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5378117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession%20to%20the%20Tongan%20throne | Succession to the Tongan throne | The order of succession to the throne of Tonga is laid down in the 1875 constitution. The crown descends according to male-preference cognatic primogeniture. Only legitimate descendants through legitimate line of King George Tupou I's son and grandson, Crown Prince Tēvita ʻUnga and Prince ʻUelingatoni Ngū, are entitled to succeed. A person loses their right of succession and deprives their descendants of their right of succession if he or she marries without the monarch's permission.
Line of succession
The current line of succession is as follows:
King Tupou IV (1918–2006)
Prince Fatafehi 'Alaivahamama'o Tuku'aho (1954–2004), removed from the line of succession in 1980 after marrying a commoner
Prince Tungi (b. 1990)
Salote Maumautaimi Haim Hadessah Ber Yardena ‘Alanuanua Tuku’aho (b. 1991)
Fatafehi Sione Ikamafana Ta’anekinga ‘o Tonga Tuku'aho (b. 1994)
‘Etani Ha’amea Tupoulahi Tu’uakitau Ui Tu’alangi Tuku’aho (b. 1995)
King Tupou VI (born 1959)
(1) The Crown Prince, Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala (b. 1985)
(2) Prince Taufaʻahau Manumataongo (b. 2013)
(3) Princess Halaevalu Mataʻaho (b. 2014)
(4) Princess Nanasipau’u Eliana (b. 2018)
(5) Princess Salote Mafile'o Pilolevu (b. 2021)
(6) The Prince Ata (b. 1988)
(7) Princess Angelika Lātūfuipeka Tukuʻaho (b. 1983)
(8) Princess Salote Mafile'o Pilolevu Tuita, Lady Tuita (b. 1951)
(9) Sālote Lupepau'u Salamasina Purea Vahine Arii 'Oe Hau Tuita (b. 1977)
(10) Phaedra Anaseini Tupouveihola Ikaleti Olo-'i-Fangatapu Fusituʻa (b. 2003)
(11) Titilupe Fanetupouvava'u Tuita Tu'ivakano (b. 1978)
(12) Simon Tu'iha'atu'unga George Ma'ulupekotofa Tu'ivakano (b. 2011)
(13) Michaela Tu'ivakano (b. 2012)
(14) Fatafehi Tu'ivakano (b. 2013)
(15) Frederica Lupe'uluiva Fatafehi 'o Lapaha Tuita Filipe (b. 1983)
(16) Latu'alaifotu'aika Fahina e Paepae Tian Tian Filipe (b. 2014)
(17) Lupeolo Halaevalu Moheofo Virginia Rose Tuita (b. 1986)
References
Tonga
Tongan monarchs
Line of succession |
5378127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolomna%20Municipal%20Okrug | Kolomna Municipal Okrug | Kolomna Municipal Okrug () is a municipal okrug of Admiralteysky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. Population:
History
Scope
It borders the Neva River, New Admiralty Canal, and the Moyka River in the northwest, the Fontanka River in the south, and Kryukov Canal in the east.
Origin
The settlement areas of future Kolomna (the name is believed to have originated from Russified names of survey pillars - columns) was carried out after the fires in 1736 and 1737 devastated the Maritime and Admiralty settlement.
Resettlement of people from these settlements gave rise to another version of the name. Perhaps, in the reign of Anna Ioannovna the formation of the names could influence the German language, in translation, from which the settler were called colonists, and the place they inhabited - a colony that Russian remade in its own way - Kolomna.
Occupation
The first inhabitants of Kolomna were mariners - artisans, pilots. Later there settled merchants, soldiers, tradesmen and, with few exceptions-poor gentry. The number of inhabitants in Kolomna continuously increased. In the middle of the 19th century, there lived about 50 thousand people in the mid-1890s - more than 70 thousand, and the census of 1910 indicates the number of inhabitants of Kolomna - more than 85 thousand.
Notable residents
On the waterfront of Kryukov Canal there is a two-storey house #23. This house belonged to Dmitri Ivanovich Khvostov, the nephew of the great Russian military commander Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. Alexander V. settled in this house. May 17 Suvorov died in this house. At home, where he died in 1950, found a marble slab with a bas-relief of Suvorov and text: "In this house 6 May 1800 died the great Russian military leader Generalissimo Alexander Suvorov.
Pushkin lived in Kolomna for three years in a house number 185, until he was exiled in 1820. In 1830 he wrote a poem "Domik v Kolomne" (in Cyrillic "Домик в Коломне"; known in English as "The Little House at Kolomna"). In the same house lived the brilliant architect Carlo Rossi, who died there in 1849.
At Shopping street, in the fall of 1824 lived Alexander Griboyedov.
Architecture
Typical buildings
The typical house of the Old Kolomna would be a moderate wooden house with a carved ridge under the roof and wood carvings under the windows, the perron with steps and the stairs with two flight of steps leading to the second floor.
Well-known buildings
Garden Street
Turgenev Square
English Embankment
the Saint Petersburg Synagogue
New Holland
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20100221033206/http://mihgri.by.ru/Kolomna.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20070520070628/http://www.encspb.ru/article.php?kod=2803999803
https://web.archive.org/web/20120301205921/http://www.peterlife.ru/travel/saint-petersburg/petersburg-0901.html
Admiralteysky District, Saint Petersburg
Historical areas of Saint Petersburg |
4042148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know-Nothing%20Riots%20of%201856 | Know-Nothing Riots of 1856 | The Know-Nothing Riots of 1856 occurred in Baltimore between September and November of that year. The Know-Nothing Party gained traction in Baltimore as native-born residents disliked the growing immigrant population. Local street gangs became divided on political grounds, with the Know-Nothing affiliated gangs clashing with Democrat affiliated gangs. The partisans were involved in widespread violence at the polls and across Baltimore during municipal and national elections that year.
The Know Nothing Party platform
The Know-Nothing Party originated in New York in 1844, when the American Republican Party officially split from the American Whig Party. The Know-Nothing Party's central policies were nativist, or hostile to immigrants. Nativists feared that the immigrants would use their voting power to elect unsuitable politicians, given the generalization that immigrants were aligned with radical political groups and typically worked in low paying jobs. Know-Nothing policies were highly anti-Catholic, as Know-Nothings feared that Catholics were more loyal to the church than the government. Irish Catholics were the main targets of nativist discrimination in the nineteenth century.
Origins of the Know-Nothing Party in Baltimore, Maryland
The Know-Nothing Party gained traction in Baltimore as the population of immigrants grew during the 1850s, and immigrants competed with native-born Americans for jobs. In 1850, twenty percent of Baltimore's population were immigrants, and by 1854, immigrants made up about 1/4 of the total population. Historian Jean H. Baker argues that sixty percent of the state population were Methodists who often associated Catholicism with stereotypes of immoral behavior among immigrants,.
The Party's first meeting in Baltimore took place August 18, 1853 with about 5,000 in attendance. The party's central policies called for secularization of public schools, complete separation of church and state, freedom of speech, and regulating immigration. The first Know-Nothing candidate elected into office in Baltimore was Mayor Samuel Hinks in 1855.
Geography of politics in Maryland
In the 1850s, ethnic groups often separated themselves into "territories" that neither native born or immigrants dared to cross. The Lexington Market area was predominantly Democratic while Know-Nothings generally lived in the Federal Hill area in Baltimore By 1857 Know-Nothings dominated cities in eastern and western Maryland. The cities of St. Michaels and St. Fredericks, with larger immigrant populations, were heavily Know-Nothing, showing hostility between native-born and immigrants that lived in the same place. Predominantly Democrat areas were higher in Catholic and immigrant populations, such as Leonardtown.
Violence in Baltimore
The formation of Baltimore street gangs
Baltimore street gangs formed in the early 19th century but became more formally organized around the 1830s. The New Market Fire Company became notorious in Baltimore, often feuding with the gang called the Rip Raps. Street gangs in Baltimore developed connections with politicians from opposing political parties in the 1830s. The founding members of the Plug Uglies street gang were strongly nativist.
General violence
Baltimore was given the nickname "Mob-Town" because of a longer history of rioting and a poorly staffed police force that did little to stop the violence. Historian Jean H. Baker argues that violence regularly broke out in Baltimore on days when men did not have to work, and riots were very likely to break out during weekend activities such sporting events and festivals. Historian David Grimsted argues that there was at least one large riot yearly between local fire companies in Baltimore 1856-1861, and the tolerance for this violence by political figures was "but a step to the election riots that disgraced Baltimore."
Election violence
Violence on election days was especially common in nineteenth century Baltimore, as polling places were located in predominantly native-born districts, so immigrants travelling to these polling places were often targeted by nativist rivals. Historian Jean H. Baker argues that both Democrats and Know-Nothings in Baltimore used "press, pamphlet, and political speech," to promote violence in the name of political gains.
1856 Election riots
September 12th riot
September 12, 1856, on the celebration of Baltimore's founding, local Know-Nothing associated gangs the Blood Tubs, the Wampanoags, and the Rip Raps raided a tavern and fired shots. Two people were killed, and around twenty were injured. This riot solidified Baltimore's reputation of lawlessness in nationwide newspaper coverage.
Municipal election riot on October 8th
The days leading up to the municipal election on October 8, were already marked by violence between the Democrats and Know-Nothings. A riot ensued on October 5, 1856, when Democrats tore down a Know-Nothing flag. The Democrats, trying to ward off the Know-Nothings, took cover in a nearby home and had a cannon. Police interfered, arresting several Democrats.
The next day, October 6, 1856, a shootout ensued after Know-Nothings provoked Democrats on Baltimore Street. Know-Nothings also sacked a tavern owned by Democrat Sam McElwee in the Centre Market area. Know-Nothings were about to raid the Democrat "Empire House" but were apprehended by police. Know-Nothings fled from the police towards Jones' Falls, ending in a fifteen minute shootout on Holliday Street between the rival parties.
Election day October 8, 1856 was marked with violence in twenty city wards in Baltimore. Democrats incited a riot in the eighth ward, nicknamed "The Irish Eighth," when Democrats tried to drive Know-Nothings out of the eighth ward's polls, and a shootout occurred on Monument Street. 3 Democrats were killed. The same day another riot took place when Know-Nothing affiliated Rip Raps plundered the Democratic New Market Fire Company firehouse in the Lexington Market Area. 2 Know-Nothings died in the crossfire. Historian Tracy Matthew Melton argues that the widespread riots of the day signified the deadliest outburst of violence in Baltimore history at that point.
The partisans involved were overwhelmingly well-known fighting men with deep connections to the street violence of the fire companies. During the fighting at Lexington Market, Rip Raps specifically targeted the tavern owned by Petty Naff, the New Market's most notorious rowdy. Petty Naff was a target for Know-Nothing rivals as he led the New Market Fire Company. Naff was notorious in Baltimore for his history of conflict with the police, involvement in riots, assault charges, and his alleged connection to the murder of two men.
National and state election riot November 4th
National and state elections took place on November 4, 1856. Mayor Swann ordered the Maryland Light Division of Infantry to be on standby, but it was never put to action during the violence of that day, and Swann refused Governor Ligon's offering of military reinforcement. Tensions over whether or not the results of the election would be fairly polled resulted in election violence. In Baltimore's 6th ward, a mob fired a cannon at police. In the 2nd ward, Know-Nothings were thrown out of polling stations by Democrats, but Democrats were eventually curbed by Know-Nothings from the 4th ward who provided back-up. 67 people were injured and 17 died in the events of the riot. Know-Nothing Candidate for President Millard Fillmore was victorious in Baltimore, receiving 16,900 votes. Maryland was the only state in which Fillmore won votes in the electoral college.
Response and continued violence
Government response
In the aftermath of the 1856 election riots, charges were pressed against only two men involved. Charges were dropped against one man and the other man was acquitted. Historian Tracy Matthew Melton argues that local street gangs' affiliation with the Know-Nothing or the Democratic parties allowed them to commit acts of violence without consequences.
On December 1st, 1856, a bill was presented to the City Council that would strengthen the police force. The new force, led a Marshal, would consist of 397 men of the Mayor's choosing. All officers were to be given a fixed pay, a baton, a gun, and an official uniform. Baltimore would be separated into districts where police would surveil the streets at all times. The bill was approved by Mayor Swann on January 1, 1857 and went into effect March 1, 1857.
In the city elections of 1857, officials hoped to better prepare to control instances of election violence. Governor Thomas Ligon ordered George H. Steuart's militia of over 3,000 men because he felt that local authorities did not adequately respond to violence. Ligon was met with criticism by Mayor Swann, who argued that it was unconstitutional for the governor to order a militia without seeking permission first. Local officials ruled that Ligon did not have legal grounds to call a militia and did not provide enough evidence to support the need for one. Mayor Swann instead ordered 200 special policeman to support the existing force on election day. Additionally, Mayor Swann reinforced the existing police force, adding 105 men. The strengthened police force proved to be ineffective, as policemen did little to interfere during outbreaks of violence during election. To prevent violence at the polls, the city wards were redrawn and the number of polling stations increased, but the two parties would freely relocate the polls themselves. The Democratic Party in Baltimore asked voters to submit evidence of voter suppression by Know-Nothings.
Continued violence
Election violence and fraud in Baltimore continued in the following years despite efforts to stop it. In the 1857 gubernatorial election, riots were not as common but voter suppression was employed by Know-Nothings. Know-Nothings would beat anyone who was not voting on a Know-Nothing Ballot, marked by a red stripe. Know-Nothing candidate Thomas Holliday Hicks was elected governor, and assured that he would "Never call on a militia the night before an election," like Governor Ligon did.
See also
1856 United States presidential election
Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
Baltimore riot of 1861
Samuel Hinks
Know-Nothing Party
Know-Nothing Riot
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
Presidential Election of 1856
Thomas Swann
Notes
References
1856 in Maryland
1856 riots
1856 in the United States
Riot of 1856
Political riots in the United States
Riots and civil disorder in Baltimore |
5378130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac%20Wellman | Mac Wellman | Mac Wellman, born John McDowell Wellman on March 7, 1945 in Cleveland, Ohio, is an American playwright, author, and poet. He is best known for his experimental work in the theater which rebels against theatrical conventions, often abandoning such traditional elements as plot and character altogether. In 1990, he received an Obie Award for Best New American Play (for Bad Penny, Terminal Hip, and Crowbar). In 1991, he received another Obie Award for Sincerity Forever. He has received a Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Writers Award, and the 2003 Obie Award for Lifetime Achievement, as well as the Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists award (2003).
Personal development
In 1967 Wellman earned a baccalaureat International Relations at the American University, marrying his first wife, Nancy Roesch, the same year. Moving to the University of Wisconsin, he earned a master's degree in English focusing on poetry. After teaching several years, he sought professional renewal by touring Europe. In The Netherlands, Wellman began a collaboration with Annemarie Prins, a Dutch theatrical director/producer whom he had first met during his junior year in college, creating radio plays. In 1975 they directed a stage production, Fama Combinatoria, at Theatre de Brakke Grand in Amsterdam.
During the late seventies Wellman moved to New York City and married a Dutch journalist, Yolanda Gerritsen. Wellman continued writing poetry and plays, and in 1977 published a collection of poetry, In Praise of Secrecy, while in 1979 his play, Starluster was produced in New York.
Writings
Wellman's plays frequently resemble a moving collage of events which has more in common with an avant-garde dance production than Broadway-style theater. Wellman has stated, "More and more I think all theater is site-specific. When plays work, they work in the space." Helen Shaw wrote, "Since a 1984 essay, 'The Theatre of Good Intentions', [Wellman] has been the cynosure in a heaven full of experimental playwrights who rail against what Jonathan Lear, in his book Open Minded, called a 'tyranny' of 'the already known'."
Discussing his style with BOMB Magazine, Wellman said that he uses words as objects in his writing. "I found if you try to write totally in cliches and things that don't sound right," Wellman clarified, "you deal with a language that frankly is 98% of what people speak, think, and hear. So it's enormously enjoyable." This type of language has been positively characterized as "an untrammeled flow of logorrhea: plain words, fancy words, space-age words, Victorian words and words that defy the dictionary" by The New York Times reviewer Ben Brantley. In terms of production, Wellman experiments with stage direction. Some directions are spoken and others are not, blurring the line between action and direction. Wellman notes, "That's something I'm really interested in. I like it when people talk about what's going on in a play. Sometimes it's more interesting than trying to enact everything."
Professional credits
Wellman is the I. Fine Professor of Play Writing at Brooklyn College, New York City, and in 2010 he became a CUNY Distinguished Professor. Wellman is author of more than forty plays, including:
Harm's Way (1978)
The Self-Begotten (1982)
The Bad Infinity (1983)
Terminal Hip (1984)
Dracula (1987)
Whirligig (1988)
Crowbar (1989)
7 Blowjobs (1991)
Murder of Crows (1992)
Second-Hand Smoke (1997)
Description Beggared or the Allegory of WHITENESS (2000)
Jennie Richee (2001)
In addition to several collaborations with composer/percussionist David Van Tieghem in the 1990s, he collaborated with Bang on a Can composer David Lang in 2006 on the opera The Difficulty of Crossing a Field, adapted from a very short story by Ambrose Bierce. He has received grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, New York Foundation for the Arts, the Rockefeller Foundation, the McKnight Foundation and a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1990, he received an Obie Award for Best New American Play (for Bad Penny, Terminal Hip, and Crowbar). In 1991, he received another Obie Award for Sincerity Forever. He has received a Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Writers Award, and most recently the 2003 Obie Award for Lifetime Achievement, as well as the Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists award (2003). He is a co-founder of The Flea Theater in New York City.
Bibliography
Munk, Erika. "The Difficulty of Defending a Form: David Lang and Mac Wellman, Interviewed by Erika Munk." Theater 32.2 (Summer 2002), 56-61.
Shaw, Helen. "Mac Wellman and Things of the Devil." The Difficulty of Crossing a Field. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008. vii-xii.
Simpson, Jim, artistic dir. Mac Wellman, co-founder. The Flea Theater.
Wellman, Mac. "A Chrestomathy of 22 Answers to 22 Wholly Unaskable and Unrelated Questions Concerning Political and Poetic Theater." Cellophane: Plays by Mac Wellman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. 1-16.
Speculations: An Essay on the Theater. January 20, 2009.
Speculations: An Essay on the Theater (abridged version). The Difficulty of Crossing a Field. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008. 293-342.
The Bad Infinity: Eight Plays by Mac Wellman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.
The Difficulty of Crossing a Field: Nine New Plays. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.
"The Theatre of Good Intentions." Performing Arts Journal 8.3 (1984), 59-70.
See also
Speculations: An Essay on the Theater
The Flea Theater
Performance art
Performing Garage
Elizabeth LeCompte
The Wooster Group
Ontological-Hysteric Theater
Richard Foreman
Richard Schechner
Happenings
Allan Kaprow
Fluxus
Intermedia
Dick Higgins
Marina Abramović
Experimental theatre
Avant-garde
References
External links
MacWellman.com – Official website
The Flea Theater
Mac Wellman papers, 1959-1999, and Mac Wellman papers, additions, 1979-2008 (bulk 2000-2008) held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
1945 births
Living people
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
Brooklyn College faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
Obie Award recipients
Postmodern theatre |
5378134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1sd | Jásd | Jásd is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary.
External links
Street map (Hungarian)
Populated places in Veszprém County |
4042157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor%20rehabilitation | Raptor rehabilitation | Raptor rehabilitation is a field of veterinary medicine dealing with care for sick or injured birds of prey, with the goal of returning them to the wild. Since raptors are highly specialized predatory birds, special skills, facilities, equipment, veterinary practices and husbandry methods are necessary.
Raptor rehabilitators often use falconry techniques or gain assistance from falconers to exercise the birds prior to their release, as their muscles often atrophy during their convalescence.
In the United States, a license is required to possess any bird which falls under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 (MBTA), and so the rehabilitators are under loose scrutiny from their state wildlife management authority as well as the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
Raptors that cannot be released back into the wild are sometimes used for education or transferred to licensed falconers. Some states require that birds that cannot be placed or released be euthanized. Most states do not allow rehabilitators to keep raptors under their rehabilitation permit for more than a few months.
No funds for raptor rehabilitation are provided by the U.S. government, though it claims ownership of all raptors protected by the MBTA.
How raptors become injured
The most common ways that a raptor may become sick or injured are lead poisoning, electrocution, and collisions. Birds that have been poisoned may require treatment and rehabilitation if the amount of lead in their blood is greater than 0.4 parts per million. Raptors that have been electrocuted usually do not survive the initial electrocution, so rehabilitation is not possible. Raptors that experience collisions, with cars, windows, or barbed wire, often have broken bones that require rehabilitation.
Rehabilitating a raptor
Using physiotherapy to rehabilitate raptors after surgery
Two case studies, one involving a black hawk eagle and the other a roadside hawk, have shown that physiotherapy may allow for the shortest recovery time for Raptors that have experienced collisions and required surgery. The rehabilitation process for a raptor that requires surgery begins two weeks after the surgery. The first therapies the birds should receive are contrast therapies and passive mobility therapies. Contrast therapy is applied by alternating hot and cold water packs on the affected area. The purpose of this therapy is to decrease swelling and pain in the affected area, this therapy should occur four times a week for two weeks. Passive range of motion therapy involves manually forcing movements similar to the movements the affected joint would experience in the wild. This movement helps to loosen the joints and improves the range of motion in the affected area; the bird should be stretched four times a week for four weeks. Four weeks after surgery the raptor should begin isometric resistance and stabilization exercises. The isometric resistance routine involves manually applying resistance when the bird moves the affected area, this is done to increase the strength of the affected area. As the bird gains strength, the amount of resistance should be increased, the raptor should perform these exercises until fully recovered. The first stabilization exercise that the bird should complete is to balance on a rotating perch. When the birds perch is rotated it must use the muscles and joints in the affected area to maintain its balance on the perch, this improves the birds strength and posture. When exercising the perch should be rotated clockwise, counterclockwise, left, and right. For the second stabilization exercise the raptor should be placed on an inflatable plastic cushion, with a mat on top to prevent popping. The bird will slide on top of the cushion and will be forced to use the affected area to maintain balance, increasing its strength. The raptor should perform these stabilization exercises until fully recovered.
Release of rehabilitated raptors
Raptors that have undergone rehabilitation and treatment are assessed on whether they are fit to be released back into the wild depending on flight quality (i.e., flight symmetry, lack of excessive panting, and the ability to gain altitude from the ground), and their ability to catch live prey; eagles and vultures are exceptions. Except for threatened and endangered species, post-release monitoring is not common due to its costly and time-consuming nature. If monitored, it is done through telemetry tracking such as GPS and tagging of the bird.
References
Bird health |
5378137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Team | River Team | The River Team is a tributary of the River Tyne in Gateshead, England.
Etymology
The name Team may have a Brittonic origin. The name may be from the Brittonic root tā-, with a sense of "melting, thawing, dissolving", plus a nasal root determinative, giving a form of *tā-m- or *tā-n-. However, Team has also been associated with the Indo-European *temhx-, "dark" and *tṃh-, "cut" or "be cut".
Course
Its source is near Annfield Plain, where it is known as Kyo Burn. Then changing its name again to Causey Burn as it flows underneath the famous Causey Arch. It then flows past Beamish Museum in County Durham (where it is known as Beamish Burn) then crosses the border into Gateshead flowing through Lamesley. Continuing on into the Team Valley, the river flows through a culvert in the middle of the roundabout underneath the A1 road, it then continues through the Team Valley Trading Estate through a covered culvert, before emerging to the surface halfway along.
It then flows through the site of the 1990 National Garden Festival, before finally discharging into the River Tyne in Dunston. This area is known as Teams, after the river.
Pollution
The River Team has long been regarded as one of the most polluted rivers in the area due to the discharges from Sewage works near Lamesley and heavy industry in the Team Valley. It is called "The Gut" by the residents of Dunston. However considerable improvements have now been made and the river is relatively clean.
Water quality
The Environment Agency measure water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail.
Water quality of the River Team in 2019:
Geology
Prior to the last ice age, the lower part of the River Team actually formed the lower part of the River Wear, with a combined Tyne-Wear river continuing to the coast from Dunston. The ice diverted the River Wear to its current course towards the coast at Sunderland, with the smaller River Team flowing along its former course towards the River Tyne.
References
The River Team Corridor Project
Reviving the River Team
Team
Team River
1Team |
5378144 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool%20Hospital | Liverpool Hospital | Liverpool Hospital is located in the South Western Sydney suburb of Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia and is a 50-minute drive from the Sydney CBD. It is the second largest hospital in New South Wales (behind Westmead Hospital) and one of the leading trauma centres in Australia.
It has a maximum capacity of 960 beds, 23 operating rooms and 60 critical care beds, diagnostic and imaging services, emergency and trauma care, maternity, paediatric, cancer care, mental health, ambulatory care, allied health and medical and surgical services from birth to aged care.
The hospital is the major health service for South Western Sydney, providing services to the local government area of Liverpool City Council as well as district services to residents and visitors in the area. It also provides a range of statewide services in areas such as critical care and trauma, neonatal intensive care and brain injury rehabilitation.
Liverpool Hospital sits within an education and health precinct which includes the Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Clinical Schools of the University of New South Wales and Western Sydney University, South West Private Hospital and South Western Sydney TAFE.
It is a principal teaching hospital of the University of New South Wales and the Western Sydney University and continues to have an active education programme for medical practitioners, nurses and health professionals, with a range of clinical placements available for students from universities around Australia.
See also
Health care in Australia
Lists of hospitals
List of hospitals in Australia
References
External links
Liverpool Hospital
Liverpool Hospital 200 year anniversary
South Western Sydney Local Health District
Hospitals in Sydney
Hospital buildings completed in 1813
Teaching hospitals in Australia
Hospitals established in the 1790s |
5378148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausam%20%281975%20film%29 | Mausam (1975 film) | Mausam () is a 1975 Indian Hindi-language musical romance film starring Sanjeev Kumar and Sharmila Tagore, and directed by Gulzar. It is loosely based on the 1961 novel, The Judas Tree, by A.J. Cronin. Sharmila Tagore for her acting received The Silver Lotus Award at the 23rd National Film Festival and the film itself was awarded the Second Best Feature Film. The film was nominated in eight categories at the 24th Filmfare Awards and won in two. The film also won many other accolades as well.
The film was remade in Tamil as Vasandhathil Or Naal.
Plot
Mausam is the dramatic love story of Dr. Amarnath Gill, who falls for Chanda, the daughter of a local healer, Harihar Thapa, when visiting Darjeeling to prepare for his medical exams. Then he has to leave back to Calcutta for his final exams. He promises Chanda to return, though he never keeps his promise. Twenty-five years later, he returns as a wealthy man and searches for Chanda and her father. He learns that Harihar has died and that Chanda was married to a crippled old man. She gave birth to a daughter, became insane and died. Finding Chanda's daughter, Kajli, he sees that she closely resembles her mother and later discovers that after having been molested by her mother's brother-in-law, she ended up at a brothel. Amarnath had no choice but to buy her from the brothel and he takes Kajli home and tries to change her into a well-refined woman to make up for what he did to Chanda. Unaware that Amarnath is indirectly responsible for her mother's death, Kajli begins to fall in love with him. One day she is reminded of who she is and where she came from. Dressed back into to her old revealing clothes as a prostitute she instigates Amarnath to throw her out, she goes back to the brothel. There the madam convinced her that Amarnath loves her and she should go back to him as he loves, giving her a respectable life. Kajli goes back to him awakening him in the night where she tries to embrace him. Amarnath always seeing her as a replica of Chanda and a daughter figure. Disgusted, Amarnath reveals to Kajli, he is the man that his mother waited all those years for and then went mad. Kajli upset runs away. The next morning Amarnath all packed up, leaving to go home, happens upon Kajli standing in the woods, with a picture of him when he was younger hidden behind her back. Kajli tells him it is his fault that her mother went mad and died and she becoming a prostitute. He tells her that yes he came back to this place to ask for her mother’s forgiveness and maybe it’s too late for Chanda but would she forgive him and be his daughter They then they drive off together, home.
Cast
Sharmila Tagore as Chanda Thapa/Kajli
Sanjeev Kumar as Dr. Amarnath Gill
Dina Pathak as Gangu Rani (Brothel madame)
Om Shivpuri as Harihar Thapa
Production
The film was written simultaneously along with Aandhi (1975), together by Kamleshwar, Bhushan Banmali and Gulzar, and even shot together, with Sanjeev Kumar playing the lead of an old man in the films. Though Aandhi was released first, it ran into political controversy and portions of it had to be reshot, meanwhile Mausam was completed and released. While the song, "Meri Ishq Ke Lakhon Jhatke" was being shot with Sharmila Tagore, choreographer Saroj Khan was also in the studios for another film, that is when Gulzar requested her to teach a few moves to Tagore.
Music
The background score for the film was composed by Salil Chowdhury and the songs were composed by Madan Mohan. The film credits dedicate this movie to Madan Mohan after his death on 14 July 1975. The songs were penned by Gulzar. Mausam is one of those two movies directed by Gulzar, the songs of which were composed by Madan Mohan. The other one is Koshish. Gulzar stated that the song Dil Dhoondta Hai, "...one his most memorable songs..."(Scroll.in, Aug 18, 2016) that he wrote in the film.
The song Dil Dhoondta Hai, by Lata Mangeshkar and Bhupinder Singh , featured at 12th position on the Annual list of the year-end chart toppers of Binaca Geetmala for 1976.
Awards
23rd National Film Awards:
Won
Second Best Feature Film – Mausam
Best Actress – Sharmila Tagore
24th Filmfare Awards:
Won
Best Film – Mausam
Best Director – Gulzar
Nominated
Best Actor – Sanjeev Kumar
Best Actress – Sharmila Tagore
Best Supporting Actress – Dina Pathak
Best Music Director – Madan Mohan
Best Lyricist – Gulzar for "Dil Dhoondta Hai"
Best Story – Kamleshwar
References
External links
Film Synopsis
1975 films
Indian drama films
Films set in Darjeeling
1970s Hindi-language films
Films featuring a Best Actress National Award-winning performance
Films based on works by A. J. Cronin
Films about prostitution in India
Hindi films remade in other languages
Urdu films remade in other languages
Films scored by Madan Mohan
Films with screenplays by Gulzar
Films directed by Gulzar
Films based on British novels
Second Best Feature Film National Film Award winners
1975 drama films
Hindi-language drama films |
5378150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1p%C3%A1r | Szápár | Szápár (historically: Szapár) is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District.
Populated places in Zirc District |
5378154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Killam%20Trusts | The Killam Trusts | The Killam Trusts were established in 1965 after the death of Mrs. Dorothy J. Killam, the widow of Izaak Walton Killam, a Canadian financier, for a time the wealthiest man in Canada. He died intestate in 1955, but before his death he and his wife discussed in extensive detail the scholarship plan on which the Killam Trusts were founded. Approximately one half of his estate went to the government as inheritance tax. It was used to found the Canada Council, along with similar funds from the estate of Sir James Dunn, also from Nova Scotia). The rest of Mr. Killam's estate was inherited by his widow, Dorothy J. Killam. In the ten years between his death and hers, she doubled the Killam fortune. Upon her death at Villa Leopolda, her estate in France, her lawyer Donald N. Byers, QC put into motion the plans the Killams had discussed during their lifetimes. Having no children of their own, the Killams decided to leave their fortune to further post-secondary education in Canada at the graduate studies level.
The Killam benefactions went to five Canadian universities: University of British Columbia, University of Calgary, University of Alberta, The Neuro [[(Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital)]] at McGill University and Dalhousie University. The Canada Council for the Arts also received Killam funds and administered the national program consisting of the Killam Research Fellowships open to professors from all Canadian universities; and the Killam Prize, valued at $100,000 and recognizing lifetime contributions in each of the following categories: health sciences, natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities. In August 2021, the Canada Council announced the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding that would transition the administration of the Killam program to the National Research Council Canada (NRC). The 2023 National Killam Program cycle was officially launched under the administration of the NRC in April 2022 and now consists of the Dorothy Killam Fellowships and the Killam Prizes.
In the words of Mrs. Killam's will:
"My purpose in establishing the Killam Trusts is to help in the building of Canada's future by encouraging advanced study. Thereby I hope, in some measure, to increase the scientific and scholastic attainments of Canadians, to develop and expand the work of Canadian universities, and to promote sympathetic understanding between Canadians and the peoples of other countries."
Many scholars who have received Killam awards have gone on to be leaders in their fields. They are constantly developing, discovering, mapping and modelling the knowledge and solutions that will change Canada’s future.
The four Trustees to the Killam Trusts meet annually with representatives from each of the Killam institutions to discuss scholarship related concerns, as well as ways to ensure the continued success of Canadian graduate studies.
The current four trustees are Bernard F. Miller QC, Managing Trustee, of Halifax; Jim Dinning, C.M., F.ICD, LLD, of Calgary; Brenda Eaton, MA, ICD.D, of Victoria; and The Honourable Kevin G. Lynch, PC, OC, PhD, LLD, of Toronto.
References
Further reading
How, Douglas. Canada's Mystery Man of High Finance, Hantsport, NS: Lancelot Press, 1986.
How, Douglas. A Very Private Person: The Story of Izaak Walton Killam and his Wife Dorothy, Halifax: Dalhousie University Graphics Services, 2004. Originally published by The Trustees of the Estate of Dorothy J. Killam, 1976.
Nowell, Iris. Women Who Gave Away Millions: Portraits of Canadian Philanthropists, Toronto, ON: Hounslow Press, 1996.
External links
Killam Trusts
1965 establishments in Canada
Scholarships in Canada
Foundations based in Canada |
4042166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0%20Vu%20%28company%29 | Déjà Vu (company) | Deja Vu Services, Inc., is an American company that operates nearly 200 strip clubs in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, France, Canada, and Mexico.
It also operates a large chain of adult retail stores, adult websites, adult production studios, gay bars, nightclubs, sports bars, karaoke bars, restaurants, and has substantial real estate holdings.
As the largest strip club operator in the world, it is also one of the largest adult businesses in history. Its flagship locations in Las Vegas and Tijuana are the largest adult nightclubs in the World.
The company is headquartered in Henderson, Nevada, a Las Vegas suburb. It was founded by Harry Mohney, who opened his first Deja Vu Showgirls club in Lake City, WA, in 1985 with partners Larry Flynt and Roger Forbes. Deja Vu had a humble beginning when Mohney secured employment in the early 1960s as a projectionist at a drive-in movie theater in Durand, Michigan, later converting the failing enterprise into the infamous "Durand Dirties" drive-in porn theater. The company quickly grew to over 300 adult theaters and stores nationally. Mohney pioneered the concept of the modern strip club in 1971, opening various "go-go" bars in the Midwest. An elusive man often referred to as the "Howard Hughes of Porn," Mohney was the largest distributor of pornography from the late '60s to the mid '90s, grossing nearly $1 billion in the distribution business between 1970 and 1998. That business largely concluded with Mohney serving three years in federal prison for tax-related crimes. While he was indicted over 100 times, this was the only charge that ever resulted in a conviction.
While Deja Vu's clubs operate under nearly 30 brand names, many are called Deja Vu Showgirls, Little Darlings, Dream Girls, Larry Flynt's HUSTLER Club, or HUSTLER's Barely Legal Club. Mohney's long-time friend, Larry Flynt, licenses Deja Vu the brand names for the HUSTLER Clubs and HUSTLER Hollywood stores, but is not involved in their operations. Deja Vu has monopolies or near-monopolies in many areas, including San Francisco, Washington State, and Tijuana, Mexico. The clubs typically aim for a clean and upscale atmosphere and offer fully nude or topless stage dancing as well as lap dances.
Deja Vu clubs are widely known for hosting industry-wide contests, including Showgirl of the Year, Pole Princess, and Showgirl Spectacular. Its publicity stunts and charity events at various clubs often garner international media attention.
Legal filings have indicated that Deja Vu’s affiliated entities have “ownership or controlling interest” in the real estate of more than 60% of the licensed adult entertainment clubs and stores in California. Its other noteworthy real estate holdings include most of Bourbon Street in New Orleans and a large portion of the real estate zoned for adult entertainment in many major cities in Minnesota, Florida, and Ohio.
Deja Vu's operation also includes a large chain of adult retail stores with nearly 60 locations. Those businesses also operate under a variety of trade names, including HUSTLER Hollywood, The Love Boutique, Adult Emporium, and Pleasure Emporium. They sell adult merchandise such as sex toys, lingerie, DVDs, etc., with most also featuring adult theaters and arcades.
Deja Vu's Erotic Heritage Museum in Las Vegas is a non-profit educational museum that features the world's largest collection of historical erotica, sexual artifacts, antique sexual devices, and one-of-a-kind exhibits, with nearly 30,000 feet of exhibition and education space. Its grand patron is Harry Mohney, with many items borrowed from his expansive personal collection.
While Deja Vu does not publicize all of its assets, various newspaper articles and legal filings have disclosed investment in an array of companies, including various adult video production studios and websites, popular gay bars like The Gay 90's, renowned nightclubs like The World-Famous Cat's Meow, and even national restaurant chains like Dick's Last Resort.
The company is also known for having operated various businesses that set various landmark First Amendment Supreme Court decisions, including Miller v. California, Marks v. United States, City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc., and Barnes v. Glen Theater, Inc.
Awards
1998 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year
1999 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Midwest) – Lansing, Michigan
1999 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Southwest) – Ontario, California
1999 Exotic Dancer Award – Industry Innovator of the Year – Harry Mohney
2000 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year
2001 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year
2001 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Northwest) – Seattle, Washington
2002 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year
2003 Exotic Dancer Hall of Fame – Harry Mohney
2004 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year
2006 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year
2008 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year
2008 Exotic Dancer Award – General Manager of the Year – Sherry Cooper (Industry, California)
2008 Exotic Dancer Hall of Fame – Jim St. John
2008 FSC Legacy Award – Harry Mohney
2009 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year
2010 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year
2011 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Southeast) – Nashville, Tennessee
2012 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year
2013 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Midwest) – Lansing, Michigan
2013 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Northeast) – New York, New York
2013 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (West) – San Francisco, California
2013 Exotic Dancer Award – General Manager of the Year – Ken DeGori (San Francisco, California)
2013 Exotic Dancer Award – DJ of the Year – Jon Harmon (San Francisco, California)
2014 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (East) – Lexington, Kentucky
2014 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (West) – San Francisco, California
2015 Exotic Dancer Hall of Fame – Joe Carouba
2015 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (East) – Baltimore, Maryland
2015 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Central) – Washington Park, Illinois
2015 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Employee of the Year – Ashely Sponsler (San Francisco, California)
2015 Exotic Dancer Award – DJ of the Year – Jay Crowley (San Francisco, California)
2016 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (West) – San Francisco, California
2016 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Southwest) – San Francisco, California
2017 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Central) – Dallas, Texas
2017 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (West) – Las Vegas, Nevada
2018 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year
2019 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (South) – Nashville, Tennessee
2019 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Central) – Dallas, Texas
See also
List of strip clubs
References
Sources
Sex Trade Workers Organize, by Rebecca Kavoussi
Stripping, a First Hand Account
Collection of newspaper articles about Harry Mohney
Battle of the Peeps, by Jay Allen Sanford
Justice for Strippers, SFist, 2005-12-12
External links
Deja Vu Website
Strip clubs
Entertainment companies of the United States
Companies based in Las Vegas
Adult entertainment companies |
5378167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cset%C3%A9ny | Csetény | Csetény is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District.
External links
Street map (Hungarian)
Populated places in Zirc District |
4042167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2450 | $50 | There are many $50 banknotes, bills, or coins, including:
Australian fifty-dollar note
Canadian fifty-dollar bill
New Zealand fifty-dollar note
United States fifty-dollar bill
Nicaraguan fifty-cordoba note
Hong Kong fifty-dollar note, One of the banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar
One of the banknotes of Zimbabwe
Other currencies that issue $50 banknotes, bills, or coins are: |
4042168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquy | Colloquy | Colloquy may refer to:
Colloquy (religious), a meeting to settle differences of doctrine or dogma
Colloquy (company), a loyalty marketing company based in Milford, Ohio
Colloquy (law), a legal term
Colloquy (IRC client), an IRC client for Mac OS X and iOS
See also
Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy, the online companion of the Northwestern University Law Review |
5378170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Joseph%20K.%20Taussig | USS Joseph K. Taussig | USS Joseph K. Taussig (DE-1030) was a in the United States Navy. She was named after Admiral Joseph Taussig. Joseph K. Taussig was laid down 3 January 1956 by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey; launched 9 March 1957; sponsored by Mrs. Joseph K. Taussig, widow of Vice Admiral Taussig, and commissioned 10 September 1957, Lt. Comdr. R. S. Moore in command.
Service history
1950s
Following a Caribbean shakedown Joseph K. Taussig reported to Newport, Rhode Island on 22 December for duty with the Atlantic Fleet. She departed Newport on 12 May 1958 for Mediterranean service with the 6th Fleet. During this tour a crisis erupted in Lebanon, and the 6th Fleet was dispatched to the area to prevent a Communist takeover. Joseph K. Taussig was at the scene, giving credibility to her namesake's words; "We are ready now." The destroyer escort remained on patrol until the crisis subsided, and then returned to Newport 7 October.
She was assigned to an antisubmarine warfare group and continued these operations until 6 February 1959 when she made a goodwill cruise to South America. Upon completion of an overhaul at Boston Naval Shipyard, Joseph K. Taussig operated out of Newport prior to Caribbean exercises during January 1960. She returned to Newport 14 February and resumed operations along the Atlantic coast.
1960s
The destroyer escort traveled to the North Atlantic 6 September for NATO exercises, before resuming coastal operations upon her return to Newport on 20 October.
During January and February 1961, Joseph K. Taussig once again participated in annual exercises in the Caribbean and in April engaged in joint American-Canadian exercises off Nova Scotia. For the remainder of the year she operated in a state of readiness along the Atlantic coast and in mid February 1962 commenced 6 months of extensive ASW exercises.
During October, intelligence reports revealed evidence of Russian missile installations in Cuba. This led to President Kennedy establishing a naval quarantine around the island. Joseph K. Taussig was ordered off Jacksonville, Fla., in November to provide a second line of defense.
With the easing of tensions, she began preparations for a goodwill cruise to Africa, and departed Newport 15 February 1963. After visiting nine African and three Mediterranean ports, she returned Newport 25 May for summer convoy escort exercises and Cuban patrol duty. From August to December, Joseph K. Taussig engaged in coastal training operations.
Between January and May 1965 Joseph K. Taussig received DASH installation at Boston Naval Shipyard and after completing training in the Caribbean, she participated in the massive amphibious exercise, Operation Steel Pike I, in October. During the remainder of 1965 and throughout 1966, she trained along the Atlantic Coast and in the Caribbean and, in addition, served as sonar school ship at Key West. Early in 1966 she began six months of duty as an E-4 training ship to train seamen as petty officers in response to the growing commitment of the Navy in the troubled waters of Southeast Asia. She resumed squadron training exercises in July. During the next 12 months she operated from New England waters to the Caribbean.
Fate
She was stricken from the Navy register on 1 July 1972, and sold for scrap 15 June 1973.
References
External links
navsource.org: USS Joseph K. Taussig
hazegray.org: USS Joseph K. Taussig
Dealey-class destroyer escorts
Ships built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation
1957 ships
Cold War frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States |
5378173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lorber | John Lorber | John Lorber (1915–1996) was a professor of paediatrics at the University of Sheffield from 1979 until his retirement in 1981. He worked at the Children's Hospital of Sheffield, where he specialized in work on spina bifida. He also wrote on the subject of medical ethics regarding the use of intensive medical intervention for severely handicapped infants.
Medical ethics and neonatal surgical intervention
In the 1970s, Lorber was one of the early advocates for neonatal surgical intervention in cases of the Myelomeningocele form of spina bifida. Lorber's published work advocating treatments, along with the opposing views of Raymond Duff and A. G. M. Campbell, became important voices in the debate about the ethics of withholding medical care. However, by the mid 1980s, Lorber's position had changed based on the unsatisfactory long term outcomes and instead he supported a treatment of normal nursing, with care to avoid pain and discomfort. This position was criticized by pro-life groups.
Is Your Brain Really Necessary?
In 1980, Roger Lewin published an article in Science, "Is Your Brain Really Necessary?", about Lorber studies on cerebral cortex losses. He included a report by Lorber, never published in any scientific journal, about the case of a Sheffield University student who had a measured IQ of 126 and passed a Mathematics Degree but who had hardly any discernible brain matter at all since his cortex was extremely reduced by hydrocephalus. The article led to the broadcast of a Yorkshire Television documentary of the same title, though it was about a different patient who had normal brain mass distributed strangely in a very large skull. Explanations have been proposed for the first student's situation, with reviewers noting that Lorber's scans evidenced that the subject's brain mass was not absent, but compacted into the small space available, possibly compressed to a greater density than regular brain tissue.
References
Lorber John
1996 deaths
1915 births |
5378178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim%20Gerasimov | Vadim Gerasimov | Vadim Viktorovich Gerasimov (, born 15 June 1969) is an engineer at Google. From 1994 to 2003, Vadim worked and studied at the MIT Media Lab. Vadim earned a BS/MS in applied mathematics from Moscow State University in 1992 and a Ph.D. from MIT in 2003.
At age 16 he was one of the original co-developers of the famous video game Tetris: he ported Alexey Pajitnov's original game to the IBM PC architecture and the two later added features to the game.
References
External links
Vadim Gerasimov personal webpage
Russian video game designers
Video game designers
Russian computer programmers
Russian inventors
Google employees
Moscow State University alumni
Living people
1969 births |
5378182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20riots%20in%20Sri%20Lanka | List of riots in Sri Lanka | Following is a list of riots and protests in Sri Lanka, an island nation situated in South Asia. Throughout its history, Sri Lanka has experienced a number of riots. Since 1915, many of them have stemmed from ethnic tensions between the Sinhalese majority and minority Tamil and Moor populations.
19th century
1850–1900
1883 - 1883 Kotahena riots, Kotahena, Western Province - Riots began once Buddhists who were proceeding in procession to Deepaduttarama Viharaya at Kotahena were attacked by a group of Roman Catholics.
20th century
1900–1950
1915 - 1915 Ceylonese riots, Kandy, Central Province - Riots between Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Moors erupted after a group of Moors attacked a Buddhist pageant with stones. Riots soon spread across the entire island.
1950s
1953 - 1953 Ceylonese Hartal, Western, Southern and Sabaragamuwa Provinces - a nationwide demonstration, a hartal which eventually led to civil unrest. It was one of the riots which did not involve ethnicity and was conducted by Leftist groups.
1956 - 1956 anti-Tamil pogrom, Eastern Province - Sinhalese-Tamil riots in Ceylon. The majority of victims were Sri Lankan Tamils in Gal Oya, a new settlement in the Eastern Province. The total number of deaths was reportedly 150.
1958 - 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom - Also known as the '58 riots. They were a watershed event for the race relationships between various ethnic communities of Sri Lanka. The total number of deaths was estimated to be 300, mostly Sri Lankan Tamils.
1960s
1966 - Demonstrations in Colombo organized by the SLFP, left-wing parties, and trade unions in protest of the Tamil Regulations Act turned into riots, forcing the Government of Ceylon to declare a state of emergency.
1969 - Ceylon Communist Party (Maoist) conducted a mass rally in 1969 which ended in bloodshed, the major cause for the riot being the banning of the May Day rally.
1970s
1970 - Ceylonese protests against the Vietnam War - began at the height of the Cold War with certain clashes between Leftists and the Sri Lankan police.
1977 - 1977 Anti-Tamil pogrom - began on 12 August 1977, less than a month after the United National Party came to power. Over 300 Tamils were killed during the riots.
1980s
1981 - Burning of the Jaffna Library, Jaffna, Northern Province - The Jaffna Public Library was burnt by a mob of Sinhalese individuals, resulting in the loss of over 100,000 books, artifacts and palm writings. Four Sri Lankan Tamils were killed.
1981 - Anti-Tamil pogroms were carried out by Sinhalese mobs predominantly against Indian Tamils in Ratnapura, Kahawatte and Balangoda. Shops were looted and set on fire and many women and girls were raped by marauding mobs.
1983 - Black July Anti-Tamil pogrom - pogrom committed against Tamils of Sri Lanka where between 400 and 3,000 Tamil civilians were killed and many more made homeless and refugees. This was believed to be the main cause of the Sri Lankan Civil War.
1987 - 1987 Trincomalee riots, Trincomalee, Eastern Province - riots against the Sinhalese carried about by Tamil mobs, backed by militant leaders in Trincomalee that later morphed into LTTE violence against the Sinhalese. Over 200 Sinhalese were killed and thousands were rendered homeless or displaced.
1990s
1997 - Kalutara prison riots, Kalutara, Western Province - Three Tamil detainees were killed at the Kalutara high security detention center on 12 December 1997.
On 8 September 1998, a riot was unleashed on Plantation Tamils in Ratnapura where 200 organised Sinhalese goons with the support of local Sinhala politicians burnt down 800 houses. Several rapes of Tamil women in the area by Sinhalese thugs was also reported. The riot was sparked by the murder of two Sinhala youths, one of them in Bandusena, who had a reputation for raping women and being involved in illegal liquor sales. The Sinhala attackers were given full impunity by the local police and no one was held accountable for their crimes.
21st century
2000s
2001 - Mawanella riots, Mawanella, Central Province - Clashes that resulted in the deaths of 2 people, and left more than 15 injured and property destroyed.
2002 - Beruwala riots, Beruwala, Western Province - Sectarian clashes sparked between the Wahabbi and the Sunni sects of the Muslim community in Beruwala which left at least 3 dead and over 16 injured after police intervention in the conflict.
2010s
2012 - 2012 Welikada prison riot, Welikada, Western Province - A riot in the Welikada Prison in November 2012 resulted in death of 27 prisoners and 43 injuries.
2014 - 2014 anti-Muslim riots, Kalutara, Western Province - Clashes between Sinhalese and Muslims resulting in four dead and 80 injured.
2018 - 2018 anti-Muslim riots - Clashes between Sinhalese and Muslims, involving Sinhalese attacks on Muslims and mosques.
2019 - 2019 anti-Muslim riots - A series of attacks on Muslims, Muslim-owned property and businesses and mosques in retaliation to the 2019 Easter bombings.
2020s
2020 - Mahara prison riot, Mahara, Western Province - A riot erupted in the Mahara Prison following rumors that prisoners infected with COVID-19 from other prisons would be transferred to Mahara Prison. The riot resulted in 11 inmates dead and 117 inmates severely injured.
2022 - 2022 Sri Lankan protests - All across the island, several protests erupt against the incumbent government of president Gotabaya Rajapaksa due to poor management of the ongoing economic crisis, severe inflation and shortages of fuel and other essential items.
See also
Sri Lankan Civil War
Human rights in Sri Lanka
References
Further reading
External links
Timeline of ethnic conflict
BBC timeline of Sri Lankan conflict
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka and state terrorism
Origins of the Sri Lankan Civil War
Sri Lanka
Riots |
5378183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Polak | Graham Polak | Graham Polak (born 16 June 1984) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Fremantle Football Club and the Richmond Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Fremantle career
Polak began his AFL career with the Fremantle Football Club after being drafted from East Fremantle in the WAFL with the fourth selection in the 2001 AFL Draft (behind future stars of the game Luke Hodge, Luke Ball and Chris Judd.) He made his debut in round 1, 2002 in a Western Derby against the West Coast Eagles which Fremantle lost. In 2003 he had his best season to date, only missing one game (round 3) and playing in Fremantle's first ever finals match. He was nominated for the AFL Rising Star award in Round 9 and finished second in the end of year voting behind Sam Mitchell and ahead of Luke Ball and Daniel Wells.
Polak only played 12 games in 2005 and failed to improve due to a pre-season injury. He was recalled in round 3 of 2006, and due to injuries to Aaron Sandilands and Justin Longmuir, was often played in the new role of a ruckman, but still only managed 11 games for the season, and was overlooked for the finals.
Richmond career
On 13 October 2006, Polak was traded to the Richmond Football Club following speculation all week that he would be the key to the mega deal involving Collingwood's Chris Tarrant being traded to the Dockers. Since being at the Tigers, Polak has mainly played at centre-half back and finished seventh in Richmond's 2007 best and fairest award after playing in all 22 games for the season.
Tram collision
Late on 28 June 2008, Polak was struck by a Melbourne tram, and was placed in an induced coma with bruising to the brain, putting his football career in jeopardy.
Two days after being struck by the tram Polak was able to respond to commands and squeeze a family member's hand. The hospital has stated that the signs are 'encouraging'. Nearly a week after being hit by a tram Polak was moved to Epworth Rehabilitation Centre. He was then able to remember parts of the game he played against Carlton the day of his accident and was able to recognise loved ones and speak.
In late 2008, Richmond applied to the AFL to transfer Polak to the rookie list, primarily to free up a position on their senior list that would enable them to recruit Ben Cousins as well as re-draft David Gourdis. The AFL rejected this request, but Richmond still managed to select both players, Cousins in the Pre-season draft and Gourdis in the rookie draft. Polak returned to training during the 2009 pre-season and was selected to play in a NAB Challenge practice match against St Kilda.
Polak was named to make his return to the AFL in the Round 21 match against Hawthorn, nearly 13 months after being struck by the tram.
Comeback
At the end of the 2009 season Polak was de-listed by the Tigers. He was then re drafted by the Tigers in the 2009 rookie draft as a mature aged rookie.
On 26 June 2010 and 31 July 2010 Polak suffered concussion while playing for Coburg in the VFL, again putting his football career in jeopardy.
Retirement
On 27 August 2010 Polak announced his retirement from AFL football. He returned to Perth to play in the West Australian Football League, but transferred from East Fremantle to East Perth. After suffering from further on-field head injuries, he retired from all football in June 2011.
External links
References
1984 births
East Fremantle Football Club players
Fremantle Football Club players
Richmond Football Club players
Coburg Football Club players
East Perth Football Club players
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Australian rules footballers from Geraldton
Australian people of Polish descent |
5378189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudar | Dudar | Dudar is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District.
In 1559 it was property of Mihály Cseszneky.
Notes
Sources
Szíj Rezső: Várpalota
Fejér megyei történeti évkönyv
Hofkammerarchiv Wien
Dudar története
External links
Street map (Hungarian)
Populated places in Zirc District |
5378206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcev%20algebra | Malcev algebra | In mathematics, a Malcev algebra (or Maltsev algebra or Moufang–Lie algebra) over a field is a nonassociative algebra that is antisymmetric, so that
and satisfies the Malcev identity
They were first defined by Anatoly Maltsev (1955).
Malcev algebras play a role in the theory of Moufang loops that generalizes the role of Lie algebras in the theory of groups. Namely, just as the tangent space of the identity element of a Lie group forms a Lie algebra, the tangent space of the identity of a smooth Moufang loop forms a Malcev algebra. Moreover, just as a Lie group can be recovered from its Lie algebra under certain supplementary conditions, a smooth Moufang loop can be recovered from its Malcev algebra if certain supplementary conditions hold. For example, this is true for a connected, simply connected real-analytic Moufang loop.
Examples
Any Lie algebra is a Malcev algebra.
Any alternative algebra may be made into a Malcev algebra by defining the Malcev product to be xy − yx.
The 7-sphere may be given the structure of a smooth Moufang loop by identifying it with the unit octonions. The tangent space of the identity of this Moufang loop may be identified with the 7-dimensional space of imaginary octonions. The imaginary octonions form a Malcev algebra with the Malcev product xy − yx.
See also
Malcev-admissible algebra
Notes
References
Non-associative algebras
Lie algebras |
5378221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csesznek | Csesznek | Csesznek (; , , ) is a village in Zirc District, Veszprém county, Hungary. The village is famous for its medieval castle.
Etymology
The name comes from Slavic čestnik – a privileged person, an office bearer, nowadays also an elder family member at the wedding.
History
The medieval castle of Csesznek was built around 1263 by the Jakab Cseszneky who was the swordbearer of the King Béla IV. He and his descendants have been named after the castle Cseszneky.
Between 1326 and 1392 it was a royal castle, when King Sigismund offered it to the House of Garai in lieu of the Banate of Macsó.
In 1482 the male line of the Garai family died out, and King Matthias Corvinus donated the castle to the Szapolyai family. In 1527, Baron Bálint Török became its owner.
During the 16th century the Csábi, Szelestey and Wathay families were in possession of Csesznek. In 1561, Lőrinc Wathay repulsed successfully the siege of the Ottomans. However, in 1594 the castle was occupied by Turkish troops, but in 1598 the Hungarians recaptured it.
In 1635, Dániel Esterházy bought the castle and village and from that time on Csesznek was the property of the Esterházy family until 1945.
