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4033457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta%20%28band%29 | Atlanta (band) | Atlanta was an American country music group formed in 1982 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. It was composed of Brad Griffis (vocals, bass guitar), Bill Davidson (vocals, guitar), Tony Ingram (vocals, fiddle), Alan David (vocals, lead guitar), Allen Collay (vocals, keyboards), Bill Packard (vocals, keyboards), Jeff Baker (bass vocal, harmonica), Dick Stevens (bass), and John Holder (drums). Between 1983 and 1988, Atlanta recorded two albums for MCA Records and charted nine hit singles on the Billboard country chart.
Chart history included two Top 10 country hits in "Atlanta Burned Again Last Night" and "Sweet Country Music". The latter was also the band's highest-charting single, peaking at #2 on Cashbox.
History
Atlanta was formed in 1982 by Brad Griffis (bass guitar), Bill Davidson (vocals, rhythm guitar), Tony Ingram (vocals, fiddle), Alan David (lead guitar), Allen Collay (keyboards), Bill Packard (keyboards), Jeff Baker (harmonica), Dick Stevens (bass), and John Holder (drums). Prior to the foundation, Ingram had recorded on Epic Records in the band Spurzz, and Stevens, Davidson, Griffis, and David had previously toured as a re-establishment of The Vogues. The group was founded through the assistance of record producer Larry McBride, who had also launched the career of Alabama. With nine members, Atlanta was the largest country music band at the time.
"Atlanta Burned Again Last Night" was the band's debut single, released in 1983 on the independent MDJ record label, which McBride owned. This recording spent seventeen weeks on the Billboard country singles chart, peaking at #9. This single was one of the highest-charting debut singles by an independently signed country music act.
After it came the #11 "Dixie Dreaming", the band's second and final MDJ release. By early 1984, MCA Records assumed promotion of the band's singles and albums, releasing "Sweet Country Music" early in the year. It became the band's highest-charting hit, reaching #5 on the Billboard country chart. MCA released the band's debut album Pictures in 1984. MCA also released the singles "Pictures" and "Wishful Drinkin'", the latter of which was included in the film Ellie.
Atlanta released its self-titled second album for MCA in 1985 with Larrie London as a session drummer before Boo Boo McAfee join the group after Holder left. It included the singles "My Sweet-Eyed Georgia Girl" and "Why Not Tonight", both of which peaked outside the Country Top 40. The band later moved to the Southern Tracks label as Davidson and David left and David was replaced by Jody Worrell on guitar, and releasing "We Always Agree on Love" and "Sad Clichés".
Allen Collay (born Allen Callais on January 1, 1943 in New Orleans) died on February 16, 2010 at age 67.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
References
Country music groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
Musical groups from Atlanta
Musical groups established in 1983
Musical groups disestablished in 1988
MCA Records artists |
4033471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%27s%20Nose%20%28disambiguation%29 | Anthony's Nose (disambiguation) | Anthony's Nose is a peak overlooking the Hudson River near Peekskill, New York
Anthony's Nose or Anthony's Nose may also refer to:
Anthonys Nose (Victoria), a point on Port Phillip, Australia
Anthony's Nose (Washington County, New York), a peak on Lake George near Glenburnie, New York
Anthony's Nose, a peak in the Franklin Mountains, El Paso County, Texas |
4033481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik%20clan%20%28Bihar%29 | Malik clan (Bihar) | The Mallick (Hasani Qadiriyya) , Malik baya, ) are small Sayyid Muslim community found in the state of Bihar in India and follow Sunni Islam. According to Bihar Minority commission report and several other historical books they are considered to be an ashraf community among Bihari Muslims which means that they have high social status. They are mainly concentrated around Nalanda and Bihar Sharif.
History
They are the descendants of Syed Ibrahim Mallick baya and family according to the government data of bihar Sharif and ancient books, a Sufi born near Ghazni (Afghanistan), descended from ancestors who had migrated there from Baghdad. The Muslim population of Bihar was around 13% before the partition of India in 1947. At that time "Syed Mallick Baya Families" constituted about 15% of the Muslim population of Bihar.
See also
Bihari Muslims
Bihar Sharif
Syed Ibrahim Mallick Baya
References
Muslim communities of India
Social groups of India
Social groups of Bihar
Muslim communities of Bihar |
4033483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolowa%20language | Tolowa language | The Tolowa language (also called Chetco-Tolowa, or Siletz Dee-ni) is a member of the Pacific Coast subgroup of the Athabaskan language family. Together with three other closely related languages (Lower Rogue River Athabaskan, Upper Rogue River Athabaskan or Galice-Applegate and Upper Umpqua or Etnemitane) it forms a distinctive Oregon Athabaskan cluster within the subgroup.
Geographic distribution
At the time of first European contact Tolowa was spoken in several large and prosperous village communities along the Del Norte County coast in the far northwestern corner of California and along the southern coast of adjacent Curry County, Oregon. Today the term Tolowa (or sometimes Smith River) is used primarily by those residing in California, most of whom are affiliated with Tolowa Dee-ni' Nation. Those residing in Oregon, most of whom are affiliated with the Confederated Tribes of Siletz southwest of Portland, where their ancestors were removed in the 1850s (Beckham 1971), refer to themselves as Chetco, Tututni, or Deeni.
For details of the linguistic documentation of Chetco-Tolowa and a survey of Oregon Athabaskan phonology and grammar, see Golla (2011:70-75).
Phonology
As with many Athabaskan languages, Tolowa features contrasting aspirated, unaspirated, and ejective stops, as well as contrasting vowel length and nasality. Tolowa is not fully tonal, but instead has a pitch accent. This is typical of the Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages.
Consonants
/ɬ/ is affricated to after vowels. /j/ is realized as after nasal vowels.
Vowels
Tolowa vowels have some degree of allophonicity. /u/ and /o/ are in free variation; is an allophone of /a/ after palatals and velars; /ə/ is raised to near palatals and to before velars, and is nasalized ([ə̃]) before nasal consonants. In addition, Tolowa has three diphthongs: [ai], [au], and [ui].
Alphabet
Syllables are usually separated with an en dash (-) for clarity. The 1997 Tolowa Dee-niʼ alphabet (below) replaces the special characters ą, į, ɨ, ł, ų, and ʉ with a~, i~, lh, u~ and v, respectively. Note that the distinction between ɨ and ʉ is lost.
Tolowa language revitalization
Loren Bommelyn, a fluent speaker and linguist, has published several pedagogical books and teaches young Tolowa students in Crescent City, California.
Three alphabets have been used since the formation of the Tolowa Dee-ni’ Language program, sponsored by the Del Norte Indian Welfare Association in 1969. The first was a "Tolowa version of the Uni-fon alphabet', written by hand. A new Practical Alphabet was devised in 1993 for purposes of typing on the computer. In 1997, Loren Bommelyn developed an alphabet which did not require a barred l or nasal hook characters called the Tolowa Dee-ni’ Alphabet (see previous section).
Siletz Dee-ni language revitalization
Siletz Dee-ni is a form of Tolowa historically spoken by members of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians on the Siletz Indian Reservation in Oregon. According to a report by the National Geographic Society and the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages, it is the last of many languages spoken on the reservation and was said in 2007 to have only one living speaker. However, the language has since been at least partially revived, and in some areas, ‘many now text each other in Siletz Dee-ni’.
Courses for 6th- through 8th-graders have been offered at Oregon's Siletz Valley Charter School. Alfred "Bud" Lane has gathered 14,000 words of Siletz Dee-ni, a variety of Chetco-Tolowa "restricted to a small area on the central Oregon coast," in an online audio/picture dictionary for the use of the community.
Notes
Bibliography
Beckham, Stephen Dow (1971). Requiem for a People: The Rogue River Indians and the Frontiersmen. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Bommelyn, Loren (1995). Now You're Talking Tolowa. Arcata: Humboldt State University, Center for Indian Community Development.
Collins, James (1998). Understanding Tolowa Histories: Western Hegemonies and Native American Responses. London: Routledge
Golla, Victor (2011). California Indian Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. .
Macnaughtan, Don. Oregon Athapaskan Languages: Bibliography of the Athapaskan Languages of Oregon.
External links
Siletz Tribal Language Project
Tolowa language, at native-languages.org
Tolowa language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
Tah-Ah-Dun Indian Magnet Charter School
OLAC resources in and about the Tolowa language
OLAC resources in and about the Chetco language
Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages
Indigenous languages of Oregon
Endangered Athabaskan languages
Native American language revitalization
Languages extinct in the 2000s
2001 disestablishments in Oregon
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast |
4033505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon%2C%20Chicken%20%26%20Gritz | Watermelon, Chicken & Gritz | Watermelon, Chicken & Gritz is the commercial debut studio album by American hip hop sextet Nappy Roots from Kentucky. It was released on February 26, 2002 via Atlantic Records. Recording sessions took place at Tree Sound and PatchWerk Recording Studios in Atlanta, at Soundstage Studios in Nashville, at Rusk, Larrabee West & North and Image Recording Studios in Los Angeles, and at Signature Sound in San Diego. Production was handled mostly by James "Groove" Chambers, along with the Trackboyz, Mike Caren, Mike City, Brian Kidd, Carlos Broady and Troy Johnson. It features guest appearances from Anthony Hamilton, The Bar-Kays, Jazze Pha, Ayesha Kirk, CJ "Voodou" Henry and Tiffany Villarreal.
