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5378763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hiding%20Place%20%28biography%29 | The Hiding Place (biography) | The Hiding Place is a 1971 book on the life of Corrie ten Boom, written by ten Boom and John and Elizabeth Sherrill.
The idea for a book about ten Boom's life began as the Sherrills were doing research for the book, God's Smuggler, about ten Boom's fellow Dutchman, Andrew van der Bijl. Ten Boom was already in her mid-70s when the Sherrills first heard about her. She was one of van der Bijl's favourites traveling companions, and many of his recollections are about her. In the preface to the book, the Sherrills recount:
...his [Brother Andrew's] fascinating stories about her in Vietnam, where she had earned that most honourable title "Double-old Grandmother" - and in a dozen other Communist countries - came to mind so often that we finally had to hold up her hands to stop his flow of reminiscence. "We could never fit her into the book," we said. "She sounds like a book in herself." It's the sort of thing you say. Not meaning anything.
The book was later made into a film of the same name, along with a comic book adaptation by Spire Christian Comics.
The title refers to both the physical hiding place where the ten Boom family hid Jews from the Nazis and also to the Scriptural message found in Psalm 119:114: "Thou art my hiding place and my shield...."
Plot
The book begins with the ten Boom family celebrating the 100th anniversary of the family business; they sell and repair watches under the family's elderly father, Casper ten Boom. The business takes up the ground floor of the family home, known as the Béjé. Casper lives with his unmarried daughters, Corrie, the narrator and a watchmaker herself, and Betsie, who takes care of the house. It seems as if everyone in the Dutch town of Haarlem has shown up to the party, including Corrie's sister Nollie, her brother Willem, and her nephews Peter and Kik. Willem, a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church, brings a Jewish man, who has just escaped from Germany. The man's beard has been burned off by some thugs, a grim reminder of what was happening just to the east of the Netherlands.
In the next few chapters, Corrie talks about her childhood, her infirm but glad-hearted mother, and the three aunts who once lived in the Béjé. She talks about the only man she ever loved, a young man named Karel, who ultimately married a woman from a rich family.
Eventually, both Nollie and Willem marry. After the deaths of Corrie's mother and aunts, Corrie, Betsie, and their father settle down into a pleasant domestic life. Then, in 1940, the Nazis invade the Netherlands.
The family has strong morals based on Christian beliefs and feel obligated to help the Jews in every way possible. The Béjé soon became the centre of a major anti-Nazi operation. Corrie, who had grown to think of herself as a middle-aged spinster, finds herself involved in black market operations, using stolen ration cards, and eventually hiding Jews in her own home.
Corrie suffers a moral crisis over the lying, theft, forgery and bribery that are necessary to keep the Jews that her family is hiding. Moreover, it is unlikely that her family would get away with helping Jews for long, as they had nowhere to hide them. The Dutch underground arranges for a secret room to be built in the Béjé so that the Jews would have a place to hide during an inevitable raid.
It is a constant struggle for Corrie to keep the Jews safe; she sacrifices her own safety and part of her own personal room to give constant safety to the Jews. Rolf, a police officer friend, trains her to be able to think clearly anytime when the Nazis invade her home and start to question her.
When a man asks Corrie to help his wife who had been arrested, Corrie agrees, but with misgivings. As it turns out, the man is a spy and the watch shop is raided. The entire family is arrested, along with the shop employees, but the Jews managed to hide in the secret room.
Casper is now in his mid-80s and a Nazi official offers to let him go if he agrees to cause no more trouble. Casper does not agree and states that if he is set free, he will return home and help the first person who asks him for it. He is shipped to prison, and it was later learned that he had died 10 days later.
Meanwhile, Corrie was sent to Scheveningen, a Dutch prison used by the Nazis for political prisoners, nicknamed '"Oranjehotel"', a hotel for people loyal to the House of Orange. She later learns that her sister is being held in another cell and that aside from her father, all of her other family members and friends have been released. A coded letter from Nollie reveals that the hidden Jews are safe. At Scheveningen, Corrie befriends a depressed Nazi officer, who arranges a brief meeting with her family under the pretense of reading Casper's will. Corrie is horrified to see how ill Willem is, as he contracted jaundice in prison and would die from it in 1946. Corrie also learns that her nephew, Kik, was captured while he worked for the Dutch underground. He is later killed, but the family does not learn that until 1953.
After four months at Scheveningen, Corrie and Betsie are transferred to Vught, a concentration camp for political prisoners in the Netherlands. Corrie is assigned to a factory that makes radios for aircraft. The work is not hard, and the prisoner-foreman, Mr. Moorman, is kind. Betsie, whose health is starting to fail, is sent to work sewing prison uniforms.
When a counteroffensive against the Nazis seems imminent, the prisoners are shipped by train to Germany, where they are imprisoned at Ravensbrück, a notorious women's concentration camp. The conditions there are hellish; both Corrie and Betsie are forced to perform backbreaking manual labour. There, Betsie's health completely fails. Throughout the ordeal, Corrie is amazed at her sister's faith. In every camp, the sisters use a hidden Bible to teach their fellow prisoners about Jesus.
In Ravensbrück, where there is only hatred and misery, Corrie finds it hard to look to Heaven. Betsie, however, shows a universal love for everyone: not only the prisoners but also the Nazis. Instead of feeling anger, she pities the Germans and is sorrowful that they were so blinded by hatred. She yearns to show them the love of Christ, but dies before the war was over. Corrie is later released because of a clerical error, but she is forced to stay in a hospital barracks while she recovers from edema. Corrie arrives back in the Netherlands by January 1945.
After the war, Corrie works with people who were damaged by the war, both the victims of the persecution and the Nazis themselves.
References
Sources
1971 non-fiction books
Biographies adapted into films
Dutch culture
Collaborative non-fiction books
Personal accounts of the Holocaust
World War II memoirs |
5378796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenijus%20Maldeikis | Eugenijus Maldeikis | Eugenijus Maldeikis (born 27 August 1958, in Anykščiai) is a Lithuanian politician.
Maldeikis served twice as Lithuanian Minister of Economy, during Paksas Cabinet I in 1999, and as part of Paksas Cabinet II from 2000 to 2001. His second stint as economics minister overlapped with his tenure on the Eighth Seimas of Lithuania which began in 2000. From 2003, the Seimas appointed Maldeikis a Lithuanian observer to the European Union. After the death of Rolandas Pavilionis, Maldeikis replaced him as a member of the European Parliament from 18 May 2006 until 2009. While serving on the European Parliament, Maldeikis represented the Lithuanian Liberal Democratic Party within the Union for Europe of the Nations parliamentary group.
Eugenijus Maldeikis was married to Aušra Maldeikienė, who served on the Seimas from 2016 to 2019, when she was elected to the European Parliament. Their firstborn son Matas Maldeikis was elected to the Seimas in 2020.
References
Eugenijus MALDEIKIS. European Parliament.
1958 births
Living people
Order and Justice MEPs
MEPs for Lithuania 2004–2009
People from Anykščiai
Ministers of Economy of Lithuania
Members of the Seimas |
5378811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumbakkam | Arumbakkam | Arumbakkam is a residential locality in Chennai.
The locality
Arumbakkam is notable for D G Vaishnav College. The Chennai Bottling Company (popularly known as the Gold Spot Company) was located here, which has now been converted into a car dealership. The locality is surrounded by Koyambedu, Aminjikarai and Anna Nagar. Other important locations are the Varadharraja Perumal Temple (built 500 years ago) and the Vinayagar Temple.
The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) is located here. The Jai Nagar park and the State Election Commission of India, the headquarters of the Tamil Nadu Election Commission, are located opposite the CMBT.
The area is relatively rich in ground water, and it is said that this area was a mango-cultivating area until around 1960. This area falls under the Central Chennai constituency. It is a low-lying area and used to get waterlogged frequently till the late 1990s, after which improvements in the storm water drainage system, has considerably reduced waterlogging.
Location in context
Areas of Interest
Hospitals
Smile Zone Dental Clinic
Siva Medicals, Valluvar Salai
Prakash Dental Centre
Kavitha Neuro Clinic
Dr.Raj's Advanced Dental & Implant Centre
Tamil Nadu Alluarjun fans association office
Speed Medical Centre & Hospitals
Indian Hospital
Appaswamy Hospital
Vasanthi Orthaeopadics
Temples
Sri Panchali Amman Temple
Sri Aadhi Parasakthi Amman Temple
Sri Vethapureeswara Sivan temple
Sri Sundara Vinayagar Temple
Sri Bala Vinayagar Temple
Sri Sathya Varadharaja Perumal Temple
Sri Uthaantchiyamman Temple
Sri Muthu Mariyamman Temple
Muthumariamman Temple
Nagathammal Temple
Santha Perumal Temple
Sri Devi Elankaliamman Temple
Periathupalai Amman Koil
Residencial Colonies
Jaganathan Nagar
SBI Officers Colony
SBI Staff Colony
Jai Nagar
Mangali Nagar
MMDA Colony
Mall
Megamart on P.H. road
Churches
Blessing Worship Centre -(Behind Vasanthi Orthopaedic Hospital and M.R Hospital)
ECI church
Assemblies of God Arumbakkam
Miracle healing center
Mosques
In PH road, opposite to pollution control board
Peter Raja St., opposite to Anna Arch
MGR st., MMDA Colony
Educational institutions
Schools
MMDA, Government Higher Secondary School
Kola Perumal Chetty Vaishnav Senior Secondary School (CBSE)
Narayana E-Techno School(CBSE)
Srimathi Maharanibai Jamunadoss Vaishnav Higher Secondary School
Good Hope Matriculation Higher Secondary School
National Star Matriculation Higher Secondary School
Ambal Matriculation School
Daniel Thomas Matric. Hr. Sec. School
Mohammad Sathak Matriculation higher secondary school.
Colleges
D.G.Vaishnav College( Arts & Science).
Archietrctural Sites
Anna Arch (built by MGR in memory of his mentor C.N. Annadurai)
Anna Arch Fly over
Other Important Landmarks
In Arumbakkam
Jai Nagar park opposite CMBT
Tamil Nadu pollution control board (TNPCB) in PH road
Chennai Metro Rail Limited has started its construction work in Arumbakkam with the pile foundation work
Arumbakkam will also have its own Metro Station (somewhere between SAF Games Village and Radha regent)
Tamil Nadu Election Commission has opened its brand new office in arumbakkam opposite CMBT
The Arumbakkam Koyambedu Roundabout was converted into a Multi Level, Partial Cloverleaf grade separator in 2011
Around Arumbakkam
Chennai Moffusil Bus Terminus (CMBT), one of Asia's Largest Bus Terminus, is just across the 100 feet Road opposite to Arumbakkam.
Ampa Skywalk, a Shopping Mall opened on the Nelson Manickam Road — P.H.Road Junction.
A flyover is built in this junction to ease the traffic.
Ozone Mall is another mall that is coming up in Anna Nagar and is very close to the Arumbakkam Koyambedu Roundana
Neighbourhoods in Chennai |
5378813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoxichilidiidae | Phoxichilidiidae | Phoxichilidiidae is a family of sea spiders. About 150 species are described, almost all in the genus Anoplodactylus Wilson, 1878.
References
PycnoBase: World list of Pycnogonida
Pycnogonids
Chelicerate families |
5378832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD%20Live%21 | AMD Live! | AMD LIVE! is the name of Advanced Micro Devices' initiative in 2005 aimed at gathering the support of professional musicians and other media producers behind its hardware products. The primary focus of this initiative was the Opteron server- and workstation-class central processing units (CPUs).
AMD subsequently extended AMD LIVE! into a platform marketing initiative focusing the consumer electronics segment in 2006 and focused on performance segment desktop-class processors. AMD LIVE! for consumer electronics segment was announced on January 4, 2006 officially through press release.
The AMD LIVE! is an initiative, which can be divided into two parts, one in terms of software and the other, computer hardware. The software portion focuses on users' internet and multimedia experiences, while the hardware sector focuses on the ability of a system to handle multimedia files and the convergence of consumer electronics (CE) and personal computing (PC) into one computer chassis.
Features
AMD LIVE! features away mode (as supported by motherboards), the system hibernates when user is not using, and powers up quickly when needed. The AMD LIVE! also includes a selection of software aimed to enhance the digital entertainment experience named as AMD LIVE! Entertainment Suite, see software section for details.
Hardware configurations
AMD LIVE! PC
According to AMD, the minimum requirements of an AMD LIVE! PC platform are as follows:
Dual-core and quad-core AMD processors
Athlon 64 X2 / Athlon X2 4200+ or above
Athlon 64 FX except FX-70 series
Phenom series processors
PSU with cooling fan and heatsink
1 GB DDR2 RAM
SATA hard disks with recommended NCQ support
For FX processor series based systems, RAID array of 2 or more SATA hard disks is required
DVD+/-RW optical disc drive
Graphic card supporting Aero graphics
For FX series processors based systems, dual or multi graphics card configuration is required (SLI or CrossFire)
Display output: VGA, DVI, HDMI with optional HDCP
Up to 7.1 Surround Sound output (optional: S/PDIF output)
Microsoft Windows XP Media Center Edition or Windows Vista Home Premium or Ultimate
Recommended components:
Wireless keyboard and pointer device (mouse)
TV tuner (ATI HDTV Wonder/TV Wonder, OpenCable)
Optional components:
Remote control
Gigabit Ethernet
Wireless network connectivity: 802.11g or a combination of 802.11a/g
AMD announced the AMD LIVE! will feature support for Blu-rays and HD DVDs in third quarter of 2007.
AMD LIVE! Notebook PC
Announced in CES 2007, the AMD LIVE! Notebook PC requires:
AMD Turion 64 X2 CPU
Other system components follow the guidelines of subsequent AMD mobile platforms starting from codenamed Kite platform, systems with the platform will be qualified for a better by design sticker as the shown on the right.
AMD LIVE! Home Cinema System
Originally launched at CES in 2007, AMD LIVE! Home Cinema was a platform that combines the functionality of a PC with that of a Home Theater system that integrates a high performance amplifier (up to 5.1 channels) allowing owners to access and store high definition content such as movies and broadcasts, along with DVR/PVR functionality, photos and slide slows, music and internet content out of a single device.
AMD has also pushed an MCE system design named "AMD Home Cinema B media center", which is a collaborative project with MCE system builders, including AMD hardware (AMD processors, ATI Radeon graphics with hardware High-definition video decoding) and pre-installed with Windows Vista Home Premium, and AMD branded chassis (manufactured by ACE computers), to be released in 2007.
The AMD LIVE! Home Cinema system has the following specifications:
AMD Athlon 64 X2 CPU
ATI TV Wonder Digital Cable Tuner
Integrated 5-channel surround sound class-D amplifier system (with at least 100 Watts output/channel)
Mandatory requirement for an infra-red remote control
Systems including the MSI Media LIVE Bermuda and Asus BVI reference design, Alienware, and ASUS.
Maui platform
AMD's latest product in this line up is the "Maui" platform. Working in conjunction with Intersil's D2Audio and MSI, one of the productized version of the platform became the MSI's Media Live Diva platform.
The platform has the following updated specifications:
AMD RS780 chipset
Supporting the full HD Video resolution specifications, including 1080p, 1080i and 720p
Capable of playing back Blu-rays
The MSI Media Live Diva platform involve the integration of the DAE-3 chip into the motherboard design. This allows MSI to offer this platform with either a 5 channel amplifier add in card or a 7 channel pre amplifier add in card.
AMD LIVE! Media Server
Another item announced in CES 2007 is the AMD LIVE! Media Server, systems including the HP MediaSmart Media server.
Specifications including:
Running on Microsoft Windows Home Server
AMD Sempron processors
DTX form factor motherboard
RAID functionality
AMD LIVE! Ultra PC/AMD LIVE! Ultra notebook PC
Announced in CES 2008, the AMD LIVE! Ultra PC and the AMD LIVE! Ultra notebook PC utilizes a complete high-end AMD platform which complies with the codenamed Spider/Cartwheel desktop platform or the codenamed Puma mobile platform, what differs from the previous systems is that the requirement for in-house graphics products became mandatory while the system requires more high-end and more powerful products, but the other requirements of the AMD LIVE! Ultra PC remained the same as the others. A new better by design sticker for AMD LIVE! Ultra PC was also released.
The specifications of the system including:
Multi-core AMD Phenom processor or Turion Ultra processor
ATI Radeon HD 2000/3000 family of graphics products (including Mobility Radeon HD 2000/3000 series)
May also include integrated graphics
(Optional) ATI CrossFire technology
AMD chipsets
Other requirements of the AMD LIVE! PC
Software
AMD LIVE! Entertainment Suite
A selection of software to provide additional features to enhance online multimedia experiences, listed as follows:
On Demand by Orb Networks software - TV recording and sharing software
Compress - Video Compression Software that compress videos up to one tenth of the original size
Network Magic - Network surveillance and management software
LogMeIn - Remote Access software
Media Vault - 25GB of free online storage
Communicator powered by SightSpeed - Instant messaging software
Games powered by WildTangent
KidRocket - Web browser for kids which filters inappropriate materials.
Several additional software and services were announced in CES 2007, listed below:
PodShow TV
MyTV ToGo powered by Roxio
Fusion Tunes powered by Proxure
MCE Backup powered by Proxure
TV Genie powered by Proxure
Digital Courier powered by YouSendIt
AMD LIVE! Explorer
Back in AMD Technology Analyst Day 2007, AMD had shown a prototype of a centralized GUI for AMD LIVE! for easy control and management of AMD LIVE! exclusive contents. The software was later named as AMD LIVE! Explorer and the beta testing version was released during CES 2008 and available for download. The software features a centralized "Live! mode" 3D panorama interface called "Carousel" for browsing images, albums and videos as thumbnails. The application also includes an embedded browser, with picture-in-picture mode for watching videos while surfing the web at the same time.
Related initiatives
AMD LIVE! Ready
Prior to the beginning of CeBIT 2007 in Hanover, Germany on March 15, 2007, AMD has announced the "AMD LIVE! ready" program, for other peripherals or system components, items which are certified for AMD Live! systems can include the AMD LIVE! Ready program logo (shown on the right) on the package to allow customers to identify the products recommended for AMD LIVE! systems.
Some of the supporting companies including Gigabyte Technology, Buffalo Technology, Corel Corporation, Creative Technology, D-Link Systems, Nero AG, Netgear, NVIDIA, Orb Networks, Seagate, TerraTec, and ZyXEL.
Product categories in the AMD LIVE! Ready program include:
Set-top boxes
Portable media players
Music Devices, such as MP3 players
Network Devices
TV tuners
Storage Devices, such as harddisks and optical disc drives
Webcams or web cameras
Software applications for Windows Vista
Active TV initiative
The announcement of Active TV initiative has also taken place prior to CeBIT 2007, the initiative allows online video watching such as YouTube, ROO, Veoh and VMIX, allowing users to create customized "TV-web channels", and provide to hardware developers a "value-added" solution as software that is embedded on networked entertainment devices, such as HDTVs, set-top-boxes, and game consoles. Active TV software can for example be loaded on a game CD for a game console, such as the home network connected PS2 (provided by BroadQ). The console then pulls video, music, and image content from the Internet, via a networked PC running Active TV software. The support of such functions for Xbox 360 and Wii platforms is projected at a later time.
AMD has started a webpage about the initiative and provided a simulator for Windows XP and Vista download. (Active-TV page)
References
External links
AMD LIVE! official homepages
AMD LIVE! homepage
AMD LIVE! homepage for professionals
Official press releases
"AMD Unveils Digital Media Vision To Deliver Enhanced Entertainment Experiences"
"AMD Ignites Consumer Passions With New AMD LIVE! Notebook PC, Home Cinema And Media Server"
"Digital Entertainment Experiences Made Simpler with New AMD LIVE! Ready Program"
"AMD Equips OEMs To Deliver The Ultimate Visual Experience With Forthcoming AMD LIVE! Ultra Desktop and Notebook PCs"
Media discussion
Hardware Secrets: Intel ViiV vs. AMD LIVE!
Advanced Micro Devices |
5378848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20ontology | Formal ontology | In philosophy, the term formal ontology is used to refer to an ontology defined by axioms in a formal language with the goal to provide an unbiased (domain- and application-independent) view on reality, which can help the modeler of domain- or application-specific ontologies (information science) to avoid possibly erroneous ontological assumptions encountered in modeling large-scale ontologies.
By maintaining an independent view on reality a formal (upper level) ontology gains the following properties:
indefinite expandability:
the ontology remains consistent with increasing content.
content and context independence:
any kind of 'concept' can find its place.
accommodate different levels of granularity.
Historical background
Theories on how to conceptualize reality date back as far as Plato and Aristotle. The term 'formal ontology' itself was coined by Edmund Husserl in the second edition of his Logical Investigations (1900–01), where it refers to an ontological counterpart of formal logic. Formal ontology for Husserl embraces an axiomatized mereology and a theory of dependence relations, for example between the qualities of an object and the object itself. 'Formal' signifies not the use of a formal-logical language, but rather: non-material, or in other words domain-independent (of universal application). Husserl's ideas on formal ontology were developed especially by his Polish student Roman Ingarden in his Controversy over the Existence of the World. The relations between the Husserlian tradition of formal ontology and the Polish tradition of mereology are set forth in Parts and Moments. Studies in Logic and Formal Ontology, edited by Barry Smith.
Existing formal ontologies (foundational ontologies)
BFO – Basic Formal Ontology
GFO – General Formal Ontology
BORO – Business Objects Reference Ontology
CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model
Cyc (Cyc is not just an upper ontology, it also contains many mid-level and specialized ontologies as well)
UMBEL – Upper Mapping and Binding Exchange Layer, a subset of OpenCyc
DOLCE – Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering
SUMO – Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
YAMATO - Yet Another More Advanced Top Ontology
Common terms in formal (upper-level) ontologies
The differences in terminology used between separate formal upper-level ontologies can be quite substantial, but most formal upper-level ontologies apply one foremost dichotomy: that between endurants and perdurants.
Endurant
Also known as continuants, or in some cases as "substance", endurants are those entities that can be observed-perceived as a complete concept, at no matter which given snapshot of time.
Were we to freeze time we would still be able to perceive/conceive the entire endurant.
Examples include material objects (such as an apple or a human), and abstract "fiat" objects (such as an organization, or the border of a country).
Perdurant
Also known as occurrents, accidents or happenings, perdurants are those entities for which only a part exists if we look at them at any given snapshot in time.
When we freeze time we can only see a part of the perdurant. Perdurants are often what we know as processes, for example: "running". If we freeze time then we only see a part of the running, without any previous knowledge one might not even be able to determine the actual process as being a process of running. Other examples include an activation, a kiss, or a procedure.
Qualities
In a broad sense, qualities can also be known as properties or tropes.
Qualities do not exist on their own, but they need another entity (in many formal ontologies this entity is restricted to be an endurant) which they occupy. Examples of qualities and the values they assume include colors (red color), or temperatures (warm).
Most formal upper-level ontologies recognize qualities, attributes, tropes, or something related, although the exact classification may differ. Some see qualities and the values they can assume (sometimes called quale) as a separate hierarchy besides endurants and perdurants (example: DOLCE). Others classify qualities as a subsection of endurants, e.g. the dependent endurants (example: BFO). Others consider property-instances or tropes that are single characteristics of individuals as the atoms of the ontology, the simpler entities of which all other entities are composed, so that all the entities are sums or bundles of tropes.
Formal versus nonformal
In information science an ontology is formal if it is specified in a formal language, otherwise it is informal.
In philosophy, a separate distinction between formal and nonformal ontologies exists, which does not relate to the use of a formal language.
Example
An ontology might contain a concept representing 'mobility of the arm'. In a nonformal ontology a concept like this can often be classified as for example a 'finding of the arm', right next to other concepts such as 'bruising of the arm'. This method of modeling might create problems with increasing amounts information, as there is no foolproof way to keep hierarchies like this, or their descendant hierarchies (one is a process, the other is a quality) from entangling or knotting.
In a formal ontology, there is an optimal way to properly classify this concept, it is a kind of 'mobility', which is a kind of quality/property (see above). As a quality, it is said to inhere in independent endurant entities (see above), as such, it cannot exist without a bearer (in the case the arm).
Applications for formal (upper-level) ontologies
Formal ontology as a template to create novel specific domain ontologies
Having a formal ontology at your disposal, especially when it consists of a Formal upper layer enriched with concrete domain-independent 'middle layer' concepts, can really aid the creation of a domain specific ontology.
It allows the modeller to focus on the content of the domain specific ontology without having to worry on the exact higher structure or abstract philosophical framework that gives his ontology a rigid backbone. Disjoint axioms at the higher level will prevent many of the commonly made ontological mistakes made when creating the detailed layer of the ontology.
Formal ontology as a crossmapping hub: crossmapping taxonomies, databases and nonformal ontologies
Aligning terminologies and ontologies is not an easy task. The divergence of the underlying meaning of word descriptions and terms within different information sources is a well known obstacle for direct approaches to data integration and mapping. One single description may have a completely different meaning in one data source when compared with another. This is because different databases/terminologies often have a different viewpoint on similar items. They are usually built with a specific application-perspective in mind and their hierarchical structure represents this.
A formal ontology, on the other hand, represents entities without a particular application scope. Its hierarchy reflects ontological principles and a basic class-subclass relation between its concepts. A consistent framework like this is ideal for crossmapping data sources.
However, one cannot just integrate these external data sources in the formal ontology. A direct incorporation would lead to corruption of the framework and principles of the formal ontology.
A formal ontology is a great crossmapping hub only if a complete distinction between the content and structure of the external information sources and the formal ontology itself is maintained. This is possible by specifying a mapping relation between concepts from a chaotic external information source and a concept in the formal ontology that corresponds with the meaning of the former concept.
Where two or more external information sources map to one and the same formal ontology concept a crossmapping/translation is achieved, as you know that those concepts—no matter what their phrasing is—mean the same thing.
Formal ontology to empower natural language processing
In ontologies designed to serve natural language processing (NLP) and natural language understanding (NLU) systems, ontology concepts are usually connected and symbolized by terms. This kind of connection represents a linguistic realization.
Terms are words or a combination of words (multi-word units), in different languages, used to describe in natural language an element from reality, and hence connected to that formal ontology concept that frames this element in reality.
The lexicon, the collection of terms and their inflections assigned to the concepts and relationships in an ontology, forms the ‘ontology interface to natural language’, the channel through which the ontology can be accessed from a natural language input.
Formal ontology to normalize database/instance data
The great thing about a formal ontology, in contrast to rigid taxonomies or classifications, is that it allows for indefinite expansion. Given proper modeling, just about any kind of conceptual information, no matter the content, can find its place.
To disambiguate a concept's place in the ontology, often a context model is useful to improve the classification power. The model typically applies rules to surrounding elements of the context to select the most valid classification.
See also
Mereology
Ontology (information science)
Upper ontology
References
Formal sciences
Logic
Ontology
Ontology (information science) |
5378850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourners%20of%20Zion | Mourners of Zion | Mourners of Zion (Heb. Avelei Tziyon) is a term used to refer to a number of Jewish groups through the ages.
The Karaite subsect founded by Daniel al-Kumisi in the late ninth century CE .
A later Karaite community living in Constantinople in the late Middle Ages. They may have been exiles who left Jerusalem during the Crusades.
A Jewish group living in the mountains of Yemen, as described by Benjamin of Tudela. They fasted during the week and lived in caves.
Additionally, this term is vital in a phrase used in the Jewish mourning ritual. In mainstream (Ashkenazi) Judaism, mourners
are offered the condolence "הַמָּקוֹם יְנַחֵם אֶתְכֶם בְּתוֹךְ שְׁאָר אֲבֵלֵי צִיּוֹן וִירוּשָׁלָיִם", "May The Omnipresent (One) comfort you among the remnant mourners of Zion and Jerusalem"
throughout the period of Shiva.
See also
Zion and Jerusalem in Jewish prayer and ritual
Karaite Judaism |
5378851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIJZ | KIJZ | KIJZ may refer to:
KIJZ-LP, a defunct low-power radio station (102.9 FM) licensed to serve Austin, Texas, United States
KFBW, a radio station (105.9 FM) licensed to serve Vancouver, Washington, United States, which held the call sign KIJZ from 2005 to 2007 |
5378870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy%20Anniversary | Happy Anniversary | Happy Anniversary may refer to:
Film and television
Happy Anniversary (1959 film), a 1959 motion picture starring David Niven and Mitzi Gaynor
Happy Anniversary (2018 film)
Happy Anniversary (upcoming film), an upcoming film starring Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Abhishek Bachchan and Sushmita Sen
"Happy Anniversary" (I Dream of Jeannie), an episode of the television series I Dream of Jeannie
"Happy Anniversary" (Arthur), an episode of the television series Arthur
"Happy Anniversary" (Angel), an episode of the television series Angel
Music
Happy Anniversary (1959 song), a composition by Al Stillman and Robert Allen, introduced in the motion picture
Happy Anniversary (1967 song), a song written and performed by Charles Aznavour
Happy Anniversary (1977 song), a song from the album Diamantina Cocktail performed by Little River Band
Happy Anniversary (2004 musical), a 2004 musical featuring songs by Charles Aznavour |
5378874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20conglomerates%20in%20Tamil%20Nadu | List of conglomerates in Tamil Nadu | This is a list of NSE-indexed conglomerates with corporate offices in Tamil Nadu. Quarterly top-line (income) figures are given in millions of United States dollars (exchanged at 45). Green indicates double-digit quarterly growth.
References
Conglomerates
Tamil Nadu
Conglomerates |
5378877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business-driven%20development | Business-driven development | Business-driven development is a meta-methodology for developing IT solutions that directly satisfy business requirements. This is achieved by adopting a model-driven approach that starts with the business strategy, requirements and goals, and then refines and transforms them into an IT solution. The transformation is partially achieved by applying model transformations. Due to the alignment of the business layer and the IT layer, it is possible to propagate changes of the business automatically to the IT systems. This leads to increased flexibility and shorter turnaround times when changing the business and adapting the IT systems.
Business-driven development goes further than the simple development of delivered requirements in that the implementing resource seeks to both completely understand the business side during the iterative gathering and implementing of requirements and drives to, once acquiring that information, improve business processes itself during the development of the actual solution.
The applicability of automatic models transformations to align business and IT has been criticized and partially replaced by agile practices and methods such as behavior-driven development (BDD) and domain-driven design (DDD).
See also
Behavior-driven development (BDD)
Business process automation
Business process management (BPM)
Domain-driven design (DDD)
Domain-specific modeling (DSM)
Model-driven engineering (MDE)
Service-oriented architecture (SOA)
Service-oriented modeling Framework (SOMF)
Workflow
References
Software development process |
5378899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo%20Asturias | Rodrigo Asturias | Rodrigo Asturias Amado (30 October 1939 – 15 June 2005) was a Guatemalan guerrilla leader and politician.
Biography
Asturias was born in Guatemala City, the first-born son of Nobel Prize-winning author Miguel Ángel Asturias. He studied law in Chile and travelled extensively through the Southern Cone. He later taught at the University of Chile and the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
Following the outbreak of the Civil War, he joined the Guatemalan Workers Party (Partido Guatemalteco de los Trabajadores or PGT) guerrilla group. During this time he was arrested, tried, and jailed, after which he spent seven years in exile in Mexico. He returned to Guatemala in 1971 and helped form the Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms (Organización Revolucionaria del Pueblo en Armas, ORPA). He fought under the nom de guerre Gaspar Ilom, which he took from a character in Hombres de maíz, one of his father's novels. When four guerrilla groups, including these two, combined to create the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca, URNG) in 1982, Asturias emerged as one of the four leaders of its general command. He was the only one of the leaders not to participate in signing the peace agreement reached with the government in the early 1990s.
Following the re-establishment of the constitutional order, Asturias fought the 2003 presidential election as the candidate of the URNG; his vice-presidential running mate was Pablo Ceto. In the first round ballot, he received 2.6% of the popular vote.
He died of a heart attack at his home in Guatemala City.
External links
Obituary
1939 births
2005 deaths
People from Guatemala City
Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity politicians
Guatemalan revolutionaries |
5378903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Crum%20%28American%20football%29 | Dick Crum (American football) | Dick Crum (born April 29, 1934) is a former American football player and coach. He served as head coach at Miami University (1974–1977), the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1978–1987), and Kent State University (1988–1990), compiling a career college football record of 113–77–4. Crum is a 1957 graduate of Mount Union College in Alliance, Ohio and received a master's degree from Case Western Reserve University.
Early years
Crum played football, mostly as a backup, at both Muskingum College and Mount Union College before graduating from the latter in 1957. After graduation, Crum was a teacher and assistant football coach at several high schools in Ohio, including Boardman, Sandusky, and Warren Harding. Crum's first head coaching job was at Mentor High School in 1963 where he compiled a 50–9–1 record over six years. He moved to the college ranks in 1969 when he was hired as an assistant coach by Bill Mallory at Miami University.
College head coach
Miami of Ohio
When Mallory left for Colorado in 1974, Crum succeeded him as head coach at Miami, a post he held until 1977. He orchestrated several upset wins including victories over Kentucky in 1974, Purdue in 1975, and Indiana in 1977. Crum had three winning seasons in four years and won the Mid-American Conference three times. In his first two years, he led the Miami to the Tangerine Bowl twice, where they beat Georgia in 1974 and South Carolina in 1975. Those two Miami teams ranked in the final AP Poll at #10 in 1974 and #12 in 1975. In 1976, Miami's performance fell dramatically with a 3–8 finish. The team rebounded the next year with a 10–1 record. After the 1977 season, Crum accepted the head coaching position at North Carolina and was replaced by Tom Reed. During his four years at Miami, Crum developed future NFL standouts Rob Carpenter and Sherman Smith, future Miami and Northwestern head coach Randy Walker, and former Illinois head coach Ron Zook. Crum finished his stint at Miami with a record of 34–10–1.
North Carolina
Crum was hired as head coach at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1978, succeeding Bill Dooley. His finest season there came in 1980 when he led the Tar Heels to the Atlantic Coast Conference championship—their last conference title to date—and an 11–1 record capped by victory over Texas in the Bluebonnet Bowl. At North Carolina, Crum coached a number of future NFL players years including Lawrence Taylor, Harris Barton, Reuben Davis and Kelvin Bryant.
Crum's later North Carolina teams were not quite as talented as his earlier ones; after 1983 he would have only one winning season. He was fired at the end of the 1987 season and was succeeded by Mack Brown. Crum finished his career at North Carolina with a record of 72–41–3, though he only won 22 games in his final four seasons. He was the winningest coach in school history until Mack Brown (in his second tenure at North Carolina) surpassed him after a game against Duke in 2019.
Kent State
Crum served as the head coach at Kent State University from 1988 to 1990. He never put together a winning season in three years with the Golden Flashes and compiled a record of 7–26.
Head coaching record
College
References
1934 births
Living people
Case Western Reserve University alumni
High school football coaches in Ohio
Kent State Golden Flashes football coaches
Miami RedHawks football coaches
Mount Union Purple Raiders football players
Muskingum Fighting Muskies football players
North Carolina Tar Heels football coaches |
4042292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayakhel | Vayakhel | Vayakhel, Wayyaqhel, VaYakhel, Va-Yakhel, Vayak'hel, Vayak'heil, or Vayaqhel ( – Hebrew for "and he assembled," the first word in the parashah) is the 22nd weekly Torah portion (, parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the 10th in the Book of Exodus. The parashah tells of the making of the Tabernacle and its sacred vessels. It constitutes The parashah is made up of 6,181 Hebrew letters, 1,558 Hebrew words, 122 verses, and 211 lines in a Torah scroll (, Sefer Torah).
Jews read it the 22nd Sabbath after Simchat Torah, generally in March or rarely in late February. The lunisolar Hebrew calendar contains up to 55 weeks, the exact number varying between 50 in common years and 54 or 55 in leap years. In leap years (for example, 2019, 2022, 2024, and 2027), parashah Vayakhel is read separately. In common years (for example, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2023, and 2026), parashah Vayakhel is usually combined with the next parashah, Pekudei, to help achieve the number of weekly readings needed (although in some non-leap years, such as 2025, they are not combined).
Readings
In traditional Sabbath Torah reading, the parashah is divided into seven readings, or , aliyot.
First reading – Exodus 35:1–20
In the first reading (, aliyah), Moses convoked the Israelites to build the Tabernacle. Moses started by reminding them of God's commandment to keep the Sabbath of complete rest. Then Moses told them to collect gifts of materials from those whose heart so moved them – gifts of gold, silver, copper, colored yarns, fine linen, goats hair, tanned ram skins, acacia wood, olive oil, spices, lapis lazuli, and other stones. Moses invited all who were skilled to make the Tabernacle, its furnishings, and the priests' vestments.
Second reading – Exodus 35:21–29
In the second reading (, aliyah), the Israelites brought the gifts that Moses requested.
Third reading – Exodus 35:30–36:7
In the third reading (, aliyah), Moses announced that God had singled out Bezalel and Oholiab to endow them with the skills needed to construct the Tabernacle. And Moses called on them and all skilled persons to undertake the task. The Israelites brought more than was needed, so Moses proclaimed an end to the collection.
Fourth reading – Exodus 36:8–19
In the fourth reading (, aliyah), the skilled workers fashioned the Tabernacle's curtains, loop, clasps, and coverings.
Fifth reading – Exodus 36:20–37:16
In the long fifth reading (, aliyah), they made the Tabernacle's standing, gold clad, polished boards each with 2 tenons, and their 2 silver sockets, bars of acacia-wood overlaid with gold, rings of gold, veil of the covering, 4 pillars of acacia-wood overlaid with gold, screen for the door held by 5 gold clad pillars, and sockets of brass. Bezalel made the ark, cover, and 7 golden oil lamps pushed over against the golden lampstand which partially covers the table.
Sixth reading – Exodus 37:17–29
In the sixth reading (, aliyah), Bezalel made menorah and incense altar.
Seventh reading – Exodus 38:1–20
In the seventh reading (, aliyah), Bezalel made the altar for sacrifices, laver, and enclosure for the Tabernacle.
Readings according to the triennial cycle
Jews who read the Torah according to the triennial cycle of Torah reading may read the parashah according to a different schedule.
In ancient parallels
The parashah has parallels in these ancient sources:
Exodus chapter 35
Noting that Sargon of Akkad was the first to use a seven-day week, Professor Gregory S. Aldrete of the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay speculated that the Israelites may have adopted the idea from the Akkadian Empire.
Inner-biblical interpretation
The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these Biblical sources:
Exodus chapters 25–39
This is the pattern of instruction and construction of the Tabernacle and its furnishings:
Exodus chapter 35
opens, "And Moses assembled" (, vayakhel Mosheh), in an echo of which says, "the people assembled" (, vayikahel ha'am).
The Sabbath
refers to the Sabbath. prohibits kindling fire on the Sabbath. reports that when the Israelites came upon a man gathering wood on the Sabbath (apparently with the intent to fuel a fire), they brought him before Moses, Aaron, and the community and placed him in custody, "because it had not been declared what should be done to him." Clearing up any uncertainty about whether the man had violated the law and what punishment should be given, God told Moses that the whole community was to pelt him with stones outside the camp, which they did.
Commentators note that the Hebrew Bible repeats the commandment to observe the Sabbath 12 times.
reports that on the seventh day of Creation, God finished God’s work, rested, and blessed and hallowed the seventh day.
The Sabbath is one of the Ten Commandments. commands that one remember the Sabbath day, keep it holy, and not do any manner of work or cause anyone under one’s control to work, for in six days God made heaven and earth and rested on the seventh day, blessed the Sabbath, and hallowed it. commands that one observe the Sabbath day, keep it holy, and not do any manner of work or cause anyone under one’s control to work — so that one’s subordinates might also rest — and remember that the Israelites were servants in the land of Egypt, and God brought them out with a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm.
In the incident of the manna (, man) in , Moses told the Israelites that the Sabbath is a solemn rest day; prior to the Sabbath one should cook what one would cook, and lay up food for the Sabbath. And God told Moses to let no one go out of one’s place on the seventh day.
In , just before giving Moses the second Tablets of Stone, God commanded that the Israelites keep and observe the Sabbath throughout their generations, as a sign between God and the children of Israel forever, for in six days God made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day God rested.
In , just before issuing the instructions for the Tabernacle, Moses again told the Israelites that no one should work on the Sabbath, specifying that one must not kindle fire on the Sabbath.
In , God told Moses to repeat the Sabbath commandment to the people, calling the Sabbath a holy convocation.
The prophet Isaiah taught in that iniquity is inconsistent with the Sabbath. In , the prophet taught that if people turn away from pursuing or speaking of business on the Sabbath and call the Sabbath a delight, then God will make them ride upon the high places of the earth and will feed them with the heritage of Jacob. And in , the prophet taught that in times to come, from one Sabbath to another, all people will come to worship God.
The prophet Jeremiah taught in that the fate of Jerusalem depended on whether the people abstained from work on the Sabbath, refraining from carrying burdens outside their houses and through the city gates.
The prophet Ezekiel told in how God gave the Israelites God’s Sabbaths, to be a sign between God and them, but the Israelites rebelled against God by profaning the Sabbaths, provoking God to pour out God’s fury upon them, but God stayed God’s hand.
In , Nehemiah told how he saw some treading winepresses on the Sabbath, and others bringing all manner of burdens into Jerusalem on the Sabbath day, so when it began to be dark before the Sabbath, he commanded that the city gates be shut and not opened till after the Sabbath and directed the Levites to keep the gates to sanctify the Sabbath.
Exodus chapter 38
2 Chronicles reports that the bronze altar, which reports Bezalel made, still stood before the Tabernacle in Solomon's time, and Solomon sacrificed a thousand burnt offerings on it.
reports that Bezalel made the bronze laver and its base from "the mirrors of the serving women who did service at the door of the tent of meeting." 1 Samuel reports that Eli's sons "lay with the women who did service at the door of the tent of meeting."
In early nonrabbinic interpretation
The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these early nonrabbinic sources:
Exodus chapter 35
1 Maccabees tells a story related to the Sabbath. told how in the 2nd century BCE, many followers of the pious Jewish priest Mattathias rebelled against the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Antiochus’s soldiers attacked a group of them on the Sabbath, and when the Pietists failed to defend themselves so as to honor the Sabbath (commanded in, among other places, ), a thousand died. reported that when Mattathias and his friends heard, they reasoned that if they did not fight on the Sabbath, they would soon be destroyed. So they decided that they would fight against anyone who attacked them on the Sabbath.
Josephus taught that when the Israelites brought together the materials with great diligence, Moses set architects over the works by the command of God. And these were the very same people that the people themselves would have chosen, had the election been allowed to them: Bezalel, the son of Uri, of the tribe of Judah, the grandson of Miriam, the sister of Moses, and Oholiab, file son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan.
Classical rabbinic interpretation
The parashah is discussed in these rabbinic sources from the era of the Mishnah and the Talmud:
Exodus chapter 35
The Seder Olam Rabbah taught that Moses descended from Mount Sinai on the 10th of Tishrei – Yom Kippur – and announced that God had shown the Israelites God's pleasure, as says, "You will forgive our crimes and sins and let us inherit," and after that, all the Israelites presented themselves in the assembly that Moses called in and Moses commanded them to build the Tabernacle.
The Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael taught that sets forth laws of Sabbath observance here because in God directed, "And let them make Me a sanctuary," and one might have understood that they could build the sanctuary both on weekdays and the Sabbath. The Mekhilta taught that God's direction in to "make Me a sanctuary" applied on all days other than the Sabbath. The Mekhilta posited that one might argue that since the Temple service occurs even on the Sabbath, then perhaps the preparation for the service, without which the priests could not perform the service, could occur even on the Sabbath. One might conclude that if the horn of the altar broke off or a knife became defective, one might repair them on the Sabbath. teaches, however, that even such work must be done only on weekdays, and not on the Sabbath.
Rabbi Judah haNasi taught that the words "These are the words" in referred to the 39 labors that God taught Moses at Mount Sinai. Similarly, Rabbi Hanina bar Hama said that the labors forbidden on the Sabbath in correspond to the 39 labors necessary to construct the Tabernacle.
Tractate Shabbat in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Sabbath in and 29; (20:8–11 in the NJPS); and (5:12 in the NJPS).
The Mishnah taught that every act that violates the law of the Sabbath also violates the law of a festival, except that one may prepare food on a festival but not on the Sabbath.
A Midrash asked to which commandment refers when it says, "For if you shall diligently keep all this commandment that I command you, to do it, to love the Lord your God, to walk in all His ways, and to cleave to Him, then will the Lord drive out all these nations from before you, and you shall dispossess nations greater and mightier than yourselves." Rabbi Levi said that "this commandment" refers to the recitation of the Shema (), but the Rabbis said that it refers to the Sabbath, which is equal to all the precepts of the Torah.
The Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva taught that when God was giving Israel the Torah, God told them that if they accepted the Torah and observed God's commandments, then God would give them for eternity a most precious thing that God possessed — the World To Come. When Israel asked to see in this world an example of the World To Come, God replied that the Sabbath is an example of the World To Come.
Reading the words "everyone who profanes [the Sabbath] shall surely be put to death" in (in which the verb for death is doubled), Samuel deduced that the Torah decreed many deaths for desecrating the Sabbath. The Gemara posited that perhaps refers to willful desecration. The Gemara answered that is not needed to teach that willful transgression of the Sabbath is a capital crime, for says, "Whoever does any work therein shall be put to death." The Gemara concluded that thus must apply to an unwitting offender, and in that context, the words "shall surely be put to death" mean that the inadvertent Sabbath violator will "die" monetarily because of the violator's need to bring costly sacrifices.
A Baraita read the words "You shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations upon the Sabbath day" in to teach that only on the Sabbath is kindling fire prohibited, and one may kindle fire on a Festival day, including for purposes other than food preparation.
Rav Huna and Rav Chisda reconciled the prohibition of kindling fire on the Sabbath in with the priests' sacrificial duties. The Mishnah taught that the priests could lower the Passover sacrifice into the oven just before nightfall (and leave it to roast on the Sabbath), and the priests could light the fire with chips in the pile in the Temple chamber of the hearth (just before nightfall). Interpreting this Mishnah, Rav Huna cited the prohibition of "You shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations." Rav Huna argued that since says only "throughout your habitations," the priests could kindle the pile in the Temple chamber of the hearth (even on the Sabbath). Rav Chisda demurred from Rav Huna's argument, as it would allow kindling even on the Sabbath. Rather, Rav Chisda taught that permits only the burning of the limbs and the fat (of animals sacrificed on Friday before nightfall). Rav Chisda explained that this burning was allowed because the priests were very particular (in their observance of the Sabbath and would not stoke the fire after nightfall).
The Gemara told that Rav Joseph's wife used to kindle the Sabbath lights late (just before nightfall). Rav Joseph told her that it was taught in a Baraita that the words of "the pillar of cloud by day, and the pillar of fire by night, departed not," teach that the pillar of cloud overlapped the pillar of fire, and the pillar of fire overlapped the pillar of cloud. So she thought of lighting the Sabbath lights very early. But an elder told her that one may kindle when one chooses, provided that one does not light too early (as it would not evidently honor the Sabbath) or too late (later than just before nightfall).
A Baraita taught that a disciple in the name of Rabbi Ishmael noted that the words "in all your dwellings" (, b'chol moshvoteichem) appear both in the phrase, "You shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations upon the Sabbath day," in and in the phrase, "these things shall be for a statute of judgment unto you throughout your generations in all your dwellings," in The Baraita reasoned from this similar usage that just as the law prohibits kindling fire at home, so the law also prohibits kindling fire in the furtherance of criminal justice. And thus, since some executions require kindling a fire, the Baraita taught that the law prohibits executions on the Sabbath.
Rabbi Hama bar Hanina interpreted the words "the plaited (, serad) garments for ministering in the holy place" in to teach that but for the priestly garments described in (and the atonement achieved by the garments or the priests who wore them), no remnant (, sarid) of the Jews would have survived.
Rabbi Levi read regarding "the middle bar in the midst of the boards, which shall pass through from end to end," calculated that the beam must have been 32 cubits in length, and asked where the Israelites would find such a beam in the desert. Rabbi Levi deduced that the Israelites had stored up the cedar to construct the Tabernacle since the days of Jacob. Thus reports, "And every man, with whom was found acacia-wood," not "with whom would be found acacia-wood." Rabbi Levi taught that the Israelites cut the trees down in Magdala of the Dyers near Tiberias and brought them with them to Egypt, and no knot or crack was found in them.
The Rabbis taught in a Baraita that the Tabernacle's lower curtains were made of blue wool, purple wool, crimson wool, and fine linen, while the upper curtains that made the tent spread were made of goats' hair. And they taught that the upper curtains required greater skill than the lower, for says of the lower ones, "And all the women that were wise-hearted did spin with their hands," while says of the upper ones, "And all the women whose heart stirred them up in wisdom spun the goats." It was taught in Rabbi Nehemiah's name that the hair was washed on the goats and spun while still on the goats.