People
Cseszneky family
Jakab Cseszneky
Stephen II Csák
Lőrinc Wathay
Bálint Török
Sándor Simonyi-Semadam
References
External links
A website about the village and castle
Csesznek at Irány Magyarország!
A website about the village and the castle, made by local civilians.
Walk in the castle virtually.
Populated places in Zirc District
Castles in Hungary
Cseszneky
Esterházy family
Croatian communities in Hungary
Slovak communities in Hungary |
5378244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakonyoszlop | Bakonyoszlop | Bakonyoszlop () is a village in the Bakony Mountains of Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District.
External links
Street map (Hungarian)
Populated places in Zirc District |
5378256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astilleros%20y%20Talleres%20del%20Noroeste | Astilleros y Talleres del Noroeste | ASTANO or Astilleros y Talleres del Noroeste (English: Shipyards and Workshops of the Northwest) is a shipbuilding company based in Fene, Ferrolterra, Spain, near the city of Ferrol, which flourished during the 1960s and the early 1970s coinciding with the end of the Francisco Franco era and the arrival of democracy. From the late 1980s and early 1990s the possibility of joining the other shipyards of Ferrolterra and from the year 2000 forms an integral part of NAVANTIA formerly IZAR.
See also
Discoverer Enterprise drillship, utilised in rectifying the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
Castillo de Salas, a bulk carrier that wrecked by Gijón loaded with coal in 1986.
References
External links
Navantia, Ria de Ferrol
http://www.astano-curso65.es/
Shipyards of Spain |
5378258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrekenton | Wrekenton | Wrekenton is a residential area in Gateshead, located around from Newcastle upon Tyne, from Sunderland, and from Durham. In 2011, Census data for the Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council ward of High Fell recorded a total population of 6,110.
Wrekenton is bordered by Beacon Lough to the north, Harlow Green to the west, and Eighton Banks to the south. A large part of Wrekenton consists of a council estate, known as Springwell Estate. This is distinct from Springwell Village, which is located a short distance across the border, within the City of Sunderland.
History
The antiquarian John Hodgson claimed to have named the village. He wrote, "After the enclosure of the common (in 1822), Mr. Watson, of Warburton Place, Carrhill, founded a considerable village at this place, which, at my suggestion, he called Wrekenton." This name was chosen because Wrekenton and Eighton Banks were divided by the remains of the Wrekendyke Roman road. Wrekenton is believed to have been the meeting point of two Roman roads, Cade's Road and the Wrekendyke Road. Cade's Road ran from the Humber to York and Newcastle, with the Wrekendyke Road branching away to the north east passing close to Jarrow, and ending at the Roman fort and harbour of Arbeia, at South Shields. It has even been conjectured that a Roman fort existed at the site now occupied by the Ravensworth Golf Club, but no evidence for this has been found.
In the 1860s, Wrekenton was still a very small village with about two hundred dwellings. It remained so for a further seventy years until slum clearance in Gateshead resulted in many new houses being built in Wrekenton, in order to accommodate the previous slum-dwellers. The main industries of the area surrounding the village during the nineteenth century were coal mining, quarrying, brickmaking and agriculture. The spelling of the town's name is recorded, in the mid 1890s, as "Wreckenton", which survived as the name of the local council ward serving the area until 1981.
Old Durham Road was the main route between Durham and Newcastle until 1827, when a new road was built to the west of it on lower ground and called Durham Road. Old Durham Road climbed the steep bank, known as Long Bank to Wrekenton and from there headed north to Beacon Lough before dropping down the steep bank into Gateshead. The mail coach used to pass along this road and one of the stopping places for the coach was The Coach and Horses, an inn that still exists today. Other equally old public houses in Wrekenton, dating from the nineteenth century, are The Seven Stars and The Ship.
Demography
According to the 2011 Census, the High Fell ward has a population of 6,110. 51.7% of the population are female, while 48.3% are male. Only 3.4% of the population were from a black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) group, as opposed to 14.6% of the national population, and 3.7% of the population in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead.
Data from the 2011 Census found that the average life expectancy in High Fell is 75.0 years for men, and 78.7 years for women. These statistics compare less than favourable, when compared to the average life expectancy in the North East of England, of 77.4 and 81.4 years, respectively.
Car ownership is significantly lower than the average in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead (63.5%), and the national average of 74.2% – with 51.5% of households in the High Fell ward owning at least one car.
Education
Wrekenton is served by two primary schools: Fell Dyke Community Primary School, which was rated "requires improvement" by Ofsted in March 2019, and St. Oswald's Catholic Primary School, which was rated "good" in May 2013.
In terms of secondary education, Wrekenton is located within the catchment area for Cardinal Hume Catholic School, rated "outstanding" by Ofsted in January 2014, as well as Lord Lawson of Beamish Academy in Birtley, which was rated "requires improvement" by Ofsted in June 2019. Students also attend the nearby Grace College (formerly known as Joseph Swan Academy).
Governance
High Fell is a local council ward in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead. This ward covers an area of around , and has a population of 6,110. As of April 2020, the ward is served by three councillors: Judith Gibson, Jean Lee and Jennifer Reay. Wrekenton is located within the parliamentary constituency of Gateshead. As of April 2020, the constituency is served by MP Ian Mearns.
Transport
Air
The nearest airport to Wrekenton is Newcastle International Airport, which is located around away by road. Teesside International Airport and Carlisle Lake District Airport are located around away by road, respectively.
Bus
Wrekenton is served by Go North East's local bus services, with frequent routes serving Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, Sunderland and Washington and County Durham.
Rail
The nearest Tyne and Wear Metro station is located at Gateshead. The Tyne and Wear Metro provides a regular service to Newcastle, with trains running up to every 6 minutes (7–8 minutes during the evening and Sunday) between Pelaw and South Gosforth, increasing to up to every 3 minutes at peak times. Heworth is nearest rail station, with Northern Trains providing an hourly service along the Durham Coast Line.
Road
Wrekenton is served by the B1296 – a part of the former route of the Great North Road. By road, Gateshead can be reached in under 10 minutes, Newcastle in 15 minutes, and Newcastle International Airport in 30 minutes.
References
External links
A Short History of Gateshead
Populated places in Tyne and Wear
Gateshead |
5378267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakonyszentkir%C3%A1ly | Bakonyszentkirály | Bakonyszentkirály is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District.
It is a small village with a population of 826. The village is situated in the Bakony mountains, some 40 km south of Győr and 50 km north of Lake Balaton.
The quiet, forested area surrounding Bakonyszentkirály, with its fresh air, is ideal for tourism.
Neighboring villages
Csesznek
Bakonyoszlop
Bakonyszentlászló
Veszprémvarsány
Gallery
Notes
External links
Village Website (Hungarian)
Hostel site with pictures
Populated places in Zirc District |
4042170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Surman | Andrew Surman | Andrew Ronald Edward Surman (born 20 August 1986) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
He made over 100 appearances for both Southampton and AFC Bournemouth. Surman also played for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Walsall, Norwich City and Milton Keynes Dons over the course of a 17 year professional career.
Club career
Early career
Surman was born in Johannesburg, South Africa, where his parents had moved to from Britain, whilst his father worked for an insurance company. His parents returned to the city of Southampton in 1995, and he joined Tyro League club Hedge End Rangers, where he was spotted by Southampton club scouts and invited to join the Saints academy. He attended St. Mary's College in Bitterne and captained the football team.
Southampton
Surman was the youngest player ever to play for the Saints Reserves until Theo Walcott took his record. He scored on his league debut when on loan to Walsall during the 2004–05 season, and, when he rejoined the Saints at the beginning of the 2005–06 season, he performed well on their pre-season tour of Scotland. He then enjoyed a successful loan spell with AFC Bournemouth between August 2005 and January 2006, playing in every league match for the team, and scoring six goals. He might have figured in Southampton's FA Cup tie against Milton Keynes Dons, but was cup-tied, having played earlier in the season for Bournemouth against Tamworth.
Surman made his full team debut for Southampton on 25 January 2006 under new manager George Burley at home to Crystal Palace, and in the next league match scored his first Southampton goal in a 2–1 defeat against Plymouth Argyle. On 17 February 2007, he scored a hat-trick (two strikes from outside the penalty box and a penalty) in the 5–2 victory over Barnsley.
He became a vital part of the Southampton first team over the 2006–07 season, and was a part of their unsuccessful play-off bid, losing on penalties to Derby County after a 4–4 aggregate draw, where his great strike was not enough to take Saints to Wembley.
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Surman joined newly promoted Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers in a three-year deal, plus another year's option, for a fee worth around £1.2 million on 1 July 2009. Following his move to Wolves, Surman expressed his sadness of leaving Southampton and described the club's plight as "unbelievable".
Surman made his debut on 18 August 2009 against Wigan Athletic, coming on for Greg Halford. He made his first Premier League start on 21 November 2009 against Chelsea, but struggled to hold down a first team place, making just nine appearances in total for the club.
Norwich City
Surman signed for newly promoted Championship side Norwich City on 22 June 2010 in a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut on 6 August 2010 in the 3–2 defeat to Watford at Carrow Road. After an impressive start to his Norwich City career, he sustained a knee injury in training, two days before the 2–1 victory over Barnsley on 11 September 2010. He returned to action against Leeds United on 20 November in a 1–1 draw. He was subbed on 60 minutes. He suffered a re-occurrence of the injury in the 4–1 victory over Ipswich Town which sidelined him until February 2011. To improve his fitness, Surman played 65 minutes in the Norfolk Senior Cup match against Dereham. He made three appearances off the bench for the first team before making his first start in the 2–0 victory over Barnsley, playing the full 90 minutes. He scored his first goal for Norwich in a 3–1 win against Bristol City. On 15 April 2011, Surman scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win over Nottingham Forest. The following week, Surman scored the opener in the 5–1 win over Ipswich at Portman Road on 21 April 2011. At the end of the season, Norwich City was promoted to the Premier League after a six-year absent.
Surman played in three out of the opening four Premier League fixtures before losing his place, with manager Paul Lambert choosing to play a 4–2–3–1 formation, with Surman as an unused substitute, before returning to the starting line-up at the end of November. On 20 December 2011, he scored the opening goal against Wolves with a header in a 2–2 draw. On 14 January 2012, he scored the opening goal against West Bromwich Albion with a left-footed shot in a 2–1 win. On 4 February, he scored the opening goal against Bolton Wanderers with a right-footed shot in a 2–0 win. Surman believes that making more appearances in the Premier League is making him produce the best performances of his career. On 14 April 2012, he scored the only goal in the match for Norwich in a 6–1 defeat by Manchester City. After the match, Surman said that the defeat to Manchester City would turn things around to winning ways for Norwich by the end of the season.
After Norwich survived in the Premier League, Surman signed a new three-year deal which will keep him at the club until 2015, saying, "It feels great. It's an honour for me to sign another contract at Norwich City. I've really enjoyed my time here and I'm looking forward to another three years at the club, It has been amazing. Everyone keeps talking about these last three years at the club, winning two promotions and then staying in the Premier League." After starting the new season in the team, Surman was ruled out of first team action from October until the New Year after suffering a knee injury in training.
AFC Bournemouth
On 31 July 2013, Bournemouth completed the signing of Surman on a one-year loan deal. Surman played a vital role in Bournemouth's first team in the 2013–14 season, making 35 appearances for the club. On 1 September 2014, he completed a permanent move to the club.
On 2 May 2015, Surman was part of the Bournemouth team which won the Championship title and promotion to the Premier League.
In Bournemouth's debut season and Surman's return to the Premier League, Surman was only one of three players (the other two being Wes Morgan and Kasper Schmeichel of Leicester City) to achieve playing every minute of every Premier League match. Although not scoring any goals that season, he received critical acclaim from manager Eddie Howe for his consistency.
On 4 March 2017, Surman was sent off for two bookable offences in a 1–1 draw against Manchester United, the second being for a push on Zlatan Ibrahimović after the latter had elbowed Tyrone Mings.
On 15 September 2017, he scored his first Premier League goal for Bournemouth in 64 Premier League appearances, in a 2–1 victory against Brighton.
In July 2020, he was released by Bournemouth.
Milton Keynes Dons
On 17 November 2020, Surman signed a short-term deal with League One club Milton Keynes Dons. He made his debut on 21 November 2020 in a 3–1 home defeat to Hull City. On 14 January 2021 his contract was extended until the end of the season. On 20 February 2021, Surman scored his first goal for the club in a 4–3 home win over Northampton Town.
Retirement
In July 2021, Milton Keynes Dons manager Russell Martin reported that Surman was yet to sign a new contract with the club and was likely to retire as a player. His retirement was seemingly confirmed by Bournemouth manager Scott Parker on 31 July 2021 in comments published in Bournemouth's match-day programme ahead of their EFL Cup first round fixture with MK Dons. Parker said of Surman: "He was a really talented midfielder and I wish him and his family all the best as they move into the next stage of their lives."
International career
Although qualified to play for South Africa, he was selected for the England under-21 national team for the European Championship qualifiers away to Montenegro on 7 September and Bulgaria on 11 September. In the match against Montenegro, he came on as a second-half substitute and scored the final goal in a 3–0 victory, tapping the ball home in stoppage time from a knock-down by former Saints' trainee Dexter Blackstock.
In September 2012, Surman said that he had been "approached" to see if he was interested to play for South Africa. Though he declined, he said it was a "great honour to be approached". He went on to say that he has put any international ambitions "on the back burner" as he needs to concentrate fully on club matters and his family. He explained that "it would be a lot, especially with the African Nations Cup, to be travelling around the world".
In July 2017, he told the Daily Echo: "I have never ruled out playing for South Africa but my priority has always been my club football. The past two or three years have been hugely important for me. If I had gone to play international football things might not have worked out the same way. I was really honoured to be called up and it certainly was not something I turned up my nose at. I really, seriously, considered it. But I have a young family and international football is a big commitment."
Personal life
In April 2015, Surman's wife gave birth to the couple's third child.
Career statistics
Honours
Norwich City
Football League Championship runner-up: 2010–11
AFC Bournemouth
Football League Championship: 2014–15
References
External links
Andrew Surman profile at the AFC Bournemouth website
1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Johannesburg
South African soccer players
English footballers
England under-21 international footballers
Association football midfielders
Southampton F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
White South African people
South African people of British descent
People educated at St Mary's College, Southampton |
4042174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2410 | $10 | There are many $10 banknotes, bills or coins, including:
Australian ten-dollar note
Canadian ten-dollar note
Nicaraguan ten-cordoba note
United States ten-dollar bill
Hong Kong ten-dollar note
Hong Kong ten-dollar coin
One of the Namibian dollars
One of the banknotes of Zimbabwe
Other currencies that issue $10 banknotes, bills or coins are: |
4042180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%245 | $5 | There are many $5 banknotes, bills or coins, including:
Australian five-dollar note
Canadian five-dollar note
New Zealand five-dollar note
United States five-dollar bill
Hong Kong five-dollar coin
Hong Kong five-dollar note
Other currencies that issue $5 banknotes, bills or coins are:
See also
"5 dols", a 2018 song by Christine and the Queens, simultaneously released in English as "5 Dollars" |
5378274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%20You%20Do%20Me%20Good%3F | Can You Do Me Good? | Can You Do Me Good? is the sixth studio album by Del Amitri, released on 8 April 2002 by Mercury / A&M.
The album showcased a radically different sound from which Del Amitri fans had become used to. With five years having elapsed since Some Other Sucker's Parade (1997), Can You Do Me Good? featured a new approach: drum loops, samples and synthesisers were the band's new tools. Though the songs retained their usual melodic characteristics, the overall impression was a very different one.
Theme
Guitarist and songwriter Iain Harvie admitted in the run-up to the album's release that the band's record company considered Can You Do Me Good? to be Del Amitri's last chance. "It's a pretty straightforward equation. If we don't sell 300,000 copies of the new album, we're out. It's that simple." With this in mind, many of the album's lyrics seem to convey a tone of finality; the feeling that this is a band's last stand. Song titles like "One More Last Hurrah" and "Last Cheap Shot at the Dream" contribute to this, and "Just Getting By" seems almost to lament a career spent as rock's nearly-men:
Look at me
I'm the one who got away
The one who could've shone
I tried to do my best
But I guess your best don't last for long
Look at me
Standing with my tattered pride
Of toothless little lions
We tried to make a difference
Do something no one else had tried
Even for a lyricist like Justin Currie, whose songs have often dealt with missed opportunities and failure, Can You Do Me Good? is significantly more concerned with these concepts than previous albums.
Track listing
All songs written by Justin Currie, except as noted.
"Just Before You Leave" (Currie, Iain Harvie) – 5:14
"Cash & Prizes" – 4:38
"Drunk in a Band" – 2:44
"One More Last Hurrah" (Currie, Harvie) – 4:52
"Buttons on My Clothes" – 4:05
"Baby, It's Me" – 3:34
"Wash Her Away" (Currie, Harvie) – 3:07
"Last Cheap Shot at the Dream" – 4:12
"Out Falls The Past" – 3:13
"She's Passing This Way" – 2:44
"Jesus Saves" – 3:39
"Just Getting By" – 7:35
"Just Getting By" is followed by a hidden track: an instrumental excerpt from "The Septic Jubilee" (a song released as a B-side on the "Just Before You Leave" single) which lasts for roughly 2:20.
Personnel
Credits adapted from the album liner notes.
Del Amitri
Justin Currie – vocals, bass, acoustic guitar
Iain Harvie – guitar, acoustic guitar, programming, backing vocals
Kris Dollimore – guitar, acoustic guitar, backing vocals
Andy Alston – piano, organ, synthesiser
Mark Price – drums, drum loops
Additional musicians
Matthew Rubano – bass (2, 11)
Kevin Bacon (credited as "Big Kev") – bass (5, 6, 8)
Rudy Bird – percussion (1, 4, 9)
Jonathan Quarmby (credited as "Jonathan") – "tingly things" (5, 6)
Joe Tomino – drum loop (4)
Chris Komer – French horn (9)
Chris Elliot – cello sample and trombone (12)
Chris Cameron – string arrangements (1, 12)
Gavyn Wright – orchestra leader
Technical
Gordon "Commissioner Gordon" Williams – producer (tracks 2-4, 7, 9-11), additional producer (tracks 1, 12), mixing (tracks 1, 2, 4-9, 11, 12) (at The Headquarters, Teaneck, New Jersey)
Pete Smith – producer (tracks 1, 3, 10, 12), mixing (tracks 3, 10) (at Livingston Studios, London)
Kevin Bacon – producer (tracks 5, 6, 8)
Jonathan Quarmby – producer (tracks 5, 6, 8)
Jamie Siegel – engineer (tracks 2-4, 7, 9-11)
Ben Darlow – mixing (tracks 3, 10) (at Livingston Studios, Wood Green), additional mixing (track 7) (at Westside Studios, London)
Dave Bascombe – mixing (track 5) (at Whitfield Street Studios, London)
Stylorouge – design, art direction
Jeff Cottenden – photography
Kevin Westenberg – photography (Del Amitri portrait)
Notes
External links
Official Del Amitri homepage
Del Amitri albums
2002 albums
A&M Records albums
Mercury Records albums |
5378287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9canosph%C3%A8re | Mécanosphère | Mécanosphère is a trans-national music/performance art group rooted in Portugal. Formed in 2003 by French drummer and DIY electronic musician Benjamin Brejon (an ex-student of free jazz percussionist Sunny Murray ) and polyglot Portuguese vocalist Adolfo Luxúria Canibal, frontman of cult Portuguese rockers Mão Morta, the morphing line-up of Mecanosphere also congregates members of the American Radon Collective, such as tribal percussionist Scott Nydegger and saxophonist Steve Mackay (of The Stooges) as well as bassist Henrique Fernandes and drummer Gustavo Costa, all from the experimental scene of Oporto. Since 2005 the electronic multi-instrumentalist Jonathan Saldanha become an active part along with Benjamin Brejon.
Mécanosphère combines elements of sonic hip hop, bass-heavy dub, violent noise, collage art, chaos rock and industrial free jazz with a strong textual and old school sound poetry component, claiming authors such as J. G. Ballard, Gilles Deleuze, Peter Sloterdijk, Bernard Stiegler or Velimir Khlebnikov as influences on both the method and the issues of their work.
Mécanosphère's battering rhythmic chaos music is something difficult to define. The polyglot text (a constant permutation of French, Portuguese and English) as well as the texture of their sound (several drum kits, electric double bass, electronic percussions, vintage synthesizers, tapes, live loop recorders, dysfunctional sound generators of varying kind) demonstrate the originality of Mécanosphère.
Mécanosphère is not a touring band. Each of their rather rare public appearances is a creation of its own and they made clear they consider the live performances unfit for a repetitive touring format. In comparison, Mécanosphère is a rather generous recording factory.
Their 2003 self-titled debut album (released on Portuguese Hip Hop label Loop:Recordings) is a straightforward rhythms-bass-voice record. Loosely in the line of early Scorn or Muslimgauze’s interpretations of dub and industrial music "mecanosphere" acts. The 2004 "Bailarina" album (Independent Records), explores a more labyrinth-like territory, where heavy bass down tempo breaks, electro-acoustic sounds, hardcore, tribalism, apocalyptic drum and bass and abstract jazz scapes fusion with the deep throat, menacing narrative of Adolfo Luxúria Cannibal. Their third album, "Limb Shop" (released on Raging Planet, Base records, Soopa and Radon in 2006), was produced by Jonathan Uliel Saldanha, moving the sound of the group a step deeper into an abstract landscape of field recordings, brute noise and crepuscular heavy funk and dub. Finally freed from the "track" shape which prevailed on the previous albums, Limb Shop is a 60 minute piece on disfiguration, real and fictional amputation vs. prosthesis and inner-space science fiction turned into sound.
References
External links
Portuguese musical groups
Raging Planet artists |
5378293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springwell%20Estate | Springwell Estate | Springwell Estate is a council estate located in the eastern part of Wrekenton in Gateshead, England.
The area is near the local shops and transport links for easy access to Gateshead and Newcastle.
The area is mainly ex-council houses of two and three bedrooms.
The estate has large parks and a nature reserve nearby, as well as being near the ground of a local football team.
Gateshead
Housing estates in England |
5378297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20European%20Airlines | Association of European Airlines | The Association of European Airlines (AEA) was a trade body that brought together 22 major airlines, and was the voice of the European airline industry for over 60 years. It shut down in the end of 2016.
AEA worked in partnership with the institutions of the European Union and other stakeholders in the value chain, to ensure the sustainable growth of the European airline industry in a global context. Upon its demise in 2016, AEA Member Airlines carried over 300 million passengers and 4.5 million tonnes of cargo and provided direct employment to 270,000 people. They operated over 8,000 flights a day, serving 530 destinations in 140 countries, with a global turnover of €100 billion.
History
AEA traces its history back to 1952, when the Presidents of Air France, KLM, Sabena and Swissair formed a joint study group, shortly afterwards expanded with the addition of BEA (a forerunner of British Airways) and SAS. In February 1954, the Air Research Bureau was established on a permanent basis, in Brussels. The name was subsequently changed to the European Airlines Research Bureau and - in 1973 - the AEA.
Shortly after the ARB was established, the 1954 Strasbourg Conference on the Coordination of Transport in Europe led to the foundation of ECAC and recommended that participating states encourage air carriers to undertake cooperative studies aimed at promoting an orderly development of air transport in Europe. Evidently, the AEA was well placed to be the industry's representative in dialogue with ECAC.
By the time the AEA name was adopted, membership had grown to 19. There were three standing committees: Research and Planning, Airline Industry Affairs, and Technical Affairs, which was formed when a pre-existing industry body (the ’Montparnasse Committee’) was absorbed into AEA.
The next major change took place in 1983 when the (then) Commercial and Aeropolitical Committee was divided, in recognition of the growing involvement of the EU in air transport matters. This involvement was formalised in 1986 when air transport was confirmed as being subject to the single-market process.
In the mid-1980s, the Association acquired permanent groups in the fiscal, security and in-flight services fields. To these was added, in 1991, an Infrastructure Group. Another overhaul occurred in 1994, with the establishment of five standing committees, including Infrastructure & Environment and Social Affairs. Research & Information and legal matters acquired the status of support functions.
In 2002, the AEA Presidents determined that the AEA should become an organisation which provides an industry platform for its members in the EU policy-making environment. To achieve this end, the statutes were amended. One major change was that the Presidents would set annual objectives for the Association. The Presidents’ Committee, enlarged by two additional members to twelve, was given the additional task of monitoring the progress of the association in achieving the set objectives. Furthermore, the Presidents modified the criteria for entry and exit into the association to reflect recent market developments. These far-reaching amendments to the statutes were formally approved in May 2003.
At its shutdown in 2016, AEA had 22 members, the Presidents' Committee was presided by Temel Kotil PhD, CEO of Turkish Airlines. CEO of the Association of European Airlines was Mr Athar Husain Khan.
International Airlines Group companies British Airways and Iberia, as well as Air Berlin announced their departure from the group in April 2015. While Air Berlin has already been a member there, British Airways and Iberia shortly later joined the ELFAA, more inline with its view of the liberalisation of the air transport, notably towards gulf carriers. Alitalia also left the AEA in May 2015 for the same reason. All of these airlines already maintain notable partnerships with gulf carriers.
Former members
As of January 2016, members of the AEA were:
(OW: Oneworld member;
ST: SkyTeam member;
SA: Star Alliance member.)
References
External links
Official website
Airline trade associations |
5378312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porva | Porva | Porva is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District. Located in the High Bakony Mountains, 6 km
(3.75 mi) from the city of Zirc and it is around 400 m (1313 ft) above sea level. From the village and the surrounding country side the twin caps of the Koris-hill (709 m or 2326 ft) and the Kék-hill (661 m or 2168 ft) creates a panoramic view.
By car 5 minutes from Zirc with its historical abbey, about 30 minutes from the city of Veszprém, 40 minutes from lake Lake Balaton, 45 minutes from Győr, the city of three streams, 1.5 hours from Budapest and Bratislava and 2 hours from Vienna.
History
Porva has an ancient history and is mentioned among about 40 other villages and cities in the founding document of Hungary. This document can still be seen in the library of the Pannonhalma Archabbey.
Between 1782 and 1784 the current church was erected over the ruins of the palos monastery. The building was built in a gothic baroque style. There is very little left from its rich history. The ruins were buried and the cultural treasures were stolen or moved to other places. The old palos monastery was already deserted during the beginning of the Turkish occupation.
On the ruins stand the numerous time renovated church guarding the past centuries spirit. The descendant of the Szapolyai family Perenszy Pálné born Zápolya Orsolya was buried in 1520 in a red marble mausoleum that is still visible today. The churches main altar was built by Roskovitz Ignác the floor is covered with kelheim stones. The building is in gothic style with baroque sections outside and inside. On the face of the church two marble memorials were erected for the memory of the first and Second World War’s casualties from the village.
On the north wall of the church the original monasteries base walls are still there. The rich history of the town and place names are evident.
The church and the vicarage of Porva used to belong to the Archabbey of Pannonhalma. After World War II however the Russian invaders took possession of the vicarage to establish their regional headquarters. The Facade of the vicarage was destroyed as a Russian repercussion for the Hungarian revolution of 1956
Surroundings
Köris-hill (Hungarian: Köris-hegy), the Bakony hills highest point, forms together with the neighbouring Kék-hill (Hungarian: Kék-hegy) the most beautiful part of the area. It is used as a compass by the travelers of the Bakony hills especially because of the lookout tower on the top of Köris-hegy named after Péter Vajda(1808–1846) a naturalist and poet-writer. First of Porva and its neighbor Borzavár, further away the Vértes hills the shimmering Balaton, the Badacsony hills to the north Pannonhalma on the broad horizon. And with a particular clear sky even the white tops of the Alps in Austria.
From Porva it is a 2 kilometers walk through the surrounding forests to The High Bakony Park on the slopes of the Kék-hill and the Köris-hill and about 5 kilometers to the top of Köris-hegy.
The region is known for outdoor activities like hiking, horse riding, swimming and ballooning.
The Csárda-teto (441 m or 1312 ft) is mentioned in several local legends. This was a meeting place for the local bandits (betyár) Rózsa Sándor, Zsubri, Panduri and Savanyu Jóska. Even today there are traces and stone ruins of the inn (csárda). Because of the prevalent highwayman activities many of the local caves are named after its old occupants. These caves are found along the valley of the Cuha-patak (Cuha-stream): Savanyú Jóska cave, (Kopince-barlang) Betyár-pamlag, Remete-barlang, Zsivány-barlang. The closest springs include Bön-kút, Zsellér-ko kút, Csörgo-kút, Néma-kút etc. Of all the numerous springs the most notable water of Porva is the Hódos-ér (Hódos-creek) flowing into the Cuha about 10 km (6.25 mi) from the village.
The valley of the Cuha-patak is a tourist destination. The valley is known for the blooming wild-cyclamen flowers. The surrounding forests are full of many different flowers and vegetation. Deer, wild boar, stag deer, fox and sometime a herd of wild sheep (muflon) are to be seen in the area.
From early spring to October the tourist traffic is heavy at the porva-csesznek rail station. Most favor this section of the valley.
Gallery
Populated places in Zirc District |
5378319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyton | Wyton | Wyton may refer to the following places in England:
Wyton, Cambridgeshire
Wyton, East Riding of Yorkshire
Wyton may also refer to:
RAF Wyton, an RAF airbase near Wyton, Cambridgeshire
See also
Witton (disambiguation) |
5378322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchist%20Alliance | Monarchist Alliance | Monarchist Alliance (Alleanza Monarchica) is a minor Italian political party dedicated to the restoration of the monarchy in Italy, which was abolished in a 1946 referendum. The party seeks to increase debate amongst the public about the monarchy, and seeks to re-establish a constitutional monarchy through political means.
It has never won any seats in Parliament. Like its predecessors, it has been hampered by provisions in the Italian Constitution that effectively foreclose any attempt to restore the monarchy short of a new constitution. The current Constitution explicitly forbids any attempt to change the republican form of government by constitutional amendment. Until 2002, it also forbade the male members of the former royal house, the House of Savoy, from setting foot on Italian soil. That provision was rescinded in 2002, but as part of the deal, presumptive heir Vittorio Emanuele gave up all claims to the throne.
Election results
Italian Parliament
References
External links
Official website
Monarchist parties in Italy
Political parties established in 1972
1972 establishments in Italy |
5378329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish%20Linen%20Guild | Irish Linen Guild | Irish Linen Guild is a promotional organization of the Irish linen industry that was founded in 1928. The Guild's main role is to promote Irish linen in national and international markets, through its website.
The guild's brand's trademark is the focus of all promotional activities.
This mark is often colloquially referred to as the 'carpet beater symbol'. It can only be used to mark genuine Irish linen products such as linen yarn spun in Ireland and linen fabrics woven in Ireland by members of the Guild.
Products made from genuine Irish linen fabric, such as garments or table linens, can be labelled Irish linen although the made up item may have been assembled elsewhere.
References
External links
Guild homepage
Irish Linen industry
Irish Linen - The Fabric of Ireland
- History of Irish Linen
Woven fabrics
Irish textile organizations
Business organisations based in the Republic of Ireland
Linen industry in Ireland
1928 establishments in Ireland |
5378333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borzav%C3%A1r | Borzavár | Borzavár is a village in Veszprém county in Hungary in Zirc District near the town of Zirc (5 km west) in the High Bakony Mountains. From the village and the surrounding countryside the twin caps of the Koris-hill (709 m or 2326 ft) and the Kék-hill (661 m or 2168 ft) create a beautiful panoramic view.
Distances: by 30 minutes from the beautiful city of Veszprém, 40 minutes from lake Lake Balaton, 45 minutes from Győr, the city of three streams, 1,5 hours from Budapest and Bratislava and 2 hours from Vienna.
History
The village has got 743 inhabitants (2008 census), nearly all of them are Hungarian. Neighbouring settlements are Csesznek and Porva villages, and Zirc town.
The territory of the settlement is inhabited from the stone age. The village has been found by Daniel Esterházy in 1761. The village was settled by Slovaks, Hungarians and Germans. In 1910 Borzavár was a village in the Zirc district of Veszprém County. Number of its inhabitants in 1910: 1120; 1118 (99,8%) Hungarian and 2 (0,2%) other by mother tongue, 1097 (97,9%) Roman Catholic, 12 (1,1%) Calvinist, 6 (0,5%) Jew and 5 (0,5%) Lutheran by religion.
External links
Street map (Hungarian)
Borzavar.hu (Hungarian)
Populated places in Zirc District |
5378403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Green%20%28game%20developer%29 | Brian Green (game developer) | Brian "Psychochild" Green (1973 – 6 August 2020) was an American software engineer, game developer and game designer known for his work on one of the first 3D, MMORPG's in existence, Meridian 59 (released 1996). Operated now by Open Source volunteers, the Meridian 59 servers continue operation after more than nearly twenty-five years.
Youth
Culture and education
He first used the pseudonym Psychochild (sometimes shortened to just "PC") on a MUD called Genocide. But among his most favorite MUD's was Kerovnia, which he played avidly in college (as well as others, such as Highlands, Farside, and Astaria). As he describes...
His interest in online game development grew out of his experience as a "wizard" working on a MUD. A "wizard", in this context, was someone who played the game and was also actively allowed to edit the game, using the game's source code, which is what Psychochild was doing with this game.
Origins of the name "Psychochild"
In an interview, he was asked the origin of his name, and said, "Back in the dorms, one guy I played Street Fighter with called me 'you psycho child' when I'd give a victory whoop, so I used that. The name stuck."
Gaming development career
Beginning of Meridian 59
He worked on the game for 3DO. After 3DO swapped interests to single-payment games, instead of subscription games, 3DO sold Meridian 59 to Brian Green, who then co-founded Near Death Studios in 2001. In 2003, Green gave an interview about his newest developments in Meridian 59: "The biggest thing it allows us to do is show off the great artwork in Meridian 59," while detailing the active, hardware acceleration options in the new engine. Psychochild's contribution to Meridian 59 is cited to span the period of 2001 to 2010.
Transition of Meridian 59 to open source
In the early 2000s, 3DO suffered massive failures after their releases of Army Men (1998) and a poorly-received Jurassic Park release; 3DO immediately went out of business. After thinking that buy-to-play was the future and that subscription payments were the past, 3DO considered offloading Meridian 59 to its original developers. Psychochild and Q (another iconic, developer personality associated with Meridian 59's perseverance) persisted in getting 3DO to sell them the rights to Meridian 59, which was licensed to their new company, Near Death Studios (a pun on the phrase "your opponent is weak, and near death", that appeared, briefly, before winning a battle in the game itself, in pure MUD-style). The transition occurred officially in 2001. Before this transition, Psychochild said that the Meridian 59 division of 3DO was "on life support" for the previous five years. Near Death Studios remained intact for another ten years until a volunteer team of open source developers took over maintaining and administering the servers for Meridian 59 (). This open source development team holds steady until the present, with currently-maintained servers, active development on GitHub, free support, free service, and regularly-organized events (auctions, quests, parties, etc.).
After Meridian 59
In a 2016 interview with Massively OP, Green was said to have been "one of the creators of Meridian 59," but that now he has been "since, having worked on Storybricks, EverQuest Next, and Camelot Unchained."
Storybricks
Brian was a key part of the team behind Storybricks, a "toolset that allows users to tell stories in a computer RPG and share them with friends". Although a Kickstarter to raise funds for the Storybricks system was unsuccessful, the team worked with Sony Online Entertainment to integrate the system into their forthcoming game EverQuest Next. Brian parted ways with Storybricks in early 2014.
Camelot Unchained
In May 2014 Brian joined City State Entertainment on the Camelot Unchained team.
Brian left City State Entertainment in April 2016.
Gaming development social activity
Social networking
He was a frequent gaming conference speaker and wrote for a number of game design websites, including GamersInfo.net. In early 2020, he did consulting and legal expert work, and co-hosted a weekly podcast called "Grim Talk" about game development. According to Gamasutra's obituary for the late Psychochild, after Meridian 59, he "took to sharing his knowledge, thoughts, and reflections on MMOs and beyond with other members of the game industry though his own blog posts while, recently, working on an unannounced online game." To quote The Ancient Gaming Noob, "He was as involved in that [MMORPG] community as anybody and often made time to read and comment on blogs large and small that were interested in the genre." In 2012, he began contributing to StoryBricks, a story-building system for video games.
Publishing
Green was also co-editor with S. Gregory Boyd of the book Business & Legal Primer for Game Development, published by Charles River Media (2007) , and was a contributor to the webzine Imaginary Realities.
Legacy
Remembrances
He died of natural causes on August 6, 2020, at the age of 46. According to the MMORPG magazine Massively Overpowered, "It's with a very heavy heart today that we report that Brian 'Psychochild' Green has passed away at a relatively young age...." noting his contributions in blogging, Storybricks, and EverQuest after leaving Meridian 59.
Green was remembered by the JeuxOnline.com French MMORPG community, which stated in an obituary, "If the MMO industry is still relatively young, it is nevertheless already losing some of its main pioneers."
In-game memorial
His digital memorial was held on Sunday, August 16, 2020, 2pm EDT, at the Vale of Sorrows, Server 101, ingame. The event was entirely recorded by numerous viewers. A temporary portal was set up in Fams, Tos; users could immediately teleport to the event without any travel, and after the service, users were presented with a portal to teleport back. The memorial lasted approximately one and a half hours, spanning about six speakers, each sitting on the center irrigation panel, which is the epicenter of the map. The server reached 85 active users during this period. Active users at the ceremony were awarded masks of the xeochicatl creature, which were one of the creatures that Green had actively developed. Among the remembrances of the speakers, he was highly acclaimed for his contributions to podcasts, blogs, and other grassroots communication with the gaming community. A guestbook was allowed for users to write final condolences to deceased, which has been established as a permanent, unalterable book-item within the game, permanently fixed to the Vale of Sorrows. Other permanent book-items became available, as well, such as the book at the Duke Arkadius Feast Hall, written by Psychochild, detailing the game development of Meridian 59 and 3DO studios in the late 1990s.
Credits
Crusaders of Might and Magic (1999)
Meridian 59: Evolution (2004) (Near Death Studios)
The Saga of Ryzom (2004)
March of the Living (2016)
References
External links
Psychochild's Blog
Meridian 59
Near Death Studios
Stratics interview with Green, discussing Meridan 59: Resurrection
RPGVault article "Taking Games Seriously" about legitimacy for game development.
Twitter post revealing death
American video game designers
MUD developers
Video game designers
Video game programmers
Place of birth missing
1973 births
2020 deaths |
4042187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Ouellette | Caroline Ouellette | Caroline Ouellette (born May 25, 1979) is a Canadian retired ice hockey player and current associate head coach of the Concordia Stingers women's ice hockey program. She was a member of the Canadian national women's ice hockey team and a member of Canadiennes de Montreal in the Canadian Women's Hockey League. Among her many accomplishments are four Olympic gold medals, 12 IIHF Women's World Championship medals (six gold, six silver), 12 Four Nations Cup medals (eight gold, four silver) and four Clarkson Cup championships.
Ouellette is in the Top 10 in all-time NCAA scoring with 229 career points. She is a member of the Triple Gold Club (not officially recognized by the IIHF for women) as one of only three women to win the Clarkson Cup, an Olympic gold medal and an IIHF Women's World Championship gold medal. Along with teammates Jayna Hefford and Hayley Wickenheiser, Ouellette is one of only five athletes to win gold in four consecutive Olympic games.
Nicknamed Caro by her teammates, she started playing hockey at the age of nine. She is the co-founder of athletichub.com, which helps student-athletes navigate the recruitment process, and an ambassador for Right to Play and Carrément Rose.
Ouellette retired as a player from Canada's national women's team on September 25, 2018.
Playing career
Ouellette played for Team Quebec at the 1995 Canada Winter Games, and won gold for Canada's Under 18 team in 1997. When the Canadian Under 19 women's hockey team was founded on May 15, 1996, Ouellette was one of the played name to the team. One of her teammates was future Olympic speed skater Cindy Klassen. The head coach was Daniele Sauvageau Ouellette represented Team Quebec at the 1998 Esso women's hockey nationals. She scored a goal and two assists in the bronze medal game, as Team Quebec was awarded the Maureen McTeer Trophy. During the 2011 IIHF Eight Nations Tournament, Ouellette assisted on all three goals as Canada defeated Finland by a 3–2 tally in round robin play. In the gold medal game of the 2011 Four Nations Cup, Ouellette notched a goal in a 4–3 loss. Ouellette has taken part in 3 Olympic Games, 9 World Championships and 9 Four Nations Cups. In 157 international games with Team Canada, Ouellette has racked up 169 points. In a game versus Russia at the 2012 IIHF Women's World Championship, Ouellette logged three assists in a 14–1 victory. Ouellette would score the game-winning goal in overtime versus the United States in the final game at the 2012 IIHF Women's World Championship, as Canada claimed the gold medal.
NCAA
Ouellette attended the University of Minnesota Duluth and played for the Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey program. Ouellette set an NCAA record for most shorthanded goals in one game with 2. This was accomplished on November 14, 2003 versus North Dakota. In the 2004–05 season, Ouellette was a factor on more than 60 percent of goals scored by the Bulldogs. Among the top nine scorers on the Bulldogs, she had nine penalties, which were the fewest. Throughout her NCAA career, she never had double digits in penalties. By season's end, she was one of three finalists for the Patty Kazmaier Award.
Ouellette is ranked third in all-time leading scoring in Bulldogs history and was named to the WCHA All-Decade team in 2009. She joined the national team in 1999 and has won four world championships (1999, 2000, 2001 and 2004) and four Olympic gold medals with the team (2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014).
CWHL
During the 2000–01 NWHL season, Ouellette played with the Montreal Wingstar and finished third in league scoring with 53 points. She would also spend one season competing with the Minnesota Whitecaps in the former Western Women's Hockey League. In 2008–09, Ouellette joined the Montreal Stars. She won CWHL Top Scorer of the Month honours in November (tying the league record with 19 points in just six games) and December. At year's end, she was named CWHL Most Valuable Player. By winning a third gold medal in women's Olympic hockey, she became the Bulldog hockey player with the most gold medals.
By winning the 2009 Clarkson Cup, Ouellette became an unofficial member of the Triple Gold Club (the accomplishment by women is not yet officially recognized by the IIHF), as she became one of only three women (at the time) to win the Clarkson Cup, a gold medal in ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics, and a gold medal at the IIHF World Women's Championships.
In 2010–11, Ouellette won the Angela James Bowl as the CWHL's scoring leader with 68 points. She also became the first two-winner of the league's Most Valuable Player award. In the championship game of the 2011 Clarkson Cup, Ouellette led all scorers with three points (one goal, two assists).
On December 11, 2016, Ouellette logged a pair of assists, eclipsing the 300-point mark. Of note, Ouellette became the first player in the history of the CWHL to reach this plateau.
Coaching career
For the 2007–2008 season, Ouellette was an assistant coach with the University of Minnesota Duluth women's hockey team alongside American Olympic ice hockey player Julie Chu. With Hockey Canada, she was an assistant coach for the Women's National Under-18 Team for
a three-game series vs. the US in August 2008. She joined the coaching staff of the Concordia Stingers women's ice hockey program in the autumn of 2012.
Personal life
Ouellette graduated from the University of Minnesota Duluth in 2005 with a degree in criminology and women's studies, and she graduated from the National Police Academy in Quebec in 2000. She played for Quebec in softball at the 1997 Summer Canada Games. On September 11, 2010, the Centre Etienne Desmarteau in Montreal, named one of the two rinks in the arena in Ouellette's honour. Caroline Ouellette is involved in raising funds for the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation, a disease has affected the Ouellette family. On January 21, 2011, Ouellette, along with University of Minnesota Duluth Bulldog alumni Jenny Potter and Maria Rooth, took part in a ceremonial faceoff to mark the first ever game at Amsoil Arena at her alma mater in Duluth.
She participated in various festivities commemorating the 2012 NHL All-Star Game in Ottawa, Ontario. Said festivities included an interview (along with a fan question and answer period) at the Sirius XM Stage at the Scotiabank NHL Fan Fair, the Energizer Night Skate at the Ottawa Rink of Dreams (relocated from the Rideau Canal), and attended the Molson Canadian NHL All-Star Skills Competition on Saturday, January 28, 2012. On April 17, 2012, Ouellette (along with Meghan Agosta, Gillian Apps, Courtney Birchard, and head coach Dan Church) took part in the opening faceoff of the playoff game between the Ottawa Senators and the New York Rangers at ScotiaBank Place.
Ouellette is married to American hockey player and Olympic silver-medalist Julie Chu. Ouellette and Chu announced the birth of their daughter Liv in November 2017. They welcomed their second child, Tessa, in May 2021.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honours
Hockey Canada
2019 Hockey Canada Female Breakthrough Award
Isobel Gathorne-Hardy Award, 2013
CWHL
Clarkson Cup Top Forward, 2009
Clarkson Cup Top Scorer, 2009
CWHL Most Valuable Player, 2008–09 and 2010–11
CWHL First All-Star Team, 2008–09
Angela James Bowl, 2010–11
NCAA
Caroline Ouellette, 2003 NCAA Division I Women's Ice Hockey Tournament Most Valuable Player
Caroline Ouellette, NCAA leader, 2003–04 season, Points per game, 2.38
Caroline Ouellette, NCAA leader, 2003–04 season, Assists per game, 1.47
February 7, 2005: Caroline Ouellette became the third Minnesota Duluth player to be named a Patty Kazmaier Top-10 Finalist for two straight seasons.
March 3, 2005: Caroline Ouellette is named UMD's first ever WCHA Student-Athlete of the Year, while also earning a spot on the All-WCHA First Team. In addition, she is named to the WCHA All-Academic Team.
March 6, 2005: Caroline Ouellette is named to the WCHA All-Tournament Team.
March 14, 2005: Caroline Ouellette becomes the second Bulldog to be named a Patty Kazmaier Top-3 Finalist.
March 23, 2005: Caroline Ouellette is honored with the USCHO.com Sportsmanship Award and a Second Team selection.
March 28, 2005: Caroline Ouellette is named a CCM All-America First Team selection for the second straight season.
National honours
In 2019, she was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada. This will give her the Post Nominal Letters "OC" for Life.
References
External links
Caroline Ouellette website
Live The Dream, Caroline Ouellette, Life After the World Championships for Ouellette
Interview de Caroline Ouellette à la revue Elle Québec
1979 births
Living people
Angela James Bowl winners
Canadian women's ice hockey forwards
Clarkson Cup champions
French Quebecers
Sportspeople from Montreal
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
LGBT ice hockey players
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey players
Les Canadiennes de Montreal players
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic ice hockey players of Canada
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Officers of the Order of Canada
LGBT sportspeople from Canada
21st-century LGBT people |
4042228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding%20New%20Jersey%20%26%20Living%20in%20Sin | Understanding New Jersey & Living in Sin | Understanding New Jersey & Living in Sin is the first solo, acoustic album from The Slackers' keyboardist/lead singer Vic Ruggiero. It was released in the US in 2001. In 2006 it was released in Germany/Europe by Moanin'. The reissued version reverses the order of the albums and, as a result, was retitled Living in Sin & Understanding New Jersey
A personal album expressing Vic's feelings over his mother's continued declining health, various relationships with women- see liner notes for name specifics, and his own battle with the demons of minor fame and alcohol. An album that captures Vic's desire to emulate both Jack Kerouac and Bob Dylan.
Track listing
Understanding New Jersey & Living in Sin
Papa Told Me (2:54)
Intro (0:40)
Sole Are Fish for Boots (3:30)
Out of My Window (4:56)
Sunday (4:26)
Tree City, USA (1:41)
This (2:31)
Neatly (3:21)
I Didn't Think (2:42)
To Redeem (2:43)
Junkie Parents (2:50)
Emelia (2:02)
A New Reflection (4:32)
23rd and 2nd (3:28)
Monday (2:38)
Jimmy (2:56)
My Question (4:00)
Do You Good (2:12)
The Cat (2:44)
Living in Sin & Understanding New Jersey
Emelia (2:02)
A New Reflection (4:32)
23rd and 2nd (3:28)
Monday (2:38)
Jimmy (2:56)
My Question (4:00)
Do You Good (2:12)
The Cat (2:44)
Papa Told Me (2:54)
Intro (0:40)
Sole Are Fish for Boots (3:30)
Out of My Window (4:56)
Sunday (4:26)
Tree City, USA (1:41)
This (2:31)
Neatly (3:21)
I Didn't Think (2:42)
To Redeem (2:43)
Junkie Parents (2:50)
2001 debut albums
Vic Ruggiero albums |
4042234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTCM | WTCM | WTCM may refer to:
WTCM (AM), a radio station (580 AM) licensed to Traverse City, Michigan, United States
WTCM-FM, a radio station (103.5 FM) licensed to Traverse City, Michigan, United States
SIRRIS, knowledge centre for the technology industry in Belgium, formerly known as CRIF-WTCM |
4042245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow%20Airport%20%28disambiguation%29 | Glasgow Airport (disambiguation) | Glasgow Airport is the primary airport serving Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
Glasgow Airport may also refer to:
Canada
Rodney (New Glasgow) Airport, in Rodney, Ontario
United Kingdom
Glasgow Prestwick Airport, in South Ayrshire, a secondary airport serving Glasgow, Scotland
Glasgow (Renfrew) Airport, also known as RAF Renfrew, the predecessor of Glasgow International Airport
Glasgow Seaplane Terminal, in Glasgow, Scotland
United States
Glasgow Airport (Montana), also known as Wokal Field, in Glasgow, Montana
Glasgow Air Force Base, a former United States Air Force base near Glasgow, Montana
Glasgow Industrial Airport, a private airport located on the site of the former Glasgow Air Force Base near Glasgow, Montana
Glasgow Municipal Airport, in Kentucky |
4042248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus%20%28typeface%29 | Albertus (typeface) | Albertus is a glyphic serif display typeface designed by Berthold Wolpe in the period 1932 to 1940 for the British branch of the printing company Monotype. Wolpe named the font after Albertus Magnus, the thirteenth-century German philosopher and theologian.
Wolpe studied as a metal engraver, and Albertus was modelled to resemble letters carved into bronze. The face began as titling capitals. Eventually a lowercase roman was added, and later a strongly cursive, narrow italic. Albertus has slight glyphic serifs. It is available in light and italic varieties.
The project began in 1932. Titling caps were released first, and the Monotype Recorder of summer 1935 presented the capitals as an advance showing. Other characters and a lower case were added by 1940. Albertus has remained popular since its release and since the end of mass use of metal type phototypesetting and digital versions have been released.
Characteristics
In the uppercase "M" the middle strokes descend only partway, not reaching the baseline, in the default version.
The uppercase "U" has a stem on the right side.
Figures are lining.
In the metal type period, Albertus was offered with alternate characters, including a non-descending 'J' that stops at the baseline, an 'M' that reaches the baseline, and a different ampersand, similar to that used on Dwiggins' Metro.
Wolpe later designed Pegasus, a spiky serif design intended to complement Albertus with more body text-oriented proportions. It was less popular and had faded in popularity by the end of the metal type period, although Matthew Carter digitised it and added a bold and italic in 1980 as part of a commemorative exhibition project on Wolpe's work.
Use
Albertus is used for the street name signs in the City of London, City of London Corporation and London Borough of Lambeth (where Wolpe resided until his death in 1989). Wolpe frequently used it in book jackets he designed for the London publisher Faber and Faber. It has also been used in many other publications.
Outside of publications an adapted version of Albertus is particularly known for its use in surreal British Television series The Prisoner (1967–68), where it was used for all signage in the show's surreal prison village setting, as well as for the series' logo. The key adaptations were the removal of the dots from 'i's and 'j's and an uncial-style 'e'. It is also used for the title card on the American television series How to Get Away with Murder and was the typeface for Electronic Arts from 1999-2006. It is also known for its use by director John Carpenter in the opening credits of several of his films, including Escape from New York, The Thing, Big Trouble in Little China, Prince of Darkness, and They Live.
British band Coldplay used the Albertus Medium variant on the album covers and subsequent single releases associated with their first three albums, Parachutes, A Rush of Blood to the Head, and X&Y.
Premier League team Liverpool F.C. uses the font in the club's brand, ranging from their crest, media, memorabilia and fashion products.
Major League Soccer team Charlotte Football Club uses the font in their brand, including their crest and logotype.
Australian drum and bass band Pendulum used the Albertus Medium variant on the artwork for "Propane Nightmares", "Granite", "Showdown", and "The Other Side".
Uncharted uses the Albertus medium variant in of all the releases.
Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City uses the font in the film, a tribute to John Carpenter.
Digitisations
Monotype released an updated digital version of Albertus, named Albertus Nova, in 2017. It was digitised by Toshi Omagari as part of a Berthold Wolpe Collection series that included Pegasus and three other Wolpe typefaces. Monotype promoted the digitisation with an exhibition at the Type Museum in London. Omagari added a number of alternates, including metal type alternates, an 'A' based on Wolpe's lettering and an uncial 'e' used in the production design of The Prisoner.
Monotype's previous digital version is also available and Albertus digitisations have also been sold by Adobe, Bitstream, Fontsite, SoftMaker and others.
Bitstream's version is called Flareserif 821.
URW++ released a lookalike version known as A028 for free for use with Ghostscript and TeX. Featuring medium and extra-bold weights but no italics, A028 is widely available on Linux systems and other open source environments.
See also
Carter Sans (2011), by Matthew Carter and influenced by Albertus
References
Blackwell, Lewis. 20th Century Type. Yale University Press: 2004. .
Fiedl, Frederich, Nicholas Ott and Bernard Stein. Typography: An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Through History. Black Dog & Leventhal: 1998. .
Jaspert, W. Pincus, W. Turner Berry and A.F. Johnson. The Encyclopædia of Type Faces. Blandford Press Lts.: 1953, 1983. .
Macmillan, Neil. An A–Z of Type Designers. Yale University Press: 2006. .
Williams, Owen Berthold Wolpe and His Typeface Albertus Letter Arts Review, Vol 20 No 1, 2006
External links
Albertus Pro
Albertus at Monotype
Albertus Font Family - by Berthold Wolpe
A028: an open-source digitisation of regular and bold roman styles
Incised typefaces
Letterpress typefaces
Photocomposition typefaces
Digital typefaces
Monotype typefaces
Display typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in the 1930s |
4042252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomaland | Lomaland | Lomaland was a Theosophical community located in Point Loma in San Diego, California from 1900 to 1942. Theosophical Society leader Katherine Tingley founded it in 1900 as a school, cultural center, and residential facility for her followers. The American headquarters of the Theosophical Society Pasadena was also situated there. The facility was important to the growing city of San Diego for its cultural offerings, and it left a lasting legacy in its campus (now Point Loma Nazarene University) which still retains many of the unique architectural features of the original Lomaland. The residents of Lomaland also transformed their Point Loma neighborhood by planting so many trees, orchards and shrubs that the formerly barren neighborhood is now known as the "Wooded Area".
Led by Katherine Tingley, the group came to Point Loma to establish a community that would model the philosophical and humanitarian goals of Theosophy. The "White City" envisioned by Tingley was to be located on the extreme western edge of the North American continent but oriented toward India, the spiritual center of Theosophical beliefs. The blend of new world confidence, Victorian morality, a love of antiquity, and Indian spirituality created a unique community that found its expression in architecture that is still visible on the campus of Point Loma Nazarene University.
History of the Point Loma site
Gottfried de Purucker visited Point Loma in 1894, and in 1896 he met Katherine Tingley in Geneva where he spoke about the place. In 1897 Tingley bought a piece of land at Point Loma, and in February 1897 she laid the first stone for a School for the Revival of the Lost Mysteries of Antiquity (SRLMA). In 1899 Tingley moved to Lomaland, and in 1900 Universal Brotherhood and Theosophical Society (UBTS) also established their headquarters there. Agricultural experimentation was essential to the Lomaland community's desire to be self-sufficient in all respects, and the group imported and tried many different types of plants and trees including avocados, oranges, and other fruit. Katherine Tingley's goal was to serve fresh fruits and vegetables at Lomaland every day of the year.
In summer 1900, the educational arm of Lomaland, a Raja yoga school, was opened up. In 1901 followed an open air Greek theatre, a temple, in 1914 a college, and by 1919 a theosophical university. Many other buildings were established including a hotel, a theatre, a textile factory, a joinery, a bakery, a publishing house, and more. Vegetable and fruit gardens were planted. Around 60 percent of the community was female, and notable for this time, the same percentage was also represented in executive positions.