The album peaked at number 24 on the Billboard 200 and at number 3 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on April 16, 2002 and later reached platinum certification on October 10, 2002.
The album was preceded by a promotional single "Set It Out"/"Hustla" and its lead single "Awnaw", both released in 2001. "Awnaw", featuring vocals from Jazze Pha, made it to #51 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. The second single from the album was "Po' Folks" featuring Anthony Hamilton, which also reached Billboard Hot 100 at peak position #21. The albums' third single, "Headz Up", charted at #88 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and at #39 on the Rhythmic Songs.
Track listing
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.
Sample Credits
"Ho Down" contains an interpolation of "Delgado", written by Edward Harris.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
2002 albums
Nappy Roots albums
Atlantic Records albums
Albums produced by Mike City |
4033516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibolya%20Cs%C3%A1k | Ibolya Csák | Ibolya Csák (6 January 1915 – 9 February 2006) was a Hungarian athlete.
Career
Csák was best known as the winner of the women's high jump at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. She won a gold medal in the European Championships in Athletics in 1938 in unusual circumstances. She was the first Hungarian woman to win a gold medal in both events.
Her win in the 1936 Olympics was one of the tightest in the history of high jumping. Three athletes cleared 160 cm but none cleared 162. The three competitors were offered a fourth opportunity and Csák was the only one to clear the height.
She was a Hungarian Jew; she was one of a number of Jewish athletes who won medals at the Olympics in Berlin in 1936.
Csák won the gold medal in the 1938 European championships after the original winner, Germany's Dora Ratjen, turned out to be a man. The height Csák cleared in that event was the Hungarian record for the high jump for the next 24 years.
She won nine Hungarian titles in all, including two in the long jump.
She was a competitor of the National Gymnastics Club (NTE) from 1929 until 1939, a gymnast from 1929 until 1932, and an athlete from 1933 until 1939. She also received the International Fair Play Life Achievement Award in 2005.
Personal life
Between 1936 and 1970, she worked in the central office of the Hungarian Banknote Printing Co.
She had two children, Ibolya (1940) and Attila (1942).
See also
1936 Summer Olympics
Athletics at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Women's high jump
References
External links
"Hungarian great Csak dies aged 91, CNN, February 10, 2006 accessed February 11, 2006
Sports Illustrated Olympic gold medallists in athletics
photo
1915 births
2006 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
European Athletics Championships medalists
Hungarian female high jumpers
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of Hungary
Olympic gold medalists for Hungary
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Hungarian Jews
Jewish sportspeople
Athletes from Budapest |
4033519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20Census%20%282002%29 | Russian Census (2002) | The Russian Census of 2002 () was the first census of the Russian Federation since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, carried out on October 9 through October 16, 2002. It was carried out by the Russian Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat).
Data collection
The census data were collected as of midnight October 9, 2002.
Resident population
The census was primarily intended to collect statistical information about the resident population
of Russian Federation. The resident population included:
Russian citizens living in Russia (including those temporary away from the country, provided the absence from the country was expected to last less than one year);
non-citizens (i.e. foreign citizens and stateless persons) who were any of the following:
legal permanent residents;
persons who have arrived to the country with the intent to settle permanently or to seek asylum, regardless of whether they have actually obtained the appropriate immigration status;
authorized foreign workers or students, provided the period of temporary residence in Russia was expected to last at least one year.
All detailed census tables are for the resident population.
All (resident) participants were asked question on their gender, birth date, marital status, household composition,
birthplace, citizenship, ethnic or tribal self-identification (национальность), education level, language
competence, sources of income, and employment status. A sample of the participants were also asked more
detailed questions about their economic and housing situation.
Non-residents
Also, the census also counted two more groups of people:
Russian citizens currently living abroad for more than one year in connection with the employment with the federal government.
Persons (regardless of their citizenship) permanently residing abroad, but temporarily present in Russia (as tourists, short-term foreign workers or students, etc.).
Foreign citizens present in Russia as employees of foreign diplomatic missions or international organizations, and members
of their household, were excluded from the census altogether.
Census results
The Census recorded the resident population of 145,166,731 persons, including 67,605,133 men and 77,561,598 women.
That included urban population of 106,429,000 (73%) and rural population of 38,738,000 (27%).
The non-resident populations included:
Russian citizens living abroad in connection with the federal government service: 107,288 (67,058 men and 40,230 women);
Foreign residents present in Russia on the census date: 239,018 (177,465 men and 61,553 women).
Citizenship
Census participants were asked what country (or countries) they were citizens of. 142,442,000 respondents reported
being Russian citizens; among them, 44,000 also had citizenship of another country.
Among Russia's resident population, 1,025,413 foreign citizens and 429,881 stateless persons were counted.
1,269,023 persons did not report their citizenship.
Language abilities
Among the questions asked were "Are you competent in the Russian language?" (Владеете ли Вы русским языком?) and "What other languages are you competent in?" (Какими иными языками Вы владеете?). As the census manual explained, "competence" (владение) meant either the
ability to speak, read and write a language, or only the ability to speak it.
The questions did not distinguish native and non-native speakers,
nor did they try to measure the degree of language competence. For small children, presumably, the recorded answer was based on the language(s) spoken by the parents.
142.6 million (98.3%) of the responders claimed competence in Russian. Other widely reported
languages (more than 500,000 speakers each) are listed in the table below.
1.42 million responders did not provide language information.
For a more detailed list, see List of languages of Russia.
See also
Demographics of Russia (includes ethnic composition and some other census results)
Russian Empire Census
Soviet Census
External links
Official census home page
Population of Chechnya: was the Census correct?
Censuses in Russia
Census
2002 censuses |
4033521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvester%20Jenks | Silvester Jenks | Silvester Jenks (c. 1656 – December 1714) was an English Catholic priest and theologian.
Born in Shropshire, Jenks attended the English College, Douai, where he served as Professor of Philosophy from 1680 to 1686. He later served as a preacher to James II. After the Glorious Revolution in 1688, he fled to Flanders. Upon his return to England, he laboured as a missionary in or near London and was appointed Archdeacon of Surrey and Kent. In 1711, he was elected Vicar Apostolic of the Northern District. Bishops Giffard and Witham wrote Rome to say that Jenks had been ill, and that it would be better to defer his consecration until after parliament had been dissolved to avoid any disturbance. Jenks died before being consecrated, probably in mid-December 1714.
Among Jenks's works are:
A Contrite and Humble Heart
Practical Discourses on the Morality of the Gospel
The Blind Obedience of a Humble Penitent the Best Cure for Scruples
The Whole Duty of a Christian
A Short Review of the Book of Jansenius
A portrait engraved by le Pouter in 1694 is prefixed to a Paris edition of A Contrite and Humble Heart.
References
1650s births
1714 deaths
English College, Douai alumni
17th-century English Roman Catholic theologians
Clergy from Shropshire
17th-century English Roman Catholic priests
18th-century English Roman Catholic priests |
4033532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsonite | Lawsonite | Lawsonite is a hydrous calcium aluminium sorosilicate mineral with formula CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O. Lawsonite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system in prismatic, often tabular crystals. Crystal twinning is common. It forms transparent to translucent colorless, white, and bluish to pinkish grey glassy to greasy crystals. Refractive indices are nα=1.665, nβ=1.672 - 1.676, and nγ=1.684 - 1.686. It is typically almost colorless in thin section, but some lawsonite is pleochroic from colorless to pale yellow to pale blue, depending on orientation. The mineral has a Mohs hardness of 8 and a specific gravity of 3.09. It has perfect cleavage in two directions and a brittle fracture.
Lawsonite is a metamorphic mineral typical of the blueschist facies. It also occurs as a secondary mineral in altered gabbro and diorite. Associate minerals include epidote, titanite, glaucophane, garnet and quartz. It is an uncommon constituent of eclogite.
It was first described in 1895 for occurrences in the Tiburon peninsula, Marin County, California. It was named after geologist Andrew Lawson (1861–1952) of the University of California by two of Lawson's graduate students, Charles Palache and Frederick Leslie Ransome.
Composition
Lawsonite is a metamorphic silicate mineral related chemically and structurally to the epidote group of minerals. It is close to the ideal composition of CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2 . H2O giving it a close chemical composition with anorthite CaAl2Si2O8 (its anhydrous equivalent), yet lawsonite has greater density and a different Al coordination (Comodi et al., 1996). The substantial amount of water bound in lawsonite’s crystal structure is released during its breakdown to denser minerals during prograde metamorphism. This means lawsonite is capable of conveying appreciable water to shallow depths in subducting oceanic lithosphere (Clarke et al., 2006). Experimentation on lawsonite to vary its responses at different temperatures and different pressures is among its most studied aspects, for it is these qualities that affect its abilities to carry water down to mantle depths, similar to other OH-containing phases like antigorite, talc, phengite, staurolite, and epidote (Comodi et al., 1996).
Geologic occurrence
Lawsonite is a very widespread mineral and has attracted considerable interest because of its importance as a marker of moderate pressure (6-12 kb) and low temperature (300 - 400 °C) conditions in nature (Clarke et al., 2006). This mainly occurs along continental margins (subduction zones) such as those found in: the Franciscan Formation in California at Reed Station, Tiburon Peninsula of Marin County, California; the Piedmont metamorphic rocks of Italy; and schists in New Zealand, New Caledonia, China, Japan and from various points in the circum-Pacific orogenic belt.
