1943.
Parks
M. N. Krishna Rao Park
Bugle Rock
T. R. Shamanna Park
Armugam Circle Park
Dewan Madhav Rao Circle Park
Ramakrishna Square
Home School Circle
Tagore Circle
Nettakallappa Circle
Events
Kadlekai Parishe: Every year a two-day fair of peanuts is held near Dodda Ganeshana Gudi temple of Basavanagudi called Kadlekai Parishe, which translates to Groundnut Fair. Groundnuts are exhibited and sold during this event.
Bengaluru Ganesha Utsava: An annual event is held on the grounds of Acharya Pathasala Public School or National College, Bangalore celebrating Ganesh Chaturthi festival for over 10 days. The evenings are studded with cultural programmes by artists from all over India.
Education
The Indian Institute of World Culture, B P Wadia Road
Gokhale Institute of Public Affairs
B.M.S. College of Engineering
National College, Basavanagudi
Acharya Pathasala Public School
National School Basavanagudi
Vijaya College, R.V. Road, Basavanagudi
Sree Saraswathi Vidhya Mandir
Bangalore High School
Mahila Mandali Vidya Samsthe
Temples and religious places
Dodda Ganeshana Gudi
Ramakrishna Ashram/Math
Sri Mallikarjuna Swamy Temple
Kaaranji Anjaneya Swamy Temple
Uttaradhi Mutt
Sringeri Shankarmutt
Hanumanthana gudda(Ramanjaneya Gudda Temple)
Poornaprajna Vidyapeetha
Magadi Karnikara Patha Shaale
Sri Vyasaraja Mutt Sosale
Raghavendra Swamy Brindavana
Puthige Mutt
Jamia Masjid Mohammedan Block
Renukamba Temple, MN Krishna Rao Park
Ayyappa Swamy Temple
Jayatheertha Brindavana Sanidhana, PMK Road, Basavanagudi,
Notable residents
D. V. Gundappa — Kannada poet and writer; after whom the DVG Road is named
Mysore Suryanarayana Bhatta Puttanna — Author of Kannada literature
Anil Kumble — Former Indian cricketer and cricket coach
Hosur Narasimhaiah — Physicist, educator and activist
K. S. Nissar Ahmed — Kannada poet and writer
Masti Venkatesha Iyengar — Kannada poet and writer
P. Lankesh — Kannada Journalist
Ananth Kumar — Indian political leader
Srinath — Kannada actor
Sir M N Krishna Rao — Former acting Diwan of Mysore
References
Neighbourhoods in Bangalore |
4043040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%20Linda%27s%20Original%20Evening%20Birds | Solomon Linda's Original Evening Birds | Solomon Linda's Original Evening Birds was a South African vocal group formed by Solomon Linda in 1933. The band is known internationally for their song "Mbube" released in 1939, as it will be the origin of the hit "The Lion Sleeps Tonight". During their activity, they often took part in singing competitions, in which they were unbeatable, according to historian Veit Erlmann. The group disbanded in 1949 after Linda's wedding. They are the pioneers of the musical genres Mbube and Isicathamiya.
Partial discography
1938: Makasani/Mfo Ka Linda
1938: Ngqo Ngqongo Vula/Ngi Boni Sebeni
1939: Ntombi Ngangiyeshela (recorded c. 1938)/Hamba Pepa Lami
1939: Yetulisigqoko
1939: Mbube/Ngi Hambile (recorded c. 1938)
1939: Sangena Mama/Sohlangana
1939: Sengiyofela Pesheya/Ziyekele Mama
1940: Jerusalema (recorded c. 1940)/Basibizalonkizwe
1940: Sigonde 'Mnambiti (recorded c. 1939)/Bhamporo
1942: Ngazula Emagumeni (recorded c. 1941)/Gijima Mfana
1942: Ndaba Zika Linda/Ngiyomutshel'Ubaba
1944: Savumelana (recorded c. 1940)
References
Musical groups established in 1933
Musical groups disestablished in 1949 |
4043055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20holder | Film holder | A film holder is a accessory that holds one or more pieces of photographic film, for insertion into a camera or optical scanning device such as a dedicated film scanner or a flatbed scanner with film scanning capabilities. The widest use of the term refers to a device that holds sheet film for use in large format cameras, but it can also refer to various interchangeable devices in medium format or even 135 film camera systems.