"Raja Yoga" meant divine union, and the educational goals of the school involved not only the intellect, but also moral and spiritual development. The Raja Yoga Academy was a boarding school; over 300 students lived together in group homes that were known as "Lotus Houses." Children from poor families could go to school without paying any charges. The students also played classical dramas, as well as those of Shakespeare. Each student had to learn to play at least one instrument, so that after 1905 the first school orchestra of the United States could hold weekly concerts and go on tour.
A theosophical university was established in 1919. It offered courses in the humanities and in science, and was accredited by the state of California. In 1942 the university was relocated to Covina.
The publishing house changed its name several times, it was called The Theosophical publishing company, Aryan theosophical press, or Theosophical university press.
In 1942 Lomaland was sold, and the Theosophical Society moved to Covina, near Los Angeles.
Historic buildings
At its height, the community consisted of at least five or six dozen buildings, some quite distinctive. By 1900, the campus was dominated by the imposing Academy Building and the adjoining Temple of Peace. Both buildings were constructed in the Theosophical vernacular that included a flattened arch motif and whimsical references to antiquity. The buildings were topped by amethyst domes, which were lighted at night and could be seen offshore. The entrance to the Temple of Peace was dominated by two massive carved doors that symbolized the Theosophical Principles of spiritual enlightenment and human potential. These doors are currently located in the archives of the San Diego Historical Society. The sculptor, Reginald Machell, was educated in England, but moved to Lomaland with the community in 1899. The interior furnishings he carved for the Academy Building were influenced by the Symbolist style popular in Europe at that time. Machell also supervised the woodworking school at Point Loma. Agricultural experimentation was essential to the Lomaland community's desire to be self-sufficient in all respects.
Lomaland had public buildings for the entire community and several private homes. The home of Albert Spalding, the sporting goods tycoon, was built in 1901. The building combines late-Victorian wooden architecture with historical motifs such as the modified Corinthian column (now shaped like a papyrus leaf) and flattened arches. The amethyst dome was restored by a team of scholars led by Dr. Dwayne Little of the department of history and political science at San Diego State University in 1983.
The first Greek theater in North America was built on this site in 1901. It was used for sporting events and theatrical performances. Tessellated pavement and stoa were added in 1909. The theatre was the site of a number of productions of Greek and Shakespearean dramas.
Cabrillo Hall, which served as the International Center Headquarters, and the Brotherhood Headquarters (also called "Wachere Crest" and "Laurel Crest"), was completed in 1909. It served as office for the Theosophical Society and as a residence for Katherine Tingley after 1909. It was originally located on the west side of Pepper Tree Lane but was moved in the early 2000's to the east side. Cabrillo Hall is currently the home of the Communication Studies department.
The reception area was housed in a rectangular building known as the Executive Building. This multi-purpose structure was originally located just southwest of the Academy Building. It served a variety of functions that included telephone and mail services; in 1908 it was used as a display center for the Woman's Exchange and Mart. The unusual truss design in the interior of the building emphasized the square and the circle, which were symbolic of heaven and earth.
After the Theosophical Society
Lomaland dissolved in the aftermath of the Great Depression of the 1930s and the death of Katherine Tingley in 1929. In 1942, the campus was sold to Coronado developer George W. Wood. The Theosophical Society staff and remaining students moved to Covina. Wood planned to use the buildings and site to create a 5,000 population housing district (after using the property for temporary war housing during World War II.) However, due to limitations in the property transfer agreement and the dangerous condition of many of the buildings on the site, he was allowed to move in only 300 patrons. After Wood died, Dwight Standord helped purchase the property for the struggling Balboa University, a deal which was finalized on September 15, 1950.
That same year, Balboa University became affiliated with the Southern California Methodist Conference, changed its name to California Western University and relocated to Lomaland. In 1960, the Cal Western law school moved from its downtown location to Rohr Hall at Point Loma to join the rest of the school. The law school received accreditation from the American Bar Association in 1962.
In 1968, California Western University changed its name to United States International University (USIU). The law school, however, retained the name Cal Western. In 1973, the law school relocated from its Point Loma location to the current downtown campus and Pasadena College moved to Point Loma to replace it. USIU moved to Scripps Ranch and in 2001 it merged with California School of Professional Psychology to form Alliant International University. Pasadena College was renamed Point Loma College, then Point Loma Nazarene University, and remains at that location.
See also
Theosophical Society Point Loma - Blavatskyhouse
California Western School of Law
Alliant International University
Point Loma Nazarene University
References
Further reading
Ashcraft, W. Michael, The Dawn of the New Cycle: Point Loma Theosophists and American Culture. The University of Tennessee Press, 2002.
Gafford, George N.: Odyssey of a Law School. Mountain N' Air Books, La Crescenta, CA, 2001.
Greenwalt, Emmett A.: California utopia, Point Loma, 1897–1942. Point Loma Publications, San Diego 1978
Greenwalt, Emmett A.: City of glass, the theosophical invasion of Point Loma. Cabrillo Historical Association, San Diego 1981
Greenwalt, Emmett A.: The Point Loma community in California, 1897–1942, a theosophical experiment. AMS Press, New York 1979;
Streissguth, Thomas: Utopian visionaries. Oliver Press, Minneapolis 1999;
Whiting, Lilian: Katherine Tingley, theosophist and humanitarian. Aryan Theosophical Press, Point Loma 1919
Whiting, Lilian: Katherine Tingley und ihr Râja-Yoga-System der Erziehung. Buchhandlung für Universale Bruderschaft und Theosophie, Nürnberg o.J. (ca. 1920)
External links
Iverson and Helen Harris Papers MSS 130. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.
Katherine Tingley gewidmete Sonderausgabe der Zeitschrift Sunrise mit mehreren Artikeln über Lomaland (pdf-Dokument, 3100 kB) German
Gottfried de Purucker gewidmete Sonderausgabe der Zeitschrift Sunrise mit mehreren Artikeln über Lomaland (pdf-Dokument, 824 kB) German
Artikel über Katherine Tingley und Lomaland in der Zeitschrift Das Forum (pdf-Dokument, 666 kB) German
Lomaland theatre
Lomaland by Iverson L. Harris
Art and Theosophy in Lomaland
Gender-Studies in Lomaland
Lomaland
Interview about Lomaland
History of Lomaland with pictures
Theosophical Society
Point Loma, San Diego
History of San Diego
Utopian communities in California
Populated places established in 1897
1897 establishments in California
1942 disestablishments in California
Landmarks in San Diego
Point Loma Nazarene University |
4042253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral%20medicine | Oral medicine | An oral medicine or stomatology doctor (or stomatologist) has received additional specialized training and experience in the diagnosis and management of oral mucosal abnormalities (growths, ulcers, infection, allergies, immune-mediated and autoimmune disorders) including oral cancer, salivary gland disorders, temporomandibular disorders (e.g.: problems with the TMJ) and facial pain (due to musculoskeletal or neurologic conditions), taste and smell disorders; and recognition of the oral manifestations of systemic and infectious diseases. It lies at the interface between medicine and dentistry. An oral medicine doctor is trained to diagnose and manage patients with disorders of the orofacial region, essentially as a "physician of the mouth."
History
The importance of the mouth in medicine has been recognized since the earliest known medical writings. For example, Hippocrates, Galen and others considered the tongue to be a "barometer" of health, and emphasized the diagnostic and prognostic importance of the tongue. However, oral medicine as a specialization is a relatively new subject area. It used to be termed "stomatology" (-stomato- + -ology).
In some institutions, it is termed "oral medicine and oral diagnosis". American physician and dentist, Thomas E Bond authored the first book on oral and maxillofacial pathology in 1848, entitled "A Practical Treatise on Dental Medicine". The term "oral medicine" was not used again until 1868. Jonathan Hutchinson is also considered the father of oral medicine by some.
Oral medicine grew from a group of New York dentists (primarily periodontists), who were interested in the interactions between medicine and dentistry in the 1940s. Before becoming its own specialty in the United States, oral medicine was historically once a subset of the specialty of periodontics, with many periodontists achieving board certification in oral medicine as well as periodontics.
Scope
Oral medicine is concerned with clinical diagnosis and non-surgical management of non-dental pathologies affecting the orofacial region (the mouth and the lower face).
Many systemic diseases have signs or symptoms that manifest in the orofacial region. Pathologically, the mouth may be affected by many cutaneous and gastrointestinal conditions. There is also the unique situation of hard tissues penetrating the epithelial continuity (hair and nails are intra-epithelial tissues). The biofilm that covers teeth therefore causes unique pathologic entities known as plaque-induced diseases.
Example conditions that oral medicine is concerned with are lichen planus, Behçet's disease and pemphigus vulgaris. Moreover, it involves the diagnosis and follow-up of pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity, such as leukoplakias or erythroplakias and of chronic and acute pain conditions such as paroxysmal neuralgias, continuous neuralgias, myofascial pain, atypical facial pain, autonomic cephalalgias, headaches and migraines. Another aspect of the field is managing the dental and oral condition of medically compromised patients such as cancer patients with related oral mucositis, bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws or oral pathology related to radiation therapy. Additionally, it is involved in the diagnosis and management of dry mouth conditions (such as Sjögren's syndrome) and non-dental chronic orofacial pain, such as burning mouth syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia and temporomandibular joint disorder.
Lumps and swellings of the mouth
Types of lumps and swelling
It is not uncommon for an individual to experience a lump/swelling in the oral environment. The overall presentation is highly variable and the progression of these lesions can also differ, for example: development of a lesion into a bulla or a malignant neoplasm. Lumps and swellings can occur due to a variety of conditions, both benign and malignant such as:
Normal variation lesions
Pterygoid hamulus: This is a hook-shaped structure protruding postero-laterally from the inferior boundary of the medial plate of the pterygoid process
Parotid papillae: This is the exiting duct from the parotid gland which is commonly found adjacent to the upper second molar on the buccal mucosa
Lingual papillae: Seen covering the dorsum of the tongue
Inflammatory
Abscess: An abscess is a painful collection of pus, usually caused by a bacterial infection
Cellulitis: Commonly due to a bacterial infection spreading to the deeper layers of the skin leading to a multitude of complications
Cysts: A cyst is an epithelial lined sac of tissue that has either fluid or semi-fluid content inside
Sialadenitis: Infection of the salivary glands
Pyogenic granuloma: Is a relatively common, tumor-like, exuberant tissue response to localized irritation or trauma
Chronic granulomatous disorders
Orofacial granulomatosis: This is an uncommon condition but is seen to be increasing in prevalence. This condition presents with facial/labial swellings commonly accompanied with angular stomatitis or cracked lips, ulcers, mucosal tags, cobblestone mucosea or gingival swellings
Crohn's disease: This is a disease affecting the bowel but commonly has oral lesions associated. Examples of some oral presentations are: raised gingival lesions, hyperplastic folds/cobble-stone mucosa, ulcers, facial swelling and/or angular cheilitis
Sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis is a multi-system condition which may lead to gingival enlargement or salivary gland swelling which may result in xerostomia
Developmental
Unerupted teeth
Odontogenic cysts
Eruption cysts
Haemangioma
Lymphangioma
Palatal tori and mandibular tori: formation of new bone upon the surface of a present bone
Lingual thyroid: this is an abnormal mass of ectopic thyroid tissue seen at the base of tongue
Traumatic
Denture-induced hyperplasia
Epulis
Fibroepithelial polyp
Haematoma
Mucocele
Surgical emphysema
Hormonal
Pregenancy epulis
Oral contraceptive pill gingivitis
Metabolic
Amyloidosis
Drugs
Phenytoin
Calcium channel blockers
Ciclosporin
Allergy
Angioedema
Infective
HPV
Fibro-osseous
Cherubism
Fibrous dysplasia
Paget's disease
Neoplasms
Carcinoma
Leukeamia
Lymphoma
Myeloma
Odontogenic tumours
Minor salivary gland tumours
So as seen above the list is extensive and by no means is this a complete and comprehensive representation of all the possible lumps/swellings that can occur in the mouth as to the means of acquiring a swelling in the mouth. When considering what a lump might be caused by the site of which it has appeared can be of significance. Below are some examples of swellings/lumps which usually are present as specific locations in the oral cavity:
Gingiva
Congenital hyperplasia
Abscesses
Pyogenic granuloma
Neoplastic
Pregnancy epulis
Drug-induced hyperplasia
Angioedema
Papilloma/warts
Palate
Torus palatinus
Abscesses
Unerupted teeth
Pleomorphic adenomas/salivary neoplasms
Invasive carcinoma from maxillary sinus
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Developmental swellings associated with Paget's disease
FOM
Most commonly salivary calculi and denture-induced hyperplasia
Mucocele
Ranula
Mandibular tori
Tongue and buccal mucosa
Congenital haemangioma
Congenital macroglossia
Mucocele
Vesiculobullous lesions
Ulcers
Hyperplasia
Diagnosis of the cause of a lump or swelling
If there is any suspect or unknown reason as to why a lump has arisen In an individuals mouth it is important to establish when this first was noticed and the accompanied symptoms if any. On examination ensure that there is not an obvious cause to the swelling/lump via a thorough: medical, social, dental and family history, followed by an oral examination. Whilst examining the suspected lesion there are some diagnostic aids to note which can be used to formulate a provisional diagnosis. There are many factors taken into consideration in this diagnosis, such as:
The anatomical position & symmetry
Midline associated lesions tend to be of a developmental origin (e.g. torus palatinus)
Bilateral lesions tend to be benign (e.g. sialosis, diabetes etc.)
Consider associations with surrounding anatomical structures
Malignant lesions are usually unilateral
Size and shape
Diagrams or photographs are usually recorded alongside the actual measurement of the lesion
Colour
Brown and black pigmentation may occur from a variety of aetiologies s such as: tattoo, naeuvus, melanoma
Purple or red pigmentation may occur due to conditions such as: haemangioma, kaposi's sarcoma or a giant cell lesion
Temperature
If the lesion is warm it is thought an inflammatory cause is most likely (e.g. abscess or haemangioma)
Tenderness
If a lesion is significantly tender on palpation the origin is usually thought to be inflammatory
Discharge
Are there any secretions associated with the lesion upon palpation or spontaneously occurring
Movement
The lesion should be tested to determine whether it is attached to adjacent structures or the overlying mucosa
Consistency
Carcinoma is usually suggested by a hard/indurated consistency
If a lesion is palpated and a crackling, ‘egg shell’ sound occurs this tends to be a swelling overlying a bony cyst
Surface texture
Abnormal vascular changes suggests neoplasm
Malignant lesions tend to be nodular and may ulcerate
Papillomas are usually comparative to a wart-like appearance
Ulceration
Squamous cell carcinoma is an example of a malignancy which can present with superficial ulceration
Margin
Malignant lesions tend to have an ill-defined margin
Benign lesions tend to have a clearly defined margin
Number of lesions
Multiple lesions might suggest an infective or developmental aetiology
Investigations
Once the surrounding tissues and the immediate management of any lumps/swellings are taken care of, an image of the full extent of the lesion is needed. This is done to establish what the lump/swelling is associated with and to ensure that any damaging probability is kept to a minimum. There are a variety of imaging technique options which are chosen based on the lesion: size, location, growth pattern etc. Some examples of images used are: DPT, Scintigraphy, Sialography, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound.
As described some lumps or swellings can be in close relation to anatomical structures. Commonly, Teeth are associated in a lesion which brings about the question – “are they still vital?” In order to clarify, any tooth that is associated with a lump or swelling is vitality tested, examined for any pathology or restorative deficiencies in order to determine the long term prognosis of this tooth and how this might affect treatment of the lump/swelling at hand.
Alongside any radiographs which may be justified, Blood tests may be needed in order to obtain a definitive diagnosis if there is a suspicion of potential blood dyscrasias or any endocrinopathy involvement.
Finally, a particularly vital means of diagnosis is a biopsy. These tend to be regularly done in the cases of singular, chronic lesions and are carried out in an urgent manner as lesions of this category have a significant malignant potential. The indications to carry out a biopsy include:
Lesions that have neoplastic or premalignant features or are enlarging
Persistent lesions that are of uncertain aetiology
Persistent lesions that are failing to respond to treatment
Once a small piece of tissue is removed for the biopsy, it is then microscopically histopathologically examined.
Training and practice
Australia
Australian programs are accredited by the Australian Dental Council (ADC). They are three years in length and culminate with either a master's degree (MDS) or a Doctor of Clinical Dentistry degree (DClinDent). Fellowship can then be obtained with the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons, FRACDS (Oral Med) and or the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia, FRCP.
Canada
Canadian programs are accredited by the Canadian Commission on Dental Accreditation (CDAC). They are a minimum of three years in length and usually culminate with a master's (MSc) degree. Currently, only the University of Toronto, the University of Alberta, and the University of British Columbia offer programs leading to the specialty. Most residents combine oral medicine programs with oral and maxillofacial pathology programs leading to a dual specialty. Graduates are then eligible to sit for the Fellowship exams with the Royal College of Dentists of Canada (FRCD(C)).
India
Indian programs are accredited by the Dental Council of India (DCI).Oral Medicine is in conjunction with oral radiology in India and it is taught in both graduate and post graduate levels as Oral Medicine and Radiology. They are three years in length and culminate with a master's degree (MDS) in Oral Medicine and Radiology.
New Zealand
New Zealand has traditionally followed the UK system of dual training (dentistry and medicine) as a requisite for specialty practice; the University of Otago Faculty of Dentistry currently offers a 5-year intercalated clinical doctorate/medical degree (DClinDent/MBChB) program. On 9 July 2013, the dental council of New Zealand proposed that the prescribed qualifications for oral medicine be changed to include the new DClinDent in addition to a medical degree, with no requirement for a standard dental degree.
United Kingdom
In the UK, oral medicine is one of the 13 specialties of dentistry recognized by the General Dental Council (GDC). The GDC defines oral medicine as: "[concerned with] oral health care of patients with chronic recurrent and medically related disorders of the mouth and with their diagnosis and non-surgical management." Unlike many other countries, oral medicine physicians in the UK do not usually partake in the dental management of their patients. Some UK oral medicine specialists have dual qualification with both medical and dental degrees. However, in 2010 the GDC approved a new curriculum for oral medicine, and a medical degree is no longer a prerequisite for entry into specialist training. Specialist training is normally 5 years, although this may be reduced to a minimum of 3 years in recognition of previous training, such as a medical degree. In the UK, oral medicine is one of the smallest dental specialties. According to the GDC, as of December 2014 there were 69 clinicians registered as specialists in oral medicine. As of 2012, there were 16 oral medicine units across the UK, mostly based in dental teaching hospitals, and around 40 practising consultants. The British & Irish Society for Oral Medicine has suggested that there are not enough oral medicine specialists, and that there should be one consultant per million population. Competition for the few training posts is keen, although new posts are being created and the number of trainees increased.
United States
The American Dental Association (CODA) accredited programs are a minimum of two years in length. Oral medicine, is an American Dental Association recognized speciality, and many oral medicine specialists fulfil a very important role by teaching at dental schools and graduate programs to ensure dentists and other dental specialists receive excellent training in medical topics pertinent to the dental practice. The ADA has recently started a dental practice parameters for world-class quality services.
See also
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Oral surgery
Periodontology
Tooth pathology
References
External links
British & Irish Society for Oral Medicine
American Academy of Oral Medicine
Oral Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand
International Academy of Oral Medicine
European Association of Oral Medicine
Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Dentistry branches
Dentistry education |
4042260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie%20%28album%29 | Angie (album) | Angie is the debut album by American R&B singer Angela Bofill. It was produced by the GRP Records label heads Dave Grusin and Larry Rosen. It was released in 1978 on the GRP label; a digitally remastered version was released on Buddah Records in 2001.
Reception
The album was heralded as a mild success, popularizing on some of the themes of the times. The song "This Time I'll Be Sweeter" charted fairly well on the U.S R&B front. Being the first of her kind to do so, Bofill's sophisticated vocals would prove to have an effect on the jazz, Latin and urban contemporary music audiences of the time.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Angela Bofill; except where noted.
"Under the Moon and Over the Sky" - 5:45
"This Time I'll Be Sweeter" - (Gwen Guthrie, Patrick Grant) 4:21
"Baby, I Need Your Love" - 4:14
"Rough Times" - (Ashford & Simpson) 4:41
"The Only Thing I Would Wish For" - 4:26
"Summer Days" - (Timothy Blixseth) 5:09
"Share Your Love" - (Derrik Hoitsma) 5:14
"Children of the World United" - 5:51
Personnel
Angela Bofill - lead and backing vocals
Dave Grusin - electric piano, piano, percussion
Eric Gale - electric guitar
Buddy Williams, Steve Gadd - drums
Dave Valentin - flute, bass guitar
Richard Resnicoff - acoustic guitar
George Young - alto saxophone on "Share Your World"
Ralph MacDonald - Roger Squitero - percussion
Eddie Daniels, George Young, Howard Johnson, Jim Pugh, Irvin "Marky" Markowitz, Marvin Stamm, Michael Brecker, Phil Bodner, Walt Levinsky - horns
Barry Finclair, Charles Libove, Charles McCracken, Diana Halprin, Emanuel Vardi, Harry Cykman, John Pintavalle, Jonathan Abramowitz, Lamar Alsop, Matthew Raimondi, Max Ellen, Paul Gershman, Richard Sortomme - strings
Arthur Woodley, Cheryl Freeman, Clara Antoine, Dance Theater of Harlem Choral Ensemble, Irma LaGuerre, Lorraine Baucum, Raj McIntyre, Stacy Gaines, Sylvia Bhourne, Wilbur Archie - choir
David Nadien - concertmaster
Gwen Guthrie, Patti Austin, Vivian Cherry - backing vocals
"This album is dedicated to my little nephew Pas and to all the children of the world. . .that they grow up knowing the true meaning of love."
Covers and samples
Chilean hip hop band Makiza samples "The Only Thing I Would Wish For" in the song "La Rosa de los Vientos".
American rapper Smoke DZA samples "Under the Moon and Over the Sky" on the track "Pass Off," from the album Dream. Zone. Achieve.
Charts
Singles
References
External links
Angela Bofill - Angie at Discogs
1978 debut albums
Albums produced by Dave Grusin
Albums recorded at Electric Lady Studios
Angela Bofill albums
GRP Records albums |
4042267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Final%20Countdown%20Tour%201986 | The Final Countdown Tour 1986 | The Final Countdown Tour 1986 is a concert video released by the Swedish hard rock band Europe. It features footage from a concert filmed at Solnahallen in Solna, Sweden on May 26, 1986. It was first released on VHS in Japan in 1986, and was released on DVD and CD in 2004.
A remastered edition, entitled The Final Countdown Tour 1986: Live in Sweden - 20th Anniversary Edition, was released on DVD on October 4, 2006 to mark the 20th anniversary of the album The Final Countdown.
Track listing
"The Final Countdown"
"Ninja"
"Carrie"
"On the Loose"
"Cherokee"
"Time Has Come"
"Open Your Heart"
"Stormwind"
"Rock the Night"
Personnel
Joey Tempest – lead vocals, acoustic guitars
John Norum – lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals
John Levén – bass guitar
Mic Michaeli – keyboards, backing vocals
Ian Haugland – drums, backing vocals
Europe (band) video albums
1986 live albums
Live video albums
1986 video albums |
4042270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering%20ratio | Steering ratio | Steering ratio refers to the ratio between the turn of the steering wheel (in degrees) or handlebars and the turn of the wheels (in degrees).
The steering ratio is the ratio of the number of degrees of turn of the steering wheel to the number of degrees the wheel(s) turn as a result. In motorcycles, delta tricycles and bicycles, the steering ratio is always 1:1, because the steering wheel is fixed to the front wheel. A steering ratio of x:y means that a turn of the steering wheel x degree(s) causes the wheel(s) to turn y degree(s). In most passenger cars, the ratio is between 12:1 and 20:1. For example, if one complete turn of the steering wheel, 360 degrees, causes the inner & outer wheel to turn 30 and 45 degrees respectively, the ratio is then 360:75 = 4.8:1 ~ 5:1
A higher steering ratio means that the steering wheel is turned more to get the wheels turning, but it will be easier to turn the steering wheel. A lower steering ratio means that the steering wheel is turned less to get the wheels turning, but it will be harder to turn the steering wheel. Larger and heavier vehicles will often have a higher steering ratio, which will make the steering wheel easier to turn. If a truck had a low steering ratio, it would be very hard to turn the steering wheel. In normal and lighter cars, the wheels are easier to turn, so the steering ratio doesn't have to be as high. In race cars the ratio is typically very low, because the vehicle must respond to steering input much faster than in normal cars. The steering wheel is therefore harder to turn.
Variable-ratio steering
Variable-ratio steering is a system that uses different ratios on the rack in a rack and pinion steering system. At the center of the rack, the space between the teeth are smaller and the space becomes larger as the pinion moves down the rack. In the middle of the rack there is a higher ratio and the ratio becomes lower as the steering wheel is turned towards lock. That makes the steering less sensitive when the steering wheel is close to its center position and makes it harder for the driver to over steer at high speeds. As the steering wheel is turned towards lock, the wheels begin to react more to steering input
Steering quickener
A steering quickener is used to modify the steering ratio of factory-installed steering system, which in turn modifies the response time and overall handling of vehicle. When a steering quickener is employed in an automobile, the driver of the automobile can turn the steering wheel a smaller degree compared to a factory-installed steering system without a steering quickener, to turn the vehicle through same distance. On the other hand, the steering effort needed will greatly increase. If the automobile is equipped with power steering, overloading the power steering pump can also be a concern.
References
Engineering ratios
Automotive steering technologies
Motorcycle dynamics |
5378410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only%20Built%204%20Cuban%20Linx...%20Pt.%20II | Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II | Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II is the fourth studio album by American hip hop recording artist and Wu-Tang Clan-member Raekwon, released September 8, 2009, on Ice H2O/EMI Records in the United States. The album experienced numerous delays to its release due to Raekwon's approach of continual re-writing, as well as distribution issues with his record labels. Serving as the sequel to his critically acclaimed debut album Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... (1995), Pt. II maintains many of the themes covered on its predecessor, and features guest appearances from several Wu-Tang members, as well as Busta Rhymes, Jadakiss and Beanie Sigel.
The album debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 and at number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, while selling near 68,000 copies in its first week. Upon its release, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II received widespread acclaim from music critics, based on an aggregate score of 88/100 from Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim", and was ranked number 45 on the site's list of best-reviewed albums. Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II was included on several publications' year-end album lists, including Rolling Stone, which ranked it the twenty-fifth best album of 2009, and Time, which named it seventh-best.
Background
Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II was originally announced in late 2005, when it was stated that Busta Rhymes would be executive producer on the album. Although Raekwon would spend several years re-working and writing the album, it was announced in January 2006 that it was finished, with production being largely credited to RZA, with RZA and Busta Rhymes as executive producers. Later in 2006, it was revealed that Wu-Tang Clan members GZA and Inspectah Deck would be featured, returning with their Wu-Gambino personas.
Busta Rhymes' influence on the project became more solidified when it was announced that Raekwon had signed a contract with Dr. Dre's label Aftermath Entertainment, to which Busta was signed. The deal was structured so that the release would be a joint venture between Wu-Tang Records and Aftermath Entertainment. After a period of time and reported delays in the recording process, the two parties eventually separated from the original agreement. The decision came after it was revealed that Dr. Dre had reportedly become creatively tied up with his personal Detox record. Raekwon revealed in an interview that Cuban Linx Pt. II would not be released on Aftermath, stating "Dr. Dre is a busy man and may not have the time to give the album his full attention." An insider from Aftermath spoke on this matter, stating "The Raekwon album came in done. It’s finished! It’s a finished record. Dre did two records. We were doing the deal, and during the deal the Christmas break came. We took a break for two weeks—came back—Dre acted like we never spoke! I was like, ‘All right, this Raekwon thing,’ and he's like, 'Nah, I ain’t fuckin’ with that no more.' In a Complex track interview, Raekwon revealed that a third Dr. Dre track was made for the album that did not make the final cut, but wishes to possibly put it on one of his future albums.
By 2007, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II had still not been released, and was ranked the sixth most anticipated album of 2007 by XXL magazine. The album would be pushed back several more times, and numerous changes would be made to its release date. By mid-2007, the songs "Baggage Handlers" (produced by J Dilla) and "State of Grace" (produced by RZA) were leaked on the internet. Although they were originally intended to be included on Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II, they were cut from the final version.
Near the end of 2007, the Wu-Tang Clan began writing and recording their fifth studio album 8 Diagrams, which slowed the recording process even further for Cuban Linx II. Wu-Tang group leader RZA came under attack from members Ghostface Killah and Raekwon over 8 Diagrams production, with Raekwon going as far as to say that he would not include any of RZA's production on the album. In an interview with AllHipHop, Raekwon commented "(On 8 Diagrams), whatever else he wanted to grow on, we weren’t crazy over it. And that’s the whole thing people took out of context. No one tried to take anything away from RZA as a producer. It was more or less you can’t be selfish, and have to work with everybody’s ears and eyes on something. Him being the dude that he is with mad platinum albums, some niggas be super cocky. ‘I don’t wanna hear nothing, I got this.’ That's what happened in that situation." By early 2008, Raekwon and RZA settled their creative differences, with Raekwon choosing to work with RZA again.
While the album was not talked about much in 2008, Raekwon stated in an interview with DJ Semtex that it was set for release in February 2009, as he claimed it could be ready at that point. This release date, however, would prove to be once again postponed as he would continue to fine-tune the album and add more material.
The album's first single, originally entitled "Wu Ooh" and later retitled "New Wu", was released for playback on various radio mixshows, including New York's Hot 97, with an official video being released on the internet in May 2009. The video features Ghostface Killah and Method Man, who rap their verses respectively, as well as guest appearances from The Alchemist, RZA, Cappadonna, Inspectah Deck and other Wu-Tang affiliates such as Popa Wu. Around this time, Raekwon announced that the album would be released through his own label, Icewater Records, with him later confirming EMI as another label that the album would be released on.
According to an April 2009 report by XXL on Busta Rhymes leaving Aftermath and the album project, Busta Rhymes "was originally slated to executive produce the project, although he no longer holds the position". Raekwon said in an interview for XXL, "Busta left after our situation was already not gonna happen. Busta might have felt like he was getting the proper energy he needed to get, so really one ain’t have nothing to do with two, but you never know at the end of the day, you know what I mean. I don’t know, I can’t call that". However, Busta Rhymes received credit for executive producer on the album. In the same interview, it was stated that the album would be released on August 11, 2009. Raekwon later announced that due to a leak of the song "Surgical Gloves," as well as sample clearance issues, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II would be pushed back once again to September 8, 2009.
Expectations grew high for the album as music writers reported various guests and producers to the project. An all-star cast of rappers and producers appeared on the record, but several of these reported collaborations did not come to fruition or did not make the final cut. Among these are the Bun B collaboration "Never Used to Matter," the Nas collaboration to commemorate his appearance on the first Only Built 4 Cuban Linx..., and also, guest appearances from The Game and Travis Barker.
Music
Structure and lyricism
Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II follows a similar crime laced cinematic approach as the original Cuban Linx. In maintaining the structure and concept of its predecessor, Pt. II contains a loose storyline of a mafioso crime boss, as told mainly from the first person point of view. This is combined with carefully placed skits weaved into the beginnings and ends of songs.
In contrast to the first album/story where the main character is attempting to leave behind a criminal life, here, he has seemingly embraced this life. The narrative has these older characters taking a look back at their pitfalls and spoils as they have finally risen to the top. In his review for Los Angeles Times, Jeff Weiss wrote "While many of their '90s peers recycle toothless tautologies about bringing New York back or vainly wrestle with advanced age by collaborating with flavor-of-the-minute flotsam and jetsam, Raekwon and Ghostface Killah refuse to stay forever young. Proudly profane, the two come off as salty mafia dons with long memories, too old to change their ways but with the narrative skill and eye for detail of master storytellers in their prime."
The album's final track, "Kiss The Ring" has Wu-Tang member Masta Killa summarizing the loose concept of the story and closing the album in a film-like fashion.
Production
Announced producers were confirmed to include RZA, J Dilla, Dr. Dre, Erick Sermon, Mathematics; Marley Marl, Scram Jones, Pete Rock and The Alchemist.
Initially, there was speculation as to what RZA's role would be on Pt. II, being that he was the only producer and executive producer on the first Cuban Linx album. Raekwon had commented early on that the sequel would be different in this light, stating "(RZA) definitely put his two cents in and made his elements, and that’s what it’s about. But I can’t allow one man to lead my destiny no more." Raekwon spoke on the difficulties of working on the project with the legendary producer:
During the 2009 Rock the Bells festival, Raekwon discussed the importance of getting the right producers on board with the project, "I allowed myself to track down some of the finest niggas in the game that done it and basically get them involved with the project. RZA was always there to do whatever, whatever... but at the same token I wanted more. You know what I mean, I wanted to go out and challenge myself even more with different production and different producers."
Raekwon spoke on what it was like getting the opportunity to rhyme over the late J Dilla's production, commenting "He's like a Dre and a RZA, like a combo. You know what I mean and I think that he didn't really get the full fledged support that he's supposed to get. But, in my book, he's that Nigga. And he came with the flamers!" He also stated in an interview with Okayplayer "Dilla, he’s a musical maestro, a Quincy Jones in his own world. I did not know his power until I listened to his catalog. He played his part in hip-hop. I’m glad to be involved with him. It was a blessing. He stepped his grizzly up for me. He gave the tracks that special blend. Thanks to Busta for making it happen. I got this while Dilla was still alive. I worked with the best, it was bound to happen. I really appreciated his energy."
Release
On July 22, 2009, a report was published which claimed numerous collaborations, final track names, and producers. A month later on August 27, another report was published featuring the final track listing. The two reports listed most of the same tracks, but with slight differences in names, producers, and featured guests. The change lead to the perception that there were many tracks cut from the final listing, however it is more likely that the details were transcribed incorrectly as most of the tracks listed were released in some form. The final album differed from the initial report as follows:
"Godfather" was retitled "Black Mozart" (was previously a solo track called "Secret Indictment").
"40 Deuce" was retitled "Broken Safety".
"Wu Ooh" was retitled "New Wu".
"Nigga Me" was retitled "About Me".
"Catalina" was originally "Congo".
"Kareem Khan" was retitled "We Will Rob You".
"Walk Wit Me" was changed to a European/iTunes Bonus track.
"Sonny’s Missing” was originally the Pete Rock track “Questions,” which featured vocals by Royal Flush, from the album NY's Finest.
"10 Bricks" instrumental was originally used for the J Dilla remix track to Jaylib's "The Red", released on the 2007 reissue of Champion Sound.
"Criminology 09" featuring Ghostface Killah, and "Rock Stars" featuring Inspectah Deck and GZA were the only songs listed in the report that did not make the final line-up. "Criminology 09" had been earlier leaked and discussed by Raekwon as being included on the album. It would, however, be included on the Method Man, Ghostface Killah and Raekwon collaboration album Wu-Massacre, with Raekwon's verse cut in place of a new verse by Method Man. An additional song was added to the August report and remained on the final line-up, titled "Baggin Crack," which was produced by Erick Sermon. It is only available on the explicit version of the album.
Video
A music video was released of "New Wu" months before the release of the album. Two different versions of the video were made, both of a similar style. The first official video has Raekwon and several Wu-Tang members interrogating a suspicious man thought to be an undercover cop.
As the supporting single for the album, an animated video for "House of Flying Daggers" was released. The video was illustrated by 1000styles, animated by Ryan Johnson and Drew Taylor and directed by "The Chain Gang" (Erick Sasso and Brian Wendelken). The video is based on the 1978 cult classic film Five Deadly Venoms. In the video, RZA and J Dilla (portrayed as monks) are given word of a massacre at Shaolin. They tell the messenger that it was not the work of thousands of warriors or The Hunter; it was only five. The song then starts, depicting Raekwon, Inspectah Deck, GZA, Ghostface Killah and Method Man destroying evil warriors. They then defeat the hunter, who is killed by RZA. The "House Of Flying Daggers" video was ranked #1 in TIME Magazine's "Best Videos of 2009."
A week before the album's release, the video for "Walk Wit Me" was released. Several other music videos have been made since, such as "Catalina," "Have Mercy," "Surgical Gloves", "Pyrex Vision", "Canal Street", and "Ason Jones."
Gold Edition
A bonus version entitled "Gold Edition" was released on August 17, 2010 as an iTunes exclusive. It includes the original album, plus remixes of "Broken Safety", "New Wu", "Penitentiary" — titled "Penitentiary (Travis Barker Mix)" — and "About Me" featuring The Game. As bonus tracks, it includes the Scram Jones-produced "Never Used to Matter" featuring Bun B and the RZA-produced "Rock Stars" with GZA and Inspectah Deck.
Reception
Commercial performance
Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II was released on September 8, 2009 and was ranked the number one downloaded album available on iTunes for the first three days of its release. It debuted at number 4 on the Billboard 200 and at number 2 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, the same positioning as the original Only Built 4 Cuban Linx..., while selling near 68,000 copies in its first week. Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II has sold 132,000 copies in the United States as of November 12, 2009, according to SoundScan.
Critical response
Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II received widespread acclaim from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 88, based on 19 reviews, which indicates "universal acclaim". According to the site, it was the fourth-best reviewed album of 2009, and it is listed as the forty-sixth best reviewed album on the site. David Jeffries of AllMusic lauded Raekwon's lyrical ability, writing that he is "in top form, spitting out rhymes worthy of the Wu logo", while calling its production "equally magnificent". The A.V. Clubs Nathan Rabin praised the album's "vivid crime-world narratives rich in pulpy detail". Tiny Mix Tapes wrote that the album meets the "charged" expectations of a sequel to the original and called it "dense, dignified" and "flat-out SOLID". The New York Timess Jon Caramanica called the album "impressive" and stated "That it’s inconsistent with everything in hip-hop that surrounds it only adds to the album’s charm". Michael Saba of Paste called it "a classic, and one of the best albums to come out of the New York rap scene in the last decade". Toronto Star writer Corey Mintz commended Raekwon for his ability as an emcee, writing "Raekwon still simmers with the same confident tempo, as if never breathing in or out". Sobhi Abdul-Rakhman of Sputnikmusic gave the album a rave review and found it accomplished in all its aspects, stating:
Los Angeles Times writer Jeff Weiss commended the album's incorporation of various producers, noting its effect as "analogous to the hip-hop version of The Departed: filled with virtuosic star-studded performances, heavily indebted to Asian cinema, and tweaking rather than transforming a timeless aesthetic". Steve Jones of USA Today called its cinematic crime narratives "riveting". Henry Adaso of About.com commended Ghostface Killah for his contributions to the album and gave it 4 out of 5 stars. Chris Ryan of Spin gave the album 3½ out of 5 stars and praised Raekwon's lyricism, writing that the album's songs "contain some of his most rewind-worthy bars in years". The University of California, Berkeley's student publication, The Daily Californian, complimented the album's production as diverse but seamless, writing that "Pt. II displays a dizzying roster of 13 producers ... each with well-established and distinct takes on their craft. Rather than playing out as some sort of haphazard compilation, the album flows seamlessly. The myriad of producers didn't work together, but somehow they all managed to end up on the same page. If anything, this is what makes Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... Pt. II so fantastic". Rob Browning of PopMatters praised its cohesive structure and wrote that it "is intended to be listened to as a single entity". Pitchforks Nate Patrin called Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II "as good as fans have been hoping for" and compared it to Ghostface Killah's Fishscale (2006), writing that "Like Ghostface's modern classic, this album defies hip-hop's current atmosphere of youthful cockiness and aging complacency".
Accolades
The album was named one of the top-ten best albums of the year by several publications. It was ranked number five on Pitchforks list of Top 50 Albums of 2009. Slant Magazine and The New York Times both named it the eighth-best album of the year. In December 2009, Pt. II was chosen as 'Album of the Year' in the Hip Hop DX countdown, and was described as "...the Hip Hop equivalent to The Godfather 2, with Rae as revitalized as Marlon was." Raekwon himself was selected as Best Emcee of 2009 (fellow New Yorker Nas won in 2008.) The DX staff justified this pick with this description of Raekwon's career in 2009. PopMatters ranked Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II at number seven on their 60 Best Albums of 2009 (making it the highest ranked Hip hop album on the list), and commented; "Everyone here is at the top of their game, leading by example and calling out to the rest of mainstream hip-hop. Really no other hip-hop album stood a chance up against Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Part II." The popular Norwegian news-paper Dagbladet named it the ninth international album of 2009. Also, the music retail company Platekompaniet ranked the album sixteenth album of 2009.
Track listing
Samples
"Return of the North Star" contains samples from "North Star" by Raekwon, "Have Mercy" by Raekwon and "Mellow Mood Part I" by Barry White.
"House of Flying Daggers" contains a sample from "Eleanor Rigby" by Four Tops and dialogue from the film Shaolin Vs Lama.
"Sonny's Missing" contains a sample from "Exercise Run" by Coleridge-Taylor Perkinson and dialogue from the film The Killer.
"Pyrex Vision" contains a sample from "Changing Face" by J.J. Band.
"Black Mozart" contains a sample from "Theme from The Godfather" by The Professionals.
"New Wu" contains a sample from "I've Changed" by The Magictones.
"Penitentiary" contains a sample from "Hit or Miss" by Odetta.
"Surgical Gloves" contains a sample from "Castle Walls" by Styx.
"Canal Street" contains a sample from "Stop! in the Name of Love" by Margie Joseph.
"Ason Jones" contains a sample from "You Are Just A Living Doll" by J.J. Barnes.
"Have Mercy" contains a sample from "Have Mercy On Me" by The East St. Louis Gospelettes.
"10 Bricks" contains samples from "War of the Gods" by Billy Paul and "You Got the Love I Need" by Smokey Robinson & The Miracles.
"Fat Lady Sings" contains a sample from "If This World Were Mine" by Zulema.
"Catalina" contains a sample of "Rainy Dayz" by Raekwon and dialogue and score from the film The Killer.
"We Will Rob You" contains samples from "Across 110th Street" by Bobby Womack, "Hard Times" by Baby Huey and "Children's Story" by Slick Rick.
"Mean Streets" contains a sample from "The Door to Your Heart" by The Dramatics.
"Kiss the Ring" contains a sample from "New Wu" by Raekwon and "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" by Elton John.
"Walk Wit Me" contains a sample from "Guillotine (Swordz)" by Raekwon.
"New Wu (Remix)" contains a sample from "Daytona 500" by Ghostface Killah.
"Rockstars" contains a sample from "The Woman Don't Live Here No More" by Otis Clay.
Personnel
Credits for Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II adapted from liner notes.
Raekwon as Lex Diamonds - performer, executive producer
Ghostface Killah as Tony Starks - performer
RZA as Bobby Steels - performer, producer, executive producer
Inspectah Deck as Rollie Fingers - performer
Masta Killa as Noodles - performer
Method Man as Johnny Blaze - performer
GZA as Maximillion - performer
Cappadonna as Cappachino - performer
Jadakiss as Montega Jada - performer
Beanie Sigel as Mack Mittens - performer
Styles P as Styles Pinero - performer
Busta Rhymes - performer
Blue Raspberry - vocals
Popa Wu - vocals
Slick Rick - vocals
Suga Bang Bang - vocals
Tash Mahogany - vocals
Lyfe Jennings - vocals
Sean Cruse - bass
Dawaun Parker - keyboards
Che Pope - keyboards
J Dilla - producer
Icewater Productions - producer
Dr. Dre - producer
Mark Batson - producer, keyboards
BT - producer, engineer
Scram Jones - producer, engineer
True Master - producer
Mathematics - producer
Pete Rock - producer
Marley Marl - producer
Erick Sermon - producer
The Alchemist - producer
MoSS - producer
Allah Justice - producer
Necro - producer
Travis Barker - producer
Glen Marchese - mixing
Kareem Woods - co executive producer
Mel Carter - co executive producer
Mark B. Christensen - master
Ted Michaels - A&R
Jon Prince - A&R
Stan Beatty - A&R
Danny Hastings - photography
Tom Medevich - photography
Sean Frigot - design
Metro Ink - album layout
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
External links
Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II at Discogs
Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II at Metacritic
2009 albums
Albums produced by the Alchemist (musician)
Albums produced by Dr. Dre
Albums produced by Erick Sermon
Albums produced by J Dilla
Albums produced by Mark Batson
Albums produced by Marley Marl
Albums produced by Mathematics
Albums produced by Pete Rock
Albums produced by RZA
Albums produced by Scram Jones
Sequel albums
EMI Records albums
Concept albums
Raekwon albums |
5378422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce | Ponce | Ponce may refer to:
Ponce (surname)
Ponce, Puerto Rico, a city in Puerto Rico
Ponce High School
Ponce massacre, 1937
USS Ponce, several ships of the US Navy
Manuel Ponce, a Mexican composer active in the 20th century
British slang for a procurer of prostitutes, also used figuratively to refer to an effeminate man.
See also
Ponce Inlet, Florida, a town in Florida, US
Ponce de León (disambiguation)
Ponce de Leon, Florida, a town in Florida, US
Ponce de Leon, Missouri, an unincorporated community in Missouri, US
Ponce de Leon Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia, US
Ponce de Leon Bay, a bay in Florida, US
Ponce de Leon Springs State Recreation Area, Holmes County, Florida, US |
5378434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer%20Halfin | Eliezer Halfin | Eliezer Halfin (18 June 1948 – 6 September 1972) was a Latvian-born wrestler with the Israeli Olympic team at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. Along with 10 other athletes and coaches he was taken hostage and later murdered by Palestinian Black September terrorists on 5 September 1972.
Eventually they were brought to a German airport and during an attempted rescue mission staged by the German police, all nine hostages were killed on 6 September. Five of the terrorists and one German policeman were also killed. The subsequent autopsy, carried out by the Forensic Institute of the University of Munich, concluded that Halfin had died from a bullet to the heart and noted that Vivil mints were found in both trouser pockets of his corpse.
Eliezer was a mechanic by profession and was born in Riga, Latvia. He came to Israel in 1969 and officially became an Israeli citizen seven months prior to his death. He was survived by his parents and a sister. He was a lightweight wrestler and was active for 11 years. In Israel he was a member of Hapoel Tel Aviv club. He won 12th place in the world championships. During 1971 he placed second place in the international competition in Bucharest, Romania. In 1972 in Greece he placed 3rd. Participating in the 20th Olympic Games was the highlight of his career and his dream. Eliezer is buried in Kiryat Shaul cemetery in Tel Aviv.
See also
Munich Olympics massacre
References
External links
1948 births
1972 deaths
Israeli Jews
Jewish wrestlers
Wrestlers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Israeli male sport wrestlers
Latvian Jews
Olympic wrestlers of Israel
Victims of the Munich massacre
Deaths by firearm in Germany
Sportspeople from Riga
Soviet male sport wrestlers
Soviet emigrants to Israel
Burials at Kiryat Shaul Cemetery |
5378438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Jewish%20Cemetery%2C%20Prague | Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague | The Old Jewish Cemetery is a Jewish cemetery in Prague, Czech Republic, which is one of the largest of its kind in Europe and one of the most important Jewish historical monuments in Prague. It served its purpose from the first half of the 15th century until 1786. Renowned personalities of the local Jewish community were buried here; among them rabbi Jehuda Liva ben Becalel – Maharal (ca. 1526–1609), businessman Mordecai Meisel (1528–1601), historian David Gans (ca. 1541–1613) and rabbi David Oppenheim (1664–1736). Today the cemetery is administered by the Jewish Museum in Prague.
The cemetery is mentioned in Umberto Eco's The Prague Cemetery, the novel which was named after it.
History
Predecessor
The Old Jewish Cemetery is not the first Jewish cemetery in Prague – its predecessor was so-called "Jewish Garden“ located in the area of present New Town of Prague. This cemetery was closed by order of King Vladislaus II in 1478 because of complaints of Prague citizens. Later it disappeared under the streets of New Town.
Evolution
We know that the history of the Old Cemetery started before the old one being closed, but the exact date when it was founded is unknown. The only clue is the oldest gravestone in the cemetery from 1439 which belongs to rabbi and poet Avigdor Kara.
Starting at the middle of the 15th century, the gravestones record is a continual time line of burials. The final gravestone is dated 1787; three years earlier, the enlightened sovereign Emperor Josef II had banned burials inside the city walls for hygienic reasons. Later Prague Jews used a cemetery in Žižkov, founded in the 17th century because of plague epidemic.
Space and burial in layers
During the more than three centuries in which it was in active use, the cemetery continually struggled with the lack of space. Piety and respect for the deceased ancestors does not allow the Jews to abolish old graves. Only occasionally the Jewish community was allowed to purchase grounds to expand the cemetery and so many times it had to gain space in other ways; if necessary, a new layer of soil was heaped up on the available area. For this reason, there are places where as many as twelve layers now exist. Thanks to this solution the older graves themselves remained intact. However, as new levels were added it was necessary either to lay over the gravestones associated with the older (and lower) graves to protect them, or else to elevate the stones to the new, higher surface. This explains the dense forest of gravestones that one sees today; many of them commemorate an individual who is buried several layers further down. This also explains why the surface of the cemetery is raised several meters higher than the surrounding streets; retaining walls are necessary to hold the soil and the graves in place.
Gravestones
There are two kinds of Jewish burial monuments (in Hebrew matzevot) – the older is a slab of wood or stone, basically rectangular, but with various endings at the top. Tumba (in Hebrew ohel – tent) appears later, in baroque times. It is generally more representative than the first mentioned kind and resembles a little house. Such tumbas commemorate on the cemetery for example Maharal or Mordecai Maisel. Tumbas do not contain the remains; they are buried underneath in ground.
The oldest gravestones on Old Jewish cemetery are plain, yet very soon the number of ornaments (pilasters, volutes, false portals, etc.) began to increase. Most decorated gravestones are 17th century. However, on every gravestone there are Hebrew letters that inform about the name of the deceased person and the date of his or her death or burial. Copious praise of deceased' virtues appears beside brief eulogy ("of blessed memory") in Renaissance time. From the 16th century the gravestones characterize the deceased also through various symbols, hinting at the life, character, name or profession of the people (see the tables below for details).
Notable people
This list follows the numbering of the plan on the right.
A small gravestone with triangular ending and engraved symbols of Magen David and a goose (gans means goose in German) belongs to David Gans (1541–1613), a contemporary of Maharal and other significant Jewish figures of the 16th century, a mathematician, astronomer, geographer and historian, whose chronicle Cemah David includes also Czech history.
A gravestone of Gersonides – Mordecai Katz ben Gershom (died 1592) and his son Betzalel (d. 1589) – marks the place of eternal rest of important Prague Jewish printers. One of their works, Prague hagadah, was known throughout Europe.
A tumba with a hexagram on the top of the front wall, which refers to name David, belongs to rabbi David Oppenheim (1664–1736). His book collection constitutes an important part of the Hebrew section of Bodleian Library in Oxford.
A plain rectangular gravestone of rabbi and poet Avigdor Kara (died 1439) is the oldest on the cemetery. His elegy which describes a great pogrom of the Prague Ghetto in 1389 is still recited on Yom Kippur in Old-New Synagogue.
A high rectangular gravestone commemorates Aharon Meshulam Horowitz (d. ca. 1545), the richest Jew of his time, who initiated building Pinkas Synagogue.
On the hill Nephele (nephele is a miscarriage in Hebrew) were buried children who died before the age of one month. Remains and gravestones found during construction of modern Prague were transferred to this place, too.
The oldest tumba on the cemetery belongs to a businessman, benefactor and renowned public person of the ghetto Mordecai Maisel (1528–1601). He built a synagogue in the Jewish quarter which is named after him.
Rabbi Judah Löw ben Betzalel (1512–1609) and his wife rest under another tumba, decorated with symbols of a lion and wine grapes. Rabbi Judah, also called Maharal, wrote numerous religious and philosophical treatises. His name is also connected with legends; a legend about Golem is the most famous.
A tumba belonging to Hendl Bassevi (died 1628) is probably the most representative on the cemetery. The lions seated on the gables of the tumba do not symbolize the name Judah; they carry the coat of arms of Hendl's husband Jacob Bassevi. He was the first Jew in Habsburg Empire to receive a title of nobility. A grave of this successful businessman cannot, however, be found on Prague Cemetery, because he died and was buried in Mladá Boleslav.
The last tumba to be mentioned covers the grave of Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (1591–1655), a physician and a remarkable scholar born in Crete, who worked in many scientific fields and lived in many places in Europe, Asia and Africa.
References
PAŘÍK, Arno a Vlastimila HAMÁČKOVÁ, Pražské židovské hřbitovy = Prague Jewish Cemeteries = Prager jüdische Friedhöfe, Praha: Židovské muzeum v Praze, 2008.
15th-century establishments in Bohemia
Jewish cemeteries in the Czech Republic
Jews and Judaism in Prague
Cemeteries in Prague
Tourist attractions in Prague
National Cultural Monuments of the Czech Republic |
5378444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethtown%20Area%20School%20District | Elizabethtown Area School District | The Elizabethtown Area School District is a school district in the Northwest corner of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States that serves Elizabethown Borough and the townships of Conoy, and West Donegal, as well as the North and West part of Mount Joy Township. It is a member of Lancaster-Lebanon Intermediate Unit (IU) 13.
Schools
Schools in the Elizabethtown Area School District include:
Elizabethtown Area High School
Elizabethtown Middle School
Bainbridge Elementary
East High Elementary
Mill Road Elementary
Rheems Elementary
Bear Creek Intermediate School
National/State Recognition
The high school has won state championships in field hockey in 1974, baseball in 1993. The district's Quiz Bowl Team was national runner up at the 2004 National Academic Championship.
In November 2015, Mill Road Elementary School was honored as a National Blue Ribbon School. In that same year, East High Elementary School was honored as a "High Achievement Reward School".
District profile
As of the census of 2000
District Population: 27,485 people
District Area:
School Colors - Blue and White
District Mascot - Elizabethtown Bears
School Nickname - "E-Town"
Member of the Lancaster-Lebanon 2 Sports League
Notable Graduates
Nelson Chittum, former MLB pitcher
Gene Garber, former major league baseball pitcher with the Pittsburgh Pirates, Kansas City Royals, Philadelphia Phillies, and Atlanta Braves.
References
External links
Elizabethtown Area School District
Elizabethtown Area High School
Elizabethtown Middle School
Bainbridge Elementary School
East High Elementary School
Fairview Elementary School
Mill Road Elementary School
Rheems Elementary School
Lancaster-Lebanon Intermediate Unit 13
Lancaster-Lebanon Sports League
School districts in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania |
5378449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrado%20Gabriele | Corrado Gabriele | Corrado Gabriele (born November 1966, Napoli) is an Italian politician. He was a member of the European Parliament from May 8, 2006, when he took up a seat vacated after the 2006 Italian general election, until June 19 in the same year. He represented the Communist Refoundation Party within the European United Left–Nordic Green Left parliamentary group.
External links
Personal website
1966 births
Living people
Communist Refoundation Party MEPs
MEPs for Italy 1994–1999
Communist Refoundation Party politicians |
5378460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibat | Sibat | Sibat is the Filipino word for spear, used as a weapon or tool by natives of the Philippines. The term is used in Tagalog and Kinaray-a. It also called bangkaw, sumbling or palupad in the islands of Visayas and Mindanao; and budjak (also spelled bodjak or budiak) among Muslim Filipinos in western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago.
Sibat are typically made with rattan, bamboo, bahi or other hardwood, either with a sharpened tip or a head made from metal. These heads may either be single-edged, double-edged or barbed. Styles vary according to function and origin. For example, a sibat designed for fishing may not be the same as those used for hunting wild game such as boar.
According to Kalis Ilustrisimo archivist Romeo Macapagal, in Kapampangan, it is known as tandos or tandus and a fishing harpoon with 3 or more prongs is a salapang in both Tagalog and Kapampangan.
According to Filipino martial arts researcher & author Celestino Macachor, a shorter version of the Visayan bangkaw in Cebu is the sapang, around in length and a thrusting weapon, and a budiak or bodjak is a Moro weapon that is about the same length as the bangkaw, but heavier.
In the Mountain Province of Luzon, the Igorot people have different versions of them such as the fan′-kao and kay-yan′, and the fal-fĕg′ war spear of the Bontoc people.
The sibat/bangkaw is widely used in Arnis systems such as San Miguel Eskrima, Modern Arnis, Kombatan, Inayan Eskrima and Pekiti-Tirsia Kali.
Techniques
Sibat can either be used hand-to-hand or thrown from a distance. Blunt portions of the weapon could be used to incapacitate at closer ranges. These attacks can be used in conjunction; the shaft can be used to block an enemy's weapon and then followed with a thrust into the throat or stomach.