Crystal structure
Though lawsonite and anorthite have similar compositions, their structures are quite different. While anorthite has a tetrahedral coordination with Al (Al substitutes for Si in feldspars), lawsonite has an octahedral coordination with Al, making it an orthorhombic sorosilicate with a space group of Cmcm which consists of Si2O7 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and/or > [4] coordination. This is much similar to the epidote group which lawsonite is often found in conjunction with, which are also sorosilicates because their structure consists of two connected SiO4 tetrahedra plus connecting cation. The water contained in its structure is made possible by cavities formed by rings of two Al octahedral and two Si2O7 groups, each containing an isolated water molecule and calcium atom. The hydroxyl units are bound to the edge-sharing Al octahedral (Baur, 1978).
Physical properties
Lawsonite has crystal habits of orthorhombic prismatic, which are crystals shaped like slender prisms, or tubular figures, which are form dimensions that are thin in one direction, both with two perfect cleavages. This crystal is transparent to translucent and varies in color from white to pale blue to colorless with a white streak and a vitreous or greasy luster. It has a relatively low specific gravity of 3.1g/cm3, and a pretty high hardness of 7.5 on Mohs scale of hardness, slightly higher than quartz. Under the microscope, lawsonite can be seen as blue, yellow, or colorless under plane polarized light while the stage is rotated. Lawsonite has three refractive indices of nα = 1.665 nβ = 1.672 - 1.676 nγ = 1.684 - 1.686, which produces a birefringence of δ = 0.019 - 0.021 and an optically positive biaxial interference figure.
Significance of lawsonite
Lawsonite is a significant metamorphic mineral as it can be used as an index mineral for high pressure conditions. Index minerals are used in geology to determine the degree of metamorphism a rock has experienced. New metamorphic minerals form through solid-state cation exchanges following changing pressure and temperature conditions imposed upon the protolith (pre-metamorphosed rock). This new mineral that is produced in the metamorphosed rock is the index mineral, which indicates the minimum pressure and temperature the protolith must have achieved in order for that mineral to form.
Lawsonite is known to form in high pressure, low temperature conditions, most commonly found in subduction zones where cold oceanic crust subducts down oceanic trenches into the mantle (Comodi et al., 1996). The initially low temperature of the slab, and fluids taken down with it manage to depress isotherms and keep the slab much colder than the surrounding mantle, allowing for these unusual high pressure, low temperature conditions. Glaucophane, kyanite and zoisite are other common minerals in the blueschist facies and are commonly found to coexist (Pawley et al., 1996). This assemblage is diagnostic of this facies.
References
Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley,
Comodi P. and Zanazzi P. F. (1996) Effects of temperature and pressure on the structure of lawsonite, Piazza University, Perugia, Italy. American Mineralogist 81, 833-841.
Baur W. H. (1978) Crystal structure refinement of lawsonite, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois. American Mineralogist 63, 311-315.
Clarke G. L., Powell R., Fitzherbert J. A. (2006) The lawsonite paradox: a comparison of field evidence and mineral equilibria modeling, Australia. J. metamorphis Geol. 24, 715-725.
Maekawa H., Shozul M., Ishll T., Fryer P., Pearce J. A. (1993) Blueschist metamorphism in an active subduction zone, Japan. Nature 364, 520-523.
Pawley A. R., Redfern S. A. T., Holland T. J. B. (1996) Volume behavior of hydrous minerals at high pressure and temperature: I. Thermal expansion of lawsonite, zoisite, clinozoisite, and diaspore, U.K. American Mineralogist 81, 335-340.
Calcium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Sorosilicates
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 63 |
4033533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Newcastle%20United%20F.C.%20players | List of Newcastle United F.C. players | Below is a list of notable footballers who have played for Newcastle United. Generally, this means players that have played 50–100 first-class matches for the club. However, some players who have played fewer matches are also included; this includes the club's founder members, players from the club's pre-Football League days, when they played fewer matches in a season than the present day, and some players who fell just short of the 100 total but made significant contributions to the club's history (e.g. Keegan, Ferdinand, Asprilla).
List of players
Players are listed according to the date they signed for the club. Appearances and goals are for first-team competitive matches only; wartime matches are excluded. Substitute appearances included.Statistics correct as of 3 September 2021.
Club captains
Hall of Fame
Source:
References
Newcastle United
Players
Association football player non-biographical articles |
4033543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorton%20Arena | Dorton Arena | J. S. Dorton Arena is a 7,610-seat multi-purpose arena located in Raleigh, North Carolina, on the grounds of the North Carolina State Fair. It opened in 1952.
Architect Maciej Nowicki of the North Carolina State University Department of Architecture was killed in an airplane crash before the construction phase. Local architect William Henley Dietrick supervised the completion of the arena using Nowicki's innovative design. Said design features a steel cable supported saddle-shaped roof in tension, held up by parabolic concrete arches in compression. The arches cross about 20 feet above ground level and continue underground, where the ends of the arches are held together by more steel cables in tension. The outer walls of the arena support next to no weight at all. Dorton Arena was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on April 11, 1973. Originally named the "State Fair Arena", it was dedicated to Dr. J. S. Dorton, former North Carolina State Fair manager, in 1961.
In the past, it has hosted many sporting events, concerts, political rallies and circuses.
Historic significance
The Dorton Arena was the first structure in the world to use a cable-supported roof. The structure is based on two parabolic concrete arches which lean over to the point that they are closer to being parallel to the ground than they are to being vertical. The arches lean toward and beyond each other such that they cross each other 26 feet above ground. These arches, approaching horizontal in plane, thus serve as the outer edges of the structure, which when viewed from above appears almost elliptical. The arches are supported by slender columns around the building perimeter. Cables are strung between the two opposing arch structures providing support for the saddle-shaped roof. This was the first permanent cable-supported roof in the world. Constructed in 1952, the arena was the predecessor of more famous domed stadiums to follow such as the Houston Astrodome in 1965 and the Louisiana Superdome in 1975. Dorton Arena was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2002.
Sports
Dorton Arena has hosted numerous sporting events and teams throughout the decades. The longest-running tenant was the Raleigh IceCaps (ECHL) ice hockey team from 1991–1998. The American Basketball Association's Carolina Cougars also played some games in the arena from 1969–74. It was also the home of the Carolina Rollergirls (WFTDA).
The Cougars became tenants after the Houston Mavericks moved to North Carolina in 1969. The Cougars were a "regional franchise", playing "home" games in Charlotte (Bojangles' Coliseum), Greensboro (Greensboro Coliseum), Winston-Salem Memorial Coliseum and Raleigh (Dorton Arena). Hall of Fame Coach Larry Brown began his coaching career with the Cougars in 1972. Billy Cunningham was the ABA MVP for the Brown and theCougars in the 1972–73 season. Despite a strong fan base the Cougars were sold and moved to St. Louis in 1974.
Dorton Arena was a popular venue for professional wrestling in the 70s and 80s, with sometimes weekly matches. Wrestler Rowdy Roddy Piper defeated “Nature Boy” Ric Flair for the National Wrestling Alliance U.S. Heavyweight championship in Dorton Arena on Jan. 27, 1981.
Beginning in 2016, it became the home of the Triangle Torch in American Indoor Football. The Torch have since played as members of Supreme Indoor Football but left Dorton Arena prior to the 2018 season in the American Arena League.
Other events
Besides hosting sporting events, the arena is also used for concerts during the North Carolina State Fair. Various conventions and fairs also use floorspace of the arena as an exhibition space, often in conjunction with the neighboring Jim Graham building.
The arena has hosted the FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) regional robotics competition and was the first space to hold a regional in the state.
Both Shaw University and Meredith College use Dorton Arena as a site for graduation, and the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics use the facility as a rain site for their commencement exercises.
Concerts in Dorton (non-fair)
Dorton Arena and Reynolds Coliseum were the only concert venues in the Capital City for many decades before Walnut Creek Amphitheater and PNC Arena were built. The building was originally designed for livestock shows, not for concerts, so while there are unobstructed views of the stage, the sound tends to bounce off the glass. Fair officials have made significant changes to improve the acoustics of the building in recent years. Many of the biggest names in entertainment have played in this arena.
See also
Tensile architecture
Tensile and membrane structures
Thin-shell structure
List of thin shell structures
List of Registered Historic Places in North Carolina
List of historic civil engineering landmarks
References
External links
Official Website via the NC Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
Extended history including construction photos and structural details
Historic photos of Dorton Arena
Matthew Nowicki Papers at NCSU Libraries, includes drawings of Dorton
Video: JS Dorton Arena, the Fairground Pavilion That Was a Modernist Marvel by ArchDaily.com, 4 September 2014
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Sports venues completed in 1952
American Basketball Association venues
Basketball venues in North Carolina
Carolina Cougars
Arena football venues
Indoor ice hockey venues in the United States
Indoor arenas in North Carolina
Tensile membrane structures
Buildings and structures in Raleigh, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Raleigh, North Carolina
Sports venues in Raleigh, North Carolina
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
1952 establishments in North Carolina |
4033575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taco%20Mayo | Taco Mayo | Taco Mayo Restaurant is an American fast food chain which specializes in Mexican-style food. The company was founded in Norman, Oklahoma, and is currently headquartered in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Taco Mayo has franchise locations throughout Oklahoma, northern Texas, southern Kansas, and western Arkansas.