Sheet film holders
The most common instance of film holder is the sheet film holder. Also referred to as a dark slide or double dark slide, they are flat devices, slightly larger than the films they hold, which commonly hold one sheet of film on each side. The plate holder, which is a very similar device, holds glass plates instead of sheet film. A dark slide, from which the device derives its alternate name, is simply a dark cover that slides into a recess in the holder to protect the film (or plate) from exposure to light. Many dark slides have differently colored bands or handles on each side, one usually light and the other dark, so the photographer can distinguish between exposed and unexposed film.
Traditionally, sheet film and glass plate holders have been made out of wood. Wooden holders, properly treated, can last a very long time, and apart from possible warpage, many very old specimens are still in service. Some companies continue to make wood models today, particularly for more uncommon film sizes, and as many are mostly handmade, they can be quite expensive. The majority of new sheet film holders are now made out of plastic.
When using a sheet film holder, the device is inserted into the camera, often a view camera, and the dark slide is withdrawn, making the film available for exposure. After the exposure has been made, the dark slide is reinserted into the film holder, and the device is removed from the camera for later processing of the exposed film.
Multi-sheet holders
Some film holders can hold more than two sheets. One of the most common is the Grafmatic, manufactured by Graflex, which holds six sheets of film in individual septums. They were available in "23" and "45" models, corresponding to 6×9 cm (2×3 inches) and 4×5 inch sheets. It takes little effort to quickly cycle through all six sheets, which makes the Grafmatic ideal for press camera usage. Burke & James produced a similar device called the Kinematic, which holds 10 sheets, though was only available in 4×5 inch format.
Graflex also produced the Film Magazine. It is commonly referred to as a "bag magazine" (or "bag mag"), and uses a leather bag that hangs on the side of the frame to exchange the septums from front to back. It is a much more manual device than the Grafmatic, as exchanging a septum is done manually through the bag, rather than by a simple manipulation of the magazine's dark slide. They were sold in separate versions for film and glass plates, and held 12-18 sheets/plates, depending on the model. They are found in 3×4, 4×5, and 5×7 inch formats.
Though all are superficially similar (a "bag mag" film (not plate) septum is the same thickness as a Grafmatic septum, but has slightly different width and length; a Kinematic septum appears almost identical to a Grafmatic septum but is in fact considerably thinner) in fact use of a septum from a different type of holder in any of these multi-sheet holders is very likely to jam the entire magazine and bend internal parts, which can then damage yet another holder if used with it. As replacement parts are no longer available one must be careful not to interchange pieces of different types of multi-sheet holders.
Fuji created a 4×5 system in the late 1990s called QuickChange, which is somewhat similar to a Grafmatic in principle. It is made of plastic rather than metal, making it lighter, and less prone to bent septums, but also less durable. It can hold 8 shots, and inserts are purchased already loaded with film. Though not sold as such, these inserts can be reloaded a limited number of times with standard sheet film. Because, like Grafmatic or "bag mag" holders, the Fuji holders used sheet film of normal thickness, they offered higher image quality than the older "film packs" (see below), but never became widely popular before digital imaging brought much production of traditional large-format materials to a halt.
Film pack holders
Graflex and Polaroid produced film pack holders that could be loaded in subdued light. Film packs were available from various film manufacturers in 12 and 16-sheet units. The classic film pack consisted of several "sheets" of film (actually much thinner than standard sheet film, as they were cut from large-format roll film, for economy and physical flexibility) taped together and wound in a series of S-bends around a metal frame. To "advance" the film, the user pulled a paper tab that protruded from the side of the film pack. The tab was attached—facing the opposite direction—to the junction of each sheet and its intervening section of tape. The thin film and only slight tension this system provided resulted in poor film flatness, and negatives are often sharp enough only for contact printing. They were primarily used by press photographers, and demand fell off dramatically as photojournalists converted to roll film cameras.
According to former Kodak employees at the Eastman House photographic museum, Kodak stopped producing film packs when the last employee trained to assemble them (which required working with the very sharp metal frame in total darkness) retired in the 1980s. This rendered all traditional film pack holders in the world obsolete at once. Polaroid film packs, though mechanically similar, are not (and never were) available in standard film sizes. The Fuji QuickChange system was sometimes referred to as a film pack system but, as noted above, was a mechanical multi-sheet holder.
Instant film holders
Polaroid produced the widest range of instant sheet and pack film, but discontinued all production in 2008, leaving Fujifilm as the only producer of instant film and backs. The Polaroid 545, the lighter and more modern 545i, and the 545 Pro backs were 4×5 inch instant sheet film holders that many photographers used. New55 Holdings, LLC started producing a black and white P/N film for the 545 and 545i backs. This new instant sheet film produces a black and white negative and a positive image. The older Polaroid 550 packfilm back can take Fuji FP-100C film (3.25x4.25 inches), which was the last product of this type and was discontinued in February 2016. Polaroid also produced 8×10 inch film holders and films. Polaroid produced 10-sheet 4×5 inch instant film packs and holders.