Rabbi Isaac deduced from that we must not appoint a leader over a community without first consulting the community. In Moses said to the Israelites: "See, the Lord has called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri." Rabbi Isaac read to indicate that God asked Moses whether Moses considered Bezalel suitable. Moses replied that if God thought Bezalel suitable, then surely Moses would have to, as well. God told Moses nonetheless to go and consult the Israelites. Moses asked the Israelites whether they considered Bezalel suitable. And they replied that if God and Moses considered him suitable, surely they had to, as well. Rabbi Johanan taught that God proclaims three things for God's Self: famine, plenty, and a good leader. 2 Kings shows that God proclaims famine, when it says: "The Lord has called for a famine." shows that God proclaims plenty, when it says: "I will call for the corn and will increase it." And shows that God proclaims a good leader, when it says: "And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, ‘See I have called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri.'" Rabbi Samuel bar Nahmani said in the name of Rabbi Johanan that Bezalel (, whose name can be read , betzel El, "in the shadow of God") was so called because of his wisdom. When God told Moses (in ) to tell Bezalel to make a tabernacle, an ark, and vessels, Moses reversed the order and told Bezalel to make an ark, vessels, and a tabernacle. Bezalel replied to Moses that as a rule, one first builds a house and then brings vessels into it, but Moses directed to make an ark, vessels, and a tabernacle. Bezalel asked where he would put the vessels. And Bezalel asked whether God had told Moses to make a tabernacle, an ark, and vessels. Moses replied that perhaps Bezalel had been in the shadow of God (, betzel El) and had thus come to know this.
Rabbi Tanhuma taught in the name of Rav Huna that even the things that Bezalel did not hear from Moses he conceived of on his own exactly as they were told to Moses from Sinai. Rabbi Tanhuma said in the name of Rav Huna that one can deduce this from the words of "And Bezalel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the Lord commanded Moses." For does not say, "that Moses commanded him," but, "that the Lord commanded Moses."
And the Agadat Shir ha-Shirim taught that Bezalel and Oholiab went up Mount Sinai, where the heavenly Sanctuary was shown to them.
A Midrash interpreted in light of Ecclesiastes "A good name is better than precious oil." The Midrash taught that name of Bezalel was better than precious oil, as proclaims his fame when it says, "See, the Lord has called by name Bezalel." (God proclaimed the name of Bezalel as the Divine architect, while Moses proclaimed the priest as such by anointing with oil.)
Reading the words, "see, the Lord has called by name Bezalel," in a Midrash explained that Israel sinned with fire in making the Golden Calf, as says, "And I cast it into the fire, and there came out this calf." And then Bezalel came and healed the wound (and the construction of the Tabernacle made atonement for the sins of the people in making the Golden Calf). The Midrash likened it to the words of "Behold, I have created the smith who blows the fire of coals." The Midrash taught that Bezalel was the smith whom God had created to address the fire. And the Midrash likened it to the case of a doctor's disciple who applied a plaster to a wound and healed it. When people began to praise him, his teacher, the doctor, said that they should praise the doctor, for he taught the disciple. Similarly, when everybody said that Bezalel had constructed the Tabernacle through his knowledge and understanding, God said that it was God who created him and taught him, as says, "Behold, I have created the smith." Thus Moses said in "see, the Lord has called by name Bezalel."
identifies Bezalel's grandfather as Hur, whom either Rav or Samuel deduced was the son of Miriam and Caleb. A Midrash explained that mentions Hur because when the Israelites were about to serve the Golden Calf, Hur risked his life on God's behalf to prevent them from doing so, and they killed him. Whereupon God assured Hur that God would repay him for his sacrifice. The Midrash likened it to the case of a king whose legions rebelled against him, and his field marshal fought against the rebels, questioning how they could dare rebel against the king. In the end, the rebels killed the field marshal. The king reasoned that if the field marshal had given the king money, the king would have had to repay him. So even more so the king had an obligation to repay the field marshal when he gave his life on the king's behalf. The king rewarded the field marshal by ordaining that all his male offspring would become generals and officers. Similarly, when Israel made the Golden Calf, Hur gave his life for the glory of God. Thus God assured Hur that God would give all Hur's descendants a great name in the world. And thus says, "see, the Lord has called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri, the son of Hur."
Rav Judah taught in the name of Rav that indicated that God endowed Bezalel with the same attribute that God used in creating the universe. Rav Judah said in the name of Rav that Bezalel knew how to combine the letters by which God created the heavens and earth. For says (about Bezalel), "And He has filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom and in understanding, and in knowledge," and says (about creation), "The Lord by wisdom founded the earth; by understanding He established the heavens," and says, "By His knowledge the depths were broken up."
Exodus chapter 36
Doing the math implied by and the Gemara deduced that in earlier generations, a boy of eight could father children. reports that "Bezalel, son of Uri, son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the Lord had commanded Moses," when they built the Tabernacle. And reports that Caleb fathered the Hur who fathered Uri who fathered Bezalel. reports that "wise men . . . wrought all the work of the Sanctuary," so Bezalel must have been at least 13 years old to have been a man when he worked on the Tabernacle. A Baraita taught that Moses made the Tabernacle in the first year after the Exodus, and in the second, he erected it and sent out the spies, so the Gemara deduced that Bezalel must have been at least 14 years old when Moses sent out the spies, the year after Bezalel worked on the Tabernacle. And reports that Caleb said that he was 40 years old when Moses sent him to spy out the land. Thus, the Gemara deduced that Caleb was only 26 years older than his great-grandson Bezalel. Deducting two years for the three pregnancies needed to create the three intervening generations, the Gemara concluded that each of Caleb, Hur, and Uri must have conceived his son at the age of eight.
Exodus chapter 37
A Midrash taught that the righteous learn from God's example in creating the world that in beginning any work they should start with light. Thus when God told Moses to build the Tabernacle, Bezalel pondered with what thing he should begin. He concluded that he had better start with the Ark (in which the Israelites would deposit the Torah, the light of the world). And thus commences the report of the construction of the Tabernacle's furnishings, "And Bezalel made the Ark."
Similarly, a Midrash taught that when God told Moses to make the Tabernacle, he came to Bezalel and conveyed the command, and Bezalel asked what the purpose of the Tabernacle was. Moses replied that it was so that God might make God's Shechinah to dwell there and teach the Torah to Israel. Bezalel then asked where the Israelites would keep the Torah. Moses replied that when they had made the Tabernacle, they would then make the Ark. Then Bezalel said that since it would not be fitting for the Torah to be without a home, they should first make the Ark and then the Tabernacle. On that account, associates Bezalel's name with the Ark, saying, "And Bezalel made the Ark."
Reading the words, "Bezalel made the Ark of acacia-wood," in a Midrash taught that God heals with the very thing with which God wounds. Thus, Israel sinned in Shittim (so called because of its many acacia trees), as says, "And Israel abode in Shittim, and the people began to commit harlotry with the daughters of Moab" (and also worshipped the Baal of Peor). But it was also through Shittim wood, or acacia-wood, that God healed the Israelites, for as reports, "Bezalel made the Ark of acacia-wood."
A Baraita taught that Josiah hid away the Ark referred to in the anointing oil referred to in the jar of manna referred to in Aaron's rod with its almonds and blossoms referred to in and the coffer that the Philistines sent the Israelites as a gift along with the Ark and concerning which the priests said in "And put the jewels of gold, which you returned Him for a guilt offering, in a coffer by the side thereof [of the Ark]; and send it away that it may go." Having observed that predicted, "The Lord will bring you and your king . . . to a nation that you have not known," Josiah ordered the Ark hidden away, as reports, "And he [Josiah] said to the Levites who taught all Israel, that were holy to the Lord, ‘Put the Holy Ark into the house that Solomon the son of David, King of Israel, built; there shall no more be a burden upon your shoulders; now serve the Lord your God and his people Israel.’" Rabbi Eleazar deduced that Josiah hid the anointing oil and the other objects at the same time as the Ark from the common use of the expressions "there" in with regard to the manna and "there" in with regard to the Ark, "to be kept" in with regard to the manna and "to be kept" in with regard to Aaron's rod, and "generations" in with regard to the manna and "generations" in with regard to the anointing oil.
Exodus chapter 38
A Midrash explained the mirrors of the women who "performed tasks" (, ha-tzovot) at the entrance of the Tent of Meeting in The Midrash told that when the Israelites were suffering hard labor in Egypt, Pharaoh decreed that they should not sleep at home or have sexual relations with their wives. Rabbi Shimon ben Halafta told that the Israelite women would go down to draw water from the river, whereupon God caused them to draw up small fish in their pitchers. The Israelite women would sell some of the fish, cook some of them, buy wine with the proceeds, and go out to the work fields to feed their husbands. After they had eaten, the Israelite women took their mirrors and looked into them together with their husbands. The wives would say that they were better looking than the husbands. The husbands would say that they were better looking. And in this way, they aroused their sexual desire and became fruitful and multiplied, as reports, "And the children of Israel were fruitful and swarmed and multiplied and became exceedingly mighty." It was through the use of these mirrors that the Israelites were able to continue to have children even under the demands of harsh labor. When God told Moses to make the Tabernacle, all of the men came to contribute. Some brought silver, some brought gold or brass, onyx, and other gems to be set. They readily brought everything. The women brought the mirrors and presented them to Moses. When Moses saw the mirrors, he was furious with the women, saying that whoever brought the mirrors should be punished, asking what possible use they could have in the Tabernacle. God told Moses not to look down on them, for it was those mirrors that raised up all of the hosts of children born in Egypt. God thus directed Moses to take them and make from them the washbasin and its base for the priests.
In medieval Jewish interpretation
The parashah is discussed in these medieval Jewish sources:
Exodus chapter 35
In the Zohar, Rabbi Jose expounded on "And let every wise-hearted man among you come and make all that the Lord has commanded." Rabbi Jose taught that when God told Moses in "Get you wise men and men of discernment," Moses searched all of Israel but did not find men of discernment, and so in Moses said, "So I took the heads of your tribes, wise men, and full of knowledge," without mentioning men of discernment. Rabbi Jose deduced that the man of discernment (navan) is of a higher degree than the wise man (hacham), for even a pupil who gives new ideas to a teacher is called "wise." A wise man knows for himself as much as is required, but the man of discernment apprehends the whole, knowing both his own point of view and that of others. uses the term "wise-hearted" because the heart was seen to be the seat of wisdom. Rabbi Jose taught that the man of discernment apprehends the lower world and the upper world, his own being and the being of others.
In modern interpretation
The parashah is discussed in these modern sources:
Exodus chapters 35–39
Noting that repeats material from the 19th century Romanian-Argentine explorer Julius Popper argued that was a later addition, and the Dutch Protestant theologian Abraham Kuenen and the German biblical scholar Julius Wellhausen agreed. But the mid-20th-century Italian-Israeli scholar Umberto Cassuto, formerly of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, argued that this conjecture was ignorant of ancient Eastern literary style. Cassuto noted that the theme of the founding and building of a shrine was a set literary type in early Eastern writings, and such passages often first recorded the divine utterance describing the plan for the sanctuary and then gave an account of the construction that repeated the description given in the divine communication. Cassuto cited the Ugaritic epic of King Keret, which tells that in a dream, the king received from the god El instructions for the offering of sacrifices, the mustering of an army, the organizing of a military campaign to the land of King Pabel, and the request that Pabel's daughter or granddaughter be given him as a wife. After the instructions, the epic repeats the instructions, varying only the verb forms to the past tense, adding or deleting a conjunction, substituting a synonym, or varying the sequence of words – exactly as does. Cassuto concluded that was thus not a later addition, but required where it is by the literary style. Professor James Kugel of Bar Ilan University wrote that the detailed account must have held a fascination for ancient Israelites who viewed the Tabernacle as highly significant, as the structure that allowed God to reside in the midst of humankind for the first time since the Garden of Eden. And the 20th century Reform Rabbi Gunther Plaut
cautioned not to approach with modern stylistic prejudices, arguing that a person of the ancient Near East – who was primarily a listener, not a reader – found repetition a welcome way of supporting familiarity with the text, giving assurance that the tradition had been faithfully transmitted.
Exodus chapter 35
Plaut noted that this important chapter in Israel's wilderness story – the order to construct the Tabernacle – begins in with the words "Moses then convoked" (, vayakheil Mosheh), heralding the conclusion of the cycle of apostasy and reconciliation that started in with a word with the same spelling and root, "the people gathered themselves" (, vayikheil ha-am). In the people assembled to rebel against God's desires in the incident of the Golden Calf, but in with an assembling (, vayakheil) that God approved, God demonstrated God's forgiving grace.
Plaut noted that the command to observe the Sabbath in preceded the account of the Tabernacle's construction just as it had been commanded at the end of the original instructions in so the Sabbath was the bridge that connected the building of the Tabernacle with its deeper purpose. Professor Nahum Sarna, formerly of Brandeis University, wrote that the injunction to observe the Sabbath in practically repeats verbatim, with an addition not to kindle fire on the Sabbath. The wording of this prohibition led the Rabbis of the Talmud to understand that fire may not be kindled on the Sabbath itself but may be lit before the Sabbath if not refueled on the Sabbath. The Karaites rejected this interpretation and spent the day without lights (although some later adherents did accept the Rabbinic practice). Sarna wrote that it was probably to demonstrate opposition to the early Karaite view that the Rabbis mandated lighting candles on Friday nights, and to that end, the Geonim (the post-Talmudic heads of the Babylonian academies) instituted the recital of a blessing over them.
Plaut argued that includes the words "throughout your settlements" to make clear that the injunction not to kindle fire on the Sabbath applied not only to the primary prohibition during the building of the Tabernacle, but also in general. Thus reporting a man gathering sticks on the Sabbath, recorded a violation of
In 1950, the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of Conservative Judaism ruled: “Refraining from the use of a motor vehicle is an important aid in the maintenance of the Sabbath spirit of repose. Such restraint aids, moreover, in keeping the members of the family together on the Sabbath. However where a family resides beyond reasonable walking distance from the synagogue, the use of a motor vehicle for the purpose of synagogue attendance shall in no wise be construed as a violation of the Sabbath but, on the contrary, such attendance shall be deemed an expression of loyalty to our faith. . . . [I]n the spirit of a living and developing Halachah responsive to the changing needs of our people, we declare it to be permitted to use electric lights on the Sabbath for the purpose of enhancing the enjoyment of the Sabbath, or reducing personal discomfort in the performance of a mitzvah.”
Professor Carol Meyers of Duke University noted that both women and men provided the materials to which and refer, as and 29 make clear, including fabrics made and donated by women craftspersons (as indicated in ).
Jeffrey Tigay, Professor Emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania, argued that the word , avodah, in translated as "service" in the New Jewish Publication Society translation (as well as in 3, 5; and ) is better rendered "labor" (referring to construction), as the materials contributed were for the construction of the Tabernacle, not for the worship that would be conducted there afterwards.
Exodus chapter 37
speaks of "a talent of pure gold." This table translates units of weight used in the Bible into their modern equivalents:
Commandments
According to Maimonides and Sefer ha-Chinuch, there is one negative commandment in the parashah:
The court must not inflict punishment on the Sabbath.
Liturgy
Following the Kabbalat Shabbat prayer service and prior to the Friday evening (Ma'ariv) service, Jews traditionally read rabbinic sources on the observance of the Sabbath, starting with Mishnah Shabbat 2:5. Mishnah Shabbat 2:5, in turn, interprets the laws of kindling lights in
Haftarah
Parashah Vayakhel
When parashah Vayakhel is read alone, the haftarah is:
for Ashkenazi Jews:
for Sephardi Jews:
Ashkenazi – 1 Kings 7:40–50
Both the parashah and the haftarah in report the leader's erection of the holy place, Moses' building of the Tabernacle in the parashah, and Solomon's building of the Temple in Jerusalem in the haftarah. Both the parashah and the haftarah note particular metals for the holy space.
Sephardi – 1 Kings 7:13–26
Both the parashah and the haftarah note the skill (chokhmah), ability (tevunah), and knowledge (da‘at), of the artisan (Bezalel in the parashah, Hiram in the haftarah) in every craft (kol mela'khah).
Shabbat Shekalim
When Parashah Vayakhel coincides with the special Sabbath Shabbat Shekalim, (as it does in 2019), the haftarah is
Parashah Vayakhel–Pekudei
When parashah Vayakhel is combined with parashah Pekudei, the haftarah is:
for Ashkenazi Jews:
for Sephardi Jews:
Shabbat HaChodesh
When the parashah coincides with Shabbat HaChodesh ("Sabbath [of] the month," the special Sabbath preceding the Hebrew month of Nissan – as it does in 2013 and 2017), the haftarah is:
for Ashkenazi Jews:
for Sephardi Jews:
On Shabbat HaChodesh, Jews read in which God commands that "This month [Nissan] shall be the beginning of months; it shall be the first month of the year," and in which God issued the commandments of Passover. Similarly, the haftarah in discusses Passover. In both the special reading and the haftarah, God instructs the Israelites to apply blood to doorposts.
Shabbat Parah
When the parashah coincides with Shabbat Parah (one of the special Sabbaths prior to Passover – as it does in 2018), the haftarah is:
for Ashkenazi Jews:
for Sephardi Jews:
On Shabbat Parah, the Sabbath of the red heifer, Jews read which describes the rites of purification using the red heifer (parah adumah). Similarly, the haftarah in Ezekiel 36 also describes purification. In both the special reading and the haftarah in Ezekiel 36, sprinkled water cleansed the Israelites.
Notes
Further reading
The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these sources:
Ancient
The Ba‘lu Myth. Ugarit, 2nd millennium BCE. In The Context of Scripture, Volume I: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World, pages 260–61. Edited by William W. Hallo. Pilgrim Press, 1997. . (building of a palace for Ba'al).
Biblical
(keeping the Sabbath); (universally observed Sabbath).
Psalms (washing, altar); (sacrifices); (cherubim); 11 (Tabernacle, courts); (courts); (God's sanctuary); (court of the Tabernacle); (God's sanctuary); (incense); (God's sanctuary).
Early nonrabbinic
Philo. Allegorical Interpretation 3:33:101; On the Migration of Abraham 17:97–98. Alexandria, Egypt, early 1st century CE. Reprinted in, e.g., The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Translated by Charles Duke Yonge, pages 61, 262. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1993. .
Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 3:6:1–10:1. Circa 93–94. Reprinted in, e.g., The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Translated by William Whiston, pages 85–95. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1987. .
Classical rabbinic
Seder Olam Rabbah, chapter 6. 2nd century CE. Reprinted in, e.g., Seder Olam: The Rabbinic View of Biblical Chronology. Translated and with commentary by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, pages 73–78. Lanham, Maryland: Jason Aronson, 1998. .
Mishnah: Shabbat 1:1–24:5; Beitzah 5:2; Megillah 1:5. Land of Israel, circa 200 CE. Reprinted in, e.g., The Mishnah: A New Translation. Translated by Jacob Neusner, pages 179–208, 298, 317. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. .
Tosefta Shabbat 1:1–17:29. Land of Israel, circa 250 CE. Reprinted in, e.g., The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew, with a New Introduction. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 1, pages 357–427. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002. .
Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael 82:1. Land of Israel, late 4th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 2, pages 258–62. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988. .
Jerusalem Talmud: Terumot 31b; Shabbat 1a–113b; Shekalim 2a, 48b; Beitzah 47a; Nazir 21a, 25b–26a; Sotah 16b; Sanhedrin 27b; Shevuot 1b. Tiberias, Land of Israel, circa 400 CE. In, e.g., Talmud Yerushalmi. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, and Mordechai Marcus, volumes 7, 13–15, 20, 23, 34–36, 44, 46. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2010–2020. And in, e.g., The Jerusalem Talmud: A Translation and Commentary. Edited by Jacob Neusner and translated by Jacob Neusner, Tzvee Zahavy, B. Barry Levy, and Edward Goldman. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2009.
Genesis Rabbah 94:4. Land of Israel, 5th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Genesis. Translated by Harry Freedman and Maurice Simon, volume 2, page 871. London: Soncino Press, 1939. .
Midrash Tanhuma Vayakhel. 5th–10th centuries. Reprinted in, e.g., The Metsudah Midrash Tanchuma: Shemos II. Translated and annotated by Avrohom Davis; edited by Yaakov Y.H. Pupko, volume 4 (Shemos volume 2), pages 339–89. Monsey, New York: Eastern Book Press, 2004.
Babylonian Talmud: Shabbat 20a, 49b, 70a, 74b, 96b; Eruvin 2b; Yoma 66b, 72b, 75a; Beitzah 4b, 36b; Rosh Hashanah 34a; Megillah 7b. Chagigah 10a–b; Yevamot 6b–7a, 33b; Sotah 3a; Kiddushin 37a; Bava Kamma 2a, 54a, 71a; Sanhedrin 35b, 69b; Makkot 21b; Shevuot 26b; Avodah Zarah 12b, 24a; Zevachim 59b; Bekhorot 41a. Babylonia, 6th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Talmud Bavli. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz, and Mordechai Marcus, 72 volumes. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006.
Medieval
Bede. Of the Tabernacle and Its Vessels, and of the Priestly Vestments. Monkwearmouth, England, 720s. Reprinted in Bede: On the Tabernacle. Translated with notes and introduction by Arthur G. Holder. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1994. .
Exodus Rabbah 48:1–50:5. 10th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Exodus. Translated by S. M. Lehrman, volume 3, pages 546–61. London: Soncino Press, 1939. .
Solomon ibn Gabirol. A Crown for the King, 9:105–06. Spain, 11th century. Translated by David R. Slavitt, pages 14–15. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. .
Rashi. Commentary. Exodus 35–38. Troyes, France, late 11th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Rashi. The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated. Translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, volume 2, pages 487–505. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1994. .
Rashbam. Commentary on the Torah. Troyes, early 12th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Rashbam's Commentary on Exodus: An Annotated Translation. Edited and translated by Martin I. Lockshin, pages 425–29. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997. .
Abraham ibn Ezra. Commentary on the Torah. France, 1153. Reprinted in, e.g., Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Exodus (Shemot). Translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver, volume 2, pages 730–46. New York: Menorah Publishing Company, 1996. .
Maimonides. The Guide for the Perplexed. Cairo, Egypt, 1190. Reprinted in, e.g., Moses Maimonides. The Guide for the Perplexed. Translated by Michael Friedländer, pages 29–31, 393, 397. New York: Dover Publications, 1956. .
Hezekiah ben Manoah. Hizkuni. France, circa 1240. Reprinted in, e.g., Chizkiyahu ben Manoach. Chizkuni: Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 645–50. Jerusalem: Ktav Publishers, 2013. .
Nachmanides. Commentary on the Torah. Jerusalem, circa 1270. Reprinted in, e.g., Ramban (Nachmanides): Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Charles B. Chavel, volume 2, pages 595–608. New York: Shilo Publishing House, 1973. .
Zohar 2:194b–220a. Spain, late 13th century.
Bahya ben Asher. Commentary on the Torah. Spain, early 14th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbeinu Bachya: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Bachya ben Asher. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 4, pages 1418–38. Jerusalem: Lambda Publishers, 2003. .
Jacob ben Asher (Baal Ha-Turim). Commentary on the Torah. Early 14th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Baal Haturim Chumash: Shemos/Exodus. Translated by Eliyahu Touger; edited and annotated by Avie Gold, volume 2, pages 929–57. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2000. .
Isaac ben Moses Arama. Akedat Yizhak (The Binding of Isaac). Late 15th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Yitzchak Arama. Akeydat Yitzchak: Commentary of Rabbi Yitzchak Arama on the Torah. Translated and condensed by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 519–35. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2001. .
Modern
Isaac Abravanel. Commentary on the Torah. Italy, between 1492–1509. Reprinted in, e.g., Abarbanel: Selected Commentaries on the Torah: Volume 2: Shemos/Exodus. Translated and annotated by Israel Lazar, pages 404–20. Brooklyn: CreateSpace, 2015. .
Abraham Saba. Ẓeror ha-Mor (Bundle of Myrrh). Fez, Morocco, circa 1500. Reprinted in, e.g., Tzror Hamor: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Avraham Sabba. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 1221–28. Jerusalem, Lambda Publishers, 2008. .
Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno. Commentary on the Torah. Venice, 1567. Reprinted in, e.g., Sforno: Commentary on the Torah. Translation and explanatory notes by Raphael Pelcovitz, pages 474–85. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1997. .
Moshe Alshich. Commentary on the Torah. Safed, circa 1593. Reprinted in, e.g., Moshe Alshich. Midrash of Rabbi Moshe Alshich on the Torah. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 607–14. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2000. .
Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz. Kli Yakar. Lublin, 1602. Reprinted in, e.g., Kli Yakar: Shemos. Translated by Elihu Levine, volume 2, pages 345–71. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press/Feldheim Publishers, 2007. .
Avraham Yehoshua Heschel. Commentaries on the Torah. Cracow, Poland, mid 17th century. Compiled as Chanukat HaTorah. Edited by Chanoch Henoch Erzohn. Piotrkow, Poland, 1900. Reprinted in Avraham Yehoshua Heschel. Chanukas HaTorah: Mystical Insights of Rav Avraham Yehoshua Heschel on Chumash. Translated by Avraham Peretz Friedman, pages 199–202. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press/Feldheim Publishers, 2004. .
Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan, 3:34. England, 1651. Reprint edited by C. B. Macpherson, page 431. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Classics, 1982. .
Edward Taylor. "18. Meditation. Heb. 13.10. Wee Have an Altar." In Preliminary Meditations: First Series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Early 18th century. In Harold Bloom. American Religious Poems, pages 21–22. New York: Library of America, 2006. .
Chaim ibn Attar. Ohr ha-Chaim. Venice, 1742. Reprinted in Chayim ben Attar. Or Hachayim: Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 894–909. Brooklyn: Lambda Publishers, 1999. .
Yitzchak Magriso. Me'am Lo'ez. Constantinople, 1746. Reprinted in Yitzchak Magriso. The Torah Anthology: Me'am Lo'ez. Translated by Aryeh Kaplan, volume 10, pages 175–248. Jerusalem: Moznaim Publishing, 1991. .
Nachman of Breslov. Teachings. Bratslav, Ukraine, before 1811. Reprinted in Rebbe Nachman's Torah: Breslov Insights into the Weekly Torah Reading: Exodus-Leviticus. Compiled by Chaim Kramer; edited by Y. Hall, pages 282–91. Jerusalem: Breslov Research Institute, 2011. .
George Eliot. Adam Bede, chapter 1. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1859. Reprinted, e.g., edited by Carol A. Martin, page 9. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. (Paraphrasing Adam says “Why, it says as God put his sperrit into the workman as built the tabernacle, to make him do all the carved work and things as wanted a nice hand. And this is my way o’ looking at it: there's the sperrit o’ God in all things and all times — weekday as well as Sunday — and i’ the great works and inventions, and i’ the figuring and the mechanics.”).
Samson Raphael Hirsch. The Pentateuch: Exodus. Translated by Isaac Levy, volume 2, pages 664–94. Gateshead: Judaica Press, 2nd edition 1999. . Originally published as Der Pentateuch uebersetzt und erklaert. Frankfurt, 1867–1878.
Samuel David Luzzatto (Shadal). Commentary on the Torah. Padua, 1871. Reprinted in, e.g., Samuel David Luzzatto. Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 894–95. New York: Lambda Publishers, 2012. .
Samson Raphael Hirsch. The Jewish Sabbath. Frankfurt, before 1889. Translated by Ben Josephussoro. 1911. Reprinted Lexington, Kentucky: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014. .
Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter. Sefat Emet. Góra Kalwaria (Ger), Poland, before 1906. Excerpted in The Language of Truth: The Torah Commentary of Sefat Emet. Translated and interpreted by Arthur Green, pages 135–38. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1998. . Reprinted 2012. .
Alexander Alan Steinbach. Sabbath Queen: Fifty-four Bible Talks to the Young Based on Each Portion of the Pentateuch, pages 68–70. New York: Behrman's Jewish Book House, 1936.
Benno Jacob. The Second Book of the Bible: Exodus. London, 1940. Translated by Walter Jacob, pages 1007–31. Hoboken, New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, 1992.
The Sabbath Anthology. Edited by Abraham E. Millgram. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1944; reprinted 2018. ().
Morris Adler, Jacob B. Agus, and Theodore Friedman. “Responsum on the Sabbath.” Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly, volume 14 (1950), pages 112–88. New York: Rabbinical Assembly of America, 1951. Reprinted in Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927–1970, volume 3 (Responsa), pages 1109–34. Jerusalem: The Rabbinical Assembly and The Institute of Applied Hallakhah, 1997.
Umberto Cassuto. A Commentary on the Book of Exodus. Jerusalem, 1951. Translated by Israel Abrahams, pages 452–68. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, 1967.
Abraham Joshua Heschel. The Sabbath. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1951. Reprinted 2005. .
Morris Adler. The World of the Talmud, pages 28–29. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, 1958. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007. .
Gerhard von Rad. "The Tent and the Ark." In The Problem of the Hexateuch and Other Essays, pages 103–24. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966. LCCN 66-11432.
Elie Munk. The Call of the Torah: An Anthology of Interpretation and Commentary on the Five Books of Moses. Translated by E.S. Mazer, volume 2, pages 505–29. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1995. . Originally published as La Voix de la Thora. Paris: Fondation Samuel et Odette Levy, 1981.
Victor (Avigdor) Hurowitz. "The Priestly Account of Building the Tabernacle." Journal of the American Oriental Society, volume 105 (number 1) (January–March 1985): pages 21–30.
Pinchas H. Peli. Torah Today: A Renewed Encounter with Scripture, pages 95–98. Washington, D.C.: B'nai B'rith Books, 1987. .
Craig R. Koester. Dwelling of God: The Tabernacle in the Old Testament, Intertestamental Jewish Literature, and the New Testament. Washington: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1989. .
Harvey J. Fields. A Torah Commentary for Our Times: Volume II: Exodus and Leviticus, pages 86–94. New York: UAHC Press, 1991. .
Nahum M. Sarna. The JPS Torah Commentary: Exodus: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation, pages 222–31. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991. .
Nehama Leibowitz. New Studies in Shemot (Exodus), volume 2, pages 644–88. Jerusalem: Haomanim Press, 1993. Reprinted as New Studies in the Weekly Parasha. Lambda Publishers, 2010. .
Walter Brueggemann. "The Book of Exodus." In The New Interpreter's Bible. Edited by Leander E. Keck, volume 1, pages 957–74. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994. .
Judith S. Antonelli. "Women's Wisdom." In In the Image of God: A Feminist Commentary on the Torah, pages 221–30. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson, 1995. .
Ellen Frankel. The Five Books of Miriam: A Woman’s Commentary on the Torah, pages 142–45. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996. .
W. Gunther Plaut. The Haftarah Commentary, pages 217–21. New York: UAHC Press, 1996. .
Robert Goodman. "Shabbat." In Teaching Jewish Holidays: History, Values, and Activities, pages 1–19. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997. .
Sorel Goldberg Loeb and Barbara Binder Kadden. Teaching Torah: A Treasury of Insights and Activities, pages 148–54. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997.
Exodus to Deuteronomy: A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Second Series). Edited by Athalya Brenner, pages 34, 38–39. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000.
Edward L. Greenstein. “Recovering ‘The Women Who Served at the Entrance.’” In Gershon Galil and Moshe Weinfeld, editors. Studies in Historical Geography and Biblical Historiography: Presented to Zecharia Kallai, pages 165–73. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
Carol Meyers. “Women at the Entrance to the Tent of Meeting.” In Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books and New Testament. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
Nancy H. Wiener. "Of Women and Mirrors." In The Women's Torah Commentary: New Insights from Women Rabbis on the 54 Weekly Torah Portions. Edited by Elyse Goldstein, pages 172–78. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2000.
Martin R. Hauge. The Descent from the Mountain: Narrative Patterns in Exodus 19–40. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Press, 2001.
Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg. The Particulars of Rapture: Reflections on Exodus, pages 461–98. New York: Doubleday, 2001. .
Lainie Blum Cogan and Judy Weiss. Teaching Haftarah: Background, Insights, and Strategies, pages 138–51. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 2002. .
Michael Fishbane. The JPS Bible Commentary: Haftarot, pages 135–46. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2002. .
Alan Lew. This Is Real and You Are Completely Unprepared: The Days of Awe as a Journey of Transformation, pages 53–55. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2003. .
Martha Lynn Wade. Consistency of Translation Techniques in the Tabernacle Accounts of Exodus in the Old Greek. Society of Biblical Literature, 2003. .
Robert Alter. The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary, pages 514–25. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004. .
Jeffrey H. Tigay. "Exodus." In The Jewish Study Bible. Edited by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, pages 191–97. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. .
Professors on the Parashah: Studies on the Weekly Torah Reading Edited by Leib Moscovitz, pages 150–54. Jerusalem: Urim Publications, 2005. .
W. Gunther Plaut. The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition. Revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, pages 611–26. New York: Union for Reform Judaism, 2006. .
William H.C. Propp. Exodus 19–40, volume 2A, pages 624–722. New York: Anchor Bible, 2006. .
Suzanne A. Brody. "Successful Campaign." In Dancing in the White Spaces: The Yearly Torah Cycle and More Poems, page 84. Shelbyville, Kentucky: Wasteland Press, 2007.
James L. Kugel. How To Read the Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now, pages 289, 291, 486. New York: Free Press, 2007.
Kenton L. Sparks. “‘Enūma Elish’ and Priestly Mimesis: Elite Emulation in Nascent Judaism.” Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 126 (2007): 637–42. (“Priestly Mimesis in the Tabernacle Narrative (Exodus 25–40)”).
The Torah: A Women's Commentary. Edited by Tamara Cohn Eskenazi and Andrea L. Weiss, pages 521–44. New York: URJ Press, 2008. .
Thomas B. Dozeman. Commentary on Exodus, pages 756–59. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009. .
Jill Hammer. "Listening to Heart-Wisdom: Parashat Vayakhel (Exodus 35:1–38:20)." In Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible. Edited by Gregg Drinkwater, Joshua Lesser, and David Shneer; foreword by Judith Plaskow, pages 113–16. New York: New York University Press, 2009. .
Reuven Hammer. Entering Torah: Prefaces to the Weekly Torah Portion, pages 131–34. New York: Gefen Publishing House, 2009. .
Rebecca G.S. Idestrom. "Echoes of the Book of Exodus in Ezekiel." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, volume 33 (number 4) (June 2009): pages 489–510. (Motifs from Exodus found in Ezekiel, including the call narrative, divine encounters, captivity, signs, plagues, judgment, redemption, tabernacle/temple, are considered.).
Bruce Wells. "Exodus." In Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary. Edited by John H. Walton, volume 1, pages 264–65. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2009. .
Jonathan Sacks. Covenant & Conversation: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible: Exodus: The Book of Redemption, pages 277–301. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2010. .
Joe Lieberman and David Klinghoffer. The Gift of Rest: Rediscovering the Beauty of the Sabbath. New York: Howard Books, 2011. .
James W. Watts. "Aaron and the Golden Calf in the Rhetoric of the Pentateuch." Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 130 (number 3) (fall 2011): pages 417–30.
William G. Dever. The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: When Archaeology and the Bible Intersect, page 245. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2012. .
Shmuel Herzfeld. "Inspirational Snapshots from Eretz Yisrael." In Fifty-Four Pick Up: Fifteen-Minute Inspirational Torah Lessons, pages 128–34. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2012. .
Daniel S. Nevins. "The Use of Electrical and Electronic Devices on Shabbat." New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 2012.
Torah MiEtzion: New Readings in Tanach: Shemot. Edited by Ezra Bick and Yaakov Beasley, pages 480–530. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2012. .
Michael B. Hundley. Gods in Dwellings: Temples and Divine Presence in the Ancient Near East. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2013. .
Adam Kirsch. "Ancient Laws for Modern Times: When is a tent just a tent and not like a bed or a hat? To update Jewish laws, the rabbis reasoned by analogy." Tablet Magazine. (February 26, 2013). (Shabbat).
Adam Kirsch. "Leave the Jewish People Alone: Rabbis left enforcement of their Talmudic decrees to communal standards and voluntary commitment." Tablet Magazine. (March 5, 2013). (Shabbat).
Adam Kirsch. "Written in the Stars (Or Not): To overcome fated lives, the Talmud's rabbis argued, perform virtuous acts according to Torah." Tablet Magazine. (March 12, 2013). (Shabbat).
Adam Kirsch. "Navigating the Talmud's Alleys: The range of problems and the variety of answers in the study of Oral Law lead to new pathways of reasoning." Tablet Magazine. (March 18, 2013). (Shabbat).
Amiel Ungar. "Tel Aviv and the Sabbath." The Jerusalem Report, volume 24 (number 8) (July 29, 2013): page 37.
Amanda Terkel. "Glenn Grothman, Wisconsin GOP Senator, Fights for a Seven-Day Workweek." The Huffington Post. (January 3, 2014, updated January 23, 2014). (A Congressional candidate said, "Right now in Wisconsin, you're not supposed to work seven days in a row, which is a little ridiculous because all sorts of people want to work seven days a week.").
Ester Bloom. "The Crazy New App For Using Your iPhone on Shabbos." Jewniverse. (October 1, 2014).
Jonathan Sacks. Lessons in Leadership: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, pages 111–14. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2015.
"The Crazy New Invention for Using Electricity on Shabbat." Jewniverse. (April 21, 2015).
Raanan Eichler. "The Poles of the Ark: On the Ins and Outs of a Textual Contradiction." Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 135, number 4 (Winter 2016): pages 733–4.
Jonathan Sacks. Essays on Ethics: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, pages 137–43. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2016.
Shai Held. The Heart of Torah, Volume 1: Essays on the Weekly Torah Portion: Genesis and Exodus, pages 213–20. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017.
Steven Levy and Sarah Levy. The JPS Rashi Discussion Torah Commentary, pages 68–70. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017.
External links
Texts
Masoretic text and 1917 JPS translation
Hear the parashah chanted
Hear the parashah read in Hebrew
Commentaries
Academy for Jewish Religion, California
Academy for Jewish Religion, New York
Aish.com
Akhlah: The Jewish Children's Learning Network
Aleph Beta Academy
American Jewish University - Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies
Anshe Emes Synagogue, Los Angeles
Ari Goldwag
Ascent of Safed
Bar-Ilan University
Chabad.org
The Desert Tabernacle
eparsha.com
G-dcast
The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash
Jewish Agency for Israel
Jewish Theological Seminary
Kabbala Online
Mechon Hadar
Miriam Aflalo
MyJewishLearning.com
Ohr Sameach
Orthodox Union
OzTorah, Torah from Australia
Oz Ve Shalom – Netivot Shalom
Pardes from Jerusalem
Professor James L. Kugel
Professor Michael Carasik
Rabbi Dov Linzer
Rabbi Fabian Werbin
Rabbi Jonathan Sacks
Rabbi Shlomo Riskin
Rabbi Shmuel Herzfeld
Rabbi Stan Levin
Reconstructionist Judaism
Sephardic Institute
Shiur.com
613.org Jewish Torah Audio
Talia Davis
Tanach Study Center
TheTorah.com
Teach613.org, Torah Education at Cherry Hill
Torah from Dixie
Torah.org
TorahVort.com
Union for Reform Judaism
United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
What's Bothering Rashi?
Yeshivat Chovevei Torah
Yeshiva University
Weekly Torah readings in Adar
Weekly Torah readings from Exodus |
4042293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampar%2C%20Perak | Kampar, Perak | Kampar (Jawi: كمڤر, nicknamed Education City) is the largest town of the eponymous Kampar District, Perak, Malaysia. Founded in 1887, the town lies within the Kinta Valley, an area rich with tin reserves. It was a tin mining town which boomed during the height of the tin mining industry. Many tin towns were established in the late 19th century, flourished in the 1900s, only to stagnate and decline after World War I, with the exception of an exhilarating boom in the 1920s. Most have closed down following the collapse of the industry, especially in the late 20th century.
Kampar is 33 km south of the state capital Ipoh, well connected by both national highway 1 and railway.
Geography
Kampar is situated in the Kinta Valley, which was well known for its high tin ore reserves. Its vast surroundings as well as abandoned mining-ponds are suitable for fishing, which has become a major attraction for anglers around the country, especially from Kuala Lumpur.
Kampar town can be broadly divided between the 'old town' and 'new town' areas. The old town consists of two main streets, Jalan Gopeng and Jalan Idris, of charming pre-war shop houses. The fronts of these shop houses still mostly resemble their original appearance. Commerce in the old town area mainly consists of coffee shops, goldsmiths and local retailers. The new town area mainly consists of new residential developments and some commerce servicing the burgeoning education industry in Kampar. On 21 May 2009, the Sultan of Perak declared Kampar as the state's 10th district.
However, according to the residents, there is no new or old town. The 'new town' is just a residential estate with a few rows of shop-lots to cater for the growing number of university students. The term 'new town' originates from the Cantonese spoken dialect which refers to Taman Bandar Baru as new town. Whereas 'Taman' in Malaysia refers to a residential estate.
History
Based on Datuk Hashim Bin Sam Abdul Latiff's article, early settlements in Kampar relate to the historic event of the murder of the British Resident in Perak, JWW Birch, as Ngah Jabor who was one of the early settlers in Kampar was amongst those connected to murder, together with the others who include Maharaja Lela, Datuk Sagor, Si Putum and others. However, Ngah Jabor escaped sentence when Raja Idris (Dris), who later became Sultan of Perak in 1887 presided over the case involving those accused of Birch's murder in 1876.
Raja Idris and Ngah Jabor have family ties and share milk mothers since as an infant, Raja Idris was taken care of by Ngah Jabor's mother, which is common amongst royal families to send their children to other families, particularly amongst the aristocrats, to feed.
There is a possibility that between the years 1876 to 1886, Ngah Jabor went into hiding to equip him with spiritual skills and reappeared in public with a new identity as Mohamad Jabor. It is possible that during his hiding, he had opened a new settlement in Kampar to elude the British.
Kampar had its share of war during the Japanese Occupation between 1941 and 1945. From December 30, 1941 to 2 January 1942 the Battle of Kampar occurred. An estimated 3000 British soldiers defended the Kampar area against over 6000 Japanese soldiers. The British Army inflicted serious casualties on the Japanese and only retreated when their flank and rear was threatened by Japanese seaborne landings on the coast south of their position. This battle was documented by the famous Kampar historian, Chye Kooi Loong. (See link below)
Origin of name
One plausible theory is that Kampar is named after the Kampar River (north of the current township). The river itself got its name from ethnic Malay immigrants from the Kampar Regency in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, who used the river to navigate upstream and the main source of ancestry of the local Malay populace. This predates the large-scale mining of tin in Kampar, so it is likely that the Cantonese words "kam pou" were derived from the word Kampar, rather than the other way around. Curiously, Kampar Regency in Sumatra was where the 1st Sultan of Perak (Sultan Mudzaffar Shah) was based before becoming Sultan of Perak in Perak (his highness was a son of the last Sultan of Malacca).
The local Chinese community had the impression it came from the Cantonese word kam pou as it means "precious gold" (referring to the town's previously large tin reserves, because of the Chinese people also speak in Cantonese only, although there are two dialect groups of the local Chinese populace dominating this town, notably the main Cantonese majority along with the Hakkas, which constitute the two largest ethnicities of the local Chinese population).
This is misleading as they were not aware of the history of the area and its historic relation to Kampar (Riau) as stated in the paragraph above.
Aston Settlement
Aston Settlement was a planned community composed of wooden houses in the northern suburbs of Kampar town. It was developed between 1935 and 1938, to "alleviate overcrowding" in Kampar's central business district. It was spearheaded, and named after, Arthur Vincent Aston, who became the first postwar British Adviser for Perak (1946–48) after the post of British Resident was abolished in 1945.
Though not related, Aston Settlement bears a resemblance to the post-war New Villages established in the 1950s.
Demographics
In year 2010, the estimated population of Kampar district was 98,878 people.
The majority of the Kampar's population is of 55.8% Chinese descent, 32.4% Malays, 11.4% Indian and others 0.2%.
There is a large student population with the Tunku Abdul Rahman University College (TAR UC) and University Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) in the new residential area (Taman Bandar Baru Kampar).
Economy
In the 19th and most of the 20th century, the economy of Kampar revolved around tin-mining. However, many tin-mining companies were forced out of business during the economic recession in the 1980s. Nevertheless, the town's economy recovered, slowly, by the end of the 1980s.
Since the completion of the North–South Expressway, Kampar's status as a bustling town has declined rapidly. Travelers stopped frequenting the town as they chose the more convenient highway. The nearest exit from highway is in Gopeng and Tapah, which is convenient for travelers.
The commercial and industrial sectors are the main driving forces of Kampar's economy. More recently, its economy has been further driven by the construction of the new Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) campus.
Also, Kampar is known for its freshwater fishing spot as most of the surrounding area is covered by man-made lakes. Centuries old abandoned tin mines have turned into natural lakes. Tilapia, Pangasius, Kaloi, Tutu, Tongsan, Catfish, and many kinds of freshwater fish flourish abundantly in these lakes. Most of these lakes are also converted into fish farms, duck farms or other horticulture produce farms.
Before Hypermarkets, the available supermarket in Kampar is the Minat Supermarket. It is located near the old kampar bus station(not used anymore). Daily consumables can also be obtained from the many Chinese retail shops located all over Kampar. Some are as good as small scale supermarkets with a modern shop design.
Education
Kampar is a centre of tertiary education for the campus of Tunku Abdul Rahman University College (TAR UC) and the new campus of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR). With an estimated combined capacity of more than 20,000 students, these two institutions are touted to be the two instruments that will restore the town to its former glory. Other private institution of higher learning would be Kolej Menara Jaya and Kolej Sri Ayu.
Kampar is also served by various primary and secondary schools. Notable government schools in Kampar are:
SMK Methodist ACS Kampar
SK Methodist ACS Kampar
Pei Yuan High School
SMJK Pei Yuan
SRJK (C) Pei Yuan
SMK Kampar
SRJK (C) Kampar Girls
SRJK (C) Chung Hwa
SRJK (T) Kampar
SMK Seri Kampar
SK De La Salle
SMK Sentosa
SK Kampar
International schools:
Westlake International School
Transportation
The Kampar town bus station (Terminal Pusat Perdagangan Kampar) serves local vicinity routes and long distance routes within the same building. This building is strategically located within 30m from the Kampar morning wet market.
Local vicinity routes to/from Ipoh, Teluk Intan, Tapah, Malim Nawar etc are covered. Among the local bus companies that are operating in Kampar would be Perak Transit and Kinta Omnibus Company (Both serving routes north of Kampar all the way to Ipoh), Kamta Omnibus Company (serving routes south of Kampar to Tapah) and Hup Soon Omnibus Company (routes from Kampar to Teluk Intan).
Long distance, intercity express buses serves Kampar and has routes to Butterworth, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur. They are located in the express bus station in the town area. Express bus companies from Terminal Bersepadu Selatan (TBS), Kuala Lumpur with direct links from Kuala Lumpur to Kampar are Perak Transit, Edaran, Super Ria, Konsortium and Parit Express. Ticket prices are around RM16-RM16.60 one way. The bus ride takes from Kuala Lumpur to Kampar will take about two and half hours.
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) and Tunku Abdul Rahman (TAR) college buses are also available for pickup service of their students around the vicinity.
Taxis, which consists mostly of old E-Class Mercedes, are available around the local town bus station.
Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) has introduced a shuttle train between Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur Sentral that serves the Kampar railway station. It would take two and a half hours between Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur Sentral. The Kampar Train Station is located at the south-eastern part of town, in the vicinity of a housing estate known as Taman Melayu Jaya.
Notable residents
Datin Paduka Seri Endon Mahmood – late wife of ex Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
Eric Moo – a Taiwan-based singer, composer and producer, was born in a nearby suburb, Mambang Diawan. He has currently shifted his attention towards China.
Olivia Lum – founder of water treatment company Hyflux in Singapore.
Ejie Wahid – singer with 90's Malaysian pop group 'Freshies'
Mark Chang Mun Kee – founder of JobStreet.com
Datuk Seri Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin – Former 10th Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of the state of Perak
Shahir AF8 – Champions of Akademi Fantasia 8's reality show in Astro television.
Tan Sri Khoo Kay Kim – Malaysian historian, an emeritus professor in the History Department of the University of Malaya. He is one of the co-authors of Rukunegara. He is a highly regarded national academic for his views on local sports and socio-political issues
Tan Sri Hew See Tong – started Bandar Baru Kampar or Kampar New Town, a former tin miner and an elected member of the Parliament for 3 terms from 1995 to 2008 for the Kampar constituency
Chye Kooi Loong – world-renowned authority on the Battle of Kampar (historical battlefield site "Green Ridge") during World War 11, between the British and Japanese forces from Dec 30, 1941 to Jan 2, 1942.