History
The chain originated in Norman, Oklahoma in May 1978, and by 1980, Taco Mayo had expanded into franchising by establishing three stores in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. Over the years, Taco Mayo has expanded from a single store in Norman into a regional operation with 53 Taco Mayo locations throughout Oklahoma and its surrounding areas. The restaurant wanted to expand to 200 locations by the year 2000. While it did not reach that goal, it had reached its 100th location by 1997. After the “expansion program” failed, the company began realizing its marketing mistake: never force quantity over quality. Many of the restaurants were built and opened in such a rush that the company did not care about finding the right individuals to run the restaurant or finding the right locations to place the restaurants. Not wanting to be the fast-food chain that everyone stereotyped as poorly crafted or run-down, Taco Mayo's corporate offices closed down many of the locations that were functioning poorly.
Fresh Mex
Also contributing to saving the franchise's name was the idea to upgrade to a “Fresh Mex” style on the restaurant's 25th anniversary. This upgrade included simplifying the menu and showing the customer the freshness of their food by using an open layout bar that displayed the ingredients in plain sight.
References
External links
Official website
Companies based in Oklahoma City
Restaurants in Oklahoma
Economy of the Southwestern United States
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Fast-food chains of the United States
Restaurants established in 1978
Fast-food Mexican restaurants |
4033580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Marching%20Morons | The Marching Morons | "The Marching Morons" is a science fiction story by American writer Cyril M. Kornbluth, originally published in Galaxy in April 1951. It was included in The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two after being voted one of the best novellas up to 1965.
The story follows John Barlow, who was put into suspended animation by a freak accident involving a dental drill and anesthesia. Barlow is revived hundreds of years in the future. The world seems mad to Barlow until he discovers the 'Problem of Population': due to a combination of intelligent people not having children and excessive breeding by less intelligent people and coupled with the development of more sophisticated machinery that makes it less important to possess intelligence in one's working life, the world is full of morons, with the exception of an elite few who work slavishly to keep order. Barlow, who was a shrewd real estate con man in his day, has a solution to sell to the elite, in exchange for being made World Dictator.
Background
In the "Introduction" to The Best of C. M. Kornbluth, Frederik Pohl (Kornbluth's friend and collaborator) explains some of the inspiration to "The Marching Morons". The work was written after Pohl suggested that Kornbluth write a follow-up story that focuses on the future presented in the short story "The Little Black Bag". In contrast to the "little black bag" arriving in the past from the future, Kornbluth wanted to write about a man arriving in the future from the past. To explain sending a man to the future, Kornbluth borrowed from David Butler's 1930 science fiction film, Just Imagine, in which a man is struck by lightning, trapped in suspended animation, and reanimated in the future. In "The Marching Morons", after the character John Barlow is told how he had been in a state of suspended animation, Barlow mutters, "Like that movie."
Plot
The human population is now 3 million highbred elite and 5 billion morons, and the "average" IQ is 45 (whereas today an IQ score of 100 is average, by definition). Several generations before the onset of the story, the small number of remaining 100-and-higher-IQ technocrats work feverishly to keep the morons alive.
The elite have had little success in solving "The Problem" (also called "Poprob", for 'population problem', in the story) for several reasons:
The morons must be managed or else there will be chaos, resulting in billions of deaths and "five hundred million tons of rotting flesh";
It is not possible to sterilize all of the morons;
Propaganda against large families is insufficient, because every biological drive is towards fertility (the story predates the development of hormonal contraception).
The elite have tried everything rational to solve the population problem, but the problem cannot be solved rationally. The solution requires a way of thinking that no longer exists – Barlow's "vicious self-interest" and his knowledge of ancient history.
Barlow derives a solution based on his experience in scamming people into buying worthless land and knowledge of lemmings' mass migration into the sea: convince the morons to travel to Venus in spaceships that will kill their passengers out of view of land. The story predates the moon landing, and the safety of space travel is summed up in a description of a rocket that crashed on the moon. Propaganda depicts Venus as a tropical paradise, with "blanket trees", "ham bushes" and "soap roots". In a nationalistic frenzy, every country tries to send as many of their people to Venus as possible to stake their claim.
Barlow's help includes using his knowledge of Nazi propaganda tactics: postcards are sent from the supposedly happy new residents of Venus to relatives left behind, describing a wonderful, easy life, in the same way as fraudulent postcards were sent to relatives of those incinerated in the Nazi death-camps.
But Barlow is duped by his erstwhile assistants. Barlow does not realize that the elite despise him, as they despise all people from the past for not having solved The Problem earlier. In the end, Barlow is placed on a spaceship to Venus to share the fate of his victims and realizes that crime does not pay, just before he dies.
References in other works
The 1954 novel Search the Sky, a collaboration with Frederik Pohl, uses the same plot idea in the last section; so does the 1980 novel The Restaurant at the End of the Universe with the Golgafrinchan Ark.
In the short story The Little Black Bag, a highly sophisticated medical kit designed for use by a person of limited intelligence is sent back to the 20th century by mistake. It appears to have come from the future described in The Marching Morons, with the future genocide implied.
The 1987 film RoboCop adapts the gameshow catchphrase "Would you buy that for a quarter?" but modernizes it to "I'd buy that for a dollar!"
The 2006 film Idiocracy borrows the idea of the world population becoming moronic through the stupid breeding more, but it does not have genocide or a super-clever elite.
Characters
Efim Hawkins: A potter owning a shop near a lake. Often goes for walks through the woods while waiting for his kilns to cool. An "all around man". Reanimated Barlow with 60cc of "simple saline in the trigeminal nerve".
John Barlow: A real estate agent from the past (1988). Put in a state of suspended animation after a freak dentist accident involving an electrical shock and the "experimental anesthetic Cycloparadimethanol-B-7" (a fictional organic compound), known as "Levantman shock" in the future.
Tinny-Peete: A psychist.
Ryan-Ngana (Hawk-faced man): Meets with Tinny-Peete and Barlow. He has Tutsi or "Watusi" heritage and so the prejudiced Barlow refuses to work with him.
See also
Fertility and intelligence
Flynn effect
Eugenics
Idiocracy
Harrison Bergeron
The Space Merchants
The Gene Bomb
A Day Without a Mexican
The City Without Jews
Search the Sky
Sources
External links
"The Marching Morons" at the Internet Archive
1951 short stories
Short stories by Cyril M. Kornbluth
Dystopian literature
Overpopulation fiction
Eugenics in fiction
Works originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction |
4033584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongno%203%28sam%29-ga%20station | Jongno 3(sam)-ga station | Jongno 3(sam)-ga Station is an underground station on lines 1, 3 and 5 of the Seoul Subway in South Korea.
In December 2010 the station is recorded as having the fifth highest WiFi data consumption of all the Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations, following Express Bus Terminal Station, Sadang Station, Dongdaemun Station and Jamsil Station.
Station layout
History
The station opened to Line 1 services on August 15, 1974. On October 18, 1985, services on Line 3 began stopping at Jongno 3(sam)-ga, and on December 30, 1996, Line 5 trains began calling here.
Entrances
The following places are accessible from this station's exits as listed.
Exit 1: Jongno 1, 2, 3, 4 Ga Dong Office, Jongno 2 Ga Post Office, Jongno 2 Ga Public Safety Centre, Tapgol Park; Insa Dong
Exit 2; 2-1: Changdeokgung
Exit 3: Donui Dong; Jongno 3 Ga Fire Station; Jongno 3 Ga Public Safety Centre; Jongmyo; Jongmyo Citizens' Park
Exit 4: Nakwon Dong
Exit 5: Seoul Gyodong Primary School; Seoul Unhyeon Primary School; Jongnno 1, 2, 3, 4 Ga Dong Office; Jongno 2 Ha Post Office; Jongno 2 Ga Public Safety Centre; Jongno Tax Office; Tapgol Park
Exit 6: Jongno 3 Ga Fire Station
Exit 7: Anguk Dong; Donhwamun; Jongno 3 Ga Public Safety Centre; Changdeokgung
Exit 8: Myo Dong; Changdeokgung; Jongmyo Citizens' Park
Exit 9: Jongmyo; Jongno 3 Ga Fire Station; Jongno 3 Ga Public Safety Centre
Exit 10: Jongmyo; Jongmyo Citizens' Park
Exit 11: Daerim Shopping
Exit 12: Jongno 4 Ga
Exit 13: Jangsa Dong; Cheonggyecheon 3 Ga
Exit 14: Cheonggyecheon 3 Ga; Seoul Teenagers' Training Centre
Exit 15: Gwansu Dong; Jongno 2 Ga; Industrial Bank of Korea, End of Jongno
Tourism
In January 2013, the Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, which operates this line, published free guidebooks in three languages: English, Japanese and Chinese (simplified and traditional), which features eight tours as well as recommendations for accommodations, restaurants and shopping centers. The tours are designed with different themes, e.g. Korean traditional culture, which goes from this station to Anguk Station and Gyeongbokgung Station on line No 3 that showcases antique shops and art galleries of Insa-dong.