Preloaded systems
Some 4×5 inch films come in light-tight envelopes that can be loaded into a special holder in daylight. The envelopes are much smaller and lighter than a dark-slide loaded with film, so a photographer can carry a larger quantity of film than the same amount of film in dark-slides. Fuji Quickload TM film and holders, and Kodak Readyload TM film and holders, are of this type. These have not been manufactured for several years, although old stock may sometimes be sold online. New55 Holdings, LLC has started producing a variety of Ready Loads called 1SHOT TM for the preloaded systems, these include Black and white negative, color negative and color slide films.
Rollfilm holders
Film holders that adapt rollfilm to sheet film cameras are usually called film backs. Film backs for 4×5 inch cameras are particularly common—there is little point in taking 6×9 cm pictures on a camera. Horseman, Linhof, Graflex, and other manufacturers have made roll film holders in 6×7, 6×8, 6×9, 6×12, and 6×17 cm formats. Some models can slip under the ground glass like a normal sheet film holder, while others require that the photographer replace the ground glass with the roll holder.
Medium format film holders
Film holders are available as accessories for some medium format cameras. The most usual case is the Polaroid back taking instant film, often used to check exposure values, color rendition, etc. before taking final photographs on conventional film.
Several of the types of holders made for large format film, including darkslide sheet holders, Grafmatic multi-sheet holders, the Graflex bag mag, and film packs were also manufactured in medium format sizes, almost always 2"×3" (6×9 cm). Press camera manufacturers often produced smaller versions of their 4×5 cameras in this size, often called "23", and while later versions of these cameras could use rollfilm adaptors, these were not widely available until almost 1950, and were expensive in their first years of production.
Sheet film or glass plate holders for medium format rollfilm cameras can be found, but are of mainly historical interest. Some rollfilm cameras have interchangeable backs to accommodate different film types. Some 35mm cameras have motorised backs that hold longer than normal film lengths, with a mechanism that automatically advances the film after each exposure.
See also
Film formats
Film scanner
Large format
Medium format
Photographic plate
Sheet film
References
External links
Grafmatic sheet film holders from Graflex.org
Graflex Film Magazines from Graflex.org
Discussion of B&J Kinematic holders including a scan of the Burke & James catalog
Some Graflex accessories
All about usable and unusable Sheet Film Holders
Film formats
Photography equipment
Holders |
4043057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th%20General%20Assembly%20of%20Nova%20Scotia | 58th General Assembly of Nova Scotia | The 58th General Assembly of Nova Scotia represented Nova Scotia from 1999 to 2003, its membership being set in the 1999 Nova Scotia election. The Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia, under John Hamm, held the most seats and thus formed the government.
Division of seats
List of members
Notes
Russell MacLellan resigned in 2001, Cecil Clarke subsequently won the by-election.
Don Downe resigned before an election was called.
58
1999 establishments in Nova Scotia
2003 disestablishments in Nova Scotia |
4043071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Nicholson%20%28disambiguation%29 | Samuel Nicholson (disambiguation) | Samuel Nicholson (1743–1811) was an officer in the Continental Navy and the United States Navy.
Samuel Nicholson may also refer to:
Samuel Nicholson (merchant) (1738–1827), English wholesale haberdasher and banker
Samuel Caldwell Nicholson (died 1891), British trade unionist
Samuel D. Nicholson (1859–1923), United States Senator from Colorado
Sam Nicholson (born 1995), Scottish footballer
See also
Nicholson (name) |
4043097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Kempster | André Kempster | Major André Gilbert Kempster, (26 October 1916 – 21 August 1943), born André Gilberto Coccioletti, was awarded the George Cross posthumously "...in recognition of most conspicuous gallantry in carrying out hazardous work in a very brave manner" for an act of self-sacrifice in Algeria during the Second World War.
21 August 1943
On 21 August 1943, near Philippeville [Skikda], Major Kempster was instructing two fellow soldiers how to throw hand grenades from a practice pit. A grenade, which had been thrown by Major Kempster, rolled back into the pit. He attempted to scoop the grenade out of the pit but failed to do so. By this time detonation was due. Without hesitation Major Kempster threw himself on the grenade just before it exploded and received fatal injuries. This act undoubtedly saved the lives of the two other occupants of the pit.