In the Ilocano fighting arts of Kabaroan learned by Grandmaster Ramiro Estalilla, 2 spears () can be used at the same time, with the second spear held with a grip in the middle and used as a shield. When one spear is thrown, the practitioner can then draw his blade and dual wield with a blade and spear.
The Igorot and Aeta people in Luzon also have a spears with a detachable heads. The Aeta remove the heads when entering Christian towns to trade (during which the shaft can still be used as a staff weapon) and in the Igorot spear's case, the detachable head can be used as a dagger.
Traditionally, Philippine spears were not used with the "helicopter" twirling motions found in Chinese arts such as Wushu and Indian Silambam. According to FMA instructor and journalist Daniel Foronda who hails from the Mountain Province region, such twirling techniques cannot be used amongst dense pine trees, and basic utilization with the Igorot spear is more akin to rifle bayonet training.
See also
Sumpit
References
Mark V. Wiley (1997). Filipino Martial Culture, Tuttle Publishing.
External links
Eskrima Digest
Filipino melee weapons
Spears |
5378468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ajvide%20Lindqvist | John Ajvide Lindqvist | John Ajvide Lindqvist (; born 2 December 1968) is a Swedish writer of horror novels and short stories.
Early life
Lindqvist was born and raised in the Stockholm suburb of Blackeberg. Before becoming a published writer, Lindqvist worked for 12 years as a stand-up comedian, and also worked for a time as a magician.
Career
Lindqvist's debut novel, Let the Right One In (Låt den rätte komma in), a romantic vampire horror story published in 2004, enjoyed great success in Sweden and abroad. Handling the Undead (Hanteringen av odöda) was published in 2005 and involved the rising of the dead as zombies, referred to as the "re-living", in the Stockholm area.
In 2006, he released his third book, Pappersväggar (Paper Walls, published in English as Let the Old Dreams Die), a collection of short stories. In 2007, his story "Tindalos" was published as a serial in the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter and as a free audiobook available through the newspaper's website, read by the author himself. His works are published in Sweden by Ordfront and have been translated into many languages, including English, Bulgarian, German, Italian, Spanish, Chinese, Hindi, Norwegian, Danish, French, Polish, Czech, Dutch and Russian.
Lindqvist was also a writer for the television series (1999) and wrote the screenplays for Sveriges Television's drama series Kommissionen (2005) and the film Let the Right One In, based on his novel.
The production company Tre Vänner bought the film rights to Handling the Undead and were planning a future production. However, heavy interest in an American version led to the request to sell the rights to an American company. Lindqvist refused and the film went unmade. Tre Vänner's rights for an adaptation expired in 2012.
Inspirations
Lindqvist is a Morrissey fan. The name of his debut novel was inspired by the Morrissey song "Let the Right One Slip In" and one of the short stories in Pappersväggar was named after the song "Shoplifters of the World Unite". The influence of Morrissey's music became involved in the actual plot of Harbour, where two of the main characters are devoted Morrissey fans who live out much of their lives by speaking in quotes from Morrissey's songs.
Lindqvist's father drowned , and the sea has appeared in several of his works as a dark and sinister force, such as in Handling the Undead and a short story in Pappersväggar. In Harbour the sea has a prominent role as a menacing presence and could be considered the villain of the novel. Furthermore, Let the Right One In features a pivotal near-drowning scene in a gym swimming pool.
Bibliography
2004 – Låt den rätte komma in (Let the Right One In, 2007)
2005 – Hanteringen av odöda (Handling the Undead, 2009)
2006 – Pappersväggar (Paper Walls)
2008 – Människohamn (Harbour, 2010)
2010 – Lilla stjärna (Little Star, 2011)
2011 – Låt de gamla drömmarna dö (Let the Old Dreams Die)
2011 – Tjärven (name of a lighthouse island, see separate article)
2011 - The Music of Bengt Karlsson, Murderer
2011 - "Itsy Bitsy" (short story)
2012 - Sulky och Bebbe regerar okej (Sulky and Bebbe Rule Okay; with Mia Ajvide)
2013 - Fem kända musiker döda i seriekrock (Five Famous Musicians Dead in Pile-Up)
2013 - Come Unto Me
2014 - Himmelstrand (I Am Behind You(: The First Place))
2014 - "Speciella omständigheter" ("Special Circumstances"; short story)
2015 - Rörelsen: Den andra platsen (The Movement: The Second Place)
2016 - Våran hud, vårat blod, våra ben (Our Skin, Our Blood, Our Bones)
2017 - X: Den sista platsen (X: The Last Place) (I Am the Tiger)
2017 - The Keeper's Companion (novel i anthology Varsel i Mörkret)
2018 - Gräns (Border)
2021 - Vänligheten (The Kindness)
2022 - Verkligheten
Plays
2012 - Fem kända musiker döda i seriekrock
2012 - Ett informellt samtal om den nuvarande situationen
2014 - Storstugan - En pyromans berättelse
Film and TV adaptions
Let the Right One In (film)
Let Me In (film)
Let the Right One In (TV series)
Border (film)
Notes
References
External links
John Ajvide Lindqvist: Stand Up, 1995 on YouTube
Living people
Swedish horror writers
Writers from Stockholm
Swedish comedians
Sommar (radio program) hosts
1968 births
Selma Lagerlöf Prize winners
Best Screenplay Guldbagge Award winners
Swedish male novelists |
5378472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralteysky%20Municipal%20Okrug | Admiralteysky Municipal Okrug | Admiralteysky Municipal Okrug () is a municipal okrug of Admiralteysky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. Population:
It borders the Neva River in the north, New Admiralty Canal and Kryukov Canal in the west, Fontanka in the south, and Voznesensky Avenue and the Moyka River in the east.
Places of interest include the Admiralty building, Saint Isaac's Cathedral, Mariinsky Palace, Decembrists Square, and Mariinsky Theatre.
References
Admiralteysky District, Saint Petersburg |
5378474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giselle%20Khoury | Giselle Khoury | Gisele Khoury (; born 1961) is a Lebanese-French journalist and talk show host on BBC Arabic. Her show is called Al Mashhad where she interviews prominent figures and high-profile guests from the Arab World. She is the widow of Samir Kassir.
Early life
Gisele Azzi () was born in Beirut, originally from Okaibe, Keserwan District. She studied History at the Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, and Media at the Lebanese University.
Career
She started her career in late 1985 on LBC Channel as a presenter of cultural talk shows. She joined the pan-Arab media group MBC in 2002 and contributed to the launch of the 24-hour Al-Arabiya news channel. She hosted a weekly political talk show on Al-Arabiya from the 2003–2013 duration.
During the time Khoury worked on the political show Bil Arabi, part of Al Arabiya news channel, she hosted political decision makers, heads of states, prime ministers and ministers of foreign affairs.
The show covered current events and the latest political developments from the Arab world and beyond.
In 2009, Gisèle co-founded “Al Rawi” production company whose first project was a four-episode biography of the Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat.
BBC Arabic
In 2013, Gisele Khoury has been hired by BBC Arabic and to present the programme, "The Scene" (Al Mash’had), that part of new programmes scheduled by BBC Arabic. It began its launch in early 2014.
Produced by Mona Hamdan in Lebanon, (Al MaMsh’had) brings into focus some of the most compelling eyewitness accounts of recent history in the Middle East. Khoury travels to different countries to meet with predominant Arab and international figures and hear their accounts of events that have shaped history.
Personal life
Gisele was married at age 20 to doctor Elie Khoury, whom she kept his last name.
Later on, Khoury was married to journalist, writer and historian Samir Kassir until his assassination on June 2, 2005. Since her husband's death, Gisele Khoury has been active in promoting Kassir's thoughts and with the help of friends and family, she founded the Samir Kassir foundation and the SKeyes centre for media and cultural freedom. She has a son, Marwan, and a daughter, Rana, from her first marriage.
Honours
French Order of Chevalier of Legion of Honour.
Footnotes
1961 births
Living people
Lebanese television presenters
Lebanese women television presenters
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Lebanon
People from Beirut
Lebanese journalists
Lebanese women journalists
Holy Spirit University of Kaslik alumni
Lebanese University alumni |
5378477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%C3%ABl%20L%C3%B4 | Ismaël Lô | Ismaël Lô (also Ismaël Lo; born 1956) is a Senegalese musician and actor.
Life
Lô was born in Dogondoutchi, Niger on 30 August 1956, to a Senegalese father and a Nigerien mother. Shortly after Lo's birth the family returned to Senegal where they settled in the town of Rufisque, near the capital Dakar. He plays guitar and harmonica, and has been called "the Bob Dylan of Africa".
In the 1970s, Lo studied at the School of Art in Dakar. He later joined the popular group Super Diamono, but left in 1984 to start a solo career. Over the next four years Lo recorded five popular solo albums.
In 1988, he composes the soundtrack for Ousmane Sembene's Camp de Thiaroye and plays in it. He would also star in Moussa Sene Absa's film Tableau Ferraille (Iron Landscape), in 1996, and compose more soundtracks.
In 1990, Lo signed a recording deal with Barclay and recorded in France his seventh solo album, Ismael Lo. Thanks to the success of the single "Tajabone" the album became a hit in the European charts. The album launched Lo's international career.
Iso was recorded and released in 1994, and also became a success. The album contains soft guitar melodies and traditional Senegalese mbalax. The following year Lo toured in Africa. The compilation album Jammu Africa was released in 1996. The song "Without Blame" is a duet with Marianne Faithfull.
Lo's song "Tajabone" was featured in Pedro Almodóvar's film All About My Mother.
In 2002, he was made a Knight of the Legion of Honor.
His 2006 album Sénégal was recorded in Dakar, Paris and London. Lo says of it, "Giving this album the title Sénégal was my way of paying tribute to my own country, in recognition of all its gifts to me".
The film Shake Hands with the Devil (2007), about the Rwandan genocide, starts with Lo's song "Jammu Africa".
Discography
Albums
Gor Sayina (1981)
[A] Yaye Boye Balalma / Gor Saay Na / Ale Lo/ Woudje Yaye – [B] Tiedo / N'daxami / Sey / Adou Calpe
Xalat (1984)
[A] Xalat / Tali Be (Talibe) / Lote Lo – [B] Xamul Dara / Mariama / Fa Diallo
Xiif (1986)
[A] Alal / Bode Gor / Xiif (Ethiopie Sahel) – [B] Tiedo / Diouma / Marie Lo
Natt (1986)
[A] Ataya / Natt / Djola Kele – [B] Samag La / Mougneul / Tadieu Bone
Diawar (1988)
[A] Jele Bi/ Sophia / Taar Dousey – [B] Diawar / Jalia / Adou Calpe
Wadiour (1990)
[A] Wadiour / Diabar / Souleymane – [B] Mbarawath / Nene / Tariha
Ismael Lo (1990)
Tajabone / Raciste / Ale Lo / Jiggeny Ndakaru / Fa Diallo / Souleymane / M'barawath / Nene
Iso (1994)
Dibi Dibi Rek / Nafantav / La Femme sans haine / Rero / Senegambie / Baol Baol / Naboou / Nassarane / Wassalia / Setsinala / Khar / Samayaye
Jammu Africa (compilation, 1996)
Jammu Africa / Nafantav / Sofia / Tajabone / Raciste / Nabou / Without Blame / Dibi Dibi Rek / Lotte Lo / Souleymane / Samba Et Leuk / Takou Deneu / Khar
Dabah (2001)
Aiwa / L'amour a tous les droits / Biguisse / Amoul Solo / Dabah / Boulfale / Faut qu'on s'aime / Africa Democratie / Diour Sani / Badara / Ma dame / N'Dally / Xalas / Mam
Sénégal (2 October 2006)
"Baykat"
"Incha Allah"
"Tass Yakar"
"Jola"
"Taar Dusey"
"Manko"
"Yaye Boye"
"Plus je fais ci, plus je fais ça"
"Mbindane"
"Wakhal"
"Ouvriers"
"Jiguen"
"Ma fille"
"Tajabone"
Singles
Rero (1994)
Guest singles
Africa Nossa (2006) (with Cesaria Evora)
Music videos
References
External links
RFI Musique biography
Official page French bio
[ Allmusic link]
Lo discography
1956 births
Living people
21st-century Senegalese male singers
Wrasse Records artists
Senegalese guitarists
Senegalese people of Nigerien descent
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Chewa
20th-century Senegalese male singers |
5378489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Cowboy%20Bebop%20characters | List of Cowboy Bebop characters | The following is a list of major and minor characters from the anime series Cowboy Bebop, directed by Shinichiro Watanabe and written by Keiko Nobumoto, its manga series adaptation, written by Kuga Cain and Yutaka Nanten, and its live-action adaptation, developed by André Nemec and written by Christopher Yost.
Bebop crew
Spike Spiegel
Portrayed by: John Cho
is a tall, lean, and slightly muscular 27-year-old bounty hunter born on Mars. Spike has a history of violent activity, seen through flashbacks and dialogue with the Red Dragon Syndicate. He is often depicted with a cavalier attitude, but occasionally shows signs of compassion when dealing with strangers.
The inspiration for Spike's martial arts is found in Bruce Lee, who uses the style of Jeet Kune Do as depicted in Session 8, "Waltz for Venus". He has fluffy, blackish green hair (inspired by Yūsaku Matsuda's role as Shunsaku Kudō in Tantei Monogatari) and reddish brown eyes, one of which is artificial and lighter than the other. He is usually dressed in a blue lounge suit, black skinny tie, with a yellow shirt and Lupin III-inspired boots.
A flashback in Session 6 revealed that his apparently fully functioning right eye was surgically replaced by a cybernetic one (although Spike himself may not have conscious recollection of the procedure since he claims to have lost his natural eye in an "accident"). A recurring device throughout the entire show is a closeup on Spike's fully natural left eye before dissolving to a flashback of his life as part of the syndicate. As said by Spike himself in the last episode, his right eye "only sees the present" and his left eye "only sees the past". The purpose of this cybernetic eye is never explicitly stated, though it apparently gives him exceptional hand–eye coordination – particularly with firearms (Spike's gun of choice is a Jericho 941, as seen throughout the series). He is also a talented pilot in his personal fighter, the Swordfish II, a modified racer.
In the final episode, Spike kills Vicious and collapses afterward, but his fate after the battle has never been officially confirmed. Spike does go from seeing his beloved and recently departed Julia with his left eye, the eye that sees his past to seeing her with his right eye, the eye that sees his present. In a May 2013 interview, director Shinichiro Watanabe stated "I want the audience to interpret it however they want to. I want them to interpret it themselves. Just because I put something there does not mean they have to believe it. If I say something in an interview that tends to make it official so I try to avoid a definite answer. In the past, people watching my shows have come up with better ideas than my original intention for the story. So I think it's good to let people use their imaginations."
Jet Black
Portrayed by: Mustafa Shakir
Known on his home satellite as the "Black Dog" for his tenacity, is a 36-year-old former cop from Ganymede (a Jovian satellite) and acts as Spike's foil during the series. Physically, Jet is very tall with a muscular build. He wears a beard with no mustache, and is completely bald save for the back of his head. Spike acts lazy and uninterested, whereas Jet is hard working and a jack-of-all-trades. Jet was once an investigator in the Intra Solar System Police (ISSP) for many years until he lost his arm in an investigation that went awry when his corrupt partner betrayed him. His arm was replaced with a cybernetic limb—an operation later revealed to be by choice as biological replacements were possible. He wanted the fake arm as a reminder of the consequences of his actions. His loss of one of his limbs coupled with the general corruption of the police force prompted Jet to quit the ISSP in disgust and become a freelance bounty hunter. Jet also considers himself something of a renaissance man: he cultivates bonsai trees, cooks, enjoys jazz/blues music (he named his ship the Bebop, referring to a type of jazz), especially Charlie Parker, and even has interest in Goethe. As a character, Jet is the quintessential "dad" even though he often wishes people would view him as a more brotherly figure (so as not to seem old). Of the crew he shows the most obvious affection when dealing with Edward, most obviously shown when he tells her a story in Session 18; he is also shown attempting to (perhaps falsely) reassure himself after she and Faye leave the crew of the Bebop.
Jet is skilled with handguns, typically carrying a pre-2004 Walther P99, and also uses the netgun. He is proficient in hand-to-hand combat as well. Compared to Spike, Jet tends to use more raw muscle than technique. He is also a skilled mechanic and pilot. Aside from the converted interplanetary fishing trawler vessel Bebop, Jet flies a smaller ship called Hammerhead. The Hammerhead appears to be a modified salvage-craft, to which Jet has added larger engines and fuel tanks. It features a mechanical arm equipped with a harpoon as its main weapon, which is somewhat analogous to Jet's own mechanical arm. Both the Hammerhead and the Bebop are able to land on water, and have a fishing theme. It is later revealed that the Bebop was originally a fishing ship that Jet "customized" with larger engines. He is very protective of the Bebop, often being reluctant to bring it into situations where it could be damaged, and taking great offense when someone insults it.
Jet once lived with a woman named Alisa, who left him, claiming that he was overprotective towards her. They meet when the Bebop stops on Ganymede, Jet's homeworld and Jet goes to find her. He talks to her and then leaves, but later he finds out that Alisa's new boyfriend, Rhint, is wanted for murder. Jet detains Rhint and later hands him over to police.
Faye Valentine
Portrayed by: Daniella Pineda
is one of the members of the bounty hunting crew in the anime series Cowboy Bebop. She is often seen with a cigarette and in a revealing outfit complete with bright yellow hot pants and a matching, revealing top (and, on occasion, a bikini). She sports violet hair and green eyes. Although appearing to be no more than 22-23 years old, Faye is actually around 77 years old, having been put into cryogenic freeze after a space shuttle accident, wherein she spent fifty-four years in suspended animation. During the course of the series (set in 2071), Faye crosses paths with Spike and Jet twice and makes herself at home aboard their ship the second time around, much to the consternation and disapproval of the two men, both of whom have their own reservations about women in general.
Seemingly little more than a thorn in her partners' sides, Faye is actually a well-rounded member of the team. She can handle herself exceptionally well in spite of her slight appearance, displaying at least once in the series (in "Cowboy Funk") that she has a powerful punch. Adept at flying, Faye has stood her ground just as well as Spike has in an aerial dogfight in her ship Red Tail, and at times even against Spike in an aerial dogfight (though Spike eventually proved the better pilot). She also excels with guns, and is first seen in the series completely destroying a shop with a Heckler & Koch MP5K, though she is immediately apprehended afterward. In the movie, she is seen with the same gun, in addition to her normal companion: a Glock 30. Faye has an almost unstoppable attitude, and even her sometimes innocent smile can be seen as dangerous. She has many bad habits, such as drinking, habitual gambling, smoking cigarettes and occasionally cigars, becoming unnecessarily violent, and turning on partners when the profits seem too skimpy. Sarcastic and presumptuous, she rarely appears weak or in need of support. She brags and takes care of herself, never trusting others, cheating and lying her way from one day to the next. She also shows herself capable of unpredictable behavior, as when she kissed Ed on the mouth to snap Ed from one of her rambling moments.
She is a woman who is skilled at getting what she wants; her indomitable exterior hides a more delicate interior. Upon awakening from her 54-year cryogenic sleep, not only was she saddled with a massive amount of debt that she had no means to pay, but she was also diagnosed with total amnesia, a stranger in a mysterious world that she was not a part of and did not understand, surrounded by people who claimed to be helping her but were only there to take advantage of her naiveté. The surname "Valentine" was merely a name given to her by the doctor who woke her; the circumstances of her accident, her previous life, and even her real name all remain a mystery, and are only gradually revealed as the series progresses. It has been hinted that she came from Singapore on Earth, and was the daughter of a very wealthy family, as the city's famous Merlion statue features prominently in scenes of her childhood, and that memories and a film from her childhood showed her living in a large mansion. Faye is supposedly her real name, as a high school classmate (by now an old disabled woman) recognises her and calls her by that name. In her debut episode, she claims to be descended from Romani people, but it later becomes apparent that that was likely a lie. Utterly betrayed by someone she thought she could trust after waking, Faye found herself burdened with even more money to pay, and the situation resulted in the hardening of her personality to an extreme degree. She even says in Session 11: "we deceive or we are deceived", and that "nothing good ever happened to me when I trusted others".
By the end of the series she learns to value her comrades, coming back to the Bebop when she realizes that it is the only home that she has left, naming it as the "only place I could return to". She grows to understand the disadvantages of being a loner, and that even though her "family" is somewhat dysfunctional it is still a place where she will always belong.
Throughout the series, though she grows to care for Jet and even Edward in her own way, it is her relationship with Spike that remains a cause for consideration by most. In Session 20, Spike teases her and asks if she will come to help him if he gets into trouble, and though she scoffs at his remark, she eventually does. Faye even points her gun at him in a threatening gesture in the last episode, as Spike is walking away to what she and Jet both realize is his possible death; after he leaves, Faye cries. When asked, Watanabe stated in an interview: "Sometimes I'm asked the question, 'What does Spike think of Faye?' I think that actually he likes her quite a bit. But he's not a very straightforward person so he makes sure he doesn't show it."
Ed
Portrayed by: Eden Perkins
is an elite hacker prodigy from Earth. "Radical Edward" is a very strange and extremely intelligent teenage girl of around thirteen years of age. "Radical Ed" could be considered a "free spirit"; she is fond of silly exclamations and childish rhymes, is easily distracted, has the habit of "drifting off" from reality sometimes in mid-sentence. Ed's generally carefree attitude and energy act as a counterpoint to the more solemn and dark aspects of the show. Ed remains a part of the Bebop crew until the twenty-fourth episode, when she, along with Ein, leaves the crew.
In the English dub, she almost always refers to herself in the third person. Not much is known about her origins, only that she spent some of her earlier childhood in an orphanage after being left there by her father, who appears in episode twenty-four. Her father, Appeldelhi Siniz Hesap Lutfen, recognizes her immediately by her birth name of "Françoise Lütfen" and while initially unsure of her sex, leaves shortly after to continue his unending quest to document every asteroid that falls to Earth from the wreckage of the Moon. In the manga, she was a friend of a timid young boy in the orphanage known simply as "Tomato" (the name given to her PC in the anime), who, like Ed, knew a great deal about computers and the net. Ed's primary use to the Bebop crew is as a hacker; she is widely known to be a whiz kid behind the computer. Ed's computer of choice is a carry-along desktop, and when traveling by foot she will balance it on her head. Her goggles can interact with it to give her a virtual reality environment in which she can browse an entire network at once.
Originally, Ed's character was inspired by the "inner behavior" of the shows' music composer, Yoko Kanno ("a little weird, catlike, but a genius at creating music"), and was first developed as a dark-skinned boy. It was changed to even the gender ratio on the Bebop, which was, with Ed as a boy, three males and one female. The original character design appears in session 5 as a young boy that steals an adult magazine from Annie's bookstore by smuggling it under his shirt which eventually he takes out and reads. Regarding Ed, Watanabe mentioned in a 2017 interview with IGN that the character's "gender is meaningless." As for the reason why Ed's gender was ambiguous, he said wanted to create a character that surpasses humanity, going so far as to say that Ed might not even be human. It was also during this interview that Watanabe referred to Ed as both "it" and "he."
Ein
is a Pembroke Welsh Corgi brought aboard the Bebop by Spike after a failed attempt to capture a bounty. He often shows heightened awareness of events going on around him. Over the course of the series, Ein answers the telephone, steers a car, uses the SSW, plays shogi, operates the "Brain Dream" gaming device (to hack a supercomputer in a few seconds), and generally performs tasks that an average canine would not be able to accomplish.
While the televised series only briefly hints that Ein's brain was somehow enhanced, the manga shows Ed accessing data stored in Ein's brain via a virtual reality-type interface with which she has a conversation with a human proprietor. Ein is able to "speak" to other species, as demonstrated in Session 17: "Mushroom Samba" (he speaks to a cow with a subtitled bark of "Thanks", to which the cow has a subtitled moo back of "Oh, it's no problem"). Ein initially takes a shine to Jet, but when Ed joins the crew he comes around to her as well. He follows Ed when she leaves the crew.
Red Dragon Crime Syndicate
An East Asian triad organization led by a group called The Van. The Van are usually seen wearing imperial Manchurian-Chinese clothing of the Qing dynasty. The syndicate specializes in assassinations, but are also involved in the trafficking of narcotics, Red Eye in particular. The rules of the syndicate states that members who attempt to leave, or fail to complete tasks, are punished by death. Mao Yenrai served as a captain or Capo to the Elders and was a mentor to both Vicious and Spike.
After leaving the Syndicate, Spike considers himself in Mao's "debt", and is motivated to confront Vicious for the first time when Mao is killed by two men in Vicious' employ. It takes place immediately after Mao signs a peace treaty with a rival crime syndicate, the White Tiger, expressing a desire for relief from the hypervigilance of gang warfare. The Van later refers to Mao's death as "bad luck" and decline to pursue the issue when confronting Vicious. The Van is also shown to be indulgent toward Vicious initially, which eventually creates their demise. Vicious kills the Van and becomes the head of the Syndicate.
Vicious
Portrayed by: Alex Hassell
is Spike's archenemy. He is a ruthless, cunning, and power-hungry member of the Red Dragon Crime Syndicate in Tharsis, and is often referred to or depicted as a venomous snake (as opposed to Spike who is referred to as a swimming bird and the Syndicate Elders who see themselves as a dragon). His weapon of choice is a katana which he wields skillfully, even against gun-wielders. He was an infantry rifleman during the Titan War and is shown firing a semi-automatic pistol in a Session 5 flashback, as well as in the Session 26 flashback of him and Spike fighting back-to-back. Vicious is usually seen accompanied by a black cormorant-like bird. He eventually hides explosives in its stomach and detonates them as a distraction during an escape.
Vicious was Spike's partner in the Red Dragon crime syndicate until they fell into conflict over Julia. After Spike's supposed death, Vicious left the Red Dragons briefly to fight in the Titan War of 2068. Although his precise motivations for enlisting are debated, his testimony helped frame Gren, his squadmate in the war, for spying, which raises the possibility that he himself might have been involved in military espionage on behalf of the Syndicate and chose to pin it on his admirer. However, in the Titan flashbacks he is also seen to be remembering Julia.
Vicious believes that he is the only one who can kill, or "awaken" Spike, as Spike is the only one who can do the same for Vicious. Vicious's real age is revealed in the official guidebook The After: at 27, he is the same age as Spike. The age 27 is significant in the series because of the connotations it has to some legendary musicians passing away at that age, who are called the 27 Club. He appears much older due to his gray hair and the heavy, ever-present bags under his eyes.
Julia
Portrayed by: Elena Satine
is a beautiful and mysterious woman from Spike's past. Initially Vicious' girlfriend and a Syndicate member herself, she and Spike started an affair that led to Spike offering to abandon the Syndicate and elope with her, despite the fact that the Syndicate punishes desertion with death. Arranging to meet at a graveyard, Spike goes to confront the Syndicate with his resignation, resulting in a violent gun battle where he is presumed to have died. Vicious discovers the affair, however, and confronts Julia, telling her that she would have to kill Spike at the graveyard, or else they would both be killed. To protect not only herself but also the man she loved, Julia goes into hiding, never meeting Spike as both of them had planned; Spike is never aware of Vicious' threats until the very end of the series. Despite being among the main driving points for the series, Julia only appears in flashbacks until the final two episodes.
After meeting Faye Valentine by coincidence, Julia is reunited with Spike. However, their reunion coincides with Vicious' first attempt to stage a coup on the Red Dragon Syndicate. When he fails and is imprisoned, the Syndicate's Old Guard launches a campaign to find and kill anyone who was or had ever been loyal to Vicious' group. This includes Spike, Julia and their friend Annie, who distributes munitions under cover of a convenience store. The store is ambushed by the Syndicate while Spike and Julia are there, and Julia is shot and killed as she and Spike try to escape across the rooftops. Her last words to Spike are "It's all a dream...".
Lin
Portrayed by: Hoa Xuande
is a young and loyal member of the Red Dragon Crime Syndicate who is asked by Wang Long to accompany Vicious on a drug deal to the moon Callisto. When Spike Spiegel confronts Vicious in a back alleyway at night, Lin steps in and shoots Spike with a tranquilizer bullet. Lin used to work under Spike, but since Spike left the Red Dragons, he works under Vicious. Lin accompanies Vicious to the Red Eye deal atop a roof, where they encounter Gren. When fighting between the two starts, Lin throws himself in front of a bullet meant for Vicious. Lin dies, but is mentioned in "The Real Folk Blues Part I" when his brother, Shin, shows up.
Shin
Portrayed by: Ann Truong
is the younger brother of Lin. He appears in "The Real Folk Blues Part I" to rescue Spike and Jet from Syndicate assassins, which leads to him revealing Vicious's coup against the Red Dragon leaders. He appears in "The Real Folk Blues, Part II" during Spike's attack on the Red Dragon headquarters, aiding him in the running gunfight against the Syndicate minions. Shin is killed shortly before Spike reaches Vicious. With his last words he asks Spike to kill Vicious and tells him that he had been hoping for him to return.
Annie
is the owner of a convenience store on Mars, and an old friend of Spike, Julia and Mao Yenrai. Her name is short for "Anastasia". First introduced in "Ballad of Fallen Angels", Annie informs Spike of Mao's assassination by Vicious. She carries a variety of small arms and supplies Spike with a Beretta pistol and a large carton of ammunition. She also chides Spike for seeking to avenge his mentor by picking a fight with Vicious. Annie is fatally wounded prior to Spike and Julia's arrival in "The Real Folk Blues, Part II".
Recurring characters
Gren Eckener
Portrayed by: Mason Alexander Park
, also simply referred to as , was a soldier for the war on Titan, and appears in the two-part episode "Jupiter Jazz". On Titan he fought beside Vicious, whom he admired and found encouragement in. After the war, Gren came back hoping to be a jazz musician, but he was arrested as a spy. In prison, Gren heard that Vicious testified against him; this and the isolation drove him mad. The prison conducted drug experiments on him. In some translations, he suffered from insomnia while in prison and started using drugs to deal with it. In either case, the drugs severely imbalanced his hormones, causing him to develop a feminine figure, including breasts. After escaping from jail, Gren worked as a saxophone player at Rester House, a bar in a sector called "The Blue Crow", which is located on one of Jupiter's moons, Callisto. He met Julia there and found out from her how Vicious betrayed him.
Two years later, Gren rescues Faye from a street fight and takes her to his apartment. While Faye is there, Vicious calls, raising suspicions about Gren. Intruding on him while showering, Faye discovers Gren's secret. Gren explains his background, and tells her that he is going to see if Vicious really framed him. Disguising himself as a woman, Gren meets Vicious and Lin. Exchanging Red Eye for Titan Opal, Gren suspects a trap. He shoots it open, setting off the explosive, and then reveals who he is. In the ensuing battle, Lin dies to protect Vicious. Spike arrives and attacks Vicious. Gren had planted an explosive in the bag of Red Eye, which damages Vicious' ship. In the 4-way dogfight with Vicious and Spike, Gren's ship is severely damaged, forcing him to land. Spike lands next to Gren's ship to find Gren lying in the snow, badly wounded. Gren guesses who Spike is by his eyes; "Julia was always talking about you; your eyes are different colors. I remember her saying that". Gren requests that Spike help him back into his ship and tow it out into space, allowing him to die on a final voyage to Titan.
Punch and Judy
Punch – Judy –
Portrayed by: Ira Munn (Punch); Lucy Carrey (Judy)
and are the hosts of the TV show Big Shot. They are named after the traditional English puppet show. The show provides information on various bounty heads, but is often unreliable. The Bebop crew often has the show playing in the background, but seldom pays close attention (they usually get their information from close contacts). Punch and Judy play the "cowboy" persona in a characteristic, over the top fashion. Punch adopts a mid-western drawl mixed with a Mexican accent (both faked), and uses random old-West sayings. Judy plays the stereotypical dumb blonde, and always appears in an open bolero jacket with nothing underneath, frequently wiggling her hips with excitement. Big Shot is canceled towards the end of the series. Punch, lacking accent and costume, makes a cameo revealing his and Judy's fates: Punch, whose real name is Alfredo, moves to Mars to take care of his mother, and Judy is engaged to her agent, Cameron Wilson.
Punch and Judy's appearances had no specific model; the characters had the style of typical television hosts.
Antônio, Carlos and Jobim
Antônio – Carlos – Jobim –
Throughout the series and the movie, three rude, foul-mouthed, crotchety old men make frequent appearances, as speaking characters, or in the background during scenes. They make various claims about what they did before becoming old-timers, including bounty hunting, building the stargates, farming, piloting planes in a war, sinking the , digging ditches, and crop-dusting. They seem on speaking terms with many supporting characters, and though they run into the main characters often there is not much attention paid to them (or even mention that the main characters have seen them before). They do the preview of the episode "Mushroom Samba". According to the movie credits, they are called , , and . This is in reference to famed Brazilian musician Antônio Carlos Jobim. In the film, they help Jet and Faye distribute the antidote for a deadly, hallucinogenic nanovirus by flying 20th-century era antique planes over Alba City. Cowboy Bebop Anime Guide Volume 4 states that since the names of the three old men appear once, it is not certain whether the names Antônio, Carlos, and Jobim are their real names. In episode 22, Cowboy Funk, Antônio is briefly seen walking past a water fountain without Carlos and Jobim. All three make a cameo appearance in episode 11 of Blood Blockade Battlefront, another series by the same animation studio as Cowboy Bebop.
Laughing Bull
A kind old shaman, apparently of Native American descent, lives on Mars. Spike goes to Laughing Bull for advice in Session 1 while looking for bounty head Asimov. He appears briefly at the beginning of "Jupiter Jazz, Part I" and at the end of "Jupiter Jazz, Part II". In "The Real Folk Blues, Part II", Jet goes to him for information on Spike's whereabouts. Laughing Bull is seen with a small child in "Jupiter Jazz" and with a young man in the movie; their identities have never been revealed. As a shaman, he dresses in classic Native American wear and lives in a teepee-like tent surrounded by relics of old, discarded technology. Laughing Bull refers to Spike as "Swimming Bird", and calls Jet "Running Rock".
Bob
is an ISSP, mustache-wearing policeman based on Ganymede to whom Jet frequently goes to for inside information when looking for bounty heads. Throughout the series, and especially in the film, Bob provides (sometimes reluctantly) crucial information.
Other characters
Victoria "V.T." Terpsichore
Victoria "V.T." Terpsichore is a tough-talking space trucker whose deceased husband, Ural Terpsichore, is a legendary bounty hunter. Always with her cat, Zeros, she appears in the episode "Heavy Metal Queen". Spike meets her in a bar while on hunt for an explosive-smuggling criminal named Decker. After having a bar brawl with several stooges, Spike and V.T. seem to become fast friends until she learns Spike is a bounty hunter. Although she regards Spike as "lowlife bounty hunter scum", she puts their differences aside and reluctantly works with him when their paths cross again as V.T. begins searching for Decker, who has performed a ship hit and run on one of her fellow truck drivers.
Her full name is largely a secret, which has prompted many to bet money and guess what her initials stand for. She is also known as the "Heavy Metal Queen", for her love of heavy metal music, which she considers "very soothing". Able to adapt to various situations, her philosophy is "When in Rome, do as the Romans do". Considering her disdain for bounty hunters, it is believed that her husband was killed while pursuing a bountyhead.
Rocco Bonnaro
is a member of Piccaro Calvino's gang. He is involved in organized crime in order to support his blind younger sister, . Rocco sees Spike effortlessly take out several hijackers on a spaceliner and begs Spike to teach him how to fight. He befriends Spike although he does not tell him about the bounty on his head. Rocco gives Spike a package to hold onto, which contains a plant called "Grey Ash" that he stole from Calvino. This plant, worth millions of woolongs, is capable of curing "Venus Sickness", the disease which has blinded Stella. Rocco has a rendezvous with Spike and they fight Calvino's gang. Rocco pulls off one of Spike's Jeet Kune Do maneuvers and topples one of the gangsters, but is gunned down. Later, Spike pays his respects and visits Stella in the hospital where she is receiving treatment to tell her that Rocco has died. Before he leaves, Stella asks Spike about the type of person her brother really was. Spike responds, "You know better than anyone, without looking. He was a terrific guy – exactly the person you thought he was."
Chessmaster Hex
Hex is a talented programmer widely considered to be a genius due to his long-standing hold of the Champion Seat of the CosmoNet Chess tournament series. At the age of 30 he joined the Hyperspace Gate Project and, ultimately, played a key role in the development of the central control system used in all gates. However, Hex soon began to have doubts about the functionality of the control system, believing it to have defects. Upon discovering that these defects were intentionally added by the Gate Corporation to ensure further revenue, Hex developed a plan to be executed 50 years in the future that would allow criminals to hijack the Astral Gate toll booths.
In the episode "Bohemian Rhapsody", Spike, Jet and Faye track down Hex following the failed toll booth hijackings. Hex, now old and senile, is living peacefully inside of a bohemian junk heap floating in outer space. Given that he had completely forgotten about his prearranged sting, the crew strikes a deal with the Gate Corporation to ensure his safety.
Andy von de Oniyate
Andy von de Oniyate is a rich, egotistical bounty hunter who completely embraces the cowboy aspect of his job; he dresses like a cowboy, rides a horse named Onyx, uses six-shooters as his primary weapons and a cowboy whip to capture his bounties. The Bebop crew insists that Spike and Andy act exactly the same as each other, to Spike's increasing consternation. Despite his bumbling behavior, he is quite resourceful and intelligent, as well as being on par with Spike in fighting ability. Andy eventually gives up the cowboy persona, choosing instead to take up a samurai persona and call himself Musashi and Onyx "Jiroumaru".
Vincent Volaju
Vincent Volaju is the main antagonist of Cowboy Bebop: The Movie, is the only survivor of a series of experiments conducted during the Titan War to build immunity to the lethal nanomachines that were secretly developed by the military. His plan is to release the nanomachines throughout the world, leaving only a handful of survivors. He holds the rare distinction of being one of a select few characters in Cowboy Bebop who has been able to match Spike in close combat. Watanabe said that he believes that many people would say that they empathize with Vincent and that "I even understand him". The interviewer, describing Vincent as the "most evil character in the Bebop series", asked Watanabe if Vincent was his opportunity to "show something you couldn't get away with on TV". Watanabe responded by saying that such a thing was not the case, and that Vincent is "nothing more than my dark side". Watanabe added that he does not see this as a "particularly unique feature" of Cowboy Bebop: The Movie, and that all people have moments when they "lose our temper and want to destroy everything".
Elektra Ovilo
is a veteran of the Titan War who first appears in Cowboy Bebop: The Movie. Her love for Vincent caused them to have a short-term relationship, during which Vincent transferred the vaccine to Elektra. She is unaware of this until Vincent sets free the Nanomachines on the Monorail and she survives. She meets Spike by chance when he infiltrates a bio-weapon lab fronting as a pharmaceutical company where she works. After a few more chance meetings, and witnessing his being shot and thrown from a monorail by Vincent, she teams up with the crew of the Bebop to put an end to Vincent's intent to destroy the population of Mars. The samples of her blood are used to make the vaccine that is spread over Alba City. In the end, it is she who shoots Vincent and kills him. She cries for him when he admits he remembers her and their love for one another as he is dying.
Rashid
appears during Cowboy Bebop: The Movie. An ethnic Arab with a considerable amount of knowledge of "beans", he is really Doctor Mendelo al-Hedia, the man who developed the nano-machinery that was to be used as a virus for the military and vaccinated Vincent in attempt to keep it under control. He then apparently escaped from the medical facility and took refuge in Mars' Moroccan street, assuming a new identity. He provides Spike with a sample of the nano-machine virus in an attempt to atone for his creating it. After revealing to Spike, in a later scene, the nature of the nanomachine virus and the vaccine given to Vincent, armed men show up and Rashid runs off, followed by the sounds of gunfire. His fate is unclear, though a scene played during the credits of the movie seems to show him alive and well in Moroccan street.
Lee Sampson
A teenage hacker and Vincent's accomplice, is very interested in video games from the 20th century (as shown by him playing an alternate version of Pac-Man in a car while talking to Vincent). He's later betrayed by Vincent and is killed with the nanoweapons Vincent was using in his plot to eliminate mankind. In an interview with Watanabe, the interviewer referred to Lee Sampson, a character in the film who "unable to distinguish" death in real life and death in a video game, responding to the death of a video game avatar and the death of a security guard in an equally-detached manner; when the interviewer asked Watanabe whether he wanted to "question society's desensitization to violence" with a character who "truly feels the pain of death", Watanabe responded by saying that he did not intend to "make it a 'statement', as such". Watanabe added that he does not create films to "particular message" and that films "naturally reflect the way we feel at the time".
Mad Pierrot Tongpu
Portrayed by: Josh Randall
Mad Pierrot Tongpu (real name unknown) was part of an experiment to create the perfect assassin by a secret organization referred to only as Section 13. While Tongpu was made into a rotund and virtually indestructible living weapon, the procedures caused him to begin regressing mentally, ruining his capacity as a weapon. While being transported to a secure facility for observation, Tongpu escaped with the intention of exacting revenge, but eventually came to enjoy the act of killing. Spike happens to witness Tongpu killing someone, making him the target of Tongpu as well. Spike escapes when a cat distracts Tongpu and gives him time to blow up a gas canister. Spike is sent a personal invitation to Spaceland, a theme park, by Tongpu. In the ensuing fight, Spike throws a knife into Tongpu's leg. Tongpu is then crushed underfoot by a giant robot in an animatronic parade.
References
External links
Official website
Cowboy Bebop characters
Lists of anime and manga characters |
5378492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelitas | Fidelitas | Fidelitas (Latin, 'fidelity, faithfulness') may refer to:
Fidelitas (Hungary), the youth organization of the conservative Fidesz party
Fidélitas University, a private university in Costa Rica
FC Fidelitas Karlsruhe, an early German football club
, an Italian World War II steamer
See also |
5378498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennoy%20Municipal%20Okrug | Sennoy Municipal Okrug | Sennoy Municipal Okrug () is a municipal okrug of Admiralteysky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. Population:
It borders the Fontanka River in the south, Kryukov Canal in the west, Sadovaya Street and Voznesensky Avenue in the northwest, the Moyka River in the north, and Gorokhovaya Street in the east.
Places of interest include Hay Square, Garden Street, Griboyedov Canal, and the Yusupov Palace.
References
Admiralteysky District, Saint Petersburg |
5378505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackeberg | Blackeberg | Blackeberg is a suburb of Stockholm built in the 1950s, and is part of the Bromma borough. Blackeberg was originally a croft first mentioned in 1599. The croft was demolished in 1861 by Knut Ljunglöf, who built a house, a stable, a mill and a saw instead. The saw and mill are now both cultural relics and are still standing in Kvarnviken for tourists to see. The city of Stockholm bought Blackeberg in the late 1940s. Three-story apartment blocks and a centre with a cinema and a library were built in the 1950s. Many people moved from the central parts of Stockholm to Blackeberg and neighbouring suburbs. Blackeberg has a metro station. It was designed by Peter Celsing and opened in 1952.
The critically acclaimed vampire novel Let the Right One In as well as its movie adaptation are set in Blackeberg.
References
Districts of Stockholm
Districts in Västerort |
5378519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco%20Cappato | Marco Cappato | Marco Cappato (; born 25 May 1971) is an Italian activist and politician. Cappato was an Italian Member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2009. He represented the Bonino List within the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe parliamentary group. He was member of the Foreign Affairs, Civil Liberties, and Human Rights committees. He also served as a vice-president of the European Parliament Delegation for the relations with the Mashrek Countries. He was the European Parliament's Rapporteur on human rights in the world for 2007.
A nonviolent activist for fundamental rights and liberties, in 2017 he undertook civil disobedience to push the Italian Parliament to approve new rules allowing legal euthanasia in Italy. Cappato breached the law by helping an Italian tetraplegic and blind man from Milan to reach a Switzerland clinic where assisted suicide was legal. Due to Cappato's trial on 24 September 2019, the Constitutional Court of Italy urged Parliament to adopt appropriate legislative protections corresponding to the principles and rights enshrined in Italy's constitution.
Biography
Early years
Having grown up in a politically engaged family in Milan, Cappato joined Marco Pannella and the Radical Party in 1990. He graduated in economics at Bocconi University in Milan and, after a brief experience in the private sector, joined the Radical group at the European Parliament in 1995.
In 1996, he became Treasurer of the Movement CORA (Coordination of Radical Anti-prohibitionists). During an unauthorized rally in Brussels to protest against censorship, he was arrested outside Le Soir newspaper building and jailed for a few hours
In 1997 and 1998 he was appointed Transnational Radical Party representative at the United Nations in New York City, where he worked on the establishment of the International Criminal Court and on the anti-prohibitionist campaign.
From 15 June to 17 July 1998 he was among the attendees of the Diplomatic Conference which brought the adoption of the Statute of Rome. For his activism at the Conference, he gained attention by the Washington Post.
From February 1999 to July 2001 he was the Coordinator of the "Radical Committee for the liberal revolution of the United States of Europe", the first political movement in 2000 to hold online voting for the election of the leading bodies.
Member of the European Parliament, 1999–2009
In June 1999 he is elected at the European Parliament for the Lista Bonino, member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group. He will gain a second mandate as MEP in 2006 following Emma Bonino’s resignation to become Minister for External Trade in the Second Italy Prodi's Government.
He is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Delegation for relations with the Mashrek countries.
He's also European Parliament "rapporteur" on the Directive on "privacy with regard to electronic communication".
Due to his efforts in countering generalized digital surveillance, he is awarded "European of the Year" by the weekly "European Voice". Cappato is awarded "for his leadership in the campaign for the protection of privacy, in particular in respect of the preservation of the protection of the citizens personal data in the very moment where the United States have undertaken a war against terrorism."
For his campaign against the European monitoring laws, he is nominated for the "Politician of the Year" Award by the American magazine "Wired".
From March to November 2002 he has been President of the Transnational Radical Party board. Since October 2002 he has been Coordinator of "Parliamentarians for Antiprohibitionist Action" (PAA), a group of around 200 parliamentarians from around the world.
On 14 January 2009 his report of the European Parliament on access to documents by the European Council, the European Parliament and European Commission was approved in Strasbourg (with 355 votes in favor and 195 against).
In May 2009, the European Council replies to an interrogation submitted in March 2008 by Cappato asking to know the extent of European Institutions dependence on Microsoft, and the savings from an eventual shift to free software.
Cappato Initiative gains wide recognition among Open Source Communities around Europe.
Also in May 2009 Cappato is reported by Parlorama.eu in the top list of MEPs scored by presence and activity during the 2004–2009 term. In the report, edited by serving European Officers, Cappato scores 28th on 926 MEPs and he's awarded 5 stars.
During his mandate at the European Parliament, Cappato gains approval by the EP on his proposals for a public registry of the elected members to fight against absenteeism of the Italian MEPs. In 2009 he runs in the European Elections as candidate of the Bonino-Pannella List but he is not elected.
Luca Coscioni Association, 2004–present
In 2004, elected Secretary of the Luca Coscioni Association for Freedom of Scientific Research, he is one of the promoters of the referendum for the cancellation of the new law on assisted reproduction. He's also coordinator of the radical-liberal area in Italy running for the European elections in 2004.
After the encounter with Luca Coscioni, the Italian university researcher sick of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, who invests the Radical Party with a campaign for freedom of scientific research, Cappato deals directly with the issue. During his mandate at the European Parliament, he is committed to successfully unlock the European funds for research on stem cells from supernumerary embryos.
As Secretary of the Luca Coscioni Association for Freedom of Scientific Research, Cappato is among the promoters of the constitutive session of the World Congress for Freedom of scientific research.
In 2005 he is re-elected Secretary of the Luca Coscioni Association, which helps to constitute in Italy the new liberal-socialist political association named The Rose in the Fist. He is elected for the Piedmont region I to the Lower House at the Italy General Elections held on 9–10 April.
In September 2009 he is among the promoters of the association Agorà Digitale engaged in Italy on Internet Liberties and Digital Rights.
Since 2011 he has been Treasurer of the Luca Coscioni Association.
Civil disobedience
In December 2001 he is arrested in Manchester for a non-violent action of civil disobedience in connection with the British laws against possession of drugs for personal use.
In September 2006, together with Marco Pannella, Cappato embraces the fight of the Italian Radical Activist Piergiorgio Welby, sick of dystrophia and co-president of the Luca Coscioni Association. Welby asks the President of Italian Republic to grant him the constitutional right to self-determination by suspending the vital treatment keeping him artificially alive.
To support Welby's cause, Cappato starts a hunger strike lasting for 17 days, gaining wide public opinion attention in Italy and worldwide. On 20 December 2006 Welby finally obtains the interruption of vital therapies, with medical assistance.
On 27 May 2007 Cappato is arrested in Moscow. He's at the head of a delegation from the Radical Party, together with parliamentarians from other groups. Their aim is to deliver to Mayor Yuri Luzhkov a letter signed by 50 MEPs calling the authorities to authorize the Gay Pride in Moscow.
While fliers with the text of the letter were being distributed, a group of naziskins violently attacked the demonstrators. Soon after the Russian police, rather than protect the victims, took steps to arrest the demonstrators. Cappato is released few hours later without trial, although he had asked to go to Court.
On 19 December 2008 Marco Cappato, together with Antonella Casu (Secretary of the Italian Radicals), and Sergio D'Elia (Secretary of Hands Off Cain), submitted the complaint to the Labor Minister Maurizio Sacconi, at the Public Prosecutor of Rome, for private violence and intimidation, following his address of a few days before on the issue of Eluana Englaro.
On 17 January 2009, following its complaint, the Public Prosecutor of Rome include the Minister Maurizio Sacconi to the register of suspects.
On 1 May 2012 he goes to Maastricht, The Netherlands, to commit Civil Disobedience against a new law issued by the government of Limburg Province, denying non-residents the consumption of light drugs in coffee-shops. On the same year, Cappato launches a campaign of Legal Euthanasia in Italy. In September 2013 a Citizens’ Law Proposal for Euthanasia Legalization is submitted to the Parliament. The Initiative, promoted by Cappato with Luca Coscioni Associations and grassroots movements, gains more than signatures by Italian Citizens, while a threshold of is requested in Italy for Law Proposal submitted to the Parliament by citizens.
In September 2014 Cappato promotes the Lower House in Italy the establishment of Parliamentary Intergroup for Legal Euthanasia and Legal Will. To press the Parliament discuss the issue, in December 2015 he undertakes a disobedience action by helping Dominique Velati, a woman at a terminal stage for colon cancer, to obtain Euthanasia in Switzerland.
In late 2016, Fabiano Antoniani, aka Dj Fabo, paraplegic and blind after a car accident in 2014, asked Marco Cappato to help him to get assisted suicide in Switzerland. DJ Fabo died on 27 February 2017, after Marco Cappato drove to the clinic where the procedure was carried out.
Under the Italian penal code assisting someone to kill himself is a crime that can fetch from five to twelve years in prison. Aware of the criminal implications of his act, Marco Cappato reported himself to the police once back in his hometown of Milan the day after the suicide.
On 8 November 2017, the trial against Marco Cappato, Treasurer of the Associazione Luca Coscioni, started. Marco Cappato is prosecuted for having assisted Dj Fabo to travel to Switzerland to obtain assisted suicide. Italy's Constitutional Court met on 23 October 2018 to discuss the issue of constitutionality raised by the Court of Appeal of Milan concerning article 580 of the penal code that penalizes those who assist on incite the suicide of a person with penalties from five to 12 years of detention.
On 24 October the Court decided to suspend the decision and to reconvene on 24 September 2019, request Parliament to intervene to adopt appropriate legislative protections corresponding to the principles and rights enshrined in Italy's Constitution. Cappato was eventually acquitted of the charges on 23 December 2019.
In 2016 Cappato, together with Mina Welby, widow of Piergiorgio, accomplished a second disobedience by helping Davide Trentini, a man affected by Sclerosis, to reach Switzerland and obtain assisted suicide. He has been therefore prosecuted and is currently under trial.
EUMANS
In 2019, Cappato founded the pan-European citizens' movement EUMANS - Citizens for democracy and sustainability. The not-electoral movements pursues goals of democracy, rule of law, sustainability and indivividual freedoms through the activation of instrument of participatory democracy addressing the European Union. In particular between 2019 and 2021 the European Citizens Initiative Stopglobalwarming.eu - A price on carbon to fight climate change, collected 62.000 signatures and the support of 100 European Mayors for a carbon pricing in the European Union. On November 9, 2021, Marco Cappato presents the appeal for a global carbon pricing in front of the PETI Committee of the European Parliament.
References
External links
Official site
1971 births
Living people
Bocconi University alumni
Politicians from Milan
Italian Radicals MEPs
MEPs for Italy 2004–2009
MEPs for Italy 1999–2004 |
5378527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%20pad | L pad | An L pad is a network composed of two impedances that typically resemble the letter capital "L" when drawn on a schematic. It is commonly used for attenuation and for impedance matching.
Speaker L pad
A speaker L pad is a special configuration of rheostats used to control volume while maintaining a constant load impedance on the output of the audio amplifier.
It consists of a parallel and a series rheostat connected in an "L" configuration. As one increases in resistance, the other decreases, thus maintaining a constant impedance, at least in one direction. To maintain constant impedance in both directions, a "T" pad must be used. In loudspeaker systems having a crossover network, it is necessary to maintain impedance to the crossover; this avoids shifting the crossover point.
A constant-impedance load is important in the case of vacuum tube power amplifiers, because such amplifiers do not work as efficiently when terminated into an impedance greatly different than their specified output impedance. Maintaining constant impedance is less important In the case solid state electronics.
In high frequency horns, the L Pad is seen by the crossover, not the amp. L pads may not necessarily use continuously variable rheostats, but instead a multi-position rotating selector switch wired to resistors on the back. Tapped transformers are not L pads; they are autoformers. L pads can also be used at line level, mostly in pro applications.
Audio-frequency (AF) operation
The L pad attenuates the signal by having two separate rheostats connected in an "L" configuration (hence the name). One rheostat is connected in series with the loudspeaker and, as the resistance of this rheostat increases, less power is coupled into the loudspeaker and the loudness of sound produced by the loudspeaker decreases. The second rheostat is connected between the input and ground (earth). As the first rheostat increases in resistance, the second rheostat decreases in resistance, keeping the load impedance (presented at the input of the L pad) constant. The second rheostat usually has a special taper (function of resistance versus rotation) to accommodate the need for constant input impedance.
Radio-frequency (RF) operation
In RF (radio frequency) applications, the L network is the basis of many common impedance matching circuits, such as the pi network employed in amplifiers and the T network that is common in transmatches.
The L network relies on a procedure known as series-parallel transformation. For every series combination of resistance, RS, and reactance, XS, there exists a parallel combination of RP and XP that acts identically to the voltage applied across the series combination. In other words, the series components and the parallel components provide the same impedance at their terminals. The transformation ratio is the ratio of the input and output impedances of the impedance matching network.
The series-parallel transformation allows the input impedance to be dropped down to lower impedances while sustaining a voltage across the circuit. This system works in reverse as well. The equations needed for this transformation are as follows:
For the resistance Rs and reactance Xs in series, Rp and Xp exist as a parallel combination. One simply needs to know the input impedance Rp and to choose the output impedance Rs. Or conversely know Rs and choose Rp. Keep in mind that Rp must be larger than Rs. Because reactance is frequency dependent the L network will only transform the impedances at one frequency.
Inclusion of two L networks back to back creates what is known as a T-network. T-networks work well for matching an even greater range of impedances.
Impedance matching
If a source and load are both resistive (i.e. Z1 and Z2 have zero or very small imaginary part) then a resistive L pad can be used to match them to each other. As shown, either side of the L pad can be the source or load, but the Z1 side must be the side with the higher impedance.
There is an inherent insertion loss
where = power dissipated by load and = power dissipated by the pad resistors. Large positive numbers means loss is large.
The loss is a monotonic function to the impedance ratio. Higher ratios require higher loss.
Application notes
Speaker L pads are designed to match the impedance of the speaker, so they were commonly available with 4, 8, and 16 Ω impedances.
See also
Π pad
T pad
Notes
References
Silver, H. Ward, Experiment #21: The L-Network (Hands-On Radio), QST, Oct. 2004, pp. 62-63
Basic Car Audio Electronics: "L-Pads" http://www.bcae1.com/lpad.htm
External links
All About Pads
L-Pads
Analog circuits
Resistive components |
5378547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woo%20Jang-choon | Woo Jang-choon | Woo Jang-choon (April 8, 1898 – August 10, 1959) was a Korean-Japanese agricultural scientist and botanist, famous for his discoveries in the genetics and breeding of plants.