References
Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Metro stations in Jongno District
Railway stations opened in 1974
Seoul Subway Line 3
Seoul Subway Line 1
Seoul Subway Line 5 |
4033608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke%20Mitchell | Duke Mitchell | Duke Mitchell (born Dominic Salvatore Miceli; May 9, 1926 – December 2, 1981) was an American film actor, slapstick comedian, crooner and independent film director of 1970s gangster movies starring himself. Mitchell often performed his nightclub act in and around Palm Springs, California, and anointed himself the "King of Palm Springs."
Early life and career
On May 9, 1926, Mitchell was born Dominic Salvatore Miceli in Farrell, Pennsylvania. In 1951, he teamed with comic Sammy Petrillo for a nightclub act. Mitchell's cabaret-style crooning and Petrillo's manic, rubber-faced clowning bore more than a passing resemblance to the popular team of Martin and Lewis (Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis, whom Mitchell and Petrillo physically resembled), which led to Lewis taking legal action.<ref name="NYTimes">Sammy Petrillo obituary, The New York Times, August 24, 2009; accessed July 2, 2017.</ref> The suit was later dismissed.
Movie producer Jack Broder intended to star Mitchell and Petrillo in a feature-length comedy. Petrillo later recalled his suspicion that Broder never really intended to make the film: Broder expected Paramount Pictures to pay him off, but when Paramount dropped the lawsuit, Broder had to follow through. The resulting film was Bela Lugosi Meets a Brooklyn Gorilla, a jungle-themed comedy. Mitchell had a small appearance in the Martin and Lewis film Sailor Beware (1952).
After Mitchell and Petrillo parted ways, Mitchell stayed in show business, performing at nightclubs in New York, Las Vegas, Seattle, Palm Springs, Chicago (opening for his friend Lenny Bruce), and The Cloisters, Crescendo and Coconut Grove in Los Angeles and began directing self-financed independent films such as Massacre Mafia Style (1974) and Gone with the Pope (1976), which have since developed a cult following. In 1960, Mitchell provided the singing voice of Fred Flintstone for his friends William Hanna and Joseph Barbera on The Flintstones episodes "Hot Lips Hannigan" and "Girls' Night Out".
Mitchell was a regular on the scene in Palm Springs, California, where he started the fad and trend of "Sunday Brunches" with shows including Liza Minnelli, David Janssen, Cary Grant, Frank Sinatra, and his son, guitarist/songwriter Jeffrey Mitchell, who got his start at the Ranch Club brunches with his father, Doug McClure, James Drury, and a myriad of stars including Lucille Ball, Red Skelton, Vince Edwards, and acts from the world of show-biz. Stars would take the weekend plunge into the Palm Springs scene and join the brunch festivities on Sunday.
Several of Mitchell’s projects originally weren't released, including his "Tribute to Durante" and his second feature film Gone with the Pope, which only existed as a work print when it was found in Mitchell's son Jeffrey Mitchell's garage by Grindhouse Releasing’s Bob Murawski and Sage Stallone. Sage wanted to purchase Gone with the Pope from Jeffrey Mitchell and he did, save for the musical rights, as Mitchell's music is published out of London. It was carefully restored and released theatrically in 2011 by Grindhouse Releasing, which has also restored and released Mitchell’s Massacre Mafia Style, owned by Jeffrey Mitchell and Bob Murawski, on Blu-ray in 2015."Weekend Weirdness: Gone with the Pope", Slashfilm.com, November 15, 2009.
Personal life and death
Mitchell and his wife, Jo, had two children. On December 2, 1981, Mitchell died of lung cancer at the age of 55.
Filmography
Director
Massacre Mafia Style (1974, re-released in 2010 by Grindhouse Releasing) (a.k.a. Like Father Like Son, a.k.a. The Executioner)
Gone with the Pope (1976, released in 2010 by Grindhouse Releasing)
Actor
Bela Lugosi Meets a Brooklyn Gorilla (1952)
Sailor Beware (1952) (uncredited)
Crime in the Streets (1956) (uncredited)
Baby Face Nelson (1957)
Paradise Alley (1962)
Massacre Mafia Style (1974)
Gone with the Pope'' (1976)
References
External links
1926 births
1981 deaths
American male film actors
American crooners
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from lung cancer
Liberty Records artists
People from Mercer County, Pennsylvania
Film directors from Pennsylvania
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers |
4033612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira%20Gandhi%20National%20Centre%20for%20the%20Arts | Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts | Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA), New Delhi is a premier government-funded arts organization in India. It is an autonomous institute under the Union Ministry of Culture.
History
The Indira Gandhi National centre for arts was launched on 19 November 1985 by Prime Minister Shri Rajiv Gandhi at a function where the symbolism of the components was clearly articulated at different levels. The elements - fire, water, earth, sky and vegetation - were brought together. Five rocks from five major rivers - Sindhu (Indus), Ganga, Kaveri, Mahanadi and the Narmada (where the most ancient ammonite fossils are found) were composed into sculptural forms. These remain at the site as reminders of the antiquity of Indian culture and the sacredness of her rivers and rocks.
The Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts Trust was constituted and registered at New Delhi on 24 March 1987.
Board of Trustees
Executive Committee
About
The Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, is visualised as a centre encompassing the study and experience of all the arts – each form with its own integrity, yet within a dimension of mutual interdependence, interrelated with nature, social structure and cosmology.
This view of the arts, integrated with, and essential to the larger matrix of human culture, is predicated upon the role of the arts as essential to the integral quality of person, at home with himself and society. It partakes of the holistic worldview so powerfully articulated throughout Indian tradition, and emphasized by modern Indian leaders from Mahatma Gandhi to Rabindranath Tagore.
The arts are here understood to comprise the fields of creative and critical literature, written and oral; the visual arts, ranging from architecture, sculpture, painting and graphics to general material culture, photography and film; the performing arts of music, dance and theatre in their broadest connotation; and all else in fairs, festivals and lifestyle that has an artistic dimension. In its initial stages the centre will focus attention on India; it will later expand its horizons to other civilizations and cultures. Through diverse programmes of research, publication, training, creative activities and performance, the IGNCA seeks to place the arts within the context of the natural and human environment. The fundamental approach of the centre is all its work will be both multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary.
Recognising the need to encompass and preserve the distributed fragments of Indian art and culture, a pioneering attempt has been made by Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) to serve as a major resource centre for the arts, especially written, oral and visual materials. One of the programmes of this centre, in collaboration with UNDP, is to utilise multimedia computer technology to create a wide variety of software packages that communicate cultural information. Multimedia technology allows the user to interact and explore the subject in a non-linear mode by combining audio, text, graphics, animation and video on a computer.
Aims and Objectives
to serve as a major resource centre for Indian arts, especially written, oral and visual source materials
to conduct research on the arts and humanities, and to publish reference works, glossaries, dictionaries and encyclopedia
to establish a tribal and folk arts division with a core collection for conducting systematic scientific studies and live presentations
to provide a forum for dialogue through performances, exhibitions, multi-media projections, conferences, seminars and workshops on traditional and contemporary Indian arts
to foster dialogue between the arts and current ideas in philosophy, science and technology, with a view toward bridging the gap in intellectual understanding between modern sciences and arts and culture
to evolve models of research programmes and arts administration pertinent to the Indian ethos
to elucidate the formative and dynamic factors in the complex web of interactions between diverse social strata, communities and regions
to interact with other national and international institutions
to conduct related research in the arts, humanities and culture
Divisions
Kalanidhi – (कलानिधि) KalaNidhi is a repository of research and reference material in Humanities and the Arts. It has built a massive collection of source material, encapsulating the entire spectrum of textual, visual and auditory data. Within the Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA).
Kalakosa - (कलाकोश) Kālakośa is the research and publication division, investigating the intellectual traditions in their dimensions of multi-layers and multi-disciplines
Janapada Sampada - (जनपद संपदा) Janapada Sampadā, is the division engaged in lifestyle studies. It has a programmatic character classified as Lifestyle Studies, Multi-media Presentation, Events, and Children's World, each with a number of subprograms.
Kaladarsana - Kalādarśana (कलादर्शन) is the executive unit that transforms researches and studies emanating from the IGNCA into visible forms through exhibitions.
Cultural Informatics - कल्चरल इन्फॉर्मेटिक्स (सीआईएल) – एक मल्टीमीडिया शोध केन्द्र Cultural Informatics Laboratory where there are applied technology tools for cultural preservation and propagation. Among its projects it is Kalāsampadā (कलासंपदा), a digital repository of content and information integrated with a user-friendly interface, for encompassing and preserving the rare archival collections of the IGNCA.
Sutradhara - (सूत्राधार) Sutrādhāra is the administrative section, supporting and coordinating all the activities. The Member Secretary is the Executive head of both academic and administrative divisions. It comprises Administration, Finance, Accounts, Services & Supplies and International Dialogue Unit.
Media Centre – (मीडिया सेंटर) Since the inception of IGNCA, it was envisioned that the centre would develop into a huge digital repository in future. Media Centre has been endeavouring to do audio/visual research documentation and archiving them for prosperity and implementing worldwide dissemination as well.
Adi Drishya – (आदि-दृश्य ) The Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) has conceived a major academic programme, which relates to exploring artistic manifestations emanating from man's primary sense perceptions. Amongst the senses that lead to aesthetic experience are vision (Drishya) and hearing (Shravya). The rock art forms a crucial component of the Adi Drishya programme.