Tan Sri Lim Taik Choon - Born 1929 he was a child labourer in WW2. He later became an A class ambassador for Malaysia and went to Japan, Australia and even France. Mr Lim died in 2011
Politics
(P70) Kampar is a Parliament seat under the Election Commission of Malaysia. Under this parliament seat, there are 3 state seats namely (N40) Malim Nawar, (N41) Keranji and (N42) Tualang Sekah.
The parliament seat is a traditional fight between the Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Barisan Nasional (represented by Malaysian Chinese Association, MCA). The current member of parliament is Su Keong Siong from Democratic Action Party – Pakatan Rakyat.
Food
Kampar is famous for its food. For example, fish ball noodles, chicken biscuit, claypot chicken rice, prawn mee, rice noodles ("Lai Fun" in Cantonese), char kuay teow, wan tan mee, lor mai fan (glutinous rice), and ham kok chai (salty vegetable dumpling). Two types of food that made their way out of Kampar town itself and is synonymous with Kampar are chicken biscuit and fishball noodle. The Kampar chicken biscuit is so famous that it spawned a whole series of other 'chicken biscuit' brands.
Other local cuisine includes the chee cheong fun (猪肠粉）, where curry is often the preferred condiment. Chee Cheong Fun is a noodle made from rice flour which is steamed into sheets and chopped up into noodle like slivers. In Kampar it is frequently served with 2 types of tofu, along with assorted fish balls or pig skin in curry. Chee cheong fun is commonly eaten for breakfast or supper where a couple of stores are set up at the local market.
The Curry Chicken Bun (面包鸡 `Min pau kai' in Cantonese, Roti Kari Ayam [Bahasa]) is one of Kampar's most recognized food icon, it is famous for its original taste of curry, not very spicy but tasty. The curry chicken is wrapped beneath a layer of plastic and grease proof paper. The golden brown bread texture is soft and fluffy and combines well with the curry broth. which is often sought after by tourists.
References
External links
Kampar Website
Information
Westlake International School
Kampar Website
Kampar District
Mukims of Perak |
4042299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Iraqi | Al-Iraqi | Al-Iraqi (Arabic: , 'of/from Iraq'), may refer to:
People born before 1900
Abū l-Qāsim al-ʿIrāqī al-Simāwī, 13th-century Muslim alchemist
Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi (1325–1404), Shafi'i scholar and scholars of hadith
Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi (1213–1289), or Al-'Iraqi, Persian Sufi master, poet and writer
People born after 1900
Abdul Hadi al Iraqi (Nashwan Abdulrazaq Abdulbaqi, born 1961), alleged Al-Qaeda member
Abdullah Abu Azzam al-Iraqi (died 2005), senior leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq
Abu Ayman al-Iraqi (Adnan Latif Hamid al-Suwaydawi al-Dulaymi, 1965–2014), ISIL commander
Abu Ayoub al-Iraqi (fl. 1990s), a founder of Al-Qaeda
Abu Hajer al-Iraqi (Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, born 1958), Sudanese co-founder of Al-Qaeda
Abu Walid al-Iraqi (Khalid Duhham Al-Jawary, born c.1945), convicted terrorist
Hatem Al Iraqi (born 1969), Iraqi songwriter and composer
Shalash al-Iraqi (fl. 2005), the pseudonym of an Iraqi essayist and fiction writer
See also
Maqam al-iraqi, a genre of Arabic music
Laraki (disambiguation) |
4042305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunoy | Brunoy | Brunoy () is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, Île-de-France, France. It is located from the center of Paris. The tenor Louis Nourrit (1780–1831) died in Brunoy.
Inhabitants of Brunoy are known as Brunoyens.
The city has a church Saint-Medard, richly decorated in the Louis XVI style. Organ Festival takes place each year in November.
Brunoy is home to a branch of Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim Lubavitch, which attracts hundreds of students from around the world, most notably from the United States of America and Israel.
Population
Transportation
Brunoy is served by Brunoy station on Paris RER line D.
Twin towns
The town is twinned with the borough of Reigate and Banstead.
References
External links
Official website
Mayors of Essonne Association
Communes of Essonne |
4042328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriangleBoy | TriangleBoy | TriangleBoy is a proxying tool designed to allow users to get around firewalls and censorship, and anonymously visit web sites. The tool was created by Stephen Hsu, founder of SafeWeb, which later stopped support and distribution of the tool. The software was developed using seed money from the CIA, and TriangleBoy was supported in part by the Voice of America as a way for Chinese readers to be able to reach the VoA website while bypassing China's Great Firewall.
References
External links
TriangleBoy whitepaper
Internet Protocol based network software |
4042337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement%20for%20Democracy%20and%20Justice%20in%20Chad | Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad | Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (, abbreviated as MDJT) is a Chadian rebel group that tried to oust the government of the current Chadian president Idriss Déby from October 1998–2003. The movement was founded by Youssouf Togoïmi, Déby's former Defense Minister, and operated primarily in Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti and the Tibesti Mountains.
Though MDJT fought mostly against the Chadian Military, they were accused of assassinating the President of an opposition party in 1999, but no evidence supports this claim.
MDJT began negotiating with the Chadian government in January 2002 and signed a treaty giving amnesty to all MDJT rebels who stopped fighting. A MDJT remnant continued to fight to on a smaller scale until another agreement was signed in December 2003. This accord ensured high-ranking government positions for MDJT members. Togoïmi died in September 2002 in a Libyan hospital from injuries he had received a few days earlier when his truck hit a landmine. Togoïmi is buried in Libya.
The movement was similar in where it got its members, the Chadian military, and goals, overthrow of President Déby, to the later Platform for Change, Unity and Democracy.
See also
Civil war in Chad (1998–2002)
External links
MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
Full text of the 'Peace Agreement between the Government of Chad and MDJT' signed in 2003, UN Peacemaker
Full text of the 'Peace Agreement between the Government of Chad and MDJT' signed in 2002, UN Peacemaker
History of Chad
Rebel groups in Chad |
5378906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Carruthers | Chris Carruthers | Christopher Paul Carruthers (born 19 August 1983) is an English former professional footballer who played as a left-back. He played in the Football League for Northampton Town and Bristol Rovers.
Carruthers started his career with the Northampton Town youth system and made his first-team debut in 2001. He had loans with Hornchurch, Kettering Town, and Bristol Rovers, joining the latter permanently in 2005 after making over 80 appearances for Northampton. His three seasons with the club included an appearance in the successful 2007 League Two play-off Final, which came before his release in 2008. He signed for Conference Premier club Oxford United and after one season was loaned to Crawley Town. He then joined Oxford's divisional rivals York City on loan and signed for them permanently in 2010.
After his release by York, Carruthers joined Conference Premier club Gateshead in 2011. He was released after one season with Gateshead, joining Hereford United before dropping down to the Southern League Premier Division with Corby Town in 2013. He was named the Players' Player of the Year in 2013–14 before joining Brackley Town of the Conference North. He rejoined Corby after their promotion to the National League North in 2015. Later that year, he rejoined Southern League Premier Division club Kettering Town, before leaving in 2016. He also represented the England national under-20 team and played at the 2003 Toulon Tournament and the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship. He earned 11 caps for the team.
Early and personal life
Carruthers was born in Kettering, Northamptonshire, and attended Raunds Manor School from 1994 to 1999. He has been the owner of Carruthers Property Services since April 2010 and a director of Players Taxback since September 2012. He has worked in various roles for Travis Perkins since October 2013.
Club career
Northampton Town
Carruthers played for Raunds Tigers before joining Harborough Town aged 13. He soon joined Northampton Town in their youth system after a two-week trial. He was named in the first-team squad for the 2000–01 season, when Northampton were in the Second Division following their promotion. He made his debut at the age of 17 as a half-time substitute in a 2–0 home defeat to Port Vale on 26 April 2001 and his first start came in a 3–0 home defeat to Walsall on 5 May, finishing the season with three appearances. He signed his first professional contract with the club on 9 April 2002. He scored his first goal for the club with a "spectacular" long-range volley on 84 minutes in a 4–1 win against Wycombe Wanderers. This season, 2001–02, Carruthers was able to make more of an impact, playing in 14 matches and scoring 1 goal. He received the first yellow card of his career in a 2–2 away draw with Cambridge United in the FA Cup second round on 7 December. During 2002–03, he cemented his place in the first team, playing 38 matches.
He played for Northampton in a 3–0 home defeat to Premier League team Manchester United in the FA Cup fourth round on 25 January 2004, in which he conceded a penalty kick after two minutes and then was stretchered off in the second half with a neck injury. He signed a new contract with Northampton in February, which would expire in June 2006. He finished 2003–04 with 31 appearances. However, in 2004–05, Carruthers fell out of favour at Northampton and he was made available to other clubs on loan. He joined Conference South club Hornchurch on 19 November on a one-month loan, and after making his debut in a 2–1 home defeat to Grays Athletic he finished the loan with four appearances. He joined Conference North leaders Kettering Town, his hometown club, on a one-month loan on 21 January 2005. His debut came in a 5–0 home defeat to Southport and made one further appearance, completing the loan with two appearances before returning to Northampton.
Bristol Rovers
After returning he only managed to play one match before being loaned out again on 24 March 2005, this time to League Two club Bristol Rovers, until the end of the season. He made his debut two days later as a substitute on 79 minutes in a 2–1 victory away to Notts County. He stated his desire to stay at the club long-term in April, saying "I do need a change, just to get myself going again really because it has been disappointing not playing." He made his first start for the club in a 4–0 away defeat against Scunthorpe United on 30 April. The loan expired in May after playing five times and he again expressed his desire to stay at the club. Wycombe Wanderers agreed to sign Carruthers on a two-year contract on a free transfer on 16 June and Rovers manager Ian Atkins revealed his disappointment at not signing him, saying "He was high on my list. There are not many players who can play left-back, wing-back or as out-and-out wingers". However, after speaking to Atkins and being guaranteed regular football, he decided to join Rovers instead on 29 June.
Carruthers scored for the first time in 2005–06 with the winning goal in a 1–0 victory away to Grimsby Town on 10 December 2005 after scoring from a free kick on 80 minutes. He played regularly after signing permanently, appearing in 45 matches and scoring once in his first full season at the club. Ahead of 2006–07, Carruthers said "We've got a good set of players and have proved that – especially away against some of the top sides. We're capable of getting results; we just need to get that consistency". He played in an FA Cup fourth round match against Championship team Derby County on 27 January 2007, in which he cleared an Arturo Lupoli header off the line, although Rovers lost 1–0. He played in both legs of Rovers' play-off semi-final victory over Lincoln City, which finished 7–4 on aggregate. He played in the 2007 League Two play-off Final at Wembley Stadium on 26 May, which Rovers won 3–1 against Shrewsbury Town, thus earning promotion to League One. He finished the season with 54 appearances and agreed a new one-year contract with the club in July.
Carruthers came on as a substitute on 76 minutes in a 2–2 draw away to Premier League team Fulham on 6 January 2008. By February, he had been dislodged at left-back by Joe Jacobson, although he made a return to the team for a 2–0 home victory over Cheltenham Town after Jacobson was unavailable for selection. He made one more appearance before the end of 2007–08, a 1–1 draw at home to Northampton on 12 March, finishing the season with 24 appearances. He was released by the club in May.
Oxford United
He signed for Conference Premier club Oxford United on 4 July 2008, with manager Darren Patterson describing him as "another great pro who has bags of experience considering his age". He was placed on the transfer list in September, but was removed less than two weeks later. He finished 2008–09 with 42 appearances. Manager Chris Wilder said in June 2009 that Carruthers was not part of his plans. He joined Oxford's fellow Conference Premier club Crawley Town on 28 August on a one-month loan, having made one appearance for Oxford up to that point in 2009–10. He made his debut as a substitute on 21 minutes in a 1–1 home draw with Grays on 29 August, nearly scoring after 11 minutes of being on the field after forcing a save from goalkeeper Preston Edwards, and this was followed by his first start in a 3–0 defeat away to Luton Town on 1 September. His first goal came with the opener in a 2–0 home victory against Histon on 8 September with an "unstoppable shot into the top right corner". He finished the loan with seven appearances and one goal after it expired on 26 September.
York City
Carruthers joined Conference Premier club York City on 28 September 2009 on a one-month loan to provide competition for the left-side. He made his debut in a 1–1 home draw with Stevenage Borough on 3 October, after coming on as a 76th-minute substitute. In November, the loan was extended until 2 January 2010. Carruthers scored his first York goal with the opening goal in a 2–1 home victory over Wrexham on 5 December after heading in a Michael Rankine cross. After the loan spell concluded, he was offered a one-and-a-half-year contract by York and was subsequently released by Oxford. He signed for York permanently on 6 January. He scored in his first match after signing, opening the scoring in a 4–1 home win over Hayes & Yeading United on 16 January, converting from a Richard Brodie cross.
He picked up an ankle injury seven minutes into a 2–1 home defeat to Salisbury City on 9 March 2010, and made his return in a 1–1 home draw with Tamworth on 27 March. He played in both legs of York's play-off semi-final victory over Luton, which finished 2–0 on aggregate, and scored the goal in the 1–0 away win in the second leg with a clipped shot from three yards after goalkeeper Mark Tyler parried Rankine's free kick. Following the match, he was hit by a coin with the York squad being forced to leave the ground through the back of a stand after having missiles thrown at them by a section of Luton fans. He started in the 2010 Conference Premier play-off Final at Wembley Stadium on 16 May, being substituted on 74 minutes, as York lost 3–1 to Oxford. He finished the season with 39 appearances and 3 goals for York.
Carruthers made his first appearance of 2010–11 in the opening match, a 2–1 home defeat to Kidderminster Harriers on 14 August 2010, in which he was substituted in the 65th minute. He suffered a knee injury in a 3–0 home victory over Altrincham on 28 August and it was believed this would keep him out of the team for a month. Carruthers made his return as an 81st-minute substitute in a 2–0 victory away to Kidderminster in the FA Cup fourth qualifying round on 23 October. His first start since August came on 17 November in a 3–0 home victory over League Two club Rotherham United in an FA Cup first round replay. He scored his first goal of the season in the 87th minute of a 2–1 defeat away to Darlington on 23 April 2011. His season finished with 29 appearances and 1 goal and was released by York on 23 June.
Gateshead and Hereford United
On 27 July 2011, Carruthers joined Conference Premier club Gateshead on a one-year contract. He made his debut on 13 August in a 3–2 away win over Kidderminster. Carruthers was released by Gateshead on 30 April 2012.
He went on trial with newly relegated Conference Premier club Hereford United in July 2012, who were managed by his former York manager Martin Foyle. During a pre-season friendly against Evesham United, Carruthers clashed heads with teammate Greg Tindle and required seven stitches, with the match being abandoned. He signed for the club on 20 July.
Later career
Carruthers signed for newly relegated Southern League Premier Division club Corby Town on 21 June 2013. He scored 5 goals in 50 appearances for Corby in 2013–14, while they finished in 11th place in the Southern League Premier Division table. He was the club captain that season and won the Players' Player of the Year award.
Carruthers signed for Conference North club Brackley Town on 7 July 2014 on a one-year contract. Carruthers made 27 appearances in 2014–15 for a Brackley team that ranked 18th in the Conference North table. He re-signed for Corby Town on 9 June 2015 following their promotion to the National League North. Having made 14 appearances for Corby, he was allowed to leave to seek regular football, and joined Southern League Premier Division club Kettering on dual registration on 13 November. Having been limited by injuries and family and work commitments, Carruthers left Kettering on 12 September 2016. He later retired from football.
International career
Carruthers represented the England national under-20 team over a period of two years, first being called into the squad for a match against Switzerland in November 2002. Carruthers made his debut in this match, starting in a 2–0 defeat at home on 12 December. He played at the 2003 Toulon Tournament, marking Cristiano Ronaldo when the team played Portugal, with Carruthers saying in retrospect "I did okay against him though." He started in all four of England's match in the tournament, which they were knocked out of following a 1–0 defeat to Japan. He was named in the squad for a friendly against the Czech Republic on 9 October 2003 and entered the match as a half-time substitute before being forced to leave after around 60 minutes due to an injury. He was selected in the squad for the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship and played in two of England's three matches at the tournament. He earned 11 caps for the team from 2002 to 2003.
Style of play
Carruthers was left footed and versatile, being able to play as a left-back, left wing-back and left midfielder. He also played in a more attacking role as a left winger. However, he stated his strongest position was at left-back. He predominantly played as a left-back for Northampton and Bristol Rovers, but on his arrival at York he was converted to playing in left midfield.
Career statistics
Honours
Bristol Rovers
Football League Two play-offs: 2007
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kettering
Footballers from Northamptonshire
English footballers
England youth international footballers
Association football defenders
Harborough Town F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Hornchurch F.C. players
Kettering Town F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Oxford United F.C. players
Crawley Town F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Gateshead F.C. players
Hereford United F.C. players
Corby Town F.C. players
Brackley Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Southern Football League players |
4042343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swenson%20Gym | Swenson Gym | Reed K. Swenson Gym (originally Wildcat Gym) is a 1,200-seat gymnasium in the western United States, on the campus of Weber State University in Ogden, Utah. It is currently the home of Weber State Wildcats women's volleyball team of the Big Sky Conference.
Built in 1962 as Weber State's primary indoor venue, it was succeeded by the new Dee Events Center in autumn 1977. All three teams (men's and women's basketball, volleyball) moved to the Dee, leaving the gym without a varsity tenant. It was renovated in 2006 to accommodate volleyball, with its seating capacity significantly reduced. It is named for Reed Knute Swenson (1903–1989), the head basketball coach at Weber from 1933 to 1957 and longtime athletic director.
The gym hosted the inaugural Big Sky Conference men's basketball tournament in 1976; the host Wildcats lost the title game in double overtime to Boise State, with an attendance of 4,679.
The final men's basketball game was on February 12, 1977, a twelve-point win over Gonzaga before 4,941; the Bulldogs were winless in fifteen annual attempts at Wildcat Gym, but did upset Weber State by a point a week later in Spokane to foil their title hopes. Two weeks later at the conference tournament in Pocatello, the 'Cats returned the favor with a one-point win over the Zags in the semifinals.
References
External links
Weber State University Athletics: Swenson Gym
Defunct college basketball venues in the United States
Basketball venues in Utah
Weber State Wildcats
Sports venues in Ogden, Utah
Sports venues completed in 1962
1962 establishments in Utah |
4042354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui%20Cheemian | Sui Cheemian | Sui Cheemian, also spelt Sui Chimian, and less commonly as Sui Cheema, is a Cheema village in Punjab, Pakistan. It is a Union council of Gujar Khan Tehsil (a subdivision of Rawalpindi District). Sui Cheemian gets its name from the Cheema tribe of Jats, who make up the majority of the population. The population speaks pothwari and have a lax family and religious structure since the majority of the villagers follow Sufism.The village along with the town of Bewal is one of the most wealthiest rural places in Pakistan, the village has powerful and wealthy aristocratic lords and dukes known locally as lambardars who own extensive agricultural lands, and a state privileged status. The village is well developed with concrete roads, pavements and highways. the village is dotted with expensive mansions, with full air-conditioning systems which is almost exclusively only used by the elite and the rich in Pakistan, because of the electricity being so expensive in the country due to the shortfall of energy production in the country.
The village is located at 33.370427,73.431581 with an altitude of 492 metres (1617 feet).
See also
Mohra Sandhu
References
Populated places in Gujar Khan Tehsil
Union councils of Gujar Khan Tehsil |
4042363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%24100 | $100 | There are many $100 banknotes, bills or coins, including:
Australian one-hundred-dollar note
Canadian one-hundred-dollar note
Nicaraguan one-hundred-cordoba note
United States one-hundred-dollar bill
One of the banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar
One of the banknotes of the New Zealand dollar
One of the Fifth series of the New Taiwan Dollar banknote
One of the banknotes of Zimbabwe
Other currencies that issue $100 banknotes, bills or coins are:
Other meanings
One Hundred Dollars, a Canadian alternative folk country band. |
4042366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnee%20Methodist%20Mission | Shawnee Methodist Mission | Shawnee Methodist Mission is also referred to as the Shawnee Mission today but is most appropriately called the Shawnee Indian Manual Labor Boarding School. In July 1830, Shawnee Tribal leadership formally requested that the US government make arrangements to establish a mission on tribal lands for childhood education. Day schools were then established by several Christian denominations, with the first Methodist school established by missionaries in 1830 in Turner, Kansas to educate children of the Shawnee tribe of Native Americans who had been removed to Kansas.
In June 1838, the Methodist Mission Society, led by Thomas Johnson, requested and received authorization and financial support from the U.S. government to build a large boarding school “mission,” consolidating the training of Indigenous children in manual trades from different tribes, thereby reducing costs through an economy of scale. In 1839, with approval of Shawnee leadership, Shawnee Indians and others labored to build and establish the school along with supporting infrastructure of almost 2000 acres in the heart of the Shawnee Reservation (currently in the City of Fairway in northeast Johnson County). A substantial portion of the construction costs were drawn from the Shawnee Tribe’s treaty funds. In addition, Shawnee treaty funds were used at this school to educate Shawnee children, even if they wanted to go to a different mission school on the tribe’s reservation. The site contained the three large buildings and thirteen smaller ones, with a maximum enrollment of nearly two hundred Indian boys and girls. Although the Shawnee Tribe was the only tribe that provided land for the school, the school was attended by children from all tribes in the region.
The Shawnee Indian Manual Labor Boarding School was one of the first residential boarding schools established in the territory acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. For 23 years (1839-1862) it functioned as a boarding school for numerous indigenous children until the federal government ultimately revoked the Methodists’ education contract due to heavy criticism regarding how the school was being administered. Designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1968, the Shawnee Methodist Mission is operated today as a museum. The site is administered by the Kansas Historical Society as the Shawnee Indian Mission State Historic Site.
The Shawnee Indian Manual Labor Boarding School served briefly as the second capitol of the Kansas Territory, when the legislature was controlled by pro-slavery advocates, holding that designation from July 16 to August 7, 1855.
The Shawnee Methodist Mission is the origin of the Shawnee Mission name used by the United States Postal Service to refer to the Kansas City Metropolitan Area suburban communities in northeastern Johnson County. The Shawnee Mission School District serves those communities.
The Shawnee
The "Fish" Shawnee tribe was removed from its traditional Ohio home to the unorganized territories set aside for Native Americans (in the future state of Kansas) under the terms of the Treaty of St. Louis (1825). The mission was initially built on land near the American Shawnee Indian Tribe reserve in Turner by Reverend Thomas Johnson. He hoped to convert the recently relocated tribe to Christianity.
During the 1830s, some of the Shawnees' most venerated men, including Tenskwatawa "the Shawnee Prophet", frequently visited at the mission. The Prophet was the younger brother of Tecumseh, who had led a war against the United States earlier in the century. Tenskwatawa led the Shawnee in Tecumseh's absence at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Following defeat in this battle, Tenskwatawa took his men to the British Canadian colonies. He was placed under virtual house arrest for years following the end of the War of 1812. Tenskwatawa was eventually allowed to return to the Shawnee to help them remove from Ohio to Kansas; he died in 1836 at his village (the present site of Kansas City, Kansas).
The new mission
The mission was located at its original site from 1830 to 1839. In 1839, the mission was moved and built at its present-day Johnson County location, where an Indian boarding school was opened there. From 1839 until its closure in 1862, the Shawnee Mission served as a manual training school for Native Americans, principally from the Shawnee and Delaware tribes.
The Shawnee Mission also served as the second capital of the Kansas Territory. The capital was moved to the mission on July 16, 1855, after pro-slavery delegates to the Territorial Legislature voted to depart the first Territorial Capitol of Kansas at Pawnee. It served as territorial capital until August 8, when the seat of government became Lecompton. While the capital was located at Shawnee Mission, the legislature promulgated the controversial pro-slavery laws that sparked Bleeding Kansas violence. During the American Civil War, the site served as a camp for Union soldiers.
The Shawnee Mission was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1968.
Structures
See also
List of capitals in the United States
List of National Historic Landmarks in Kansas
References
Further reading
"Thomas Johnson's Story and the History of Fairway, Kansas". Joe H. Vaughan, Author, 2014. ISBN No. 978-63173-140-2. Two Trails Publishing Co., Inc., Independence, MO 64052.
External links
Official website
Johnson County Museum, relocating and closed until June 10, 2017
Shawnee Indian Mission history
1975 photos of North, East, and West Buildings
1940 HABS photo collection from Library of Congress. (Historic American Buildings Survey)
Churches completed in 1839
19th-century Methodist church buildings in the United States
Pre-statehood history of Kansas
Shawnee history
Methodist churches in Kansas
Museums in Johnson County, Kansas
National Historic Landmarks in Kansas
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas
Native American history of Kansas
Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States
Kansas state historic sites
History museums in Kansas
Native American museums in Kansas
1830 establishments in Indian Territory
Historic American Buildings Survey in Kansas
National Register of Historic Places in Johnson County, Kansas
Methodist missions
Capitals of Kansas
Capitols of Kansas |
4042402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising%20in%20the%20East | Rising in the East | Rising in the East is a live DVD of Judas Priest, released on 15 November 2005, performing a concert in Tokyo's Nippon Budokan, filmed on 19 May 2005. It is the first straight-to-DVD release.
Release
In unconfirmed internet reports, the DVD was to be pushed back to January 2006 while other online retailers still listed its release for 15 November 2005. In addition, two different cover arts had surfaced with former website Play.com displaying a cover art unlike one displayed on Amazon.
Information
The band filmed two sold-out performances on 18 & 19 May 2005 in Tokyo in which the latter footage was used instead. Glenn Tipton explains that the band decided to film their performances at the Budokan "because it's a special venue. It's world-renowned. We thought it was an ideal choice. We filmed both nights but we ended up using the second night only for this DVD. We wanted it to be as live and as real as possible, and when you start taking from different shows there isn't continuity. We wanted it to be one show and that's exactly what it is." Rob Halford says that the display of Rising in the East to the fans "is the first time seeing us reunited for a full-length show in the DVD format. I think the DVD compounds all the great things that Priest fans and metal fans all around the world love about the band. Priest is still a powerful, physical, full-on experience in the live domain. What this DVD is intended to do is give longtime Priest fans another great memory to add to their collection, and it's also an opportunity for new Priest fans to explore all the great things we're achieving three decades later."
Track listing
Encores
Personnel
Rob Halford – vocals
K.K. Downing – electric guitar
Glenn Tipton – guitar
Ian Hill – bass guitar
Scott Travis – drums
Sales and certifications
|-
References
External links
[ Rising in the East] at Allmusic
Judas Priest video albums
2005 video albums
Live video albums
2005 live albums |
4042410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgeron | Montgeron | Montgeron () is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is northeast part of the Department of Essonne. It is located from the center of Paris.
The café Au Reveil Matin at 22 Avenue Jean Jaurès was the departure point of the first Tour de France in 1903. Montgeron was also the starting point of the 21st (and last) stage of the 2017 Tour de France.
Geography
Climate
Situated in the region of Île-de-France, Montgeron has an oceanic climate, with cool winters and mild summers, and has more precipitation than others in the central parts. The mean temperature is around 10.8 °C, with a maximum of 15.2 °C and a minimum of 6.4 °C. However, the actual temperatures recorded are 24.5 °C in July at the maximum and 0.7 °C in January at the minimum, but the records registered the maximum temperature of 38.2 °C on 1 July 1952 and the minimum temperature of -19.6 °C on 17 January 1985. Due to the lower urban density between Paris and its suburbs, a difference of one to two degrees Celsius is felt strongly. The amount of sunshine is comparable to the average of the regions of the north of the Loire with 1,798 hours per year. Precipitation is also distributed over the year, with a total of 598.3 millimeters of rain and an approximate average of fifty millimeters per month.
Transport
Although Montgeron is away from the course of the Seine, major axes of communication cross at Montgeron, most of them inherited from before. It was crossed by the old National Road 6 (N6) but now the road takes a detour to the west of the city center; the route is now occupied by the Departemental Road 50 (D50). The road D50 intersects the east-west running Departemental Road 31 (D31), which the latter leads to the neighboring commune of Yerres. The new portion of N6 shares its northern part with the Departemental Road 448 (D448) which the latter follows the river Seine south to Corbeil-Essonnes.
Recent development and heavy traffic have made access to the city center much more difficult, which accentuates commercial desertification.
Since 1849, the Paris-Marseille railway passes through the northeast of Montgeron, now served by the Montgeron-Crosne station on the Paris RER line D. The rail link is complemented by several bus lines, including the Noctilien Line N134 ensuring services during the night(click this reference for the French Wikipedia:), line 91.09 of the Albatrans bus network, line 191-100 of the Mobilien network, lines A, E, P, Q and V of the STRAV bus network, and lines IV and 501 of the Seine Sénart Bus network have stops in Montgeron.
The town is located eight kilometers south-east of Paris-Orly airport and thirty-four kilometers south of Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle airport. Leisure and business aviation will be oriented towards the Melun-Villaroche air base, ultimately transformed into a tourism and business airport, located nineteen kilometers to the southeast.
Politics
The mayor of Montgeron is Sylvie Carillon from The Republicans, starting from April 16, 2020. The commune of Montgeron is located in Essonne's 8th constituency, which includes Montgeron, Yerres, Brunoy, and Vigneux-sur-Seine. Their member of the National Assembly has been Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, the president of Debout la France, since 1997. He was first elected in 1997, followed by getting reelected in 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017.
Intercommunality and Cantons
Montgeron is located inside the Communauté d'agglomération Val d'Yerres Val de Seine, which also includes Boussy-Saint-Antoine, Brunoy, Crosne, Draveil, Épinay-sous-Sénart, Quincy-sous-Sénart, Vigneux-sur-Seine, and Yerres. Montgeron, like Brunoy, is divided between two cantons. The Canton of Vigneux-sur-Seine includes the communes of Vigneux-sur-Seine, Crosne and the northern part of Montgeron. The Canton of Draveil includes the communes of Draveil, Soisy-sur-Seine, Saint-Germain-lès-Corbeil, Étiolles, and the southern part of Montgeron. The dividing line goes from the territorial limit of the municipality of Yerres, to the Avenue de la République (departmental road 50), Rue des Bois, Place de l'Europe, Avenue de la Grange, Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, Rue de Mainville, Rue de la Croix-Saint-Marc, Rue des Plantes, Rue Édouard-Branly, Rue de la Garenne, Rue de la Belle-Aimée, Chemin du Dessus-du-Luet to n ° 117, then to the right of n ° 117 of Chemin du Dessus-du-Luet straight to National Road 6, Rue des Saules, Rue des Jacinthes, up to the territorial limit of the municipality of Vigneux-sur-Seine.
Twin Towns
Eschborn, Hesse, Germany starting from 1985.
Magog, Quebec, Canada starting from 1986.
Póvoa de Varzim, Norte, Portugal starting from 1986.
Viernau, Thuringia, Germany starting from 1992.
Populations and Society
Demographics
In 2017, the town had 23,775 inhabitants, an increase of 2.12% compared to 2012 (Essonne: + 4.74%, France excluding Mayotte: + 2.36%).
Placed on the important road from Paris to Melun at the edge of the Sénart Forest, Montgeron was a town already counting more than eight hundred and fifty people at the time of the first census of people in 1793. A period of chaotic evolution ensued with a growth to nearly nine hundred inhabitants in 1800 and a decrease until 1851. The milestone of nine hundred residents was reached in 1831 and that of the thousand residents ten years later.
From 1856, following the arrival of the railway, a period of constant progress began, only briefly interrupted by the losses due to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the milestone of two thousand inhabitants being crossed in 1896. At During the twentieth century, the two world conflicts did not prevent the local population explosion, driven by massive urbanization which allowed the town to have nearly four thousand five hundred inhabitants in 1921 and more than ten thousand in 1946. This the figure doubled in the following twelve years and reached the historic peak of twenty-three thousand seven hundred eighty-six in 1975.
The urban rehabilitation operations and the decline in enthusiasm for this town made it lose two thousand people in fifteen years before it returned to demographic growth from 1999, again negative in view of the 2007 figures establishing the Montgeron population to twenty-two thousand nine hundred twenty-nine people.
Immigration has little impact on this demographic development since only 7.6% of the municipal population was foreign in 1999. In that year, the largest communities were distributed between 3.2% of the total for Portuguese population, 0.9% for Algerians, 0.5% for Moroccans, 0.4% for Turks and Italians, 0.3% for Tunisians and 0.2% for Spaniards.
Inhabitants of Montgeron are known as Montgeronnais.
Facilities
There is a library called Médiathèque du Carré d'Art, a post office, and the Avenue de la République has restaurants and shops.
Famous People in Montgeron
The local school (J-C Gatinot) was decorated by painter Maurice Boitel. The engraver Paul-Marcel Dammann (1885–1939) was born and died in Montgeron.
References
External links
Official website
Land use (IAURIF)
Mayors of Essonne Association
Communes of Essonne |
4042422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%242 | $2 | $2 primarily refers to banknotes, bills or coins, including:
Currency
Australian two dollar coin, which replaced
Australian 2 dollar note
Toonie, the Canadian two-dollar coin, which replaced
Canadian two-dollar bill
United States two-dollar bill, a current denomination of U.S. currency (although not often used)
Hong Kong two-dollar coin, the third-highest denomination coin of the Hong Kong dollar
New Zealand two-dollar coin, which replaced the two-dollar banknote
Other currencies with $2 banknotes, bills or coins are:
Bahamian dollar
Barbadian dollar
Belize dollar
Bermudian dollar
Cook Islands dollar
Fijian dollar
Samoan tālā
Singapore dollar
Solomon Islands dollar
Tuvaluan dollar
Tongan paanga
Argentine peso
Mexican peso
Uruguayan peso
Brazilian real
Other uses
$2, a formal parameter in some programming languages |
4042424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esher%20Report | Esher Report | The Esher Report of 1904, chaired by Lord Esher, recommended radical reform of the British Army, such as the creation of an Army Council, General Staff and Chief of the General Staff and the abolition of the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces.
The change to the character of the Army has endured.
Background
The Second Boer War of 1899-1902 exposed weakness and inefficiency in the British Army and demonstrated how isolated Britain was from the rest of the world. The war had been won only by leaving Britain defenceless on land. In 1900, Imperial Germany began to build a battlefleet and industrial growth had already made it overtake Britain's economic lead in Europe.
The Elgin Commission had already advocated some changes in administration. Under Hugh Oakeley Arnold-Forster at the War Office the Report of the War Office (Reconstitution) Committee was set up to look into reform of the Army. It was chaired by Lord Esher, who had been a member of the Elgin Commission, as had two other members; Admiral Sir John Fisher (former Second Sea Lord and Navy reformer), and Colonel Sir George Clarke. The Esher Report was published, successively, in February and March 1904.
Conclusions
The Committee took evidence in private and its Report was in three parts. It analysed the complex arrangements and inefficiencies of the Army administration and made three main recommendations:
an Army Council modelled on the Board of Admiralty. It was designed as a single collective body to analyse and decide upon issues connected to policy and so end the confusion of the responsibilities of the Secretary of State for War, the Adjutant-General and the Quartermaster General. The War Secretary was to have the same power as the First Lord of the Admiralty and all military topics submitted to the Crown would go through him. That would increase civil and parliamentary control over the Army. Also recommended was that the Council would be made up of seven members. These were to be the Secretary of State for War, the First Military Member (with responsibility for operations and military policy), the Second Military Member (with responsibility for recruitment and discipline), the Third Military Member (with responsibility for supply and transport), the Fourth Military Member (with responsibility for armaments and fortifications), a Civil Member (who would be the Parliamentary Under-Secretary with responsibility for civil business other than finance) and another Civil Member (the Financial Secretary). It was recommended that this Council should meet frequently and decide matters by majority vote.
a General Staff with its Chief having the responsibility for preparing the Army for war. The post of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces was to be abolished. The duties of the General Staff were to be shared by a Director of Military Operations, a Director of Staff Duties and a Director of Military Training.
the War Office was to be radically reorganised on rational grounds. The British Army had previously grown since 1660 by not grand design but piecemeal additions and reforms. The administration inside the War Office was to be divided between the Chief of the General Staff, the Adjutant-General, the Quartermaster-General and the Master-General of the Ordnance. The Adjutant-General was given overall responsibility for the welfare and maintenance of the soldiers. Under him would be a Director of Recruiting and Organisation, a Director of Personal Services, a Director-General of Medical Services and a Director of Auxiliary Services. The previous office of Judge-Advocate-General was to be replaced with a Judge-Advocate with more limited power. Apart from manufacture, all parts of the process of material supply would be put under the Quartermaster-General. His department subordinates would be a Director of Transport and Remounts, a Director of Movements and Quartering, a Director of Supplies and Clothing and an Equipment and Ordnance Stores. The Master-General of the Ordnance's subordinates would be a Director of Artillery, a Naval Adviser and a Director of Fortifications and Works.
That rationalisation was recommended by the Report to be implemented throughout the Army. The Report also claimed that policy and administration had become too centralised in the War Office, to the detriment of initiative. Administrative districts were recommended to be responsible for organisation to leave commanders of field units free to train for war.
Publication
King Edward VII welcomed the Report and successfully urged the Arthur James Balfour's government to accept its recommendations. However, some in the Army were wary of its recommendations, one opponent being Lord Kitchener. Richard Haldane, who became War Secretary for Henry Campbell-Bannerman's government in 1905, implemented many of its recommendations between 1906 and 1909. Among his advisers was General Sir Gerard Ellison, who was also Secretary of the Esher Committee.
The recommendations were to form the basis of Army reform for the next 60 years. The military historian Correlli Barnett wrote that the Esher Report's importance "and its consequences can hardly be exaggerated.... Without the Esher Report... it is inconceivable that the mammoth British military efforts of two world wars could have been possible, let alone so generally successful."
References
Sources
Reports of the United Kingdom government
1904 in the United Kingdom
20th-century history of the British Army |
4042430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20S.%20Thomas | Charles S. Thomas | Charles Spalding Thomas (December 6, 1849June 24, 1934) was a United States senator from Colorado. Born in Darien, Georgia, he attended private schools in Georgia and Connecticut, and served briefly in the Confederate Army.
Biography
Thomas graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1871, and was admitted to the bar the same year. He moved to Colorado and began to practice in Denver, where he was a city attorney in 1875 and 1876. He was a member of the Democratic National Committee from 1884 to 1896, and was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States House of Representatives in 1884, to the Senate in 1888 and 1895, and to the governorship in 1894.
Thomas served as the 11th Governor of Colorado from 1899 to 1901. In 1897, Colorado had abolished the death penalty, but Thomas considered lynching an understandable substitute. In 1900, when a lynch mob murdered Calvin Kimblern, Thomas called it "a natural outburst of indignation of the people of Pueblo" and blamed the lack of a death penalty for the murder. Six months later, a mob surrounded Denver's jail seeking to lynch 15-year-old Preston Porter. Thomas was informed but declined to intervene. "As a matter of fact, hanging is too good for that man," he told reporters. The spirit of the lynch law is with the people, and will remain in them just as long as the Anglo-Saxon exists." After Porter was burned alive by a mob, when Thomas was asked to comment on the lynching, he said, "My opinion is that there is one less negro in the world." Colorado reinstated the death penalty soon thereafter.
In 1913, Thomas was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1912 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Charles J. Hughes, Jr.; in 1914, he was narrowly reelected to a full term in the face of split opposition. Thomas served from January 15, 1913, to March 3, 1921, and was the last Confederate veteran to serve in the Senate. In 1920, he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection on the Nationalist ticket, receiving only 3% of the vote.
In the Sixty-third and Sixty-fourth Congresses, Thomas was chairman of the Committee on Woman Suffrage, and a member of the Committee on Coast Defenses (Sixty-fifth Congress) and the Committee on Pacific Railroads (Sixty-sixth Congress). He resumed the practice of law in Denver, where he died on June 24, 1934; his remains were cremated and his ashes were scattered in the mountains.
Notes
References
Governor Charles S. Thomas Collection at the Colorado State Archives Retrieved on 18 April 2008.
External links
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1849 births
1934 deaths
Colorado Democrats
Colorado lawyers
Confederate States Army soldiers
Democratic Party governors of Colorado
Democratic Party United States senators from Colorado
Governors of Colorado
People from Darien, Georgia
People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War
University of Michigan Law School alumni |
4042447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20LaCroix | Lisa LaCroix | Lisa LaCroix is a Canadian actress and fashion model who began her career in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. After training as an actor in New York City's Circle in the Square Theatre School, she returned to Toronto, and starred in numerous Canadian and American television shows and movies. In 1996, she moved to Los Angeles to focus on American television acting.
In 2000, LaCroix became interested in the Human Potential Movement, studied to be a business coach, moved to the San Francisco Bay Area and began a private practice training and coaching business people in 2001. She cofounded Paragon Strategies in 2004 with two other trainers from San Francisco, which presently serves various businesses worldwide in optimizing their employee satisfaction and productivity.
Her father is the photographer and jazz musician Pat LaCroix. Her sister is singer/songwriter, Dana LaCroix.
Filmography
Divided Loyalties (1989)
E.N.G.
The Dancer and the Dance (1990) TV Episode .... Nancy Chou
Another Pretty Face (1992) TV Episode .... Kelly Longstreet
Psychic (1992) .... Susi
Family Passions (1993) TV Series .... Anita
Kung Fu: The Legend Continues - Shaman (1993) TV Episode .... Dancing Moon
Dance Me Outside (1995) .... Illianna
Rent-a-Kid (1995) (TV) .... Teresa Woolcot
"The Rez"
Episode #1.1 (1996) TV Episode .... Illianna
Episode #1.6 (1996) TV Episode .... Illianna
Ed McBain's 87th Precinct: Ice (1996) (TV) .... Judite
PSI Factor: Chronicles of the Paranormal (1996) TV Series .... Dr. Natasha Constantine (1996–1999)
Chicago Hope - Leggo My Ego (1997) TV Episode .... Lily Burroughs
"Murder, She Wrote: South by Southwest" (1997) (TV) .... Pearl Sunrise
Fargo (2003) (TV)
External links
http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=39819
Canadian film actresses
Canadian television actresses
Circle in the Square Theatre School alumni
Life coaches
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4042462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer%20review%20%28disambiguation%29 | Peer review (disambiguation) | Peer review may refer to:
Clinical audit, a systematic review of healthcare against an explicit standard
Clinical peer review, the process by which health care professionals evaluate each other's clinical performance
Medical peer review, the process of refereeing healthcare practitioner decisions
Peer review, the scholarly process of screening papers or grant applications
Peer Review, a DLC for Portal 2
Peer Review (magazine), an academic magazine
Physician peer review, the process by which physicians evaluate each other to promote better quality of care
Scholarly peer review, the process of refereeing scholarly papers
Sham peer review, the process of pseudo-review done for political purposes, often in healthcare
Software peer review in software development
Technical peer review in systems engineering
More at :Category:Peer review
See also
Performance appraisal in the workplace |
4042471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco | Banco | Banco may refer to:
Places
Banc (Barcelona Metro), also called Banco, a closed metro stop on the Barcelona metro
Banco, Virginia, an unincorporated community
Banco, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
Banco National Park, a national park in Côte d'Ivoire
Banko, Guinea, a town and sub-prefecture in the Dabola Prefecture in the Faranah Region
Banko, Mali, a rural commune and village in the Cercle of Dioïla in the Koulikoro Region
Banko, a town in the Sekyere Kumawu district og Ghaba
Arts and architecture
Banco (Banco del Mutuo Soccorso album), 1975 album by Italian progressive rock band Banco del Mutuo Soccorso
Banco (Sir Michael Rocks album), 2014 album by American rapper Sir Michael Rocks
Banco (novel), 1972 autobiography by Henri Charrière
Banco architecture, a West African type of mudbrick, and the architecture made with it
Banco (building material); fermented mud; made by fermenting mud with rice husks
Banco (typeface), a decorative typeface
Banko ware, a type of Japanese ceramics.
Banco, an alternate Spanish spelling of bangka (boat) of the Philippines
Banco, another name for the parlor game Bunco
Banco, part of the nomenclature of the game known commonly as Baccarat
Other
Banco, a historical reference to the Bank of Sweden and Swedish coinage
See also
Banc |
4042480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things%20of%20Science | Things of Science | Things of Science was an educational program launched by the nonprofit news syndicate Science Service in November 1940. The program consisted of a series of kits available by subscription and sent by mail monthly. The program continued until 1989. , there is no mention of the program or its archives on the website of the Society for Science & the Public, which succeeded the old Science Service organization.
Each month, thousands of subscribers received a small blue box about the size of a videocassette containing some material such as nylon thread or dinosaur bones. The box contained a yellow booklet explaining the topic for that month, along with the pieces and supplies needed to cover the topic. Some kits would teach about a specific topic, such as coal, static electricity, mechanical linkages, nonwoven fabrics, electroplating, or optical illusions. Other kits would provide parts to build items such as a small spectrograph, telescope, or pinhole camera. In addition to the monthly subscription, some kits were available for individual purchase, such as a "soilless gardening" unit which provided seeds, plant food, and instructions in hydroponics. Some kits contained basic materials for simple experiments in psychology.
The modest annual subscription price ($5 in the 1960s) covered the cost of printing and postage. The instructions were written by Science Service staff, and the kit materials were donated by various companies.
The Things of Science Club was started by Watson Davis, editor-in-chief of Science Service, because editors served by the service often asked for samples of the things the syndicate wrote about. The initial focus of the program was newspaper editors, but it soon shifted to young people. By 1946 the Science Service estimated that half of its subscribers were school groups and science clubs, and the other half were individuals. Membership in the club was limited to a few thousand because some of the "things", such as dinosaur bones, were hard to come by.
References
External links
Rediscovering Things of Science — includes a partial list of the kits
Things of Science — scans of the instruction booklets for many of the kits
Things of Science — article in Make magazine
Society for Science & the Public
Science education |
4042517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Keys%20constituencies | House of Keys constituencies | These are the constituencies used in the elections to the House of Keys, the lower house of the parliament of the Isle of Man.
Constituencies from 2016
Constituencies from 1986–2011
The constituencies used for the 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2011 General Elections for the House of Keys were:
1986 changes
Garff and Ayre became one seat constituencies, having previously each had two seats.
Onchan constituency was created, having been previously part of Middle constituency.
Middle constituency was created from the parishes of Marown (formerly part of Glenfaba constituency) and Braddan.
Malew and Santon constituency was created from the parishes of Malew (formerly part of Rushen constituency), and Santon (formerly part of Middle constituency).
1867 to 2011 elections
The original constituencies set out in the House of Keys Election Act 1866, providing for the House to be elected for the first time. These are shown below and were used for the 1867, 1875, and 1881 General Elections.
The arrangements for elections between 1881 and 1903 are not currently shown in the table.
The original constituencies were altered by the Redistribution Act 1893 as follows:
These were used for the 1903, 1908, 1913 and 1919 General Elections. The same constituencies and distribution of seats were also used for the 1934, 1946 and 1951 elections and so are likely also to have been used for the 1924 and 1929 elections.
The distribution of seats was changed for the 1956 election, and again for the 1986 election, as shown.
(s) = sheading, (t) = town
Further back in history, before democratic elections, each of the six sheadings was represented by four members.
References
External links
Constituency maps and general election results
Access to work & info of members of Tynwald
Tynwald |
4042526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilemi%20Triangle | Ilemi Triangle | The Ilemi Triangle, sometimes called only Ilemi, is an area of disputed land in East Africa. Arbitrarily defined, it measures between 10,320 and 14,000 square kilometres (3,985 and 5,405 sq mi). Named after Anuak chief Ilemi Akwon, the territory is claimed by South Sudan and Kenya. The territory also borders Ethiopia and, despite use and "trespass" into the triangle by border tribes from within Ethiopia, the Ethiopian government has never made any official claim on the Ilemi, and in fact agreed that the land was all Sudanese in the 1902, 1907, and 1972 treaties.
Kenya now has de facto control of the area. The dispute arose from the 1914 treaty in which a straight parallel line was used to divide territories that were both part of the British Empire. However the Turkana people—nomadic herders continued to move to and from the border and traditionally grazed in the area.
The perceived economic marginality of the land as well as decades of Sudanese conflicts are two factors that have delayed the resolution of the dispute.
Peoples
The nomadic Turkana move in the territory between South Sudan and Kenya and have been vulnerable to attacks from surrounding peoples. The other peoples in this area are the Didinga and Topasa in South Sudan, and the Nyangatom (Inyangatom) who move between South Sudan and Ethiopia, and the Dassanech who live east of the triangle in Ethiopia.
These pastoral people have historically engaged in raids on livestock. While in the past they used traditional weapons, since the nineteenth century onwards the use of firearms has been common.
History
To the southeast of the Ilemi triangle, Ethiopian emperor Menelik laid claim to Lake Turkana and proposed a boundary with the British to run from the southern end of the lake eastward to the Indian Ocean, which was shifted northward when the British and Ethiopian governments signed a treaty in 1907, reaffirmed by a 1970 Ethiopia-Kenya treaty.