Woo was born and raised in Japan, overcoming poverty and discrimination in Imperial Japan to become a prominent researcher and teacher. When Korea was freed of Japanese rule in 1945, Woo left his mother, wife, and children in Japan and traveled to Korea to lead the country's efforts in botany and agriculture. There is a memorial museum in the port city of Busan where he lived and worked in Korea, honoring his life and accomplishments.
Woo is credited in scientific literature as Nagaharu U, a Japanese reading of the Chinese characters of his Korean name (the pronunciation of his family name 禹 can be Romanized as U in both Japanese (う) and Korean (우)).
Early life
Woo was born on April 8, 1898, in Akasaka, Tokyo and raised in Kure, Hiroshima, he was the first son of a Japanese mother, Sakai Naka (사카이 나카, 酒井ナカ) and a Korean father, Woo Beom-seon (禹範善, 우범선) of the Danyang U clan (본관: 단양 우씨, 丹陽 禹氏). Woo Beom-seon served as the commander of the first battalion of the Hullyeondae (a Japanese-trained Korean military force) during the late period of the Joseon dynasty and had sought political asylum in Japan. He was involved in the Gaehwapa movement (a modernization faction) and was suspected of involvement in the Eulmi Incident, the assassination of Queen Min and the murder of two other women on October 13,1895. Fifty-five Japanese nationals were arrested and tried for involvement but won acquittal in a Japanese court due to lack of evidence. Meanwhile, Queen Min's son, Crown Prince Yi Cheok, accused Woo Beom-seon of complicity in the murders and he fled to Japan.
On November 24, 1903, Woo Beom-seon was assassinated by Go Yeong-geun (高永根, 고영근), leaving five-year-old Woo Jang-choon fatherless. His brother, Woo Hong-chun (禹洪春, 우홍춘) was born in 1904 when Jang-choon was six. Although Woo Jang-choon was part Japanese and held Japanese citizenship, his Japanese mother taught him to honor his Korean heritage. She left Woo in the care of a Buddhist temple orphanage so that she could work and raise funds for his education. Food at the temple was limited to potatoes, and Woo was ostracized by other Japanese children for being part Korean, so he often stayed closed to monks and nuns. His mother returned for him after three years. He was also a practicing Buddhist.
Woo then began his grade school education, working hard to cope with discrimination from peers. Meanwhile, the Empire of Japan had begun to challenge European colonial powers in East Asia, beginning with the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), which led almost directly to the annexation of Korea in 1910. In Japan, talented male students enlisted in the military, but Woo continued with school. To meet his financial needs, his mother sold all of their possessions, even his father's tomb, though a friend allowed the remains of Woo Beom-seon to be buried in another cemetery.
A talented math student, Woo sought to study engineering at Kyoto Imperial University, but at the suggestion of pro-Japanese Korean statesman Pak Yeong-hyo, he pursued agriculture at Tokyo Imperial University with a scholarship from the Japanese General-Government in Korea. He began his university career at Tokyo Imperial University in 1916, where he was highly regarded by his professors, and graduated in 1919. In 1936, he earned a doctorate in agriculture from the university for his dissertation "Synthesis of Species."
Woo tutored his neighbor's sons, and the neighbor introduced Woo to his sister, Watanabe Koharu (Hangul: 와타나베 고하루, Hanja: 渡邊小春). They fell in love but had difficulty convincing Koharu's parents for permission to marry. In the end, she eloped with Woo. Their first child was a daughter, Woo Tomoko. Their marriage produced four daughters and two sons. Kazuo Inamori is his son-in-law through his youngest daughter's marriage.
After Korea was liberated on August 15, 1945, Woo Jang-choon left Japan for Korea but had difficulty fitting in due to his father's actions, which burdened him for life.
Agricultural achievements in Japan
Woo was soon given a position by Japan's Ministry of Agriculture. In order to further his social life, his mother trained him to be tolerant of alcohol, and Woo made many friends. By the age of 23, he had researched morning glory flowers and written a paper on the evolution and relationships between three species of Brassica, introducing the theory known as the Triangle of U, a theory which has since been confirmed by DNA studies.
With Dr. Terao, Woo published two papers on petunia flowers. Then, Dr. Terao assigned Woo to study further on Petunia hybrida Vilm, which, among the different varieties of the species, could not be completely made into double flowers. Half of the flowers would not grow when forced into the double flower phenotype. Further work by Woo brought the complete double flowered Petunia into reality in 1930, and this earned him international prestige in the scientific community.
Woo returned to studying morning glory flowers, but his papers, nearly complete, were burnt in a fire. Then he pursued the study of genotypes and phenotypes. He was assigned to create new crucifers through combination of different phenotypes. His four years of research led to a successful interbreeding of Japanese and Korean crucifers, and another internationally renowned paper. A Doctoral degree was awarded by Tokyo University to Woo as an accolade for his excellence. A significant observation in Dr. Woo's paper was that, evolution does not happen only through the accumulation of beneficial mutations that lead to speciation, but also through exchange of genes between different species.
Many Japanese agricultural study graduates came under Dr. Woo to learn, but were given an overwhelming amount of exacting chores. Yet, they all continued up the ranks; Dr. Woo, however, had to stay in the Japan's Ministry of Agriculture's examination room because the Japanese policy, during the occupation of Korea, was to prevent Koreans from achieving high status. Especially, Dr. Woo had not changed his Korean name to a Japanese one -a policy aimed to assimilate Koreans into the Japanese culture. When he was promoted, it was requested that he change his name; instead, Woo resigned from his position at the Konosu examination room.
He was hired by the Takiyi research farm, where he improved on seed-production methods and agricultural food products through artificial selection. While he concentrated on establishing a solid base for the resources needed for research, he wrote a paper on artificially combining gametophytes to improve the quality of the plants.
Around the end of the World War II, the Takiyi research farm ran a free educational program for students, and Dr. Woo was the lecturer for Korean students; as Japan began to lose the war, Koreans were forcibly drafted into the army.
Agricultural success in Korea
On August 15, 1945, Korea won its independence; Dr. Woo resigned from his positions at the Takiyi research farm and Tokyo University, and prepared his own place near a Buddhist temple. In Korea, farmers were left no seeds to plant because trade between Korea and Japan ceased, and the seeds were produced only in Japan. The policy was aimed to hinder Koreans from obtaining technological knowledge and to profit from selling the seeds to Koreans at a high price. As a result, after the liberation, there were neither people nor companies in Korea which could produce vegetable seeds such as radish and Napa cabbage, and seeds could not be imported from Japan. In accordance to a suggestion by Kim Jong-yi to resolve this problem, President Yi Seung-man sponsored a campaign to urge for Dr. Woo's return; Dr. Woo complied, and a team was established to allow Dr. Woo to work as soon as he returned to Korea. The team worked to gather money and resources, and established the "Hanguk Nong'eop Gwahak Yeonguso" (한국 농업 과학 연구소) or Korean Agricultural Science Research Institute near the city of Busan.
Unfortunately, as a Japanese citizen, Dr. Woo was not allowed to leave Japan for Korea. He therefore collected his papers which had traced his ancestral lineage from Korea, and went to a Japanese office which searched for illegal Korean inhabitants. The employees were shocked that a world-renowned scientist would voluntarily bring himself to the office.
In March 1950, Dr. Woo returned to Korea. The team that was assigned to prepare for Dr. Woo's return welcomed him, holding a sign that read "Welcome! Dr. Woo Jang-choon's return home." A few days later, a welcome ceremony was held in Dongrae Won'e High School, and Dr. Woo delivered a speech: "Unfortunately, I worked for my mother's country, Japan, for fifty years. During those years, I worked for Japan no less than any other Japanese. From now on, I will work for my father's country, my home country, with all of my effort. And I will bury my bones in my home country."
After a trip around the country, Dr. Woo observed the poor conditions of the farms, and concluded that mass production of seeds was imperative. In addition to these desperate circumstances, the Korean War began only three months after Dr. Woo's arrival in Korea. Luckily, the Busan area was able to avoid conflicts, and Dr. Woo could work uninterrupted. Because there were not many insecticides available, Woo concentrated on producing seeds that were less susceptible to bugs. He did not neglect planting flowers, which seemed to not be a concern for a country in destitute conditions. The research institute became filled with countless beautiful flowers, and many visitors came by to enjoy the scenery.
Once, an American colonel made a visit to the institute, and saw a double-flower petunia. He quizzed an employee about the inventor of the flower. When the employee pretended to be ignorant on the subject, the colonel said that it was a Japanese scientist named Dr. Woo. To his surprise, Dr. Woo was a Korean working at the same institute, and the colonel returned with gifts to meet Dr. Woo.
For a country not self-sufficient in producing crops to sustain and feed the country's population, the most crucial requirement was the development of top quality seeds to improve crop production. Woo Jang-choon's work resulted in improved seeds for many of Korea's staple crops, starting with Chinese cabbage, the icicle radish, hot peppers, cucumbers, head cabbage, onions, tomatoes, watermelon, the yellow chamui melon. Other major horticultural breakthroughs from Woo's research included germ-resistant seed potatoes, the seedless watermelon, and the Jeju variety of tangerine (제주감귤).
Later, the Korean Agricultural Science Research Institute was renamed Central Agricultural Technology Research Institute (중앙 원예 기술원).
Dr. Woo received a letter from his wife, Koharu, about his mother's poor health; he, therefore, requested the president to allow him to visit Japan, but this was not allowed. Eventually, Dr. Woo's mother died, and Dr. Woo mourned that he could not repay his mother for all she had done. This made it into the news, and there was a nationwide effort of sending letters and donations to Dr. Woo. As a memorial to his mother and to meet the needs of his employees, Dr. Woo dug a water well near his laboratory, and named it "Jayucheon" (자유천, short for 자애로운 어머니의 젖 같은 샘) or "The Well that is like the Milk of a Loving Mother".
Many agricultural decisions during the 1950s were made according to Dr. Woo's suggestions, or made by Dr. Woo himself. This included the planting of cosmos flowers to decorate the highways and railroads. Cosmos flowers disseminate easily, and would not be targeted by farmers to feed the livestock because they are toxic in nature. One exception was on the topic of introducing hydroponics, in which Dr. Woo suggested sanitary culture, instead, because it was a much cheaper alternative with the same result; although a hydroponics facility was installed in Suwon, the outcome was poor. The president suggested sending researchers to Japan to learn the secrets of hydroponics, but Dr. Woo said that hydroponics does not require special techniques other than clean water, the right balance of the nutrients, and time. Dr. Woo's team established a sanitary-culture facility in Seoul (the capital city of Korea), and its success was signified when the US military noted the facility's hygienic products and chose the facility to supply its soldier fruits and vegetables. Dr. Woo also succeeded in producing germ-resilient seed potatoes.
Illness and death
Around his 60th birthday, Woo began to have pain in his arm. He could not mediate the illness with medications and treatments, and the problem worsened. Only cortison would allow the pain to abate. But medical professor Kim Joong-hwa recommended Woo to take the medicine only when necessary, as it was not complete in its development, and negative side effects could be possible. Dr. Woo's stomach and intestines began to worsen and, although the conditions were tolerable, he was admitted to the hospital after a medical examination. Although expected to be discharged from the hospital within one month, the problems worsened, and the research employees contacted Dr. Woo's wife, Koharu, about his situation.
Dr. Woo's wife, Koharu, had difficulties trying to visit Korea, but eventually succeeded in obtaining special permission from the Korean government. When she arrived, Dr. Woo promised that they would be able to live together within two to three years, and tried to look healthy.
During this time, the Korean government officially acknowledged Dr. Woo's achievements, and the minister of the agricultural department presented himself at the hospital, to award Dr. Woo a medal. To his wife and research employees, Dr. Woo said, "To die I have no regret; my fatherland acknowledged me." On the dawn of August 10, 1959, Woo Jang-choon died in Korea. He was 61 years old. People across the country mourned his death.
See also
Jang Yeong-sil
References
Bibliography
Woojangchun Museum at Life in Korea
http://kids.hankooki.com/lpage/study/200502/kd2005022215323345690.htm
http://www.chungnam.rda.go.kr/cn14/agri/flower/fe/fe23.htm
External links
[ Photographs of Woo]
Korean scientists
20th-century Japanese botanists
Japanese people of Korean descent
South Korean biologists
South Korean people of Japanese descent
University of Tokyo alumni
Zainichi Korean people
1898 births
1959 deaths
Danyang U clan
20th-century South Korean scientists
South Korean Buddhists
Members of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea |
5378548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo%20Patriciello | Aldo Patriciello | Aldo Patriciello (born 27 September 1957 in Venafro) is an Italian politician and member of the European Parliament since 8 May 2006, when he took the place of Lorenzo Cesa, elected MP in the 2006 Italian general election.
Conviction
Convicted to four months for illegal financing but he has never been jailed.
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
People from the Province of Isernia
Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians
Italian People's Party (1994) politicians
European Democracy politicians
Union of the Centre (2002) politicians
Forza Italia politicians
The People of Freedom politicians
Forza Italia (2013) politicians
Politicians of Molise
Union of the Centre (2002) MEPs
The People of Freedom MEPs
MEPs for Italy 2009–2014
MEPs for Italy 2004–2009
MEPs for Italy 2014–2019
MEPs for Italy 2019–2024 |
5378557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20W.%20Casey%20Sr. | George W. Casey Sr. | George William Casey Sr. (March 9, 1922 – July 7, 1970) was a United States Army major general who was killed in a helicopter crash in July 1970, in South Vietnam. General Casey, who had served in the Korean War, was in command of the US 1st Cavalry Division at the time of his death. His son George W. Casey Jr. served as the 36th Chief of Staff of the United States Army from April 2007 to April 2011.
Early life and education
Casey was born into an Irish-American family in Boston, Massachusetts on March 9, 1922. He attended Harvard College for a year before transferring to the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1945, a year early because of World War II. He earned a Master of Arts degree in international relations from Georgetown University in 1958 and a Master of Business Administration degree from George Washington University in 1965. He went on to conduct postgraduate study at the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University.
Military career
Casey completed the Infantry School Basic Course in November 1945, and was sent to Japan in December. He served with the 188th Parachute Infantry Regiment with the Far East Command from January 1946 to November 1948, and then served with the 17th Airborne Division at Camp Pickett, Virginia, from December 1948 to May 1949. Casey then transferred to the 187th Airborne Infantry Regiment, and then the 11th Airborne Division at Camp Campbell, Kentucky, where he served from June 1949 to November 1951. His post-war assignments included aide-de-camp to General Lyman L. Lemnitzer.
Korean War
Casey served in combat during the Korean War, commanding a 7th Infantry Division company in engagements including the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge, for which he received the Silver Star. He returned to the United States in July 1952.
Post war
In 1957 he graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College. In 1963 he graduated from the National War College. He commanded 3rd Brigade, 8th Infantry Division in West Germany from 1963 to 1965.
Vietnam War
In the late 1960s he served with the 1st Cavalry Division, first as chief of staff, then as commander of 2nd Brigade, and later as assistant division commander. He served as the Chief of Staff of 2nd Brigade, 1st Air Cavalry Division, in South Vietnam, from September 1966 to October 1967.
While home on leave from serving in Vietnam, he was promoted to major general during a ceremony on April 30, 1970, at the Pentagon. Casey served with U.S. Army Combat Developments Command at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, from October 1967 to August 1968, and then as Commanding General of the U.S. Army Combat Developments Command Combat Arms Group at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from September 1968 to July 1969. In May 1970, he assumed command of the 1st Cavalry Division in Vietnam.
Death
On July 7, 1970, he was killed in a helicopter crash in South Vietnam when the UH-1H Huey helicopter he was co-piloting hit a mountain due to poor weather near Bao Luc as he was en route to Cam Ranh to visit wounded troops, before they were transported to Japan for medical treatment. Seven men died in the crash. The wreckage of the helicopter was found within days.
Casey was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
Awards and decorations
His awards and decorations include:
Badges
Decorations
Service Medals
Foreign Awards
Personal life
Casey and his wife had three daughters and two sons. One of those sons, George W. Casey Jr. (born July 22, 1948) is a retired four-star general who served as the 36th Chief of Staff of the United States Army from April 10, 2007, to April 10, 2011.
See also
U.S. Army general officers who died in the Vietnam War:
William R. Bond
John A. B. Dillard
Charles J. Girard
Alfred Judson Force Moody
Richard J. Tallman
Keith L. Ware
References
External links
Major General George William Casey Memorial page
1922 births
1970 deaths
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
National War College alumni
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
George Washington University School of Business alumni
United States Army generals
Victims of helicopter accidents or incidents
American people of Irish descent
Recipients of the Air Medal
Harvard College alumni |
5378569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zappa%20Plays%20Zappa | Zappa Plays Zappa | Zappa Plays Zappa is an American tribute act led by Dweezil Zappa, the elder son of late American composer and musician Frank Zappa, devoted to performing the music of Frank Zappa.
History
The band debuted in 2006 with shows in Europe, Canada, and the United States during May and June (the tour was also known as Zappa Plays Zappa: Tour de Frank). The shows presented a collection of Frank Zappa's rock-oriented compositions from the 1960s to the late 1970s. Apart from Dweezil Zappa on lead guitar, many of the band members previously played with Frank Zappa. Among those, Napoleon Murphy Brock (sax, flute, and vocals) was an integral part of the band, while drummer/vocalist Terry Bozzio and guitarist Steve Vai performed as guests in parts of the shows. At several shows the live band played along with audio and video recordings of Frank Zappa himself, notably portions of "Chunga's Revenge", "Dumb All Over", "Cosmik Debris", and "Muffin Man".
After a break, the band played again in the U.S. during the fall of 2006, including a show in New York on October 31. That revived Frank Zappa's tradition of playing Halloween shows in New York. A DVD documenting the 2006 tour was released in early 2008.
In July and August 2007, the band played a North American tour, with a core lineup similar to that of the 2006 band. The band then played in Europe during September and October before returning to the US, starting with another Halloween show in New York. Special guest on the tour was vocalist and guitarist Ray White, a Zappa stalwart performer in the 1970s and early 1980s. They ended the 2007 tour in Australia in early December before doing a handful of shows in Japan in January 2008. Steve Vai returned as a guest on those shows. A brief tour of U.S. and Canadian dates was then scheduled for the Summer of 2008 with the same lineup as the 2007 tour.
At the 51st Grammy Awards in February 2009, Zappa Plays Zappa won Best Rock Instrumental Performance for their performance of the Frank Zappa instrumental classic "Peaches en Regalia".
Frank Zappa's bands underwent many changes of members, and Zappa Plays Zappa has done the same. The first changes came in 2009–2010, starting with the departure of Aaron Arntz from the keyboard chair, followed quickly by the replacement of guest vocalist Ray White with the hiring of full-time singer/multi-instrumentalist Ben Thomas. Shortly thereafter, keyboardist/singer Chris Norton was added to the lineup.
After the first few tours an additional event was added to the touring cycle. A music bootcamp created by Dweezil, aptly named Dweezilla, afforded the band the opportunity to teach students in a totally immersive environment. Dweezilla also created the opportunity for certain alumni to participate in a performance.
In 2012, the band line up changed again. Original core band bassist Pete Griffin was let go. He was quickly replaced by Zappa alumni bassist Scott Thunes, who also used to be in Dweezil's band Z. He stood in while a permanent replacement was found. The next transformation of the band was complete when bassist Kurt Morgan joined.
Just as Frank Zappa's bands changed size year after year, Zappa Plays Zappa once again followed suit, reducing its membership to six rather than eight musicians. Original core band members Jamie Kime and Billy Hulting went on to other projects at that time.
The 2014 Zappa Plays Zappa tour was a tribute to the classic 1974 album Roxy and Elsewhere. ZPZ performed the material from Roxy in its entirety, in the same order as the original album.
The 2015 tour was also a tribute, this time to the album One Size Fits All and like the Roxy tour it celebrates its 40th anniversary. The show starts with a full performance of the album in its entirety, in the original order. The main set includes songs by the original lineup of The Mothers of Invention including "Who Needs the Peace Corps?" and "What's the Ugliest Part of Your Body?"
Trademark disputes
In April 2016, Dweezil Zappa announced that he would be changing the name of the band to Dweezil Zappa Plays Frank Zappa, in response to a cease-and-desist order by the Zappa Family Trust, which represents Zappa's estate. Following the October 2015 death of Gail Zappa, control of the trust was taken over by his siblings Ahmet and Diva Zappa, with Ahmet handling day-to-day operations. The trust holds a trademark on the name "Zappa Plays Zappa", which Dweezil had already licensed from Gail. Despite that, the Trust ordered Dweezil to cease using the trademark. The Trust also argued that his shows were a "dramatic work", thus ineligible for the blanket compulsory license for live performance venues as specified in section 115 of United States copyright law, and requiring Dweezil to negotiate "grand rights" directly from the trust or be liable for copyright infringement. Ahmet argued that he was not trying to inhibit his ability to tour under his father's name, but wanted to ensure that Zappa Plays Zappa would be "in accordance with the family trust". A lawyer interviewed by The New York Times disagreed with that theory, arguing that the concept of grand rights is intended primarily for works such as stage musicals, and that a concert by a cover band was not a "dramatic work".
A lawyer representing the Trust later told Dweezil that "Dweezil Zappa Plays Frank Zappa" infringed on the Trust's trademarks for "Zappa" and "Frank Zappa". In June 2016, Dweezil announced that he would hold a tour to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the release of Zappa's first album, Freak Out!. In reference to the dispute, it was titled 50 Years of Frank: Dweezil Zappa Plays Whatever the F@%k He Wants – The Cease and Desist Tour.
The Zappa siblings reconciled in May 2018.
Albums
In 2012, ZPZ (consisting of Dweezil and an eight-piece band) released a double live album, F. O. H.—the abbreviation of "front of house", the technical term for the sound as it is mixed and amplified for the audience at a live venue. The tracks were recorded directly in two tracks, and no dubbing took place. Dweezil Zappa explained, though, that Universal Audio software was used to make individual compositions sound as if they were recorded with the equipment that his father used for those compositions.
Musicians 2020 Touring Group:
Dweezil Zappa – lead guitar, vocals (2006–)
Scheila Gonzalez – saxophone, flute, keyboards, harmonica, vocals (2006–)
Kurt Morgan – bass, vocals (2012–)
Ryan Brown – drums, percussion, vocals (2013–)
Adam Minkoff – guitar, keyboards, percussion, flute, recorder, mandolin, vocals (2017–)
Kevin Bents – keyboards, vocals (2020–)Former members:
Aaron Arntz – keyboards, trumpet, vocals (2006–2009)
Pete Griffin – bass (2006–2011)
Joe Travers – drums, vocals (2006–2013)
Billy Hulting – marimba, mallets, percussions (2006–2013)
Jamie Kime – rhythm guitar (2006–2013)
Ben Thomas – lead vocals, trumpet, trombone, rhythm guitar (2009–2016)
Chris Norton – keyboards, violin, percussion, vocals (2010–2019)
Scott Thunes – bass, vocals (2012)
Mikki Hommel – vocals (2016)
Cian Coey – vocals (2016–2019)
David Luther – saxophone, guitar, keyboards, vocals (2016-2017)Guests on most 2006 shows:
Napoleon Murphy Brock – vocals, saxophone, flute
Terry Bozzio – drums, vocals
Steve Vai – guitarGuest on 2007, 2008 and some 2009 shows:
Ray White – vocals, guitarGuests on some 2010 shows:
George Duke – vocals, keyboard
Scott Thunes – bass
Jeff Simmons – bass, vocals
Moon Zappa – vocalsGuests on some 2011 shows:
Mark Volman – vocals
Howard Kaylan – vocals
Jean-Luc Ponty – violin
Chick Corea – keyboards
Frank Gambale – guitar
Guthrie Govan – guitarGuest on some 2012 shows:
Allan Holdsworth – guitar
Chester Thompson – drums
Sioned Eleri Roberts – clarinetGuest on some 2015 shows Rachel Flowers – keyboards, guitar, vocals
Vinnie Colaiuta – drums
Tal Wilkenfeld – bassGuest on some 2017 shows'
Ike Willis – vocals
Vinnie Colaiuta – drums
Timeline
References
External links
Official website
Hidden Track – Review: Zappa Plays Zappa @ The Lincoln Theater
American experimental musical groups
American jazz ensembles from California
Rock music groups from California
Frank Zappa
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups established in 2006
Tribute bands |
5378588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando%20Veneto | Armando Veneto | Armando Veneto (born 14 November 1935) is an Italian politician and lawyer.
Early life
Armando Veneto was born in Aversa on 14 November 1935. He has been president of the Criminal Chamber of Palmi and mayor of this city from 1994 to 2001.
In 1996 he was elected deputy for the centre-left coalition (The Olive Tree) in the uninominal constituency of Palmi. He served also as Undersecretary at the Ministry of Finance from 1999 to 2001
In 2001 he joined the centrist project of European Democracy, but in 2001 he was not re-elected.
In 2004 he joined the UDEUR and was a candidate in the European elections for the Southern constituency, obtaining around 17,000 preferences. In May 2006 he joined the European Parliament, after the resignation of Paolo Cirino Pomicino (meanwhile elected to the Italian Parliament).
In October 2007 he left the UDEUR and founded the "Moderate Movement for Democracy and Legality" and in September 2009 joined the Union of the Centre.
References
1935 births
Living people
People from Aversa
Union of Democrats for Europe MEPs
MEPs for Italy 2004–2009
Italian People's Party (1994) politicians
European Democracy politicians
Union of Democrats for Europe politicians
21st-century Italian politicians |
5378590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etwall | Etwall | Etwall () is a village and civil parish in Derbyshire, England, southwest of Derby on the A50. The population at the 2011 Census was 2,906.
Geography
Etwall is located between the A516 bypass and the A50 in south Derbyshire. The A516 draws heavy traffic heading for the M1 north.
The village has its own public library, several schools including a state pre-school, state primary, an independent day school and the large secondary school, John Port Spencer Academy. The parish church is St Helen's. A war memorial is located in the shadow of a memorial tree which was planted in the 1800s.
There is also a Buddhist centre at Ashe Hall established by Kelsang Gyatso. Some of the inhabitants work at the Toyota car factory which is located east of the village. The part of the village that is closely adjacent to the A50, and the Toyota Car factory, is separately named as Etwall Common.
History
The village name comes from Etewelle, meaning "Eatta’s water", Eatta being a 7th-century Saxon leader. Etwall is famous for its well dressing festival every May.
The John Port Grammar School opened in 1956, with the Etwall Secondary School on the same site. They combined as the comprehensive John Port School in 1965.
Amenities
Etwall is an affluent village with amenities including a post office, library, two village stores, a restaurant, pharmacy, dental practice, veterinarian, village hall, leisure centre and cricket club. Etwall also has a swimming club, tennis club and the Team FS Derby, a Futsal Club of the FA National Futsal League.
The village has two pubs on its Main Street: the Spread Eagle (opposite John Port School) is the oldest, and the Hawk and Buckle dates from around 1800. There is also the more modern Seven Wells on Heage Lane and a bar inside Blenheim House.
The King George playing fields host the local football team Kings Head F.C. (sponsored by the Kings Head of Hilton) on Sunday mornings. The village is also served by a modern community centre/village hall named after the former primary school caretaker Frank Wickham, which hosts community events and also is used as a polling station for local and general elections.
Three National Cycle Network routes meeting in the village: Route 54, Route 549 and Route 68.
During the period 2015–2017 and beyond Etwall is due to have new building work on former John Port Trust land, which was left in trust and rented to local farmers. This marks the biggest expansion of Etwall village since post-war building in the 1950s and 1960s by Wimpey builders, and is due to expand the village's housing stock and increase local amenities.
18.4% of South Derbyshire's Band E to H properties are located in Etwall, with 12 out of 81 of the council's band H properties located in the village.
Former residents
Sir John Port (judge) (1480–1541), judge, born in Chester, lived in Etwall
Sir John Port (died 1557), son of above, born in Etwall, founded Repton School
John Gerard, S.J., recusant priest
Miles Hunt
Debbie McGee
See also
Listed buildings in Etwall
References
External links
Village website
History of the village
Information with pictures
1849 Tithe Map & Apportionment of Etwall
Villages in Derbyshire
Civil parishes in Derbyshire
South Derbyshire District |
5378595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20Ridge%20Music | Rock Ridge Music | Rock Ridge Music is an independent record label and artist management company based in Nashville, Tennessee. Founded in 2004, it has signed, managed, and/or promoted artists including Reel Big Fish, Sister Hazel, Rachel Platten, Matthew Perryman Jones, Tony Lucca, Matt Hires, The Damnwells, Attack! Attack!, The Ike Reilly Assassination, Psychostick, and Fiction Family.
History
Rock Ridge Music was founded in 2004 by Tom Derr in Washington Crossing, PA along with partners Chris Henderson and Jason Spiewak. CEO Derr was the former Vice-President of Marketing and Artist Development for Universal Records, and had also previously worked at RCA Records and A&M Records. Chris Henderson, guitarist for modern rock group 3 Doors Down, joined in 2004 and went on to become Vice President of A&R for the label. Based in Newark, NJ from 2007-2014, the company opened a Nashville, TN office at the beginning of 2014 and moved the base of their operation there in 2015.
In 2005, Cynthia Cochrane joined as a partner, serving as General Manager and Creative Director from 2006 to 2012. She had previously held positions at Universal Motown Records Group, Capitol Records, Blue Note Records and BMG Music. Cochrane was named President in 2013 following Spiewak’s departure from the company.
Rock Ridge Music's first release, The Ike Reilly Assassination's Sparkle In The Finish, hit stores on October 12, 2004. The company was launched as a full-service independent record label and subsequently added management and marketing consulting services as well. The label has released albums from artists such as Reel Big Fish, Psychostick, Fiction Family, Rachel Platten and others. Management clients include Hugh Masterson, JD Eicher, Owen Danoff, Tony Lucca, Ike Reilly, George Shingleton, Anna Renee, Zena Carpenter and Roger Street Friedman as well as previous management roster acts such as Sister Hazel, Matt Hires, Pat McGee, Christian Lopez (musician) and Ingram Hill.
Their marketing division, Rock Ridge Marketing, has worked with artists signed to a number labels, including majors such as J Records, Decca, A&M/Octone and RCA, and indies such as Chime Entertainment, TVT Records, and Razor & Tie. They have worked on campaigns for acts including Daughtry, Better Than Ezra, Collective Soul, Blackberry Smoke, Buckcherry, Barry Manilow and Rod Stewart.
Distribution
Rock Ridge Music distributes hard copies of music, merchandise, digital music, and other media internationally. Their CDs are distributed by Alternative Distribution Alliance (Warner Music Group).
Discography
See also
List of independent record labels
References
External links
Rock Ridge Music
American independent record labels
Record labels established in 2004
Alternative rock record labels |
5378600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oredezh | Oredezh | The Oredezh () is a river in Volosovsky, Gatchinsky, and Luzhsky Districts in the south-western part of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, a right tributary of the Luga. The length of the river is , whereas the area of its drainage basin is . The principal tributary of the Oredezh is the Suyda (left). A cascade of hydroelectric plants was constructed on the upper course of the river in 1948.
The source of the Oredezh is located in Lake Kyurlevsky Karyer in the eastern part of Volosovsky District. The river flows south and crosses into Gatchinsky District. Upstream of the settlement of Batovo it turns east and flows through the urban-type settlements Siversky and Vyritsa. At the eastern edge of Vyritsa it sharply turns to the south and accepts the Suyda from the left. It further crosses into Luzhsky District and by the selo of Milodezh turns west. The mouth of the Oredezh is at the selo of Ploskoye.
The drainage basin of the Oredezh includes the southern part of Gatchinsky District and the eastern part of Luzhsky District, as well as minor areas in the east of Volosovsky District and in the southwest of Tosnensky District. Urban-type settlements of Siversky, Vyritsa, and Druzhnaya Gorka lie in the basin of the Oredezh. A part of Mshinskoye Boloto Zakaznik lies in the basin of the Oredezh, west of the river course.
References
Rivers of Leningrad Oblast |
5378604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vets%20For%20Freedom | Vets For Freedom | Vets for Freedom is an American political advocacy organization founded in 2006 by veterans of the Iraq and Afghan wars, with connections to Republican Party leaders. The group was initially founded as a 527 group.
During the 2006 election, the group supported Senator Joseph Lieberman, who ran for reelection as an independent after losing the Democratic nomination. The group spent about $4.1 million on campaign ads in the 2008 election, mostly on ads promoting the "surge" of U.S. troops in the Iraq War in 2007.
Activities
2006 campaign
Vets for Freedom sponsored a full-page political ad in the Hartford Courant on August 14, 2006 endorsing Democratic US Senator Joe Lieberman and embarked on a television advertising campaign in Connecticut supportive of his reelection. Additionally, they financed an ad campaign in Georgia to support embattled Democratic Congressman Jim Marshall in 2006. He won by the smallest margin of any Democratic congressman that year.
2008 campaign
In October 2008, Vets for Freedom paid for a multimillion-dollar ad campaign criticizing the presidential candidacy of Senator Barack Obama. The group accuses the Democratic presidential nominee of caring more about his campaign than about troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. Previously, Vets for Freedom aired other advertisements criticizing Senator Obama's position on the Iraq War.
On October 10, 2008, Vets for Freedom released a Senate Analysis scorecard. In the VFF scorecard, every single Democratic senator was given the lowest possible grade of F. Three Republican senators were graded F, and 38 Republican senators received the grade of A+. VFF gave Sen Obama the score of 0.5%, or second lowest, and gave his running mate Sen Joe Biden the score of 0.0%, tying him for last place with Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts. John McCain received a score of 93.5% and the grade of A−.
2010 campaign
In a campaign called "Operation 10-in-10," Vets for Freedom backed 10 Republican congressional candidates in the 2010 congressional elections. (Italicized denotes successful run.) The Iraq and Afghanistan veterans running for office included Allen West (FL-22), Steve Stivers (OH-15), Jonathan Paton (AZ-8), Ilario Pantano (NC-7), Adam Kinzinger (IL-11), Joe Heck (NV-3), Chris Gibson (NY-20), Brian Rooney (MI-7), Kevin Calvey (OK-5), and Tim Griffin (AR-2).
Founders
The group was founded by, among others, Wade Zirkle, David Bellavia, and Owen West.
Political connections
In 2006 Vets for Freedom supported three candidates for office; Sen. Joe Lieberman (I-CT), Rep. Jim Marshall (D-GA), and Sen. Jim Talent (R-MO.)
As of May 2008, Vets for Freedom was supporting five candidates for the House of Representatives, all of them Republicans who have served in the armed forces.
Zirkle was a regional field director for Republican Jerry Kilgore's unsuccessful 2005 campaign for governor of Virginia.
A "key Vets for Freedom adviser is Bill Andresen, a Democrat and former chief of staff to embattled Sen. Joseph I. Lieberman of Connecticut."
Among the Vets for Freedom advisors are Weekly Standard Editor Bill Kristol and former Iraqi Coalition Provisional Spokesman Dan Senor.
Funding
VFF applied for status as a tax-exempt Nonprofit organization, but as of June 2006 the application was not approved. Zirkle said that "Initial funding came from family members and friends." It is now a 501(c)4 nonprofit organization.
The National Journal has reported that casino magnate Sheldon Adelson, the third richest man in America, has made a significant donation to Vets For Freedom.
See also
VoteVets.org
Notes
External links
Overview and spending at OpenSecrets
Veterans' organizations in favor of the Iraq War
Organizations established in 2006
Iraq–United States relations
American military personnel
United States political action committees
American veterans' organizations
501(c)(4) nonprofit organizations |
5378608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%20National%20League%20Championship%20Series | 1972 National League Championship Series | The 1972 National League Championship Series was played between the Cincinnati Reds and the Pittsburgh Pirates from October 7 to 11. It was the fourth NLCS. Cincinnati won the series three games to two to advance to the World Series against the Oakland Athletics. The Reds became the first team in major league history to advance to the World Series without the best record in their respective league, made possible by the Junior and Senior Circuits each splitting into two divisions in 1969. In the previous three post seasons, the team with the best record in each league advanced to the World Series.
The 1972 NLCS ended with a dramatic ninth inning rally in the fifth and deciding game. The series was also notable as the last on-field appearance by Pittsburgh's future Hall of Famer Roberto Clemente, who would die in a plane crash on December 31.
Summary
Cincinnati Reds vs. Pittsburgh Pirates
Game summaries
Game 1
The Reds got a first-inning homer from second baseman Joe Morgan to take a short-lived 1–0 lead. But Pittsburgh bounced back with three in the bottom of the inning, highlighted by an RBI triple from Al Oliver and an RBI double from Willie Stargell. Pittsburgh never looked back, getting a two-run homer from Oliver in the fifth and coasting to the win behind the strong pitching of Steve Blass. The frustrated Reds ultimately stranded 11 baserunners, and their manager Sparky Anderson was ejected in the fourth inning. The time of game was a brisk 1 hour and 57 minutes.
Game 2
Cincinnati bounced back to even the series in Game 2. Pittsburgh starter Bob Moose allowed five consecutive hits to start the game. Bobby Tolan and Tony Pérez both hit two-run doubles to give the Reds a 4–0 lead and chase Moose. The Pittsburgh bullpen stopped the Reds offense, though, and the Pirates came back to make it a 4–3 game with single runs in the fourth, fifth and sixth, as Milt May, Roberto Clemente and Dave Cash picked up RBIs. Joe Morgan homered in the eighth to give the Reds a crucial insurance run, and Cincinnati reliever Tom Hall finished a long and strong relief stint to get the victory.
Game 3
The series moved to Cincinnati and produced a tense, low-scoring contest. Cincinnati's Darrell Chaney and Bobby Tolan hit RBI singles in the bottom of the third to give the Reds a 2-0 lead. In the fifth, Pittsburgh catcher Manny Sanguillén homered to cut the lead in half, and Rennie Stennett tied the game at 2 in the seventh with an RBI single. The Pirates scored the go-ahead run in the eighth on a groundout by Sanguillen. Pirates closer Dave Giusti, came on in the eighth to shut the door on the Reds and earn the save.
Game 4
The Reds evened the series in Game 4 behind a sparkling two-hitter from left-handed hurler Ross Grimsley. The Reds scored three runs off Pirates starter Dock Ellis, aided by Pittsburgh errors in the first and fourth. Grimsley singled in another run in the sixth and the Reds eventually added three more. The run support was more than enough for Grimsley as he held the typically potent Pirates' offense in check. He yielded just two hits, both by Roberto Clemente. Pittsburgh got its lone run on a seventh-inning homer by Clemente.
Game 5
Game 5 proved to be one of the more memorable postseason contests in baseball history. After rain delayed the start of the game for 90 minutes, Pittsburgh took an early 2–0 lead with second-inning RBIs from Richie Hebner and Dave Cash. The Reds got one back in the third on an RBI double by Pete Rose. But Pittsburgh inched further ahead with another run-scoring hit from Cash in the fourth. César Gerónimo cut the Pirates' lead to 3–2 with a homer in the fifth. The Pirates held onto their 1-run margin until a dramatic bottom of the ninth.
With the defending World Series champion Pirates three outs away from returning to defend their title, Reds catcher Johnny Bench hit a 1-2 backdoor changeup off Pittsburgh closer Dave Giusti over the right field wall for a home run to tie the game. Tony Pérez singled and was replaced by pinch-runner George Foster. Denis Menke followed with another single as Foster moved to second base. With the count 2-0 on Geronimo, Giusti was replaced with Game 2 starter Bob Moose. Geronimo's fly ball out advanced Foster to third base, but Moose induced shortstop Darrell Chaney to pop out as Foster stayed at third. Just when it looked like Moose may wiggle out of a tough two-on, no out situation, he uncorked a wild pitch to pinch-hitter Hal McRae scoring Foster with the winning run, as the hometown fans and the Reds players celebrated a return to the World Series to face the Oakland A's. It was only the second time a postseason series ended on a wild pitch, the other being the 1927 World Series in which the Pirates lost to the Yankees in a four-game sweep.
Composite line score
1972 NLCS (3–2): Cincinnati Reds over Pittsburgh Pirates
References
External links
Baseball-reference.com – 1972 NLCS
National League Championship Series
Cincinnati Reds postseason
Pittsburgh Pirates postseason
National League Championship Series
National League Championship Series
National League Championship Series
1970s in Cincinnati
1970s in Pittsburgh
National League Championship Series
Sports competitions in Cincinnati
Sports competitions in Pittsburgh |
5378609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donata%20Gottardi | Donata Gottardi | Donata Maria Assunta Gottardi (born October 17, 1950 in Verona) is an Italian politician. She was a member of the European Parliament from May 8, 2006, when she took up a seat vacated after the 2006 Italian general election, until the 2009 European elections. She represented the Olive Tree coalition within the Party of European Socialists parliamentary group.
References
1950 births
Living people
Politicians of Veneto
Democratic Party (Italy) MEPs
MEPs for Italy 2004–2009
21st-century women MEPs for Italy |
5378627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec%20Hurley | Alec Hurley | Alexander Hurley (24 March 1871 – 6 December 1913) was an English music hall singer who was perhaps best known for being Marie Lloyd's second husband.
Born in London, Hurley began a boxing career, during which he would perform a song entitled "The Strongest Man on Earth" after his fights. Singing appealed to him and he began performing the song in various music halls in London. He based his act on life as a costermonger and became known to his audiences as a "coster" singer, similar to that of Gus Elen and Albert Chevalier. Hurley supported many popular acts, including Marie Lloyd, with whom he conducted a tour with in Australia. The two became romantically involved and married upon their return to England in 1906.
Hurley continued to professionally support Lloyd in all of her performances until the marriage broke up a few years later. He had some minor success as a solo performer but work dried up and engagements became scarce. Hurley never recovered from his marital difficulties and stopped performing altogether by 1910.
Early years
Hurley was born in Hackney, London, and was one of two sons to an Irish Sea captain. After appearing briefly in a double act with his brother, Hurley started work as a tea packer at London's docklands and began to exercise excessively in his spare time. His new fitness capabilities allowed him to take up boxing. During his time as a boxer, he would regularly perform the song "The Strongest Man on Earth" by Edward Roden and F. F. Venton after fights. Singing interested Hurley and he began to perform the song on the music hall circuit. He found his niche as a coster singer and was likened to Albert Chevalier.
Marriage to Marie Lloyd
He met the music hall singer Marie Lloyd in 1901 and went on a tour of Australia with her and several other music hall acts. They opened at Harry Rickards Opera House in Melbourne on 18 May with their own version of "The Lambeth Walk". The song was Hurley's version of the cakewalk, a popular dance craze at the time, and was not connected to the later Noel Gay hit of the same name. By the time they returned to England they were lovers and moved in together in Southampton Row. Aside from his coster performances, Hurley also musically supported his wife.
Lloyd and Hurley married on 27 October 1906. The marriage, although initially happy, became strained early on when work separated them for long periods. Fresh from his success in Australia, Hurley began feeling sidelined by his wife's popularity in England. Despite getting the date of the marriage wrong, the author Walter MacQueen-Pope suggested that "[Hurley] was a star who had married a planet. Already the seeds of disaster were being sown." Hurley soon became estranged from his wife, who had begun drinking and gambling heavily. During one outing to the races, she met the jockey Bernard Dillon, whom she moved in with, leaving Alec to tour alone. Furious, Hurley initiated divorce proceedings, the strain of which caused him to drink heavily, which signalled the end of his theatrical career.
Last years and death
Hurley was declared bankrupt in 1911 owing to his "lavish gifts for friends and gambling habits". He died within a week of being diagnosed with pneumonia at Jack Straw's Castle, Hampstead, on 6 December 1913, aged 42. He was buried in Tower Hamlets Cemetery in east London.
Recognition
His song " 'Arry 'Arry 'Arry" was voted the tenth best music hall song.
References
Sources
1871 births
1913 deaths
Music hall performers
19th-century British male singers
Musicians from London
Deaths from pneumonia in England
Burials in Tower Hamlets Cemetery |
5378638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapella | Kapella | Kapella may refer to:
Kapella River, in Canada
, a ship
See also
Kappela, a 2020 film
Kapela (disambiguation)
Kapelle (disambiguation)
Capella (disambiguation) |
5378641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Taylor | Colin Taylor | Colin Taylor (24 August 1940 — June 2005) was a Stourbridge-born English footballer who played for Walsall F.C. in three different spells, with whom he made at least 459 league appearances by the end of the 1972–73 season, scoring at least 169 goals. He also made 33 appearances in league games for Newcastle (7 goals) in season 1963-64 and 34 appearances in league games for Crystal Palace (8 goals), in season 1968–69, in which he helped Palace achieve promotion to the top flight for the first time. His haul of 32 goals for Walsall in season 1959–60 remains a record from the left wing.
Taylor was a flame-haired, barrel-chested left-winger who was a member of Walsall's first team during their golden days of the 1950s and 1960s. Taylor was best known for his powerful shooting skills and the accuracy of his left foot and as a result of this, he was nick-named "Cannonball Colin" by Walsall`s fans. Such was the power in his left boot, Walsall fans of his era would claim that "his left leg was out of proportion to his right". Supporters would also eulogise that, when he shot at the "Railway End" goal at Fellow's Park, and happened to miss, the speed of the ball would be such, as to knock the rust off an old tea-sales caravan, permanently parked at that end.
On his retirement from professional football, Taylor, a quiet, modest man, worked as a painter and decorator.
Following his death in 2005, Walsall F.C. promised to build a permanent memorial for Taylor.
Honours
with Walsall
Football League Fourth Division champion: 1959–60
References
External links
1940 births
2005 deaths
English footballers
Sportspeople from Stourbridge
Walsall F.C. players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Association football midfielders
English Football League players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players |
5378642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo%20Casini | Carlo Casini | Carlo Casini (4 March 1935 – 23 March 2020) was an Italian politician and pro-life advocate. He was a member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 8 May 2006 until 30 June 2014, he served in a seat left vacant following the 2006 Italian general election. He represented the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats within the EPP parliamentary group. He was also an MEP from 1984 to 1999.
References
1935 births
2020 deaths
Politicians from Florence
Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians
Christian Democratic Centre politicians
Union of the Centre (2002) politicians
Deputies of Legislature VIII of Italy
Deputies of Legislature IX of Italy
Deputies of Legislature X of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XI of Italy
Union of the Centre (2002) MEPs
MEPs for Italy 1984–1989
MEPs for Italy 1989–1994
MEPs for Italy 1994–1999
MEPs for Italy 2004–2009
MEPs for Italy 2009–2014 |
5378643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparent%20Inter-process%20Communication | Transparent Inter-process Communication | Transparent Inter Process Communication (TIPC) is an Inter-process communication (IPC) service in Linux designed for cluster-wide operation. It is sometimes presented as Cluster Domain Sockets, in contrast to the well-known Unix Domain Socket service; the latter working only on a single kernel.
Features
Some features of TIPC:
Service addressing, - address services rather than sockets
Service tracking, - subscribe for binding/unbinding of service addresses to sockets
Cluster-wide IPC service, - service location is transparent to sender
Datagram messaging with unicast, anycast and multicast, - unreliable delivery
Connection oriented messaging, - reliable delivery
Group messaging, - datagram messaging with reliable delivery
Cluster topology tracking, - subscribe for added/lost cluster nodes
Connectivity tracking, - subscribe for up/down of individual links between nodes
Automatic discovery of new cluster nodes
Scales up to 1000 nodes with second-speed failure discovery
Very good performance
Implemented as in-tree kernel module at kernel.org
Implementations
The TIPC protocol is available as a module in the mainstream Linux kernel, and hence in most Linux distributions. The TIPC project also provides open source implementations of the protocol for other operating systems including Wind River's VxWorks and Sun Microsystems' Solaris. TIPC applications are typically written in C (or C++) and utilize sockets of the AF_TIPC address family. Support for Go, D, Perl, Python, and Ruby is also available.
Service addressing
A TIPC application may use three types of addresses.
Service Address. This address type consists of a 32-bit service type identifier and a 32-bit service instance identifier. The type identifier is typically determined and hard coded by the user application programmer, but its value may have to be coordinated with other applications which might be present in the same cluster. The instance identifier is often calculated by the program, based on application specific criteria.
Service Range. This address type represents a range of service addresses of the same type and with instances between a lower and an upper range limit. By binding a socket to this address type one can make it represent many instances, something which has proved useful in many cases.
Socket Address. This address is a reference to a specific socket in the cluster. It contains a 32-bit port number and a 32-bit node number. The port number is generated by the system when the socket is created, and the node number is either set by configuration or, - from Linux 4.17, generated from the corresponding node identity. An address of this type can be used for connecting or for sending messages in the same way as service addresses can be used, but is only valid as long as long as the referenced socket exists.
A socket can be bound to several different service addresses or ranges, just as different sockets can be bound to the same service address or range. Bindings are also qualified with a visibility scope, i.e., node local or cluster global visibility.
Datagram messaging
Datagram messages are discrete data units between 1 and 66,000 byte of length, transmitted between non-connected sockets. Just like their UDP counterparts, TIPC datagrams are not guaranteed to reach their destination, but their chances of being delivered are still much better than for the former. Because of the link layer delivery guarantee, the only limiting factor for datagram delivery is the socket receive buffer size. The chances of success can also be increased by the sender, by giving his socket an appropriate delivery importance priority. Datagrams can be transmitted in three different ways.
Unicast. If a socket address is indicated the message is transmitted to that exact socket. In TIPC the term unicast is reserved to denote this addressing mode.
Anycast. When a service address is used, there might be several matching destinations, and the transmission method becomes what is often called anycast, i.e., that any of the matching destinations may be selected. The internal function translating from service address to socket address uses a round-robin algorithm to decrease the risk of load bias among the destinations.
Multicast. The service range address type also doubles as multicast address. When an application specifies a service range as destination address, a copy of the message is sent to all matching sockets in the cluster. Any socket bound to a matching service instance inside the indicated multicast range will receive one copy of the message. TIPC multicast will leverage use of UDP multicast or Ethernet broadcast whenever possible.
Connection-oriented messaging
Connections can be established the same way as with TCP, by means of accept() and connect() on SOCK_STREAM sockets. However, in TIPC the client and server use service addresses or ranges instead of port numbers and IP addresses. TIPC does also provide two alternatives to this standard setup scenario.
The sockets can be created as SOCK_SEQPACKET, implying that data exchange must happen in units of maximum 66,000 byte messages.
A client can initialize a connection by simply sending a data message to an accepting socket. Likewise, the spawned server socket can respond with a data message back to the client to complete the connection. This way, TIPC provides an implied, also known as 0-RTT connection setup mechanism that is particularly time saving in many cases.
The most distinguishing property of TIPC connections is still their ability to react promptly to loss of contact with the peer socket, without resorting to active neighbor heart-beating.
When a socket is ungraciously closed, either by the user or because of a process crash, the kernel socket cleanup code will by its own initiative issue a FIN/ERROR message to the peer.
When contact to a cluster node is lost, the local link layer will issue FIN/ERROR messages to all sockets having connections towards that node. The peer node failure discovery time is configurable down to 50 ms, while the default value is 1,500 ms.
Group messaging
Group messaging is similar to datagram messaging, as described above, but with end-to-end flow control, and hence with delivery guarantee. There are however a few notable differences.
Messaging can only be done within a closed group of member sockets.
A socket joins a group by using a service address, where the type field indicates the group identity and the instance field indicates member identity. Hence, a member can only bind to one single service address.
When sending an anycast message, the lookup algorithm applies the regular round-robin algorithm, but also considers the current load, i.e., the advertised send window, on potential receivers before selecting one.
Multicast is performed by a service address, not a range, so a copy of the sent message will reach all members which have joined the group with exactly that address.
There is a group broadcast mode which transmits a message to all group members, without considering their member identity.
Message sequentiality is guaranteed, even between the transmission modes.
When joining a group, a member may indicate if it wants to receive join or leave events for other members of the group. This feature leverages the service tracking feature, and the group member will receive the events in the member socket proper.
Service tracking
An application accesses the tracking service by opening a connection to the TIPC internal topology server, using a reserved service address. It can then send one or more service subscription messages to the tracking service, indicating the service address or range it wants to track. In return, the topology service sends service event messages back to the application whenever matching addresses are bound or unbound by sockets within the cluster. A service event contains the found matching service range, plus the port and node number of the bound/unbound socket. There are two special cases of service tracking:
Cluster topology tracking. When TIPC establishes contact with another node, it does internally create a node local binding, using a reserved service type, in the service binding table. This makes it possible for applications on the node to keep track of reachable peer nodes at any time.
Cluster connectivity tracking. When TIPC establishes a new link to another node, it does internally create a node local binding, using a reserved service type, in the node's binding table. This makes it possible for applications on the node to keep track of all working links to the peer nodes at any time.
Although most service subscriptions are directed towards the node local topology server, it is possible to establish connections to other nodes' servers and observe their local bindings. This might be useful if e.g., a connectivity subscriber wants to create a matrix of all connectivity across the cluster, - not limited to what can be seen from the local node.
Cluster
A TIPC network consists of individual processing elements or nodes. Nodes can be either physical processors, virtual machines or network namespaces, e.g., in the form of Docker Containers. Those nodes are arranged into a cluster according to their assigned cluster identity. All nodes having the same cluster identity will establish links to each other, provided the network is set up to allow mutual neighbor discovery between them. It is only necessary to change the cluster identity from its default value if nodes in different clusters potentially may discover each other, e.g., if they are attached to the same subnet. Nodes in different clusters cannot communicate with each other using TIPC.
Before Linux 4.17, nodes must be configured a unique 32-bit node number or address, which must comply with certain restrictions. As from Linux 4.17, each node has a 128-bit node identity which must be unique within the node's cluster. The node number is then calculated as a guaranteed unique hash from that identity.
If the node will be part of a cluster, the user can either rely on the auto configuration capability of the node, where the identity is generated when the first interface is attached, or he can set the identity explicitly, e.g., from the node's host name or a UUID. If a node will not be part of a cluster its identity can remain at the default value, zero.
Neighbor discovery is performed by UDP multicast or L2 broadcast, when available. If broadcast/multicast support is missing in the infrastructure, discovery can be performed by explicitly configured IP addresses.
Inter-node links
A cluster consists of nodes interconnected with one or two links. A link constitutes a reliable packet transport service, sometimes referred to as an "L2.5" data link layer.
It guarantees delivery and sequentiality for all packets.
It acts as a trunk for inter-node connections, and keeps track of those.
When all contact to the peer node is lost, sockets with connections to that peer are notified so they can break the connections.
Each endpoint keeps track of the peer node's address bindings in the local replica of the service binding table.
When contact to the peer node is lost all bindings from that peer are purged and service tracking events issued to all matching subscribers.
When there is no regular data packet traffic each link is actively supervised by probing/heartbeats.
Failure detection tolerance is configurable from 50 ms to 30 seconds, - default setting is 1.5 seconds.
For performance and redundancy reasons it is possible to establish two links per node pair, - on separate network interfaces.
A link pair can be configured for load sharing or active-standby.
If a link fails there will be a disturbance-free failover to the remaining link, if any.
Cluster scalability
Since Linux 4.7, TIPC comes with a unique, patent pending, auto-adaptive hierarchical neighbor monitoring algorithm. This Overlapping Ring Monitoring algorithm, in reality a combination of ring monitoring and the Gossip protocol, makes it possible to establish full-mesh clusters of up to 1000 nodes with a failure discovery time of 1.5 seconds, while it in smaller clusters can be made much shorter.
Performance
TIPC provides outstanding performance, especially regarding round-trip latency times. Inter-node it is typically 33% faster than TCP, intra-node 2 times faster for small messages and 7 times faster for large messages. Inter-node, it provides a 10–30% lower maximal throughput than TCP, while its intra-node throughput is 25–30% higher. The TIPC team is currently studying how to add GSO/GRO support for intra node messaging, in order to match TCP even here.
Transport media
While designed to be able to use all kinds of transport media, implementations support UDP, Ethernet and InfiniBand. The VxWorks implementation also supports shared memory which can be accessed by multiple instances of the operating system, running simultaneously on the same hardware.
Security
Security must currently be provided by the transport media carrying TIPC. When running across UDP, IPSec can be used, when on Ethernet, MACSec is the best option. The TIPC team is currently looking into how to support TLS or DTLS, ether natively or by an addition to OpenSSL.
History
This protocol was originally developed by Jon Paul Maloy at Ericsson during 1996–2005 and was used by that company in cluster applications for several years, before subsequently being released to the open source community and integrated in the mainstream Linux kernel. It has since then undergone numerous improvements and upgrades, all performed by a dedicated TIPC project team with participants from various companies. The management tool for TIPC is part of the iproute2 tool package which comes as standard with all Linux distributions.