Conservation Lab. – (संरक्षण प्रयोगशाला ) Conservation Lab specializes in the areas of preventive conservation, conservation training, conservation of books, manuscripts, paintings, and objects (metals, wooden objects, ethnographic objects, etc.). Conservation Division also undertakes research and documentation projects in the field of cast iron objects and rust converters.
Academic – (पीजी डिप्लोमा पाठ्यक्रम) Ministry of Culture, Government of India set up IGNCA in the year 1987 to explore, study and disseminate Indian arts, revive the dialogue between India and her neighbours, especially in South and Southeast Asia, in the areas pertaining to the arts. Arts encompasses a wide area of studies, such as creative literature – written and oral; visual arts – architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics and general material culture; photography and films; the performing arts – music, dance and theatre; festivals with artistic dimension
Photo Unit – (फोटो यूनिट )The Photography Unit undertake photo-documentation of various Objects of Cultural Archives, Preparing Preservation copies and Copy Negatives of Photo collections, Regular activities of IGNCA, such as Seminars, Lectures, Workshops, Visits of Dignitaries, Documentation of Exhibitions as and when required also Preparation of Slides for various Divisions for publication purposes and for Lecture Series by Scholars.
Regional centres
Varanasi
Guwahati
Bengaluru
Ranchi
Puducherry
Thrissur
Goa
Vadodara
Srinagar
References
2.https://ignca.gov.in/
External links
Official website
Arts councils
Arts organisations based in Delhi
Government buildings in Delhi
Ministry of Culture (India)
National Centre for the Arts
Arts organizations established in 1985
1985 establishments in Delhi |
4033613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morsztyn | Morsztyn | Morsztyn can refer to three Polish writers of that surname:
Hieronim Morsztyn (ca.1581-1623)
Jan Andrzej Morsztyn (1621-1693)
Zbigniew Morsztyn (1627-1689) |
4033616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranganathaswamy%20Temple%2C%20Srirangam | Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam | Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Ranganatha (a form of Vishnu), located in Srirangam, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India. Constructed in the Hindu architectural style, the temple is glorified by Alvars in their Divya Prabhanda and has the unique distinction of being the foremost among the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to the god Vishnu.
It is the most illustrious Vaishnava temples in South India rich in legend and history. The temple has played an important role in Vaishnavism history starting with the 11th-century career of Ramanuja and his predecessors Nathamuni and Yamunacharya in Srirangam. Its location, on an island between the Kollidam and Kaveri rivers, has rendered it vulnerable to flooding as well as the rampaging of invading armies which repeatedly commandeered the site for military encampment. The temple was looted and destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate armies in a broad plunder raid on various cities of the Pandyan kingdom in early 14th century. The temple was rebuilt in late 14th century, the site fortified and expanded with many more gopurams in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was one of the hubs of early Bhakti movement with a devotional singing and dance tradition, but this tradition stopped during the 14th century and was revived in a limited way much later.
The temple occupies an area of with 81 shrines, 21 towers, 39 pavilions, and many water tanks integrated into the complex making it the world's largest functioning Hindu temple. The temple town is a significant archaeological and epigraphical site, providing a historic window into the early and mid medieval South Indian society and culture. Numerous inscriptions suggest that this Hindu temple served not only as a spiritual center, but also a major economic and charitable institution that operated education and hospital facilities, ran a free kitchen, and financed regional infrastructure projects from the gifts and donations it received.
The Srirangam temple is the largest temple compound in India and one of the largest religious complexes in the world. Some of these structures have been renovated, expanded and rebuilt over the centuries as a living temple. The latest addition is the outer tower that is approximately tall, completed in 1987. Srirangam temple is often listed as one of the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world, the still larger Angkor Wat being the largest existing temple. The temple is an active Hindu house of worship and follows the Tenkalai tradition of Sri Vaishnavism. The annual 21-day festival conducted during the Tamil month of Margali (December–January) attracts 1 million visitors. The temple complex has been nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and is in UNESCO's tentative list.
Location
The Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam, also known as Periyakovil and Srirangam Tirupati, is located about north of the city of Tiruchirappalli, about southwest of Chennai. The city is connected daily to other major cities by the network of Indian Railways, Tamil Nadu bus services and the Highway 38. The site is near the Tiruchirappalli International Airport (IATA: TRZ).
The temple site is on a large island bounded by the Kaveri River and Kollidam River. It is vast and planned as a temple town with Sapta-Prakaram design where the sanctum, gopuram, services and living area are co-located in seven concentric enclosures. Rampart walls were added after medieval centuries that saw its invasion and destruction. The temple monuments are located inside the inner five enclosures of the complex, surrounded by living area and infrastructure in outer two enclosures. Numerous gopurams connect the Sapta-Prakaram enclosures allowing the pilgrims and visitors to reach the sanctum from many directions. The site includes two major temples, one for Vishnu as Ranganatha, and other to Shiva as Jambukeshvara. The island has some cave temples, older than both.
History
A temple at Srirangam is mentioned in Tamil literature of the Sangam era (6th century BCE to the 4th century CE), including the epic Silapadikaram (book 11, lines 35–40):
The temple was first built by the Chola ruler, Dharmavarma. The Kaveri river flood destroyed the temple vimanam, and later, the early Cholas King Killivalavan rebuilt the temple complex as is present today. Beyond the ancient textual history, archaeological evidence such as inscriptions refer to this temple, but these stone inscriptions are from late 1st millennium CE. The inscriptions in the temple belong to the Chola, Pandya, Hoysala and Vijayanagara dynasties who ruled over the region. These inscriptions range in date between the 9th and 16th centuries.
During the period of invasion and plunder by the Ala ud Din Khilji's Muslim general Malik Kafur and his Delhi Sultanate forces in 1311, the Arabic texts of the period state that he raided a "golden temple" on river "Kanobari" (Kaveri), destroyed the temple and took the plunder with the golden icon of the deity to Delhi. According to Steven P. Hopkins, this is believed to be the Ranganathaswamy Temple.
The Tamil texts that followed offer various inconsistent legends on how the temple regained the Vishnu icon. According to one found in Koil Oluku, a young girl had vowed to fast till she had seen the icon. She followed the Muslim army as it returned with the loot back to Delhi. There she sneaked into the palace and saw that the Sultan's daughter had fallen in love with the image. The young girl returned to Srirangam and told the priests about what she had seen in Delhi. The priests went with musicians to Delhi, found the icon in capriciously playful possession of the Sultan's daughter, day and night. They sang and danced before the Sultan to return the icon, and he gave it back which upset his daughter. To console the daughter, the Sultan sent in his army again to bring it back, but this time they were not successful. According to other versions, the Muslim daughter followed the icon from Delhi to Srirangam on a horse and still not seeing the idol, gave up her life before the door of the sanctum, symbolizing that love brought back the icon after the war had taken it away.
Beyond these legends, there was a more severe second invasion of South India including Srirangam between 1323 CE and 1327 CE by the armies of the Sultanate under Muhammad bin Tughluq. The sanctum's Vishnu image with its jewelry was pre-emptively removed by the Hindus before the Delhi Sultanate troops reached Srirangam by a group led by the Vaishnavite Acharaya Pillai Lokacharyar to Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu. The Goddess Ranganayaki (Lakshmi) was also taken away to another location by a separate group. The temple was defended and according to the Tamil tradition some 13,000 Sri Vaishnavas devotees of Srirangam, died in the fierce battle.
After nearly six decades when Madurai Sultanate ruled after the Pandyan rulers were ousted after the repeated Delhi Sultanate's invasions, the Vijayanagara Empire ousted the Madurai Sultanate in 1378. Thereafter, the image of Namberumal was brought back to Srirangam. Before then, for decades the deity and the priestly wardens wandered and secretly carried the temple's icon through villages of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. They finally went to the hills of Tirumala Tirupati, where they remained until the temple was rebuilt in 1371. The icon was consecrated again according to the legends. This time, in memory of the first Sultan's daughter which tradition calls Thulukha Nachiyar, a niche in the temple was built for her. The niche shows her as a girl sitting on a horse that carried her to Delhi. Her legend is still remembered. During contemporary processions when the icon is taken out of sanctum and then returned to it after its journey, Thulukha Nachiyar is dressed in Muslim garments and food offerings are made to her in the form of butter and (wheat bread).
Thereafter, under the Vijayanagara Empire, the temple site saw over 200 years of stability, repairs, first round of fortifications, and addition of mandapas. The Vishnu and Lakshmi images were reinstalled and the site became a Hindu temple again in 1371 CE under Kumara Kampana, a Vijayanagara commander and the son of Bukka I. In the last decade of the 14th century, a pillared antechamber was gifted by the Vijayanagara rulers. In the 15th century, they coated the apsidal roofs with solid gold sheets, followed by financing the addition of a series of new shrines, mandapas and gopuras to the temple, according to George Michell.
After the destruction of the Vijayanagara in late 16th century, geo-political instability returned. The site became the focus of bitter wars between the Hindu Nayakas and the Muslim Mughals in the 17th century. The Nayakas fortified the temple town and the seven prakaras. It was taken over by Muslim Nawabs of Arcot as a lucrative source of revenues, and thereafter attracted a contest between the French and British military powers. Srirangam temple site and the neighboring city of Tiruchirappalli (Trichy) became an intense center of Christian and Muslim missionary activity during the 18th and 19th centuries. With the establishment of the Madras Presidency within the British Empire, geo-political stability returned and the Ranganathaswamy Temple site attracted interest in archeological and historical studies.