The Ethiopia-Sudan boundary, the "Maud Line", was surveyed by Captain Philip Maud of the Royal Engineers in 1902–03. It was adopted by Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement treaty of December 6, 1907 between Ethiopia and British East Africa. Though vague on the precise details of where the Kenya-Sudan border was located, it clearly placed the entire Ilemi on the west side of the Ethiopia-Sudan line.
In 1914 the Uganda-Sudan Boundary Commission agreement provided Sudan access to Lake Turkana via the now-dry Sanderson Gulf at the southeast corner of the Ilemi (at the time Lake Turkana was the border between the British territories of Uganda and Kenya). After World War I, the Ethiopians armed the Nyangatom and Dassanech peoples, whereby the traditional raids turned into battles where hundreds died.
1920s
In 1928, Sudan agreed to allow Kenyan military units across the 1914 line to protect the Turkana against the Dassanech and Nyangatom, although it cost £30,000 per year. In 1929, Kenya began subsidising Sudan to occupy the territory, which it did not wish to continue because of the perceived useless nature of it. In 1931, it was Sudan that agreed to subsidise Kenya to occupy the territory.
1930s
In 1931 the Red Line (the Glenday Line) was drawn to represent the northern boundary of Turkana grazing. "In a series of agreements from 1929 to 1934, the Governor-General of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the Governor of Kenya agreed that this Red Line should be accepted as the Turkana grazing boundary."
After Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1936, Italy briefly claimed the area of the Ilemi triangle. A joint Kenya-Sudan survey team in 1938 demarcated the "Red Line" or "Wakefield Line", very close to the delimitation a few years earlier of this Red Line, marking the northern limit of grazing of Turkana.
While Egypt and Britain agreed on this, Italy did not. The Dassanetch and Nyangatom had suffered because of the Italian occupation, and wished to recoup their losses by making a raid against the Turkana. Several hundred Turkana people were killed in a raid in July 1939 by the Nyangatom and Dassanech peoples. Italy gave up their claim on the Ilemi subsequently, and allowed the British to respond with a raid on the Inyangatom and Dassanech supported by the Royal Air Force.
1940s
British troops of the King's African Rifles occupied Ilemi in 1941 after the East African Campaign during World War II. The King's African Rifles passed through Ilemi on their way to southwestern Ethiopia. In 1944 Britain's Foreign Office surveyed a "blue line" which was further northwest than the "red line".
1950s
Sudan, in 1950, established their own patrol line even further northwest into Sudan up to the border with Ethiopia, where they prohibited Kenyan and Ethiopian pastoralists from moving north west of it, giving up policing and development to the area south east of it. However, that Kenya-Sudan agreement specified that this patrol line in no way affected sovereignty; that it was not an international boundary, and money continued to be paid to Kenya to patrol this Sudanese territory.
There was fighting between 1949 and 1953 as Sudan attempted to keep the Nyangatom behind this line. After Sudanese independence in 1956, Sudan has not administered Ilemi or much of the southern part of the country due to the First Sudanese Civil War which began all over southern Sudan.
1960s and 1970s
In 1967 President Jomo Kenyatta's administration had made overtures to the British in order to secure support for the cession of the Triangle to Kenya. The British were unresponsive and the results amounted to little. The matter was sidelined and successive Kenyan administrations have been seemingly willing to accept the territorial status quo and their de facto territorial control, even if the Kenyan influence did diminish after the relocation of the Sudan People's Liberation Army to Sudan in the 1980s–90s.
In 1964 Kenya and Ethiopia reaffirmed their boundary, confirming Kenyan sovereignty to Namuruputh, which is just south of the southeastern point of the triangle. In 1972 a Sudan-Ethiopia boundary alteration did not solve the Ilemi issue because it did not involve Kenya, but did confirm that Ethiopia had no claim to the Ilemi Triangle.
In 1978 Kenya began to publicly, unilaterally regard the Turkana grazing line of 1938 (Wakefield Line) as an international boundary between Kenya and Sudan.
1980s
In 1986, Kenya began to widely circulate a new map which for the first time displayed the Ilemi Triangle as an integral part of its territory (no longer displaying the straight horizontal "Maud line").
1990s to present
In the 1990s, Ethiopia armed the Dassanech with Kalashnikov automatic rifles, perhaps in response to Kenyan government arming in 1978 of the Turkana. Beginning in the 1960s, many Kenyan maps have marked the Red Line as the official boundary of Kenya, rather than a dotted boundary which it had been previously. More recently, many Kenyan maps depict the 1950 patrol line, the furthest northwest, as the boundary. There was a question as to whether a secret agreement was broached between Kenya and South Sudan to allow Kenya to administer this territory, in return for support in the Sudanese Civil War. In recent decades, the countries involved have had other priorities, delaying a resolution to the issue. The recent discovery of oil in the region also complicates resolution.
With the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the Sudanese claim to the Ilemi Triangle was transferred to the new national government in Juba.
See also
Halaib Triangle
Al-Fashaga triangle
Mandera triangle
References
Further reading
Ilemi Triangle: Unfixed Bandit Frontier Claimed by Sudan, Kenya and Ethiopia; Author: Dr. Nene Mburu
External links
Scholarly Article about the Triangle by DR Nene Mburu
Article in the Sudan Tribune suggesting that Kenya's claim is weak
Ilemi Triangle, Robert O. Collins, University of California
Territorial disputes of Ethiopia
Territorial disputes of Kenya
Territorial disputes of South Sudan
Kenya–South Sudan border
Ethiopia–South Sudan border
Ethiopia–Kenya border
Border tripoints |
4042536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahron%20Bregman | Ahron Bregman | Ahron "Ronnie" Bregman (, born 1958) is a UK-based political scientist of Israeli origin, as well as a writer and journalist, specialising on the Arab–Israeli conflict.
Biography
Bregman was born and raised in Israel. He served in the Israel Defense Forces and as an artillery officer participated in the 1978 Litani campaign and the 1982 Lebanon War. After the war he left the army to study international relations and political science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He also worked as a parliamentary assistant in the Knesset. After giving an interview in 1988 to the Haaretz newspaper declaring that he would refuse to serve as a military reservist in the Israeli-occupied territories, he left Israel and settled in England. There he joined the Department of War Studies, King's College London, and completed his PhD in 1994. Bregman is the writer of several books and articles on the Arab–Israeli conflict and Middle Eastern Affairs. Since 1994 he has been The Daily Telegraphs writer of obituaries, covering the Jewish world and Israel. A senior teaching fellow at the Department of War Studies and a journalist, Bregman lives in London. He has three children.
Marwan Affair
In 2002, Bregman claimed that the Egyptian Ashraf Marwan, the son-in-law of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, was a Mossad spy. According to Bregman, Marwan volunteered for the Mossad in 1970 but then proceeded to mislead the Israelis before the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Although Marwan insisted that Bregman's claim was "a stupid detective story", they became friends and Marwan made Bregman a consultant on his memoirs. On 27 June 2007, the day that Bregman and Marwan were due to meet up in central London, Marwan's body was discovered in a small rose garden, just under the balcony of his London flat. A police investigation failed to establish whether Marwan was pushed or jumped. In 2016, Bregman published a book titled The Spy who Fell to Earth on his relationship with Marwan. In December 2017, Salon Pictures purchased the rights to turn it into a feature documentary. The Bregman Collection, which includes papers and tapes related to the Marwan Affair, is kept at the Liddell Hart Archives, King's College London.
A documentary about Ashraf Marwan and Bregman's work, The Spy Who Fell to Earth, came out on Netflix in April 2019.
Productions
Bregman is the author of several books, as well as being associate producer/consultant of two major television series.
Books
The Spy Who Fell to Earth: My Relationship with the Secret Agent Who Rocked the Middle East
Living and Working in Israel
Israel's Wars: A History since 1947
Israel and the Arabs: An Eyewitness Account of War and Peace in the Middle East
The Fifty Years War: Israel and the Arabs (co-authored with Jihan El-Tahri, accompanying the below series)
Israël et les Arabes: la guerre de cinquante ans (French)
Israël en de Arabieren: De vijftigjarige oorlog (Dutch)
اسرائيل والعرب : حرب الخمسين عاما (Arabic)
以色列史 (Chinese)
Israel's Wars: 1947-93
A History of Israel
Elusive Peace: How the Holy Land Defeated America (accompanying the below series)
Warfare in the Middle East since 1945 (editor)
Cursed Victory: A History of Israel and the Occupied Territories
Television
He was also an associate producer and academic consultant on two BBC television series:
Israel and the Arabs: The Fifty Years War
Israel and the Arabs: Elusive Peace
References
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQmGPqQrMwc
External links
1958 births
Living people
Israeli journalists
Israeli political scientists
Alumni of King's College London
Israeli political writers
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Social Sciences alumni
Israeli emigrants to the United Kingdom
Israeli military writers
Collections of the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives |
4042542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Punisher%20titles | List of Punisher titles | The Punisher has appeared in numerous comic book series since his first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), including a number of eponymous titles starting in the mid-1980s.
Primary series
Limited series
One-shot and graphic novels
Other versions
Titles starring alternate versions of the Punisher.
Collected editions
The various series have been collected into individual volumes:
Primary and ongoing series
Limited series, one-shots and graphic novels
References
External links
List of The Punisher comics issues at Sequart.com
Punisher.nl
Lists of comics by character
Lists of comic book titles
Lists of comics by Marvel Comics |
4042556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossen%20rearrangement | Lossen rearrangement | The Lossen rearrangement is the conversion of a hydroxamate ester to an isocyanate. Typically O-acyl, sulfonyl, or phosphoryl O-derivative are employed. The isocyanate can be used further to generate ureas in the presence of amines or generate amines in the presence of H2O.
Reaction mechanism
The mechanism below begins with an O-acylated hydroxamic acid derivative that is treated with base to form an isocyanate that generates an amine and CO2 gas in the presence of H2O. The hydroxamic acid derivative is first converted to its conjugate base by abstraction of a hydrogen by a base. Spontaneous rearrangement releases a carboxylate anion to produce the isocyanate intermediate. The isocyanate is then hydrolyzed in the presence of H2O. Finally, the respective amine and CO2 are generated by abstraction of a proton with a base and decarboxylation.
Hydroxamic acids are commonly synthesized from their corresponding esters.
Historical references
See also
Curtius rearrangement
Hofmann rearrangement
Schmidt reaction
Beckmann rearrangement
Gabapentin
References
External links
Rearrangement reactions
Name reactions |
4042564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya%20Kant | Surya Kant | Surya "Sury" Kant is Senior Advisor Tata Sons Private Limited. He was the Chairman of TCS North American operations based in New York City until March 2022. Tata Consultancy Services Limited (TCS) is the largest global information technology consulting and services company headquartered in India.
In the 1990s, Kant was appointed the head of operations for TCS in the United Kingdom. Until 2005, he served as the Head of Operations for the India Northern Region of TCS and until 2020 served as the President of the North America, Europe and the UK operations.
Kant is a frequent speaker at industry conferences and academic institutions. Kant served as an advisory board member of the British-American Business, and the past Chairman of the India Business Forum (IBF) of the Confederation of India (CII) in the US. He was a member of the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) CEO Council and a member of the Fortune CEO Initiative. He served on the Greater New York Red Cross Board from February 2020 to March 2022. He joined CECP (Chief Executives for Corporate Purpose) Board in May 2020 and in April 2022 was appointed as the Board Member Emeritus.
References
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-20/news/47527116_1_tcs-uk-tata-consultancy-services-clients
https://web.archive.org/web/20071020075314/http://www.consultingmag.com/articles/134/1/TCS-Keeps-Advisory-Work/TCS-Keeps-Advisory-Work.html
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1599548,prtpage-1.cms
http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=199200211
http://aparc.stanford.edu/events/4306
https://www.cnbc.com/id/15840232?play=1&video=1637170438
http://www.consultingmag.com/article/ART841627
http://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2019.3_Jul/ROB/LEADERS-Surya-Kant-Tata-Consultancy-Services-TCS.html
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Indian business executives
Tata Consultancy Services people
Delhi Technological University alumni |
4042568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle%20in%20the%20Square%20Theatre%20School | Circle in the Square Theatre School | Circle in the Square Theatre School is a non-profit, tax exempt drama school associated with Circle in the Square Theatre; it is the only accredited conservatory attached to a Broadway theatre.
It offers two 2-year full-time programs: a Professional Theatre Workshop, and a Professional Musical Theatre Workshop. The musical theatre program is unique in that it's identical to the acting program, except for additional musical classes. This gives the musical theatre students important, deep acting training so they can graduate as true, professional triple threats. There is also an option to earn a joint BFA in Theatre or Musical Theatre with Eckerd College in Florida.
Additionally, Circle offers seven-week summer intensives for acting and musical theatre students.
Circle in the Square Theatre School's primary objective is to train actors and singers for work in professional theatre, film, and television; it utilizes an eclectic curriculum to expose the students to various acting styles, methods, and techniques.
Theodore Mann started the highly selective school in 1961 with 15 students in a Greenwich Village venue on Bleecker Street when Circle in the Square Theatre was an Off-Broadway venue. In 1972, it moved to its current Broadway location in the Paramount Plaza. Its student body is now approximately 75 students. Jacqueline Brookes, the Broadway actor, was a member of the faculty from 1973 until her death in April 2013.
Circle in the Square Theatre School offers its students the rare opportunity to train and perform in the Broadway Theatre, and see the shows at Circle for free.
Notable alumni
The school site lists the following alumni.
Mili Avital
Kevin Bacon
Elise Bauman
John Bolger
Lani Brockman
Richard Brooks
Woody Brown
Greg Bryk
Kevin Cahoon
Rachel Chagall
Sarah Clarke
Ed Clements
Viola Davis
Shae D'lyn
Benicio del Toro
Lisa Edelstein
Lisa Emery
Linda Fiorentino
Patrick Fischler
Lady Gaga
Amy Gaipa
Barbara Garrick
Gina Gershon
Amanda Green
Page Hannah
Cecil Hoffman
Philip Seymour Hoffman
Winnie Holzman
Felicity Huffman
Rick Hurst
Kristen Johnston
Denis Jones
Jonathan Judge-Russo
Justin Kirk
Michael E. Knight
Jonathan LaPaglia
Jill Larson
Matthew Lillard
Jessica Lundy
Alec Mapa
Andrew McCarthy
John C. McGinley
Idina Menzel
Michelle Monaghan
Kate O'Toole
Ken Olin
Nicole Ari Parker
Steven Peterman
Robert Picardo
Michael Rispoli
Thomas Sadoski
Dahlia Salem
Jana Schneider
Molly Shannon
Rondell Sheridan
Zenobia Shroff
Peter Stebbings
Amy Stiller
D. B. Sweeney
Maura Tierney
Nancy Travis
Marco Zunino
Arnetia Walker
Kevin Weisman
Kate Wetherhead
John Whitesell
References
External links
circlesquare.org
Broadway theatre
Drama schools in the United States
Schools of the performing arts in the United States
Educational institutions established in 1961
1961 establishments in New York City
Organizations based in Manhattan
501(c)(3) organizations |
4042576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delilah%20%26%20Julius | Delilah & Julius | Delilah & Julius is a Canadian animated series targeted at children as well as teenagers and adults, and animated using Macromedia Flash technology. It premiered on Canada's Teletoon animation channel. Delilah and Julius was produced by Decode Entertainment and Collideascope Digital Productions. 52 episodes were produced.
The series centers on a pair of highly trained young adults, Delilah and Julius, who were both orphaned children of special agents. Together, they graduated from the Academy, a training facility headed by Al, a free-spirited special agent who brought the duo together, and fight international crime and a myriad of villains as a pair of savvy, well-trained spies.
Characters
Main characters
As a team, Delilah and Julius are both gifted musicians, masters of disguise, martial arts experts, and fluent in 20 languages. Still, they are both consummate professionals always seeking to improve their game. They seem to like each other, too. Delilah and Julius have had many "dates" like missions.
Delilah Devonshire
Delilah Devonshire has a very determined personality and is eager for truth. In fact, Delilah's greatest quality is her commitment to truth. It's also what gets her into trouble. She takes things seriously but she can break down easily in certain situations. Her spy parents went missing when she was only 5 and are presumed dead. Delilah does not believe this, however, and she is determined to find out anything she can about them and to prove the rumors wrong that her parents were double agents. Delilah's relationship with Julius is very important to her and she is very touchy and gets jealous when Julius flirts with other girls (especially Ice). She appreciates having a capable partner in Julius, and together they will stop at nothing to keep the villains from carrying out their evil plots on mankind. She believes in breaking her opponent down from the inside out. She gets inside the villain's head and she loves a new challenge. Delilah is strong-willed, inventive, resourceful, quick-thinking, and graceful. She is experienced in fencing, etiquette, and explosives, and always has time to learn something new that may be useful on a mission.
Julius Chevalier
Julius Chevalier is often flippant, but is very determined and has a passion for crime-fighting. Where Delilah is more goal-oriented, Julius is more spontaneous. He deals with situations as they happen and still manages to find the time to have fun. He enjoys surfing, poetry, safe cracking and yoga. His parents were killed in action when he was only four, and Julius would love to avenge their deaths. For now, he is comforted by the fact that they were considered two of the greatest spies of all time. Julius is a laid-back guy and a little cocky. This confidence allows him to act on the fly. He has a dash of James Bond in that he is not easily ruffled, thinks fast, and makes it all look easy. He has a good sense of humor and is very intuitive when it comes to the needs of his partner, Delilah. Beneath a nonchalant, arrogant exterior lies a sensitive and caring guy – especially towards Delilah. He is calm and resourceful under pressure but tends to be a bit careless when the pressure is off. He often tries to impress Delilah, and becomes extremely jealous and petty when she shows interest in other boys. It is proved in one episode that he is in love with Delilah as it is shown what he is dreaming about.
The Academy Crew
Alfred "Al"
The director of the Academy, Al is always highly informed and gives Delilah and Julius their mission assignments. Al's not only their primary contact, guide, and teacher, but he is also a parental figure for Delilah and Julius. A free-spirited individual, Al talks like a mid-'70s Californian hippie. He is passionate about food and culture and has a unique sense of humour, but can also be serious, especially when it comes to keeping his students safe.
Scarlett Vance
Scarlett is the Academy's gadget guru. Like Al, Scarlett is prone to using anachronistic '70s expressions as well as cares a lot about her students. She is fully inventive and always coming up with new spy technology that keeps Delilah and Julius on head of their missions
Buster "Nosey"
A frequent partner of Delilah and Julius, he is a well-meaning, good-hearted goof with a reputation for being a stink magnet. It's not that he is really stinky, he is just inevitably drawn into very smelly situations on his missions. Nosey seems to be attracted to Zoe, a new member of the Academy.
Ursula and Emmet
Another one of Al's arranged spy teams, Ursula and Emmet are the rivals of Delilah and Julius who are jealous of their popularity and success. Ursula is also a double agent working undercover at the Academy for an unknown evil foe.
Zoe Ling
Zoe is the newest Chinese spy at the Academy. She likes to read comics and knows them all by enthusiasm. When Zoe first arrives at the Academy, she thinks Julius is cute. However, a relationship with Nosey is revealed throughout a few episodes. Zoe is a redhead and has a rather feisty personality which is the stereotypical attitude most redheads have. Her espionage skills are well-developed and the Academy Crew seems to trust this newcomer.
Villains
Dr. Dismay: Dr. Dismay is a young, handsome doctor bent on world domination who tries hard to break the stereotypical mold of a mad scientist. With his evil sidekick "Nurse" he tries to stop Delilah and Julius using his bad medication.
Professor Dismay: An evil genius and father of Dr. Dismay.
Dexter Jeremy Hook "DJ Hook": An internationally-known DJ tries to dominate the world. A big advantage for him is that he can hypnotize people with his music. Delilah and Julius can usually maneuver around it and stop the evil DJ.
Ms. Deeds: The leader of a crime syndicate specializing in cybercrime.
Ice: A master manipulator of earth science who also has her eyes on Julius.
Wednesday Kertsfield: A young socialite who uses her money to try to take over the world.
Conman: A master of disguise, he is behind some of the biggest scams ever committed against humanity. Nobody has ever seen his real face, not even any of his many kidnapping victims. Delilah and Julius uncovered his face, but instead of having a face the conman wore a permanent mask.
Baguio Joe: A volatile weatherman who really controls the weather.
Gilly Hippodrome: A mutant who hates normal-looking people. He is also the leader of a group of freaks masquerading as a circus, where he is the "Clown Prince".
Ursula: Although a member of the academy, she is working as a double agent.
Tibor: He is after the zero list and is also Julius' brother.
Sunshine: Ice's twin sister and a villain with a fiery attitude
Dollface and Roy: A woman who is part-robot, part-human, and wants to take over the world with her "husband", full-time robot, Roy. She wants the entire world to be of robots, and no humans at all.
Evil Eye and Francis: Evil eye lost his eye while trying to escape from the police, and he believes that he lost it because of Delilah. Francis is his sidekick.
Episodes
Two seasons were produced, each consisting of 26 episodes. Each season includes a three-part finale, originally aired together under one title but later as separate episodes.
"The Underground" is the pilot episode for the series.
Series overview
Season 1 (2005–06)
Season 2 (2007–08)
Production
Development of the series began in early 2002, with 13 episodes budgeted at US$200,000–300,000 each. Originally, the show was aimed at the teenage girl demographic with a very different concept for the main characters, "a brawn-and-brains husband-and-wife team of self-made millionaires".
By 2005, the first season had expanded to 26 episodes in production, with a budget of $1.2 million. At the time, the premise of the series involved the title characters "fighting crimes of conformity" around the world.
Home video releases
Delilah and Julius - The Complete First Season was released September 9, 2008. The DVD set contains the first 13 episodes in both English and French and has a run time of 290 minutes. Special features include character biographies, a spy gadget gallery, and the original English-language script for the pilot episode "The Underground".
An official YouTube channel run by WildBrain Spark began uploading episodes on May 31, 2019.
The full series has been released on CraveTV.
Reception
The series was one of the top-rated shows on the English-language Teletoon in May 2006, and the 10th most popular original production on the French-language Télétoon as of October 2007.
The pilot episode was reviewed by the Edmonton Journal and The Sydney Morning Herald. Kidscreen compared the show to Totally Spies!, another Teletoon original, but with "a more sophisticated sense of humor focused on relationship-building" aiming for an older audience.
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Distribution website
2000s Canadian animated television series
2005 Canadian television series debuts
2008 Canadian television series endings
Canadian children's animated action television series
Canadian children's animated adventure television series
Canadian children's animated science fiction television series
Canadian flash animated television series
English-language television shows
Fictional couples
Teletoon original programming
Television series by DHX Media
Television shows set in Nova Scotia |
4042580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparent%20Armor%20Gun%20Shield | Transparent Armor Gun Shield | Built by BAE Systems, the Transparent Armor Gun shield, or TAGS, is a visually transparent protective gun shield for operators of vehicle-mounted machine guns. It borrows on the experience of the Israeli Defense Force in using such armor on a variety of vehicles. The shield is intended to provide protection for its user while maintaining visibility. It can be mounted on several models of armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs), including the M113, M1 Abrams and Stryker, as well as on the HMMWV.
References
External links
BAE Systems press release
Vehicle armour
Armoured fighting vehicle equipment |
5378948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernist%20film | Postmodernist film | Postmodernist film is a classification for works that articulate the themes and ideas of postmodernism through the medium of cinema. Some of the goals of postmodernist film are to subvert the mainstream conventions of narrative structure and characterization, and to test the audience's suspension of disbelief. Typically, such films also break down the cultural divide between high and low art and often upend typical portrayals of gender, race, class, genre, and time with the goal of creating something that does not abide by traditional narrative expression.
Specific elements
Modernist film came to maturity in the eras between WWI and WWII with characteristics such as montage, symbolic imagery, expressionism and surrealism (featured in the works of Luis Buñuel, Fritz Lang and Alfred Hitchcock) while Postmodernist film – similar to postmodernism as a whole – is a reaction to the modernist works of its field, and to their tendencies (such as nostalgia and angst). Modernist cinema, "explored and exposed the formal concerns of the medium by placing them at the forefront of consciousness. Modernist cinema questions and made visible the meaning-production practices of film." The auteur theory and idea of an author producing a work from his singular vision guided the concerns of modernist film. "To investigate the transparency of the image is modernist but to undermine its reference to reality is to engage with the aesthetics of postmodernism." The modernist film has more faith in the author, the individual, and the accessibility of reality itself (and more sincere in tone) than the postmodernist film.
Postmodernism is in many ways interested in the liminal space that would be typically ignored by more modernist or traditionally narrative offerings. The idea is that the meaning is often generated most productively through the spaces and transitions and collisions between words and moments and images. Henri Bergson writes in his book Creative Evolution, "The obscurity is cleared up, the contradiction vanishes, as soon as we place ourselves along the transition, in order to distinguish states in it by making cross cuts therein in thoughts. The reason is that there is more in the transition than the series of states, that is to say, the possible cuts--more in the movement than the series of position, that is to say, the possible stops." The thrust of this argument is that the spaces between the words or the cuts in a film create just as much meaning as the words or scenes themselves.
Postmodernist film is often separated from modernist cinema and traditional narrative film by three key characteristics. One of them is an extensive use of homage or pastiche, resulting from the fact that postmodern filmmakers are open to blending many disparate genres and tones within the same film. The second element is meta-reference or self-reflexivity, highlighting the construction and relation of the image to other images in media and not to any kind of external reality. A self-referential film calls the viewer's attention – either through characters' knowledge of their own fictional nature, or through visuals – that the movie itself is only a movie. This is sometimes achieved by emphasizing the unnatural look of an image which seems contrived. Another technique used to achieve meta-reference is the use of intertextuality, in which the film's characters reference or discuss other works of fiction. Additionally, many postmodern films tell stories that unfold out of chronological order, deconstructing or fragmenting time so as to, once again, highlight the fact that what is appearing on screen is constructed. A third common element is a bridging of the gap between highbrow and lowbrow activities and artistic styles – e.g., a parody of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling in which Adam is reaching for a McDonald's burger rather than the hand of God. This would exemplify the fusion of high and low because Michelangelo is widely regarded as one of the greatest of all painters, whereas fast food is commonly named among the lowbrow elements of modern society.
The use of homage and pastiche can, in and of itself, result in a fusion of high and low. For this reason, homage is sometimes accompanied by characters' value judgments as to the worth and cultural value of the works being parodied, ensuring the viewer understands whether the thing being referenced is considered highbrow or lowbrow.
Lastly, contradictions of all sorts – whether it be in visual technique, characters' morals, or other things – are crucial to postmodernism, and the two are in many cases irreconcilable. Any theory of postmodern film would have to be comfortable with paradoxes or contradictions of ideas and their articulation.
Specific postmodern examples
Once Upon a Time in the West
Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West has often been referred to by critics as an example of a postmodern Western. The 1968 spaghetti Western revolves around a beautiful widow, a mysterious gunslinger playing a harmonica, a ruthless villain, and a lovable but hard-nosed bandit who just escaped from jail. The story was developed by Leone, Bernardo Bertolucci, and Dario Argento by watching countless classic American Westerns, and the final movie is a deliberate attempt to both pay homage to and subvert Western genre conventions and audience expectations. Among the most notable examples of intertextuality are the plot similarities to Johnny Guitar, the visual reference to High Noon of a clock stopped at high noon in the middle of a gunfight, and the casting of Henry Fonda as the story's sadistic antagonist which was a deliberate subversion of Fonda's image as a hero established in such films as My Darling Clementine and Fort Apache directed by John Ford.
Blade Runner
Ridley Scott's Blade Runner might be the best known postmodernist film. Scott's 1982 film is about a future dystopia where "replicants" (human cyborgs) have been invented and are deemed dangerous enough to hunt down when they escape. There is tremendous effacement of boundaries between genres and cultures and styles that are generally more separate, along with the fusion of disparate styles and times that is a trope in postmodernist cinema. "The futuristic set and action mingle with drab 1940s clothes and offices, punk rock hairstyles, pop Egyptian style and oriental culture. The population is singularly multicultural and the language they speak is an agglomeration of English, Japanese, German and Spanish. The film alludes to the private eye genre of Raymond Chandler and the characteristics of film noir as well as Biblical motifs and images." Here is a demonstration of the mixing of cultures and boundaries and styles of art. The film is playing with time (the various types of clothes) and culture and genre by mixing them all together to create the world of the film. The fusion of noir and science-fiction is another example of the film deconstructing cinema and genre. This is an embodiment of the postmodern tendency to destroy boundaries and genres into a self-reflexive product. The 2017 Academy Award-winning sequel Blade Runner 2049 also tackled postmodern anxieties.
Pulp Fiction
Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction is another example of a postmodernist film. The Palm d'Or-winning film tells the interweaving stories of gangsters, a boxer, and robbers. The 1994 film breaks down chronological time and demonstrates a particular fascination with intertextuality: bringing in texts from both traditionally "high" and "low" realms of art. This foregrounding of media places the self as "a loose, transitory combination of media consumption choices." Pulp Fiction fractures time (by the use of asynchronous time lines) and by using styles of prior decades and combining them together in the movie. By focusing on intertextuality and the subjectivity of time, Pulp Fiction demonstrates the postmodern obsession with signs and subjective perspective as the exclusive location of anything resembling meaning.
Other selected examples
Aside from the aforementioned Once Upon a Time in the West, the Blade Runner sequels and Pulp Fiction, postmodern cinema includes films such as:
Hellzapoppin' (1941)
Duck Amuck (1953, also been called a modernist film)
All That Heaven Allows (1955; also been called a modernist film)
Written on the Wind (1956)
A Movie (1958)
Hiroshima mon amour (1959; also been called a modernist film)
L'Avventura (1960, also been called a modernist film)
Last Year at Marienbad (1961, also been called a modernist film)
8½ (1963; also been called a modernist film)
Scorpio Rising (1964)
Woman in the Dunes (1964)
Pierrot Le Fou (1965, also been called a modernist film)
Alphaville (1965)
Persona (1966; also been called a modernist film)
Batman (1966)
Blowup (1966; also been called a modernist film)
Weekend (1967)
Branded to Kill (1967)
Casino Royale (1967)
Playtime (1967; also been called a modernist film)
Night of the Living Dead (1968)
Teorema (1968)
Death by Hanging (1968)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968; also called a modernist film)
The Color of Pomegranates (1969; also been called a modernist film)
Funeral Parade of Roses (1969)
Performance (1970)
The Conformist (1970)
El Topo (1970)
The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (1972)
Day for Night (1973; also called a modernist film)
The Holy Mountain (1973; also been called a modernist film)
Blazing Saddles (1974)
Pastoral: To Die in the Country (1974)
Celine and Julie Go Boating (1974)
Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
Taxi Driver (1976)
Star Wars (1977)
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)
House (1977)
All That Jazz (1979)
Alien (1979)
Stalker (1979)
Apocalypse Now (1979)
The Gods Must Be Crazy (1980)
Diva (1981)
Escape from New York (1981)
Ms. 45 (1981)
The Atomic Cafe (1982)
Koyaanisqatsi (1982)
Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982)
Sans Soleil (1983)
Videodrome (1983)
Zelig (1983)
Love Streams (1984)
The Terminator (1984)
Repo Man (1984)
Brazil (1985)
Shoah (1985)
Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985)
After Hours (1985)
Terrorizers (1986)
Mauvais Sang (1986)
Blue Velvet (1986)
A Zed and Two Noughts (1986)
Walker (1987)
The Princess Bride (1987)
Innerspace (1987)
Wings of Desire (1987)
Om-Dar-B-Dar (1988)
Akira (1988)
The Thin Blue Line (1988)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
They Live (1988)
Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989)
Jesus of Montreal (1989)
sex, lies and videotape (1989)
Roger & Me (1989)
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
Close-Up (1990)
Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990)
Miller's Crossing (1990)
Barton Fink (1991)
JFK (1991)
The Double Life of Veronique (1991)
Until the End of the World (1991)
Wax or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Player (1992)
Reservoir Dogs (1992)
Falling Down (1993)
Groundhog Day (1993)
Last Action Hero (1993)
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)
True Romance (1993)
Through the Olive Trees (1994)
Sátántangó (1994)
Chungking Express (1994)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Natural Born Killers (1994)
Fallen Angels (1995)
Dead Man (1995)
Get Shorty (1995)
Underground (1995)
Showgirls (1995)
From Dusk till Dawn (1996)
Schizopolis (1996)
Goodbye South, Goodbye (1996)
Scream (1996)
Irma Vep (1996)
End of Evangelion (1997)
Lost Highway (1997)
Gummo (1997)
Boogie Nights (1997)
Dark City (1997)
Starship Troopers (1997)
Funny Games (1997)
The Big Lebowski (1998)
New Rose Hotel (1998)
Run Lola Run (1998)
The Hole (1998)
The Truman Show (1998)
Pleasantville (1998)
Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai (1999)
Fight Club (1999)
The Straight Story (1999)
American Beauty (1999)
The Blair Witch Project (1999)
The Matrix (1999)
Magnolia (1999)
American Psycho (2000)
Memento (2000)
Dancer in the Dark (2000)
Werckmeister Harmonies (2000)
Requiem for a Dream (2000)
Timecode (2000)
Rejected (2000)
Moulin Rouge! (2001)
Shrek (2001)
Waking Life (2001)
The Royal Tenenbaums (2001)
Mulholland Drive (2001)
Donnie Darko (2001)
All About Lily Chou-Chou (2001)
The Man Who Wasn't There (2001)
Pulse (2001)
Far From Heaven (2002)
Lost in Translation (2003)
The Fog of War (2003)
Zatōichi (2003)
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)
Tropical Malady (2004)
The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004)
The Machinist (2004)
Shaun of the Dead (2004)
Brick (2005)
Grizzly Man (2005)
Still Life (2006)
Marie Antoinette (2006)
Enchanted (2007)
I'm Not There (2007)
The Beaches of Agnès (2008)
Synecdoche, New York (2008)
Hunger (2008)
Waltz with Bashir (2008)
Enter the Void (2009)
Shutter Island (2010)
Exit Through the Gift Shop (2010)
Inception (2010)
Drive (2011)
The Skin I Live In (2011)
Shame (2011)
We Need to Talk About Kevin (2011)
The Act of Killing (2012)
Tabu (2012)
Cloud Atlas (2012)
Holy Motors (2012)
Post Tenebras Lux (2012)
Wreck It Ralph (2012)
Get a Horse! (2013)
Only Lovers Left Alive (2013)
Her (2013)
Only God Forgives (2013)
Boyhood (2014)
Clouds of Sils Maria (2014)
The Lego Movie (2014)
The Look of Silence (2014)
Cemetery of Splendour (2015)
World of Tomorrow (2015)
La La Land (2016)
Get Out (2017)
The Square (2017)
Under the Silver Lake (2018)
Wonderstruck (2017)
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018)
Sorry to Bother You (2018)
The House That Jack Built (2018)
Long Day's Journey into Night (2018)
Pain & Glory (2019)
Bad Luck Banging or Loony Porn (2021)
Bergman Island (2021)
Everything Everywhere All At Once (2022)
White Noise (2022)
List of notable postmodernist filmmakers
Sofia Coppola
Sergio Leone
Steve McQueen
Wong Kar-Wai
Don Hertzfeldt
Christopher Nolan
Douglas Sirk (also been called a modernist filmmaker)
Quentin Tarantino
Joel and Ethan Coen
Oliver Stone
Robert Altman
Woody Allen
David Lynch
Tim Burton
Joe Dante
Errol Morris
Brian De Palma
David Cronenberg
Ridley Scott
Wes Anderson
Michael Haneke
Paul Thomas Anderson
Paul Verhoeven
Steven Soderbergh
Pedro Almodovar
John Waters
George A. Romero
Guy Maddin
Michel Gondry
Spike Jonze
Tex Avery (also been called a modernist filmmaker)
Abel Ferrara
Stanley Kubrick (also been called a modernist filmmaker)
Michael Moore
Jordan Peele
Peter Greenaway
Kevin Smith
See also
Remodernist film, one of the many critical stances against postmodernist cinema
Cinephilia
Art film
New Hollywood, similar in content
Social thriller
Vulgar auteurism
Auteur theory
Extreme cinema
Independent film
Hyperlink cinema
Slow cinema
Arthouse action film
Remix culture
American Eccentric Cinema
Maximalist and minimalist cinema
Cult film
Arthouse animation
Pop culture fiction
Postmodern television
Postmodern horror
Arthouse musical
References
External links
Post-modernism and Authorship in David Lynch's Blue Velvet
For a comprehensible introduction
From Postmodernism to Postmodernity: the Local/Global Context
In Search of The Postmodern: Chapter 1
10 Lesser-Known Postmodern Films|Philosophy in Film
1950s in film
1960s in film
1970s in film
1980s in animation
1980s in film
1990s in animation
1990s in film
2000s in animation
2000s in film
2010s in animation
2010s in film
2020s in film
Aesthetics
Concepts in aesthetics
Film genres
Postmodernism
Postmodern art
Theories of aesthetics
Visual arts |
5378950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese%20people%20in%20Hong%20Kong | Cantonese people in Hong Kong |
Cantonese people represent the largest group in Hong Kong. The definition usually includes people whose ancestral homes are in Yue Chinese speaking regions of Guangdong province, specifically the guangfu (廣府) region, although sometimes Sze Yap people, the Hakka people or Teochew people (Chiu Chow/Teochew) may be included. Historic Hong Kong censuses distinguished people of Guangdong origin into Guangzhou and Macau, Sze Yap (Siyi), Chaozhou, and Hainan origins, as well as the Indigenous people of the New Territories.
When the population census was first conducted in 1881, it found only 3668 people, with over 95% percent of the population being from Guangdong Province.
Gregory Guldin describes a "Cantonese chauvinism" where the Cantonese are seen as superior to the other Chinese groups in Hong Kong.
In the first few post-war decades, there was an economic rivalry between the Cantonese and the minority Shanghainese. Cantonese could be said to be less willing to work with the British colonizers in their business dealings, and subsequently were less preferred to become representatives to the Legislative Council.
Statistics
1961 Census data of Cantonese speakers by district
Average: 78.98
Standard Deviation: 14.8
Coefficient of Variation: 0.21
See also
Punti
Indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories
References
Sources
Topley, Marjorie. Cantonese Society in Hong Kong and Singapore: Gender, Religion, Medicine and Money. Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 2011.
Hong Kong society
Asian diaspora in Hong Kong |
5378993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington-5%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012 | Bennington-5 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012 | The Bennington-5 Representative District is a one-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Bennington-5 District includes all of the Bennington County towns of Arlington, Sandgate, and Sunderland, as well as:
...that part of Rupert encompassed within a boundary beginning at the intersection of the New York state line with VT 153; then northeasterly along the centerline of VT 153 to the intersection with East Street; then easterly along the centerline of East Street to the intersection with Kent Hollow Road; then southerly along the centerline of Kent Hollow Road to the Sandgate town line. (Vermont Statutes, Title 17, Chapter 34, Section 1893)
The rest of Rupert is in Rutland-8.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The one member Bennington-5 District had a population of 3,718 in that same census, 8.4% below the state average.
District Representative
2005-2006
Lawrence E. Molloy, Democrat
2007-2008
Cynthia Browning, Democrat
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts -- Statistics
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Arlington, Vermont
Rupert, Vermont
Sandgate, Vermont
Sunderland, Vermont |
5379026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakonyb%C3%A9l | Bakonybél | Bakonybél is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary, in Zirc District. A tourist destination with a number of sights and activities, the village is located in a basin surrounded by nearby mountains.
History
The history of the village is closely connected to the Benedictine Bakonybél Abbey founded by Saint Stephen I in 1018. Saint Gellert resided here as a hermit between 1023 and 1030. The village had been completely destroyed during the Ottoman occupation and was later rebuilt and repopulated with Slovaks and Germans.
The Jewish community
In the 19th and 20th centuries, a small Jewish community lived in the village, in 1880 23 Jews lived in the village, most of whom were murdered in the Holocaust. The community had a Jewish cemetery.
Main sights
The Benedictine church and monastery were built in 1754 in Baroque style. There is also a chapel close to the village with the statue of Saint Gellert, the stations of Christ's sufferings and the holy trinity, at Ivy Spring (also known as Saint Spring), next to a lake supplied by the spring.
Another sight is the Ethnographic Museum in the village. There is also a museum of nature and forestry called the House of the Bakony Forests.
Another attraction is a 19th-century American ranch, not very far from the village, with horse-related activities.
There are also multiple routes for trips in the nearby forests and hills, offering scenery, caves and a lookout tower on the highest peak of the Bakony Mountains.
Facilities
There is a three star hotel and several guest houses in the village. There are also restaurants and pubs. A number of small grocery stores and also separate greengrocers are available.There is a community house providing tourist information, a doctor's office, and catering. The village has its own post office, pharmacy, day nursery, primary school and library with Internet access.
See also
(160001) Bakonybél minor planet,
References
External links
Bakonybél's website (Hungarian)
Populated places in Zirc District
Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust |
5379035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernanda%20Pivano | Fernanda Pivano | Fernanda Pivano (18 July 1917 – 18 August 2009) was an Italian writer, journalist, translator and critic.
Early life
Pivano was born in Genoa in 1917. When she was a teenager she moved with her family to Turin where she attended the Massimo D'Azeglio Lyceum. There she met Cesare Pavese, who introduced her and her classmate Primo Levi to American literature. In 1941 she received a laurea () with a thesis on Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, which earned her a prize from the Center for American Studies in Rome.
Spoon River
In 1943 she obtained a second degree in philosophy. In the same year she completed her first translation, the Italian edition of the Spoon River Anthology by Edgar Lee Masters for Einaudi.
Career
In 1948, Pivano met Ernest Hemingway. It turned out to be the beginning of an intense professional relationship and friendship that would last until Hemingway's death in 1961. In 1949 Mondadori published her translation of Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms. (Citation/clarification needed. See A Farewell to Arms.) In the same year Pivano married designer and architect Ettore Sottsass and moved to Milan, where she would live for the rest of her life. Pivano made her first trip to the United States in 1956 and throughout her professional life she contributed to the diffusion of the most significant American writers in Italy, from the great icons of the Roaring Twenties, like F. Scott Fitzgerald, Dorothy Parker and William Faulkner, through the writers of the 1960s (Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, William S. Burroughs, Gregory Corso, Lawrence Ferlinghetti), to young contemporary writers including Jay McInerney, Bret Easton Ellis, David Foster Wallace, Chuck Palahniuk and Jonathan Safran Foer. Pivano was also interested in African-American culture. In 1949 she met Richard Wright in Paris and went on to translate and edit many of his novels. In 1980 and 1984, Pivano interviewed Charles Bukowski at his home in San Pedro, California. These interviews became the basis for her book, Charles Bukowski: Laughing with the Gods first published in the United States by Sun Dog Press in 2000.
In the summer of 2001 Pivano toured Northern America with director Luca Facchinito to film the documentary A Farewell to Beat – a celebration of the Beat Generation featuring notable American writers, including Jay McInerney, Bret Easton Ellis and Lawrence Ferlinghetti written by Andrea Bempensante.
Pivano also wrote about popular music and was an admirer of the work of Fabrizio de André and Bob Dylan. In 2006 Pivano decided to revisit the Spoon River Anthology in the book Spoon River, ciao (Dreams Creek, 2006), a selection of her unpublished texts about the pictures taken by American photographer William Willinghton in the same locations described by Edgar Lee Masters in the Anthology.
Death
Fernanda Pivano died, aged 92, in Milan on August 18, 2009. Her funeral took place on August 21 in the Basilica di Carignano in Genoa. After the cremation, she was buried in the cemetery of Staglieno.
Legacy
In March 2010, Bompiani published Diari/2, the second volume of her biography that collects her writings from 1974 to 2009.
Bibliography
1947: La balena bianca e altri miti, Mondadori.
1964: America rossa e nera, Vallecchi.
1972: Beat Hippie Yippie, Arcana.
1976: Mostri degli Anni Venti, Formichieri.
1976: C'era una volta un Beat, Arcana.
1971: L'altra America negli Anni Sessanta, Officine Formichieri.
1982: Intervista a Bukowski, Sugar.
1985: Biografia di Hemingway, Rusconi.
1986: Cos'è più la virtù, Rusconi.
1988: La mia kasbah, Rusconi.
1955: La balena bianca e altri miti, Il Saggiatore.
1996: Altri amici, Mondadori.
1996: Amici scrittori, Mondadori.
2001: Hemingway, Rusconi.
1997: Dov'è più la virtù, Marsilio.
1997: Viaggio americano, Bompiani.
1997: Album americano. Dalla generazione perduta agli scrittori della realtà virtuale, Frassinelli.
2000: I miei quadrifogli, Frassinelli.
2000: Dopo Hemingway. Libri, arte ed emozioni d’America, Pironti.
2001: Una favola, Pagine d'arte.
2002: Un po' di emozioni, Fandango.
2002: Mostri degli anni Venti, La Tartaruga.
2002: De André il corsaro, with Cesare G. Romana and Michele Serra, Interlinea.
2004: The beat goes on, Mondadori.
2006: Spoon River, ciao with photographs by William Willinghton, Dreams Creek.
2006: Ho fatto una pace separata, Dreams Creek.
2007: Lo scrittore americano e la ragazza perbene, Tullio Pironti Editore.
2008: Complice la musica, BUR.
2008: Diari (1917–1973), edited by Enrico Rotelli with Mariarosa Bricchi, Bompiani.
2010: Diari/2 (1974–2009), edited by Enrico Rotelli with Mariarosa Bricchi, Bompiani.
2010: Libero chi legge, Mondadori.
2011: Leggende americane, Bompiani.
Prizes
1964: Saint Vincent Prize for Journalism
1975: Monselice Prize for Translation
1983: San Gerolamo Prize
1985: Giovanni Comisso Prize for literature
1992: Mondello Prize
1998: Estense Prize
2002: Art, Science and Peace Prize
2003: Grinzane Cavour Prize
2005: Tenco Prize
2006: Vittorio De Sica Prize for literature
See also
Edgar Lee Masters
Spoon River Anthology
Fabrizio De André
References
External links
Fernanda Pivano
Fernanda Pivano Award
1917 births
2009 deaths
Italian women journalists
Italian women writers
Writers from Genoa
Writers from Milan
20th-century Italian translators
20th-century Italian women |
5379053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9nzesgy%C5%91r | Pénzesgyőr | Pénzesgyőr () is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District.
External links
Street map (Hungarian)
Populated places in Zirc District |
5379055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20and%20Elizabeth%20Sherrill | John and Elizabeth Sherrill | John Lewis Sherrill (August 2, 1923, Covington, Tennessee - December 2, 2017) and Elizabeth "Tib" Sherrill (born February 14, 1928, Hollywood, California) are Christian writers. They have co-authored a number of best-selling books, including:
God's Smuggler with Brother Andrew
The Hiding Place with Corrie ten Boom
The Cross and the Switchblade with David Wilkerson
From 1944 to 1951 John Sherrill was a freelance writer in Europe. John Sherrill and Elizabeth Schindler met aboard a ship on their way to Europe and were married in Geneva, Switzerland in December 1947. From 1947 to 1963 Elizabeth was a freelance writer for magazines. In 1970 they founded a publishing company, Chosen Books, dedicated to searching "the world for books that would have two criteria. They would be interesting. They would be helpful." Their first title was The Hiding Place".
Elizabeth has authored more than 30 books - many co-written with her husband. Some of these books have been translated into more than 40 languages.
Elizabeth Sherrill has three children: John Scott Sherrill, Donn Sherrill, and Elizabeth Flint. She resides in Hingham, Massachusetts. John Sherrill died on December 2, 2017, aged 94.
Bibliography
Elizabeth Sherrill, All the Way to Heaven: A Surprising Faith Journey, Revell, 2002.
John L. Sherrill, They Speak With Other Tongues'', Chosen Books, 1999. (originally published 1964)
References
My Friend, The Bible by John Sherrill 1978 Chosen Books, p. 126
External links
http://www.elizabethsherrill.com - Elizabeth Sherrill's Website
Christian writers
Married couples
American spiritual writers
People from Chappaqua, New York |
5379066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple%20robes | Temple robes | Temple robes describe the ceremonial clothing worn in the performance of ordinances and ceremonies in a temple.
Buddhist tradition
Traditional robes, worn by monks both within and without Buddhist temples, appear in a variety of configurations. In parts of Southeast Asia, the robes consist of a saffron-colored mantel over a red undergarment. In Japan, the robe is traditionally black, grey or blue.
Hebrew Bible tradition
The 28th and 29th chapters of the Book of Exodus describe in detail the ritual clothing worn by priests in the Temple. The robes consist of a breastplate (hoshen), an ephod, a robe (me'il), a tunic (ketonet), a cap (mitznefet), and a sash (avnet), as well as stones worn in various configurations.
Latter Day Saint tradition
Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and certain Mormon fundamentalists wear ceremonial robes to perform the endowment and sealing portions of their temple ceremonies. The ceremonial robes are modeled after those described in the Bible according to latter-day revelation. The clothing includes a robe that fits over one shoulder, a sash, an apron, a veil (for women), and a cap (for men). All of the clothing is white, including shoes and neckties, except for the apron, which is green. It is common for Latter-day Saints to be buried with the body dressed in their temple clothes.