Reference links
Iproute2
IProute2 website
TIPC Home Page
TIPC Project Page at SourceForge
Demos and Utilities downloads at SourceForge
Inter-process communication
Transport layer protocols |
5378644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramona%20Convent%20Secondary%20School | Ramona Convent Secondary School | Ramona Convent Secondary School is a private, Catholic, college preparatory school for girls grades 9–12, located in Alhambra, a suburb of Los Angeles, California. Sponsored by the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary. Established in 1889, Ramona is one of the oldest continually operating schools in the same location in California. Today, more than 7,000 alumnae located throughout the world serve their communities both professionally and personally. Ramona is fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, the Western Catholic Education Association and was a U.S. Department of Education Blue Ribbon School of Excellence recipient in 1993 and 1998. Ramona was voted "Best Catholic School" in the San Gabriel Valley Readers' Choice Awards in 2018 and again in 2019.
High school program
99–100% of Ramona graduates enter college directly after graduation. Ramona offers a rigorous and personalized college-prep program with a wide array of Advanced Placement, Honors, Arts, STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math), and elective courses, including the AP Capstone Program with its emphasis on college-level research, writing, and presentation skills and AP Computer Science Principles. Principles of social justice, service, and leadership are infused throughout the program.
History
Ramona Convent Secondary School's first building was dedicated at Ramona Acres, on January 29, 1890 on the expansive property that was later called Shorb, and is now part of the City of Alhambra. The Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary came from Oakland, California at the request of several prominent San Gabriel Valley families interested in the Catholic education of their daughters.
The James de Barth Shorb family donated of the of the original property. The first building to be built was a four-story red brick building on the knoll that dominated the Convent grounds. The dedication ceremony was presided over by the Right Reverend Bishop Mora of Los Angeles on January 29, 1890. The first commencement exercises were held on June 23, 1891. The groundbreaking ceremony for the major part of the school, took place April 18, 1910. In 1939, were sold to the State of California for the San Bernardino Freeway (Interstate 10).
In 1967 a Master building plan was developed and implemented, first adding the library with computer and language labs in 1967. Approximately of the southwestern section of Ramona's property were sold In 1979 in order to help fund further implementation of the Master Plan. Due to extensive damage caused by the October 1, 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake, the main buildings built between 1889–1912 were demolished. A building to house administrative offices, kitchen and dining facilities, and a chapel was dedicated on November 12, 1989, the beginning of Ramona's second century. The Marie Rose Science Center was opened in 2008, and the MakerSpace was opened in 2015. Ramona received Blue Ribbon School of Excellence status from the U.S. Department of Education in 1993 and again in 1998.
Co-curricular activities
More than 30 clubs and student organizations are offered including the California Scholarship Federation, the National Honor Society, the International Cultural Society, Interact, the International Thespian Society, the Peace and Justice Society, the Art Club, the Science Club, Book Buddies, and others.
Theater, music, and dance performances are presented throughout the year. Ramona's FIRST Robotics Competition team, one of only a few all-girl teams in competition, is sponsored by Northrop Grumman, Caltech, SpaceX and generous benefactors. As a member of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary School Network of Schools, Ramona students participate in the Youth Justice Forum, a solutions-oriented youth conference that includes high school students from the United States, Canada, and Africa.
Ramona athletes complete on 13 teams in seven sports: basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, swimming, track & field, and volleyball, in the Horizon League under the California Interscholastic Federation.
Notable alumni
Lucille Roybal-Allard, Member of US House of Representatives from California.
Loretta Young, Academy Award-winning actress of film and television.
Marisa Ramirez, American actress
Melissa Villaseñor, American actress, stand-up comedian, and impressionist.
See also
Notes and references
External links
Ramona Convent Secondary School Website
Educational institutions established in 1889
Girls' schools in California
Roman Catholic secondary schools in Los Angeles County, California
1889 establishments in California
Alhambra, California
Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary
Catholic secondary schools in California |
5378659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4dtisches%20Kaufhaus | Städtisches Kaufhaus | The Städtisches Kaufhaus in Leipzig, designed by Rayher, Korber and Müller, was constructed from 1894 to 1901.
Site history prior to Städtisches Kaufhaus
This piece of land and architectural monument reflects 500 years of Leipzig's inner city's history of trading and culture. In the years 1477 to 1498 the first Gewandhaus (garb-house) was constructed there at the so-called Gewandgäßchen and Universitätsstraße. Due to the imperial fair privilege from 1497 Leipzig quickly became very important as an emporium. The Gewandhaus was home to foreign cloth merchants and also hosted the Zeughaus (armory).
After nearly 250 years of utilisation the first Gewandhaus was torn down and from 1740 to 1744 replaced by the municipal library, which was erected in baroque manner and again hosted an armory (in its east wing). Many parts can still be recognised in today's building. In 1780/1781 the armory was reconstructed into a concert hall, which was the first permanent home the Gewandhaus orchestra (presumably Germany's oldest civil orchestra). The hall was designed by Johann Carl Friedrich Dauthe. It saw numerous famous concerts e. g. by Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Mozart and Liszt. Even though the hall's capacity was extended a couple of times, in the long run it was too small, so the Gewandhaus orchestra in 1884 moved to the newly built Neues Concerthaus (new concert house), which was home to the orchestra until 1943, when it was destroyed by bombs. After an interim in the congress hall the Gewandhaus orchestra's permanent home today is the (third) Gewandhaus, located at the Augustusplatz.
History of the Städtisches Kaufhaus
As the Leipzig trade fair in the course of the industrial revolution changed its focus, in 1893 some storeys of the municipal library where reconstructed to serve as sample fair booths. This concept immediately proved successful, so all other buildings on the site were torn down in 1894. The Städtisches Kaufhaus was then constructed from 1894 to 1901 in three construction stages. The building was the prototype of a specialised sample fair building - a building type very common in Leipzig's inner city. Unlike the other sample fair buildings (or fair palaces. as they were called) the Städtisches Kaufhaus assimilates the baroque manner of the municipal library, which was integrated.
In 1943 the building complex was severely damaged respectively partly destroyed by aerial bombing. Part of the Städtisches Kaufhaus was reconstructed after World War II during GDR times, but the northern parts remained a ruin until the 1980s.
After German reunification the building was completely reconstructed from 1993 to 1996 with particular attention to monument protection. As Leipzig's Trade Fair Site was newly constructed near the airport, the Städtisches Kaufhaus nowadays is home to office (some 13,000 m² rental office space), retail outlets and restaurants (some 7,000 m² rental non-office space). In this sense the name 'municipal store' is even more misleading as it has ever been. The origin of the name is not known. In addition to reconstruction an underground parking garage and an underground event location have been built-in.
Touristic attractions are the statue of emperor Maximilian at the Universitätsstraße, the baroque stairway (with memorial badge at the former entrance to the Gewandhaus orchestra hall), Leipzig's oldest conserved elevator and the 'Straße der Stars', a walk of fame-like exhibition of hand imprints of prominent people (e. g. Mariah Carey, Max Schmeling, Hans Dietrich Genscher) in the courtyard.
External links
Straße der Stars
Pre-First World War Concert Programmes from the Städtisches Kaufhaus
Buildings and structures in Leipzig
Tourist attractions in Leipzig |
5378664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Losco | Andrea Losco | Andrea Losco (born 31 March 1951, Cardito) is an Italian politician. He was a member of the European Parliament from 8 May 2006, when he took up a seat vacated after the 2006 Italian general election, until the 2009 European elections. He represented the Olive Tree coalition within the ALDE parliamentary group.
References
1951 births
Living people
Presidents of Campania
Democratic Party (Italy) MEPs
MEPs for Italy 2004–2009
21st-century Italian politicians |
5378685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festen%20%28play%29 | Festen (play) | Festen is a British stage adaptation of the 1998 Danish film of the same name (The Celebration being the film's release title in North America). The adaptation is by English playwright David Eldridge. It was first staged in 2004 by producer Marla Rubin at the Almeida Theatre in London, and has since been staged in many countries around the world.
Synopsis
As in the original movie, Festen satirises the hypocrisy of a large and wealthy family by observing the events that unfold at the ancestral home during a reunion held to celebrate the oldest family member's 60th birthday.
As the time arises for birthday speeches to be made to the party's subject, one of his sons stands and asks the assembled guests to choose which of two prepared speeches he should read. The guests select one not knowing its contents, and the son declares it the "truth speech". As he begins to talk, it becomes dramatically clear that he is not praising his father but accusing him of having sexually abused him and his sister, who committed suicide shortly before the events, during their childhood. The rest of the story traces the family's turbulent battle with the truth to discover whether the son's cold rage is justified or the product of a deranged imagination.
London productions
Festen premiered at the Almeida Theatre in London and ran until 1 May 2004 before transferring to the Lyric Theatre. It was directed by Rufus Norris, designed by Ian MacNeil and co-produced in the West End by Marla Rubin and Bill Kenwright. The production then went on a four-month tour throughout the UK. Festen has gone on to be produced around the world in countries including Australia, Greece, Ireland, Mexico & South Africa.
In a review of the Almeida production, The Stage noted that in the conversion from a film to a stage version, the story had "lost little of its power to shock and enthral in its transfer to the West End." A BBC London reviewer described the play as "one of the most powerful, poignant and overwhelming evenings I've ever spent in the theatre."
The West End production ran from 15 September 2004 until 9 April 2005.
New York production
The U.S. production ran at the Music Box Theatre on Broadway from 23 March until 9 April 2006.
The production retained director Norris, designer McNeil and co-producers Kenwright and Rubin, but was recast with American actors.
Toronto production
In 2008, Toronto's The Company Theatre (TCT) mounted the Canadian premiere of the play at Canadian Stage's Berkeley Street Theatre. The production was directed by TCT ensemble member, Irish director Jason Byrne, and starred veteran stage and screen actor Eric Peterson as family patriarch and businessman Helge Klingenfeldt. The balance of the cast was made up of a mix of TCT alumni and newcomers:
Rosemary Dunsmore as Elsa
Nicholas Campbell as Poul
Philip Riccio as Christian
Allan Hawco as Michael
Tara Rosling as Helene
Caroline Cave as Mette
Richard Clarkin as Helmut
Earl Pastko as Lars
Milton Barnes as Gbatokai
Gray Powell as Kim
Alex Paxton-Beesley as Pia
Gary Reineke as Grandfather
Isabella Lobo as Little Girl
The creative team was composed of stage manager Robert Harding, set and costume designer John Thompson, lighting designer Andrea Lundy and sound designer Michael Laird. All four team members had previously worked on a TCT production, with Harding, Lundy and Laird all working on the company's debut production, A Whistle in the Dark (2005), and Harding, Thompson and Laird taking part in Marion Bridge (2007).
The play ran at the Berkeley Street Theatre from 20 November through 13 December 2008, with previews beginning 17 November. The production received the nomination at the 2009 Dora Mavor Moore Awards in the Independent Theatre category: Outstanding Production of a Play, Outstanding Direction of a Play (Byrne) and Outstanding Performance by a Male in a Principal Role (Riccio).
Awards
The London production was nominated for five Olivier Awards in 2005. It also won both the Evening Standard and Critics Circle Best Director Awards and the Evening Standard Best Designer award, in addition to the Whatsonstage Theatregoer's Choice Award for Best New Play.
References
British plays
Plays based on films
2004 plays |
5378687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyonovsky%20Municipal%20Okrug | Semyonovsky Municipal Okrug | Semyonovsky Municipal Okrug (), formerly Municipal Okrug #4 (), is a municipal okrug of Admiralteysky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. Population:
It borders the Fontanka River in the north, Gorokhovaya Street in the east, Obvodny Canal in the south, and Moskovsky Avenue in the west.
Places of interest include Vitebsky railway station and Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology.
References
Admiralteysky District, Saint Petersburg |
5378698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluca%20Susta | Gianluca Susta | Gianluca Susta (born 10 April 1956, Biella) is an Italian politician. He is a member of the Italian Senate, elected in February 2013. Previously he served as Mayor of Biella from 1992 to 2004, he was a member of the European Parliament between 8 May 2006, when he took up a seat vacated after the 2006 Italian general election and his election to the Italian Senate. He represents the Margherita within the ALDE parliamentary group. He took a pro-European stance by signing the Spinelli Group Manifesto.
References
External links
Gianluca Susta Web site
1956 births
Living people
Democratic Party (Italy) MEPs
MEPs for Italy 2009–2014
MEPs for Italy 2004–2009
21st-century Italian politicians
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy MEPs
Mayors of Biella
University of Turin alumni
Democratic Party (Italy) politicians
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy politicians
Italian People's Party (1994) politicians
Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians |
5378702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20Our%20Lady%20before%20T%C3%BDn | Church of Our Lady before Týn | The Church of Mother of God before Týn (in Czech Kostel Matky Boží před Týnem, also Týnský chrám (Týn Church) or just Týn), often translated as Church of Our Lady before Týn, is a Gothic church and a dominant feature of the Old Town of Prague, Czech Republic. It has been the main church of this part of the city since the 14th century. The church's two towers are 80 m high, and each tower's spire is topped by eight smaller spires in two layers of four.
History
In the 11th century, the Old Town plaza area was occupied by a Romanesque church, which was built for foreign merchants coming to the nearby Týn Courtyard. It was replaced by an early Gothic Church of Our Lady before Týn in 1256. Construction of the present church began in the 14th century. The church was designed in the late Gothic style under the influence of Matthias of Arras and later Peter Parler. By the beginning of the 15th century, construction was almost complete; only the towers, the gable and roof were missing. The church was controlled by Hussites for two centuries, including John of Rokycan, future archbishop of Prague, who became the church's vicar in 1427.
The building was completed in the 1450s, while the gable and northern tower were completed shortly thereafter during the reign of George of Poděbrady (1453–1471). His sculpture was placed on the gable, below a huge golden chalice, the symbol of the Hussites. The southern tower was not completed until 1511, under architect Matěj Rejsek.
The lost Battle of White Mountain (1620) ushered in an era of harsh recatholicisation (part of the Counter-Reformation). Consequently, the sculptures of "heretic king" George of Poděbrady and the chalice were removed in 1626 and replaced by a sculpture of the Virgin Mary, featuring a giant halo made by melting down the chalice. In 1679 the church was struck by lightning, and the subsequent fire heavily damaged the old vault, which was later replaced by a lower Baroque vault.
Renovation works carried out in 1876–1895 were later reversed during extensive exterior renovation works in the years 1973–1995. Interior renovation is still in progress.
Design
The northern portal is an example of Gothic sculpture from the Parler workshop, with a relief depicting the Crucifixion. The main entrance is located on the church's western face, through a narrow passage between the houses in front of the church.
Architecture
The strikingly vertical, basilically arranged three-aisled Gothic church contains a pair of Gothic prismatic towers in the west. In the east, the church is terminated by a short presbytery of one rectangular field, polygonal closed by four sides of the octagon. The side aisles are finished with deep polygonal chapels with five sides of the octagon. The side aisles are vaulted with five cross-ribbed vaults on an almost square floor plan, which is joined by one cross rib vault in the tower. The nave and the presbytery are then vaulted by six rectangular, wide-ranging fields of compressed Baroque arches with triangular sections. The side aisles have retained the original Gothic ribbed vault. The church is illuminated by a number of cantilevered Gothic windows with stone tracery.
The church is accessible by four Gothic portals. The northern portal has a relief in the tympanum depicting three scenes from Christ's Passion in multi- figured compositions. High-quality sculptural work is one of the most important monuments of Gothic sculpture of the pre- Hussite period in our country. The pair of towers is topped with decorated cantilevered Late Gothic octagonal helmets, which are complemented by a gallery, four corner turrets, and, halfway through, another four decorative turrets. There is a Gothic gable containing the Baroque relief of the Madonna, that is surrounded by rows of finials in between the towers.
Furnishing
Gothic
The original medieval furnishing have been preserved in the interior:
A stone baldaquin from 1493, probably from the workshop of Matěj Rejsek which originally covered the tomb of bishop Augustin Luciano of Mirandola. The baldaquin's floorplan is a square. It consists of four medium-sized stone polychrome abutments, which are terminated by the so-called ogee arch. These arches are complemented by corner decorative turrets and enriched with Gothic ornaments. Statues are placed on each support, roughly in the second third. The supports that carry the architrave culminate in finials. From the eastern side, the baldaquin is decorated with paintings by Karel Škréta.
An altar with a central image of Christ's baptism was carved in high relief around 1530 by the Master IP (or Monogrammist IP), who was active in the circles of courtly patrons near today's Czech-German border. The images from Christ's life carved in the side panels on the wings show the influence of prints made by Albrecht Dürer.
The baptistery of 1414 (the oldest and largest in Prague)
A stone pulpit in the nave
Two works of the so-called Týn Calvary Master from the 15th century that are very valuable: Madonna of the Týn and the Calvary sculpture at the ending of the north aisle.
Baroque
The church's furniture is mostly Baroque. The Baroque furnishings, made by woodcarvings of early Baroque altars, are eye catching as is the valuable pipe organ by Jan J. Mundt from 1670 to 1673 that is one of the three oldest preserved pipe organs in Prague. From 1691, the musicologist Tomáš Baltazar Janovka worked there as organist for fifty years. The main altar from 1649 with a titular painting of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is also very valuable. The painting was by one of the prominent Czech Baroque artist, Karel Škréta, the painter of several other side altar canvases. In the church can be found works of other Baroque masters: sculptors Jan Jiří Bendl and Ignác František Weiss (altar sculptures), Jan Heidelberger (sculpture of St. Francis de Paul in the northern nave), painters M. Strasser (Finding the Holy Cross, moved from the main altar), Jan Jiří Heinsch (the painting of St. Joseph in the north aisle, the altarpiece of the Family Tree Of Jesse), Michael Václav Halbax (the painting of Saints Crispin and Crispinian), Petr Brandl (The arrival of St. Wenceslas at the Reichstag). From the Renaissance and the Baroque periods, a collection of carved tombstones and epitaphs has been preserved, including the 1601 tombstone of astronomer Tycho Brahe, which is located at the first southern pillar of the nave.
Gallery
See also
List of Jesuit sites
References
Literature
Dobroslav Líbal: Katalog gotické architektury v České republice do husitských válek, Prague 2001.
Pavel Kalina, Jiří Koťátko: Praha 1310–1419, Kapitoly o vrcholné gotice, Prague 2004.
External links
Information on Prague Information Service website
Peter Parler buildings
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1511
Our Lady before Tyn
Our Lady before Tyn
Gothic architecture in the Czech Republic
National Cultural Monuments of the Czech Republic
1511 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Old Town (Prague) |
5378713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphonidae | Nymphonidae | Nymphonidae is a family of sea spiders which has representatives in all the oceans. This family contains some 250 species, most of which are found in the genus Nymphon. Nymphonid bodies are between 1 and 15 mm long, the extent between the points of the legs reaching 150 mm. Most species are predators of hydroids. Like most sea spiders, all species in this family have four pairs of legs, except for Pentanymphon antarcticum, which has five pairs, and Sexanymphon mirabilis, which has six pairs.
Taxonomy
Seven genera are currently recognized:
Boreonymphon Sars, 1888 (4 species)
Bradypallene Kim & Hong, 1987 (1 species)
Heteronymphon Gordon, 1932 (8 species)
Neonymphon Stock, 1955 (1 species)
Nymphon Fabricius, 1794 (> 250 species)
Pentanymphon Hodgson, 1904 (1 species)
Sexanymphon Hedgpeth & Fry, 1964 (1 species)
Selected species
Nymphon gracile Leach, 1814
Nymphon brevirostre Hodge, 1863
Nymphon hirtum Kroyer, 1844
References
Pycnogonids
Chelicerate families |
5378717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic%20funeral | Icelandic funeral | Icelandic funerals are ceremonies that are largely shaped by the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland, the largest Christian organisation in Iceland. However, customs may vary depending on religious group.
Traditions such as death announcements in national Icelandic newspapers and wakes are common in Iceland. The ritual of embalming is not performed, and the burial process is usually completed within 8 days. Cremations have not been common in Icelandic burial history but are gaining popularity. Christian funeral practises generally follow the Icelandic Church's Liturgy book. The funeral is held in a church and performed by a priest. After the ceremony the coffin is either taken to the cemetery to be buried or the crematorium to be cremated. Once buried, wreaths, flowers and a wooden cross can be placed on the grave. Pagan funeral practises reflect the deep respect for nature. They are usually held outdoors with the ceremony performed by a Gothi. Readings from the Edda or other appropriate literature are included.
Death rituals can also be found in Icelandic folklore in the Sagas of Icelanders. Often special treatment of the corpse was performed as this was believed to prevent the corpse from waking and returning to wreak havoc on the living.
Some cemeteries in Iceland are Fossvogur, Gufunes, Kópavogur, Vioey Island, Hólavallagarður, Sólland.
Burial Culture
Iceland converted to Christianity in 1000AD and Iceland's burial culture has been consistent with Europe. Christianity today remains the predominant religion. Contemporary burial culture in Iceland is monopolised and shaped by the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland, the largest Christian organisation in Iceland alongside legal regulations.
Iceland has a population of over 350,000 people. Statistics from 2017 report that 12.2% of the population are immigrants, with the largest immigrant groups being from Poland, Lithuania and the Philippines. Religions that have seen a growth in Iceland include Islam, Buddhism and heathenism. This increase in diversity has begun to change the spiritual landscape of Iceland. These changes are reflected in Icelandic graveyards and funeral practises. Churchyards are the only legal burial grounds but there has been an increase in cremations and Gufunes churchyard has separated burial plots for different religions.
Rituals and Customs
Treatment of the Corpse
Until the 1920s it was common practice for the relatives to prepare the body for burial. Nowadays in Iceland, like many modern-day western societies, the process from death to burial is hidden and has moved into the hands of specialists. The undertaking profession in Iceland is almost exclusively in the hands of men. The ritual of embalming is not performed in Iceland and interment is usually performed within 8 days. This has been known to cause problems in cases where foreigners die in Iceland. A suggestion by the rannsóknarsvið of the Landspítali University Hospital (equivalent to a coroner's office) has led to the possibility of having the corpse specially preserved for transfer. This has to be specially authorised for each case and is not necessarily available at all times. Before the funeral, the deceased is laid in a coffin prepared with a pillow and a sheet and it is common to place a flower decoration on the coffin at a funeral.
Coffins
White painted coffins are the most common. Other options are solid oak, pine, and birch wood chests.
Wake
Once the body is prepared a tradition called kistulagning often takes place before the funeral. This is a small wake attended by the closest relatives. The body is displayed in the coffin, often with a veil covering the face.
Obituary
It is customary to announce death through an obituary in a national Icelandic newspaper. Obituaries in Iceland are similar to death notices in European and American newspapers in that they can be about anyone and are written by acquaintances or family of the deceased. These are not written by journalists or reserved for the most important figures in society. One particular newspaper, MorgunblaÐiÐ, is often read solely for the obituaries, which is considered a cultural institution.
Post-Mortem Photography
The practice of post mortem photography began in Iceland before the end of the 19th century. From 1900 to 1940 there was a great increase in post mortem photography and funeral procession photography. It is unclear exactly when and how the custom originated. However, it is clear that in Europe and the Nordic countries post mortem photography was practiced at the same time Icelanders were studying photography abroad. In these countries, the practice of post mortem photography dates back many centuries. These funeral procession photographs in Iceland showed that it was common practice for the local population to attend the funeral and wake. After 1940 these types of professional photos and photos of large funeral processions occur less frequently in collections as there was less social involvement in ceremonies of death. The task of photographing the deceased transferred to amateur photographers, relatives, or the general public. Originally the photographs would show the corpse lying in his/her own bed or in the coffin at home during the wake. The body occupies a large amount of the picture frame and flowers or wreaths are placed around the coffin or on the chest of the deceased.
Cremations
Cremations have not been common in Icelandic burial history. However, cremations have been gaining popularity and in 2018 41.66% of deaths in Iceland were cremations. There is 1 crematory based in the capital city Reykjavík. If an individual wishes to be cremated they must receive a special permit and register the request with Bálstofan. The cremation process is similar to a regular funeral except after the ceremony mourners do not go to the cemetery. The coffin is taken to the Bálstofan crematorium in Fossvogur. The coffin is then placed into a kiln and catches fire, the coffin and body turn to ashes in about two hours. The ashes are placed into an urn and closed. The urn can be buried at a special burial ground for urns at Fossvogur, Gufunes, or Kópavogur cemetery, with the relatives and pastor present. If the ash is not buried, the recipients must get authorisation for the ash to be scattered at sea or in uninhabited places. The ashes cannot be kept by the recipients and the urn is to be returned to the crematorium immediately after the scattering of the ashes. The place of ash distribution cannot be marked and ash cannot be distributed in more than 1 place.
Religion
Pagan Gravesites
Pagan grave sites with remains dating back to AD800-1100 have been found in 170 locations across Iceland. The largest pagan gravesite during this time had 10-13 graves, compared to other European iron age societies this is minuscule. The small size of these grave sites indicates that they were not shared by households during the 10th century and that each farm would have had their own household grave site. Pagan graves were often out of sight of the household or settlement they belonged to. Grave goods commonly found during this time were weapons such as swords, spears, knives as well as everyday items such as brooches, combs, beads, jewellery .
Modern Pagan Funeral
The Icelandic Ásatrú Society, Ásatrúarfélagið, or Ásatrú is an Icelandic religious organisation based upon pagan traditions of the earliest Norse settlers of Iceland. It is the fastest-growing religion in Iceland and the largest non-Christian religion.
Ásatrú funerals are usually held outdoors and the outdoor setting is chosen to reflect and represent the pagan deep respect for nature. The Gothi consecrates the occasion calling on a wide variety of gods to bless the occasion. The first part of the ceremony which takes place at the home of the deceased before moving to the burial ground is only attended by the closest family and friends. The deceased is dressed in their best clothes or uniform. The Gothi reads sections of the Edda or other appropriate literature and speaks a few words. A sign of the deceased favourite god is marked on the coffin. The sun-cross is used if there are no specific wishes. Grave goods are placed into the coffin such as books, utensils of their profession, food and drink, and even favourite pets can be buried in the coffin. The second part of the ceremony which takes place at the burial ground can include more readings from the Edda along with remembrances from family and friends. At the conclusion the Gothi wishes the deceased well and the funeral attendants throw earth on the coffin. At this point small symbolic sacrifices of sun crosses, Thor hammers or horses may be placed into the grave. Torches at each end of the grave are lit to form a sort of fire pit and these are kept aflame as the guests leave to join the feast.
In 2013 for the first time since the pre-Christian period, a funeral based on old pagan traditions was publicly performed in Iceland. This was the funeral of the photographer and journalist Ingólfur Júlíusson.
Christian Gravesites
Changes in burial practices began with the conversion to Christianity in the late 10th early 11th century and this began the long-term trend of fewer and more communal cemeteries associated with churches. In contrast to historic Pagan burial locations, Christian burials were often located inside the home field boundary and associated with a nearby church or chapel.
Modern Christian Funeral
Modern Christian funerals generally have a similar format that follows the Icelandic Church's Liturgy Book. However, they can be variable depending on the wishes and special requests of the relatives.
When relatives arrive at the ceremony they are greeted by the funeral director and the Pastor. It is common for the deceased immediate family to sit on the left-hand side of the church and the corpse is placed on the right-hand side of the church.
An example of a Christian funeral ceremony is as follows:
Prelude
Prayer
Music/Psalm
Scripture
Music/Psalm
Scripture of Gospel
Music/Hymn
Memories of
Music/Hymn
Prayer
Father
Music/Hymn
Commendation
Music/Hymn
Blessing
After the ceremony the coffin is carried out of the church to a hearse. Customarily the coffin is carried by 6-8 close relatives. Relatives follow the hearse to the cemetery. The coffin is lowered into the grave and the priest usually says a few words and prays. Once the grave is covered and completed, flowers and wreaths can be placed on top. A wooden cross can be placed on the grave if requested.
Icelandic Folklore and Myths
There is an old Icelandic belief that whoever was first buried at a graveyard would not rot but would become the graveyard guardian and watch over all the people buried there.
The mythical undead creatures of the Sagas of Icelanders were called Afturganga. People believed the corpse had to be treated in a particular way to prevent the corpse from waking and wreaking havoc on living beings as an Afturganga. One way to prevent this was by putting nails in the sole of the corpses foot. Another way was to cut a hole in the wall closest to where the corpse lay and remove the corpse from the house through the hole. The front door was not used as it was believed the corpses ghost would remember how to enter the house and come back to haunt it.
Icelandic Cemeteries
Fossvogur
Fossvogur cemetery was consecrated in 1932 and a funeral church at the cemetery was constructed and open to the public in 1948. This church only serves as a church for funerals. The funeral church was constructed to improve sanitation of funeral practises and decrease funeral costs. Added to the church was a chapel, house of prayer, mortuary and crematorium. Only reserved resting places are now left at the cemetery. The graveyard guardian is Gunna Hinriksson, a weaver, who was buried on 2 September 1932.
Gufunes
Consecrated in 1980. The graveyard guardian is Friðfinnur Olafsson, who was buried on 16 June 1980. This cemetery features a garden with plots for people of varying religions, Christian, Buddhist, Islamic, Ásatrú. Those who do not belong to a religious group but still wish to be buried in a cemetery also have a plot.
Kópavogur
Consecrated in 2006. The guardian of the graveyard is Guðmundur Helgason, a painter. The guardian was cremated and rests in an urn plot.
Viðey Island
One of Iceland's oldest churches and consecrated in 1774. Several people of national importance are buried here including Ólafur Stephensen, who was the representative of the Danish king and his son, a public official, Magnús Stephensen. Gunnar Gunnarsson, a writer and poet was also buried here.
Hólavallagarður
Consecrated in 1838. The guardian of the graveyard is Guðrún Oddsdóttir, the wife of the magistrate Þórður Jónassen. As of 1932 all burial plots have been allocated and only reserved plots are remaining.
Sólland
Consecrated in 2009. A garden of urn plots where there is space for 17,000 urn graves. The guardian of the graveyard and first person buried here is the urn of Ásbjörn Björnsson, former director of KGRP cemeteries.
Laws and Regulations
Bodies must be buried or burned in an authorised cemetery or crematorium and must not be buried or cremated until there is confirmation of death by the district commissioner. A certificate is required for cremation from the district commissioner and chief of police. Any funeral services provided must have the permission of the district commissioner. A dead infant or stillborn body cannot be put into the coffin with another body unless the priest or head of congregation has been notified. The specific measurements for grave sizes in cemeteries are 2.50m x 1.20m and 0.75m x 0.75m for urns. Graves must be deep enough to allow a full meter from the surface of the coffin to the surface of the grave. All graves have a protection time frame of 75 years.
References
Funerals in Iceland |
5378718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose%20ben%20Joezer | Jose ben Joezer | Jose ben Joezer (also spelt Yose ben Yoezer) was a rabbi of the early Maccabean period, possibly a disciple of Antigonus of Soko and member of the ascetic group known as the Hasidæans, though neither is certain. He belonged to a priestly family.
Biography
With him and Jose ben Johanan of Jerusalem, his colleague, begins the period known in Jewish history as that of the zugot (duumvirate), which ended with Hillel and Shammai. According to an old tradition, the member of the "zugot" mentioned first occupied the office of Nasi (president) of the Sanhedrin, while the one mentioned second served in the capacity of vice-president.
Jose belonged to the party of the Ḥasidim, and was a decided adversary of Hellenism. To prevent Jews from settling beyond Judea he declared all pagan countries "unclean". He declared also glass utensils "unclean", probably because they were manufactured in pagan countries. In other respects, however, he was very liberal, and received the surname "Sharaya" ("one who permits") for having rendered three liberal decisions on certain ritual questions. The first halakic controversy known in the Talmud was that between Jose ben Joezer and his colleague Jose ben Johanan. It arose over the question whether the laying of hands on the heads of the sacrifices is permitted on feast-days.
Jose ben Joezer was distinguished for his piety, and is called "the most pious in the priesthood" ("hasid shebikechunnah"). He professed great veneration for scholars, one of his sayings being: "Let thy house be a meeting-place for the wise; powder thyself in the dust of their feet, and drink their words with eagerness"
Death
Jose was probably among the sixty pious men who, at the instigation of the high priest Alcimus, the son of his sister, were crucified by the Syrian general Bacchides. The Midrash reports the following dialogue between Alcimus and Jose ben Joezer while the latter was on the way to execution:
Alcimus: "See the profit and honors that have fallen to my lot in consequence of what I have done, whilst thou, for thy obstinacy, hast the misfortune to die as a criminal."
Yose, quietly: "if such is the lot of those who anger God, what shall be the lot of those who accomplish His will?"
Alcimus: "Is there any one who accomplished His will more than thou?"
Yose: "If this is the end of those who accomplish His will, what awaits those who anger Him?"
On this Alcimus was seized with remorse and committed suicide: "He went and subjected himself to all four modes of execution inflicted by the Beth Din: stoning, burning, beheading, and strangulation. What did he do [to accomplish this]? He took a beam and stuck it in the ground, attached a rope to it, set up logs [in front of it], and built a stone wall around it. He then made a bonfire [with the logs] and stuck a sword in the middle. He then hanged himself with the rope, and while he was strangling the rope burnt through and snapped, he fell on the sword, while the wall [of stones] fell upon him and he burned [in the fire]." Jose ben Joezer left a son, whom he had disinherited for bad conduct.
References
Mishnah rabbis
Pirkei Avot rabbis
Zugot
2nd-century BCE rabbis
Sanhedrin |
5378729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donato%20Tommaso%20Veraldi | Donato Tommaso Veraldi | Donato Tommaso Veraldi (born 12 January 1941, Soveria Simeri) is an Italian politician. He was a member of the European Parliament from 8 May 2006, when he took up a seat vacated after the 2006 Italian general election, until the 2009 European elections. He represented The Daisy within the ALDE parliamentary group.
References
1941 births
Living people
Presidents of Calabria
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy MEPs
MEPs for Italy 2004–2009
21st-century Italian politicians
Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians
Italian People's Party (1994) politicians
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy politicians |
5378736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioisostere | Bioisostere | In medicinal chemistry, bioisosteres are chemical substituents or groups with similar physical or chemical properties which produce broadly similar biological properties to another chemical compound. In drug design, the purpose of exchanging one bioisostere for another is to enhance the desired biological or physical properties of a compound without making significant changes in chemical structure. The main use of this term and its techniques are related to pharmaceutical sciences. Bioisosterism is used to reduce toxicity, change bioavailability, or modify the activity of the lead compound, and may alter the metabolism of the lead.
Examples
Classical bioisosteres
Classical bioisosterism was originally formulated by James Moir and refined by Irving Langmuir as a response to the observation that different atoms with the same valence electron structure had similar biological properties.
For example, the replacement of a hydrogen atom with a fluorine atom at a site of metabolic oxidation in a drug candidate may prevent such metabolism from taking place. Because the fluorine atom is similar in size to the hydrogen atom the overall topology of the molecule is not significantly affected, leaving the desired biological activity unaffected. However, with a blocked pathway for metabolism, the drug candidate may have a longer half-life.
Procainamide, an amide, has a longer duration of action than Procaine, an ester, because of the isosteric replacement of the ester oxygen with a nitrogen atom. Procainamide is a classical bioisostere because the valence electron structure of a disubstituted oxygen atom is the same as a trisubstituted nitrogen atom, as Langmuir showed.
Another example is seen in a series of anti-bacterial chalcones. By modifying certain substituents, the pharmacological activity of the chalcone and its toxicity are also modified.
Non-classical bioisosteres
Non-classical bioisosteres may differ in a multitude of ways from classical bioisosteres, but retain the focus on providing similar sterics and electronic profile to the original functional group. Whereas classical bioisosteres commonly conserve much of the same structural properties, nonclassical bioisosteres are much more dependent on the specific binding needs of the ligand in question and may substitute a linear functional group for a cyclic moiety, an alkyl group for a complex heteroatom moiety, or other changes that go far beyond a simple atom-for-atom switch.
For example, a chlorine -Cl group may often be replaced by a trifluoromethyl -CF3 group, or by a cyano -C≡N group, but depending on the particular molecule used the substitution may result in little change in activity, or either increase or decrease affinity or efficacy depending on what factors are important for ligand binding to the target protein. Another example is aromatic rings, where a phenyl -C6H5 ring can often be replaced by a different aromatic ring such as thiophene or naphthalene which may improve efficacy, change specificity of binding, or reduce metabolically labile sites on the molecule, resulting in better pharmacokinetic properties.
Alloxanthine is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. It is also an isostere of xanthine, the normal substrate for the enzyme. Alloxanthine is considered a non-classical bioisostere because of the scaffold change.
Silafluofen is an organosilicon analogue of pyrethroid insecticide Etofenprox, wherein a carbon center has been replaced by isosteric silicon, and in addition, one hydrogen atom is replaced by isosteric fluorine atom.
Other applications
Bioisosteres of some patented compounds can be discovered automatically and used to circumvent Markush structure patent claims. It has been proposed that key force field features, that is the pharmacophore, be patented instead.
See also
Grimm's hydride displacement law, an early hypothesis to describe bioisosterism
References
Medicinal chemistry |
4042282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%20Tissa | Ki Tissa | Ki Tisa, Ki Tissa, Ki Thissa, or Ki Sisa ( — Hebrew for "when you take," the sixth and seventh words, and first distinctive words in the parashah) is the 21st weekly Torah portion () in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the ninth in the Book of Exodus. The parashah tells of building the Tabernacle, the incident of the Golden calf, the request of Moses for God to reveal God's Attributes, and how Moses became radiant.
The parashah constitutes . The parashah is the longest of the weekly Torah portions in the book of Exodus (although not the longest in the Torah, which is Naso), and is made up of 7,424 Hebrew letters, 2,002 Hebrew words, 139 verses, and 245 lines in a Torah scroll (Sefer Torah).
Jews read it on the 21st Sabbath after Simchat Torah, in the Hebrew month of Adar, corresponding to February or March in the secular calendar. Jews also read the first part of the parashah, , regarding the half-shekel head tax, as the maftir Torah reading on the special Sabbath Shabbat Shekalim (as on March 1, 2014, when was read along with parashah Pekudei). Jews also read parts of the parashah addressing the intercession of Moses and God's mercy, and , as the Torah readings on the fast days of the Tenth of Tevet, the Fast of Esther, the Seventeenth of Tammuz, and the Fast of Gedaliah, and for the afternoon () prayer service on Tisha B'Av. Jews read another part of the parashah, , which addresses the Three Pilgrim Festivals (), as the initial Torah reading on the third intermediate day (Chol HaMoed) of Passover. And Jews read a larger selection from the same part of the parashah, , as the initial Torah reading on a Sabbath that falls on one of the intermediate days of Passover or Sukkot.
Readings
In traditional Sabbath Torah reading, the parashah is divided into seven readings (, aliyot). In the Masoretic Text of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), Parashat Ki Tisa has ten "open portion" (, ) divisions (roughly equivalent to paragraphs, often abbreviated with the Hebrew letter (peh)). Parashat Ki Tisa has several further subdivisions, called "closed portion" (, ) divisions (abbreviated with the Hebrew letter ()) within the open portion divisions. The first three open portion divisions divide the long first reading (), and the next three open portion divisions divide the long second reading. The seventh open portion corresponds to the short third reading, and the eighth open portion corresponds to the short fourth reading. The ninth open portion spans the fifth and sixth readings. And the tenth open portion begins in the seventh reading. Closed portion divisions further divide the first and second readings, and conclude the seventh reading.
First reading — Exodus 30:11–31:17
In the long first reading (), God instructed Moses that when he took a census of the Israelites, each person 20 years old or older, regardless of wealth, should give a half-shekel offering. God told Moses to assign the proceeds to the service of the Tent of Meeting. The first open portion () ends here.
In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses to place a copper laver (, ) between the Tent of Meeting and the altar (, ), so that Aaron and the priests could wash their hands and feet in water when they entered the Tent of Meeting or approached the altar to burn a sacrifice, so that they would not die. The second open portion () ends here.
In the continuation of the reading, God directed Moses to make a sacred anointing oil from choice spices — myrrh, cinnamon, cassia — and olive oil. God told Moses to use it to anoint the Tent of Meeting, the furnishings of the Tabernacle, and the priests. God told Moses to warn the Israelites not to copy the sacred anointing oil's recipe for lay purposes, at pain of exile. A closed portion () ends here.
In the continuation of the reading, God directed Moses make sacred incense from herbs — stacte, onycha, galbanum, and frankincense — to burn in the Tent of Meeting. As with the anointing oil, God warned against making incense from the same recipe for lay purposes. Another closed portion () ends here with the end of chapter .
As the reading continues in chapter , God informed Moses that God had endowed Bezalel of the Tribe of Judah with divine skill in every kind of craft. God assigned to him Oholiab of the Tribe of Dan and granted skill to all who are skillful, that they might make the furnishings of the Tabernacle, the priests' vestments, the anointing oil, and the incense. The third open portion () ends here.
In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses to admonish the Israelites nevertheless to keep the Sabbath, on pain of death. The first reading () and a closed portion () end here.
Second reading — Exodus 31:18–33:11
In the long second reading (), God gave Moses two stone tablets inscribed by the finger of God. Meanwhile, the people became impatient for the return of Moses, and implored Aaron to make them a god. Aaron told them to bring him their gold earrings, and he cast them in a mold and made a molten golden calf. They exclaimed, "This is your god, O Israel, who brought you out of the land of Egypt!" Aaron built an altar before the calf, and announced a festival of the Lord. The people offered sacrifices, ate, drank, and danced. The fourth open portion () ends here.
In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses what the people had done, saying "let Me be, that My anger may blaze forth against them and that I may destroy them, and make of you a great nation." But Moses implored God not to do so, lest the Egyptians say that God delivered the people only to kill them off in the mountains. Moses called on God to remember Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and God's oath to make their offspring as numerous as the stars, and God renounced the planned punishment. The fifth open portion () ends here.
In the continuation of the reading, Moses descended the mountain bearing the two Tablets. Joshua told Moses, "There is a cry of war in the camp," but Moses answered, "It is the sound of song that I hear!" When Moses saw the calf and the dancing, he became enraged and shattered the Tablets at the foot of the mountain. He burned the calf, ground it to powder, strewed it upon the water, and made the Israelites drink it. When Moses asked Aaron how he committed such a great sin, Aaron replied that the people asked him to make a god, so he hurled their gold into the fire, "and out came this calf!"
Seeing that Aaron had let the people get out of control, Moses stood in the camp gate and called, "Whoever is for the Lord, come here!" All the Levites rallied to Moses, and at his instruction killed 3,000 people, including brother, neighbor, and kin. Moses went back to God and asked for God either to forgive the Israelites or kill Moses too, but God insisted on punishing only the sinners, which God did by means of a plague. A closed portion () ends here with the end of chapter .
As the reading continues in chapter , God dispatched Moses and the people to the Promised Land, but God decided not to go in their midst, for fear of destroying them on the way. Upon hearing this, the Israelites went into mourning. Now Moses would pitch the Tent of Meeting outside the camp, and Moses would enter to speak to God, face to face. The second reading () and the sixth open portion () end here.
Third reading — Exodus 33:12–16
In the short third reading (), Moses asked God whom God would send with Moses to lead the people. Moses further asked God to let him know God's ways, that Moses might know God and continue in God's favor. And God agreed to lead the Israelites. Moses asked God not to make the Israelites move unless God were to go in the lead. The third reading () and the seventh open portion () end here.
Fourth reading — Exodus 33:17–23
In the short fourth reading (), God agreed to lead them. Moses asked God to let him behold God's Presence. God agreed to make all God's goodness pass before Moses and to proclaim God's name and nature, but God explained that no human could see God's face and live. God instructed Moses to station himself on a rock, where God would cover him with God's hand until God had passed, at which point Moses could see God's back. The fourth reading () and the eighth open portion () end here with the end of chapter .
Fifth reading — Exodus 34:1–9
In the fifth reading (), in chapter , God directed Moses to carve two stone tablets like the ones that Moses shattered, so that God might inscribe upon them the words that were on the first Tablets, and Moses did so.
God came down in a cloud and proclaimed: "The Lord! The Lord! A God compassionate and gracious, slow to anger, abounding in kindness and faithfulness, extending kindness to the thousandth generation, forgiving iniquity, transgression, and sin; yet He does not remit all punishment, but visits the iniquity of parents upon children and children's children, upon the third and fourth generations." Moses bowed low and asked God to accompany the people in their midst, to pardon the people's iniquity, and to take them for God's own. The fifth reading () ends here.
Sixth reading — Exodus 34:10–26
In the sixth reading (), God replied by making a covenant to work unprecedented wonders and to drive out the peoples of the Promised Land. God warned Moses against making a covenant with them, lest they become a snare and induce the Israelites' children to lust after their gods. God commanded that the Israelites not make molten gods, that they consecrate or redeem every first-born, that they observe the Sabbath, that they observe the Three Pilgrim Festivals, that they not offer sacrifices with anything leavened, that they not leave the Passover lamb lying until morning, that they bring choice first fruits to the house of the Lord, and that they not boil a kid in its mother's milk. The sixth reading () and the ninth open portion () end here.
Seventh reading — Exodus 34:27–35
In the seventh reading (), Moses stayed with God 40 days and 40 nights, ate no bread, drank no water, and wrote down on the Tablets the terms of the covenant. As Moses came down from the mountain bearing the two Tablets, the skin of his face was radiant, and the Israelites shrank from him. Moses called them near and instructed them concerning all that God had commanded.
In the maftir () reading of that concludes the parashah, when Moses finished speaking, he put a veil over his face. Whenever Moses spoke with God, Moses would take his veil off. And when he came out, he would tell the Israelites what he had been commanded, and then Moses would then put the veil back over his face again. The parashah and the final closed portion () end here with the end of chapter .
Readings according to the triennial cycle
Jews who read the Torah according to the triennial cycle of Torah reading read the parashah according to the following schedule:
In ancient parallels
The parashah has parallels in these ancient sources:
Exodus chapter 31
Noting that Sargon of Akkad was the first to use a seven-day week, Gregory Aldrete speculated that the Israelites may have adopted the idea from the Akkadian Empire.
Exodus chapter 33
and 17, 13:5, and 33:3, , and 14:8, and , 11:9, 26:9 and 15, 27:3, and 31:20 describe the Land of Israel as a land flowing "with milk and honey." Similarly, the Middle Egyptian (early second millennium BCE) tale of Sinuhe Palestine described the Land of Israel or, as the Egyptian tale called it, the land of Yaa: "It was a good land called Yaa. Figs were in it and grapes. It had more wine than water. Abundant was its honey, plentiful its oil. All kind of fruit were on its trees. Barley was there and emmer, and no end of cattle of all kinds."
In inner-Biblical interpretation
The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these Biblical sources:
Exodus chapters 25–39
This is the pattern of instruction and construction of the Tabernacle and its furnishings:
The Priestly story of the Tabernacle in echoes the Priestly story of creation in . As the creation story unfolds in seven days, the instructions about the Tabernacle unfold in seven speeches. In both creation and Tabernacle accounts, the text notes the completion of the task. In both creation and Tabernacle, the work done is seen to be good. In both creation and Tabernacle, when the work is finished, God takes an action in acknowledgement. In both creation and Tabernacle, when the work is finished, a blessing is invoked. And in both creation and Tabernacle, God declares something "holy."
Martin Buber and others noted that the language used to describe the building of the Tabernacle parallels that used in the story of creation. Jeffrey Tigay noted that the lampstand held seven candles, Aaron wore seven sacral vestments, the account of the building of the Tabernacle alludes to the creation account, and the Tabernacle was completed on New Year's Day. And Carol Meyers noted that and list seven kinds of substances — metals, yarn, skins, wood, oil, spices, and gemstones — signifying the totality of supplies.
Exodus chapter 31
2 Chronicles reports that the bronze altar, which reports Bezalel made, still stood before the Tabernacle in Solomon's time, and Solomon sacrificed a thousand burnt offerings on it.
The Sabbath
refers to the Sabbath. Commentators note that the Hebrew Bible repeats the commandment to observe the Sabbath 12 times.
reports that on the seventh day of Creation, God finished God’s work, rested, and blessed and hallowed the seventh day.
The Sabbath is one of the Ten Commandments. commands that one remember the Sabbath day, keep it holy, and not do any manner of work or cause anyone under one’s control to work, for in six days God made heaven and earth and rested on the seventh day, blessed the Sabbath, and hallowed it. commands that one observe the Sabbath day, keep it holy, and not do any manner of work or cause anyone under one’s control to work — so that one’s subordinates might also rest — and remember that the Israelites were servants in the land of Egypt, and God brought them out with a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm.
In the incident of the manna (, ) in , Moses told the Israelites that the Sabbath is a solemn rest day; prior to the Sabbath one should cook what one would cook, and lay up food for the Sabbath. And God told Moses to let no one go out of one’s place on the seventh day.
In , just before giving Moses the second Tablets of Stone, God commanded that the Israelites keep and observe the Sabbath throughout their generations, as a sign between God and the children of Israel forever, for in six days God made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day God rested.
In , just before issuing the instructions for the Tabernacle, Moses again told the Israelites that no one should work on the Sabbath, specifying that one must not kindle fire on the Sabbath.
In , God told Moses to repeat the Sabbath commandment to the people, calling the Sabbath a holy convocation.
The prophet Isaiah taught in that iniquity is inconsistent with the Sabbath. In , the prophet taught that if people turn away from pursuing or speaking of business on the Sabbath and call the Sabbath a delight, then God will make them ride upon the high places of the earth and will feed them with the heritage of Jacob. And in , the prophet taught that in times to come, from one Sabbath to another, all people will come to worship God.
The prophet Jeremiah taught in that the fate of Jerusalem depended on whether the people abstained from work on the Sabbath, refraining from carrying burdens outside their houses and through the city gates.
The prophet Ezekiel told in how God gave the Israelites God’s Sabbaths, to be a sign between God and them, but the Israelites rebelled against God by profaning the Sabbaths, provoking God to pour out God’s fury upon them, but God stayed God’s hand.
In , Nehemiah told how he saw some treading winepresses on the Sabbath, and others bringing all manner of burdens into Jerusalem on the Sabbath day, so when it began to be dark before the Sabbath, he commanded that the city gates be shut and not opened till after the Sabbath and directed the Levites to keep the gates to sanctify the Sabbath.
Exodus chapter 32
The report of that "the people assembled" (, ) is echoed in , which opens, "And Moses assembled" (, ).
1 Kings reports a parallel story of golden calves. King Jeroboam of the northern Kingdom of Israel made two calves of gold out of a desire to prevent the kingdom from returning to allegiance to the house of David and the southern Kingdom of Judah. In , the people said of the Golden Calf, "This is your god, O Israel, that brought you up out of the land of Egypt." Similarly, in , Jeroboam told the people of his golden calves, "You have gone up long enough to Jerusalem; behold your gods, O Israel, that brought you up out of the land of Egypt." Jeroboam set up one of the calves in Bethel, and the other in Dan, and the people went to worship before the calf in Dan. Jeroboam made houses of high places, and made priests from people who were not Levites. He ordained a feast like Sukkot on the fifteenth day of the eighth month (a month after the real Sukkot), and he went up to the altar at Bethel to sacrifice to the golden calves that he had made, and he installed his priests there.
In and , Moses called on God to "remember" God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to deliver the Israelites from God's wrath after the incident of the Golden Calf. Similarly, God remembered Noah to deliver him from the flood in ; God promised to remember God's covenant not to destroy the Earth again by flood in ; God remembered Abraham to deliver Lot from the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in ; God remembered Rachel to deliver her from childlessness in ; God remembered God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to deliver the Israelites from Egyptian bondage in and ; God promised to "remember" God's covenant with Jacob, Isaac, and Abraham to deliver the Israelites and the Land of Israel in ; the Israelites were to blow upon their trumpets to be remembered and delivered from their enemies in ; Samson called on God to deliver him from the Philistines in ; Hannah prayed for God to remember her and deliver her from childlessness in 1 Samuel and God remembered Hannah's prayer to deliver her from childlessness in ; Hezekiah called on God to remember Hezekiah's faithfulness to deliver him from sickness in and ; Jeremiah called on God to remember God's covenant with the Israelites to not condemn them in ; Jeremiah called on God to remember him and think of him, and avenge him of his persecutors in ; God promises to remember God's covenant with the Israelites and establish an everlasting covenant in ; God remembers the cry of the humble in Zion to avenge them in Psalm ; David called upon God to remember God's compassion and mercy in ; Asaph called on God to remember God's congregation to deliver them from their enemies in ; God remembered that the Israelites were only human in ; Ethan the Ezrahite called on God to remember how short Ethan's life was in ; God remembers that humans are but dust in ; God remembers God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in ; God remembers God's word to Abraham to deliver the Israelites to the Land of Israel in ; the Psalmist calls on God to remember him to favor God's people, to think of him at God's salvation, that he might behold the prosperity of God's people in ; God remembered God's covenant and repented according to God's mercy to deliver the Israelites in the wake of their rebellion and iniquity in ; the Psalmist calls on God to remember God's word to God's servant to give him hope in ; God remembered us in our low estate to deliver us from our adversaries in ; Job called on God to remember him to deliver him from God's wrath in ; Nehemiah prayed to God to remember God's promise to Moses to deliver the Israelites from exile in ; and Nehemiah prayed to God to remember him to deliver him for good in .
Exodus chapter 34
William Propp found variants or citations of (the Attributes of God) in ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; and , as if the words were known to all.
James Limburg asked whether the Book of Jonah might be a Midrash on a text like .
Benjamin Sommer read and to teach that God punishes children for their parents' sins as a sign of mercy to the parents: When sinning parents repent, God defers their punishment to their offspring. Sommer argued that other Biblical writers, engaging in inner-Biblical interpretation, rejected that notion in , , and . Sommer argued that , for example, quoted , which was already an authoritative and holy text, but revised the morally troubling part: Where taught that God punishes sin for generations, maintained that God does not contend forever. Sommer argued that and similarly quoted with revision. Sommer asserted that , , and do not try to tell us how to read ; that is, they do not argue that somehow means something other than what it seems to say. Rather, they repeat while also disagreeing with part of it.
Passover
refers to the Festival of Passover, calling it "the Feast of Unleavened Bread." In the Hebrew Bible, Passover is called:
"Passover" (, );
"The Feast of Unleavened Bread" (, ); and
"A holy convocation" or "a solemn assembly" (, ).
Some explain the double nomenclature of "Passover" and "Feast of Unleavened Bread" as referring to two separate feasts that the Israelites combined sometime between the Exodus and when the Biblical text became settled. and indicate that the dedication of the firstborn also became associated with the festival.
Some believe that the "Feast of Unleavened Bread" was an agricultural festival at which the Israelites celebrated the beginning of the grain harvest. Moses may have had this festival in mind when in and he petitioned Pharaoh to let the Israelites go to celebrate a feast in the wilderness.
"Passover," on the other hand, was associated with a thanksgiving sacrifice of a lamb, also called "the Passover," "the Passover lamb," or "the Passover offering."
, , and and 5, and direct "Passover" to take place on the evening of the fourteenth of Aviv (Nisan in the Hebrew calendar after the Babylonian captivity). , , , and confirm that practice. , , and , , and direct the "Feast of Unleavened Bread" to take place over seven days and and direct that it begin on the fifteenth of the month. Some believe that the proximity of the dates of the two festivals led to their confusion and merger.
and 27 link the word "Passover" (, ) to God's act to "pass over" (, ) the Israelites' houses in the plague of the firstborn. In the Torah, the consolidated Passover and Feast of Unleavened Bread thus commemorate the Israelites' liberation from Egypt.
The Hebrew Bible frequently notes the Israelites' observance of Passover at turning points in their history. reports God's direction to the Israelites to observe Passover in the wilderness of Sinai on the anniversary of their liberation from Egypt. reports that upon entering the Promised Land, the Israelites kept the Passover on the plains of Jericho and ate unleavened cakes and parched corn, produce of the land, the next day. reports that King Josiah commanded the Israelites to keep the Passover in Jerusalem as part of Josiah's reforms, but also notes that the Israelites had not kept such a Passover from the days of the Biblical judges nor in all the days of the kings of Israel or the kings of Judah, calling into question the observance of even Kings David and Solomon. The more reverent , however, reports that Solomon offered sacrifices on the festivals, including the Feast of Unleavened Bread. And reports King Hezekiah's observance of a second Passover anew, as sufficient numbers of neither the priests nor the people were prepared to do so before then. And reports that the Israelites returned from the Babylonian captivity observed Passover, ate the Passover lamb, and kept the Feast of Unleavened Bread seven days with joy.
Shavuot
refers to the Festival of Shavuot. In the Hebrew Bible, Shavuot is called:
The Feast of Weeks (, );
The Day of the First-fruits (, );
The Feast of Harvest (, ); and
A holy convocation (, ).
associates Shavuot with the first-fruits (, ) of the wheat harvest. In turn, set out the ceremony for the bringing of the first fruits.