George Cross citation
Kempster's George Cross citation appeared in the London Gazette on 9 November 1943:
Sale of medal
Major Kempster's George Cross was sold by Spinks on 28 March 1995 for an expected price of £2,800 – £3,200.
References
External links
André Gilbert Kempster on the George Cross database
1916 births
1943 deaths
People educated at Cheltenham College
Duke of Wellington's Regiment officers
British recipients of the George Cross
British Army personnel killed in World War II
Royal Armoured Corps officers
Military personnel from London |
5379742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Cheng | Kevin Cheng | Kevin Cheng Ka-wing (born 15 August 1969) is a Hong Kong American actor and singer who is currently under the management of the Hong Kong television network TVB. Cheng rose to fame in late 2004 after playing his first lead role in the TVB drama Hard Fate.
He is best known for his role as "L.A. Law" in the 2011 TVB legal drama Ghetto Justice, which earned him a TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actor and Asian Television Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role.
Early life
Cheng was born in San Francisco, California, but spent most of his childhood in Hong Kong. He attended Pun U Association Wah Yah Primary School, Wah Yan College, the Hong Kong International School, and Alhambra High School in the United States. During his school days, his mother sent him back to China, where he lived with his uncle for two years before returning to Hong Kong after his mother changed her mind about migrating to the United States. He completed his high school education in Canada. He pursued a civil engineering degree at the California State University in Los Angeles, but did not finish his studies because his father died and he wanted to move back to Hong Kong to be with his mother.
Career
1993–2005
When Cheng was 16 years old, he participated in a singing contest organised by the Hong Kong television network TVB but dropped out halfway because he felt that he was not ready to be a singer at that time. Later, after he moved back to Hong Kong in his early 20s, he decided to continue his pursuit of a singing career. He signed a contract with the record label PolyGram in 1993 and released his first album in the same year to mixed reviews. He was seen as a newcomer with good potential and managed to win several Best New Artist awards in 1994. Cheng's manager later helped him launch his career in the Taiwanese entertainment industry. In Taiwan, Cheng released several Mandarin albums and acted in some television dramas, but all of them were only moderately successful..
Cheng was noticed by Mediacorp after he portrayed the villain "Jiang Yulang" in the 1999 Taiwanese television series The Legendary Siblings. He returned to Hong Kong and signed a management contract with TVB in the following year and started playing minor roles in some television series produced by the network. In 2004, he played a leading role for the first time in the TVB drama Hard Fate.
2006–2010
Cheng soared to popularity after portraying "Alan Shum" in the 2006 romantic drama Under the Canopy of Love, for which he also won the TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actor that year. His singing career also gradually improved after the Taiwanese musician Liu Chia-chang composed a single, "Helpless" (無可奈何), for him. In the same year, he also released a Cantonese compilations album and held his very first mini concert. Niki Chow, Raymond Lam and Miriam Yeung were among the guest singers who appeared at his concert.
Cheng had another critical breakthrough role in the 2007 crime drama The Ultimate Crime Fighter, in which he played the villain "Aaren Chong" and earned glowing reviews for his performance. In the 2008 thriller-suspense drama Last One Standing, his portrayal of the ex-convict "Sing Hei" earned him further critical acclaim and widespread praise from viewers. He was also one of the top five nominees for the TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actor in 2008, but the award went to the veteran TVB actor Ha Yu.
In 2010 Cheng took up the role of 8th Prince in Startling by Each Step (Bu Bu Jing Xin) which later brought his career to greater heights and has since gained him recognition in China.
2011-present
In 2011, Cheng clinched the "Best Actor" award for his role in the legal drama Ghetto Justice at the 16th Asian Television Awards (ATA) as well as winning the Best Actor award at the 2011 TVB Anniversary Award.
In 2016, Cheng starred in the drama Blue Veins, in which he played the role of undead human and vampire hunter, Ying Wut-zoek, who had been given super powered immortals during 500 years ago.
In 2021, Cheng starred in the medical drama Kid’s Lives Matter, for which he is placed among the top 5 nominees for the Best Actor at the 2021 TVB Anniversary Award.
Personal life
On 12 August 2018, after much speculation, Cheng married his girlfriend of three years, actress and Miss Hong Kong 2013 Grace Chan, in Bali, Indonesia. Their son Rafael Cheng was born in February 2019.