This outer temple clothing is distinct from the temple garments worn every day as underwear by Latter-day Saints after they have received an endowment in the temple.
See also
Vestment liturgical garments
References
External links
Exodus 28-29
Discussion of LDS temple clothing
Buddhist Ceremonies by Buddhist Monks At The Shaolin Temple
Buddhist religious clothing
Jewish religious clothing
Latter Day Saint religious clothing
Latter Day Saint temple practices
Robes and cloaks |
5379074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville%20High%20School | Somerville High School | Somerville High School may refer to:
Somerville High School (Massachusetts) in Somerville, Massachusetts
Somerville High School (New Jersey) in Somerville, New Jersey
Somerville High School (Texas) in the Somerville Independent School District of Somerville, Texas |
5379081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Mar%C3%ADa%20de%20Iquique%20%28cantata%29 | Santa María de Iquique (cantata) | Santa María de Iquique, cantata popular is a cantata composed in 1969 by the Chilean composer Luis Advis Vitaglich, combining elements of both classical and folkloric/indigenous musical traditions to produce what became known as a popular cantata and one of Quilapayún’s most acclaimed and popular music interpretation. The theme of the cantata is a historical industrial dispute that ended with the massacre of miners in the northern Chilean city of Iquique in 1907. The reading is impeccably executed by the Chilean actor Hector Duvauchelle, who captures the increasingly tense struggle between the miners and their exploiters in the narrative. Instrumental interludes and songs empower the progression of the story leading to a final song which voices the miners demand for an end to exploitation with visions of an egalitarian and free world.
Composer's Notes
The following are the statements made by Luis Advis, that appeared on the original booklet that accompanied the record release in 1970.
“This work, dedicated to Quilapayún, was composed following the general guidelines of a classical cantata. There is, albeit, a variant which refers to: literary-thematic aspects: the traditional religious motive has been replaced with one based on real events from the social order.”
“The musical stylistics: rather than avoid the European traditions, it has been amalgamated with melodic trends, harmonic modulations and rhythmic nuclei of American or Hispanic-American root. “
“Instrumental aspects: of the traditional orchestra we have only preserved the violoncello and the double bass in supporting mode, joined by two guitars, two quenas, one charango and one Bombo legüero. “
“Narrative aspects: the classical recitative chant has been replaced by spoken narration. This contains rhythmic and metrical elements with the aim of not breaking the sonorous totality.”
History
The Cantata Santa Maria de Iquique represented Quilapayun at the Segundo Festival de la Nueva Canción Chilena (NCCh) (Second Festival of the New Chilean Song).
Despite the success of the work, it had its share of critics within the music world at the time of its release; some critics saw this work as too pretentious, complex and classical for it to be part of a popular neo-folkloric movement. This debate over what was authentic, what served “the cause” would grow in the years following the cantata’s release – creating serious dialectical confrontations on what materials were to be included or excluded from the NCCh.
Despite this the work was the highlight of the NCCh and a masterpiece of the Nueva Canción in Latin America and many musicologists and musicians consider it one of the most important recorded musical composition in Latin American music history.
This great appreciation for the work didn’t appear to be shared by some members of Quilapayun who saw in the existing work considerable room for improvement. In 1978, they assigned the Belgian/Argentine writer Julio Cortázar to restructure part of the original text and they introduced minor modifications to the original recorded arrangements for a new version and recording. This was done without consulting the composer of the work, Luis Advis, who upon hearing of the recording expressed great dismay and publicly attacked the artistic integrity of both Quilapayun and Julio Cortázar.
Song listing
”Pregón” / Announcement (Solo vocal: Eduardo Carrasco) – 2:11
”Preludio instrumental” / Instrumental Prelude – 5:45
”Relato I” / Narrative I (Narration: Héctor Duvauchelle) – 2:11
”Canción I” / Choral Song I (“El sol en desierto grande…” / The sun in the great desert) – 2:21
”Interludio instrumental I” / Instrumental Interlude I – 1:33
”Relato II” / Narrative II (Narration: Héctor Duvauchelle) – 1:21
”Canción II” / Solo Song II [“Vamos mujer…” / We must leave woman…] (Solo vocal: Rodolfo Parada) – 2:08
”Interludio instrumental II” / Instrumental Interlude II – 1:44
”Relato III” / Narrative III (Narration: Héctor Duvauchelle) – 1:35
”Interludio cantado” /Sung interlude [“Se han unido con nosotros…” / They’ve joined with us] (solo vocals: Carlos Quezada) – 2:05
”Relato IV” / Narrative IV (Narration: Héctor Duvauchelle) – 1:00
”Canción III” / Song III [“Soy obrero pampino…” / I am a pampean worker…] (solo vocals: Willy Oddó) – 1:44
”Interludio instrumental III” / Instrumental Interlude III – 1:55
”Relato V” / Narrative V (Narration: Héctor Duvauchelle) – 2:14
”Canción letanía” / Supplicatory song (“Murieron tres mil seisientos…” / Three thousand six hundred died…) - 1:33
”Canción IV” / Song IV [“A los hombres de la Pampa…” / To the men of the Pampa...] (Solo vocals: Eduardo Carrasco) – 2:55
”Pregón II” / Announcement II (Solo Vocals: Hernán Gómez) – 0:32
”Canción final” / Final Song (“Ustedes que ya escucharon…” / You, who have now heard…) (Solo vocals: Patricio Castillo) – 2:50
Personnel
Eduardo Carrasco
Rodolfo Parada
Willy Oddó
Carlos Quezada
Patricio Castillo (musician)
Hernán Gomez
Additional Personnel
Héctor Duvauchelle (Narrator)
Eduardo Seinkiewicz (Violoncello)
Luis Bignon (Double bass)
References and other sources
Lasko, Susan. Songs of Struggle, Songs of Hope: The Chilean New Song. Senior Essay (USA, 1977)
External links
Cantata Santa María de Iquique Text/Lyrics
Luis Advis' site
Cantatas
1969 compositions
Compositions with a narrator
Iquique
Saltpeter works in Chile |
5379101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1rsk%C3%BAt | Hárskút | Hárskút () is a village in Veszprém County, Hungary.
External links
Street map (Hungarian)
Populated places in Veszprém County |
5379103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Domenico%2C%20Bologna | San Domenico, Bologna | The Basilica of San Domenico is one of the major churches in Bologna, Italy. The remains of Saint Dominic, founder of the Order of Preachers (Dominicans), are buried inside the exquisite shrine Arca di San Domenico, made by Nicola Pisano and his workshop, Arnolfo di Cambio and with later additions by Niccolò dell'Arca and the young Michelangelo.
History
Dominic Guzman, on arriving in Bologna in January 1218, was impressed by the vitality of the city and quickly recognized the importance of this university town to his evangelizing mission. A convent was established at the Mascarella church by the Blessed Reginald of Orleans. As this convent soon became too small for their increasing number, the preaching Brothers moved in 1219 to the small church of San Nicolò of the Vineyards at the outskirts of Bologna. St. Dominic settled in this church and held here the first two General Chapters of the order (1220 and 1221). Saint Dominic died in this church on 6 August 1221. He was buried behind the altar of San Nicolò.
Between 1219 and 1243 the Dominicans bought all surrounding plots of land around the church. After the death of Saint Dominic, the church of San Nicolò was expanded and a new monastic complex was built between 1228 and 1240. The apsidal area of the church was demolished and the nave was extended and grew into the Basilica of Saint-Dominic, This church became the prototype of many other Dominican churches throughout the world.
The big basilica was divided in two parts:
the front part, called “internal church”, was the church of the brothers. It was built in a protogothic style with a nave, two aisles and ogival vaults.
the church for the faithful, called “external church”, with the simple columns and the trussed flat roof of the old church.
Both churches were divided by a ramp. The church was consecrated by Pope Innocent IV on 17 October 1251. On this occasion the crucifix by Giunta Pisano was shown for the first time to the faithful.
The remains of the saint were moved in 1233 from its place behind the altar to a simple marble sarcophagus, situated on the floor in the right aisle of the church for the faithful. Since most of the pilgrims, who came in great numbers to see the grave, were not able to see this shrine, hidden by so many people standing in front of it, the need was felt for a new shrine. In 1267 the remains of Saint Dominic were then moved from the simple sarcophagus into the new shrine, decorated with the main episodes from the life of the Saint by Nicola Pisano. Work would continue on this shrine for almost five centuries.
The church was enlarged and the two sections were modified in many ways in the course of the next centuries. New side chapels were built, the majority in the 15th century. A Roman-Gothic bell tower was added in 1313 (recently restored). The dividing wall between the two churches was finally demolished in the beginning of the 17th century. The choir was at the same time moved behind the altar. Between 1728 and 1732 the interior of the church was completely renewed by the architect Carlo Francesco Dotti, sponsored by the Dominican pope Benedict XIII, into its present-day Baroque style.
Early on the church began receiving many works of art from the faithful. This has grown into the present-day vast collection of exceptional art treasures created by some the greatest Italian artists, including Giunta Pisano, Nicola Pisano, Arnolfo di Cambio, Niccolò dell'Arca, Michelangelo, Iacopo da Bologna, Guido Reni, Guercino and Filippino Lippi.
Square and façade
The square in front of the church is paved with pebbles, as it was in medieval times. The square was used by the faithful to listen to the sermon from the preacher from the pulpit on the left corner of the church. It was also the original cemetery.
The column in the middle of the square is a brickwork column with the bronze statue of St Dominic (1627) and on the back of the square a column in marble, bricks and copper of the Madonna of the Rosary, after a design by Guido Reni (1632), commemorating the end of the plague in the city.
Behind the first column stands the tomb of Rolandino de’ Passeggeri by Giovanni (1305) and on the left, adjoining a house, the tomb of Egidio Foscarari (1289), enriched with an ancient Byzantine marble arch with relief works from the 9th century.
The Romanesque façade dates from 1240 and was restored in 1910 by the architect Raffaele Faccioli. In the center is a large, embroidered rose window. The lunette above the portal contains a copy (1921) of St Dominic blessing Bologna by Lucia Casalini-Torelli (1677–1762).
On the left side of the façade is the Lodovico Ghisilardi chapel in Renaissance style. It was built as an example of Vitruvian classicism by the architect Baldassarre Peruzzi around 1530.
Interior
Nave
The church consists of a central nave, two lateral aisles, several side chapels, a transept, a choir and an apse. The interior was completely renewed in Baroque style with refined elegance and well-balanced proportions by the architect Carlo Francesco Dotti (1678–1759).
In the lunettes above the Ionic columns along the nave we can see 10 paintings, depicting episodes (true and untrue) in the history of the church. The first two are by Giuseppe Pedretti (1696–1778), the others by Vittorio Bigari (1692–1776).
Chapels on the right side
St. Rose of Lima : the painting above the altar, portraying the Ecstasy of the Saint, is by Cesare Gennari. The altar-piece Virgin appearing to St. Hyacinth by Ludovico Carracci (now in the Louvre), used to stand here.
St. Vincent Ferrer : the painting above the altar (St. Vincent brings a young boy back to life) is by Donato Creti (1731). On both sides of the chapel are two painting, representing the Miracles of the Saint, by Giuseppe Pedretti. The elegant stucco angels are by Angelo Pio (1690–1769), one of the best artists of his time.
St Antoninus of Florence : The painting above the altar (The Lord and the Blessed Virgin Appearing to St. Antoninus and St. Francis) is by Pietro Facini (1562–1602), while the paintings on the side walls (Blessed Matteo Carreri and Blessed Stefania) are by Pietro Dardani (1728–1808).
St. Andrew the Apostle : paintings of the Coming Martyrdom of the Apostle, Blessed Imelda and Blessed Giovanna are by Antonio Rossi (1700–1753)
Madonna of Fevers: above the altar is the painting Sant’Emidio by Filippo Gargalli (1750–1835). The painting Slaughter of the Innocents by Guido Reni, now in Bologna’s Pinacoteca Nazionale, was once hung in this chapel.
St Dominic’s chapel: this is the main chapel of the church. It has a square plan and a semi-circular apse, where the remains of the saint rest in the splendid Arca di San Domenico under the cupola which contains three Michelangelo sculptures, Angel, St. Proclus, and St. Petronius. The chapel was built by the Bolognese architect Floriano Ambrosini, replacing the old gothic chapel from 1413, to match the splendour of the other existing chapels. It was decorated between 1614 and 1616 by important painters of the Bolognese School, Tiarini (1577–1688), Mario Righetti, Lionello Spada, Mastelletta, culminating in the fresco on the cupola of the apse St Dominic’s Glory, a masterpiece by Reni, painted between 1613 and 1615. The Theological and The Cardinal Virtues in the niches of the apse were painted by Giovanni Todeschi between 1617 and 1631. The bust in white marble by Carlo Pini (1946) represents the real face of Saint Dominic, modeled on the precise measurements performed on the saint’s skull.
Chapel of St Pius V : the altar-piece is by Felice Torelli.
Chapel of St Hyacinth of Poland : with the painting A Miracle of the Saint by Antonio Muzzi.
Chapel of St Catherine of Siena: with St Catherine’s Mystic Communion by Francesco Brizzi (1546–1625) above the altar.
Chapel of St Catherine Virgin and Martyr: the painting above the altar, Mystical Marriage of St Catherine, is an important panel and one of the last works by Filippino Lippi (1501–1503).
Chapels on the left side
Chapel of St. Louis Bertrand : contains two canvases: (on the right) Blessed Pietro Geremia by Alessandro Tiarini and (on the left) St. Albert the Great by Clemente Bevilacqua (died 1754)
Chapel of the Holy Blood has some important paintings : (on the right) Annunciation by Denis Calvaert (1540–1619), (above the central altar) St. Michael Archangel by Giacomo Francia (1484–1557), (on the left) St Martin de Porres by Renzo Magnanini, (in the big lunette) The Disputation of St Catherine Virgin and Martyr by Prospero Fontana
Chapel of Blessed Benedict XI with the painting The Blessed is taken to Heaven by Felice Torelli (1667–1748)
Rosary Chapel is the most prominent chapel on this side of the church. The vivacious fresco on the vault (the Assumption) and in the apse (Heaven and Earth praising the Madonna of the Rosary) were painted between 1655 and 1657 by Angelo Michele Colonna (1600–1687) and by Agostino Mitelli (1609–1660). The two choir stalls were designed by the architect Carlo Francesco Dotti in 1736 after the redesigning of the interior of the church. The altar was designed by the Bolognese architect Floriano Ambrosini (1557–1621). But the most important paintings in this large chapel are the famous Mysteries of the Rosary, finished in 1601. The most prominent artist of their time worked on the decoration : Lodovico Carracci (the Annunciation and the Visitation), Bartolomeo Cesi (the Nativity), Denis Calvaert (Presentation of Jesus in the Temple), the female artist Lavinia Fontana (Jesus among the Doctors and the Coronation of the Virgin), Bartolomeo Cesi (Christ in the garden), Ludovico Carracci (the Scourging and Christ falling under the Cross), Bartolomeo Cesi (the Crowning with Thorns, the Crucifixion and Pentecost), Guido Reni (the Resurrection), Domenichino (the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin).
Young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart played on the organ in this chapel, while he was studying with padre Giovanni Battista Martini in 1769.
Vestibule of the side door contains the marble tomb of Alessandro Tartagni (1477) by Francesco di Simone Ferrucci da Fiesole (1437–1493).
Chapel of St Joseph : the canvas above the altar is Death of St. Joseph and St Anthony abbot by Giovanni Battista Bertusio (died 1644), and the paintings on the left (San Teresa di Gesù) and on the right (St Anthony of Padua) are by Giovanni Breviglieri.
Chapel of St. Peter the Martyr : the painting above the altar Kneeling Saint is by Giuseppe Pedretti, while the paintings on the left (Sant’Agnese da Montepulciano) and on the right (St Catherine de Ricci) are by Pietro Dardani (1728–1808)
Chapel of St Raymond of Peñafort contains the famous canvas the Saint plowing the Waves on his Mantle by Ludovico Carracci
Chapel of Blessed Ceslaus with the painting the Blessed by Lucia Casalini-Torrelli
Right transept
There is a small chapel on the right side of the altar with a painting by the Baroque artist Bartolomeo Cesi and a canvas by Guercino St. Thomas Aquinas writing the Holy Sacrament (1662)
Left transept
Chapel of the Holy Cross: On the wall is a marble slab, carved in 1731 by Giuseppe Maria Mazza, commemorating the death in 1272 of King Enzio of Sardinia, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. He had been captured by the Bolognese Guelph forces in the Battle of Fossalta in 1249. The painting above the altar is Christ being laid down by Pier Francesco Cavazza (1667–1733), while on the right is the Assumption of the Madonna by Vincenzo Spisanelli (1595–1662).
Chapel of St Michael the Archangel : Here on view is the imposing Crucifixion, the masterpiece by Giunta Pisano (mid-13th century). It is still much influenced by the Byzantine style and represents one of the best examples of 13th-century Italian painting. This crucifix has much influenced Cimabue, who would then slowly evolve into his own style. On the right side we find the marble monument, spanning the two chapels, dedicated to the Bolognese ruler Taddeo Pepoli (died 1347) (who added in 1340 a barrel span to the northern transept of this church). This monument was begun in the 14th century and only finished in the 16th century. The fresco on the left wall St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Benedict dates from the 14th century.
Chapel of the Sacred heart: The papier-mâché bust of Ven. Serafino Capponi, a theologian (died 1615) is on the left side of the altar. Beneath the altar is the urn with the relics of James Griesinger, the Blessed James from Ulm (died 1491), who added most of the stained-glass windows to this church (now destroyed). He is also depicted on canvas in this chapel by Giacinto Bellini (1612–1660). The fresco Madonna with Child among the Saints is by an unknown Emilian artist at the end of the 13th century. Facing King Enzo’s monument is a fragment of a 14th-century fresco Face of St Thomas Aquinas
The choir
This monumental choir was moved behind the high altar in the 17th century. The original altar was a masterpiece decorated with basreliefs and nine sculptures by Giovanni di Balduccio (1330), a pupil of Giovanni Pisano. Now only the statue of St Peter the Martyr still exists and is on display in the City Museum. The present high altar was made by Alfonso Torreggiani (died 1764). In the middle of the golden altar-piece at the back of the apse, is the Adoration of the Magi by Bartolomeo Cesi, flanked by paintings (on its left side) of Saint Nicholas of Bari and (on its right side) of Saint Dominic. Below is the Miracle of the Bread by Vincenzo Spisanelli.
The 102 wooden choir stalls are an exquisite example of Renaissance carving by the Dominican friar Damiano da Bergamo. (1528–1530). Between 1541 and 1549 they were inlaid with intaglia by the same artist, using a series of drawings from a book by Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, and carved by his brother Stefano da Bergamo. The work was finished by brother Bernardino da Bologna. These decorations display scenes from the Old Testament (on the right side) and from the New Testament (on the left side). Because of its extraordinary artistic value, this remarkable marquetry work was considered by its contemporaries as the eight wonder of the world. It is also noted in the Vite (IV,94) by Giorgio Vasari
The museum
The church's small museum houses many important works of art and a wide collection of precious reliquaries, chalices and monstrances.
A small selection :
The reliquary of Saint Louis IX, king of France, is of special interest as a most elaborate example in Gothic style of an unknown French goldsmith at the end of the 13th century. It was a gift to this church by king Philip IV of France, following the canonization of Louis IX in 1297.
The remains of a terracotta Pietà (1495) by the architect, painter and sculptor Baccio da Montelupo (mentioned by Vasari in his Vite)
A polychromed terracotta Bust of Saint Dominic by Niccolò dell'Arca (1474)
The remains of a fresco of Madonna with Child and Saint Dominic by an unknown Bolognese artist (possibly Cristoforo da Bologna) (second half of the 14th century), this fresco is known among engineers and scientists for the detailed pattern of the water flow wake near the St Cristopher's heels that likely has inspired Theodore Von Kármán in his studies
Madonna of the Velvet, tempera on wood by Lippo Dalmasio (c. 1390)
The Paschal Lamb, an oil painting on wood sometimes ascribed to Giorgio Vasari
Madonna with Child, Saint Dominic and Vincenzo Ferreri (c. 1773), one of the best works of by Ubaldo Gandolfi (1728–1781)
Several valuable intarsias by fra Damiano da Bergamo, such as The Story of San Girolomo, and geometrical figures.
Convent and library (Biblioteca di San Domenico)
The square-shaped convent next door is also worth visiting for its cloisters (14th, 15th and 16th centuries) with various tombstones and memorial tablets in its walls. The chapter room displays a precious fresco of Saint Dominic from the 14th century. It is the oldest known image of the saint. On the ground floor of the old dormitory is St Dominic’s cell, so called because it is an original cell from his time and possibly the cell (or a similarly one) where he died. Some original letters of introduction and his canonization bull of 9 July 1234 are here on display. At the front of the library is a fresco Madonna with benedictory Child (by an unknown artist).
The three-aisled Renaissance library, the Biblioteca of San Domenico, planned like a basilica and built by Gaspare Nadi, dates back to 1469 and contains many precious books. Part of the library complex is now the seat of the faculty of philosophy and theology, run by the Dominicans. Another part is used as a conference room with a wooden-paneled coffer ceiling. At its end hangs the Baroque painting Ecstasy of St. Thomas Aquinas by Marcantonio Franceschini.
Other burials
Guido Reni, in the Rosary Chapel
Elisabetta Sirani, also in the Rosary Chapel
James Of Ulm
Enzio of Sardinia
References and sources
References
Sources
Domenico
Renaissance architecture in Bologna
Romanesque architecture in Bologna
Libraries in Bologna |
5379111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirankar | Nirankar | Nirankar ( ) is one of the many attributes associated to God in Sikhism and means The Formless One. The word has its roots in nirākārā and is a compound of two words "Nir" meaning Without and Akar (or Akaar), Shape or Form; hence, The Formless.
It is used as a name for The Almighty in Guru Granth Sahib.
References
Sikh terminology
Names of God in Sikhism |
5379122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3k%C3%BAt | Lókút | Lókút () is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District.
External links
Street map (Hungarian)
Populated places in Zirc District |
5379155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parayi%20Petta%20Panthirukulam | Parayi Petta Panthirukulam | Parayi Petta Panthirukulam, is a popular folktale in Kerala. According to this folktale, Vararuchi, one of the nine wise men of Emperor Vikramaditya’s (57 BCE- 78 AD) court married Panchami, a girl belonging to Paraya, a lower caste. The couple set out a long pilgrimage. On the way, they were blessed with 12 children. Upon each delivery, Vararuchi enquired whether the baby had a mouth. If the wife said "yes", he would say, "God will appease the one with mouth" and would ask the wife to abandon the baby then and there and proceed. Eleven children were deserted, since they had a mouth. The tale goes that after the 12th birth, when Vararuchi asked whether the child had a mouth, the wife said he didn't have a mouth in the hope that she may get to raise at least that child. But when she looked at child after saying that, the child indeed was seen to have born without a mouth. Vararuchi consecrated the 12th child as a deity on top of a hill, and they proceeded on the pilgrimage.
The 11 abandoned children were adopted and brought up by 11 different families, from various sections of society. Following are the name of the families who are believed to have adopted the children:
Mezhathol Agnihothri (Namboothiri)
Pakkanar (Parayan)
Rajakan (Washerman)
Naranath Bhranthan [(A divine person who pretend to be mad)Ambalavasi Caste]
Karakkalamma (Royal Kshathriya woman, only girl born to the couple)
Akavoor Chathan (Farmer, later became a caretaker)
Vaduthala Nair (Nair Soldier)
Thiruvalluvan/Valluvan/Vallon (Pulaya)
Uppukottan (Muslim trader)
Paananaar (folk musician)
Perumthachan (Engineer, Architect)
Vayillakkunnilappan, (Hill Lord without mouth) the 12th child was born without a mouth. Vararuchi consecrated this child on a hill in Palakkad district of Kerala, which is now known as "Vaayillaakkunnilappan temple" located at Kadampazhipuram.
People with the family names and caste affiliations accounted in the folktale, who are believed to be the descendants of Vararuchi, live in Shoranur, Pattambi and Thrithala of Palakkad district of Kerala state. Despite the huge difference in their caste and social ranks, these families are traditionally bound together by rituals and religious customs.
Malayalam poem
The following verses in Malayalam of anonymous authorship and of uncertain date describes the names of the twelve children of Vararuchi and his wife Panchami who comprise the progenitors of the twelve clans of the legend of Panthirukulam.
"മേളത്തോളഗ്നിഹോത്രി രജകനുളിയന്നൂർത്തച്ചനും
പിന്നെ വള്ളോൻ വായില്ലാക്കുന്നിലപ്പൻ
വടുതല മരുവും നായർ കാരക്കൽ മാതാ
ചെമ്മേ കേളുപ്പുകൂറ്റൻ
പെരിയ തിരുവരംഗത്തെഴും പാണാനാരും
നേരേ നാരായണഭ്രാന്തനുമുടനകവൂർചാത്തനും
പാക്കനാരും."
mēḷattōḷagnihōtrī rajakanuḷiyannūr -
ttaccanuṃ pinně vaḷḷōn
vāyillākkunnilappan vaţutala maruvuṃ
nāyar kārackal mātā
cěmmē kēḷuppukūṛṛan pěriya tiruvara-
ŋgattěļuṃ pāṇanāruṃ
nērē nāraayaṇabhrāntanumuţanakavūr-
ccāttanuṃ pākkanāruṃ
References
External links
Panthirukulam
Twelve Names of Panthirukulam
Culture of Kerala |
5379161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenix | Tenix | Tenix is a privately owned Australian company involved in a range of infrastructure maintenance and engineering products and services to the utility, transport, mining and industrial sectors in Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, and the United States.
The antecedent company Transfield was established in 1956 by Carlo Salteri and Franco Belgiorno-Nettis. The company focused on engineering and infrastructure construction, and expanded into the naval shipbuilding industry in the 1980s (initially under the name AMECON, then Transfield Defence Systems). A 1995 dispute between the company's managing directors (the eldest sons of the two founders) led to Transfied being split in two; the Belgiorno-Nettis family kept the Transfield name and the construction side of the business, while the Salteri family retained the infrastructure, defence, and technology elements, which were relaunched in 1997 as several companies under the Tenix name.
Tenix Defence grew to become one of Australia's largest locally owned defence and technology contractor until 2008, when its defence assets were sold to BAE Systems Australia. On 20 October 2014 Downer EDI acquired the remaining assets of Tenix as the Salteri family auctioned the company to trade and private-equity buyers.
History
Tenix's antecedent company Transfield was founded in 1956 by two Italian-born mechanical engineers, Carlo Salteri and Franco Belgiorno-Nettis. Together they built one of Australia's most successful companies focused on major engineering projects, such as bridges, tunnels, dams, hydro-electric and coal power stations, oil rigs, concert halls, sugar mills and power lines. Included in their list of major achievements are the construction of the Gateway Bridge in Brisbane and the Sydney Harbour Tunnel. By the early 1980s, Transfield had in excess of 3,000 employees and an annual turnover of A$350 million. Pope John Paul II toured the Transfield factory at Seven Hills in 1986.
Transfield acquired the Williamstown Dockyard in Melbourne through its acquisition of AMECON in August 1988 and, with it, the contract to complete construction of two Adelaide Class frigates for the Royal Australian Navy. In 1989 after winning a A$6 billion contract to build ten Anzac class frigates for the Australian and New Zealand governments, the largest defence company in Australia.
Growth of defence businesses
In 1989, Salteri and Belgiorno-Nettis stood down as joint managing directors in 1989 in favour of their eldest sons, Paul Salteri and Marco Belgiorno-Zegna. However, in a dispute between Salteri and Belgiorno-Nettis in 1995, the differences between the two families became irreconcilable and Transfield, then valued at A$733.2 million, was split in two. The Belgiorno-Nettis family kept the name Transfield and the construction side of the business, while the Salteri family got the company's North Sydney headquarters and the defence operations, which they renamed Tenix Defence Systems (later Tenix Defence) when Tenix was launched in November 1997.
Tenix expanded with the acquisition of Hawker de Havilland (an aerostructures manufacturer) in 1998 and leading engineering and maintenance contractor Enetech in December 1999. Enetech was renamed Tenix Alliance in July 2001. In June 2000, Tenix finalised the purchase of Vision System's defence businesses, Vision Abell and LADS Corporation, which became part of Tenix Defence. Late in 2000, Tenix sold Hawker de Havilland to Boeing.
In 2002, Tenix bought out its partner, Lockheed Martin's, share in its LMT joint venture to form Tenix Solutions, its traffic and parking compliance business. In November 2005 the company was threatened with losing the contract for operating speed cameras in Victoria, when the Victorian Government had to withdraw fines due to incorrect calibration of equipment by Tenix Solutions employees. In August 2007, Tenix Solutions lost the A$150 million contract to operate Victoria's mobile speed cameras, but retained the contract for processing and managing the enforcement process. In September 2008 Tenix acquired a majority interest in Duncan Solutions, a parking compliance company with operations in the US and Australia.
From late 2004 Tenix pursued an acquisition strategy to extend the capabilities and geographic reach of its Tenix Alliance business. This included acquiring Powerco's field services businesses in New Zealand, Environmental Services International, and various power services companies in Western Australia. In October 2007 it extended into mechanical engineering services with the acquisition of Robt Stone in New Zealand. This was further extended with the acquisition of Western Australian-based SDR Australia in September 2010.
In January 2008, the Salteri family sold Tenix Defence to BAE Systems Australia for A$775 million. The sale required the approval of the Australian Government's Foreign Investment Review Board and Department of Defence. Despite the infrastructure arm of the group, Tenix Alliance, also being up for sale, the sale process was discontinued.
Tenix Aviation, formerly known as Rossair, a non-core business that offered a range of aircraft, propeller and component maintenance services to the aviation industry worldwide, was sold in December 2008 to TAE Australia. Tenix LADS Corporation, which undertook hydrographic projects for international oil and gas exploration companies and seismic survey organisations, was sold to Dutch multinational Fugro six months later.
Residual operations (2009-2014)
From 2009 to 2014 Tenix operated under the Tenix and Tenix Solution brands; and was also the majority shareholder of Duncan Solutions.
Its main areas of operations under the Tenix brand included infrastructure maintenance and engineering services to the power, gas, water, mining and minerals processing, oil and gas, and petrochemical industries in Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific. Examples of recent contracts included the maintenance and construction of electricity networks (for SP AusNet and United energy), the design and construction of major electricity substations (for Ergon Energy in Queensland and ElectraNet in South Australia), the design and construction of wastewater treatment plants (for Water Corporation in Western Australia, for Unitywater and Whitsunday Regional Council in Queensland), the design and construction of water and wastewater network assets (for Logan City Council in Queensland and ACTEW Water in ACT), the operation of wastewater treatment plants, and the construction of mineral processing plants and associated assets (for Newcrest Mining in PNG and the Argyle Diamond Mine in Western Australia).
In July the Salteri family announced that they were prepared to auction to trade and private equity buyers part of the company or to sell shares via an initial public offering to reduce their stake in Tenix. In the end, the whole of Tenix was sold to Downer EDI for $300 million on 20 October 2014, where it has been absorbed within the Downer EDI brand.
Tenix was owned by the Salteri family through Olbia Pty Limited, the holding company for a number of investments including the company that operates the Sydney Harbour Tunnel, where it holds a 25% interest until the operating contract expires in August 2022.
Aftermath of sale
Tenix Solutions remains in the hands of the Salteri family, operating as a shareholder in Duncan Solutions. The company provides on-street, front-office and back-office compliance and infringement management services for local governments and institutions in Victoria, Queensland and New Zealand, as well as for the Victorian Government.
In 2017 Civica was awarded the Civic Compliance contract for the State Government of Victoria. Tenix therefore lost the Civic Compliance contract it had held since 2002.
Philanthropy
Tenix supported the Sydney Symphony Orchestra's education program and Auckland Rescue Helicopter Trust.
References
External links
Companies based in Sydney
Defence companies of Australia
Engineering companies of Australia
Utility companies of Australia |
5379163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyeszterg%C3%A1r | Nagyesztergár | Nagyesztergár is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District.
External links
Street map (Hungarian)
Populated places in Zirc District |
5379181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arialdo | Arialdo | Saint Arialdo (c. 1010 – June 27, 1066) is a Christian saint of the eleventh century. He was assassinated because of his efforts to reform the Milanese clergy.
Life
Arialdo was the child of a noble family, born at Cutiacum (Cucciago), near Como. After studying in Laon and Paris, he was made a canon in the cathedral city of Milan. According to Andrea da Parma, abbot of San Fedele di Strumi, who wrote a Vita concerning Arialdo, the church in Milan was rife with immoral clerics, fornicating, sleeping with prostitutes, lending money, and selling indulgences. According to Henry Charles Lea. marriage was common place among the Milanese clergy.
Together with Bishop of Lucca Anselmo da Baggio (later Pope Alexander II), Arialdo headed the pataria, a movement that sought to reform Milan's simoniacal clergy. Due to this, he was excommunicated by the Bishop of Milan Guido da Velate. Pope Stephen IX removed the excommunication and Arialdo returned to Milan to continue his efforts towards reformation. In 1069 the Pope sent Peter Damiani as legate to attempt a resolution. The issue then became less a matter of clerical conduct than the authority of Rome over Milan. Damiani was able to demonstrate that the city's beloved patron St Ambrose had acknowledged the precedence of the papacy.
Eventually, these endeavours lead to bishop Guido da Velate's excommunication. While traveling to Rome, Arialdo was set up by emissaries of Guido and killed.
Veneration
Ten months after the assassination, his body was found in Lago Maggiore (allegedly in a perfect state of preservation, and emitting a sweet odour). It was carried to Milan and exposed in the church of St. Ambrose from Ascension to Pentecost. Subsequently, Arialdo's body was interred in the church of St. Celsus, and in the following year, 1067, Pope Alexander II declared him a martyr.
See also
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan
References
External links
Archdiocese of Milan at the Catholic Encyclopedia
Sant' Arialdo di Milano
Sant’ Arialdo da Carimate
1010s births
1066 deaths
People from the Province of Como
11th-century Italian clergy
11th-century Christian saints
11th-century Christian martyrs
Medieval Italian saints |
5379185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou%20Ruiyang | Zhou Ruiyang | Zhou Ruiyang (; born March 8, 1991) is a Chinese professional Go player.
Biography
Zhou began playing Go at the age of 7. He won the biggest amateur tournament in China, the Wanbao Cup, both the same year before he became a professional. In 2005, he was promoted to 3p. Earlier that year, he won the U-15 section of the oldest international competition, the Fujitsu Cup. Zhou made history in 2006, beating Kong Jie in the challenger final for the Tianyuan, the second biggest title in China (after Mingren). At the age of 15 years, he became the youngest challenger for the title. The final of the Tianyuan was a best-of-3 against title holder Gu Li. Zhou won the first game, but lost the remaining two. Recently, he has been promoted to 5 dan. Zhou became the youngest titleholder in China in 2007 at 16 years and 0 days old. In 2010, Zhou reached the final of the Chang-ki Cup, and against his opponent Tuo Jiaxi, his record stands at five-wins six losses. They are currently in the deciding game in the 3-game match, and the winner receives 400,000 Yuan.
Promotion record
Titles and runners-up
Head-to-head record vs selected players
Players who have won international Go titles in bold.
Tuo Jiaxi 20:14
Gu Li 24:9
Niu Yutian 18:6
Kong Jie 11:12
Chen Yaoye 16:4
Li Zhe 10:8
Qiu Jun 6:11
Lian Xiao 7:9
Mi Yuting 6:10
Shi Yue 8:7
Xie He 8:7
Park Junghwan 4:11
Chang Hao 10:4
Piao Wenyao 8:6
Tan Xiao 7:7
Hu Yaoyu 7:6
Peng Liyao 7:6
Liu Xing 6:7
Peng Quan 9:3
Wang Haoyang 9:3
Wu Guangya 9:3
Wang Xi 5:7
Gu Lingyi 11:0
Choi Cheolhan 3:8
References
External links
GoGameWorld profile
Living people
1991 births
Chinese Go players
Asian Games medalists in go
Go players at the 2010 Asian Games
Sportspeople from Xi'an
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games |
5379191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaszfalu | Olaszfalu | Olaszfalu is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District.
Sights of the village
Church
It was made in baroque style.
Villax Ferdinand Primary School
External links
Street map (Hungarian)
The official page of the village Olaszfalu (Hungarian)
The homepage of Villax Ferdinand Primary School (Hungarian/English)
Populated places in Zirc District |
5379192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail%20Popov | Mikhail Popov | Mikhail Popov may refer to:
Mikhail Abramovich Popov (1753–1811), Russian businessman and politician, first mayor of Perm
Mikhail Ivanovich Popov (1742–1790), Russian writer and poet
Mikhail Grigorevich Popov (1893–1955), Russian botanist
Mikhail Yuryevich Popov (born 1985), Russian footballer
Mikhail Popov (athlete), Paralympic athlete from Russia
Mihail Popov, (born 1976) Bulgarian and French badminton player
Major General Mikhail Popov, (born 1963) Commander of the Bulgarian Land Forces |
4042584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Germany–United States relations | Germany and the United States today are close and strong allies. In the mid and late 19th century, millions of Germans migrated to farms and industrial jobs in the United States, especially in the Midwest. Later, the two nations fought each other in World War I (1917-1918) and World War II (1941-1945). After 1945 the U.S., with the United Kingdom and France, occupied Western Germany and built a demilitarized democratic society. West Germany achieved independence in 1949. It joined NATO in 1955, with the caveat that its security policy and military development would remain closely tied to that of France, the UK and the United States. While West Germany was becoming closely integrated with the U.S. and NATO, East Germany became an Eastern Bloc satellite state closely tied to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. After communist rule ended in Eastern Europe amid the Revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Berlin Wall, Germany was reunified. The reunified Federal Republic of Germany became a full member of the European Union (then European Community), NATO and one of the closest allies of the United States. In 2022 Germany is working with NATO and the European Union to defeat the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In the process Germany is sharply reducing its dependence on Russian oil and gas. Germany has the fourth-largest economy in the world, after the U.S., China and Japan. Today, both the countries enjoy a "special relationship".
Overview
Before 1800, the main factors in German-American relations were very large movements of immigrants from Germany to American states (especially Pennsylvania, the Midwest, and central Texas) throughout the 18th and the 19th centuries.
There also was a significant movement of philosophical ideals that influenced American thinking. German achievements in public schooling and higher education greatly impressed American educators; the American education system was based on the Prussian education system. Thousands of American advanced students, especially scientists and historians, studied at elite German universities. There was little movement in the other direction: few Americans ever moved permanently to Germany, and few German intellectuals studied in America or moved to the United States before 1933. Economic relations were of minor importance before 1920. Diplomatic relations were friendly but of minor importance to either side before the 1870s.
After the Unification of Germany in 1871, Germany became a major world power. Both nations built world-class navies and began imperialistic expansion around the world. That led to a small-scale conflict over the Samoan islands: the Second Samoan Civil War. A crisis in 1898, when Germany and the United States disputed over who should take control, was resolved with the Tripartite Convention in 1899 when the two nations divided up Samoa between them to end the conflict.
After 1898, the US itself became much more involved in international diplomacy and found itself sometimes in disagreement but more often in agreement with Germany. In the early 20th century, the rise of the powerful German Navy and its role in Latin America and the Caribbean troubled American military strategists. Relations were sometimes tense, as in the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–03, but all incidents were peacefully resolved.
The US tried to remain neutral in the First World War, but it provided far more trade and financial support to the British Empire and the Allies, which controlled the Atlantic routes. Germany worked to undermine American interests in Mexico. In 1917, the German offer of a military alliance against the US in the Zimmermann Telegram contributed to the American decision for war. German U-boat attacks on British shipping, especially the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania without allowing the civilian passengers to reach the lifeboats, outraged US public opinion. Germany agreed to US demands to stop such attacks but reversed its position in early 1917 to win the war quickly since it mistakenly thought that the US military was too weak to play a decisive role.
The US public opposed the punitive 1919 Versailles Treaty, and both countries signed a separate peace treaty in 1921. In the 1920s, American diplomats and bankers provided major assistance to rebuilding the German economy. When Hitler and the Nazis took power in 1933, American public opinion was highly negative. Relations between the two nations turned sour after 1938.
Large numbers of intellectuals, scientists, and artists found refuge from the Nazis into Britain and France. Germany declared war on the United States, but American immigration policy strictly limited the number of Jewish refugees. The US provided significant military and financial aid to the United Kingdom and France. Germany declared war on the United States in December 1941, and Washington made the defeat of Nazi Germany its highest priority, above even the Japanese Empire after it directly militarily attacked the United States in the Pearl Harbor bombing. The United States played a major role in the occupation and reconstruction of Germany after 1945. The US provided billions of dollars in aid by the Marshall Plan to rebuild the West German economy. The two nations relationship became very positive, in terms of democratic ideals, anti-communism, and high levels of economic trade.
Today, the US is one of Germany's closest allies and partners outside of the European Union. The people of the two countries see each other as reliable allies but disagree on some key policy issues. Americans want Germany to play a more active military role, but Germans strongly disagree.
History
Relations between the United States and the different German states was generally friendly in the 19th century. Americans gave strong support to the revolutionary movements of 1848, and welcomed political refugees when that liberalizing revolution failed. The German countries supported the United States during the Civil War, and gave no support to the Confederacy. At the time tensions between the United States and France were very high, and Americans generally supported the Germans in their war against France in 1870–71.
German immigration to the United States
For over three centuries, immigration from Germany accounted for a large share of all American immigrants. As of the 2000 US Census, more than 20% of all Americans, and 25% of white Americans, claim German descent. German-Americans are an assimilated group which influences political life in the US as a whole. They are the most common self-reported ethnic group in the Northern United States, especially in the Midwest. In most of the South, German Americans are less common, with the exception of Texas.
1683–1848
The first records of German immigration date back to the 17th century and the foundation of Germantown, now part of Philadelphia, in 1683. Immigration from Germany reached its first peak between 1749 and 1754, when approximately 37,000 Germans came to North America. The main settlements were in Pennsylvania, where they are known as the Pennsylvania Dutch; nearby areas of upstate New York also attract the Germans in the colonial era.
1848–1914
In 1840-1914 about seven million Germans emigrated to the United States. Farmers who sold their land in Germany bought larger farms in the Middle West. Mechanics settled in the cities of Baltimore, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, Detroit and New York City. Few went to New England or the South, apart from a colony formed in Texas. By 1890 more than 40 percent of the population of the cities of Cleveland, Milwaukee, Hoboken and Cincinnati were of German origin. By the end of the 19th century, Germans formed the largest self-described ethnic group in the United States, with a strong German—speaking element. They were generally permanent settlers; few returned to Germany and few showed a loyalty to the mother country. Some were political refugees; others were avoiding the universal conscription. They generally spoke German language until the First World War in 1917, although the younger generation was bilingual.
The failed German Revolutions of 1848 forced political refugees to flee. Those who came to the U.S. were called the Forty-Eighters. Many joined the new anti-slavery Republican Party, such as Carl Schurz, a nationally important politician. In the late 19th century Germans were active in the labor movement. Labor unions enabled skilled craftsmen to control their working conditions and to have a voice in American society.
Since 1914
A combination of patriotism and anti-German sentiment along with civil strife during both world wars caused most German-Americans to cut their former ties and assimilate into mainstream American culture with disbanding of German cultural groups. There was a collapse in teaching the German language in schools and colleges. German-related placenames were changed.
During the Third Reich (1933–1945) a wave of German Jews and other political anti-Nazi refugees left, but restrictive immigration policies blocked many of them from entering the U.S. Among those who did enter were Albert Einstein and Henry Kissinger.
Today, German-Americans form the largest self-reported ancestry group in the United States, with California and Pennsylvania having the highest numbers with German ancestry.
Education and culture
German culture was an important inspiration for American thinkers before 1914.
Philosophy
The influential literary, political, and philosophical movement of Transcendentalism emerged in New England in the early 19th century. It centered around Ralph Waldo Emerson and derived from European Romanticism, German Biblical criticism, and the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant and German idealism. In the late 19th century German Hegelianism was taught by Friedrich August Rauch as well as William T. Harris and the St. Louis Hegelians. It represented an extreme idealism in opposition to pragmatism.
Education
Upon becoming the secretary of education of Massachusetts in 1837, Horace Mann (1796–1859) worked to create a statewide system of professional teachers, based on the Prussian model of "common schools." Prussia was developing a system of education by which all students were entitled to the same content in their public classes. Mann initially focused on elementary education and on training teachers. The common-school movement quickly gained strength across the North. His crusading style attracted wide national support, providing a German roots for the school systems in most states. An important technique which Mann had learned in Prussia and introduced in Massachusetts in 1848 was to place students in grades by age. They progressed through the grades together, regardless of differences of aptitude. In addition, he used the lecture method common in European universities, which required students to receive professional instruction rather than teach one another. American adopted the German kindergarten. German immigrants brought gymnastics and physical education through the Turner movement.
Over 15,000 American scholars and scientists studied at German universities before 1914; 8% were women. They returned with PhDs and built research-oriented universities based on the German model, such as Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Chicago and Stanford, and upgraded established schools like Harvard, Columbia and Wisconsin. Flush with dollars, they built research libraries overnight, often by purchasing major collections in Europe. Syracuse University purchased the research library of Germany's leading historian Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886).
Music
In the colonial era, the Pennsylvania German sects brought their love of music. Moravian music proved widely influential. In the mid to late late 19th century, Philadelphia, Boston, New York, Cincinnati, Chicago and other musically inclined cities created symphony orchestras which featured German classical music; prominent German conductors were hired, along with performers and teachers. Theodore Thomas (1835–1905) was the most influential figure, introducing modern European composers and orchestral technique to New York, Cincinnati and Chicago.
In return, Matthias Hohne brought the harmonica to Germany in 1857, where hooty-tooty became popular.
Science and medicine
Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843) was a German physician who created pseudoscientific system of alternative medicine called homeopathy. It was introduced to the United States in 1825 by Hans Birch Gram, a student of Hahnemann. It became popular in the U.S. well before it caught on in Germany. Physicians in Germany learned about narcotics for anesthesia from the U.S.
Diplomacy and trade
1775 to 1870
During the American Revolution (1775–1783), King Frederick the Great of Prussia strongly hated the British. He favored the Kingdom of France and impeded Britain's war effort in subtle ways, such as blocking the passage of Hessian mercenaries. However, the importance of British trade and the risk of attack from Austria made him pursue a peace policy and maintain an official strict neutrality.
After the war, direct trade was minimal. What existed ran between the American ports of Baltimore, Norfolk, and Philadelphia and the old Hanseatic League free cities of Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck grew steadily. Americans exported tobacco, rice, cotton, and imported textiles, metal products, colognes, brandies, and toiletries. The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) and increasing instability in the German Confederation states led to a decline in the modest trade between the United States and the Hanse cities. The level of trade never came close to matching the trade with Britain. It further declined because the US delayed a commercial treaty until 1827. US diplomacy was ineffective, but the commercial consuls, local businessmen, handled their work so well that the US successfully developed diplomatic ties with the Kingdom of Prussia.
The Kingdom of Prussia under Friedrich Wilhelm III took the initiative in sending trade experts to Washington in 1834. The first permanent American diplomat came in 1835, when Henry Wheaton was sent to Prussia. The American secretary of state (foreign minister) said in 1835 that "not a single point of controversy exists between the two countries calling for adjustment; and that their commercial intercourse, based upon treaty stipulations, is conducted upon those liberal and enlightened principles of reciprocity... which are gradually making their way against the narrow prejudices and blighting influences of the prohibitive system." The German revolutions of 1848–1849 were celebrated in the U.S., which was the only major country to bestow diplomatic recognition on its short-lived National Assembly in Frankfort. When the revolution was crushed, thousands of activists fled to the United States. The most important were Carl Schurz, Franz Sigel and Friedrich Hecker. The exiled Germans became known as the Forty-Eighters. As the German element grew in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln worked to secure their support in the 1850s, including sponsoring a German language newspaper. However apart from the 48ers, most were Democrats
During the American Civil War (1861–1865), all of the German states favored the northern Union but remained officially neutral. They did not support France's takeover of Mexico. Immigration flows continued and large numbers of immigrants and their sons enlisted in the Union Army. In St Louis, pro-Union German provided decisive support to suppress Confederate supporters.
U.S. Consul General William Walton Murphy, based in Frankfurt on the Main, neutralized attempts by Confederates to borrow money. He solicited medical supplies, sold American bonds, facilitated German purchases of cotton seized by the U.S. Army, and promoted support for Lincoln's war goals in the German press. After the war Washington was neutral but favored Prussia in its wars against Denmark and Austria and felt that consolidation under Prussia was a good idea. Prussia was planning a major war against France and cultivated American support.