To arrive at the correct date, instructs counting seven weeks from the day after the day of rest of Passover, the day that they brought the sheaf of barley for waving. Similarly, directs counting seven weeks from when they first put the sickle to the standing barley.
sets out a course of offerings for the fiftieth day, including a meal-offering of two loaves made from fine flour from the first-fruits of the harvest; burnt-offerings of seven lambs, one bullock, and two rams; a sin-offering of a goat; and a peace-offering of two lambs. Similarly, sets out a course of offerings including a meal-offering; burnt-offerings of two bullocks, one ram, and seven lambs; and one goat to make atonement. directs a freewill-offering in relation to God's blessing.
and ordain a holy convocation in which the Israelites were not to work.
reports that Solomon offered burnt-offerings on the Feast of Weeks.
Sukkot
And refers to the Festival of Sukkot, calling it "the Feast of Ingathering." In the Hebrew Bible, Sukkot is called:
"The Feast of Tabernacles (or Booths)";
"The Feast of Ingathering";
"The Feast" or "the festival";
"The Feast of the Lord";
"The festival of the seventh month"; and
"A holy convocation" or "a sacred occasion."
Sukkot's agricultural origin is evident from the name "The Feast of Ingathering," from the ceremonies accompanying it, and from the season and occasion of its celebration: "At the end of the year when you gather in your labors out of the field"; "after you have gathered in from your threshing-floor and from your winepress." It was a thanksgiving for the fruit harvest. And in what may explain the festival's name, Isaiah reports that grape harvesters kept booths in their vineyards. Coming as it did at the completion of the harvest, Sukkot was regarded as a general thanksgiving for the bounty of nature in the year that had passed.
Sukkot became one of the most important feasts in Judaism, as indicated by its designation as "the Feast of the Lord" or simply "the Feast." Perhaps because of its wide attendance, Sukkot became the appropriate time for important state ceremonies. Moses instructed the children of Israel to gather for a reading of the Law during Sukkot every seventh year. King Solomon dedicated the Temple in Jerusalem on Sukkot. And Sukkot was the first sacred occasion observed after the resumption of sacrifices in Jerusalem after the Babylonian captivity.
In the time of Nehemiah, after the Babylonian captivity, the Israelites celebrated Sukkot by making and dwelling in booths, a practice of which Nehemiah reports: "the Israelites had not done so from the days of Joshua." In a practice related to that of the Four Species, Nehemiah also reports that the Israelites found in the Law the commandment that they "go out to the mountains and bring leafy branches of olive trees, pine trees, myrtles, palms and [other] leafy trees to make booths." In , God told Moses to command the people: "On the first day you shall take the product of trees, branches of palm trees, boughs of leafy trees, and willows of the brook," and "You shall live in booths seven days; all citizens in Israel shall live in booths, in order that future generations may know that I made the Israelite people live in booths when I brought them out of the land of Egypt." The book of Numbers, however, indicates that while in the wilderness, the Israelites dwelt in tents. Some secular scholars consider (the commandments regarding booths and the four species) to be an insertion by a later redactor.
King Jeroboam of the northern Kingdom of Israel, whom describes as practicing "his evil way," celebrated a festival on the fifteenth day of the eighth month, one month after Sukkot, "in imitation of the festival in Judah." "While Jeroboam was standing on the altar to present the offering, the man of God, at the command of the Lord, cried out against the altar" in disapproval.
According to the prophet Zechariah, in the messianic era, Sukkot will become a universal festival, and all nations will make pilgrimages annually to Jerusalem to celebrate the feast there.
Milk
In three separate places — and and — the Torah prohibits boiling a kid in its mother's milk.
In early nonrabbinic interpretation
The parashah is discussed in these early nonrabbinic sources:
Exodus chapter 31
Josephus taught that when the Israelites brought together the materials with great diligence, Moses set architects over the works by the command of God. And these were the very same people that the people themselves would have chosen, had the election been allowed to them: Bezalel, the son of Uri, of the tribe of Judah, the grandson of Miriam, the sister of Moses, and Oholiab, file son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan.
told how in the 2nd century BCE, many followers of the pious Jewish priest Mattathias rebelled against the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Antiochus’s soldiers attacked a group of them on the Sabbath, and when the Pietists failed to defend themselves so as to honor the Sabbath (commanded in, among other places, ), a thousand died. reported that when Mattathias and his friends heard, they reasoned that if they did not fight on the Sabbath, they would soon be destroyed. So they decided that they would fight against anyone who attacked them on the Sabbath.
In classical rabbinic interpretation
The parashah is discussed in these rabbinic sources from the era of the Mishnah and the Talmud:
Exodus chapter 30
The Rabbis taught in a Baraita that upon entering a barn to measure the new grain one should recite the blessing, "May it be Your will O Lord, our God, that You may send blessing upon the work of our hands." Once one has begun to measure, one should say, "Blessed be the One who sends blessing into this heap." If, however, one first measured the grain and then recited the blessing, then prayer is in vain, because blessing is not to be found in anything that has been already weighed or measured or numbered, but only in a thing hidden from sight.
Rabbi Abbahu taught that Moses asked God how Israel would be exalted, and God replied in the words of (about collecting the half-shekel tax), "When you raise them up," teaching that collecting contributions from the people elevates them.
Rabbi Eleazar taught that God told David that David called God an inciter, but God would make David stumble over a thing that even school-children knew, namely, that which says, "When you take the sum of the children of Israel according to their number, then shall they give every man a ransom for his soul into the Lord . . . that there be no plague among them." Forthwith, as reports, "Satan stood up against Israel," and as reports, "He stirred up David against them saying, 'Go, number Israel.'" And when David did number them, he took no ransom from them, and as reports, "So the Lord sent a pestilence upon Israel from the morning even to the time appointed." The Gemara asked what meant by "the time appointed." Samuel the elder, the son-in-law of Rabbi Hanina, answered in the name of Rabbi Hanina: From the time of slaughtering the continual offering (at dawn) until the time of sprinkling the blood. Rabbi Joḥanan said it meant at midday. Reading the continuation of , "And He said to the Angel that destroyed the people, 'It is enough (, rav),'" Rabbi Eleazar taught that God told the Angel to take a great man (, rav) from among them, through whose death many sins could be expiated. So Abishai son of Zeruiah then died, and he was individually equal in worth to the greater part of the Sanhedrin. Reading , "And as he was about to destroy, the Lord beheld, and He repented," the Gemara ask what God beheld. Rav said God beheld Jacob, as reports, "And Jacob said when he beheld them." Samuel said that God beheld the ashes of the ram of Isaac, as says, "God will see for Himself the lamb." Rabbi Isaac Nappaha taught that God saw the atonement money that reports God required Moses to collect. For in , God said, "And you shall take the atonement money from the children of Israel, and shalt appoint it for the service of the tent of meeting, that it may be a memorial for the children of Israel before the Lord, to make atonement for your souls.'" (Thus God said that at some future time, the money would provide atonement.) Alternatively, Rabbi Joḥanan taught that God saw the Temple. For explained the meaning of the name that Abraham gave to the mountain where Abraham nearly sacrificed Isaac to be, "In the mount where the Lord is seen." (Solomon later built the Temple on that mountain, and God saw the merit of the sacrifices there.) Rabbi Jacob bar Iddi and Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani differed on the matter. One said that God saw the atonement money that reports God required Moses to collect from the Israelites, while the other said that God saw the Temple. The Gemara concluded that the more likely view was that God saw the Temple, as can be read to say, "As it will be said on that day, 'in the mount where the Lord is seen.'"
The first four chapters of Tractate Shekalim in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the law of the half-shekel head tax commanded by .
Reading , "This they shall give . . . half a shekel for an offering to the Lord," to indicate that God pointed with God's finger, Rabbi Ishmael said that each of the five fingers of God's right hand appertain to the mystery of Redemption. Rabbi Ishmael said that God showed the little finger of the hand to Noah, pointing out how to make the Ark, as in , God says, "And this is how you shall make it." With the second finger, next to the little one, God smote the Egyptians with the ten plagues, as ( in the KJV) says, "The magicians said to Pharaoh, 'This is the finger of God.'" With the middle finger, God wrote the Tablets of the Law, as says, "And He gave to Moses, when He had made an end of communing with him . . . tables of stone, written with the finger of God." With the index finger, God showed Moses what the children of Israel should give for the redemption of their souls, as says, "This they shall give . . . half a shekel for an offering to the Lord." With the thumb and all the hand, God will in the future smite God's enemies (who Rabbi Ishmael identified as the children of Esau and Ishmael), as says, "Let your hand be lifted up above your adversaries, and let all your enemies be cut off."
A Midrash taught that God considers studying the sanctuary’s structure as equivalent to rebuilding it.
The Mishnah taught that any sacrifice performed by a priest who had not washed his hands and feet at the laver as required by was invalid.
Rabbi Jose the son of Rabbi Hanina taught that a priest was not permitted to wash in a laver that did not contain enough water to wash four priests, for says, "That Moses and Aaron and his sons might wash their hands and their feet thereat." ("His sons" implies at least two priests, and adding Moses and Aaron makes four.)
The Mishnah reported that the High Priest Ben Katin made 12 spigots for the laver, where there had been two before. Ben Katin also made a machine for the laver, so that its water would not become unfit by remaining overnight.
A Baraita taught that Josiah hid away the anointing oil referred to in , the Ark referred to in , the jar of manna referred to in , Aaron's rod with its almonds and blossoms referred to in , and the coffer that the Philistines sent the Israelites as a gift along with the Ark and concerning which the priests said in , "And put the jewels of gold, which you returned Him for a guilt offering, in a coffer by the side thereof [of the Ark]; and send it away that it may go." Having observed that predicted, "The Lord will bring you and your king . . . to a nation that you have not known," Josiah ordered the Ark hidden away, as reports, "And he [Josiah] said to the Levites who taught all Israel, that were holy to the Lord, 'Put the Holy Ark into the house that Solomon the son of David, King of Israel, built; there shall no more be a burden upon your shoulders; now serve the Lord your God and his people Israel.'" Rabbi Eleazar deduced that Josiah hid the anointing oil and the other objects at the same time as the Ark from the common use of the expressions "there" in with regard to the manna and "there" in with regard to the Ark, "to be kept" in with regard to the manna and "to be kept" in with regard to Aaron's rod, and "generations" in with regard to the manna and "generations" in with regard to the anointing oil.
The Mishnah counted compounding anointing oil in the formula prescribed in and using such sacred anointing oil in a way prohibited by as 2 among 36 transgressions in the Torah punishable with excision (, ). The Mishnah taught that for these transgressions, one was liable to excision if one violated the commandment willfully. If one violated the commandment in error, one was liable to a sin offering. If there was a doubt whether one had violated the commandment, one was liable to a suspensive guilt offering, except, taught Rabbi Meir, in the case of one who defiled the Temple or its consecrated things, in which case one was liable to a sliding-scale sacrifice (according to the means of the transgressor, as provided in ).
Rabbi Judah taught that many miracles attended the anointing oil that Moses made in the wilderness. There were originally only 12 (about a gallon) of the oil. Much of it must have been absorbed in the mixing pot, much must have been absorbed in the roots of the spices used, and much of it must have evaporated during cooking. Yet it was used to anoint the Tabernacle and its vessels, Aaron and his sons throughout the seven days of the consecration, and subsequent High Priests and kings. The Gemara deduced from , "This (, ) shall be a holy anointing oil unto Me throughout your generations," that 12 existed. The Gemara calculated the numerical value of the Hebrew letters in the word , ("this") to be 12 (employing Gematria, where equals 7 and equals 5), indicating that 12 logs of the oil were preserved throughout time.
Exodus chapter 31
Rabbi Joḥanan taught that God proclaims three things for God's Self: famine, plenty, and a good leader. shows that God proclaims famine, when it says: "The Lord has called for a famine." shows that God proclaims plenty, when it says: "I will call for the corn and will increase it." And shows that God proclaims a good leader, when it says: "And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, 'See I have called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri.'" Rabbi Isaac taught that we cannot appoint a leader over a community without first consulting the people, as says: "And Moses said to the children of Israel: 'See, the Lord has called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri.'" Rabbi Isaac taught that God asked Moses whether Moses considered Bezalel suitable. Moses replied that if God thought Bezalel suitable, surely Moses must also. God told Moses that, all the same, Moses should go and consult the people. Moses then asked the Israelites whether they considered Bezalel suitable. They replied that if God and Moses considered Bezalel suitable, then surely they had to, as well. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani said in the name of Rabbi Joḥanan that Bezalel (, whose name can be read , , "in the shadow of God") was so called because of his wisdom. When God told Moses (in ) to tell Bezalel to make a tabernacle, an ark, and vessels, Moses reversed the order and told Bezalel to make an ark, vessels, and a tabernacle. Bezalel replied to Moses that as a rule, one first builds a house and then brings vessels into it, but Moses directed to make an ark, vessels, and a tabernacle. Bezalel asked where he would put the vessels. And Bezalel asked whether God had told Moses to make a tabernacle, an ark, and vessels. Moses replied that perhaps Bezalel had been in the shadow of God (, ) and had thus come to know this. Rav Judah taught in the name of Rav that indicated that God endowed Bezalel with the same attribute that God used in creating the universe. Rav Judah said in the name of Rav that Bezalel knew how to combine the letters by which God created the heavens and earth. For says (about Bezalel), "And He has filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom and in understanding, and in knowledge," and says (about creation), "The Lord by wisdom founded the earth; by understanding He established the heavens," and says, "By His knowledge the depths were broken up."
Rabbi Tanḥuma taught in the name of Rav Huna that even the things that Bezalel did not hear from Moses he conceived of on his own exactly as they were told to Moses from Sinai. Rabbi Tanḥuma said in the name of Rav Huna that one can deduce this from the words of , "And Bezalel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the Lord commanded Moses." For does not say, "that Moses commanded him," but, "that the Lord commanded Moses."
And the Agadat Shir ha-Shirim taught that Bezalel and Oholiab went up Mount Sinai, where the heavenly Sanctuary was shown to them.
Tractate Shabbat in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Sabbath in and 29; (20:8–11 in the NJPS); ; ; ; ; ; ; and (5:12 in the NJPS).
Reading the words "everyone who profanes [the Sabbath] shall surely be put to death" in (in which the verb for death is doubled), Samuel deduced that the Torah decreed many deaths for desecrating the Sabbath. The Gemara posited that perhaps refers to willful desecration. The Gemara answered that is not needed to teach that willful transgression of the Sabbath is a capital crime, for says, "Whoever does any work therein shall be put to death." The Gemara concluded that thus must apply to an unwitting offender, and in that context, the words "shall surely be put to death" mean that the inadvertent Sabbath violator will "die" monetarily because of the violator's need to bring costly sacrifices.
The Sifra taught that the incidents of the blasphemer in and the wood gatherer in happened at the same time, but the Israelites did not leave the blasphemer with the wood gatherer, for they knew that the wood gatherer was going to be executed, as directed, "those who profane it [the Sabbath] shall be put to death." But they did not know the correct form of death penalty for him, for God had not yet been specified what to do to him, as says, "for it had not [yet] been specified what should be done to him." With regard to the blasphemer, the Sifra read , "until the decision of the Lord should be made clear to them," to indicate that they did not know whether or not the blasphemer was to be executed. (And if they placed the blasphemer together with the wood gatherer, it might have caused the blasphemer unnecessary fear, as he might have concluded that he was on death row. Therefore, they held the two separately.)
A Midrash asked to which commandment refers when it says, "For if you shall diligently keep all this commandment that I command you, to do it, to love the Lord your God, to walk in all His ways, and to cleave to Him, then will the Lord drive out all these nations from before you, and you shall dispossess nations greater and mightier than yourselves." Rabbi Levi said that "this commandment" refers to the recitation of the Shema (), but the Rabbis said that it refers to the Sabbath, which is equal to all the precepts of the Torah.
The Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva taught that when God was giving Israel the Torah, God told them that if they accepted the Torah and observed God's commandments, then God would give them for eternity a most precious thing that God possessed — the World To Come. When Israel asked to see in this world an example of the World To Come, God replied that the Sabbath is an example of the World To Come.
The Mishnah taught that the two Tablets of the Ten Commandments that God gave Moses in were among ten things that God created on the eve of the first Sabbath at twilight.
Rabbi Meir taught that the stone Tablets that God gave Moses in were each 6 handbreadths long, 6 handbreadths wide, and 3 handbreadths thick.
Rabbi Simeon ben Lakish (Resh Lakish) taught that the Torah that God gave Moses was of white fire and its writing of black fire. It was itself fire and it was hewn out of fire and completely formed of fire and given in fire, as says, "At His right hand was a fiery law to them."
Rabbi Samuel bar Nahman taught that when God passed the two Tablets to Moses (as reported in ), the Tablets conveyed to Moses a lustrous appearance (as reported in ).
Rabbi Eleazar taught that from the words of , "tablets (, ) of stone," one may learn that if one regards one's cheeks (, ) as stone that is not easily worn away (constantly speaking words of Torah, regardless of the strain on one's facial muscles), one's learning will be preserved, but otherwise it will not.
Reading "the finger of God" in , Rabbi Ishmael said that each of the five fingers of God's right hand appertain to the mystery of Redemption. Rabbi Ishmael said that God wrote the Tablets of the Law with the middle finger, as says, "And He gave to Moses, when He had made an end of communing with him . . . tables of stone, written with the finger of God."
Exodus chapter 32
A Baraita taught that because of God's displeasure with the Israelites, the north wind did not blow on them in any of the 40 years during which they wandered in the wilderness.
Rabbi Tanḥum bar Hanilai taught that Aaron made the Golden Calf in as a compromise with the people's demand in to "make us a god who shall go before us." Rabbi Benjamin bar Japhet, reporting Rabbi Eleazar, interpreted the words of , "And when Aaron saw it, he built an altar before it," to mean that Aaron saw (his nephew) Hur lying slain before him and thought that if he did not obey the people, they would kill him as well. ( mentions that Moses appointed Hur to share the leadership of the people with Aaron, but after Moses descended from Mount Sinai, Hur's name does not appear again.) Aaron thought that the people would then fulfill the words of , "Shall the Priest and the Prophet be slain in the Sanctuary of God?" and the people would then never find forgiveness. Aaron thought it better to let the people worship the Golden Calf, for which they might yet find forgiveness through repentance. And thus Rabbi Tanḥum bar Hanilai concluded that it was in reference to Aaron's decision-making in this incident that can be read to mean, "He who praises one who makes a compromise blasphemes God."
The Sages told that Aaron really intended to delay the people until Moses came down, but when Moses saw Aaron beating the Golden Calf into shape with a hammer, Moses thought that Aaron was participating in the sin and was incensed with him. So God told Moses that God knew that Aaron's intentions were good. The Midrash compared it to a prince who became mentally unstable and started digging to undermine his father's house. His tutor told him not to weary himself but to let him dig. When the king saw it, he said that he knew the tutor's intentions were good, and declared that the tutor would rule over the palace. Similarly, when the Israelites told Aaron in , "Make us a god," Aaron replied in , "Break off the golden rings that are in the ears of your wives, of your sons, and of your daughters, and bring them to me." And Aaron told them that since he was a priest, they should let him make it and sacrifice to it, all with the intention of delaying them until Moses could come down. So God told Aaron that God knew Aaron's intention, and that only Aaron would have sovereignty over the sacrifices that the Israelites would bring. Hence in , God told Moses, "And bring near Aaron your brother, and his sons with him, from among the children of Israel, that they may minister to Me in the priest's office." The Midrash told that God told this to Moses several months later in the Tabernacle itself when Moses was about to consecrate Aaron to his office. Rabbi Levi compared it to the friend of a king who was a member of the imperial cabinet and a judge. When the king was about to appoint a palace governor, he told his friend that he intended to appoint the friend's brother. So God made Moses superintendent of the palace, as reports, "My servant Moses is . . . is trusted in all My house," and God made Moses a judge, as reports, "Moses sat to judge the people." And when God was about to appoint a High Priest, God notified Moses that it would be his brother Aaron.
A Midrash noted that in the incident of the Golden Calf, in , Aaron told them, "Break off the golden rings that are in the ears of your wives," but the women refused to participate, as indicates when it says, "And all the people broke off the golden rings that were in their ears." Similarly, the Midrash noted that says that in the incident of the spies, "the men . . . when they returned, made all the congregation to murmur against him." The Midrash explained that that is why the report of about the daughters of Zelophehad follows immediately after the report of about the death of the wilderness generation. The Midrash noted that says, "there was not left a man of them, save Caleb the son of Jephunneh," because the men had been unwilling to enter the Land. But the Midrash taught that says, "then drew near the daughters of Zelophehad," to show that the women still sought an inheritance in the Land. The Midrash taught that in that generation, the women built up fences that the men broke down.
The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer expounded on the exchange between God and Moses in after the sin of the Golden Calf. The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer told that after the incident of the Golden Calf, God told Moses that the Israelites had forgotten God's might and had made an idol. Moses replied to God that while the Israelites had not yet sinned, God had called them "My people," as in , God had said, "And I will bring forth My hosts, My people." But Moses noted that once the Israelites had sinned, God told Moses (in ), "Go, get down, for your people have corrupted themselves." Moses told God that the Israelites were indeed God's people, and God's inheritance, as reports Moses saying, "Yet they are Your people and Your inheritance."
Did the prayer of Moses in change God's harsh decree? On this subject, Rabbi Abbahu interpreted David's last words, as reported in , where David reported that God told him, "Ruler over man shall be the righteous, even he that rules through the fear of God." Rabbi Abbahu read to teach that God rules humankind, but the righteous rule God, for God makes a decree, and the righteous may through their prayer annul it.
Rava employed to interpret , which says: "And Moses besought () the Lord his God" in connection with the incident of the Golden Calf. Rava noted that uses the term "besought" (), while uses the similar term "break" () in connection with vows. Transferring the use of to , Rava reasoned that meant that Moses stood in prayer before God until Moses annulled for God God's vow to destroy Israel, for a master had taught that while people cannot break their vows, others may annul their vows for them. Similarly, Rabbi Berekiah taught in the name of Rabbi Helbo in the name of Rabbi Isaac that Moses absolved God of God's vow. When the Israelites made the Golden Calf, Moses began to persuade God to forgive them, but God explained to Moses that God had already taken an oath in that "he who sacrifices to the gods . . . shall be utterly destroyed," and God could not retract an oath. Moses responded by asking whether God had not granted Moses the power to annul oaths in by saying, "When a man vows a vow to the Lord, or swears an oath to bind his soul with a bond, he shall not break his word," implying that while he himself could not break his word, a scholar could absolve his vow. So Moses wrapped himself in his cloak and adopted the posture of a sage, and God stood before Moses as one asking for the annulment of a vow.
The Gemara deduced from the example of Moses in . that one should seek an interceding frame of mind before praying. Rav Huna and Rav Hisda were discussing how long to wait between recitations of the Amidah prayer if one erred in the first reciting and needed to repeat the prayer. One said: long enough for the person praying to fall into a suppliant frame of mind, citing the words "And I supplicated the Lord" in . The other said: long enough to fall into an interceding frame of mind, citing the words "And Moses interceded" in .
A Midrash compared Noah to Moses and found Moses superior. While Noah was worthy to be delivered from the generation of the Flood, he saved only himself and his family, and had insufficient strength to deliver his generation. Moses, however, saved both himself and his generation when they were condemned to destruction after the sin of the Golden Calf, as reports, "And the Lord repented of the evil that He said He would do to His people." The Midrash compared the cases to two ships in danger on the high seas, on board of which were two pilots. One saved himself but not his ship, and the other saved both himself and his ship.
Interpreting on the "tablets that were written on both their sides," Rav Chisda said that the writing of the Tablets was cut completely through the Tablets, so that it could be read from either side. Thus the letters mem and samekh, which each form a complete polygon, left some of the stone Tablets in the middle of those letters standing in the air where they were held stable only by a miracle.
Rabbi Samuel bar Nahman told that when the Israelites exclaimed, "This is your God, O Israel" in , Moses was just then descending from Mount Sinai. Joshua told Moses (in ), "There is a noise of war in the camp." But Moses retorted (in ), "It is not the voice of them that shout for mastery; neither is it the voice of them that cry for being overcome, but the noise of them that sing do I hear." Rabbi Samuel bar Nahman interpreted the words, "but the noise of them that sing do I hear," to mean that Moses heard the noise of reproach and blasphemy. The men of the Great Assembly noted that reports, "They had made a molten calf, and said: 'This is your God that brought you up out of Egypt.'" That would be sufficient provocation, but continues, "And wrought great provocations." The men of the Great Assembly thus concluded that demonstrates that in addition to making the Golden Calf, on that occasion the Israelites also uttered reproaches and blasphemy.
A Midrash explained why Moses broke the stone Tablets. When the Israelites committed the sin of the Golden Calf, God sat in judgment to condemn them, as says, "Let Me alone, that I may destroy them," but God had not yet condemned them. So Moses took the Tablets from God to appease God's wrath. The Midrash compared the act of Moses to that of a king's marriage-broker. The king sent the broker to secure a wife for the king, but while the broker was on the road, the woman corrupted herself with another man. The broker (who was entirely innocent) took the marriage document that the king had given the broker to seal the marriage and tore it, reasoning that it would be better for the woman to be judged as an unmarried woman than as a wife.
Rabbi Eleazar taught that one could learn from the words of , "carved on the tablets," that if the first two Tablets had not been broken, the Torah would have remained carved forever, and the Torah would never have been forgotten in Israel. Rav Aha bar Jacob said that no nation or tongue would have had any power over Israel, as one can read the word "carved" (, ) in as "freedom" (, ). (Thus, for the sake of the original two Tablets, Israel would have remained forever free.)
A Baraita taught that when Moses broke the Tablets in , it was one of three actions that Moses took based on his own understanding with which God then agreed. The Gemara explained that Moses reasoned that if the Passover lamb, which was just one of the 613 commandments, was prohibited by to aliens, then certainly the whole Torah should be prohibited to the Israelites, who had acted as apostates with the Golden Calf. The Gemara deduced God's approval from God's mention of Moses' breaking the Tablets in . Resh Lakish interpreted this to mean that God gave Moses strength because he broke the Tablets.
A Midrash taught that in recompense for Moses having grown angry and breaking the first set of Tablets in , God imposed on Moses the job of carving the second set of two Tablets in .
The Rabbis taught that and bear out Ecclesiastes , "A time to cast away stones, and a time to gather stones together." The Rabbis taught that refers to Moses. For there was a time for Moses to cast away the Tablets in , and a time for him to restore them to Israel in .
Reading the report of that Moses "took the calf . . . ground it to powder, and sprinkled it on the water, and made the children of Israel drink it," the Sages interpreted that Moses meant to test the Israelites much as the procedure of tested a wife accused of adultery ().
The Rabbis taught that through the word "this," Aaron became degraded, as it is said in , "And Aaron said: '. . . I cast it into the fire, and there came out this calf,'" and through the word "this," Aaron was also elevated, as it is said in , "This is the offering of Aaron and of his sons, which they shall offer to the Lord on the day when he is anointed" to become High Priest.
A Midrash noted that Israel sinned with fire in making the Golden Calf, as says, "And I cast it into the fire, and there came out this calf." And then Bezalel came and healed the wound (and the construction of the Tabernacle made atonement for the sins of the people in making the Golden Calf). The Midrash likened it to the words of , "Behold, I have created the smith who blows the fire of coals." The Midrash taught that Bezalel was the smith whom God had created to address the fire. And the Midrash likened it to the case of a doctor's disciple who applied a plaster to a wound and healed it. When people began to praise him, his teacher, the doctor, said that they should praise the doctor, for he taught the disciple. Similarly, when everybody said that Bezalel had constructed the Tabernacle through his knowledge and understanding, God said that it was God who created him and taught him, as says, "Behold, I have created the smith." Thus Moses said in , "see, the Lord has called by name Bezalel."
Rav Nahman bar Isaac derived from the words "if not, blot me, I pray, out of Your book that You have written" in that three books are opened in heaven on Rosh Hashanah. Rav Kruspedai said in the name of Rabbi Joḥanan that on Rosh Hashanah, three books are opened in Heaven — one for the thoroughly wicked, one for the thoroughly righteous, and one for those in between. The thoroughly righteous are immediately inscribed definitively in the book of life. The thoroughly wicked are immediately inscribed definitively in the book of death. And the fate of those in between is suspended from Rosh Hashanah to Yom Kippur. If they deserve well, then they are inscribed in the book of life; if they do not deserve well, then they are inscribed in the book of death. Rabbi Abin said that tells us this when it says, "Let them be blotted out of the book of the living, and not be written with the righteous." "Let them be blotted out from the book" refers to the book of the wicked. "Of the living" refers to the book of the righteous. "And not be written with the righteous" refers to the book of those in between. Rav Nahman bar Isaac derived this from , where Moses told God, "if not, blot me, I pray, out of Your book that You have written." "Blot me, I pray" refers to the book of the wicked. "Out of Your book" refers to the book of the righteous. "That you have written" refers to the book of those in between. A Baraita taught that the House of Shammai said that there will be three groups at the Day of Judgment — one of thoroughly righteous, one of thoroughly wicked, and one of those in between. The thoroughly righteous will immediately be inscribed definitively as entitled to everlasting life; the thoroughly wicked will immediately be inscribed definitively as doomed to Gehinnom, as says, "And many of them who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life and some to reproaches and everlasting abhorrence." Those in between will go down to Gehinnom and scream and rise again, as says, "And I will bring the third part through the fire, and will refine them as silver is refined, and will try them as gold is tried. They shall call on My name and I will answer them." Of them, Hannah said in , "The Lord kills and makes alive, He brings down to the grave and brings up." Reading the description of God in as "abundant in kindness," the House of Hillel taught that God inclines the scales towards grace (so that those in between do not have to descend to Gehinnom), and of them David said in , "I love that the Lord should hear my voice and my supplication . . . The cords of death compassed me, and the straits of the netherworld got hold upon me," and on their behalf David composed the conclusion of , "I was brought low and He saved me."
Exodus chapter 33
Reading , Rabbi Simlai taught that when the Israelites gave precedence to "we will do" over "we will hear," 600,000 ministering angels came and set two crowns on each Israelite man, one as a reward for "we will do" and the other as a reward for "we will hearken." But as soon as the Israelites committed the sin of the Golden Calf, 1.2 million destroying angels descended and removed the crowns, as it is said in , "And the children of Israel stripped themselves of their ornaments from mount Horeb."
The Gemara reported a number of Rabbis' reports of how the Land of Israel did indeed flow with "milk and honey," as described in and 17, , and , , and , and , , and 15, , and . Once when Rami bar Ezekiel visited Bnei Brak, he saw goats grazing under fig trees while honey was flowing from the figs, and milk dripped from the goats mingling with the fig honey, causing him to remark that it was indeed a land flowing with milk and honey. Rabbi Jacob ben Dostai said that it is about three miles from Lod to Ono, and once he rose up early in the morning and waded all that way up to his ankles in fig honey. Resh Lakish said that he saw the flow of the milk and honey of Sepphoris extend over an area of sixteen miles by sixteen miles. Rabbah bar Bar Hana said that he saw the flow of the milk and honey in all the Land of Israel and the total area was equal to an area of twenty-two parasangs by six parasangs.
Rav Judah taught in the name of Rav that as Moses was dying, Joshua quoted back to Moses the report of about how Joshua stood by the side of Moses all the time. Rav Judah reported in the name of Rav that when Moses was dying, he invited Joshua to ask him about any doubts that Joshua might have. Joshua replied by asking Moses whether Joshua had ever left Moses for an hour and gone elsewhere. Joshua asked Moses whether Moses had not written in , "The Lord would speak to Moses face to face, as one man speaks to another. . . . But his servant Joshua the son of Nun departed not out of the Tabernacle." Joshua's words wounded Moses, and immediately the strength of Moses waned, and Joshua forgot 300 laws, and 700 doubts concerning laws arose in Joshua's mind. The Israelites then arose to kill Joshua (unless he could resolve these doubts). God then told Joshua that it was not possible to tell him the answers (for, as tells, the Torah is not in Heaven). Instead, God then directed Joshua to occupy the Israelites' attention in war, as reports.
Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani taught in the name of Rabbi Jonathan that the report of helped to illuminate the words of as a blessing. Ben Damah the son of Rabbi Ishmael's sister once asked Rabbi Ishmael whether one who had studied the whole Torah might learn Greek wisdom. Rabbi Ishmael replied by reading to Ben Damah , "This book of the law shall not depart out of your mouth, but you shall meditate therein day and night." And then Rabbi Ishmael told Ben Damah to go find a time that is neither day nor night and learn Greek wisdom then. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani, however, taught in the name of Rabbi Jonathan that is neither duty nor command, but a blessing. For God saw that the words of the Torah were most precious to Joshua, as says, "The Lord would speak to Moses face to face, as one man speaks to another. And he would then return to the camp. His minister Joshua, the son of Nun, a young man, departed not out of the tent." So God told Joshua that since the words of the Torah were so precious to him, God assured Joshua (in the words of ) that "this book of the law shall not depart out of your mouth." A Baraita was taught in the School of Rabbi Ishmael, however, that one should not consider the words of the Torah as a debt that one should desire to discharge, for one is not at liberty to desist from them.
A Midrash taught that , "And he who waits on his master shall be honored," alludes to Joshua, for Joshua ministered to Moses day and night, as reported by , which says, "Joshua departed not out of the Tent," and , which says, "Joshua . . . said: 'My lord Moses, shut them in.'" Consequently, God honored Joshua by saying of Joshua in "He shall stand before Eleazar the priest, who shall inquire for him by the judgment of the Urim." And because Joshua served his master Moses, Joshua attained the privilege of receiving the Holy Spirit, as reports, "Now it came to pass after the death of Moses . . . that the Lord spoke to Joshua, the minister of Moses." The Midrash taught that there was no need for to state, "the minister of Moses," so the purpose of the statement "the minister of Moses" was to explain that Joshua was awarded the privilege of prophecy because he was the minister of Moses.
Rav Nachman taught that the angel of whom God spoke in was Metatron (). Rav Nahman warned that one who is as skilled in refuting heretics as Rav Idit should do so, but others should not. Once a heretic asked Rav Idit why says, "And to Moses He said, 'Come up to the Lord,'" when surely God should have said, "Come up to Me." Rav Idit replied that it was the angel Metatron who said that, and that Metatron's name is similar to that of his Master (and indeed the gematria (numerical value of the Hebrew letters) of Metatron () equals that of Shadai (), God's name in and elsewhere) for says, "for my name is in him." But if so, the heretic retorted, we should worship Metatron. Rav Idit replied that also says, "Be not rebellious against him," by which God meant, "Do not exchange Me for him" (as the word for "rebel," (, ) derives from the same root as the word "exchange"). The heretic then asked why then says, "he will not pardon your transgression." Rav Idit answered that indeed Metatron has no authority to forgive sins, and the Israelites would not accept him even as a messenger, for reports that Moses told God, "If Your Presence does not go with me, do not carry us up from here."
A Baraita taught in the name of Rabbi Joshua ben Korhah that God told Moses that when God wanted to be seen at the burning bush, Moses did not want to see God's face; Moses hid his face in , for he was afraid to look upon God. And then in , when Moses wanted to see God, God did not want to be seen; in , God said, "You cannot see My face." But Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani said in the name of Rabbi Jonathan that in compensation for three pious acts that Moses did at the burning bush, he was privileged to obtain three rewards. In reward for hiding his face in , his face shone in . In reward his fear of God in , the Israelites were afraid to come near him in . In reward for his reticence "to look upon God," he beheld the similitude of God in .
The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer told what happened in after Moses asked to behold God's Presence in . Moses foretold that he would behold God's Glory and make atonement for the Israelites' iniquities on Yom Kippur. On that day, Moses asked God (in the words of ) "Show me, I pray, Your Glory." God told Moses that Moses was not able to see God's Glory lest he die, as reports God said, "men shall not see Me and live," but for the sake of God's oath to Moses, God agreed to do as Moses asked. God instructed Moses to stand at the entrance of a cave, and God would cause all God's angels to pass before Moses. God told Moses to stand his ground, and not to fear, as reports, "And He said, I will make all My Goodness pass before you." God told Moses that when he heard the Name that God had spoken to him, then Moses would know that God was before him, as reports. The ministering angels complained that they served before God day and night, and they were unable to see God's Glory, but this man Moses born of woman desired to see God's Glory. The angels arose in wrath and excitement to kill Moses, and he came near to death. God intervened in a cloud to protect Moses, as reports, "And the Lord descended in the cloud." God protected Moses with the hollow of God's hand so that he would not die, as reports, "And it shall come to pass, while My Glory passes by, that I will put you in a cleft of the rock, and I will cover you with My hand." When God had passed by, God removed the hollow of God's hand from Moses, and he saw traces of the , as says, "And I will take away My hand, and you shall see my back." Moses began to cry with a loud voice, and Moses said the words of "O Lord, O Lord, a God full of compassion and gracious . . . ." Moses asked God to pardon the iniquities of the people in connection with the Golden Calf. God told Moses that if he had asked God then to pardon the iniquities of all Israel, even to the end of all generations, God would have done so, as it was the appropriate time. But Moses had asked for pardon with reference to the Golden Calf, so God told Moses that it would be according to his words, as says, "And the Lord said, 'I have pardoned according to your word.'"
Rabbi Jose ben Halafta employed to help explain how God can be called "the Place." Reading the words, "And he lighted upon the place," in to mean, "And he met the Divine Presence ()," Rav Huna asked in Rabbi Ammi's name why assigns to God the name "the Place." Rav Huna explained that it is because God is the Place of the world (the world is contained in God, and not God in the world). Rabbi Jose ben Halafta taught that we do not know whether God is the place of God's world or whether God's world is God's place, but from , which says, "Behold, there is a place with Me," it follows that God is the place of God's world, but God's world is not God's place. Rabbi Isaac taught that reading , "The eternal God is a dwelling place," one cannot know whether God is the dwelling-place of God's world or whether God's world is God's dwelling-place. But reading , "Lord, You have been our dwelling-place," it follows that God is the dwelling-place of God's world, but God's world is not God's dwelling-place. And Rabbi Abba ben Judan taught that God is like a warrior riding a horse with the warrior's robes flowing over on both sides of the horse. The horse is subsidiary to the rider, but the rider is not subsidiary to the horse. Thus says, "You ride upon Your horses, upon Your chariots of victory."
Exodus chapter 34
Rabban Joḥanan ben Zakkai explained why God carved the first two Tablets but instructed Moses to carve the second two in . Rabban Joḥanan ben Zakkai compared it to the case of a king who took a wife and paid for the paper for the marriage contract, the scribe, and the wedding dress. But when he saw her cavorting with one of his servants, he became angry with her and sent her away. Her agent came to the king and argued that she had been raised among servants and was thus familiar with them. The king told the agent that if he wished that the king should become reconciled with her, the agent should pay for the paper and the scribe for a new wedding contract and the king would sign it. Similarly, when Moses spoke to God after the Israelites committed the sin of the Golden Calf, Moses argued that God knew that God had brought the Israelites out of Egypt, a house of idolatry. God answered that if Moses desired that God should become reconciled with the Israelites, then Moses would have to bring the Tablets at his own expense, and God would append God's signature, as God says in , "And I will write upon the tablets."
In , Moses foretold that "A prophet will the Lord your God raise up for you . . . like me," and Rabbi Joḥanan thus taught that prophets would have to be, like Moses, strong, wealthy, wise, and meek. Strong, for says of Moses, "he spread the tent over the tabernacle," and a Master taught that Moses himself spread it, and reports, "Ten cubits shall be the length of a board." Similarly, the strength of Moses can be derived from , in which Moses reports, "And I took the two tablets, and cast them out of my two hands, and broke them," and it was taught that the Tablets were six handbreadths in length, six in breadth, and three in thickness. Wealthy, as reports God's instruction to Moses, "Carve yourself two tablets of stone," and the Rabbis interpreted the verse to teach that the chips would belong to Moses. Wise, for Rav and Samuel both said that 50 gates of understanding were created in the world, and all but one were given to Moses, for said of Moses, "You have made him a little lower than God." Meek, for reports, "Now the man Moses was very meek."
The Sifre taught that shows Attributes of God that people should emulate. enjoins people "to love the Lord your God, to walk in all His ways." The Sifre taught that to walk in God's ways means to be, in the words of , "merciful and gracious."
The Jerusalem Talmud saw God's Attribute of forgiveness in . The Jerusalem Talmud taught that if, on the Day of Judgment, the greater part of one's record consists of honorable deeds, one will inherit the Garden of Eden, but if the greater part consists of transgressions, one will inherit Gehenna. If the record is evenly balanced, Rabbi Yosé ben Ḥaninah read not to say "forgives sins," but rather "forgives [a] sin." That is to say, God tears up one document recording a sin, so that one's honorable deeds then will outweigh one's sins and one can inherit the Garden of Eden. Reading , "To You, O Lord, belongs steadfast love. For You requite a person according to his work," Rabbi Eleazar argued that does not say "his deed," but "like his deed," teaching that if a person is lacking in good deeds, God will give the person one of God's own, so that the person's merits will outweigh the person's sins. The Jerusalem Talmud noted that this is consistent with Rabbi Eleazar's reading of the words "abounding in steadfast love" in . Rabbi Eleazar read to teach that God tips the scale in favor of mercy so that a person can inherit the Garden of Eden.
The Babylonian Talmud reconciled apparent inconsistencies in God's Attributes in . Rav Huna contrasted the description of God in two parts of . Rav Huna asked how, in the words of , God could be simultaneously "righteous in all His ways," and "gracious in all His works" — how can God be simultaneously just and merciful? At first, God is righteous, and in the end, gracious (when God sees that the world cannot endure strict justice). Similarly, Rabbi Eleazar contrasted two Attributes reported in . Rabbi Eleazar asked how it could be simultaneously true that, in the words of , "to You, O Lord, belongs mercy," and "for You render to every man according to his work." At first, God "render[s] to every man according to his work," but at the end, "to You, O Lord, belongs mercy." Similarly, Ilfi (or others say Ilfa) contrasted two Attributes. reports that God is "abundant in goodness," and then says, "and in truth." Ilfi asked how both could be true. At first, God exhibits "truth," and at the end, "abundant . . . goodness." Rabbi Joḥanan said that were it not written in , it would be impossible to say such a thing took place. But teaches that God drew a prayer shawl around God's self like the leader of congregational prayers and showed Moses the order of prayer. God told Moses that whenever Israel sins, they should recite the passage in containing God's 13 Attributes, and God would forgive them. The Gemara interpreted the words "The Lord, the Lord" in to teach that God is the Eternal (exhibiting mercy) before humans sin and the same after they sin and repent. Rav Judah interpreted the words "a God merciful and gracious" in to teach that with the 13 Attributes, God made a covenant that Jews will not be turned away empty-handed when they recite the Attributes, for soon thereafter, in , God says, "Behold I make a covenant."
A Baraita reported that Rabbi Elazar said that one cannot read "absolve" in to apply to all transgressions, as "will not absolve" is also stated in , as well. Rabbi Elazar resolved the apparent contradiction by teaching that God absolves those who repent and does not absolve those who do not repent. Therefore, both "repentance" and "absolve" were mentioned at Mount Sinai.
Reading the Attribute "long-suffering" (, ) in , Rabbi Ḥaggai (or some say Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani) asked why it says , , using a plural form (meaning "faces" or "countenances") rather than , , using the singular form. The Rabbi answered that this means that God is long-suffering in two ways: God is long-suffering toward the righteous, that is, God delays payment of their reward (until the World To Come); and God is also long-suffering toward the wicked, that is, God does not punish them immediately (waiting until the World To Come).
The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer told that God spoke to the Torah the words of , "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness." The Torah answered that the man whom God sought to create would be limited in days and full of anger, and would come into the power of sin. Unless God would be long-suffering with him, the Torah continued, it would be well for man not to come into the world. God asked the Torah whether it was for nothing that God is called (echoing ) "slow to anger" and "abounding in love." God then set about making man.
Expanding on , "And God said to Moses . . . ," Rabbi Abba bar Memel taught that in response to the request of Moses to know God's Name, God told Moses that God is called according to God's work — sometimes Scripture calls God "Almighty God," "Lord of Hosts," "God," or "Lord." When God judges created beings, Scripture calls God "God," and when God wages war against the wicked, Scripture calls God "Lord of Hosts" (as in and ). When God suspends judgment for a person's sins, Scripture calls God "El Shadday" ("Almighty God"), and when God is merciful towards the world, Scripture calls God "Adonai" ("Lord"), for "Adonai" refers to the Attribute of Mercy, as says: "The Lord, the Lord (Adonai, Adonai), God, merciful and gracious." Hence in , God said "'I Am That I Am' in virtue of My deeds."
In a Baraita, the House of Shammai taught that on the great Day of Judgment at the end of days, people will be divided into three groups: wholly righteous people, wholly wicked people, and middling people. The House of Hillel taught that the God Whom describes as "abundant in kindness" will tilt the scales in favor of kindness, so that middling people will not have to pass through Gehenna.
Rabbi Jose interpreted the words "forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin; and that will by no means clear the guilty" in to teach that a person who sins once, twice, or even three times is forgiven, but one who sins four times is not forgiven. Rabbi Jose cited for support , where God says, "for three transgressions of Israel," God would not reverse God's forgiveness, and , which says, "God does these things twice, yea thrice, with a man."
A Baraita taught that when Moses ascended to receive the Torah from God, Moses found God writing "longsuffering" among the words with which describes God. Moses asked God whether God meant longsuffering with the righteous, to which God replied that God is longsuffering even with the wicked. Moses exclaimed that God could let the wicked perish, but God cautioned Moses that Moses would come to desire God's longsuffering for the wicked. Later, when the Israelites sinned at the incident of the spies, God reminded Moses that he had suggested that God be longsuffering only with the righteous, to which Moses recounted that God had promised to be longsuffering even with the wicked. And that is why Moses in cited to God that God is "slow to anger."
The Seder Olam Rabbah taught that Moses descended from Mount Sinai on the 10th of Tishrei — Yom Kippur — and announced that God had shown the Israelites God's pleasure, as says, "You will forgive our crimes and sins and let us inherit," and after that, all the Israelites presented themselves in the assembly that Moses called in , and Moses commanded them to build the Tabernacle.
Tractate Beitzah in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws common to all of the festivals in , 43–49; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; and ; .
Tractate Bekhorot in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Talmud interpreted the laws of the firstborn in , 12–13; ; and ; and and . Elsewhere, the Mishnah interpreted to allow money in exchange for redemption of a first-born son to be given to any priest (, ); that if a person weaves the hair of a firstborn donkey into a sack, the sack must be burned; that they did not redeem with the firstborn of a donkey an animal that falls within both wild and domestic categories (a ); and that one was prohibited to derive benefit in any quantity at all from an unredeemed firstborn donkey. And elsewhere, the Mishnah taught that before the Israelites constructed the Tabernacle, the firstborns performed sacrificial services, but after the Israelites constructed the Tabernacle, the Priests (, ) performed the services.
Reading , "And every firstborn of a donkey you shall redeem with a lamb," and , "and the firstborn of a donkey you shall redeem with a lamb," the Mishnah noted that the Torah states this law twice, and deduced that one is therefore not obligated under this law unless both the animal that gives birth is a donkey and the animal born is a donkey. The Mishnah thus concluded that a cow that gave birth to a calf like a donkey and a donkey that gave birth to a foal like a horse are exempt from their offspring being considered a firstborn.
Rabbi Akiva interpreted to prohibit plowing prior to the Sabbatical year () that would reap benefits in the Sabbatical year and to prohibit reaping in the year after the Sabbatical year produce that grew in the Sabbatical year. Rabbi Ishamel argued, however, that applied to the Sabbath, and limited its prohibition to plowing and reaping not elsewhere required by commandment.
Tractate Sukkah in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of Sukkot in ; and ; ; ; and ; and .
Tractate Pesachim in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Passover in , 43–49; ; ; ; ; ; 28:16–25; and .
The Mishnah noted differences between the first Passover in , 43–49; ; ; ; ; ; 28:16–25; and . and the second Passover in . The Mishnah taught that the prohibitions of that "seven days shall there be no leaven found in your houses" and of that "no leaven shall be seen in all your territory" applied to the first Passover; while at the second Passover, one could have both leavened and unleavened bread in one's house. And the Mishnah taught that for the first Passover, one was required to recite the Hallel () when the Passover lamb was eaten; while the second Passover did not require the reciting of Hallel when the Passover lamb was eaten. But both the first and second Passovers required the reciting of Hallel when the Passover lambs were offered, and both Passover lambs were eaten roasted with unleavened bread and bitter herbs. And both the first and second Passovers took precedence over the Sabbath.
The Mishnah taught that they buried meat that had mixed with milk in violation of and and .
Rabbi Simeon ben Yoḥai taught that because the generation of the Flood transgressed the Torah that God gave humanity after Moses had stayed on the mountain for 40 days and 40 nights (as reported in and and , 18, 25, and ), God announced in that God would "cause it to rain upon the earth 40 days and 40 nights."
In medieval Jewish interpretation
The parashah is discussed in these medieval Jewish sources:
Exodus chapter 32
Rashi reported an interpretation by Rabbi Moshe ha-Darshan that since the Levites were submitted in atonement for the firstborn who had practiced idolatry when they worshipped the Golden Calf (in ), and calls idol worship "sacrifices to the dead," and in Moses called one afflicted with tzaraat "as one dead," and required those afflicted with tzaraat to shave, therefore God required the Levites to shave as well.
The compared Moses to Noah and found Moses superior. For when God told Moses in , "Now therefore let me alone, that My anger may grow hot against them, and that I may consume them; and I will make of you a great nation," Moses immediately asked whether he could possibly abandon Israel for his own advantage. Moses protested that the world would say that he had killed Israel and did to them as Noah did to his generation. For when God bade Noah to save himself and his household from the Flood, Noah did not intercede on behalf of his generation, but let them perish. It is for this reason that Scripture names the waters of the Flood after Noah, as says, "For this is as the waters of Noah to me." Thus, Moses sought mercy for his people, and God indeed showed them mercy.
Reading "The Lord spoke . . . in the Sinai Desert . . . on the first of the month . . . 'Take a census,'" Rashi taught that God counted the Israelites often because they were dear to God. When they left Egypt, God counted them in ; when many fell because of the sin of the Golden Calf, God counted them in to know the number who survived; when God came to cause the Divine Presence to rest among them, God counted them. On the first of Nisan, the Tabernacle was erected, and on the first of Iyar, God counted them.
Baḥya ibn Paquda taught that because God showed special goodness to the Israelites among the peoples, taking them out of Egypt and bringing them to the land of Canaan, God put them under an obligation of service, beyond the universal service expected of all peoples. This consists in obedience to commandments that have their basis in revelation alone, beyond moral duties called for by reason. Baḥya taught that whoever assumed service for the glory of God was favored by God with special bounties, and God held them to an obligation of additional service beside the service due from others. Baḥya cited as an example when Moses said in , "'Whoever is on the Lord's side? Let him come to me.' And all the descendants of Levi gathered themselves together to him." God then showed the Levites additional favor and chose from among them Aaron and his sons to be priests. God charged the Levites with particular precepts in addition to those God gave to the rest of the nation, and promised them a great reward in the life hereafter.
Exodus chapter 34
Rashi taught that it was on the first day of Elul that God told Moses, in the words of , "In the morning you shall ascend Mount Sinai," to receive the second tablets, and Moses spent 40 days there, as reported in , "And I remained upon the mountain just as the first days." And on Yom Kippur, God was placated toward Israel and told Moses, in the words of , "I have forgiven, as you have spoken."
Rabbeinu Tam identified the Thirteen Attributes of God in as follows: (1) , : mercy before one sins; (2) , : mercy after one has sinned; (3) , : power in mercy; (4) , : compassionate; (5) , VeḤanun: and gracious; (6) : slow to anger; (7) : and abundant in kindness; (8) : and truth; (9) : preserver of kindness for thousands of generations; (10) : forgiving iniquity; (11) , : and willful sin; (12) , : and error; (13) , : and pardoning.
Reading God's description of God's attributes in , Baḥya ibn Paquda argued we can see that God possesses these attributes from the evidence of God's deeds towards God's creations and from the wisdom and power that God's deeds reflect. But Baḥya cautioned that one must be careful not to take descriptions of God's attributes literally or in a physical sense. Rather, one must know that they are metaphors, geared to what we are capable of grasping with our powers of understanding, because of our urgent need to know God. But God is infinitely greater and loftier than all of these attributes.
Interpreting the Attributes of God in , Judah Halevi argued that all characterizations of God, except for the four-letter Name of God, the Tetragrammaton, are predicates and attributive descriptions, derived from the way God's actions affect the world. People call God "merciful" if God improves the condition of someone whom people pity. People attribute to God "mercy" and "compassion," although Halevi saw these Attributes as weaknesses of the soul and a quick movement of nature. Halevi argued that this cannot actually be applied to God, who is a just Judge, ordaining poverty for one and wealth to another. God's nature, Halevi argued, remains unaffected, having no sympathy for one, nor anger for another. God decides according to law, making some people happy and others miserable. God appears to people, as we observe God's actions, sometimes (in the words of ) as a "merciful and compassionate God," and sometimes (in the words of ) as "a jealous and revengeful God," while in reality God never changes. Halevi divided all Attributes (apart from the Tetragrammaton) into three classes: creative, relative, and negative. And he identified as creative Attributes those derived from God's effect on the world, such as making poor and rich, lifting up or casting down, "merciful and compassionate," "jealous and revengeful," "strong and almighty," and the like.
Similarly, Maimonides equated knowledge of God's Attributes with knowledge of God's works. Because in , God taught Moses Attributes that refer solely to God's works, Maimonides inferred that God had promised to give Moses a knowledge of God's works. Maimonides thus concluded that the ways that Moses wished to know, and which God taught him, were God's actions. Maimonides equated these with what the Sages called "Attributes" (, ), noting that the Talmud spoke of the 13 "Attributes" of God. And the Mishnah also used the term in reference to man, saying, for example, "There are four different sorts (, ) among those who go to the house of learning," and, "There are four different traits (, ) among those who give charity." Maimonides argued that the Sages did not mean that God really possesses Attributes, but that God performs actions similar to human actions that in humans flow from certain Attributes and certain mental dispositions, whereas God has no such dispositions. Although Moses was shown all God's goodness, that is, all God's works, mentions only the 13 Attributes, because they include those acts of God that refer to the creation and the government of mankind, and to know these acts was the principal object of the prayer of Moses. Maimonides found evidence for this in the conclusion of the prayer of Moses in , "that I may know You, that I may find grace in Your sight, and consider that this nation is Your people." That is, Moses sought understanding of God's ways in governing the Israelites, so that Moses might act similarly. Maimonides concluded that "the ways" used in the Bible are identical with the "Attributes" used in the Mishnah, denoting the acts emanating from God in reference to the universe.
The , however, found in God's Attributes components of God's essential Name. In the , Rabbi Simeon taught from the Book of Mystery that the Divine Name has both a revealed and a concealed form. In its revealed form, it is written as the four-letter Name of God, the Tetragrammaton, but in its undisclosed form it is written in other letters, and this undisclosed form represents the most Recondite of all. In the , Rabbi Judah taught that even the revealed form of the Name is hidden under other letters (as the name ADoNaY, , is hidden within ADNY, ) in order to screen the most Recondite of all. In the letters of God's Name are concealed 22 Attributes of Mercy, namely, the 13 Attributes of God in and nine Attributes of the Mikroprosopus, the lesser revealed aspect of God. They all combine in one composite Name. When people were more reverent, the priests openly enunciated the Name in the hearing of all, but after irreverence became widespread, the Name became concealed under other letters. At the time when the Name was disclosed, the priest would concentrate his mind on its deep and inner meaning, and he would utter the Name in such a way as to accord with that meaning. But when irreverence became common in the world, he would conceal all within the written letters. The taught that Moses uttered the 22 letters in two sections, first in in the Attributes of God, and second in , when he uttered nine Attributes of Mercy that are inherent in the Mikroprosopus, and which are radiated from the light of God. All this the priest combined together when he spread forth his hands to bless the people pursuant to , so that all the worlds received God's blessings. It is for this reason that says simply "saying" (, ), instead of the imperative form "say" (, ), in a reference to the hidden letters within the words of the Priestly Blessing. The word , has in its letters the numerical value of 248 minus one ( equals 1; equals 40; equals 6; equals 200; and 1 + 40 + 6 + 200 = 247), equal to the number of a man's bodily parts, excepting the one part on which all the rest depend. All these parts thus receive the Priestly Blessing as expressed in the three verses of .