Filmography
Films
Television dramas
Discography
Albums
TVB drama songs
Others
Awards
TVB Anniversary Awards
Won
Nominated
Others
References
External links
Kevin Cheng Official TVB Profile
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | TVB Anniversary Awards
|-
|-
|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | Asian Television Awards
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | My AOD Favourites Awards
1969 births
Living people
Male actors from the San Francisco Bay Area
Alumni of Wah Yan
American emigrants to Hong Kong
American people of Hong Kong descent
Hong Kong male film actors
Hong Kong male singers
Hong Kong male television actors
Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area
People from Nanhai District
TVB veteran actors
20th-century American male actors
20th-century Hong Kong male actors
21st-century Hong Kong male actors
21st-century American male actors
American born Hong Kong artists |
4043105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Avenue%20%28Los%20Angeles%29 | Western Avenue (Los Angeles) | Western Avenue is a major four-lane street in the city of Los Angeles (west of Downtown) and through the center portion of Los Angeles County, California. It is one of the longest north–south streets in Los Angeles city and county, apart from Sepulveda Boulevard. It is about long.
Description
Western Avenue passes through a large diversity of residential neighborhoods in Los Angeles County. From the south, where it transitions into Paseo Del Mar near White Point and the Pacific Ocean, it begins in San Pedro, then passes through Rancho Palos Verdes, Harbor City, Gardena and South Los Angeles. It is also the easternmost border of Torrance.
Around the Pico Boulevard, Olympic Boulevard, and Wilshire Boulevard intersections, Western Avenue passes through Koreatown. Further north, Western Avenue passes through the East Hollywood district. Around the Santa Monica Boulevard, Sunset Boulevard, and Hollywood Boulevard intersections, it passes through the East Hollywood neighborhoods of Little Armenia and Thai Town.
The northern terminus of Western is north of Franklin Avenue in the Los Feliz district, at the base of the Hollywood Hills. The road curves east becoming Los Feliz Boulevard, a major east/west thoroughfare through Los Feliz to the Golden State Freeway and from there into the city of Glendale.
Another Western Avenue begins north of Griffith Park and is located in the San Fernando Valley area of Glendale. Its southwest terminus is nearly due north of where Los Angeles' Western Avenue transitions into Los Feliz Boulevard.
California State Route 213 is designated as the portion of Western Avenue from Interstate 405 to 25th Street, in San Pedro.
California State Route 258 is designated as the portion of Western Avenue from Interstate 405 to the Hollywood Freeway US 101.
History
The street derives its name from its history as the westernmost border of Los Angeles city limits in the 19th century, before annexations in the early 20th century expanded the city westward and onwards.
In 1923, Alejandro Borquez opened the Sonora Cafe on Western. The café, which in 1927 changed its name to El Cholo Spanish Cafe,
is credited with the invention of the burrito.
Public transit
Metro subway and at-grade stations
Western Avenue is served by three metro Los Angeles Metro Rail stations:
Hollywood Boulevard on the B Line
Wilshire Boulevard on the D Line
Exposition Boulevard on the E Line
Metro Local
Metro Local lines 205 and 207, and Gardena Transit line 2 operate on Western Avenue.
Metro local line 207 runs between Hollywood Boulevard and Imperial Highway.
Gardena Line 2 runs between Imperial Highway and Pacific Coast Highway
Metro line 205 runs between Pacific Coast Highway and 1st Street in San Pedro.
References
External links
YouTube: Western Avenue (Melrose to Pico) Los Angeles
Streets in Los Angeles
Streets in Los Angeles County, California
Central Los Angeles
East Hollywood, Los Angeles
Lomita, California
South Los Angeles
Red-light districts in California |
4043107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagitec%20Design | Imagitec Design | Imagitec Design was a video games development company founded in 1989, based in the UK. The main person involved was Barry Leitch, who worked as a composer for many of the company's soundtracks.
Imagitec Design interacted with other companies such as Atari Corporation, Gremlin Interactive, and Electronic Arts. In early 1997 Imagitec was purchased by Gremlin and became part of Gremlin Interactive Studios.
Games
American Gladiators
Butcher Hill
Blood Valley
Bubsy in Fractured Furry Tales
Combo Racer
Daemonsgate
Dwagons - Unreleased Mega Drive game
Freelancer 2120 - Unreleased Atari Jaguar CD game
The Gadget Twins
Gemini Wing
The Humans
I-War
Netherworld
Prophecy I - The Viking Child
Raiden
Ratpack
Snow White: Happily Ever After
Space Junk - Unfinished Atari Falcon game
Stratego
Suspicious Cargo
Tempest 2000
Viking Child
Zone Warrior
References
External links
Defunct video game companies of the United Kingdom
Video game companies established in 1989
Video game companies disestablished in 1995 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.