After 1871
Washington was neutral in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, but public opinion favored the German cause. Relations with the new German Empire started on a high note. German men who immigrated to the U.S. then returned home were liable for military service, but that was a minor irritant and was largely resolved by treaties negotiated by American minister George Bancroft in 1868. In 1876, the German commissioner for the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia stated that the German armaments, machines, arts, and crafts on display were of inferior quality to British and American products. Germany industrialized rapidly under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1870–1890, but its competition was more with Britain than with the US. It imported increasing amounts of American farm products, especially cotton, wheat and tobacco.
Pork war and protectionism
In the 1880s, ten European countries (Germany, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Spain, France, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Romania, and Denmark) imposed a ban on importation of American pork. They pointed to vague reports of trichinosis that supposedly originated with American hogs. At issue was over 1.3 billion pounds of pork products in 1880, with a value of $100 million annually. European farmers were angry at cheap American food overrunning their home markets for wheat, pork, and beef; demanded for their governments to fight back; and called for a boycott.
European manufacturing interests were also threatened by growing American industrial exports, and were angry at the high American tariff on imports from European factories. Chancellor Bismarck took a hard line, rejected the pro-trade German businessmen, and refused to join in scientific studies proposed by President Chester A. Arthur. American investigations reported that American pork was safe. Bismarck, because of his political base of German landowners, insisted on protection and ignored the leading German expert, Professor Rudolf Virchow, who condemned the embargo as unjustified. American public opinion grew angry at Berlin. President Grover Cleveland rejected retaliation, but it was threatened by his successor, Benjamin Harrison, who charged Whitelaw Reid, minister to France, and William Walter Phelps, minister to Germany, to end the boycott without delay. Harrison also persuaded Congress to enact the Meat Inspection Act of 1890 to guarantee the quality of the export product. President Harrison used his Agriculture Secretary Jeremiah McLain Rusk to threaten Berlin with retaliation by initiating an embargo against Germany's popular beet sugar. That proved decisive for Germany to relent in September 1891. Other nations soon followed, and the boycott was soon over.
Samoan crisis
Bismarck himself did not want colonies, but he reversed course in the face of public and elite opinion that favored imperialistic expansion around the world. In 1889, the US, Britain and Germany were locked in a petty dispute over control of the Samoan Islands, in the Pacific. The islands provided an ideal location for coaling stations needed by steamships in the South Pacific. The issue emerged in 1887 when the Germans tried to establish control over the island chain and President Cleveland responded by sending three naval vessels to defend the Samoan government. American and German warships faced off. Suddenly both sides were badly damaged by the 1889 Apia cyclone of March 15–17, 1889. The two powers and Britain agreed to meet in Berlin to resolve the crisis.
Chancellor Bismarck decided to ignore the small issues involved and improve relations with Washington and London. The result was the Treaty of Berlin, which established a three-power protectorate in Samoa. The three powers agreed to Western Samoa's independence and neutrality. Historian George H. Ryden argues that President Harrison played a key role by taking a firm stand on every issue, which included the selection of the local ruler, the refusal to allow an indemnity for Germany, and the establishment of the three-power protectorate, a first for the U.S. A serious long-term result was an American distrust of Germany's foreign policy after Bismarck was forced to resign in 1890. When unrest continued, international tensions flared in 1899. Germany unilaterally pulled back the treaty and established a control over Western Samoa. It was seized by New Zealand in the First World War.
Caribbean
In the late 19th century, the Kaiserliche Marine (German Navy) sought to establish a coaling station somewhere in the Caribbean Sea area. Imperial Germany was rapidly building a blue-water navy, but coal-burning warships needed frequent refueling and so needed to operate within range of a coaling station. Preliminary plans were vetoed by Bismarck, who did not want to antagonize the US, but he was ousted in 1890 by the new emperor, Wilhelm II, and the Germans kept looking.
Wilhelm did not publicly challenge Washington's Monroe Doctrine but his naval planners from 1890 to 1910 disliked it as a self-aggrandizing legal pretension and were even more concerned with the possible American canal at Panama, as it would lead to full American hegemony in the Caribbean. The stakes were laid out in the German war aims proposed by the German Navy in 1903: a "firm position in the West Indies," a "free hand in South America," and an official "revocation of the Monroe Doctrine" would provide a solid foundation for "our trade to the West Indies, Central and South America." By 1900, American "naval planners were obsessed with German designs in the Western Hemisphere and countered with energetic efforts to secure naval sites in the Caribbean."
By 1904, German naval strategists had turned its attention to Mexico, where they hoped to establish a naval base in a Mexican port on the Caribbean Sea. They dropped that plan, but it became active again after 1911, the start of the Mexican Revolution and subsequent Mexican Civil War.
Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903
Venezuela defaulted on its foreign loan repayments in 1902, and Britain and Germany sent warships to blockade its ports and force repayment. Germany intended to land troops and occupy Venezuelan ports, but President Theodore Roosevelt got all sides to enter arbitration, which ended the crisis. In the short run in 1904 Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary, telling Europe when European nations had serious grievances in the Caribbean, the United States would intervene and resolve the crisis for them.
Years later in 1916, when Roosevelt was energetically campaigning for the U.S. to enter World War I against Germany, he claimed that in 1903 he issued an ultimatum threatening war with Germany, forcing Berlin to back down. There is no record of any stern warning in the archives in Berlin or Washington, nor in the papers of any top American official dealing with foreign or military policy, nor anyone in Congress. No observer in Washington or Berlin had ever mentioned the supposed ultimatum. According to historian George Herring in 2011:No evidence has ever been discovered of a presidential ultimatum. Recent research concludes, on the contrary, that although the Germans behaved with their usual heavy-handedness, in general they followed Britain's lead. The British, in turn, went out of their way to avoid undermining their relations with the United States. Both nations accepted arbitration to extricate themselves from an untenable situation and stay on good terms with the United States.
American images of Germany Before 1917
By 1900 American writers were criticizing German aggressiveness in foreign affairs, and warned against German militarism. Books on anti-German topics including politics, naval power, and diplomacy reached educated audiences. German-Americans stayed neutral and largely ignored Berlin; indeed many of them had left as young men to escape the German draft. The Venezuela episode of 1903 focused American media attention on Kaiser Wilhelm II, who was increasingly erratic and aggressive. The media highlighted his militarism and belligerent speeches and imperialistic goals. Meanwhile, London was becoming increasingly friendly toward Washington. However, when the U.S. was neutral in the First World War, Hollywood tried to be neutral.
No one expected a war in 1914 until the July Crisis suddenly saw a major war between the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) and the Allied (France, Britain and Russia), with smaller nations also involved. The US insisted on neutrality. President Woodrow Wilson's highest priority was to broker a peace and he used his trusted aide, Colonel House on numerous efforts. For example, on June 1, 1914, House met secretly with the Kaiser in his palace, proposing that Germany, the United States, and Britain unite to ensure peace and develop Third World countries. The Kaiser was mildly interested but Britain was in a major domestic crisis over Ireland and nothing developed.
Apart from an Anglophile element of British descent, America public opinion at first echoed Wilson. The sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans, German Americans, and Scandinavian Americans as well as poor white southern farmers, cultural leaders, Protestant churchmen, and women in general.
The British argument that the Allies were defending civilization against a German militaristic onslaught gained support after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914. Outrage followed the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915. Americans increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor who had to be stopped. Former President Roosevelt and many Republicans were war hawks, and demanded rapid American armament. Wilson insisted on neutrality and minimized wartime preparations to be able to negotiate for peace. After the Lusitania was sunk, with over 100 American passengers drowned, Wilson demanded that Imperial German Navy U-boats follow international law and allow passengers and crew to reach their lifeboats before ships were sunk. Germany reluctantly stopped sinking padenger liners. However, in January 1917, it decided that a massive infantry attack on the Western Front, coupled with a full-scale attack on all food shipments to Britain, would win the war at last. Berlin realized the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare almost certainly meant war with the United States, but it calculated that the small American military would take years to mobilize and arrive, when Germany would have already won. Germany reached out to Mexico with the Zimmermann Telegram, offering a military alliance against the United States, hoping that Washington would divert most of its attention to attacking Mexico. London intercepted the telegram, the contents of which outraged American opinion.
World War I: Democracy vs autocracy
Wilson called on Congress to declare war on Germany in April 1917 in order to make the world "safe for democracy" and defeat militarism and autocracy. Washington expected to provide money, munitions, food, and raw materials but did not expect to send large troop contingents until it realized how weak the Allies were on the Western Front. After the collapse of Russia and its exit from the war in late 1917, Germany could reallocate 600,000 experienced troops to the Western Front. But by summer, American troops were arriving at the rate of 10,000 a day, every day, replacing all the Allied losses while the German Army shrank day by day until it finally collapsed in November 1918. On the home front, the German-American community quietly supported the American effort, but there was much unfounded suspicion otherwise. Germany was portrayed as a threat to American freedom and way of life.
Inside Germany, the United States was treated as just another enemy and denounced as a false liberator that wanted to dominate Europe itself. As the war ended, however, the German people embraced Wilson's 14 points and promises of the just peace treaty. At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Wilson used his enormous prestige and co-operated with British Prime Minister David Lloyd George to block some of the harshest French demands against Germany in the Treaty of Versailles. Wilson devoted most of his strength to establishing the League of Nations, which he felt would end all wars. He also signed a treaty with France and Britain to guarantee American support to prevent Germany from invading France again. Wilson refused all compromises with the Republicans, who controlled Congress, and so the United States neither ratified the Treaty of Versailles nor joined the League of Nations.
German dominance in chemicals and pharmaceuticals meant they controlled critical patents. The Congress abrogated the patents and licensed American companies to manufacture products such as Salvarsan, a major new German drug that could cure syphilis. In similar fashion the German drug company Bayer lost control of its patent—and its very high profits—on the world's most popular drug, aspirin.
Interwar period
1920s
Economic and diplomatic relations were positive during the 1920s. According to Frank Costigliola, Washington and Wall Street sought a prosperous and stable Europe; they felt success depended upon a prosperous Germany. Key players included officials Charles G. Dawes and Owen D. Young, Wall Street bankers, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and the first postwar ambassador, Alanson B. Houghton (1922–1925). New York banks played a major role in financing the rebuilding of the German economy. The policy worked after 1923, but depended upon a continuous flow of dollars. That flow largely ended with the start of the Great Depression in 1929.
Washington rejected the harsh anti-German Versailles Treaty of 1920, and instead signed a new peace treaty that involved no punishment for Germany, and worked with Britain to create a viable Euro-Atlantic peace system. Ambassador Houghton believed that peace, European stability, and American prosperity depended upon a reconstruction of Europe's economy and political systems. He saw his role as promoting American political engagement with Europe. He overcame US opposition and lack of interest and quickly realized that the central issues of the day were all entangled in economics, especially war debts owed by the Allies to the United States, reparations owed by Germany to the Allies, worldwide inflation, and international trade and investment. Solutions, he believed, required new US policies and close co-operation with Britain and Germany. He was a leading promoter of the Dawes Plan.
The high culture of Germany looked down upon American culture,
The German right was suspicious of modernity, as represented by imported American ideas and tastes. However the younger German generation danced to American jazz. Hollywood had enormous influence on all age groups, with captions in German; after 1929 they flocked to sound films dubbed in German. Henry Ford's model of industrial efficiency attracted attention.
German influence on American society and culture was limited after 1914. The flow of migration into the United States was small, and American scholars rarely attended German universities. The public generally ignored German culture. The American musical elite, according to Geoffrey S. Cahn, was sharply negative toward the atonal and serial compositions of Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, and Paul Hindemith. They denounced it as dissonant and sterile.
Nazi era 1933–41
Public opinion in the US was strongly hostile towards Nazi Germany and Adolf Hitler, but there was a strong aversion to war and to entanglement in European politics. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was preoccupied with implementing domestic New Deal policies to handle the Great Depression and was unfocused on foreign policy. The Roosevelt administration publicly hailed the Munich Agreement of 1938 for avoiding war but privately realized it was only a postponement that called for rapid rearming. Adolf Hitler in the 1920s expressed favorable views of the United States because of immigration restrictions and mistreatment of African-Americans and Native Americans. Historian Jens-Uwe Guettel denies there were any real links between American west and Nazi Germany's eastward expansion. He argues that Hitler rarely mentioned the American West or the extermination of Indians and "the Nazis did not use the settlement of western North America as a model for their occupation, colonization and extermination policies." After he gained power in 1933 Hitler increasingly identified the United States as his main enemy, and became convinced that Jews controlled Roosevelt. According to Jeffrey Herf, "Nazi attitudes towards FDR and the United States went from dubious assertions of common interests, during the New Deal, to growing hostility and then rage." Formal relations were cool until November 1938 and then turned very cold. The key event was American revulsion against Kristallnacht, the nationwide German assault on Jews and their institutions on 9–10 November 1938. Religious groups which had been pacifistic also turned hostile.
While the total flow of refugees from Germany to the US was relatively small during the 1930s, many intellectuals escaped and resettled in the United States. Many were Jewish, including Albert Einstein and Henry Kissinger, but Washington's restrictions on immigration kept out most of the Jews who wanted to come. . Catholic universities were strengthened by the arrival of German Catholic intellectuals in exile, such as Waldemar Gurian at the University of Notre Dame.
The American major film studios, with the exception of Warner Bros. Pictures which had a strongly anti-Nazi policy, censored and edited films so that they could be exported to Germany.
World War II
When World War II began with the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, the US was officially neutral until December 11, 1941, when Germany declared war on the US and Washington followed suit. Roosevelt's foreign policy had strongly favored Britain and France over Germany in 1939 to 1941. In 1940–1941, before the US entered the war officially, there was a massive buildup of American armaments, as well as the first peacetime draft for young men. Public opinion was bitterly divided, with isolationism strong at first but growing weaker month by month. German-Americans rarely supported Nazi Germany, but most called for American neutrality, as they had done in 1914–1917. The attack on Pearl Harbor evoked strong pro-American patriotic sentiments among German Americans, few of whom by then had contacts with distant relatives in the old country.
Roosevelt was determined to avoid the mistakes made during the First World War. He made deliberate efforts to suppress anti-German-American sentiments. Private companies sometimes refused to hire any non-citizen, or American citizens of German or Italian ancestry. This threatened the morale of loyal Americans. Roosevelt considered this "stupid" and "unjust". In June 1941 he issued Executive Order 8802 and set up the Fair Employment Practice Committee, which also protected Blacks, Jews and other minorities.
President Roosevelt sought out Americans of German ancestry for top war jobs, including General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, and General Carl Andrew Spaatz. He appointed Republican Wendell Willkie as a personal representative; Willkie, the son of German immigrants, had been his Republican opponent in the 1940 election. German Americans who had fluent German language skills were an important asset to wartime intelligence, and they served as translators and as spies for the United States.
The US played a central role in the defeat of the Axis powers and Hitler was bitterly anti-American. Berlin attacked American participation with extensive propaganda value. The notorious "LIBERATORS" poster from 1944, shown here, was a revealing example. See [[Anti-Americanism#"Liberators" poster]] It depicts America as a monstrous, vicious war machine seeking to destroy European culture. The poster alludes to many negative aspects of American history, including the Ku Klux Klan, the oppression of Native Americans, and the lynching of blacks. The poster condemns American capitalism and says America is controlled by Jews. It shows American bombs destroying a helpless European village. Roosevelt was cautious about propaganda. The Nazis were targets, not the German people. In sharp contrast with 1917, atrocity stories were avoided.
Cold War
Following the defeat of the Third Reich, American forces were one of the occupation powers in postwar Germany. In parallel to denazification and "industrial disarmament" American citizens fraternized with Germans. The Berlin Airlift from 1948 to 1949 and the Marshall Plan (1948–1952) further improved the Germans' perception of Americans.
West Germany
The emergence of the Cold War made the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) the frontier of a democratic Western Europe and American military presence became an integral part in West German society. During the Cold War, West Germany developed into the largest economy in Europe and West German-US relations developed into a new transatlantic partnership. Germany and the US shared a large portion of their culture, established intensive global trade environment, and continued to co-operate on new high technologies. However, tensions remained between differing approaches on both sides of the Atlantic. The fall of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent German reunification marked a new era in German-American co-operation.
East Germany
Relations between the United States and East Germany were hostile. The United States followed Konrad Adenauer's Hallstein Doctrine, which declared that recognition of East Germany by any country would be treated as an unfriendly act by West Germany. Relations between the two German state thawed somewhat in the 1970s, as part of Détente between East and West and the 'Ostpolitik' policies of the Brandt government. United States recognized East Germany officially in September 1974, when Erich Honecker was the leader of the ruling Socialist Unity Party. To ward off the risk of internal dissent, General Secretary Erich Honecker enlarged the Stasi from 43,000 to 60,000 agents.
East Germany imposed an official ideology that was reflected in all its media and all the schools. The official line stated that the United States had caused the breakup of the coalition against Adolf Hitler and had become the bulwark of reaction worldwide, with a heavy reliance on warmongering for the benefit of the "terrorist international of murderers on Wall Street." East Germans had a heroic role to play as a frontline against America. However few Germans believed it since had seen enough of the Soviets since 1945, and half-a-million Soviet soldiers were still stationed in East Germany with the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany as late as 1989. Furthermore, East Germans were exposed to information from relatives in the West, Radio Free Europe broadcasts from the United States, and the West German media.
The official Communist media ridiculed the modernism and cosmopolitanism of American culture, and denigrated the features of the American way of life, especially jazz music and rock 'n roll. The East German regime relied heavily on its tight control of youth organizations to rally them, with scant success, against American popular culture. The older generations were more concerned with the poor quality of food, housing, and clothing, which stood in dramatic contrast to the prosperity of West Germany. Professionals in East Germany were watched for any sign of deviation from the party line; their privileges were at risk. The choice was to comply or to flee to West Germany, which was relatively easy before the crackdown and the Berlin Wall of 1961. Americans saw East Germany simply as a puppet of Moscow, with no independent possibilities.
Reunification 1989-1990
President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) played a large part by his constant support of unification, and several US historians argue that Bush had a significant role in ensuring the unified Germany committed to NATO. While Britain and France were wary of a re-unified Germany, Bush strongly supported West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl in pushing for rapid German reunification in 1990. Bush believed that a reunified Germany would serve U.S. interests, but he also saw reunification as providing a final symbolic end to World War II. After extensive negotiations, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev agreed to allow a reunified Germany to be a part of NATO under the condition that the former territory of the German Democratic Republic would not be remiliterised, and Germany officially reunified in October 1990. This was a situation previously considered unthinkable, given the previous status of the Soviet Union, but it was made feasible by the time of the fall of the East German regime.Philip D. Zelikow, and Condoleezza Rice. Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft (1995) excerpt Bush paid attention to domestic public opinion. Serious doubts about reunification were voiced by the Jewish-American and Polish-American communities—whose families had suffered immensely from Nazism. However, the largely positive public opinion towards German unification in the United States generally corresponded to the sentiments of the usually passive German-American community.
Reunified Germany
During the early 1990s, the reunified Germany was called a "partnership in leadership" as the US emerged as the world's sole superpower. Germany's effort to incorporate any major military actions into the European Union's slowly-progressing Common Security and Defence Policy did not meet the expectations of the U.S. during the Gulf War of 1990–1991.
Since 2001
After the September 11 attacks in 2001, German-American political relations were strengthened in an effort to combat terrorism, and Germany sent troops to Afghanistan as part of the NATO force. Yet, discord continued over the Iraq War, when German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer made efforts to prevent war and did not join the US and the UK, which both led multinational force in Iraq.Joschka Fischer interviewed by Gero von Boehm; originally broadcast on 3Sat in 2010; version with English subtitles on YouTube Anti-Americanism rose to the surface after the attacks of 11 September 2001 as hostile German intellectuals argued there were ugly links between globalization, Americanization, and terrorism.
In response to the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, in which it was revealed that the NSA may have wiretapped major German instutions, including the phone line of Chancellor Merkel, Germany cancelled the 1968 intelligence sharing agreement with the US and UK.
Longstanding close relations with the United States flourished especially under the Obama Administration (2009–2017). In 2016 President Barack Obama hailed Chancellor Angela Merkel as his “closest international partner.”
However relations worsened dramatically during the Trump administration (2017–2021), especially regarding NATO funding, trade, tariffs, and Germany's energy dependence upon the Russian Federation.Stefan Theil, "Berlin's Balancing Act: Merkel Needs Trump-But Also Needs to Keep Her Distance." Foreign Affairs 96 (2017): 9–16. In May 2017, Merkel met Donald Trump, the paternal grandson of German immigrants. His statements that the U.S. had been taken advantage of in trade deals during previous administrations had already strained relations with several EU countries and other American allies. Without mentioning Trump specifically, Merkel said after a NATO summit "The times when we could completely rely on others are, to an extent, over," This came after Trump had said "The Germans are bad, very bad" and "See the millions of cars they are selling to the U.S. Terrible. We will stop this."
In 2021 talks and meetings with Merkel and other European leaders, President Joe Biden spoke of bilateral relations, bolstering transatlantic relations through NATO and the European Union, and closely coordinating on key issues, such as Iran, China, Russia, Afghanistan, climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic and multilateral organizations. In early February 2021, Biden froze the Trump administration's withdrawal of 9,500 troops from U.S. military bases in Germany. Biden's freeze was welcomed by Berlin, which said that the move "serves European and transatlantic security and hence is in our mutual interest."
Merkel met Biden in Washington on July 15, 2021, with an agenda covering COVID-19 pandemic, global warming and economic issues. Trump's opposition to the $11 billion Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline remains an unresolved issue under Biden.
Perceptions and values in the two countries
The exploits of gunslingers on the American frontier played a major role in American folklore, fiction and film. The same stories became immensely popular in Germany, which produced its own novels and films about the American frontier. Karl May (1842–1912) was a German writer best known for his adventure novels set in the American Old West. His main protagonists are Winnetou and Old Shatterhand.Christopher Frayling, Spaghetti Westerns: Cowboys and Europeans from Karl May to Sergio Leone (2006) The German fascination with Native Americans dates to the early 19th century, with a volumous literature. Typical writings focus on "Indianness" and authenticity.
Germany and the US are civil societies. Germany's philosophical heritage and American spirit for "freedom" interlock to a central aspect of Western culture and Western civilization. Even though developed under different geographical settings, the Age of Enlightenment is fundamental to the self-esteem and understanding of both nations.
The American-led invasion of Iraq changed the perception of the US in Germany significantly. A 2013 BBC World Service poll shows found that 35% find American influence to be positive while 39% view it to be negative. Both countries differ in many key areas, such as energy and military intervention.
A survey conducted on behalf of the German embassy in 2007 showed that Americans continued to regard Germany's failure to support the war in Iraq as the main irritant in relations between the two nations. The issue was of declining importance, however, and Americans still considered Germany to be their fourth most important international partner behind the United Kingdom, Canada and Japan. Americans considered economic cooperation to be the most positive aspect of US-German relations with a much smaller role played by Germany in U.S. politics.
Among the nations of Western Europe, German public perception of the US is unusual in that it has continually fluctuated back and forth from fairly positive in 2002 (60%), to considerably negative in 2007 (30%), back to mildly positive in 2012 (52%), and back to considerably negative in 2017 (35%) reflecting the sharply polarized and mixed feelings of the German people for the United States.
According to findings from the Pew Research Center and Körber-Stiftung in 2021 Americans considered Germany to be their fifth most important foreign policy partner, while Germans in turn regarded the US as their most important partner.
Hostilities and tensions
German observers took a keen interest in American race relations, especially the inferior status of Blacks in the South. Visitors stressed the incongruity of American democratic ideals and the system of segregation prevalent before 1965.
While musical connoisseurs deplored the low state of classical music in America, dixieland black jazz music became popular with youth in Berlin and other cities in the 1920s. Germans came to appreciate country music in the 1950s. During World War I, German compositions were dropped from the classical music repertoire temporarily. Dr. Karl Muck, conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, was arrested and deported in 1919. The Metropolitan Opera in New York City restored Wagner's "Ring cycle" in 1924.
In the postwar era 1945–1970, as the United States helped rebuild West Germany,
anti-Americanism was weak. However, in the late 1960s, West Germany's youth contrasted the images of Woodstock—which they liked—and Vietnam—which they hated. Young rebels turned to violence to destroy the foundations of a society that backed American cultural imperialism. Anti-Americanism reappeared among intellectuals after the attacks on 11 September 2001 because some of them linked globalization, Americanization, and terrorism. The War in Iraq in 2003 was highly unpopular at all levels of German society.
During the Cold War, anti-Americanism was the official government policy in East Germany, and pro-American dissenters were punished. In West Germany, anti-Americanism was the common position on the left, but a majority of the population held positive views towards the United States. Germany's refusal to support the American-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 was often seen in the United States itself as a manifestation of anti-Americanism.
Anti-Americanism had been muted on the right since 1945, but reemerged in the 21st century especially in the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party that began in opposition to European Union, and now has become both anti-American and anti-immigrant. Annoyance or distrust of the Americans was heightened in 2013 by revelations of American spying on top German officials, including Chancellor Angela Merkel.
Military relations
History
German-American military relations began in the American Revolution when German troops fought on both sides. Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, a former Captain in the Prussian Army, was appointed Inspector General of the Continental Army and played the major role in training American soldiers to the best European standards. Von Steuben is considered to be one of the founding fathers of the United States Army.
Another German that served during the American Revolution was Major General Johann de Kalb, who served under Horatio Gates at the Battle of Camden and died as a result of several wounds he sustained during the fighting.
About 30,000 German mercenaries fought for the British, with 17,000 hired from Hesse, about one in four of the adult male population of the principality. The Hessians fought under their own officers under British command. Leopold Philip de Heister, Wilhelm von Knyphausen, and Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Lossberg were the principal generals who commanded these troops with Frederick Christian Arnold, Freiherr von Jungkenn as the senior German officer.
German Americans have been very influential in the American military. Some notable figures include Brigadier General August Kautz, Major General Franz Sigel, General of the Armies John J. Pershing, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, and General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.
Today
The United States established a permanent military presence in Germany at the end of the Second World War that continued throughout the Cold War, with a peak level of over 274,000 U.S. troops stationed in Germany in 1962, and was drawn down in the early 21st century. The last American tanks were withdrawn from Germany in 2013, but they returned the following year to address a gap in multinational training opportunities. The U.S. had 35,000 American troops in Germany in 2017.
Germany and the United States are joint NATO members. Both nations have cooperated closely in the War on Terror, for which Germany provided more troops than any other nation. Germany hosts the headquarters of the US Africa Command and the Ramstein Air Base, a U.S. Air Force base.
The two nations had opposing public policy positions in the War in Iraq; Germany blocked US efforts to secure UN resolutions in the buildup to war, but Germany quietly supported some US interests in southwest Asia. German soldiers operated military biological and chemical cleanup equipment at Camp Doha in Kuwait; German Navy ships secured sea lanes to deter attacks by Al Qaeda on U.S. Forces and equipment in the Persian Gulf; and soldiers from Germany's Bundeswehr deployed all across southern Germany to US military bases to conduct force protection duties in place of German-based U.S. Soldiers who were deployed to the Iraq War. The latter mission lasted from 2002 until 2006, by which time nearly all these Bundeswehr were demobilized. U.S. soldiers wounded in Iraq received medical treatment at the Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, a US military hospital located in Rheinland Pfalz.
In March 2019, Trump was reportedly drafting a demand several countries, including Germany, to pay the United States 150% of the cost of the American troops deployed on their soil. The proposed demand was criticized by experts. Douglas Lute, a retired general and former US ambassador to NATO, said that Trump was using "a misinformed narrative that these facilities are there for the benefits of those countries. The truth is they're there and we maintain them because they're in our interest."
In a sharp deterioration of relations, in summer 2020, Washington announced plans to significantly cut the number of US military personnel stationed in Germany, from 34,500 to 25,000. Members of the German government criticized the move, calling it "unacceptable" and stating that current US-German relations are "complicated." President Trump told reporters that US troops:
are there to protect Germany, right? And Germany is supposed to pay for it....Germany’s not paying for it. We don’t want to be the suckers any more. The United States has been taken advantage of for 25 years, both on trade and on the military. So we’re reducing the force because they’re not paying their bills.
As of August 2020, the plan was to move 11,900 troops out of Germany and reassign them elsewhere in Europe, either immediately or after first returning them to the United States for a while. The movement is estimated to cost billions of dollars. In February 2021 President Biden decided to freeze the withdrawal of the troops initiated by his predecessor for further review of the troop deployment around the world.
Economic relations
Economic relations between Germany and the United States are average. The Transatlantic Economic Partnership between the US and the EU, which was launched in 2007 on Germany's initiative, and the subsequently created Transatlantic Economic Council open up additional opportunities. The US is Germany's principal trading partner outside the EU and Germany is the US's most important trading partner in Europe. In terms of the total volume of U.S. bilateral trade (imports and exports), Germany remains in fourth place, behind Canada, China and Mexico. The US ranks fourth among Germany's trading partners, after the Netherlands, China and France. At the end of 2013, bilateral trade was worth $162 billion.
Germany and the US are important to each other as investment destinations. At the end of 2012, bilateral investment was worth $320 billion, German direct investment in the US amounting to $266billion and U.S. direct investment in Germany $121 billion. At the end of 2012, US direct investment in Germany stood at approximately $121 billion, an increase of nearly 14% over the previous year (approximately $106 billion). During the same period, German direct investment in the US amounted to some $199 billion, below the previous year's level (approximately $215 billion). Germany is the second largest foreign investor in the US, only after the United Kingdom, and ranks third as a destination for US foreign direct investment.
In 2019 the United States Senate announced intention of passing controversial legislation which threatened to place sanctions on German or European Union companies which work to complete a petrol-chemical pipeline between Germany and Russia.
Cultural relations
Karl May was a prolific German writer who specialized in writing Westerns. Although he visited America only once towards the end of his life, May was well known for his series of frontier novels, which provided Germans with an imaginary view of America.
Notable German-American architects, artist, musicians and writers include:
Josef Albers, artist and educator
Albert Bierstadt, known for his lavish, sweeping landscapes of the American West
Philip K. Dick, writer
Walter Gropius, architect
Albert Kahn, architect
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, architect
Paul Hindemith, composer
Philip Johnson, architect
Otto Klemperer, conductor
Henry Miller, writer
Les Paul, guitarist
Carl Schurz, politician and writer
Dr. Seuss, writer and illustrator
Alfred Stieglitz, photographer
Kurt Vonnegut, writer
German takes third place after Spanish and French among the foreign languages taught at American secondary schools, colleges and universities. Conversely, nearly half of the German population can speak English well.
A German-American Friendship Garden was built in Washington, DC, and stands as a symbol of the positive and co-operative relations between the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany. It is on the historic axis between the White House and the Washington Monument on the National Mall, the garden borders Constitution Avenue between 15th and 17th Streets, where an estimated seven million visitors pass each year. The garden features plants native to both Germany and the United States and provides seating and cooling fountains. Commissioned to commemorate the 300th anniversary of German immigration to America, the garden was dedicated on November 15, 1988.
Research and academia
Following the Nazi rise to power in 1933, and in particular the passing of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service which removed opponents and persons with one Jewish grandparent from government positions (including academia), hundreds of physicists and other academics fled Germany and many came to the United States. James Franck and Albert Einstein were among the more notable scientists who ended up in the United States. Many of the physicists who fled were subsequently instrumental in the wartime Manhattan Project to develop the nuclear bomb. Following the World War II, some of these academics returned to Germany but many remained in the United States.The Forgotten Women Scientists Who Fled the Holocaust for the United States, Lorraine Boissoneault, Smithsonianmag, 9 November 2017
After WWII and during the Cold War, Operation Paperclip was a secret United States Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA) program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians (many of whom were formerly registered members of the Nazi Party and some of whom had leadership roles in the Nazi Party), including Wernher von Braun's rocket team, were recruited and brought to the United States for government employment from post-Nazi Germany. Wernher von Braun, who built the German V-2 rockets, and his team of scientists came to the United States and were central in building the American space exploration program.
Researchers at German and American universities run various exchange programs and projects, and focus on space exploration, the International Space Station, environmental technology, and medical science. Import cooperations are also in the fields of biochemistry, engineering, information and communication technologies and life sciences (networks through: Bacatec, DAAD). The United States and Germany signed a bilateral Agreement on Science and Technology Cooperation in February 2010.
American cultural institutions in Germany
In the postwar era, a number of institutions, devoted to highlighting American culture and society in Germany, were established and are in existence today, especially in the south of Germany, the area of the former U.S. Occupied Zone. They offer English courses as well as cultural programs.
Resident diplomatic missions
Resident diplomatic missions of Germany in the United States
Washington, D.C. (Embassy)
Atlanta (Consulate-General)
Boston (Consulate-General)
Chicago (Consulate-General)
Houston (Consulate-General)
Los Angeles (Consulate-General)
Miami (Consulate-General)
New York City (Consulate-General)
San Francisco (Consulate-General)
Resident diplomatic missions of the United States in Germany
Berlin (Embassy)
Düsseldorf (Consulate-General)
Frankfurt (Consulate-General)
Hamburg (Consulate-General)
Leipzig (Consulate-General)
Munich (Consulate-General)
See also
German Americans
German interest in the Caribbean
German language in the United States
German Parliamentary Committee investigation of the NSA spying scandal
History of German foreign policy
Timeline of United States diplomatic history
History of United States foreign policy
Notable organizations
American Academy in Berlin
Atlantik-Brücke
German Marshall Fund
References
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External links
U.S. Embassy and Consulates in Germany
List of U.S. Embassy and Consulates in Germany
German Missions in the United States
List of German Embassy and Consulates General in the United States
"A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Germany". United States Department of State. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
American Chamber of Commerce in Germany
AICGS American Institute for Contemporary German Studies in Washington, D.C.
American Council on Germany
Atlantische Akademie Rheinland-Pfalz e.V.
The Atlantic Times German reports on USA
DAAD New York, for Germans studying in USA
United States
Bilateral relations of the United States |
5379199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modell%27s%20Sporting%20Goods | Modell's Sporting Goods | Modell's Sporting Goods is an American online sporting goods retailer that had locations in the Northeastern United States. Modell's carries both sporting goods and related apparel. Modell's had more than 150 retail locations in ten states and the District of Columbia in 2018. The company reported revenue of approximately $765 million in 2015. Sales in 2019 were $538 million, 96%/4% split between retail/online. Its slogan was "Gotta Go To Mo's."
Modell’s filed for bankruptcy protection in 2020 and the company eventually resorted to liquidating its remaining 134 store locations. In August 2020, Modell’s was relaunched as an online retailer by a company called Retail Ecommerce Ventures, which bought the rights to several other retail brands that were recently disestablished.
History
The chain was founded as a single store by Morris A. Modell in 1889 in Manhattan, making it possibly the third oldest sporting goods store in North America (after James F. Brine's in Massachusetts and Milwaukee's Burghardt Sporting Goods). Modell, a Jewish immigrant from Hungary, opened the first location on Cortlandt Street in Lower Manhattan (the Modell pawn shop chain in Manhattan and Brooklyn was founded by Morris's brother George in 1893 as a spinoff. The two companies operate separately).
Through the years, it has remained a family-owned business, passing through four generations of the Modell family. While best known as a sporting goods retailer, Modell's also operated a chain of "full-line" discount retailers in the New York-metro area known as "Modell's Shopper's World" (and for a short time as "White-Modells") from the mid-1950s up until 1989, when the company decided to focus on its sporting goods operations partly due to increased competition in the discount retail market.
William Modell, who became chairman in 1985, also founded the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation along with his wife, Shelby Modell.
Modell's operated 152 stores at its peak mainly in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. In recent years, the chain expanded to Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, the District of Columbia as well as Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. Their flagship store was at 234 West 42nd Street near Times Square.
CEO Mitchell Modell was featured on an episode of Undercover Boss that aired on November 2, 2012. In 2014, a lawsuit by rival Dick's Sporting Goods accused Modell's CEO of going undercover in their stores to gain access to their retail secrets.
In the early 21st century, Modell's faced declining sales which Mitchell Modell has blamed on increased competition, poor performance by professional sports teams, and increased temperatures caused by climate change. In May 2019, Modell lent the company $6.7 million to avoid bankruptcy; in February 2020 the company announced that it intended to close 24 stores. However, in March 2020, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and announced that it would liquidate its 134 remaining stores, with Tiger Capital being appointed as the liquidator. The liquidation began on March 13, 2020. All their stores were closed by the end of August 2020.
Hilco Streambank announced that on August 4, 2020, it would auction Modell's intellectual property, including customer data and the marketing jingle. Hilco Streambank also placed the stalking horse bid at $1.965 million. Modell's was acquired by Retail Ecommerce Ventures (REV), a holding company founded by Alex Mehr and Tai Lopez, for $3.64 million. The acquisition, finalized on August 14, 2020, includes the brand name, trademarks, domain name, and the "Gotta Go To Mo's" jingle. The Modell's website relaunched in 2020.
Local sports affiliations
Modell's had local specialized offerings and programs such as Team Weeks, which assists local schools, leagues, and non-profit organizations. Modell's sponsored many professional sports teams in their U.S. East Coast market area, including the Baltimore Orioles, Baltimore Ravens, Boston Bruins, Boston Celtics, Brooklyn Nets, New York Mets, New York Yankees, New York Giants, New York Jets, New York Knicks, New York Rangers, New York Islanders, New Jersey Devils, Philadelphia Phillies, Philadelphia Eagles, Philadelphia 76ers, Philadelphia Flyers, Washington Capitals, Washington Nationals, as well as numerous minor league baseball teams.
Some writers attributed at least some of Modell's problems during the 2010s due to the poor performance of New York sports teams in that decade, and the difficulty in selling their merchandise.
References
External links
Official site
Shops in New York City
Economy of the Northeastern United States
Sporting goods retailers of the United States
Online retailers of the United States
1889 establishments in New York (state)
2020 disestablishments in New York (state)
American companies established in 1889
American companies disestablished in 2020
Retail companies established in 1889
Retail companies disestablished in 2020
Companies based in Manhattan
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2020 |
5379220 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakbakan | Bakbakan | Bakbakan is a boxing television program on ABS-CBN. The series premiered on June 15, 2008 and ended on May 31, 2009, replacing Gaby's Xtraordinary Files. It features boxers, sports analysts and profiles from the past. The program is hosted by Dyan Castillejo.
See also
List of programs broadcast by ABS-CBN
Philippine sports television series
ABS-CBN original programming
2000s Philippine television series
2008 Philippine television series debuts
2009 Philippine television series endings
Filipino-language television shows |
4042590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guang%27an | Guang'an | Guang'an () is a prefecture-level city in eastern Sichuan province. It is most famous as the birthplace of China's former paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. Guang'an lies between the hills of central Sichuan and the gorges area of the east.Guang'an is the only "Sichuan Chongqing Cooperation Demonstration Zone" in Sichuan and the nearest prefecture level city from the main city of Chongqing. It has been incorporated into the 1 hour economic circle of Chongqing. Because of its strategic location, it is called the "Gateway to Eastern Sichuan". Its population as of 2020 census was 3,254,883, of whom 976,370 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 2 urban districts.
Geography and climate
Guang'an is located on a gradually rising section along the edge of the Sichuan Basin. The area is . The eastern part of Guang'an is mountainous, the central part hilly, and the western part is relatively flat. The elevation ranges from only 185 to 1704 meters above sea-level. The main rivers are the Qu through the center of the area and the Jialing through the west.
The climate is temperate and the weather is monsoonal. The average temperature is . Winters are mild and summers are hot. The average rainfall is between . The frost-free period lasts 310–324 days. Winter and spring have relatively little rain while in summer there are heavy rain showers. Autumns have almost constant rain and light wind.
Administration
Guang'an city has 1 (sub)city, 3 counties, 87 towns, and 2886 villages within it, a total population of 3,205,476 in 2010 census. None of the districts are urban in character as of 2010, nevertheless, large scale dense urban building projects and even urban rapid transit are nearing completion as of 2019, remaking the urbanscape entirely, and 2010 census data relegated to dated and unreliable.
Transport
The city lies on the north-south China National Highway 212.
A , seven station monorail is under construction as part of the planned two line Guang'an Metro. The first line was due to open in 2020 but testing has been delayed and as of June 2021 the line is still now open.
Economy
Guang'an's economy is natural resource based. Mineral resources are plentiful and the soil is ideal for agriculture.
Tourism
Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's birthplace and former residence museum is located in Paifang village () in Xiexing town (). Guang'an also has beautiful natural scenery including many mountains and gorges designated as parks.
References
Cities in Sichuan
Prefecture-level divisions of Sichuan |
5379257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke%20Catholic%20High%20School | Holyoke Catholic High School | Holyoke Catholic High School was a private, Roman Catholic high school in Holyoke, Massachusetts, United States. It was located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts.
In 2015, Holyoke Catholic High School merged with Cathedral High School to form a new regional Catholic school that was completed in 2016 as Pope Francis High School.
Background
In the early part of the 20th century many Roman Catholic churches started schools to educate children of their parish. Though the schools were relatively successful, they were small and it was difficult for small parish high schools to offer competitive athletic programs.
Monsignor Timothy J. Leary, headmaster and athletic director at St. Jerome High School in Holyoke, had the idea to bring parish teams together to play as one so they could compete against larger high schools. In the fall of 1947, the parish high schools of Holy Rosary, Sacred Heart, and St. Jerome played sports for the first time under the banner of Holyoke Catholic. “So that all may be one” was the motto for Holyoke Catholic.
The athletic partnership proved successful and in 1963 the Diocese of Springfield would officially merge the three parish high schools to form one school, Holyoke Catholic High School. Later, the high school Precious Blood Parish would also join Holyoke Catholic.
Holyoke Catholic High School, although composed of students from the four founding schools, began to serve an increasing number of students from throughout western Massachusetts. Neighboring cities and towns saw Holyoke Catholic as an option in education, and the school grew into a larger regional high school.
At first the school was located in the building at St. Jerome Parish in Holyoke. Soon, however, the school found the need to use other buildings in the neighboring area. Temporary trailers were also brought in to accommodate a student population from throughout western Massachusetts. After several decades of use, the buildings' condition had deteriorated, and the school was slated to be closed. However, a grassroots campaign to save the school was started and led by four alumni (Jeffrey Trask, Michael Beauchemin, Jay Green, and Jay Eventually, a temporary location was found. During the summer of 2002, the school moved to the site of the former St. Hyacinth Seminary in Granby, Massachusetts. Holyoke Catholic stayed in Granby for six years. The campus, though large, was isolated, and the search for a more suitable permanent home continued.
In 2008, the Assumption Parish School property near Elms College on Springfield Street in Chicopee was selected and in this location a new school was constructed. As a part of the move, a partnership with Elms College involving the use of some Elms facilities and the opportunity for Holyoke Catholic upperclassmen to take courses at Elms.
Despite the moves to Granby and Chicopee, the school still used St. Jerome Parish in Holyoke for its commencement ceremonies.
Board of Trustees
Mr. David J. O'Connor, Chair - Mr. Jeffrey A. Trask, Vice Chair - Mrs. Theresa Kitchell, Principal - Sr. M. Andrea Ciszewski, FSSJ, Superintendent - Mrs. Christine Duval - Mr. Skal Guidi - Sr. Carol Hebert, SSJ - Mr. Kevin Kervick - Mr. Gerald Korona - Mr. George Moreau - Mrs. Janice Peters - Sr. Mary Reap, IHM, Ph.D. - Sr. Mary Shea, SSJ - Mrs. Lisa C. Siddall, Esq. - Mr. Michael Sobon - Mr. Charles Swider - Ms. Karen Turcotte - Mr. Michael Williams
Athletics
Holyoke Catholic High School was part of the Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association, an organization of 368 high schools which sponsor athletic activities in 33 sports.
The school's athletic mascot was a gael, a reflection on the school's Irish background. The school's colors were green and gold.
Notes and references
External links
Alumni Website
Catholic secondary schools in Massachusetts
Schools in Chicopee, Massachusetts
Schools in Holyoke, Massachusetts
Educational institutions established in 1963
1963 establishments in Massachusetts
Educational institutions disestablished in 2016
2016 disestablishments in Massachusetts |
5379264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakonyn%C3%A1na | Bakonynána | Bakonynána () is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District.
In 1559 it was property of Mihály Cseszneky.
References
Szíj Rezső: Várpalota
Fejér megyei történeti évkönyv
Hofkammerarchiv Wien
Dudar története
Populated places in Zirc District |
5379266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivoli%20Congress | Tivoli Congress | The Tivoli Congress was a general meeting of the German Conservative Party, which took place on December 8, 1892 in the Tivoli Brewery on the Kreuzberg. It was a major turning point for the party, as the first time that anti-semitism became widely supported as a policy. Several members believed that the party had to become more "demagogic", and that the way to do this was to embrace the current trend of anti-semitism. Ultimately, the party began a new program that openly supported anti-semitism, which continued until 1918.
References
Politics of the German Empire
Conservatism in Germany
1892 in Germany
1892 conferences
Political party assemblies |
4042594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory%20Game | Memory Game | Memory Game (sometimes referred to as Joe Garagiola's Memory Game) was an American television game show that aired on NBC. The series – hosted by Joe Garagiola – ran from February 15 to July 30, 1971. The show's creator and packager was Merv Griffin, and its announcer was Johnny Olson (his only announcing job for Merv Griffin Productions).
Gameplay
Five contestants, all women and one of them a returning champion (or designate), competed and were spotted $50 at the start of the game. Before each round, they were each given a booklet containing the questions and answers to be used in that round. The time they had to study the material varied per round. Once the study time period elapsed, the show's assistants collected the booklets and Garagiola began asking questions at random from the booklet.
The champion – who was seated in the number 1 position – could elect to answer or call out an opponent's number (2 through 5). That player could answer or call any of her opponents to answer, and so on until a "time's up" buzzer sounded. At that time, the active player at that moment had to answer. A correct answer was worth $5, a wrong answer lost that amount. Play continued in this fashion until all the questions were exhausted.
Subsequent rounds were played with increased stakes ($10 in Round 2, $20 in Round 3 and all future rounds). The winner at the end of the show won a $1,000 bonus and returned the next day to meet new challengers. If a contestant stayed on for three days, she retired undefeated and won a new car.
Broadcast history
Memory Game was one of eight shows NBC attempted to program in the 1:30 PM (12:30 Central) time slot between 1968 and 1975; like most of the others, CBS' As the World Turns and ABC's Let's Make a Deal (formerly seen on NBC) soundly defeated it in the ratings.
Three weeks after this show's cancellation, NBC moved Garagiola to another daytime game, Sale of the Century, which he hosted for the rest of its original run. Three on a Match, hosted by Bill Cullen, replaced Memory Game on the NBC schedule.
Production
According to The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television by Wesley Hyatt, Griffin did not identify his production company on the end credits of the program. The talk-show host and entertainment mogul never gave any explanation for his decision.
Episode status
Much like other NBC games of the era, most episodes of Memory Game are believed to have been wiped as per network practices. Five episodes are known to exist at the UCLA Film and Television Archive.
References
External links
Memory Game entry at Internet Movie Database.
NBC original programming
American game shows
1970s American game shows
1971 American television series debuts
1971 American television series endings
Television series by Merv Griffin Enterprises
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television series created by Merv Griffin
Memory games |
5379273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Branch%20Upper%20Ammonoosuc%20River | North Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River | The North Branch of the Upper Ammonoosuc River is an river in northern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Upper Ammonoosuc River and part of the Connecticut River watershed.
Nearly the entire length of the North Branch is in the town of Milan, New Hampshire. The river briefly enters the city of Berlin, where it passes through Head Pond, then heads north back into Milan, running parallel to the Upper Ammonoosuc until the two rivers join in the village of West Milan. The Androscoggin River, just three miles to the east, flows parallel to the two Upper Ammonoosuc branches, but in the opposite direction. The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad follows the North Branch from Head Pond to West Milan.
See also
List of New Hampshire rivers
References
Rivers of New Hampshire
Tributaries of the Connecticut River
Rivers of Coös County, New Hampshire |
5379280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20E.%20Thorsett | Stephen E. Thorsett | Stephen Erik Thorsett (born December 3, 1964) is an American academic and astronomer serving as the president of Willamette University. His research interests include radio pulsars and gamma ray bursts. He is known for measurements of the masses of neutron stars and for the use of binary pulsars to test the theory of general relativity. Thorsett was a professor and dean at the University of California, Santa Cruz, before becoming president of Willamette University in July 2011.
Early life and education
Thorsett and his twin brother, David Thorsett, were born in New Haven, Connecticut, to Grant Thorsett and his wife, Karen. Stephen grew up in Salem, Oregon, where his father was a biology professor at Willamette University. After attending elementary school and junior high in Salem, he graduated from South Salem High School in 1983. During his youth, he earned money picking berries and with several jobs at Willamette.