In modern interpretation
The parashah is discussed in these modern sources:
Exodus chapter 30
reports that "the shekel is twenty gerahs." This table translates units of weight used in the Bible into their modern equivalents:
Exodus chapter 31
Noting that commands the Israelites to observe the Sabbath at the end of the instructions for the Tabernacle and then commands the Israelites to observe the Sabbath just before the account of the Tabernacle's construction, Gunther Plaut concluded that the Sabbath was the bridge that connected the building of the Tabernacle with its deeper purpose.
Nahum Sarna noted that the injunction to observe the Sabbath in is practically repeated verbatim in , with an addition not to kindle fire on the Sabbath.
In 1950, the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of Conservative Judaism ruled: "Refraining from the use of a motor vehicle is an important aid in the maintenance of the Sabbath spirit of repose. Such restraint aids, moreover, in keeping the members of the family together on the Sabbath. However where a family resides beyond reasonable walking distance from the synagogue, the use of a motor vehicle for the purpose of synagogue attendance shall in no wise be construed as a violation of the Sabbath but, on the contrary, such attendance shall be deemed an expression of loyalty to our faith. . . . [I]n the spirit of a living and developing Halachah responsive to the changing needs of our people, we declare it to be permitted to use electric lights on the Sabbath for the purpose of enhancing the enjoyment of the Sabbath, or reducing personal discomfort in the performance of a mitzvah."
Exodus chapter 33
Nathan MacDonald reported some dispute over the exact meaning of the description of the Land of Israel as a "land flowing with milk and honey," as in and 17, 13:5, and 33:3, , and 14:8, and , 11:9, 26:9 and 15, 27:3, and 31:20. MacDonald wrote that the term for milk (, ) could easily be the word for "fat" (, ), and the word for honey (, ) could indicate not bees' honey but a sweet syrup made from fruit. The expression evoked a general sense of the bounty of the land and suggested an ecological richness exhibited in a number of ways, not just with milk and honey. MacDonald noted that the expression was always used to describe a land that the people of Israel had not yet experienced, and thus characterized it as always a future expectation.
Everett Fox noted that "glory" (, ) and "stubbornness" (, kaved lev) are leading words throughout the book of Exodus that give it a sense of unity. Similarly, Propp identified the root — connoting heaviness, glory, wealth, and firmness — as a recurring theme in Exodus: Moses suffered from a heavy mouth in and heavy arms in ; Pharaoh had firmness of heart in ; , 28; , 34; and ; Pharaoh made Israel's labor heavy in ; God in response sent heavy plagues in ; , 18, 24; and , so that God might be glorified over Pharaoh in , 17, and 18; and the book culminates with the descent of God's fiery Glory, described as a "heavy cloud," first upon Sinai and later upon the Tabernacle in ; ; ; , 22; and .
Exodus chapter 34
Propp reported a common scholarly view that contains the Yahwist's (J) Covenant and that the revelation of God's Name in corresponds to the comparable scenes from the Elohist (E) in and the Priestly source (P) in . Propp thus argued that is one long, full Name for God. Propp speculated that might have been God's revelation of a chant that Israelites could use in future crises to remind God of God's transgenerational mercy.
Richard Elliott Friedman observed that the Yahwist's formula in emphasizes the merciful — mercy, grace, and kindness — over the just side of God. In contrast, Friedman noted, the Priestly source never uses these or several other related words, emphasizing rather the just side of God. Friedman argued that this then is an important example of the pervasive way in which the Bible became more than the sum of its parts when the Redactor combined the sources, bringing the two sides together in a new balance in the final version of the Torah, conveying a picture of God Who is torn between justice and mercy, which Friedman argued has been a central element of the conception of God in Judaism and Christianity ever since.
The Chofetz Chaim told a parable to explain the teaching of Rav Judah (see "In classical rabbinic interpretation": "Exodus chapter 34" above) that God would not turn Jews away empty-handed when they recite the 13 Attributes of God in . The Chofetz Chaim told that there was once a wealthy businessman whose poor nephew pleaded with him for a job. The businessman gave the nephew a job, and wrote out a list of tasks describing the nephew's responsibilities. The businessman exhorted the nephew to review the list every day. After a while, the businessman summoned his nephew to ask him what he was doing for the business. The nephew said that he had done everything that the businessman had asked. The businessman pressed the nephew for details. The nephew replied that every day, he recited the list of tasks that the businessman gave him and remembered the list by heart. The businessman asked whether the nephew had done any of the tasks. The nephew answered sheepishly that he thought that since his uncle was the boss, it would be enough for him simply to repeat the list aloud. The businessman called the nephew a fool and explained that the list was only to remind the nephew what to do. Similarly, taught the Chofetz Chaim, the 13 Attributes, while given to Jews to be recited as a prayer, are fundamentally guidelines for how to walk in God's ways.
Phyllis Trible noted that the adjective "merciful" (, ), used in as one of God's Attributes, is tied to the noun "womb" or "uterus" (, ). Trible wrote that the Hebrew noun for "compassion" or "mercy" (, rahamim) thus connotes both a "mode of being and the locus of that mode," as in the Hebrew the concrete meaning of "womb" expanded to encompass the abstractions of "compassion," "mercy," and "love," the verb "to show mercy" (, ), and the adjective "merciful" (, ).
Julius Wellhausen conceived of early Israelite religion as linked to nature's annual cycle and believed that Scripture only later connected the festivals to historical events like the Exodus from Egypt. James Kugel reported that modern scholars generally agreed that Passover reflects two originally separate holidays arising out of the annual harvest cycle. One Festival involved the sacrificing and eating of an animal from the flock, the sacrifice, which arose among shepherds who sacrificed in the light of the full moon of the month that marked the vernal equinox and the end of winter (as directed in ) to bring Divine favor for a safe and prosperous summer for the rest of the flock. The shepherds slaughtered the animal at home, as the rite also stipulated that some of the animal's blood be daubed on the doorposts and lintel of the house (as directed in ) to ward off evil. The rite prescribed that no bone be broken (as directed in ) so as not to bring evil on the flock from which the sacrifice came. Scholars suggest that the name derived from the verb that means "hop" (as in and 26), and theorize that the holiday may originally have involved some sort of ritual "hopping." A second Festival — the Festival of Unleavened Bread — involved farmers eating unleavened barley bread for seven days when the winter's barley crop had reached maturity and was ready for harvest. Farmers observed this Festival with a trip to a local sanctuary (as in and ). Modern scholars believe that the absence of yeast in the bread indicated purity (as in ). The listing of Festivals in and appear to provide evidence for the independent existence of the Festival of Unleavened Bread. Modern scholars suggest that the farmers' Festival of Unleavened Bread and the shepherds' Passover later merged into a single festival, Passover moved from the home to the Temple, and the combined festival was explicitly connected to the Exodus (as in ).
Commandments
According to Sefer ha-Chinuch, there are 4 positive and 5 negative commandments in the parashah:
To give a half shekel annually
A Kohen must wash his hands and feet before service.
To prepare the anointing oil
Not to anoint a stranger with anointing oil
Not to reproduce the anointing oil
Not to reproduce the incense formula
Not to eat or drink anything from an offering to an idol
To let the land lie fallow in the Sabbatical year
Not to cook meat and milk together
Maimonides, however, attributed to this parashah only the following 4 positive and 3 negative commandments:
To give a half shekel annually
A Kohen must wash his hands and feet before service.
To prepare the anointing oil
Not to reproduce the anointing oil
Not to anoint a stranger with anointing oil
Not to reproduce the incense formula
To let the land lie fallow in the Sabbatical year
In the liturgy
Some Jews read the descriptions of the laver in and Aaron's incense offerings in and after the Sabbath morning blessings.
Some Jews sing of the Sabbath's holiness, reflecting , as part of the Baruch El Elyon song () sung in connection with the Sabbath day meal.
Most Jewish communities (except those who follow the practices of the Vilna Gaon, Chabad, and some Yemenites) recite the account of the Sabbath's significance in as the final reading concluding the blessings of the Shema before the punctuating half-Kaddish and the prayer in the Friday Sabbath evening (Maariv) prayer service. The exhortation to "observe" (, ושמרו) the Sabbath that this reading concludes reflects God's command in to "keep My Sabbaths," even to the exclusion of other apparently worthy causes. Again, Jews recite the account of the Sabbath's significance in as part of the paragraph of the prayer in the Sabbath morning (Shacharit) prayer service. And once again, many Jews recite the account of the Sabbath's significance in as part of the paragraph of the Kiddusha Rabba blessing for the Sabbath day meal.
The second blessing before the addresses God about "your people" Israel, as Moses does in .
Jews recite the account of how Moses brought down two Tablets of stone reported in as part of the prayer in the Sabbath morning (Shacharit) prayer service.
Some Jews refer to the inscription on the two Tablets of stone reported in as they study Pirkei Avot chapter 5 on a Sabbath between Passover and Rosh Hashanah. And thereafter, some quote as they study Pirkei Avot chapter 6 on a succeeding Sabbath between Passover and Rosh Hashanah.
God's characteristics of graciousness and compassion in are reflected in and in turn in the prayer in the morning () and afternoon (Mincha) prayer services. Similarly, Jews call on God's characteristic of forgiveness in with the words "forgive us, our Guide" in the weekday prayer in each of the three prayer services. And again, Jews cite God's characteristic of "steadfast lovingkindness ()" in in the section of the service for Shabbat.
Jews recite three times the 13 Attributes of mercy in over and over again during Selichot prayers. And the custom of the Ari, accepted in most but not all communities, is to recite them after removing the Torah from the Ark on Passover, Shavuot, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, and Hoshana Rabbah.
During the prayer in the Sabbath morning () prayer service, Jews refer to the "crown of splendor" that God placed on Moses in .
The weekly maqam
In the Weekly Maqam, Sephardi Jews each week base the songs of the services on the content of that week's parashah. For Parashat Ki Tisa, Sephardi Jews apply Maqam Hijaz, the maqam that expresses mourning and sorrow, as the parashah contains the episode of the Golden Calf, a sad and embarrassing episode in the history of the Israelite people.
Haftarah
Generally
The haftarah for the parashah is:
for Ashkenazi Jews:
for Sephardi Jews (as well as some Ashenazic communities such as Frankfurt am Main):
Connection to the Parashah
Both the parashah and the haftarah in First Kings describe God's prophet confronting idolatry to restore worship of God, the parashah in Moses' anger at the Golden Calf, and the haftarah in the prophet Elijah's confrontation with the prophets of Baal. In both the parashah and the haftarah, the prophet was on a mountain; the prophet invoked the names of Abraham and Isaac in prayer to God; sound () is observed; the prophet called on the Israelites to choose between God and the false god; and God manifested God's choice.
On Shabbat Parah
When the parashah coincides with Shabbat Parah (the special Sabbath prior to Passover — as it does in 2021, 2023, 2026, and 2028), the haftarah is . On Shabbat Parah, the Sabbath of the red heifer, Jews read , which describes the rites of purification using the red heifer (). Similarly, the haftarah in Ezekiel also describes purification. In both the special reading and the haftarah in Ezekiel, sprinkled water cleansed the Israelites.
Notes
Further reading
The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these sources:
Biblical
(20:5 in NJPS) (punishing children for fathers' sin); , 43–49 (Passover); (Passover); (three pilgrim festivals).
(three pilgrim festivals).
(drinking the accursed thing); (Passover); (Attributes of God; punishing children for fathers' sin); (sacrifices to another god; zealots kill apostates; zealots rewarded with priestly standing; plague as punishment; leader makes atonement); (Passover, Shavuot); (Sukkot).
(5:9 in NJPS) (punishing children for fathers' sin); , 25–29 (Golden Calf); (second set of tablets); (three pilgrim festivals); (no capital punishment of children for fathers' sin); (Sukkot).
(cult object from molten jewelry); (Sukkot).
(Sukkot); (golden calves); (northern feast like Sukkot).
(keeping the Sabbath); (universally-observed Sabbath).
(31:29–30 in NJPS) (not punishing children for fathers' sin).
(idols from molten jewelry); (not punishing children for fathers' sin); (Sukkot).
(God's Attributes).
(Sukkot).
("Show me Your ways"); ("Teach me Your way"); (cassia); (ransom to God); (God's book); (blot out of the book of the living); (God drove out the nations before them); (God drove out the nations before them); ("Teach me . . . Your way"); (holy anointing oil); (God's covert; God covering with God's limb); (Israel as God's inheritance); (God's rest); (God spoke to Moses from a cloud); ("The Lord is full of compassion and gracious, slow to anger, and plenteous in mercy"); (God's truth); ("Teach me . . . the way"); (anointing oil); (God's book); (God's Attributes); (God's separate treatment of Israel).
(Sukkot).
(Sukkot).
(Sukkot); (Sukkot); (three Pilgrim festivals).
Early nonrabbinic
Philo. Allegorical Interpretation 2:15:54–55; 3: 15:46, 31:95, 32:101, 48:140–42; That the Worse Is Wont To Attack the Better 44:159–60; On the Posterity of Cain and His Exile 4:13, 5:15–16, 41:136, 46:158, 48:169; On the Giants 5:2–3, 12:53–55; On the Unchangeableness of God 24:109–10; Concerning Noah's Work as a Planter 6:26; On Drunkenness 15:66–67, 24:96; On the Migration of Abraham 2:7–8, 15:84–85, 31:170–71; Who Is the Heir of Divine Things? 4:19–20, 35:167–68, 38:186–39:189, 41:196; On Flight and Finding 17:88–90, 29:165; On the Change of Names 2:7–10, 17:108–09; On the Life of Moses 2:49:270–74; The Special Laws 3:22:124–27. Alexandria, Egypt, early 1st Century CE. In, e.g., The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Translated by Charles Duke Yonge, pages 43, 55, 61, 66, 129, 133, 145, 148–49, 153, 156, 167, 193, 212, 215, 253, 261, 269, 277, 290–92, 329, 336, 341, 350, 515, 606. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1993.
Romans 1st Century. ("I will have mercy on whom I have mercy").
Mark (Passover). Circa 70 CE.
Matthew (Passover). Circa 70–100 CE.
Luke (Passover). Circa 80–150 CE.
John (Sukkot).
Classical rabbinic
Mishnah: Sheviit 1:1–4; Challah 4:9; Shabbat 1:1–24:5; Pesachim 1:1–10:9; Shekalim 1:1–4:9; Yoma 3:10; Sukkah 1:1–5:8; Beitzah 1:1–5:7; Megillah 3:4, 4:10; Avot 5:6, 13–14; Zevachim 2:1, 9:7; Menachot 9:2; Chullin 8:4; Bekhorot 1:1–7; Temurah 7:4; Keritot 1:1–2. Land of Israel, circa 200 CE. In, e.g., The Mishnah: A New Translation. Translated by Jacob Neusner, pages 68–69, 157, 179–208, 229–58, 269, 279–99, 321, 324, 686–88, 721, 751, 781, 788–89, 835–37. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
Tosefta: Challah 2:9; Shabbat 1:1–17:29; Pisha (Pesachim) 1:1–10:13; Shekalim 1:1–3:1; Kippurim (Yoma) 1:18, 2:1, 4:9, 13–14; Sukkah 1:1–4:28; Yom Tov (Beitzah) 1:1–4:11; Megillah 3:1, 36; Sotah 3:10, 6:6, 11; Bava Kamma 7:4; Sanhedrin 4:9, 13:3; Avodah Zarah 3:19, 4:6; Menachot 1:12, 7:1; Parah 4:4. Land of Israel, circa 250 CE. In, e.g., The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew, with a New Introduction. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 1, pages 339, 357–427, 471–539, 546, 548, 564–604, 644, 652, 700–01, 841, 856, 860; volume 2, pages 986–87, 1160, 1182, 1189, 1273, 1276, 1409, 1433, 1754. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002.
Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael 81:1. Land of Israel, late 4th Century. In, e.g., Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 2, pages 251–57. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988.
Jerusalem Talmud: Peah 3a, 8a, 10a, 22b, 31b; Sheviit 1a, 4a; Bikkurim 1a, 23a; Shabbat 1a–113b; Eruvin 33b; Pesachim 1a–86a; Shekalim 1a–61b; Yoma 21b, 23b, 30a, 49b, 55a, 57a; Sukkah 1a–33b; Beitzah 1a–49b; Rosh Hashanah 7b; Taanit 10a, 22b, 26a; Megillah 33b, 40a; Chagigah 2b–3a, 4a, 8a, 19a; Yevamot 62a, 68a; Nedarim 9b, 12b; Nazir 25b; Sotah 39a, 40a; Kiddushin 24a; Sanhedrin 30a, 40b, 46a, 48b, 56b, 61a, 64a; Shevuot 21a; Avodah Zarah 19a, 25a, 26a; Horayot 13a–b. Tiberias, Land of Israel, circa 400 CE. In, e.g., Talmud Yerushalmi. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, and Mordechai Marcus, volumes 3, 6a, 12–15, 17–27, 30, 33, 35, 37, 40, 44–46, 48–49. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2006–2020. And in, e.g., The Jerusalem Talmud: A Translation and Commentary. Edited by Jacob Neusner and translated by Jacob Neusner, Tzvee Zahavy, B. Barry Levy, and Edward Goldman. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2009.
Midrash Tanḥuma Ki Sisa. 5th–10th centuries. In, e.g., The Metsudah Midrash Tanchuma: Shemos II. Translated and annotated by Avrohom Davis, edited by Yaakov Y.H. Pupko, volume 4 (Shemos volume 2), pages 206–338. Monsey, New York: Eastern Book Press, 2004.
Babylonian Talmud: Berakhot 7a–b, 10b, 30b, 32a–b, 55a, 62b, 63b; Shabbat 10b, 30a, 33a, 69b–70a, 86a, 87a, 89a, 119b, 132a; Eruvin 22a, 54a, 96a; Pesachim 2a–121b; Shekalim 2a–22b; Yoma 3b, 22a, 28a, 32b, 36b–37a, 43b, 45a, 66b, 85b–86b; Sukkah 2a–56b; Beitzah 2a–40b; Rosh Hashanah 9a, 16b, 17b; Taanit 8a, 21b, 27b, 28b; Megillah 6b, 10b, 15a–b, 19b, 25a–b, 29b–30a, 31a; Moed Katan 3b–4a, 9a, 15a, 16b, 18b; Chagigah 6b, 11b, 12b, 16a; Yevamot 6b–7a, 49b, 62a, 72a; Ketubot 30a, 31a, 34a, 106a; Nedarim 10b, 32a, 33a, 38a; Nazir 47a; Sotah 13b–14a; Gittin 60b; Kiddushin 17a, 29a–b, 33b; Bava Kamma 34b, 50a, 52b, 55a, 71a, 92a, 112a, 119a; Bava Batra 10b, 15a–b, 75a; Sanhedrin 7a, 13a, 27b, 35b, 38b, 56b, 60b, 63a, 74a, 78b, 83b, 102a, 108a, 110a, 111a; Makkot 8b, 11a, 12a, 13a, 14b, 23a–24a; Shevuot 10b, 15a, 39a; Avodah Zarah 8a, 10b, 44a, 53b; Horayot 4a–b, 6b, 11b; Zevachim 15b, 18a, 19b, 21a, 112b; Menachot 5b–6a, 21b, 35b, 36b, 53b, 72a, 84b, 87b–88a, 89a, 99b, 101b; Chullin 62b, 106b, 114a, 115a, 139b; Bekhorot 3a, 6a, 50a, 51b; Arakhin 4a, 15b, 16b; Temurah 14b, 16a; Keritot 2a, 3a, 5a–6b; Meilah 19a; Niddah 40a, 41a. Sasanian Empire, 6th Century. In, e.g., Talmud Bavli. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz, and Mordechai Marcus, 72 volumes. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2006.
Medieval
Exodus Rabbah 39:1–47:9. 10th Century. In, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Exodus. Translated by Simon M. Lehrman, volume 3, pages 458–545. London: Soncino Press, 1939.
Solomon ibn Gabirol. A Crown for the King, 26:322–23. Spain, 11th Century. Translated by David R. Slavitt, pages 42–43. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Rashi. Commentary. Exodus 30–34. Troyes, France, late 11th Century. In, e.g., Rashi. The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated. Translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, volume 2, pages 423–86. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1994.
Rashbam. Commentary on the Torah. Troyes, early 12th century. In, e.g., Rashbam's Commentary on Exodus: An Annotated Translation. Edited and translated by Martin I. Lockshin, pages 384–424. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997.
Judah Halevi. Kuzari. 1:97; 2:2, 26, 80; 4:3, 15. Toledo, Spain, 1130–1140. In, e.g., Jehuda Halevi. Kuzari: An Argument for the Faith of Israel. Introduction by Henry Slonimsky, pages 68–69, 83, 105, 132, 211, 221–22. New York: Schocken, 1964.
Abraham ibn Ezra. Commentary on the Torah. France, 1153. In, e.g., Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Exodus (Shemot). Translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver, volume 2, pages 628–729. New York: Menorah Publishing Company, 1996.
Maimonides. Guide for the Perplexed, part 1, chapters 4, 8, 15, 16, 18, 21, 37, 46, 48, 54, 64, 66; part 2, chapters 32, 45, 47; part 3, chapters 17, 24, 32, 41, 45, 48, 49, 51, 53. Cairo, Egypt, 1190. In, e.g., Moses Maimonides. The Guide for the Perplexed. Translated by Michael Friedländer, pages 3, 17, 21, 26–27, 30–31, 52–53, 61, 65, 75–76, 96, 98, 221, 245, 248, 287, 304, 323, 346, 358, 371, 380, 385, 392–93. New York: Dover Publications, 1956.
Hezekiah ben Manoah. Hizkuni. France, circa 1240. In, e.g., Chizkiyahu ben Manoach. Chizkuni: Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 611–44. Jerusalem: Ktav Publishers, 2013.
Nachmanides. Commentary on the Torah. Jerusalem, circa 1270. In, e.g., Ramban (Nachmanides): Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Charles B. Chavel, volume 2, pages 510–94. New York: Shilo Publishing House, 1973.
Zohar, part 2, pages 187b–193b. Spain, late 13th Century. In, e.g., The Zohar. Translated by Harry Sperling and Maurice Simon. 5 volumes. London: Soncino Press, 1934.
Bahya ben Asher. Commentary on the Torah. Spain, early 14th century. In, e.g., Midrash Rabbeinu Bachya: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Bachya ben Asher. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 4, pages 1311–417. Jerusalem: Lambda Publishers, 2003.
Jacob ben Asher (Baal Ha-Turim). Commentary on the Torah. Early 14th century. In, e.g., Baal Haturim Chumash: Shemos/Exodus. Translated by Eliyahu Touger, edited and annotated by Avie Gold, volume 2, pages 881–927. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2000.
Isaac ben Moses Arama. Akedat Yizhak (The Binding of Isaac). Late 15th century. In, e.g., Yitzchak Arama. Akeydat Yitzchak: Commentary of Rabbi Yitzchak Arama on the Torah. Translated and condensed by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 483–519. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2001.
Modern
Isaac Abravanel. Commentary on the Torah. Italy, between 1492–1509. In, e.g., Abarbanel: Selected Commentaries on the Torah: Volume 2: Shemos/Exodus. Translated and annotated by Israel Lazar, pages 369–403. Brooklyn: CreateSpace, 2015.
Abraham Saba. Ẓeror ha-Mor (Bundle of Myrrh). Fez, Morocco, circa 1500. In, e.g., Tzror Hamor: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Avraham Sabba. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 1147–220. Jerusalem, Lambda Publishers, 2008.
Niccolò Machiavelli. The Prince, chapter 6. Florence, Italy, 1532.
Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno. Commentary on the Torah. Venice, 1567. In, e.g., Sforno: Commentary on the Torah. Translation and explanatory notes by Raphael Pelcovitz, pages 444–73. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1997.
Moses Cordovero (the Ramak). Tomer Devorah (The Palm Tree of Deborah). Venice, 1588. In, e.g., Moshe Cordevero. The Palm Tree of Devorah. Translated by Moshe Miller. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press, 1993. (advocating the imitation of God through the acquisition of the Divine Attributes of ).
Moshe Alshich. Commentary on the Torah. Safed, circa 1593. In, e.g., Moshe Alshich. Midrash of Rabbi Moshe Alshich on the Torah. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 563–606. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2000.
Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz. Kli Yakar. Lublin, 1602. In, e.g., Kli Yakar: Shemos. Translated by Elihu Levine, volume 2, pages 273–344. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press/Feldheim Publishers, 2007.
Avraham Yehoshua Heschel. Commentaries on the Torah. Cracow, Poland, mid 17th century. Compiled as Chanukat HaTorah. Edited by Chanoch Henoch Erzohn. Piotrkow, Poland, 1900. In Avraham Yehoshua Heschel. Chanukas HaTorah: Mystical Insights of Rav Avraham Yehoshua Heschel on Chumash. Translated by Avraham Peretz Friedman, pages 191–98. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press/Feldheim Publishers, 2004.
Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan, 1:12; 3:34, 36, 40; 4:45; Review & Conclusion. England, 1651. Reprint edited by C. B. Macpherson, pages 181, 431, 437–38, 460–61, 503–04, 672, 676–77, 723. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Classics, 1982.
Chaim ibn Attar. Ohr ha-Chaim. Venice, 1742. In Chayim ben Attar. Or Hachayim: Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 814–93. Brooklyn: Lambda Publishers, 1999.
Yaakov Culi and Yitzchak Magriso. Me'am Lo'ez. Constantinople, 1746. In Jacob Culi and Yitzchak Magriso. The Torah Anthology: Me'am Lo'ez. Translated by Aryeh Kaplan, volume 9, pages 267–355. Jerusalem: Moznaim Publishing, 1990. And Yitzchak Magriso. The Torah Anthology: Me'am Lo'ez. Translated by Aryeh Kaplan, volume 10, pages 3–174. Jerusalem: Moznaim Publishing, 1991.
Moses Mendelssohn. Jerusalem, § 2. Berlin, 1783. In Jerusalem: Or on Religious Power and Judaism. Translated by Allan Arkush; introduction and commentary by Alexander Altmann, pages 120, 122–23, 129. Hanover, N.H.: Brandeis University Press, 1983.
Nachman of Breslov. Teachings. Bratslav, Ukraine, before 1811. In Rebbe Nachman's Torah: Breslov Insights into the Weekly Torah Reading: Exodus-Leviticus. Compiled by Chaim Kramer, edited by Y. Hall, pages 232–81. Jerusalem: Breslov Research Institute, 2011.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow The Jewish Cemetery at Newport. Boston, 1854. In Harold Bloom. American Religious Poems, pages 80–81. New York: Library of America, 2006.
George Eliot. Adam Bede, chapters 30, 50. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1859. Reprinted, e.g., edited by Carol A. Martin, pages 297, 440. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. (referring to the Haftarah's account in , Dinah writes Seth: "to seek a greater blessing elsewhere would be like laying a false offering on the altar and expecting the fire from heaven to kindle it." Echoing the report of that "Moses' anger waxed hot," Dinah tells Adam, "even the man Moses, the meekest of men, was wrathful sometimes.").
Shlomo Ganzfried. Kitzur Shulchon Oruch, ch. 140. Hungary, 1864. Translated by Eliyahu Touger, volume 2, page 587. New York: Moznaim Publishing, 1991.
Samson Raphael Hirsch. The Pentateuch: Exodus. Translated by Isaac Levy, volume 2, pages 576–664. Gateshead: Judaica Press, 2nd edition 1999. Originally published as Der Pentateuch uebersetzt und erklaert. Frankfurt, 1867–1878.
Samuel David Luzzatto (Shadal). Commentary on the Torah. Padua, 1871. In, e.g., Samuel David Luzzatto. Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 867–93. New York: Lambda Publishers, 2012.
Emily Dickinson. Poem 1247 (To pile like Thunder to its close). Circa 1873. Poem 1260 (Because that you are going). Circa 1873. Poem 1719 (God is indeed a jealous God —). 19th Century. Poem 1733 (No man saw awe, nor to his house). 19th Century. In The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. Edited by Thomas H. Johnson, pages 547, 551–52, 698, 703. New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1960.
Samson Raphael Hirsch. The Jewish Sabbath. Frankfurt, before 1889. Translated by Ben Josephussoro. 1911. Reprinted Lexington, Kentucky: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.
Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter. Sefat Emet. Góra Kalwaria (Ger), Poland, before 1906. Excerpted in The Language of Truth: The Torah Commentary of Sefat Emet. Translated and interpreted by Arthur Green, pages 129–34. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1998. Reprinted 2012.
Louis Ginzberg. Legends of the Jews, 3:119–44. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1911.
Abraham Isaac Kook. The Moral Principles. The Lights of Holiness. Early 20th Century. In Abraham Isaac Kook: the Lights of Penitence, the Moral Principles, Lights of Holiness, Essays, Letters, and Poems. Translated by Ben Zion Bokser, pages 148, 207. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press 1978.
Hermann Cohen. Religion of Reason: Out of the Sources of Judaism. Translated with an introduction by Simon Kaplan; introductory essays by Leo Strauss, pages 79–80, 94, 110, 169, 206, 209, 222, 395. New York: Ungar, 1972. Reprinted Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995. Originally published as Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums. Leipzig: Gustav Fock, 1919.
Alexander Alan Steinbach. Sabbath Queen: Fifty-four Bible Talks to the Young Based on Each Portion of the Pentateuch, pages 64–67. New York: Behrman's Jewish Book House, 1936.
Benno Jacob. The Second Book of the Bible: Exodus. London, 1940. Translated by Walter Jacob, pages 828–1007. Hoboken, New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, 1992.
The Sabbath Anthology. Edited by Abraham E. Millgram. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1944; reprinted 2018. ().
Morris Adler, Jacob B. Agus, and Theodore Friedman. "Responsum on the Sabbath." Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly, volume 14 (1950), pages 112–88. New York: Rabbinical Assembly of America, 1951. In Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927–1970, volume 3 (Responsa), pages 1109–34. Jerusalem: The Rabbinical Assembly and The Institute of Applied Hallakhah, 1997.
Umberto Cassuto. A Commentary on the Book of Exodus. Jerusalem, 1951. Translated by Israel Abrahams, pages 392–451. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, 1967.
Abraham Joshua Heschel. The Sabbath. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1951. Reprinted 2005.
Morris Adler. The World of the Talmud, pages 28–29, 50–51, 91–92. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, 1958. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007.
Robert C. Dentan, "The Literary Affinities of Exodus Xxxiv 6f." Vetus Testamentum, volume 13 (1963): pages 34–51.
Jacob Liver. "The Half-Shekel Offering in Biblical and Post-Biblical Literature." The Harvard Theological Review, volume 56 (number 3) (1963): pages 173–98.
Bob Dylan. Gates of Eden. Columbia Records, 1965. (Golden Calf).
James Muilenburg. "The Intercession of the Covenant Mediator (Exodus 33:1a,12–17)." In Words and Meanings: Essays Presented to David Winton Thomas. Edited by Peter R. Ackroyd and Barnabas Lindars, pages 159–81. Cambridge: University Press, 1968.
A. Carlebach. "Rabbinic References to Fiscus Judaicus." The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series, volume 66 (number 1) (July 1975): pages 57–61.
Peter C. Craigie. The Problem of War in the Old Testament, page 27. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1978.
Phyllis Trible. God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality, pages 31–59. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1978. (God's feminine merciful quality, or rachum).
Elie Munk. The Call of the Torah: An Anthology of Interpretation and Commentary on the Five Books of Moses. Translated by E.S. Mazer, volume 2, pages 426–503. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1995. Originally published as La Voix de la Thora. Paris: Fondation Samuel et Odette Levy, 1981.
Herbert C. Brichto. "The Worship of the Golden Calf: A Literary Analysis of a Fable on Idolatry." Hebrew Union College Annual, volume 54 (1983): pages 1–44.
Jacob Milgrom. "'You Shall Not Boil a Kid in Its Mother's Milk': An archaeological myth destroyed." Bible Review, volume 1 (number 3) (Fall 1985): pages 48–55.
Pinchas H. Peli. Torah Today: A Renewed Encounter with Scripture, pages 91–94. Washington, D.C.: B'nai B'rith Books, 1987.
Mark S. Smith. The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, pages xx, 10, 59, 69, 80–81, 101, 108, 112–13, 125, 134–35, 151, 162. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 1990.
Harvey J. Fields. A Torah Commentary for Our Times: Volume II: Exodus and Leviticus, pages 77–85. New York: UAHC Press, 1991.
Nahum M. Sarna. The JPS Torah Commentary: Exodus: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation, pages 195–222. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991.
Lawrence Kushner. God Was in This Place and I, I Did Not Know: Finding Self, Spirituality and Ultimate Meaning, pages 31–32, 41. Jewish Lights Publishing, 1993. (the Place; the Golden Calf).
Nehama Leibowitz. New Studies in Shemot (Exodus), volume 2, pages 535–643. Jerusalem: Haomanim Press, 1993. Reprinted as New Studies in the Weekly Parasha. Lambda Publishers, 2010.
Aaron Wildavsky. Assimilation versus Separation: Joseph the Administrator and the Politics of Religion in Biblical Israel, pages 3–4. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1993.
Walter Brueggemann. "The Book of Exodus." In The New Interpreter's Bible. Edited by Leander E. Keck, volume 1, pages 917–56. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994.
Judith S. Antonelli. "The Golden Calf." In In the Image of God: A Feminist Commentary on the Torah, pages 213–20. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson, 1995.
Ellen Frankel. The Five Books of Miriam: A Woman's Commentary on the Torah, pages 136–41. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996.
Marc Gellman. "Gluing the Broken Commandments Back Together." In God's Mailbox: More Stories About Stories in the Bible, pages 68–72. New York: Morrow Junior Books, 1996.
W. Gunther Plaut. The Haftarah Commentary, pages 203–15. New York: UAHC Press, 1996.
Sorel Goldberg Loeb and Barbara Binder Kadden. Teaching Torah: A Treasury of Insights and Activities, pages 140–47. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997.
Robert Goodman. "Shabbat." In Teaching Jewish Holidays: History, Values, and Activities, pages 1–19. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997.
Baruch J. Schwartz. "What Really Happened at Mount Sinai? Four biblical answers to one question." Bible Review, volume 13 (number 5) (October 1997).
Mary Doria Russell. Children of God: A Novel, page 428. New York: Villard, 1998. (seeing only God's back).
Susan Freeman. Teaching Jewish Virtues: Sacred Sources and Arts Activities, pages 85–101, 228–40. Springfield, New Jersey: A.R.E. Publishing, 1999. (, 34–35).
Ellen Lippmann. "The Women Didn't Build the Golden Calf — or Did They?" In The Women's Torah Commentary: New Insights from Women Rabbis on the 54 Weekly Torah Portions. Edited by Elyse Goldstein, pages 164–71. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2000.
Exodus to Deuteronomy: A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Second Series). Edited by Athalya Brenner, pages 136–41. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000.
Martin R. Hauge. The Descent from the Mountain: Narrative Patterns in Exodus 19–40. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Press, 2001.
Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg. The Particulars of Rapture: Reflections on Exodus, pages 398–460. New York: Doubleday, 2001.
Lainie Blum Cogan and Judy Weiss. Teaching Haftarah: Background, Insights, and Strategies, pages 164–72. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 2002.
Menachem Davis. The Schottenstein Edition Siddur for the Sabbath and Festivals with an Interlinear Translation, XXVII. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2002. (Sabbath as a source of holiness).
Michael Fishbane. The JPS Bible Commentary: Haftarot, pages 128–34. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2002.
Katharine Doob Sakenfeld. The Meaning of Hesed in the Hebrew Bible: A New Inquiry. Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2002.
Rodger Kamenetz. "The Broken Tablets." In The Lowercase Jew, page 40. Evanston, Illinois: Triquarterly Books, 2003.
Alan Lew. This Is Real and You Are Completely Unprepared: The Days of Awe as a Journey of Transformation, pages 53–55, 136. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2003.
Jack M. Sasson. "Should Cheeseburgers Be Kosher? A Different Interpretation of Five Hebrew Words." Bible Review, volume 19 (numbers 6) (December 2003): pages 40–43, 50–51.
Robert Alter. The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary, pages 486–513. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004.
Karla M. Suomala. Moses and God in Dialogue: Exodus 32–34 in Postbiblical Literature. Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers, 2004.
Jeffrey H. Tigay. "Exodus." In The Jewish Study Bible. Edited by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, pages 179–91. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Jane Liddel-King. "The Golden Calf." European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe, volume 38 (number 2) (autumn 2005): pages 142–46.
Professors on the Parashah: Studies on the Weekly Torah Reading Edited by Leib Moscovitz, pages 145–49. Jerusalem: Urim Publications, 2005.
W. Gunther Plaut. The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition. Revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, pages 581–610. New York: Union for Reform Judaism, 2006.
William H.C. Propp. Exodus 19–40, volume 2A, pages 317–19, 358–71, 534–623. New York: Anchor Bible, 2006.
Suzanne A. Brody. "Bloody Water." In Dancing in the White Spaces: The Yearly Torah Cycle and More Poems, page 83. Shelbyville, Kentucky: Wasteland Press, 2007.
Esther Jungreis. Life Is a Test, pages 86, 98–99, 144–46, 208–09. Brooklyn: Shaar Press, 2007.
James L. Kugel. How To Read the Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now, pages 30, 109, 151, 254–55, 257, 262, 281–84, 291, 315, 324–25, 404, 423, 439, 524–25, 606. New York: Free Press, 2007.
Kenton L. Sparks. “‘Enūma Elish’ and Priestly Mimesis: Elite Emulation in Nascent Judaism.” Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 126 (2007): 637–42. (“Priestly Mimesis in the Tabernacle Narrative (Exodus 25–40)”).
Pekka Lindqvist. Sin at Sinai: Early Judaism Encounters Exodus 32. Eisenbrauns, 2008.
Dmitri Slivniak. "The Golden Calf Story: Constructively and Deconstructively." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, volume 33 (number 1) (September 2008): pages 19–38.
Gloria London. "Why Milk and Meat Don't Mix: A New Explanation for a Puzzling Kosher Law." Biblical Archaeology Review, volume 34 (number 6) (November/December 2008): pages 66–69.
The Torah: A Women's Commentary. Edited by Tamara Cohn Eskenazi and Andrea L. Weiss, pages 495–520. New York: URJ Press, 2008.
Thomas B. Dozeman. Commentary on Exodus, pages 663–756. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009.
Jonathan Goldstein. "The Golden Calf." In Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bible! pages 115–28. New York: Riverhead Books, 2009.
Reuven Hammer. Entering Torah: Prefaces to the Weekly Torah Portion, pages 125–30. New York: Gefen Publishing House, 2009.
Rebecca G.S. Idestrom. "Echoes of the Book of Exodus in Ezekiel." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, volume 33 (number 4) (June 2009): pages 489–510. (Motifs from Exodus found in Ezekiel, including the call narrative, divine encounters, captivity, signs, plagues, judgment, redemption, tabernacle/temple, are considered.).
Amichai Lau-Lavie. "Mounting Sinai: Parashat Ki Tisa (Exodus 30:11–34:35)." In Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible. Edited by Gregg Drinkwater, Joshua Lesser, and David Shneer; foreword by Judith Plaskow, pages 109–12. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
Bruce Wells. "Exodus." In Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary. Edited by John H. Walton, volume 1, pages 257–64. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2009.
Julie Cadwallader-Staub. Joy. In Face to Face: A Poetry Collection. DreamSeeker Books, 2010. ("land of milk and honey").
Jonathan Sacks. Covenant & Conversation: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible: Exodus: The Book of Redemption, pages 249–76. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2010.
Stefan Schorch. "'A Young Goat in Its Mother's Milk'? Understanding an Ancient Prohibition." Vetus Testamentum, volume 60 (number 1) (2010): pages 116–30.
Idan Dershowitz. "A Land Flowing with Fat and Honey." Vetus Testamentum, volume 60 (number 2) (2010): pages 172–76.
Joe Lieberman and David Klinghoffer. The Gift of Rest: Rediscovering the Beauty of the Sabbath. New York: Howard Books, 2011.
James W. Watts. "Aaron and the Golden Calf in the Rhetoric of the Pentateuch." Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 130 (number 3) (fall 2011): pages 417–30.
William G. Dever. The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: When Archaeology and the Bible Intersect, page 244. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2012.
Shmuel Herzfeld. "Growing Our Congregation: The Numbers Game." In Fifty-Four Pick Up: Fifteen-Minute Inspirational Torah Lessons, pages 123–27. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2012.
Daniel S. Nevins. "The Use of Electrical and Electronic Devices on Shabbat." New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 2012.
Torah MiEtzion: New Readings in Tanach: Shemot. Edited by Ezra Bick and Yaakov Beasley, pages 411–77. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2012.
Adam Kirsch. "Ancient Laws for Modern Times: When is a tent just a tent and not like a bed or a hat? To update Jewish laws, the rabbis reasoned by analogy." Tablet Magazine. (February 26, 2013). (Shabbat).
Adam Kirsch. "Leave the Jewish People Alone: Rabbis left enforcement of their Talmudic decrees to communal standards and voluntary commitment." Tablet Magazine. (March 5, 2013). (Shabbat).
Adam Kirsch. "Written in the Stars (Or Not): To overcome fated lives, the Talmud's rabbis argued, perform virtuous acts according to Torah." Tablet Magazine. (March 12, 2013). (Shabbat).
Adam Kirsch. "Navigating the Talmud's Alleys: The range of problems and the variety of answers in the study of Oral Law lead to new pathways of reasoning." Tablet Magazine. (March 18, 2013). (Shabbat).
Amiel Ungar. "Tel Aviv and the Sabbath." The Jerusalem Report, volume 24 (number 8) (July 29, 2013): page 37.
Martin Sieff. "The spirit of Elijah: Great leaders have replicated his courage against all odds." The Jerusalem Report, volume 24 (number 23) (February 24, 2014): page 48.
Ester Bloom. "The Crazy New App for Using Your iPhone on Shabbos." Jewniverse. (October 1, 2014).
Anthony R. Petterson. "The Flying Scroll That Will Not Acquit the Guilty: Exodus 34.7 in Zechariah 5.3." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, volume 38 (number 3) (March 2014): pages 347–61.
Jonathan Sacks. Lessons in Leadership: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, pages 105–09. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2015.
"The Crazy New Invention for Using Electricity on Shabbat." Jewniverse. (April 21, 2015).
"The Hittites: Between Tradition and History." Biblical Archaeology Review, volume 42 (number 2) (March/April 2016): pages 28–40, 68.
Jean-Pierre Isbouts. Archaeology of the Bible: The Greatest Discoveries From Genesis to the Roman Era, page 120. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2016.
Jonathan Sacks. Essays on Ethics: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, pages 131–36. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2016.
Kenneth Seeskin. Thinking about the Torah: A Philosopher Reads the Bible, pages 101–12. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2016.
Shai Held. The Heart of Torah, Volume 1: Essays on the Weekly Torah Portion: Genesis and Exodus, pages 203–12. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017.
Steven Levy and Sarah Levy. The JPS Rashi Discussion Torah Commentary, pages 65–67. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017.
Joep Dubbink. “‘Don’t Stop Me Now!’ — Exod 32:10 and Yhwh’s Intention to Destroy His Own People.” In Viktor Ber, editor. Nomos and Violence: Dimensions in Bible and Theology. Vienna: LIT Verlag, 2019.
External links
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4042290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncadia%2C%20Washington | Suncadia, Washington | Suncadia is a planned unincorporated community and resort in Kittitas County, Washington, covering an area of 6,300 acres (25.5 km). It is located approximately 80 miles (130 km) east of Seattle in the Cascade Mountains between Roslyn, Cle Elum, and the Mountains to Sound Greenway section of Interstate 90.
The resort is a joint undertaking between Jeld-Wen and managing partner Lowe Enterprises. The $1 billion project features a 4-star rated mountain lodge with convention center facilities, a mountain springs themed spa, a sports center with indoor and outdoor swimming pools, an outdoor venue amphitheater/lake with winter ice skating, trails and recreational areas, 2,000 residential units, and three golf courses.
A village center with restaurants and shops was to be completed by 2016. As of June 2019 this project has not been completed.
Over 500 single-family homesites were sold in 2004, generating more than $125 million in gross revenue.
The community's open space includes a corridor along the Cle Elum River, which remains open to the public under a partnership (called the Suncadia Conservancy) that also includes Washington's Department of Fish and Wildlife and the Yakama Nation. The interests of local citizens in aspects of the development that included the corridor were represented by RIDGE, a grassroots group.
Suncadia, originally called "MountainStar," was built on former forest lands purchased in 1996 from Plum Creek Timber Company by Jeld-Wen's Trendwest Investments.
References
External links
Official website
RIDGE Records. 1923-2015. 9.31 cubic feet (9 boxes). At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)
Unincorporated communities in Kittitas County, Washington |
5378740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Regan | Joan Regan | Joan Regan (born Joan Bethel or Siobhan Bethel; 19 January 1928 – 12 September 2013) was an English traditional pop music singer, popular during the 1950s and early 1960s.
Biography
Regan was born in either Romford, Essex, or West Ham, London, (sources disagree) the youngest of six children to Irish parents. She had rheumatic fever as a child which left her with a damaged mitral valve, although this did not cause problems until she was in her seventies.
Regan married an American serviceman, Dick Howell, a friend of her brothers who met in the Navy. She and Howell married on her 18th birthday in 1946. For a time they lived in Burbank, California. They had three children, one of whom died at an early age. The marriage eventually broke down. Regan, a Catholic, was able to obtain a legal dissolution, rather than a divorce. Before becoming a singer, Regan worked at a number of jobs, including re-touching photographs. Her successful singing career began in 1953, when she made a demo record of "Too Young" and "I'll Walk Alone". The demo came to the attention of Bernard Delfont, and that helped her sign a recording contract with Decca Records.
She had a number of Top 40 hits for the label, many of them were cover versions of American hits. Among them were Teresa Brewer's "Ricochet", "Till I Waltz Again with You", and "Jilted", Doris Day's "If I Give My Heart to You" and Jill Corey's "Cleo and Me-O" and "Love Me to Pieces".
Beginning on November 18, 1953, she became the resident singer on BBC producer Richard Afton's television series Quite Contrary. Afton later replaced Regan with Ruby Murray as resident vocalist beginning with the show on June 23, 1954. She appeared on the Six-Five Special, and was given her own BBC television series, Be My Guest, which ran for four series starting in 1959.
After being knocked out by a descending safety curtain during her first appearance in variety, she developed her act to include impressions of Judy Garland, Dame Gracie Fields and Dame Anna Neagle, to the last of whom she bore a facial resemblance.
In the late 1950s, she appeared several times at the London Palladium, including the Royal Command Performance in 1955 and also in the show Stars in Your Eyes with Cliff Richard, Russ Conway and Edmund Hockridge which ran for a 6-month season at the Palladium in 1960. In 1958, she appeared as herself in the film Hello London.
On leaving Decca in 1958, she signed with EMI's HMV label, where she had a Top 10 hit with a cover version of the McGuire Sisters' "May You Always". Two years later, she left EMI for Pye Records, and had two minor record successes, ("Happy Anniversary" and "Papa Loves Mama").
In July 1957, she married her second husband, Harry Claff, who was the joint general manager and box office manager at the Palladium. In November that year, the Daily Herald reported Regan was to have a baby in February 1958, seven months after the wedding. After receiving "abusive and wounding letters from people who were personally unknown to her", Regan successfully sued the newspaper for libel; her daughter, Donna, was actually born in April 1958. Claff and Regan divorced in 1963 after Claff was sentenced to prison for embezzlement of £62,000. He served five years in prison. His defence was that he had only "borrowed" some money from the London Palladium, where he was box-office manager, and would have paid it back. By this time, the hits had dried up and she suffered a nervous breakdown. Regan married her third and last husband, Dr. Martin Cowan, a medical doctor, at Caxton Hall, London on September 12, 1966. After Dr. Cowan's retirement, they moved to Florida in 1982.
In the United States, Regan recorded two singles for Columbia (one of which, "Don't Talk To Me About Love", went on to become a Northern soul classic). In 1984 she slipped in the shower, hit her head on the tiles and suffered a brain haemorrhage. After an emergency operation she was left paralysed and speechless. Her recovery, which entailed much physical and speech therapy, was aided by her miming to her old records. It took many months of treatment before she regained the ability to sing. In 1987, some of those old tracks, together with others by Dickie Valentine, Lita Roza and Jimmy Young, were issued on the double album, Unchained Melodies.
In 1988, she returned to the UK where, with the help and encouragement of Russ Conway, who had been her rehearsal pianist in the early 1950s, she returned to the stage. She recorded for Nectar Records from 1989 to 1996, for whom she recorded a single "You Needed Me" and two albums, The Joan Regan Collection and Remember I Love You.
Later years and death
Regan continued singing, entertaining and supporting her charities (including the Not Forgotten Association) to the age of 82. She died on 12 September 2013, aged 85. She was survived by her three children.
Discography
Albums
The Girl Next Door (Decca, 1954)
Just Joan (Decca, 1956)
Joan and Ted (with Edmund Hockridge) (Pye-Nixa, 1961)
The World of Joan Regan (Decca, 1976)
Remember I Love You (Nectar Music, 1996)
The Best of Joan Regan (Pulse, 1999)
The Best of Joan Regan (Spectrum Music, 2001)
Soft Sands – Decca Singles (Vocalion, 2004)
Singles
Songs
Regan recorded a number of other songs, including "It's a Big, Wide, Wonderful World" and "That Old Feeling".
See also
List of artists under the Decca Records label
References
External links
Joan Regan at the Robert Farnon Society
1928 births
2013 deaths
Traditional pop music singers
English women singers
English stage actresses
Musicians from Kent
Pye Records artists
People from Romford
Northern soul musicians
English people of Irish descent
Decca Records artists
Musicians from London
Actresses from Kent
The Squadronaires members |
5378741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal%20clothing | Baptismal clothing | Baptismal clothing is apparel worn by Christian proselytes (and in some cases, by clergy members also) during the ceremony of baptism. White clothes are generally worn because the person being baptized is "fresh like the driven manna". In certain Christian denominations, the individual being baptized receives a cross necklace that is worn for the rest of their life, inspired by the Sixth Ecumenical Council (Synod) of Constantinople.
Eastern Orthodoxy
The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches of the Byzantine Rite, the baptismal garment is worn by the newly baptized for eight days, after which there is a special ceremony on the eighth day for the removal of the baptismal robe. For adults, the robe is a long, sleeved garment, similar to the Western alb, tied at the waist usually with a white cloth belt or rope. A woman may also cover her head with a white veil (usually a simple kerchief). For infant baptisms, the robe may be a white gown and bonnet, and a white blanket.
These garments are placed on the newly baptized immediately after coming up out of the waters of baptism (the Orthodox baptize by immersion, even in the case of infant baptism). As the robe is being placed on the new Christian, the priest says the prayer: "The servant of God, N., is clothed with the robe of righteousness; in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen." and the choir sings: "Vouchsafe unto me the robe of light, O Thou who clothest Thyself with light as with a garment, Christ our God, plenteous in mercy."
In Orthodox theology the baptismal robe symbolizes the "Garments of Light" (i.e., the fullness of Divine grace) with which Adam and Eve were clothed in the Garden of Eden before the Fall of Man. Baptism is believed to cleanse the believer of all the sinful defilements both of original sin and personal sins and the white garment is symbolic of this. During the ektenia (litany) before baptism, the deacon prays "That he (she) may preserve this (her) baptismal garment and the earnest of the Spirit pure and undefiled unto the dead Day of Christ our God...", referring not so much to the material garment as to the spiritual cleansing it represents.
The newly baptized will traditionally wear their baptismal garment for eight days, especially when receiving Holy Communion. These are special days of prayer and fasting, at the end of which they return to the church for the "Removal of the Robe on the Eighth Day" and ablutions (in many places today, this ceremony is performed on the same day as the baptism, immediately after Chrismation). During this ceremony, the priest loosens the belt on the baptismal robe and prays:
"O Thou who, through holy Baptism, hast given unto Thy servant remission of sins, and hast bestowed upon him (her) a life of regeneration: Do Thou, the same Lord and Master, ever graciously illumine his (her) heart with the light of Thy countenance. Maintain the shield of his (her) faith unassailed by the enemy [i.e., Satan]. Preserve pure and unpolluted the garment of incorruption wherewith Thou hast endued him (her), upholding inviolate in him (her), by Thy grace, the seal of the Spirit, and showing mercy unto him (her) and unto us, through the multitude of Thy mercies..."
He then sprinkles the newly baptized with water and washes all of the places the chrism was applied, and performs the tonsure.
Someone who has been baptized as an adult will often be buried in their baptismal robe, if they have not advanced to some higher ministry within the church.
Roman Catholic tradition
In the Roman Catholic Church, most of those born into the faith are baptized as infants. The traditional clothing for a child being baptized into the Roman Catholic faith is a baptismal gown, a very long, white infants' garment now made especially for the ceremony of christening and usually only worn then. They are in fact the normal, or at least "best", outer clothing of Western babies until about the 19th century. The moment of progression to shorter dresses (for both boys and girls) was known as "shortcoating", which usually coincided with the beginning of crawling, which was difficult in a long robe, or at five to six months of age. Christening gowns are usually made of fine white linen or cotton fabric, and may be trimmed with tucks, lace, whitework embroidery, and other handwork. Baptismal gowns often have matching bonnets, and may become family heirlooms, used generation after generation.
Protestant tradition
Lutheran tradition
In the Lutheran Churches, the baptismal gown worn by infants is white in colour. Babies of Swedish royal family have worn the same christening gown since 1906.
Anglican tradition
The Anglican Communion grew from the Church of England and includes the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. It views itself as the unbroken continuation of the early apostolic and later medieval "universal church", rather than as a new institution.
Many of the early traditions are therefore the same as the Roman Catholics and an heirloom long white gown is still used by many families. Modern churches allow for much diversity, but usually the clothing is still white for an infant or young child.
Other Protestant churches
Many mainstream Protestant Churches practice infant baptism, and thus make use of the christening gown, while others encourage or practice exclusive adult baptism also known as believer's baptism. In some of the latter churches, special white clothing may be worn by both the person being baptized and the person performing the baptism.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints tradition
Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints dress in white clothing to perform and to undertake baptism. Traditionally, the proselyte wears all white clothing, white socks and white underclothing. The person performing the ordinance wears either a white jumpsuit or white slacks and white shirt. Historically, women and girls wore white dresses with weights sewn in at the hems to prevent the clothing from floating during the ceremony.
See also
Chrism
Chrismation
Mandaean priest clothing
Rasta (Mandaeism)
References
Clothing
Catholic liturgy
Latter Day Saint religious clothing
Sacramentals
Infants' clothing
Christian clothing |
5378755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduravoyal | Maduravoyal | Maduravoyal is a residential neighbourhood located in the west of Chennai, India. As of 2011, the town had a population of 86,195.
Maduravoyal also has a name as "ettam kal" (8th mile), so it could be famous in British Period too, it is exactly from Chennai Harbour, and Maduravoyal located 3 km from the west of Koyambedu area which is a major hub of activity in Chennai City. Maduravoyal became a part of Greater Chennai Corporation in 2009 city expansion order passed by the state government. Nearby areas include Nerkundram, Mogappair, Vanagaram, Valasaravakkam, Alapakkam and Porur.
The second phase of Chennai Bypass cuts through Maduravoyal to reach the northern borders of Chennai. Maduravoyal noticed a rapid developed and sudden increase in property prices ever since the Maduravoyal Junction with the cloverleaf interchange (flyover) became operational.
In January 2009, the then Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh laid the foundation stone for the Chennai Port – Maduravoyal Expressway, a 19-kilometre-long (12 mi) elevated express-way project by National Highways Authority of India (NHAI).
Demographics
According to 2011 census, Maduravoyal had a population of 86,195 with a sex-ratio of 993 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 10,392 were under the age of six, constituting 5,277 males and 5,115 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 13.58% and 0.36% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 77.04%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 21,623 households. There were a total of 33,208 workers, comprising 234 cultivators, 130 main agricultural labourers, 417 in house hold industries, 29,614 other workers, 2,813 marginal workers, 32 marginal cultivators, 25 marginal agricultural labourers, 78 marginal workers in household industries and 2,678 other marginal workers. As per the religious census of 2011, Maduravoyal (M) had 89.47% Hindus, 4.11% Muslims, 5.93% Christians, 0.05% Sikhs, 0.02% Buddhists, 0.07% Jains, 0.34% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.
Location in context
References
Neighbourhoods in Chennai
Suburbs of Chennai |
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