Sri Vaishnavism
The epigraphical evidence suggests that these Hindu dynasties — Cholas, Pandyas, Hoysalas, Gajapatis, Nayaks, Vijayanagara – assisted with rebuilding, renovation and supported the traditional customs. Some mention substantial gifts to the temple. A Chola king, for example, presented the temple with a golden serpent couch. Some historians identify this king with Rajamahendra Chola. The temple has witnessed and played a key role in the early Sri Vaishnavism history, particularly the centuries that followed the major Hindu philosopher Ramanuja (1017–1137 CE), and his predecessors Nathamuni and Yamunacharya. It witnessed the debate between the Dvaita (dualistic) and Advaita (non-dualistic) sub-traditions within Vaishnavism. Centuries later, it was a key site in the debate and disagreements between the northern Tamil and southern Tamil traditions, also called as the Vadakalai and Tenkalai. The early rulers such as the Pallavas, Cholas and Pandyas supported it as a hub of the Bhakti movement with a devotional singing and dance tradition, but this tradition stopped during the 14th century and was revived in a limited way much later.
Puranic Story
The temple and its artwork are a subject of numerous different Tamil legends covered in regional Puranic texts. Sriranga Mahathmiyam, for example, is one of the compilation of the temple mythology about its origins. According to it, Brahma was performing austerities during the Samudra Manthana (churning of cosmic ocean), and Srirangam Vimanam emerged as a result. It remained in Satyaloka for ages, was brought to Ayodhya by king Ikshvaku. After Rama, an avatar of Vishnu, had killed the evil demon Ravana, he gave it to King Vibhishana who wanted to be with Rama. When Vibhishana passed through Tiruchi en route to Sri Lanka where he had become the king, the Srirangam Vimanam would not move from the island. So, he gave it to a local king called Dharmavarma, if the king consecrated the Vimanam to face the south cardinal direction eternally, blessing him and Lanka. Hence, it is that the deity (in a reclining posture) faces South, his body aligned to the east-west axis.
As per another legend, Sanaka, the four child sages, came for a darshana of Ranganatha in Srirangam. They were stopped by Jaya and Vijaya, the guardians of Vaikuntha. In spite of their pleadings, they were refused entry. In anger, all four of them cursed the guardians in one voice and left. The guardians approached Vishnu and told him about the curse. Ranganatha said that he would not be able to revert the curse and gave them two options: be born as demons opposing Vishnu in three births or good human beings in the following seven births. Eager to be back with the Lord, The guardians accepted being demons and are believed to have taken the form of Hiranyaksha and Hiranyakasipu; Ravana and Kumbhakarna; and Sisupala and Dantavakra. Vishnu assumed four avatars – Varaha, Narasimha, Rama, and Krishna, respectively – to kill the demons in each one of those births.
Architecture
The temple is enclosed by 7 concentric enclosures with courtyards (termed prakarams or mathil suvar). Each layer has walls and gopurams, which were built or fortified in and after the 16th century. These walls total or over six miles. The temple has 17 major gopurams (towers, 21 total), 39 pavilions, 50 shrines, 9 sacred water pools, Ayiram kaal mandapam (a hall of 1000 pillars) and several small water bodies inside.
The temple is aligned to the north-south and east-west axis, on an island surrounded by the Kaveri River. The river has long been considered sacred, and called the Daksina Ganga or the "Ganges of the South". The outer two prakarams (outer courtyard) are residential and markets with shops, restaurants and flower stalls. The five inner courtyards have shrines to Vishnu and his various avatars such as Rama and Krishna. Major shrines are additionally dedicated to goddess Lakshmi and many saints of Vaishnavism. In particular, these shrines celebrate and commemorate the Tamil poet-saints and philosophers called the Alvars, as well Hindu philosophers such as Ramanuja and Manavala Mamunigal of Sri Vaishnavism tradition.
Despite the construction of various mandapas and gopuras over a span of many centuries, the architecture of the Ranganathaswamy temple is one of the better illustrations of Hindu temple planometric geometry per agama design texts in the Tamil tradition. According to George Michell, a professor and art historian on Indian architecture, the regulating geometry and plan of Srirangam site takes on "a ritual dimension since all the architectural components, especially the focal gopuras and the most important colonnades and mandapas, are arranged along the axes dictated by the cardinal directions". This alignment integrates the routes that devotees follow as they journey into the innermost sanctum.
Shrines
The temple complex includes over 50 shrines. These are dedicated to Vishnu, Lakshmi as well as various Vaishnava scholars and poets. The shrines to Vishnu display him in his various avatars, as well as his iconography. For example, Sri Ranganathaswamy temple shrines include those of Chakkaratalvar, Narasimha, Rama, Hayagriva, and Gopala Krishna.
The Chakratalvar shrine is in the east facing on the south side of Akalanka. The sanctum is approached through a Mukamandapa (six rows of pillars) built during the Cholas and a Mahamandapa with six rows of eight pillars built during the period of Vijayanagar Empire. There is a circumambulation passage around the sanctum. The image of Chakratalvar is sculpted with Narasimha on the rear side and can be viewed from the passage around the sanctum. The Venugopala shrine, one of the most elaborately carved, is in the south-west corner of the fourth enclosure of the temple was rebuilt by Chokkanatha Nayak, according to an inscription dated 1674.
The main shrine for Ranganatha is in the innermost courtyard. The sanctum has a golden vimanam (crown tower over the sanctum sanctorum). It is shaped like the Tamil omkara (om symbol), shows anthropomorphic Paravasudeva on its gable, has an etching of Ramanuja as well on it, and is plated with gold. Inside, a edifice of Sri Ranganthar reclining on Adisesha, the coiled serpent, can be seen. Adisesha has five hoods and is coiled into three and a half rounds. Vishnu's head rests on a small cylindrical pillow and his right palm which faces upwards rests next to his head. Neither Sridevi (goddess Lakshmi) nor Bhudevi (goddess Earth) are depicted near his feet, as is found in late medieval era paintings. The sanctum does not show Brahma coming out of or connected to his navel either. However, the procession images of Sridevi, Bhudevi and Ranganathar, otherwise known as Alagiyamanavalan and Namperumal reside within the sanctum in different places to ease their darshana (viewing).
The sanctum can be entered through the south gateway, one the reclining Vishnu is facing. The doorway as one enters from the mukhamandapam, also called the Gayatri mantapa, is flanked by Jaya and Vijaya, the guardians of Vaikuntha. The sanctum chamber is round, even though the vimana above is an oval projection. The circumambulation path (pradakshina-patha) is set in a square, to journey clockwise. This garbha-griya is surrounded by a raised square Tiruvunnali, encircling pillars and another inner square. As the visitor completes the circumambulation around the resting Vishnu, one sees four additional images. On the western wall inside the core sanctum is Vighnesvara (son of Shiva and Parvati, Ganesha, Shaivism), on the northwestern corner is Yoga-Ananta (Vishnu seated in yoga asana on Sesha, Vaishnavism), on the northeastern side is Yoga-Narasimha (Narasimha seated in yoga asana, Vaishnavism), and on the eastern wall is Durga (an aspect of Parvati, Shaktism).
The exterior of the vimana and attached mandapam (hall) have intricately carved pilasters with fluted shafts, double capitals, and pendant lotus brackets. Sculptures are placed in the niches of three sides of the sanctuary walls; maidens enhance the walls in between. The elevation is punctuated with a secondary set of pilasters that support shallow eaves at different levels to cap larger and smaller recesses. The sanctuary is crowned in the traditional fashion with a hemispherical roof. The double-curved eaves of the entrance porch on the east side are concealed in a later columned hall. Dhanvantari, a great physician of the Hindu mythos is considered to be an avatar of Vishnu – there is a separate shrine of Dhanvantari within the temple.
The shrine of Ranganatha's consort, Ranganayaki (Lakshmi) is in the second precinct of the temple with 2 main idols (moola mortis) and 1 procession idol (utsava murti). During the festival processions, Ranganayaki does not visit Ranganatha, but it is he who visits her. Ranganatha visiting Ranganayaki and being with her is called as 'Saerthi' during 'Panguni Uthiram'. There are three images of Ranganayaki within the sanctum.
There are separate shrines for major saints in the Vaishnava tradition, including Ramanuja.
Mandapams (Halls)
The Ranganathaswamy Temple has many mandapams:
Thousand pillar mandapam is a theatre like structure made from granite. It was built during the Vijayanagara rule period. It has a central wide aisle with seven side aisles on each side with pillars set in a square pattern.
Sesharaya mandapam is the intricately carved hall built during the Nayaka rule period. It is found on the east side of the fourth prakaram courtyard. The northern side of this community hall has 40 leaping animals with riders on their back, all carved out of monolithic pillars.
Garuda Mandapam is named after the vahana (vehicle) of Vishnu, named Garuda. It is on the south side of the third prakaram courtyard. It too is dated to the Nayak rule era. Inside the community hall, on its pillars, are portrait sculptures. In the middle is a free-standing seated Garuda figure, identifiable by his eagle-head, wings and him facing the Vishnu shrine.