Following high school, he attended Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1987, graduating summa cum laude. Thorsett then pursued graduate studies at Princeton University, where he received a Ph.D. in physics in 1991 after completing a doctoral dissertation, titled "Observing millisecond and binary pulsars", under the supervision of Dan Stinebring and Joseph Taylor. With graduate school classmates Nathan Newbury, Michael J. Newman, John Ruhl, and Suzanne Staggs he is the author of the textbook Princeton Problems in Physics while at Princeton in 1991.
Career
After graduation from Princeton, he was a Robert A. Millikan Research Fellow in physics at Caltech and an assistant professor of physics at Princeton. He received the Ernest F. Fullam Award of the Dudley Observatory in 1994, and was named an Alfred P. Sloan Fellow in 1997. In 1999, he was hired at the University of California, Santa Cruz as a professor of astronomy and astrophysics. Thorsett was named dean of the school's Division of Physical and Biological Sciences on July 1, 2006.
In 2004, with collaborators Ingrid Stairs and Zaven Arzoumanian, he made the first measurement of gravitational spin-orbit coupling in a binary system. He helped discover the oldest known extrasolar planet and was the first to suggest that a nearby gamma ray burst might cause a mass extinction event. He is a co-editor of three volumes for the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. He is also a collaborator on the upcoming Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array x-ray satellite experiment.
On May 14, 2011, he was named as the 25th president of Willamette University in Salem, Oregon. He assumed the position on July 1, 2011, replacing M. Lee Pelton who had resigned to take the presidency at another college.
References
External links
Web site
1964 births
American astronomers
Scientists from New Haven, Connecticut
Living people
Carleton College alumni
Princeton University alumni
Princeton University faculty
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
Presidents of Willamette University
South Salem High School alumni |
4042604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributyltin | Tributyltin | Tributyltin (TBT) is an umbrella term for a class of organotin compounds which contain the (C4H9)3Sn group, with a prominent example being tributyltin oxide. For 40 years TBT was used as a biocide in anti-fouling paint, commonly known as bottom paint, applied to the hulls of oceangoing vessels. Bottom paint improves ship performance and durability as it reduces the rate of biofouling, the growth of organisms on the ship's hull. The TBT slowly leaches out into the marine environment where it is highly toxic toward nontarget organisms. TBT is also an obesogen. After it led to collapse of local populations of organisms, TBT was banned.
Chemical properties
TBT, or tributyltin, tributylstannyl or tributyl stannic hydride compounds are organotin compounds. They have three butyl groups covalently bonded to a tin(IV) centre. A general formula for these compounds is (n-C4H9)3Sn-X. The “X”, typically occurs in three forms, each an electronegative compound bound to a chloride, hydroxide, or a carboxylate.
TBT compounds have a low water solubility, a property that is ideal for antifouling agents. The toxicity of TBT prevents the growth of algae, barnacles, molluscs and other organisms on ships hulls. When introduced into a marine or aquatic environment, TBT adheres to bed sediments. TBT has a low Log Kow of 3.19 – 3.84 in distilled water and 3.54 for sea water, this makes TBT moderately hydrophobic. TBT compounds have a high fat solubility and tend to absorb more readily to organic matter in soils or sediment. The bioaccumulation of TBT in organisms such as molluscs, oysters and dolphins, have extreme effects on their reproductive systems, central nervous systems and endocrine systems. However, the adsorption of TBT to sediments is reversible and depends on pH.
Although an effective biocide, tributyltin was wrongly deemed safe environmentally. TBT has a half-life of one or two weeks in marine water. When it accumulates in sediments its half life is about 2 years. TBT often bonds to suspended material and sediments, where it can remain and be released for up to 30 years.
Studies have shown that 95% of TBT can be released from the sediments back into the aquatic environment. This absorption process can complicate quantification of TBT in an environment, since its concentration in the water is not representative of its availability.
Uses
Tributyltin compounds are biocides. TBT's antifouling properties were discovered in the 1950s in the Netherlands by van der Kerk and coworkers. It prevents microorganisms from settling on the hull of a ship and poisons the organisms that do. By the mid 1960s it had become the most popular anti-fouling paint around the globe. TBT was mixed into paints to extend the life of antifouling coatings, and ships were able to continue operations for a longer time frame. The paints ensured fuel efficiency and delayed costly ship repairs. It is also relatively inexpensive.
TBT is also an ingredient in some disinfectants, for example in combination with quaternary ammonium compounds. Additionally, TBT has been used in the fertilizer, textile, and wood industries. It has antifungal properties that make it useful for both the production of textiles and wood preservation, and in the creation of biocides for paired use with fertilizers.
Toxicity
The effects of antifouling paint go beyond the organisms that it is intended to kill. By poisoning barnacles, algae, and other organisms at the bottom of the food chain, the bioaccumulation of TBT increases over time affecting more and more of the bottom feeders of the aquatic food web environment, which are mainly invertebrates and are effected from TBT. There is a slight biomagnification of TPT that has been demonstrated in the lower part of the marine food chain (i.e., planktonic organisms, invertebrates, and fishes). However the biomagnification of TBT into larger marine animals such as marine mammals is debatable. Toxic effects in some species occur at 1 nano-gram per liter of water.
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification
As TBT is most often used as a biofouling agent, it bioaccumulates in marine wildlife such as molluscs, with levels being higher in organisms and sediments in and around areas of high maritime activity, such as ports and harbours.
The bioaccumulation increases over time, leading to a biomagnification in organisms higher up the food chain, although the biomagnification is not that considerable in size. As TBT can remain in the environment for up to 30 years due to often bonding to suspended material and sediments, This means that TBT can remain in an ecosystem for a very long time, meaning that bioaccumulation readily occurs in marine environments. This can lead to very high amounts of TBT being accumulated, especially in smaller organisms lower down the food chain, which in turn has various health effects.
Invertebrates
Exposure to organotin compounds causes the development of male accessory sex organs in female prosobranch gastropods. This phenomenon has been termed imposex. TBT has been shown to affect invertebrate development. Marine snails, such as the dog whelk (Nucella lapillus), has often been used as an indicator species. In gastropods, the normal process of accessory sex organ development is retinoid dependent, as has been proven by the effect 9cisRA has on male penises. TBTs mimic the endogenous ligand of Retinoid X Receptor (9cisRA), and thus activates the signalling cascades that are retinoid acid dependent, promoting female penis growth.
There have been many theories as to why molluscs are affected by TBT. For example, previous literature has stated that TBT would cause the inhibition of aromatase which would lead to an increase in testosterone and therefore, causing imposex. It was theorised that TBT disrupts endocrine system by inhibiting cytochrome P450 molecule. Among its myriad functions, P450 converts androgen, which has male-hormone properties, into oestrogen, which has female hormone properties. It was theorised that the high concentration of androgen lead to the masculinization of females. Another indicator species is Chironomus riparius, a species of non-biting midge, which has been used to test the effects of TBT on development and reproduction at sublethal concentrations found in marine environments.
It was found that only 0.05 ng/mL range is enough to have developmental effects on their larvae, and 10-100 ng/L was enough to seriously offset the female to male ratio in the population. At 10 ng/L females were at 55.6% of the population and 85.7% at 100 ng/L. These results are interesting because unlike the masculinization of the stengoglassan gastropods, this experiment shows feminization.
Vertebrates
Vertebrates become affected by the waters contaminated with TBT as well as by consuming organisms that have already been poisoned. Oryzias latipes, commonly called Japanese rice fish, has been used as a model vertebrate organism to test for effects of TBT at developmental stages of the embryo. It was observed that developmental rate was slowed by TBT in a concentration-related manner and that tail abnormalities occurred.
Illustrating the infiltration of TBT in the food chain, one study showed that most samples of skipjack tuna tested positive for presence of TBT. Tuna from waters around developing Asian nations had particularly high levels of TBT. Regulation of TBT is not enforced in Asia as rigorously as in Europe or US.
Studies have shown that TBT is detrimental to the immune system. Research shows that TBT reduces resistance to infection in fish which live on the seabed and are exposed to high levels of TBT. These areas tend to have silty sediment like harbours and estuaries.
TBT compounds have been described to interfere with glucocorticoid metabolism in the liver, by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase type 2, which converts cortisol to cortisone.
Mammals
TBT can enter the diet of humans and other mammals. As of 2008 high levels of tributyltin had been detected in the livers of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) and stranded bottlenose dolphins. Otters dying of infectious causes tended to have higher levels of tissue butyltins than those dying of trauma or other causes. TBT has been shown to lead to immunosuppression in sea-otters and dolphins. TBT has also been linked to hearing loss in mammalian top predators such as toothed whales.
Regulation
Bans on TBT on boats less than 25 metres long first started in the 1980s. In 1990, the Marine Environment Protection Committee adopted Resolution MEPC 46(30), which recommended that the Government eliminate the use of TBT-containing antifouling paints on smaller vessels. This resolution was intended to be a temporary restriction until the International Maritime Organization could implement a ban of TBT anti-fouling agents for ships. Several countries followed, and in 1997 Japan banned the production of TBT-based anti-fouling paints. In 2008 organotin compounds acting as biocide like TBT compounds were banned in anti-fouling paint and included in the Rotterdam Convention and have been banned by the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships of the International Maritime Organization. It states that ships cannot bear organotin compounds on their hulls or external parts or surfaces, unless there is a coating that forms a barrier so that organotin compounds cannot leach out to reduce exposure by allowing recovery to occur.
Violations of the ban on TBT
Even though banned by some international agencies, TBT anti-fouling paints are still used in countries with poor regulation enforcement, as in the Caribbean.
US violations
In November 2018, the US Department of Justice announced that three people they had charged and arrested in New Jersey for manufacturing and selling tributyltin based marine paint had pleaded guilty. Sentencing is scheduled for February 2019.
See also
Triphenyltin
Organotin chemistry
Biomimetic antifouling coating
References
External links
Newcastle University Biofouling Group
"Ambient Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria for Tributyltin (TBT)" United States Environmental Protection Agency, December 2003
Pesticides
Endocrine disruptors
Organotin compounds |
4042609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean%20and%20Environmentally%20Safe%20Advanced%20Reactor | Clean and Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor | The Clean and Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor (CAESAR) is a nuclear reactor concept created by Claudio Filippone, the Director of the Center for Advanced Energy Concepts at the University of Maryland, College Park and head of the ongoing CAESAR Project. The concept's key element is the use of steam as a moderator, making it a type of reduced moderation water reactor. Because the density of steam may be controlled very precisely, Filippone claims it can be used to fine-tune neutron fluxes to ensure that neutrons are moving with an optimal energy profile to split nuclei – in other words, cause fission.
The CAESAR reactor design exploits the fact that the fission products and daughter isotopes produced via nuclear reactions also decay to produce additional delayed neutrons. Filippone claims that unlike light water-cooled fission reactors, where fission occurring in enriched fuel rods moderated by liquid-water coolant ultimately creates a Maxwellian thermal neutron flux profile, the neutron energy profile from delayed neutrons varies widely. In a conventional reactor, he theorizes, the moderator slows these neutrons down so that they cannot contribute to the reaction; has a comparatively large cross-section for neutrons at high energies.
Filippone maintains that when steam is used as the moderator, the average neutron energy is increased from that of a liquid water-moderated reactor such that the delayed neutrons persist until they hit another nucleus. The resulting extremely high neutron economy, he claims, will make it possible to maintain a self-sustaining reaction in fuel rods of pure , once the reactor has been started by enriched fuel.
Skeptics
, however point out that it is generally believed that a controlled, sustained chain reaction is not possible with . Starting in the 1930s Physicists have used the Six factor formula and its derivative Four factor formula to calculate the behavior of nuclear chain reactions inside a mass of fissile material. Based on these calculations even an infinitely large mass of pure U-238 is incapable of sustaining a chain reaction with only its own neutron production, some level of fissile enrichment is always required. It can undergo fission when impacted by an energetic neutron with over 1 MeV of kinetic energy. But the high-energy neutrons produced by fission (after quickly losing energy by inelastic scattering), are not, themselves, sufficient to induce enough successive fissions in to create a critical system (one in which the number of neutrons created by fission is equal to the number absorbed). Instead, bombarding with neutrons below the 1 MeV fission threshold causes it to absorb them without fissioning (becoming ) and decay by beta emission to (which is itself fissile). The energy of delayed neutrons is so low that contribution to fission is almost 0.0000, requiring some fissile material to keep the reactor safely under prompt criticality: (e.g. in natural uranium and preferably also some moderator, possibly outside the extra-fast core).
See also
Nuclear fission
Nuclear reactor physics
Nuclear power
Nuclear power plant
Future energy development
Energy amplifier
Nuclear waste
Supercritical water reactor
References
External links
The Clean And Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor (CAESAR) Project
Hail, Caesar Economist article
Putting Nuclear Waste to Work Popular Mechanics article from 1998 describing a related reactor design (NPTRE) proposed by Dr. Filippone.
A Second Caesar to Change the Course of History? Article from University of Maryland newsletter.
Nuclear power reactor types
Pseudoscience |
4042611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.28 | X.28 | X.28 is an ITU-T standard specifying the interface between asynchronous character-mode data terminal equipment (DTE), such as computer terminals, and a Packet Assembler/Disassembler (PAD) that connects the DTE to a packet switched network such as an X.25 network.
External links
X.28 standard at ITU site
ITU-T recommendations
ITU-T X Series Recommendations |
4042615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluccella | Moluccella | Moluccella is a genus of annual and short-lived perennial plants native to Central + southwestern Asia and the Mediterranean. They are tall, upright, branched plants to 1 meter or more with toothed leaves and small white fragrant flowers.
Species
Moluccella aucheri (Boiss.) Scheen - Iran, Pakistan
Moluccella bucharica (B.Fedtsch.) Ryding - Uzbekistan
Moluccella fedtschenkoana (Kudr.) Ryding - Uzbekistan and Tajikistan
Moluccella laevis L. - Bells of Ireland - Turkmenistan, Iran, Iraq, Caucasus, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Turkey; naturalized in scattered locations in Europe, Africa, and North America
Moluccella olgae (Regel) Ryding - Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan
Moluccella otostegioides Prain - Pakistan
Moluccella sogdiana (Kudr.) Ryding - Uzbekistan, Tajikistan
Moluccella spinosa L. - Mediterranean from Spain + Algeria to Turkey + Palestine
Cultivation
Marginally frost hardy, these plants prefer full sun and moderately fertile, moist but well-drained soil. Propagation is from seed.
References
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae genera
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
4042620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Moon-soo%20%28politician%29 | Kim Moon-soo (politician) | Kim Moon-soo (Hangul: 김문수; born August 27, 1951) is a Korean conservative politician and the 32nd Governor of Gyeonggi Province in South Korea. A former labor activist, he began his career in politics when he participated in the foundation of the People’s Party in 1990. He was elected to the 15th National Assembly at Sosa-gu, Bucheon, as a candidate for the New Korea Party. After continuing to serve as a member of the assembly in the 16th and the 17th National Assemblies, he became the 4th Governor of Gyeonggi Province to be elected by popular vote in 2006.
Early life and education
Born in 1951, Kim is the third son in his family, and has three brothers and three sisters. After graduating from Yeongcheon Elementary School in Gyeongsangbuk-do, he moved to Daegu Metropolitan City without his family, where he attended Gyeongbuk Middle School and Gyeongbuk High School.
In 1970, Kim Moon-Soo entered the Department of Business Administration, in the College of Business at Seoul National University, but was expelled in 1971 allegedly for participating in the October 15 nationwide student protests. In 1974, he was expelled from university again due to his involvement in the National Democratic Youth and Students Union case.
He reentered the Department of Business Administration at Seoul National University in 1994, and two years later graduated from university, 25 years after his initial acceptance in 1970.
Career
Labor movement
In 1974, he served as the assistant cloth cutter at a fabric plant in Cheonggyecheon, acquiring national engineer’s licenses for environmental management and safety management in 1977. He was elected as the Dorco Labor Union Leader of the Federation of Korean Metal Workers Trade Unions in 1978. He was arrested and tortured by the dictatorial government in 1980, but his indictment was suspended so that he could serve for Dorco again.
Kim served as the secretary of the Jun Tae-Il Memorial Society in 1985, and was arrested again for participating in the Incheon May 3 Protest for Constitutional Amendment for Direct Election System in 1986 when he served as the a member of the direction committee for Seoul Confederation of Labor Movement. He was tortured and was imprisoned for two and a half years.
Politics
In 1990, Kim Moon-Soo participated in the foundation of the Popular Party, and served as chair of the Labor Relations Committee. That same year, he ran in 1992 election as candidate No. 3, but was defeated. After joining the Democratic Liberal Party in 1994, he ran for the 15th general election as a candidate for New Korea Party in 1996, and was elected. (Sosa-gu, Bucheon)
Following his election, Kim Moon-Soo served as a member of the legislature, focusing on labor and environmental issues, as well as on transportation in the Seoul metropolitan area and childcare. Re-elected to the 16th and the 17th National Assemblies, Kim served for three consecutive terms as a member of the National Assembly. He served as the deputy floor leader for the Grand National Party.
After retiring from the National Assembly in 2006 to run for local government, Kim was elected Governor of Gyeonggi Province, taking office as the 4th Governor elected by public vote in July 2006.
In April 2012, Kim Moon-Soo declared his presidential candidacy in the primary election of the Saenuri Party. In announcing his candidacy, Kim asserted that the nomination of Park Geun-hye should not be viewed as axiomatic, despite a decade of preparation for the campaign on her part.
Profile
Academic Background
Graduated from College of Business, Seoul National University as a major in business administration / Ph. D.
Career Information(Source: Cyworld Mini Homepage)
1996~2004 Member of the 15th and 16th National Assembly
Member of Environment and Labor Committee, Executive Committee, Budget and Account Committee, and Special Committee on Economic Reform and Unemployment
Deputy floor leader, deputy secretary general, and chair of the Planning Committee of the Grand National Party,
2004~2006 Member of the 17th National Assembly
2006~present Governor of Gyeonggi Province
Awards and citations
2009. 4.16 Selected by Korea Manifesto as the No. 1 among the leaders of the 4th local governments elected by popular vote in the category of fulfillment of public pledge
2007. 9. 5 Won the 5th Forbes Korea Excellence Award in the category of Public Innovations (Forbes Korea & Korean Society for Quality Management)
2007. 8. 6 Selected by Korea Manifesto as No. 1 among the leaders of the 4th local governments elected by popular vote in the category of fulfillment of public pledges
Publications
Statements of Appeal of Ten Prisoners of Conscience in the 1980s (1987)
Report on Workers’ Rights in 1992 (1993)
Innovation Tasks 20 (co-author, 1994)
A Necktie Still Does Not Suit Me (1995)
National Assemblymen Are the Servants of the Citizens
Mr. President, Why Don’t You Take the Subway of Hell? (1996)
My Way, My Dream (2006)
I Dream of Freedom in Gyeonggi Province, a Prison of Regulations (2008)
Footnotes
External links
1951 births
Members of the National Assembly (South Korea)
Living people
Seoul National University alumni
Liberty Korea Party politicians
South Korean presidential candidates, 2012
South Korean Roman Catholics
Kyeongbuk High School alumni
Governors of Gyeonggi Province |
4042621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip%20Foose | Chip Foose | Chip Foose (born October 13, 1963) is an American automobile designer, artist, and star of Velocity's reality television series Overhaulin'.
Life and career
Foose began working on automobiles at age seven for his father's company, Project Design, in Santa Barbara, California. Encouraged by Ford and Preston Tucker designer Alex Tremulis, Foose started to attend the Art Center College of Design in 1982; however, he dropped out after two years due to financial difficulties. After working for four years at Clenet Coachworks, Foose returned to the Art Center to complete his education.
After graduating in 1990, Foose worked full-time for Sterenberger Design and part-time for Boyd Coddington. In 1993, Foose resigned from Sterenberger to work for J Mays at Ford; however, Coddington was able to convince Foose to work for him, instead. Working for Coddington full-time, Foose eventually became the president of Coddington's company, Hot Rods by Boyd. While working for Coddington, Foose designed many of Coddington's well known creations such as Boydster and Boydster II.
In 1998, with Hot Rods by Boyd facing bankruptcy (due to the failure of Boyds Wheels), Foose left his position and with his wife Lynne started his own automotive and product design company. He first set up in Orange, California, where, as his first project car, he rebuilt Boydster II for Chuck Svatos as the 0032 roadster, which went on to win the America's Most Beautiful Roadster (AMBR) trophy. By 2000, he had established Foose Design in Huntington Beach, California. Foose's departure from Boyd's was not amicable; in a 2006 interview, Foose stated, "Boyd has chosen to not have any relations with me, since I stopped working at his shop." One of the main reasons for the bitter relationship is claimed to be Foose retained many of the talented builders formerly employed by Coddington; Mike and Charley left Coddington's business shortly after Foose had established his shop.
Foose gained more exposure in 2003 as a result of a TLC documentary on his design and creation of a modified 2002 Ford Thunderbird called Speedbird, and due to his work building Ron Whiteside's 2003 Ridler-winning '34 3-window. In 2004, the TLC program Overhaulin' debuted, with Foose as the star. At the 2005 Specialty Equipment Market Association (SEMA) show, a unique 1969 Foose-designed Camaro convertible was displayed, to be produced in a 300 car run by Unique Performance of Dallas Texas. Press releases announced UP would also be handling the marketing of Foose's other custom car lines, including Hemisfear, along with Foose's 2006 Mustang Stallion. Foose also designed a paint scheme for 4-time NASCAR Sprint Cup Champion Jeff Gordon to promote DuPont's Hot Hues paint line. Foose has since severed ties with DuPont and now promotes the BASF Glasurit paint line exclusively.
In November 2007, Foose officially severed ties to Unique Performance following police action against UP for alleged illegal activities. In 2006, Foose launched a line of die cast replicas of many of his famous designs partnering with the makers of Johnny Lightning in the creation of JL Full Throttle. This company produced copies of many of Foose's famous, award-winning designs, including Grand Master and Impression. In 2002, Foose won the coveted Ridler Award at the 50th Anniversary Show of the Detroit Autorama with Bob and Wes Rydell's 35 Chevy Master, otherwise known as the "Grandmaster". Impression subsequently won the prestigious Ridler prize. Also replicated were a number of cars from "Overhaulin'". Announced at the SEMA show in 2006 was a pact between Foose and Ford to produce Foose designed Ford vehicles, the first of which was shown at the 2007 New York Auto Show.
In 2007, Foose began limited production (50 vehicles in total) of Hemisfear. Also known as the Foose Coupe, Hemisfear was designed by Foose in 1990, during his time at the Art Center, and publicly unveiled at the SEMA trade show in November 2006. An earlier design drawing of Hemisfear inspired the Plymouth Prowler. The 2007 Hemisfear was commissioned by a new die cast model car company JL Full Throttle which had partnered with Foose to build both the scale and 1:1 Hemisfear. A Foose coupe was sold along with a design consultation with Foose at the Barrett-Jackson car auction in Palm Beach, Florida at the end of March 2007. The first Foose Coupe Supercar was auctioned for $340,000; sold to Atlanta vintage car dealer and avid car collector Roger Burgess.
Foose was retained as design consultant to provide architects with unique styling elements for the exterior and interior of the $275 million expansion of Detroit's MotorCity Casino, anticipated to be complete by the end of 2007.
Foose helped to start the Ridemakerz customizable toy cars business in 2007.
As of 2010, Foose continues to operate Foose Design and provide design consultations to the Big Three automakers. Overhaulin' was canceled at the end of 2009, though reruns still air on Discovery Turbo. Shortly following the launch of the channel Velocity, it was announced that the show would return in the fourth quarter of 2012.
Charity work
Foose serves as the vice chairman of the Progeria Research Foundation's California Chapter. His youngest sister died of Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome. He has also taken part in numerous children's charities such as Childhelp and Victory Junction Gang Camp. He was named grand marshal of SEMA's Show N' Shine public car show for children's charities.
Awards and honors
In November 1997, Foose became the youngest person to be inducted into the Hot Rod Hall of Fame. Additionally, Foose was inducted into the Darryl Starbird Rod & Custom Car Museum Hall of Fame in 2002, the Grand National Roadster Show Hall of Fame in 2003, the Detroit Autorama "Circle of Champions" Hall of Fame in 2012, and the San Francisco Rod and Custom Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2005. Foose has also won the following awards for his work:
Ridler Award in 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2015.
Most Beautiful Roadster Award in 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2006, and 2014. Some of these cars were designed by Foose and completed by other builders such as Troy Trepanier, Barry White, and Bobby Alloway.
The Goodguys Street Rod of the Year Award in the years 1990, 1991, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001 and 2010.
Diecast Hall of Fame Inductee 2009.
Best Hot Rod at Bilsport Performance Show 2011.
Best Custom Car - 1954 Chevrolet "Cool Air" NACE Expo 2014
Notes
External links
Foose Design Official Website
Overhaulin' Official Website
Official Diecast Hall of Fame Website
American automobile designers
Living people
1963 births
Vehicle modification people
People from Santa Barbara, California |
4042627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20O.%20Wolcott | Edward O. Wolcott | Edward Oliver Wolcott (March 26, 1848 – March 1, 1905) was an American politician during the 1890s, who served for 12 years as a Senator from the state of Colorado.
Early life
Wolcott's parents were Samuel Wolcott, D.D. and Harriet Amanda (Pope) Wolcott. Wolcott was one of eleven children, including Anna Wolcott Vaile. A native of Hampden County, Massachusetts, Wolcott moved to Ohio as a boy.
Career
Military service
He served in the 150th Ohio Volunteer Infantry during the American Civil War. He enlisted at age 16.
Legal and political career
In 1875, he graduated from Harvard Law School and moved to Colorado where he set up a law practice. In the late 1890s and early 1900s, one of the partners in his practice was Charles W. Waterman, later a United States senator.
From 1876 to 1879 he served as a district attorney in Colorado. In 1879, Wolcott moved to Denver, where he began his political career as a Colorado state senator (1879–1882). In 1889, he was chosen to represent Colorado in the U.S. Senate, as a member of the Republican Party. He was reelected in 1895, and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1901, 1902 and 1903.
While in Washington, D.C., Wolcott was a leading advocate for the coinage of silver. In 1897, President McKinley named him chairman of the commission sent to Europe to report on international bimetallism. He was a popular host and guest in Washington society. He was chairman of the Committee on Civil Service (51st and 52nd Congresses), and Retrenchment Committee on Post Office and Post Roads (54th through 56th Congresses).
In 1900, Wolcott was denied renomination to the Senate, which ended his political career. He once again took up the practice of law in Colorado, and maintained that practice until his death.
Death
He died while he was on vacation in Monte Carlo. Wolcott's remains were cremated, and the ashes were interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in New York City. The town of Wolcott, Colorado is named after him.
References
Sources
Nevins, Allan. Henry White : Thirty Years of American Diplomacy. New York : Harper & Brothers, 1930.
. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
1848 births
1905 deaths
People from Longmeadow, Massachusetts
Colorado Republicans
Republican Party United States senators from Colorado
Colorado state senators
Colorado lawyers
Union Army soldiers
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Politicians from Denver
Harvard Law School alumni
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers
19th-century American lawyers |
4042667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know-Nothing%20Riot | Know-Nothing Riot | The term Know-Nothing Riot has been used to refer to a number of political uprisings of the Nativist American Know Nothing Party in the United States of America during the mid-19th century. These anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic protests culminated into riots in Philadelphia in 1844, St. Louis in 1854, Cincinnati and Louisville in 1855, Baltimore in 1856, Washington, D.C. and New York in 1857, and New Orleans in 1858.
Know-Nothing Riots (1844-1858)
Philadelphia Riot
St. Louis Riot
Cincinnati Riot
The Election Day Riots of 1855 occurred in Cincinnati between April 2-7, 1855. The election was between James J. Faran, the Democratic contender and editor of the Cincinnati Enquirer, and James D. Taylor, rabid nativist editor of the Cincinnati Times. Rumors of illegal voting, ballot-box stuffing, and naturalized voters preventing native-born citizens from voting sparked the events.
Louisville Riot
See Bloody Monday.
Baltimore Riot
See Know-Nothing Riots of 1856
Washington D.C. Riot
Know-Nothing associated gang, the Plug Uglies, had travelled to Washington D.C. from Baltimore on June 1, 1857 in an attempt to prevent German and Irish immigrants from voting in the local election. The Plug Uglies linked up with allied members of the Rip Raps and the Chunkers and moved to Mount Vernon Square to harass anti-Know Nothing voters. They then returned to the square armed with pistols, clubs, bricks, and other weapons and charged into the crowd of voters. A brutal fight broke out which the police were unable to stop and by noon, President Buchanan had called out two companies of Marines to stop the riot. By the time the Marines arrived at Mount Vernon Square, the Know-Nothings had set up a barricade and were armed with a cannon they had taken from the Navy Yard. Archibald Henderson, Commandant of the Marine Corps, marched up to the cannon and placed his body in front of it so it could not be aimed at his men. This allowed the Marines to advance on their position, but a fire fight soon broke out. 8 People were killed by the end of the day and many more were injured.
New York Riot
New Orleans Riot
The New Orleans Know-Nothing group began as a local movement in 1858 to reduce what residents considered a high rate of crime and violence in the city, primarily among Irish and German immigrants, who were among the poorest classes. A secret Vigilance Committee was formed to monitor their activities, and in particular to prevent disruption of upcoming municipal elections.
On the night of June 2, 1858, armed men under the command of Capt. J.K. Duncan, an officer in the United States Army, marched to Jackson Square and occupied the court rooms in The Cabildo. For the next five days, a standoff existed between the Vigilance Committee and members of the Native American Party. On June 7, the elections were held and the Native American candidate, Gerard Stith, defeated the Democratic Party candidate, P.G.T. Beauregard. The Vigilance Committee disbanded with no further violence.
Notable Know Nothing criminal gang rioters
American Guards (New York City)
Atlantic Guards (New York City)
Blood Tubs (Baltimore and Philadelphia)
Bowery Boys (New York City)
Killers (Philadelphia)
O'Connell Guards (New York City)
Plug Uglies (Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City)
Rip Raps (Baltimore)
Roach Guards (New York City)
Shifflers (Philadelphia)
See also
History of St. Louis
Know-Nothing Riot of 1856
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
References
Sources
1854 in the United States
1857 in the United States
1858 in Louisiana
1854 riots
1858 riots
Riots and civil disorder in Missouri
Riots and civil disorder in Louisiana
Political riots in the United States
1857 in Washington, D.C.
1854 in Missouri
Crimes in New Orleans
June 1857 events
June 1858 events
19th century in New Orleans
Riot |
4042674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Knechtel | Larry Knechtel | Lawrence William Knechtel (August 4, 1940 – August 20, 2009) was an American keyboard player and bassist, best known as a member of the Wrecking Crew, a collection of Los Angeles-based session musicians who worked with such renowned artists as Simon & Garfunkel, Duane Eddy, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Monkees, the Partridge Family, Billy Joel, the Doors, the Grass Roots, Jerry Garcia, and Elvis Presley, and as a member of the 1970s band Bread.
Biography
Born in Bell, California, in 1940, Knechtel began his musical education with piano lessons. In 1957, he joined the Los Angeles-based rock and roll band Kip Tyler and the Flips. In August 1959, he joined instrumentalist Duane Eddy as a member of his band the Rebels. After four years on the road with the band, and continuing to work with Eddy in the recording studio, Knechtel became part of the Los Angeles session musician scene, working with Phil Spector as a pianist to help create Spector's famous "Wall of Sound". Knechtel became a prominent member of session musicians the Wrecking Crew, performing on many hit songs of the period and earning him entry into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2007. During his time with the Wrecking Crew, he recorded the album The In Harmonica, playing harmonica under the name "Larry Nelson", with backing by other Wrecking Crew members.
In 1970 Knechtel won a Grammy Award for his piano work on "Bridge over Troubled Water" by Simon and Garfunkel. He also played the piano on Johnny Rivers' 1972 hit "Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu".
Knechtel joined soft rock band Bread in 1971 after the departure of Robb Royer and remained with the band until their split in 1973. He rejoined the band for subsequent comebacks and reunions.
Knechtel was proficient on other musical instruments, notably the harmonica, guitar, and bass, which can be heard on "Mr. Tambourine Man" by the Byrds, "Stoney End" by Barbra Streisand, "If I Can Dream" by Elvis Presley, and the Doors' debut album. In 1971, he joined the band Bread, where his contributions included bass, keyboards, and the guitar solo on the hit single "The Guitar Man". He also played on sessions for Nancy Sinatra.
During the late 1980s, Knechtel moved to Nashville, where he was signed to a solo recording contract. He released two solo albums in quick succession, Mountain Moods (1989) and Urban Gypsy (1990).
In later years, Knechtel lived in semi-retirement in Yakima, Washington, until his death. He had, however, worked with record producer Rick Rubin, contributing keyboards to albums by Neil Diamond, Arlen Roth and the Dixie Chicks, touring with Elvis Costello and with the Dixie Chicks in support of their Grammy Award-winning album Taking the Long Way. During this time Knechtel contributed guest spots on many recordings for dozens of Northwest artists including Wayman Chapman, Ken Stringfellow (Posies, R.E.M., Big Star), Quakers On Probation, Dimestore Mystery, Elba, Animals at Night, Zera Marvel, Colin Spring, Lesley Rostron & Lovejunkie, and his son, Lonnie Knechtel.
Knechtel died on August 20, 2009, in Yakima Valley Memorial Hospital, Washington, at the age of 69 of an apparent heart attack.
Awards and recognition
In 2007 Knechtel, along with the other members of the Wrecking Crew, was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee.
Discography
Solo discography
The In Harmonica (1965, as Larry Nelson)
Mountain Moods (1989)
Urban Gypsy (1990)
Session work
With The Everly Brothers
• Beat & Soul ( Warner Brothers ,1965)
With the Byrds
Mr. Tambourine Man (Columbia, 1965)
With the We Three Trio
The We Three Trio (Mainstream S/6055,56055, 1965)
With Barbra Streisand
Stoney End (Columbia Records, 1971)
Barbra Joan Streisand (Columbia Records, 1971)
With the Beach Boys
Pet Sounds (Capitol, 1966)
With The Doors
The Doors (Elektra, 1967)
With Elvis Presley
Elvis Presley (RCA, 1968)
With Cher
Stars (Warner Bros. Records, 1975)
With the Dameans
Walk to the Gloryland (RCA, 1971)With Simon & Garfunkel Sounds of Silence (Columbia Records, 1966)
Bookends (Columbia, 1968)
Bridge over Troubled Water (Columbia, 1970)With Solomon Burke Electronic Magnetism (MGM Records, 1971)With the Mamas and the Papas Deliver (Dunhill, Feb. 1967)
The Papas & the Mamas (Dunhill, 1968)With Emitt Rhodes The American Dreams (A&M Records, 1970)With Elvis Costello Mighty Like a Rose (Warner Bros. Records, 1991)
Kojak Variety (Warner Bros. Records, 1995)With Paul Simon Paul Simon (Columbia Records, 1972)With Chet Baker Blood, Chet and Tears (Verve, 1970)With Dave Mason Alone Together (Blue Thumb/Harvest, 1970)With Nancy Sinatra Sugar (Reprise Records, 1966)With Albert Hammond Albert Hammond (Mums Records, 1974)With Howard Roberts Antelope Freeway (Impulse!, 1971)With Cass Elliott Dream a Little Dream (Dunhill Records, 1968)
Bubblegum, Lemonade, and... Something for Mama (Dunhill Records, 1969)With Evie Sands Any Way That You Want Me (Rev-Ola, 1970)With Thelma Houston Sunshower (Dunhill Records, 1969)
I've Got the Music in Me (Sheffield Lab Records, 1975)With Glen Campbell Reunion: The Songs of Jimmy Webb (Capitol Records, 1974)
Unconditional Love (Liberty Records, 1991)With Jerry Garcia Reflections (Round Records, 1976)With Peter Allen I Could Have Been a Sailor (A&M Records, 1979)With Harry Nilsson Harry (RCA Victor, 1969)With Dan Hill If Dreams Had Wings (Epic Records, 1980)With Barry Mann Survivor (RCA Victor, 1975)With Lalo Schifrin Rock Requiem (Verve, 1971)With Roy Orbison King of Hearts (Virgin Records, 1992)With Jimmy Webb El Mirage (Atlantic Records, 1977)With José Feliciano 10 to 23 (RCA Victor, 1969)
Compartments (RCA Victor, 1973)With Jackie DeShannon New Arrangement (Columbia Records, 1975)With Brian Cadd Yesterdaydreams (Capitol Records, 1978)With Ron Davies Silent Song Through the Land (A&M Records, 1970)With Bobby Darin If I Were a Carpenter (Atlantic Records, 1966)With Art Garfunkel Angel Clare (Columbia Records, 1973)
Fate for Breakfast (Columbia Records, 1979)
Scissors Cut (Columbia Records, 1981)With Stephen Bishop Careless (ABC Records, 1976)With David Clayton-Thomas David Clayton-Thomas (Columbia Records, 1972)With Jackie Lomax Is This What You Want? (Apple Records, 1969)With Billy Joel Cold Spring Harbor (Columbia Records, 1971)
Streetlife Serenade (Columbia Records, 1974)With Barry McGuire Seeds (Myrrh, 1973)
Lighten Up (Myrrh, 1974)With Paul Young The Crossing (Columbia Records, 1993)With Dolly Parton 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs (RCA Records, 1980)With Al Kooper Easy Does It (Columbia Records, 1970)With Johnny Rivers Changes (Imperial Records, 1966)
Whisky Á Go-Go Revisited (Sunset Records, 1967)
Rewind (Imperial Records, 1967)
Realization (Imperial Records, 1968)
Slim Slo Slider (Imperial Records, 1970)
Home Grown (United Artists Records, 1970)
L.A. Reggae (United Artists Records, 1972)
Blue Suede Shoes (United Artists Records, 1973)
New Lovers and Old Friends (Epic Records, 1975)
Wild Night (United Artists Records, 1977)
Not a Through Street (CBS, 1983)With John Denver The Flower That Shattered the Stone (Windstar Records, 1990)With Chet Atkins Read My Licks (Columbia, 1994)With Helen Reddy Helen Reddy (Capitol Records, 1971)With Joan Baez Diamonds & Rust (A&M Records, 1975)
Gulf Winds (A&M Records, 1976)
Blowin' Away (Portrait Records, 1977)With Arlen Roth
Toolin' Around (Blue Plate, 1993, Aquinnah, 2015)With Neil Diamond'''
Tap Root Manuscript (Uni Records, 1970)
Beautiful Noise (Columbia Records, 1976)
Lovescape (Columbia Records, 1991)
12 Songs'' (Columbia Records, 2005)
References
External links
List of Larry Knechtel's session contributions
1940 births
2009 deaths
People from Bell, California
Guitarists from Los Angeles
American session musicians
American rock guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American rock pianists
American male pianists
American rock keyboardists
American harmonica players
American male guitarists
American multi-instrumentalists
American rock bass guitarists
The Wrecking Crew (music) members
Grammy Award winners
20th-century American bass guitarists
20th-century American pianists
American male organists
American harpsichordists
Harmonium players
20th-century organists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American keyboardists
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century American keyboardists
20th-century classical musicians
American organists |
5379284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Allen%20%28golfer%29 | Michael Allen (golfer) | Michael Louis Allen (born January 31, 1959) is an American professional golfer, currently on the PGA Tour Champions.
Early life and amateur career
Allen was born in San Mateo, California and played college golf at the University of Nevada in Reno.
Professional career
Allen turned professional in 1984 and played on the European Tour 1986-89 and 1992, winning the 1989 Scottish Open. Allen played on the PGA Tour 1990-95, 2002, and 2004-09. He has played over 300 events on the PGA Tour and has three second-place finishes (2004 Chrysler Classic of Greensboro, 2007 Turning Stone Resort Championship and 2010 Viking Classic) and three third-place finishes, but no wins. He played on the Nationwide Tour from 1997-2001 and 2003, winning the Nike Greater Austin Open in 1998.
Allen received a special invitation to play at the Senior PGA Championship on the Champions Tour at the Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood, Ohio because of his career earnings on the PGA Tour. He was a surprise winner of the event in his Champions Tour debut making his first win a major. He shot a first round of 4-over-par, but made only 3 bogeys in the final 3 rounds to win by 2 strokes over Larry Mize and 3 strokes over Bruce Fleisher.
A member of the Olympic Club in San Francisco since age 14, Allen qualified for the U.S. Open in 2012 at age 53. At the previous Opens at Olympic in 1987 and 1998, he had failed to make the field.
Professional wins (11)
European Tour wins (1)
Nike Tour wins (1)
Other wins (1)
2003 Southern Arizona Open
PGA Tour Champions wins (8)
PGA Tour Champions playoff record (2–2)
Results in major championships
Note: Allen never played in the Masters Tournament.
CUT = missed the half-way cut
DQ = Disqualified
"T" = tied
Results in The Players Championship
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Senior major championships
Wins (1)
Results timeline
Results are not in chronological order before 2022.
CUT = missed the halfway cut
WD = withdrew
"T" indicates a tie for a place
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic
See also
1989 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1990 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1991 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1992 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1994 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2001 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2003 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2005 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2006 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
References
External links
American male golfers
Nevada Wolf Pack men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
European Tour golfers
PGA Tour Champions golfers
Winners of senior major golf championships
Golfers from California
Golfers from Scottsdale, Arizona
People from San Mateo, California
1959 births
Living people |
5379327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthu | Muthu | Muthu may refer to:
Muthu (film), 1995 Indian Tamil musical drama film
M. K. Muthu, an Indian actor, singer and politician
Muthu Tharanga, a Sri Lankan actress and model
Leo Muthu, an Indian philanthropist, educationist and businessman
Michael Muthu, an Indian director, writer and actor
Muthu Nilavan, an Indian scholar and poet
Muthu Sivalingam, a Sri Lankan politician
V. R. Muthu, the CEO of Idhayam oil brand
Sathyavani Muthu, an Indian politician
S. Muthu, an Indian social activist
Muthu Hospital, an orthopedic and trauma care hospital in the city of Madurai
Thandava Murthy Muthu, is an Indian male weightlifter
Royappan Antony Muthu, the third Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Vellore in Tamil Nadu
Muthu Swamy, an Indo-Fijian politician |
5379330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius%20Rutilius%20Lupus%20%28consul%29 | Publius Rutilius Lupus (consul) | Publius Rutilius Lupus was a consul of the Roman Republic in 90 BC.
The Social Wars broke out the year before his consulship. His colleague, Lucius Julius Caesar, was sent out to face the Samnites, while Lupus was to fight the Marsi. He chose Gaius Marius (who was a relative of him) as his senior legate. Marius advised him to train his inexperienced troops more before meeting the enemy in battle, but Rutilius ignored this advice. Rutilius advanced and divided his troops between himself and Marius in order to build two bridges to cross the river Tolenus. The Marsic commander, Titus Vettius Scato, was encamped on the other side. He placed a thin screen of troops near the bridge of Marius and with his main body he lay in wait near Lupus's bridge. The following morning, Lupus fell into the trap and lost most of his army, some 8,000 men; he himself received a fatal wound to the head. Marius noticed bodies floating down the river and so crossed and captured the poorly defended enemy camp. The battle was fought on the feast of Matralia: 11 June 90 BC.
References
Sources
Appian, Civil Wars, 43.
Livy, Epitomes, 73.
2nd-century BC births
Year of birth uncertain
90 BC deaths
1st-century BC Roman consuls
Ancient Roman generals
Roman consuls who died in office
Roman generals killed in action
Lupus, Publius |
4042684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSX%20Reality%20Synthesizer | RSX Reality Synthesizer | The RSX 'Reality Synthesizer' is a proprietary graphics processing unit (GPU) codeveloped by Nvidia and Sony for the PlayStation 3 game console. It is a GPU based on the Nvidia 7800GTX graphics processor and, according to Nvidia, is a G70/G71 (previously known as NV47) hybrid architecture with some modifications. The RSX has separate vertex and pixel shader pipelines. The GPU makes use of 256 MB GDDR3 RAM clocked at 650 MHz with an effective transmission rate of 1.3 GHz and up to 224 MB of the 3.2 GHz XDR main memory via the CPU (480 MB max).
Although it carries the majority of the graphics processing, the Cell Broadband Engine, the console's CPU, is also used complementarily for some graphics-related computational loads of the console.
Specifications
Unless otherwise noted, the following specifications are based on a press release by Sony at the E3 2005 conference, slides from the same conference, and slides from a Sony presentation at the 2006 Game Developer's Conference.
550 MHz Pixel shader clock / 500 MHz Vertex shader clock on 90 nm process (shrunk to 65 nm in 2008 and to 40 nm in 2010), 300+ million transistors
Based on NV47 (Nvidia GeForce 7800 architecture)
Little Endian
24 texture filtering units (TF) and 8 vertex texture addressing units (TA)
24 filtered samples per clock
Maximum Texel fillrate: 13.2 Gigatexels per second (24 textures * 550 MHz)
32 unfiltered texture samples per clock (8 TA * 4 texture samples)
8 render output units (ROPs) / pixel rendering pipelines
Peak pixel fillrate (theoretical): 4.4 Gigapixel per second
Maximum Z-buffering sample rate: 8.8 Gigasamples per second (2 Z-samples * 8 ROPs * 550 MHz)
Maximum dot product operations: 51 billion per second (combined with Cell CPU)
128-bit pixel precision offers High Dynamic Range rendering
256 MB GDDR3 RAM at 650 MHz
128-bit memory bus width
20.8 GB/s read and write bandwidth
Cell FlexIO bus interface
Rambus XDR Memory interface bus width: 56bit out of 64bit (serial)
20 GB/s read to the Cell and XDR memory
15 GB/s write to the Cell and XDR memory
576 KB texture cache (96 KB per quad of pixel pipelines)
Support for PSGL (OpenGL ES 1.1 + Nvidia Cg)
Support for S3 Texture Compression
Other features: Support for Bilinear, trilinear, anisotropic, quincunx texture filtering, quincunx antialiasing, up to 4xMSAA, SSAA, Alpha to Coverage and Alphakill.
Model numbers
90nm:
CXD2971AGB
CXD2971DGB
CXD2971GB
CXD2971-1GB
CXD297BGB
65nm:
CXD2982
CXD2982GB
CXD2991GB
CXD2991BGB
CXD2991GGB
CXD2991CGB
CXD2991EGB
40nm:
CXD5300AGB
CXD5300A1GB
CXD5301DGB
CXD5302DGB
CXD5302A1GB
Local GDDR3 physical memory structure
Total Memory 256MB
2 Partitions (128MB)
64bit bus per partition
8 Banks per partition (16MB)
4096 Pages per bank (4KB) -> 12bit Row Address
Memory block in a page -> 9bit Column Address
Minimum access granularity = 8 bytes -> same as buswidth between RSX <> GDDR
RSX memory map
Although the RSX has 256MB of GDDR3 RAM, not all of it is usable. The last 4MB is reserved for keeping track of the RSX internal state and issued commands. The 4MB of GPU Data contains RAMIN, RAMHT, RAMFC, DMA Objects, Graphic Objects, and the Graphic Context. The following is a breakdown of the address within 256MB of the RSX.
Besides local GDDR3 memory, main XDR memory can be accessed by RSX too, which is limited to either:
0MB - 256MB (0x00000000 - 0x0FFFFFFF)
-or-
0MB - 512MB (0x00000000 - 0x1FFFFFFF)
Speed, bandwidth and latency
System bandwidth (theoretical maximum):
Cell to/from 256MB XDR : 25.6 GB/s
Cell to RSX (IOIFO): 20GB/s (practical : 15.8GB/s @ packetsize 128B)
Cell from RSX (IOIFI) : 15GB/s (practical : 11.9GB/s @ packetsize 128B)
RSX to/from 256MB GDDR3 : 20.8GB/s (@ 650 MHz)
Because of the aforementioned layout of the communication path between the different chips, and the latency and bandwidth differences between the various components, there are different access speeds depending on the direction of the access in relation to the source and destination. The following is a chart showing the speed of reads and writes to the GDDR3 and XDR memory from the viewpoint of the Cell and RSX. Note that these are measured speeds (rather than calculated speeds) and they should be worse if RSX and GDDR3 access are involved because these figures were measured when the RSX was clocked at 550Mhz and the GDDR3 memory was clocked at 700Mhz. The shipped PS3 has the RSX clocked in at 500Mhz (front and back end, although the pixel shaders run separately inside at 550Mhz). In addition, the GDDR3 memory was also clocked lower at 650Mhz.
Speed table
Because of the very slow Cell Read speed from the 256MB GDDR3 memory, it is more efficient for the Cell to work in XDR and then have the RSX pull data from XDR and write to GDDR3 for output to the HDMI display. This is why extra texture lookup instructions were included in the RSX to allow loading data from XDR memory (as opposed to the local GDDR3 memory).
RSX libraries
The RSX is dedicated to 3D graphics, and developers are able to use different API libraries to access its features. The easiest way is to use high level PSGL, which is basically OpenGL|ES with programmable pipeline added in, however this is unpopular due to the performance overhead on a relatively weak console CPU.
At a lower level developers can use LibGCM, which is an API that builds RSX command buffers at a lower level. (PSGL is actually implemented on top of LibGCM). This is done by setting up commands (via FIFO Context) and DMA Objects and issuing them to the RSX via DMA calls.
Differences with the G70 architecture
The RSX 'Reality Synthesizer' is based on the G70 architecture, but features a few changes to the core. The biggest difference between the two chips is the way the memory bandwidth works. The G70 only supports rendering to local memory, while the RSX is able to render to both system and local memory. Since rendering from system memory has a much higher latency compared to rendering from local memory, the chip's architecture had to be modified to avoid a performance penalty. This was achieved by enlarging the chip size to accommodate larger buffers and caches in order to keep the graphics pipeline full. The result was that the RSX only has 60% of the local memory bandwidth of the G70, making it necessary for developers to use the system memory in order to achieve performance targets.
Other RSX features/differences include:
More shader instructions
Extra texture lookup logic (helps RSX transport data from XDR)
Fast vector normalize
Press releases
Sony staff were quoted in PlayStation Magazine saying that the "RSX shares a lot of inner workings with NVIDIA 7800 which is based on G70 architecture." Since the G70 is capable of carrying out 136 shader operations per clock cycle, the RSX was expected to feature the same number of parallel pixel and vertex shader pipelines as the G70, which contains 24 pixel and 8 vertex pipelines.
Nvidia CEO Jen-Hsun Huang stated during Sony's pre-show press conference at E3 2005 that the RSX is twice as powerful as the GeForce 6800 Ultra.
See also
Xenos - GPU used in the Xbox 360
Cell Broadband Engine - CPU used in the PlayStation 3
References
Nvidia graphics processors
PlayStation 3
Sony semiconductors |
4042685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unexplained%20Canada | Unexplained Canada | Unexplained Canada is a show that aired on Space, a Canadian cable television station. It was a six-part series coming from many different perspectives of historical/social mysteries. It was hosted by John Robert Colombo and premiered January 2006. The show was produced by KarowPrime Films in Canada.
External links
Show's website
CTV Sci-Fi Channel original programming
2000s Canadian documentary television series
2006 Canadian television series debuts |
5379339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronyell%20Whitaker | Ronyell Whitaker | Ronyell Whitaker (born March 19, 1979) is a former professional American football cornerback. He was signed by the NFL's Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent in 2003, and played for the Minnesota Vikings, the Detroit Lions and the CFL's Winnipeg Blue Bombers before retiring from professional football in 2009.
Early years
Ronyell Deshawn Whitaker was born March 19, 1979 in Norfolk, Virginia, the son of Sylvonia Whitaker and the nephew of boxer Pernell 'Sweet Pea' Whitaker.
He graduated from Norfolk's Lake Taylor High School, where he "lettered four years as a running back, defensive back and return man"; he scored 44 touchdowns and ran for 3,458 yards.
Whitaker played college football at Virginia Tech, where he was "rated the No. 8 cornerback in the nation by The Sporting News [and] ranked the No. 10 cornerback by Lindy's."
Professional career
In 2006, he led NFL Europe in interceptions and defensive touchdowns, with 141 return yards and two touchdowns, and was named to the All NFL Europe team. In one of his games in the NFLE in 2006, his 100-yard interception return for a score was his team's sole touchdown of the game. On November 6, 2007, the Vikings released him.
Whitaker spent a brief stint with the Detroit Lions (NFL) before being released just before the beginning of 2008-2009 season. Whitaker then signed with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League. He was released on June 25, 2009.
Career after football
, Whitaker is back in Minnesota, living with his wife and working as part of a Minneapolis–Saint Paul area real estate team, specializing in relocation transactions for the Vikings, as well as short sales.
References
1979 births
Living people
American football cornerbacks
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football defensive backs
Virginia Tech Hokies football players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Minnesota Vikings players
Rhein Fire players
Detroit Lions players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players |
4042688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20E.%20Galer | Robert E. Galer | Brigadier General Robert Edward Galer (24 October 1913 – 27 June 2005) was a naval aviator in the United States Marine Corps who received the Medal of Honor for heroism in aerial combat during the Battle of Guadalcanal in World War II. He went on to command Marine Aircraft Group 12 during the Korean War and retired a few years after in 1957.
Early life
Robert Galer was born in Seattle, Washington, on 24 October 1913. He attended the University of Washington and was a brother of the Alpha Upsilon chapter of the Phi Kappa Sigma fraternity and an All-American in basketball. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in commercial engineering in 1935, at which time he received an ROTC commission and began elimination flight training at the Naval Reserve Aviation Base, Seattle.
Marine Corps career
In June 1936, he began his Aviation Cadet flight training at the Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps on 1 July 1936. Following his designation as a Naval Aviator in April 1937, he was transferred to the 1st Marine Brigade in Quantico, Virginia, for duty with Aircraft One. In July of the same year, he was assigned to a course of instruction at the Basic School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Following the completion of his studies in June 1938, he was ordered to the New York Navy Yard, but shortly thereafter was transferred to the Virgin Islands, where he served with Marine Scouting Squadron 3 (VMS-3) at Bourne Field, St. Thomas. He was promoted to first lieutenant in July 1939.
World War II and after
First Lieutenant Galer returned to the continental United States in June 1940 and in July reported to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing in San Diego, California, and was assigned to Marine Fighting Squadron 2 (VMF-2). On 29 August 1940, Galer ditched a Grumman F3F-2, BuNo 0976, c/n 374, off the coast of San Diego while attempting a landing on the . (The fighter was rediscovered by a navy submarine in June 1988 and recovered on 5 April 1991. It was restored at the San Diego Aerospace Museum). In January 1941, he was ordered to Hawaii and promoted to captain in March 1941. Galer was serving at the Marine Corps Air Station Ewa, Oahu, with Marine Fighting Squadron 211 (VMF-211) when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.
In May 1942, Galer assumed command of Marine Fighting Squadron 224 (VMF-224) and on 30 August 1942 led the squadron to Guadalcanal, where they became part of the Cactus Air Force. It was while in command of VMF-224 that Galer would be credited with 11 confirmed victories and be awarded the Medal of Honor and a rare British Distinguished Flying Cross for the same acts of heroism.
Following the presentation of the Medal of Honor by President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House on 24 March 1943, Major Galer was ordered to Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, where he served as assistant operations officer. He was grounded because his superiors did not want to risk losing a Medal of Honor recipient; he had been shot down three times during the war (and once more in the Korean War). Shortly after being promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in November 1943, he was ordered to return to the Hawaiian Islands, where he became chief of staff, Marine Air, Hawaiian Area.
In May 1944, Lieutenant Colonel Galer was named as operations officer, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing. He served as an observer during the Palau Islands and Iwo Jima campaigns while on temporary duty from the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing. His next assignment found him as training officer of Provisional Air Support Command, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific.
He again returned to the United States in June 1945 and reported to the Marine Barracks, Naval Air Training Base, Corpus Christi, Texas, in July as officer in charge of a cadet regiment. He remained in that capacity until August 1947, at which time he was assigned as a student at the Armed Forces Staff College in Norfolk, Virginia.
In June 1948, he reported to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing, at the Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina, where he served as operations and training officer. He joined Headquarters Squadron-2 at that station in April 1949 and was transferred on 26 April 1950 to the Naval Air Station San Diego, California. He served there as Marine planning officer and, later, as assistant chief of staff for plans, on the staff of the commander, air force, U.S. Pacific Fleet. During his assignment, he was promoted to colonel in March 1951.
Korean War
Colonel Galer sailed in March 1952 for Korea, where he saw duty as assistant chief of staff, G-4 (Supply), of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing until the following May. He was then named commanding officer of Marine Aircraft Group 12 (MAG-12), and, for extraordinary achievement on 11 July 1952, was awarded a Gold Star in lieu of a second Distinguished Flying Cross. According to the citation accompanying this medal, he "led a maximum effort strike of Marine attack aircraft against a heavily defended industrial area in the North Korean capital city of Pyongyang."
Colonel Galer was also awarded the Legion of Merit with Combat "V" for his service in Korea. On 5 August 1952, he was shot down behind enemy lines by anti-aircraft fire while leading a flight of 31 warplanes against targets near the North Korean port city of Wonsan. He later admitted he "did a dumb thing": After completing the mission, "I went back to take a picture. And this anti-aircraft gun, he nailed me." He was later rescued by a HO3S-1 helicopter flown by 1st Lieutenant E. J. McCutcheon.
After a period of hospitalization, he returned to duty at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, California, in October 1952, as assistant chief of staff, G-1 (Personnel), and later, G-3 (Operations), of Aircraft, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. He was enrolled as a student in the Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Alabama, in July 1953. Upon graduation from the college the following June, he was transferred to Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., where he became assistant director, Guided Missiles Division, Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy. He served in that capacity until January 1956, when he became acting director. The following June he was awarded a master's degree in engineering administration from The George Washington University, Washington, D.C.
For exceptionally meritorious service in combat, he was advanced to brigadier general upon his retirement on 31 July 1957.
Civilian life and death
He worked as vice president of the conglomerate Ling-Temco-Vought and later as an executive with Bright & Co.
Brigadier General Galer died of a stroke on 27 June 2005 in Dallas, Texas. He was survived by his second wife, Sharon Alexander Galer, four children and six grandchildren.
Education
University of Washington, B.S., Commercial Engineering, 1935
Armed Forces Staff College, 1948
Air War College, 1954
George Washington University, M.S., Engineering Administration, 1956
Medals and decorations
A complete list of Brig. Gen. Galer's medals and decorations include:
Medal of Honor citation
Citation
The President of the United States in the name of the Congress takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to for service as set forth in the following CITATION:<blockquote>
Citation: For conspicuous heroism and courage above and beyond the call of duty as leader of a marine fighter squadron in aerial combat with enemy Japanese forces in the Solomon Islands area. Leading his squadron repeatedly in daring and aggressive raids against Japanese aerial forces, vastly superior in numbers, Maj. Galer availed himself of every favorable attack opportunity, individually shooting down 11 enemy bomber and fighter aircraft over a period of 29 days. Though suffering the extreme physical strain attendant upon protracted fighter operations at an altitude above 25,000 feet, the squadron under his zealous and inspiring leadership shot down a total of 27 Japanese planes. His superb airmanship, his outstanding skill and personal valor reflect great credit upon Maj. Galer's gallant fighting spirit and upon the U.S. Naval Service.
University of Washington Medal of Honor Memorial
At the University of Washington in February 2006, a resolution recommending a memorial be erected to honor fighter ace and alumnus Pappy Boyington for his service during World War II was raised and defeated during a meeting of the student senate. Some people did not believe the resolution's sponsor had fully addressed the financial and logistical problems of installing a memorial, and some were questioning the widely held assumption that all warriors and acts of war are automatically worthy of memorialization. The story was picked up by some blogs and conservative news outlets, focusing on two statements made by student senators during the meeting.<ref>Flickinger, Christopher. "Marines Not Welcome at University of Washington" , Human Events ", February 20, 2006.</ref> One student senator, Ashley Miller, said that the UW already had many monuments to "rich, white men" (Boyington claimed partial Sioux ancestry and was not rich); another, Jill Edwards, questioned whether the UW should memorialize a person who killed others, summarized in the minutes as saying "she didn't believe a member of the Marine Corps was an example of the sort of person UW wanted to produce."
After its defeat, a new version of the original resolution was submitted that called for a memorial to all eight UW alumni who received the Medal of Honor after attending the school."A Resolution Calling a Memorial for UW Alumni awarded the Medal of Honor" , Resolution R-12-16, Associated Students of the University of Washington Student Senate, submitted 02/17/2006. On April 4, 2006, the resolution passed by a vote of 64 to 14 with several abstentions, on a roll call vote. The University of Washington Medal of Honor memorial was constructed at the south end of Memorial Way (17th Ave NE), north of Red Square, in the interior of a traffic circle between Parrington and Kane Halls (). Privately funded, it was completed in time for a Veterans Day dedication in November 2009. In addition to Greg Boyington, it honors Deming Bronson, Bruce Crandall, Robert Galer, John Hawk, Robert Leisy, William Nakamura, and Archie Van Winkle.
Ordinary individuals facing extraordinary circumstances
with courage and selflessness answer the call
and change the course of destiny.
Medal of Honor
See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
Notes
References
External links
Lacitis, Erik. "Obituary: Robert Galer, hero just doing his job", Seattle Times'', July 1, 2005. Accessed March 19, 2006
1913 births
2005 deaths
All-American college men's basketball players
American Korean War pilots
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
American men's basketball players
American World War II flying aces
Aviators from Washington (state)
George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Military personnel from Seattle
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Shot-down aviators
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
United States Marine Corps pilots of World War II
United States Naval Aviators
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
Washington Huskies men's basketball players
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor |
4042697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco%20%28typeface%29 | Banco (typeface) | Banco is an inclined titling typeface. It was designed by Roger Excoffon for the Fonderie Olive foundry in 1951. Excoffon did not design a matching lower case alphabet for the capitals. This font is most famously used as the typeface for Thrasher Magazine.
See also
Samples of display typefaces
Display typefaces
Letterpress typefaces
Photocomposition typefaces
Digital typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1951
Typefaces designed by Roger Excoffon
Fonderie Olive typefaces |
4042706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan%20Health%20Lafayette%20Central | Franciscan Health Lafayette Central | Franciscan Health Lafayette Central, previously known as St. Elizabeth Central, is a 155-bed hospital in Lafayette, Indiana, United States, and part of the Franciscan Health hospital system. Previously known as the St. Elizabeth Medical Center, the hospital was renamed in 2009 during the construction of St. Elizabeth East. In the 1980s it was known as St. Elizabeth Hospital. It is home to the St. Elizabeth School of Nursing, the only hospital-based nursing school in the state of Indiana.
History
St. Elizabeth Central opened when six members of the Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration left their home in Germany in 1875 in order to care for the sick in Lafayette, Indiana. The hospital opened in 1876 and launched the St. Elizabeth School of Nursing in 1897.
In 1998, operation of Home Hospital and St. Elizabeth Hospital merged under an equal partnership known as Greater Lafayette Health Services (GLHS). Each hospital retained its long-established identity and traditions.
In 2003, the Sisters of St. Francis Health Services, Inc., founders and continuous owners of St. Elizabeth Hospital, became the sole owners of the non-profit corporation, its two hospitals and related patient care facilities.
GLHS was the corporate name used since 2003, but in 2007 GLHS was officially changed to St. Elizabeth Regional Health, and later to its new name, Franciscan St. Elizabeth Health.
Greater Lafayette Health Services announced in late 2005 a plan to close Home Hospital, and construct a new facility to replace them on the city's southeast side, with St. Elizabeth Medical Center remaining open for critical patient care. Work on the new facility commenced in late 2006, with occupation planned to occur in December 2009.
In June 2009, the hospital was renamed St. Elizabeth Central (formally Franciscan St. Elizabeth Health - Lafayette Central) as part of the expanded reuse plan for the facility. The St. Elizabeth Central name allows the community – including hospital employees, volunteers, physicians and physician office staff members – an opportunity to better identify each hospital campus location.
In September 2016, Franciscan Alliance adopted the new name Franciscan Health and renamed the hospital to Franciscan Health Lafayette Central.
Today, the Lafayette Central campus is home to the Healthy Living Center, Community Education, St. Elizabeth School of Nursing and more.
Chapel
The Roman Catholic chapel at St. Elizabeth's has Eucharistic Adoration, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Masses are held Monday through Friday at 7:00 AM, and at 9:00 AM on Saturdays, Sundays and Holy Days.
References
External links
Franciscan Health Lafayette Central
Franciscan Health
Hospitals in Indiana
Buildings and structures in Lafayette, Indiana |
4042710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%20on%20Film%20%28novel%29 | Girls on Film (novel) | Girls on Film is the second novel in the A-List series by Zoey Dean. It was published in April 2004 through the Poppy imprint at Little, Brown Books for Young Readers.
Plot summary
After rejecting Ben, Anna tries to focus on her studies at Beverly Hills High. She and Sam partner up on an English project to create a short film based on The Great Gatsby. They agree to film their project at V's, an exclusive spa and resort in the Ojai desert. Anna writes the screenplay, which impresses Sam and she begins to develop a crush on Anna, much to her confusion. At school, Adam asks Anna out on a date and she agrees, in hopes of getting over Ben, who continues to send grand romantic gestures.
Anna's older sister Susan arrives in Los Angeles and takes up residence at the Beverly Hills Hotel. Anna is concerned, especially since Susan claims to have checked out of rehab early but Susan brushes off her concerns. Susan meets Cammie, Dee, and Sam at the hotel and they all agree to join Sam and Anna at V's for the weekend.
Anna meets with her father's girlfriend, Margaret Cunningham, at her new entertainment agency that she co-founded with Clark Sheppard, Cammie's father. Anna accepts an after-school internship with Margaret and her first assignment is to escort a screenwriter to an upcoming industry party. When Margaret learns that Susan knows the screenwriter, she encourages Anna to bring Susan to the party as well.
Ben runs into Anna and Adam while they are on a date and he pretends his visiting cousin is also his date, which backfires. His cousin encourages Ben to go after Anna. Separately, Anna tells Sam and Susan that she only sees Adam as a friend and can't stop thinking about Ben. They encourage Anna to call Ben from the spa, which she does, but she immediately regrets it. Unbeknownst to Anna, Cammie also calls Ben and invites him to the spa but she is annoyed that he is only interested in seeing Anna.
At V's, Ben arrives and interrupts their filming. The group find themselves locked in a sauna and Susan encourages the group to admit their secrets to each other, namely that Dee is pregnant with Ben's baby. Sam reveals that Dee asked to borrow a tampon, proving the claim false. Anna calls the group out for being cruel to each other and she calls out Ben for being unable to be honest with her over the real reason he abandoned her on the boat.
Back in Los Angeles, Cammie convinces Susan to break her sobriety and she shows up drunk at the industry party, embarrassing herself and Anna. Sam, who had been filming the party, pretends that Susan's outburst is all part of the short film and helps Anna take Susan home. At Anna's house, Sam realizes she confused her crush with admiration of Anna and she encourages Anna to go on a getaway to clear her head from her family troubles. She secretly informs Ben where to find Anna.
Jonathan arrives and he and Susan have a big confrontation over her addiction. She admits that she was kicked out of rehab and she is angry with their father for successfully bribing an ex-boyfriend to stay away from her. Anna tells Sam and Jonathan to work out their problems instead of putting her in the middle. She heads to Santa Barbara where she runs into Ben. He admits the real reason he left her on the boat: his father is a compulsive gambler and threatened to kill himself after he got into heavy debt and Ben was embarrassed to admit his dysfunctional family to her. Anna forgives him and the two finally have sex.
Reviews
Girls on Film received mostly positive reviews. Of it, Kirkus wrote, "this guilty pleasure of a read again offers girls the fun of peeking through a chink in the gated walls of the rich, the beautiful, and the mean."School Library Journal criticized the plot, saying, "Though the issues and scenes are current, the book reads like fantasy as this much intrigue would wear out even the most devious, superficial girl-on-the-go" but noted that it was "[i]rresistible mind candy that teens will devour."
References
American young adult novels
2004 American novels |
4042720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost%20Paradise%20%28album%29 | Lost Paradise (album) | Lost Paradise is the debut album by British heavy metal band Paradise Lost. Released in February 1990 by Peaceville Records, it features the band's early death-doom style. The album was re-issued in 2003 and included three bonus tracks.
The tracks "Our Saviour" and "Frozen Illusion" were rerecorded in other Paradise Lost albums Tragic Illusion 25 and Medusa.
Track listing
Personnel
Paradise Lost
Nick Holmes – vocals
Gregor Mackintosh – lead guitar
Aaron Aedy – rhythm guitar
Stephen Edmondson – bass
Matthew Archer – drums
Production
Duncan Fegredo – cover art
Paul "Hammy" Halmshaw – producer
Pat Grogan – engineering
Porl Medlock – photography
Kay Field – female vocals
Credits
The album was recorded at The Academy in winter 1989. It was engineered by Pat Grogan and produced by Hammy. Female vocals on "Breeding Fear" were performed by Kay Field. Kay Field appears courtesy of Major Records. The song "Internal Torment II" also appears on the Peaceville Records compilation Vile Vibes.
All Songs composed by Holmes/Mackintosh and Published by Vile Music (Zomba Music Publishers Ltd.). The cover illustration was done by Duncan Fegredo of Exploding Head Designs in 1989. Photography was done by Porl A. Medlock.
References
Paradise Lost (band) albums
1990 debut albums
Peaceville Records albums |
5379346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanadhi%20%28film%29 | Mahanadhi (film) | Mahanadhi () is a 1994 Indian Tamil-language crime drama film directed by Santhana Bharathi and co-written by Kamal Haasan. The film stars Haasan and Sukanya, with S. N. Lakshmi, Tulasi, Shobana, Dinesh, Poornam Viswanathan, Rajesh and V. M. C. Haneefa in supporting roles. It revolves around a widower and his family going through many miseries due to the machinations of a con artist.
The idea for Mahanadhi originated when Haasan discovered his domestic help's plan to kidnap his daughters for a ransom. After he completed the story, novelist Ra. Ki. Rangarajan made inputs, and was subsequently credited as the dialogue writer. Cinematography was handled by newcomer M. S. Prabhu, and editing was handled by N. P. Sathish. It was the first film in India to make use of Avid Technology. The film deals with several issues such as corruption and child trafficking.
Mahanadhi was released in theatres on 14 January 1994, Pongal day, and was both critically and commercially successful. The film won two National Film Awards: Best Feature Film in Tamil and Best Audiography, and two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards: Special Prize (Best Film) and Best Stunt Coordinator (Vikram Dharma).
Plot
Krishnaswamy is a widower living with his mother-in-law Saraswathi Ammal, daughter Kaveri and son Bharani in a village near Kumbakonam. Dhanush, a con artist from Madras, lusts for Krishna's prosperity and asks him to join his chit fund business. Krishna is initially reluctant; however, when a rich friend from abroad visits his house, he too wants to be rich like them. Hence he agrees to Dhanush's proposal and arrives at Madras, unaware of Dhanush's tricks. When Dhanush swindles the chit fund money, Krishna is implicated and wrongfully convicted.
Krishna finds that even his future father-in-law Panjapakesan is also in jail for the same reason, whose daughter is Yamuna, a nurse. He advises Krishna not to be angry if the jailor is cruel, as he might be released sooner if he is submissive in the jail. During Krishna's tenure in jail, Yamuna takes care of his family. Due to unavoidable situations, his mother-in-law dies, and his children go missing. Krishna learns this after coming out from jail suffering unnecessary hardships.
Krishna finds his son with street artists and gets him back. He later learns that his daughter is in Calcutta, at a red-light district called Sonagachi. When Krishna was arrested, Kaveri had attained puberty, and three months later, Saraswathi became sick. Kaveri and Bharani go to Dhanush asking for financial help. Dhanush takes them to his higher boss, so that the virgin Kaveri could sleep with him to get money. Though the boss provides money to Dhanush for Saraswathi's treatment, he chases out Bharani with his dog and keeps the money for himself. It is implied that Kaveri is raped by the boss and is child trafficked, ending up in Sonagachi.
Krishna goes to Calcutta with his father-in-law and tracks down his daughter. Unable to bear the grief, he grabs her and tries to escape, while the pimps there beat him severely. The elder sex-workers/madam make a truce and insist that Krishna take Kaveri, while they would work extra hours to pay the pimps for the loss of Kaveri.
After returning from Calcutta, Krishna wants to start a new life with Yamuna, but his friend in the police, Muthusamy tells him that Dhanush has planned to jail Krishna further by plotting a murder case against him, he would be arrested the next day. Also, Krishna overhears his daughter blabbering in her sleep not to rape her. He is heartbroken due to the state of his children, so he decides to curb the root of all sin and grief against Dhanush, and goes to seek revenge.
Krishna learns that Dhanush is just a pawn in the big game of cheating. He not only kills Dhanush, but also Venkatachalam, the main person who was behind this game; at the cost of his left arm. Krishna is sentenced to 14 years of imprisonment and comes out a contented man, to see his daughter married to Muthusamy's son and having a child, and his son being a grown-up man. The whole family moves back to their native village.
Cast
Kamal Haasan as Krishnaswamy
Sukanya as Yamuna
S. N. Lakshmi as Saraswathi Ammal
Tulasi as Manju
Shobana as Kaveri (young)
Dinesh as Bharani
Poornam Viswanathan as Panjabikesan
Rajesh as Muthusamy
V. M. C. Haneefa as Dhanush
Mohan Natarajan as Venkatachalam
Vijay as Mannangkatti
Sivasankar as Thulukaanam
Sangita as Kaveri (older, uncredited)
Production
Development
According to Kamal Haasan, his domestic help plotted to kidnap his daughters for a ransom, but he discovered their plan. This incident laid the foundation for Mahanadhi. Haasan has stated that when he started to write the script, "the script wrote itself ....maybe assisted by my fear, apprehension and paranoia." He avoided publicising this fact for over twenty years. According to director Santhana Bharathi, when Haasan was asked to do a film for S. A. Rajkannu of Sree Amman Creations, he immediately involved Bharathi in the project and told him the story needed to be ready. Haasan and Bharathi went to Kodaikanal where they completed the story after much toiling. After the duo returned to Madras, novelist Ra. Ki. Rangarajan made further suggestions which were used; he was subsequently credited as the film's dialogue writer.
Haasan initially considered titling the film Meenda Sorgam (previously the title of a 1960 film), but ultimately desisted as it was found to be old-fashioned; Mahanadhi was later finalised as the team wanted a title related to rivers, with many of the characters being named after rivers. P. C. Sreeram was initially approached to be the cinematographer, but he declined and instead suggested his assistant M. S. Prabhu. The film was Prabhu's first as an independent cinematographer while the fight sequences were choreographed by Vikram Dharma. Haasan's then-wife Sarika designed the costumes and was also an audiographer, while editing was handled by N. P. Sathish. Cheran worked as an associate director, but left the project midway due to "creative differences" with Haasan.
Casting and filming
The film marked the acting debut of Shobana (who did not act in any other film since then), Dinesh and Sivasankar, who all got the film's title added to their names as a prefix. The makers wanted a girl who could sing well, and cast Shobana as Kaveri after discovering her at a school event. Sivasankar, who became known as "Mahanadhi" Shankar, was cast as the prison warden Thulukaanam as the makers wanted someone who could perform stunts as well as act. He was already a stuntman, and was recommended to Bharathi by Dharma. V. M. C. Haneefa readily agreed to act in the film as Dhanush when approached; he had previously been considered for an antagonistic role in Bharathi's Gunaa (1991). The sex workers in Sonagachi were not portrayed by real sex workers, but extras. The woman reuniting Krishnaswamy with his daughter was played by a bank officer then associated with the Tamil sangam theatre troupe.
Principal photography was to have begun in May 1993, but began only in September due to casting difficulties; Bharathi said the makers "had to reach for three boys belonging to different age groups and son resembling Kamal [Haasan] and three girls likewise to play Kamal's daughters". The prison scenes were shot on a set designed by art director G. K., and some of the vessels used for those scenes were borrowed from real prisons. The pre-interval scene where Krishnaswamy stands victoriously in prison as the saviour of people has been dubbed the "Jesus Christ" shot due to the way the light falls on Krishnaswamy. Mahanadhi was the first film in India to make use of Avid Technology, and was one of the first digitally edited films outside of the United States.
Themes
Mahanadhi deals with several issues such as corruption and child trafficking. Baradwaj Rangan said: "Mahanadhi is one of the saddest films ever made, grim north to Singin' in the Rain blithe south, but it has an extraordinary musical moment in 'Peygala nambaadhey', which Kamal Haasan's character sings, during a power cut, to his children who are scared of the dark". He described the song as "(a) a father's moral instruction to his children ("face your fears"), (b) a bit of levity, (c) a sweet stretch showcasing this family's dynamics, and (d) a hint that bad things can come at you from everywhere, whether from the television set (featuring terrifyingly distorted musical performers) or even a doting grandmother (who, jokingly, fashions herself into a demon goddess). That's where the film is headed, into a zone where nothing and no one can be trusted, and this song shapes these themes in a casually understated manner".
Poet Puviarasu stated: "Don't go after the mystic deer, was Kamal's message in the movie Mahanadhi [...] In the film, Krishna relocates to the city to earn more money, own a Benz and educate his daughter at Church Park Convent. And he faces the consequences of his actions." The film also symbolically references the Kaveri River water dispute, and many of the characters are named after major Indian rivers like Krishna (Krishnaswamy), Yamuna, Kaveri, Thamirabarani (Bharani) and Narmada (Krishnaswamy's late wife). Haasan has stated that the central message of Mahanadhi is that "urbanisation is not necessarily development". He also said the film was influenced by Les Misérables, an 1862 novel by Victor Hugo.
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja, and lyrics were written by Vaali. Shobana sang the song "Sri Ranga Ranganathanin", which is set in Hamsadhvani raga.
Release
Mahanadi was released in theatres on 14 January 1994, Pongal day. Despite clashing against other Pongal releases such as Sethupathi IPS, Amaidhi Padai, Rajakumaran, Veetla Visheshanga, Siragadikka Aasai and Sindhu Nathi Poo, it became a box office success. In September 2020, Rajesh, who played a supporting role in the film, told Nakkheeran that the successful box office run and profits made by Mahanadhi helped Rajkannu clear all his earlier debts and it was he who requested Haasan to make the film for Rajkannu. The film was screened at the International Film Festival Rotterdam six years after its release.
Reception
Malini Mannath of The Indian Express wrote, "Mahanadhi is a melancholic film with scenes that linger long after the film is over." K. Vijiyin of New Straits Times wrote, "This movie is quite long [...] and I was warned the story was a bit "slow" but I did not really feel the time passing. If you like Kamal, you will like Mahanadhi, which should earn another acting award for him". The Tamil magazine Ananda Vikatan wrote that it is surprising to see such a soft, intense and different film in Tamil, and also praised Haasan's acting, stating that one will forget Haasan and see only the character Krishnaswamy and empathise with him. R. P. R. of Kalki wrote that, despite the presence of many actors performing well, Haasan was able to outshine them.
Accolades
Legacy
Mahanadhi has often been cited as one of the saddest and most depressing films from Tamil cinema. Following the film's release, many people mimicked Poornam Viswanathan's style of dialogue delivery in the film. On the centenary of Indian cinema in April 2013, Forbes India included Haasan's performance in the film on its list, "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".
References
Bibliography
External links
1990s Tamil-language films
1994 crime drama films
1994 films
Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners
Films about human trafficking in India
Films about miscarriage of justice
Films about police brutality
Films about prostitution in India
Films directed by Santhana Bharathi
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
Films shot in Tiruchirappalli
Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award
Films with screenplays by Kamal Haasan
Indian crime drama films
Indian films about revenge |
5379349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panufnik | Panufnik | Panufnik is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Andrzej Panufnik (1914–1991), Polish composer and conductor
Roxanna Panufnik (born 1968), British composer, daughter of Andrzej
Polish-language surnames |
4042722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonde%20Ambition%20%28novel%29 | Blonde Ambition (novel) | Blonde Ambition is the third novel in the A-List series by Zoey Dean. It was published in September 2004.
Plot summary
Ben and Anna are now officially together but their reunion is interrupted when Jonathan, Anna's father, calls back Anna to bid farewell to her sister Susan, who has decided to enroll back into rehab. Anna. Anna considers their farewell to be intimate and is surprised when Ben tags along though she does not voice her displeasure.
Back at Apex, Margaret informs Anna that leaving an industry party to take a drunk Susan home was unacceptable and is about to fire her when Clark Sheppard intervenes. He takes Anna as his intern and assigns her to work on the new hit soap opera Hermosa Beach. Anna meets the young and charming co-executive producer Danny Bluestone and enjoys working on a TV set, despite the unfamiliar terms and erratic actors. Ben gets jealous of Anna spending time with Danny and the Percys' driver Django and Anna becomes concerned that Ben is neglecting his studies at Princeton. After a heart to heart, the two break up again and Ben reluctantly returns to Princeton.
Meanwhile, Cammie feels increasingly deserted by her friends: Dee is enamored with her new boyfriend Stevie while Sam seems to be showing interest in Adam Flood. To further her dismay, her step-mother announces that her daughter, Mia, will be moving in. Cammie initially hates Mia, a secretive fourteen-year-old Valley girl, but takes her out shopping in order to not feel alone. Cammie kisses Adam at a party in an attempt to punish Sam but is pleasantly surprised at their chemistry.
She follows Adam to a Beck concert and the two are invited to a rave afterwards. Cammie and Adam kiss again but are interrupted by Dee who nonchalantly mentions she invited Mia along with her as well. Cammie's protective instincts kick in and the three go find Mia at the party and take her home. Cammie reveals to Adam that even though she doesn't like Mia, Mia reminds her of how she acted after her mom died. Cammie mentions that she wishes that she had a big sister to keep her from making stupid choices. However, the next day, Cammie becomes frustrated at Mia's self-destructive attitude and decides she can't be Mia's rescuer.
Meanwhile, Adam tells Cammie that they should slow down their relationship because he still has feelings for Anna. Enraged, Cammie leaks sensitive information about Hermosa Beach to the press under Anna's name. Clark fires Anna and forbids anyone from work associating with her. Anna tries to explain to Danny her side of the story but he sadly tells her that he can't been seen with her or else he will lose his career.
Sam helps Anna realize the true culprit and their plot for revenge comes to fruition at Cammie's 18th birthday party, where Cammie's credit and debit cards are publicly declined by the party planner and her BMW is towed. At home, Clark reveals that he knows Cammie was the true leak, thanks to Mia who collaborated with Sam and Anna to clear Anna's name.
In the morning, Adam shows up to comfort Cammie and the two go on a quiet date to the park while Clark half-heartedly apologizes to Anna for the mistake and offers her job back. Anna politely declines and then surprises Danny at his office. He leaves work early for her and the two go on a date.
2004 American novels
American young adult novels
Little, Brown and Company books |
5379350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easby%2C%20Richmondshire | Easby, Richmondshire | Easby is a hamlet and civil parish in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated near Richmond on the banks of the River Swale, approximately north west from the county town of Northallerton. The population taken by ONS was less than 100. Population information is included in the parish of Hudswell.
History
The hamlet is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Asebi, whose lands belonged to Count Alan of Brittany. He had granted the lordship of the manor to Thor at the time of the Norman Conquest, but it had passed to Enisant Mussard, Constable of Richmond Castle, by 1086. There were seven households and five ploughlands at a taxable value of six geld units. The manor passed from Enisant to Roald de Richmond and then to descent of the lords of Constable Burton. The lands were held as demesne lordships by the Marmion and Fitz Hugh families into the 12th century, but eventually they were granted to the nearby Abbey who held them until the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The Crown then granted the manor in 1537 to John, Lord Scrope of Bolton. Edward VI granted the manor to Edmund Boughtell upon his accession to the Crown, but this was reverted in 1557 to Ralph Gower. By 1579 though the manor was back in the possession of the Scrope family. It remained with them until sold to Bartholomew Burton in 1726 who also sold it onto the Rev William Smith of Melsonby who built Easby Hall. His heirs sold it to Robert Knowsley in 1786 who quickly sold it to Cuthbert Johnson. It eventually came into the possession of the Jaques family by 1816.
The etymology of the name is derived from an Old Norse personal name, Esi and the suffix -by to mean Esi's farm.
Geography and governance
The hamlet is a collection of dispersed dwellings on the banks of the River Swale approximately south east of Richmond south of the B6271 road. The hamlet lies within the Richmond (Yorks) UK Parliament constituency. It also lies within the Catterick Bridge electoral division of the North Yorkshire County Council and the Brompton-on-Swale and Scorton ward of Richmondshire District Council.
Demography
The 2001 UK Census includes the parish of Easby into the larger area of Brompton-on-Swale. The 2011 Census showed the population as 197 for the Parish alone.
Religion
The Church of St Agatha was built at the beginning of the 12th century and underwent restoration work in 1869. Like the Abbey ruins and the gatehouse, it is also a Grade I listed building.
Notable buildings
Easby Abbey, which is in ruins, was one of many dissolved by Henry VIII as part of the reformation. The important Anglo-Saxon stone Easby Cross of 800-820 is currently in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, but the church, from whose walls three of the four fragments were recovered in 1931, displays a plaster cast. The ruins are a Grade I listed building as is the Abbey Gatehouse.
Notable residents
Rev William Smith (1653-1735), antiquarian and master of the jewel house in the reign of Charles I, was born in the hamlet. He was a graduate of University College, Oxford.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire |
4042727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monardella | Monardella | Monardella is a genus of approximately 40 species of annual and perennial plants native to western North America from British Columbia to northwestern Mexico. They are grown for their highly aromatic foliage, which in some species is used for herbal teas. The two-lipped, tubular flowers are formed in terminal clusters and are most usually red, pink, or purple.
Monardella is a taxonomic patronym honoring the Spanish botanist Nicolás Monardes. Plants in this genus are commonly known as wildmints, coyote mints or monardellas.
Systematics
The genus comprises the following species.
Monardella antonina Hardham - California
Monardella arizonica Epling - Arizona
Monardella australis Abrams - southern California
Monardella beneolens Shevock, Ertter & Jokerst - southern California
Monardella boydii A.C.Sanders & Elvin - southern California
Monardella breweri A.Gray - California, Nevada, Arizona, Baja California
Monardella candicans Benth. - San Joaquín Valley of California
Monardella douglasii Benth. - San Francisco Bay area of California
Monardella eplingii Elvin et al. - Arizona
Monardella eremicola A.C.Sanders & Elvin - southern California
Monardella exilis (A.Gray) Greene - southern California, Arizona
Monardella follettii (Jeps.) Jokerst - northern Sierra Nevada in California
Monardella frutescens (Hoover) Jokerst - California
Monardella hypoleuca A.Gray - southern California, Baja California
Monardella lagunensis M.E.Jones - Baja California Sur
Monardella lanceolata A.Gray - California
†Monardella leucocephala A.Gray - Merced & Stanislaus counties in California but believed to be extinct
Monardella linoides A.Gray - California, Arizona, Nevada, Baja California
Monardella macrantha A.Gray - California, Baja California
Monardella mojavensis Elvin & A.C.Sanders - Mohave Desert of southeastern California & southern Nevada
Monardella nana A.Gray - California, Baja California
Monardella odoratissima Benth. - mountain wildmint, mountain coyote mint or mountain pennyroyal - much of western North America from British Columbia south to southern California & New Mexico
Monardella palmeri A.Gray - Santa Lucia Mountains of west-central California
†Monardella pringlei A.Gray - Mohave Desert of southeastern California but believed to be extinct
Monardella purpurea Howell - Oregon, California
Monardella robisonii Epling ex Munz - Mohave Desert of southeastern California
Monardella saxicola I.M.Johnst. - southeastern California
Monardella sheltonii Torr. ex Durand - Oregon, California
Monardella sinuata Elvin & A.C.Sanders - coastal central California
Monardella siskiyouensis Hardham - northern California
Monardella stebbinsii Hardham & Bartel - Plumas County in northern California
Monardella stoneana Elvin & A.C.Sanders - San Diego County in California, Baja California
Monardella × subglabra (Hoover) Hardham - California (M. purpurea × M. villosa)
Monardella thymifolia Greene - Cedros Island in Baja California
Monardella undulata Benth. - coastal central California
Monardella venosa (Torr.) A.C.Sanders & Elvin - central California
Monardella villosa Benth. - (common) coyote mint - Oregon, California
Monardella viminea Greene - San Diego County in southern California
Monardella viridis Jeps. - northern San Francisco Bay area of California (Sonoma, Napa, Solano, & Lake Counties)
Horticulture and ecology
Most like a sunny, sharply drained site and can be attractive in a rock garden or pot in the alpine house if smaller species are selected. The taller ones can be used at the front of a dry sunny border. They have reasonable frost resistance, but resent dampness in winter. Propagate from seed or summer cuttings of perennial species, or by division of clumps.
Monardella is a nectar plant for many Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), including the endangered Myrtle's silverspot (Speyeria zerene myrtleae).
Several species are rare California endemics; two, the Merced monardella (M. leucocephala) and Pringle's monardella (M. pringlei), have not been seen in many decades and are presumed extinct.
Notes
References
External links
USDA Plants Profile: Monardella
Calflora Database: Monardella
Lamiaceae genera
Flora of North America
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
5379351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Anderson%20%28political%20strategist%29 | Rick Anderson (political strategist) | Rick Anderson is a Canadian political strategist, public affairs commentator and businessman.
Life and career
Anderson, a native of Montreal and Valleyfield, Quebec, was initially drawn to the Liberal Party of Pierre Elliott Trudeau. His first campaign experience was in the 1974 federal election, working in Ottawa West for Lloyd Francis, the Liberal candidate and past MP who won re-election that year. As a young Liberal, Anderson subsequently worked at the national headquarters of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1974–1976, during the tenure of Senator Gil Molgat as party president and Blair Williams as National Director. In 1976 Anderson moved to Parliament Hill as a special assistant to cabinet minister Judd Buchanan of London West, and then worked on Prime Minister Trudeau's election tour in the 1979 election. Anderson remained actively involved in the Liberal Party on a volunteer basis throughout the 1980s, assisting in several campaigns including those of Ontario Liberal leader Stuart Smith and Ontario Premier David Peterson.
Anderson served as campaign manager for the 1984 Liberal leadership campaign of Don Johnston, assisted with Prime Minister John Turner's 1984 campaign, and supported Paul Martin in the Liberal Party's 1990 leadership election.
With the Liberals' 1990 selection of Jean Chrétien as leader, Anderson moved away from the Liberal Party, and within a couple of years became heavily involved with the newly emerging Reform Party of Canada.
Although by then a Reform supporter, Anderson did not share the party's deep opposition to the constitutional reforms known as the Charlottetown Accord. Instead, during the 1992 referendum he campaigned on behalf of the unusuccesful Yes side, working with Tom d'Acquino and business leaders in what was then known as the BCNI.
Under Reform leader Preston Manning, Anderson directed Reform's national campaigns in the 1993 election and in the 1997 election, as the party grew from a single seat in Parliament to Official Opposition. In the 1993 campaign, he worked very closely with party chairman and later campaign chairman Cliff Fryers, with key early MPs such as Diane Ablonczy, Deb Grey, Chuck Strahl, Monte Solberg, Jay Hill, Elwin Hermanson and with key party executives such as Gordon Shaw, Neil Weir, Virgil Anderson and Glenn McMurray. Despite early differences in approach with key players such as Tom Flanagan (who left the party headquarters staff) and Stephen Harper (who left Parliament in early 1997), by the 1997 campaign the core campaign team had expanded to include veteran MP John Reynolds, pollster Andre Turcotte, advertising executive Bryan Thomas, Jim Armour, Phil von Finckenstein, Kory Teneycke, Stephen Greene, Darrel Reid, Morten Paulsen, Lisa Samson, Ian Todd, Ellen Todd, Paul Wilson, Nathalie Stirling, Nancy Brancombe, and a number of other bright young staff and candidates who continued on to become key players in subsequent campaigns and in today's Conservative government.
Between the 1993 and 1997 campaigns, Anderson acted as a Reform ambassador to provincial governments and to the business community, working to thaw historically-chilly relations with the new party. Early relationships forged with Ontario Conservative leader Mike Harris and key lieutenants Tony Clement and Tom Long assisted Harris's election as Ontario Premier and laid the groundwork for future collaboration. Improved relations were also established with key figures in the campaign teams of Alberta Premier Ralph Klein and future BC Premier Gordon Campbell.
Following the 1997 election, from 1998 to 2000 Anderson was a leader in the Reform Party's United Alternative campaign to "unite the right". Other key Reformers who were involved in that campaign included Cliff Fryers, Deb Grey, John Reynolds, Jason Kenney, Nancy Branscombe and Ken Kalopsis. Key Conservatives included Peter White, Tony Clement, Tom Long, Thompson MacDonald, Rod Love, Michael Fortier, Don Morgan, Bob Dechert, John Capobianco and Sandra Buckler. Alberta Premier Ralph Klein and Ontario Premier Mike Harris were quiet but key backers of the reconciliation initiative.
After the morphing of Reform into its new incarnation as the Canadian Alliance in 2000, and following the new party's disappointing 2000 election results, Anderson and newly elected leader Stockwell Day were publicly critical of one another, with Anderson leaving the new party's executive, the party fracturing, and Day eventually resigning. Stephen Harper succeeded Day, reunited the Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party into today's Conservative Party, and went on to become Prime Minister in the 2006 federal election.
Anderson has been a member of the board of the Manning Centre for Building Democracy. He is a supporter of democratic reform, including Senate reform and more proportional representation. Since 2003, he has served on the board of directors and advisory board of Fair Vote Canada. In 2007, he was campaign chair of the YES side in Ontario's provincial referendum on MMP, which had been recommended by the Ontario Citizens Assembly on Electoral Reform.
Professionally, Anderson served as an executive with Hill & Knowlton and predecessor companies from 1980 to 1995, in Ottawa and Toronto, Canada; London, England; and Washington, DC. He left H&K in 1995 to launch his own consulting practice, ASCI Anderson Strategic Consulting Inc. From 2004 to 2008, Anderson served as president and CEO of Zip.ca, a Canadian online DVD rental company. Anderson is currently EVP of Interborder Holdings Ltd, parent of Walton International in Calgary, Alberta.
Since 1993, Anderson has been a frequent commentator on national affairs, including with CTV's Canada AM, CBC Radio's As It Happens, CBC TV's Newsworld, the Toronto Star, Edmonton Journal, Ottawa Citizen and CBC's The National. During the 2006 Canadian federal election campaign, CBC's The National had a recurring feature throughout the campaign entitled "Campaign Confidential", in which an unidentified "former campaigner", who was actually Anderson, provided detailed written analyses of the campaign which were then read by an actor on television. The identity of Anderson as the analyst was revealed on-air by Peter Mansbridge on January 24, 2006, the day after the election.
For the 2008 election campaign, Anderson was on CBC's The National along with David Herle, as one of "The Insiders" commenting on-air and on the CBC's website regarding the unfolding campaign.
Anderson currently provides political commentary on CBC Newsworld's Politics broadcast, hosted by Don Newman, and authors a blog for The Globe and Mail.
References
External links
Globe and Mail Blog
CBC National The Insiders, CBC, September–October 2008
Ask a political strategist, CBC.ca, September 15, 2008
CBC Newsworld video interview on MMP referendum, CBC Newsworld, Sept 13, 2007
Campaign Confidential website, CBC News, January 24, 2006
FFWD Viewpoint, Hamish MacAulay, May 31, 2001
Anderson suspended from Canadian Alliance executive, CBC May 2001
The Canadian General Election of 2000, Chris Dornan et al.
Profile on Anderson, EYE magazine, December 10, 1998
"Manning's United Alternative" Maclean's, November 23, 1998
An Election to be Remembered: Canada 1993, Alan C. Cairns
Zip Entrepreneurs buy the Rapidz
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian campaign managers |
4042728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Believe%20in%20Nothing | Believe in Nothing | Believe in Nothing is the eighth studio album by British metal band Paradise Lost, released on 26 February 2001.
Release
The release for the album was postponed with the first release date being 18 September 2000, before settling to its current date. The band released commented on the reason for the delay stating:
Style, artwork, and reception
It is one of the last albums in the much lighter sound which characterised the band's sound since One Second and that may have been contributed when composer Gregor Mackintosh stated that "doesn't really exist for him", as it was an album in which the band was out of creative control; the album went under strict instructions from the label. Mackintosh has also said that he feels some songs, such as "World Pretending", deserved a better sound and production.
There was more negativity of the album when the band's vocalist Nick Holmes was asked by fans of a Q&A session about in general how does the band choose who does the album artwork, Holmes stated "Don't ask me about the BIN cover, I think we (the band) had our drinks spiked that day!"
In 2007, Holmes elaborated:
In 2018, Holmes stated, regarding the remixed version of the album:
Track listing
2002 reissue
Japanese edition
Koch Records reissue
2018 remaster
Singles
A song called "Leave This Alone", recorded during the album's studio sessions, did not end up being on the album or the reissues. Instead, it was released on the "Fader" single. The song "Mouth" was remixed and ended up on the "Mouth" single. Both singles have music videos.
Personnel
Paradise Lost
Nick Holmes - vocals and lyrics
Gregor Mackintosh - lead guitar, keyboards, programming, string arrangements, and all music
Aaron Aedy - rhythm guitar
Steve Edmondson - bass
Lee Morris - drums and backing vocals
Additional musicians on tracks 3, 7, 9 and "Gone"
Sally Herbert - violin, strings
Jacqueline Norrie - violin
Claire Orsler - viola
Clare Finnimore - viola
Sophie Harris - cello
Dinah Beamish - cello
Production
John Fryer - engineering, programming
Gerhard "Anyway" Wölfle - mixing
Michael Schwabe - mastering
Charts
References
2001 albums
Albums produced by John Fryer (producer)
EMI Records albums |
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