Kili mandapam is found inside the innermost (first) prakaram courtyard. It is next to the Ranganatha sanctum. Here walking elephant balustrades line the steps that lead into the gathering hall. This is dated to the 17th century Hindu rulers. The hall and structural elements are carved with animals, and in its center is a raised square platform with four carved pillars.
Ranga Vilasa mandapam is one of the larger community halls designed for large spaces between the pillars for the pilgrim groups and families to sit together and rest. It is covered with Hindu mythology murals and narratives from the Ramayana.
The Hall of 1000 pillars is a fine example of a planned theatre-like structure and opposite to it is the "Sesha Mandap". The 1000-pillared hall made of granite was constructed in the Vijayanagara period (1336–1565) on the site of the old temple. The most artistic halls that the Nayaks added to the complex is the Sesha Mandap on the east side of the fourth enclosure. The hall is celebrated for the leaping animals carved on to the piers at its northern end. The pillars consists of sculptures of wildly rearing horses bearing riders on their backs and trampling with their hoofs upon the heads of rampant tigers, seem only natural and congruous among such weird surroundings. The great hall is traversed by one wide aisle in the centre for the whole of its greater length, and intersected by transepts of like dimension running across at right angles. There still remain seven side aisles on each side, in which all the pillars are equally spaced out.
The Garuda Mandapa (hall of the legendary bird deity of Vishnu, garuda) located on the south side of the third enclosure is another Nayak addition. Courtly portrait sculptures, reused from an earlier structure, are fixed to the piers lining the central aisle. A free-standing shrine inside the hall contains a large seated figure of Garuda; the eagle-headed god faces north towards the principal sanctum.
The Kili mandapa (Hall of parrot) is located next to the Ranganatha shrine, in the first enclosure of the temple. Elephant balustrades skirt the access steps that ascend to a spacious open area. This is bounded by decorated piers with rearing animals and attached colonettes in the finest 17th-century manner. Four columns in the middle define a raised dais; their shafts are embellished with undulating stalks.
Gopurams
There are 21 gopurams (tower gateways), among which the towering Rajagopuram (shrine of the main gateway) is the tallest temple tower in Asia. The 13-tiered Rajagopuram was built in 1987 by Ahobhila Matha, a historic Srivaishnava Hindu monastery. This tower dominates the landscape for miles around, while the remaining 20 gopurams were built between the 12th and early 17th centuries. The gopurams have pronounced projections in the middle of the long sides, generally with openings on each of the successive levels. The Vellai gopura (white tower) on the east side of the fourth enclosure has a steep pyramidal superstructure that reaches a height of almost . The structure of the Rajagopuram remained incomplete for over 400 years. Started during the reign of Achyuta Deva Raya of Vijayanagara Empire, the construction stopped after the fall of Vijayanagara in late 16th century and wars thereafter. The Rajagopuram (the main gopuram) did not reach its current height of until 1987, when the 44th Jiyar (acharya, chief counsellor) of Ahobila Matha began collecting donations to complete it. The whole structure was constructed in a span of eight years. The Rajagopuram was consecrated on 25 March 1987. The length and breadth at the base of the Rajagopuram is , while the length and breadth at the top is . The 13 glistening copper '' atop the tower weigh each, are high with a diameter vessel.
Inscriptions and frescoes
The Ranganathaswamy Temple town has over 800 inscriptions, of which nearly 640 are on temple walls and monuments. Many of these relate to gifts and grants by rulers or the elite, while others relate to the temple's management, scholars, dedication and general operation. The inscriptions have been a source of information about South Indian history, culture, economy and social role. These range from the late 9th century to the rule of Aditya Chola I, to the last historical ones from the 16th century. Others are from the times of Cholas, Nayakas, Pandyas, Hoysalas and the Vijayanagara era.
The historic inscriptions at the Ranganathaswamy Temple are in six major Indian languages: Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu, Marathi and Odia. Many of the inscriptions are in Grantha characters.
The temple has a lot of inscriptions of Kulottunga I. One interesting epigraph is a Kannada record that states that an entourage led by the Kannada-sandhivigrahi (foreign affairs minister) of Chalukya Tribhuvanamalla (Vikramaditya VI) made some donations to the temple. The inscription is dated in the 29th year of the reign of Kulottunga I.
The temple has inscriptions of the Suryavamshi Gajapatis of Odisha as well. In one inscription, it is mentioned that Hamvira Deva Mahapatra, son of the legendary Kapilendra Deva Gajapati, made donations to the temple after he aggressively marched upon the Vijayanagara Empire upto Tiruchirapally and then Rameswaram. This inscription is in Tamil.
Some of the mandapam and corridors of the Temple complex have frescoes, of which some have faded. These narrate Hindu legends and mythologies, or scenes relating to Vaishnava scholars.
Granaries, tanks, and other monuments
The Ranganathaswamy Temple complex includes huge medieval era Kottarams or granaries. These provided food reserves and security to the temple town and supplies to its kitchen serving the needy travelers, pilgrims and local population. The temple has many other structures, participating and supporting various aspects of social life. Some mandapams and temple compounds were devoted to education, both religious and secular such as of musicians and dancers. The temple inscriptions state that its premises had an arokyashala (hospital) for those needing medical care. Several 11th and 12th century inscriptions describe a gift of land to support recitation of Hindu texts in the temple and for feeding Sri Vaishnavas.
The temple has twelve major water tanks. Of these, the Surya Pushkarini (sun pool) and Chandra Pushkarani (moon pool) are two of the largest that harvest most of rainwater. They have a combined capacity of two million liters of water.
The temple has wooden monuments that is regularly maintained and used for festive processions. These have intricate carvings of Hindu legends, and some are plated with silver or gold foils. The most significant of the temple chariots are the Garuda vahana, the Simha vahana, the Yanai vahana, the Kudirai vahana, the Hanumantha vahana, the Yazhi vahana, the Sesha vahana, the Annapakshi vahana, the Otrai vahana and the Prabhai vahana.
Significance
Bhakti movement
Ranganathaswamy temple is the only one out of the 108 temples that was sung in praise by all the Alvars (Poet-saints of the Bhakti movement), having a total of 247 pasurams (divine hymns) against its name. Acharyas (guru) of all schools of thought – Advaita, Vishistadvaita and Dvaita recognise the immense significance of the temple, regardless of their affiliations.
Naalayira Divya Prabhandam is a collection of 4000 hymns sung by twelve alvars saints spread over 300 years (from the late 6th to 9th century CE) and collected by Nathamuni (910–990 CE). Divya Desams refer to 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in Naalayira Divya Prabandham. 105 of these are located in India, 1 in Nepal, while 2 are located outside of the Earthly realms. Divya in Tamil language indicates premium and Desam indicates place or temple. Periyalvar begins the decad on Srirangam with two puranic stories according to which Krishna restored to life the son of his guru Sandeepani and the children of a brahmin. Thondaradippodi Alvar and Thiruppana Alvar have sung exclusively on Ranganatha. Andal attained Sri Ranganatha on completion of her Thiruppavai (a composition of 30 verses) in Srirangam. In total there are 247 hymns of the 4000 Pasurams dedicated to Ranganthar deity of this temple. Except Madhurakavi Alvar, all the other eleven Alvars have created Mangalasasanam (praise) about the Ranganathar in Srirangam. Out of 247, 35 are by Periyalvar, 10 by Andal, 31 by Kulasekara Alvar, 14 by Thirumalisai Alvar, 55 by Thondaradippodi Alvar, 10 by Thiruppaan Alvar, 73 by Thirumangai Alvar, one by Poigai Alvar,4 by Bhoothathalvar, two by Peyalvar and twelve by Nammalvar. Kulasekarar (Cheraman II) gave up his kingdom to his son during 798 CE and started visiting temples and singing praises about them. He visited the temple, praised the presiding deity and his works are compiled in the Naalayira Divya Prabandam.
Kambar is a 12th-century Tamil poet who composed the Kamba Ramayanam, a work inspired from the epic, Valmiki Ramayana. He is believed to have come to the temple to get the approval of his work from scholars. The Jain scholar Tirunarungundam honoured the work and it resulted in Tamil and Sanskrit scholars approving the work. The open hall where he recited his verse lies close to the Ranganayaki shrine within the temple.
Some of the religious works like Sri Bhashyam by Ramanuja, Gadya Traya (which is a compilation of three texts called the Saranagati Gadyam, Sriranga Gadyam and the Vaikunta Gadyam) by Ramanuja, Sri Renga natha shtakam by Adi Shankaracharya, Renga raja Stavam and Guna ratna kosham by Sri Parasar bhattar, Renga raja Sthothram by Kurathazhwar, are some of the works that were exclusively composed in praise of the presiding deities Lord Ranganatha and Goddess Ranganayaki of Srirangam temple.
Pilgrimage
Koil or koyil in Tamil means the house of the Master and thus refers to the temples. Srirangam is the most prominent among such temples. For many Vaishnavas the term Koyil exclusively refers to this temple, indicating its extreme importance for them (for saivas and all other Tamil people the term koyil refers to Thillai Natarajar Golden Shrine (Chidambaram Temple)). The presiding deity Ranganathar is praised in many names by his devotees, including Nam Perumal (our god in Tamil), Azhagiya Manavaalan (beautiful groom in Tamil). The deity is also known as Kasturi Ranga and Alagiya Manavalan.
The temple is considered in the Alwar traditions as one of the eight Sywayambu Kshetras of Vishnu where presiding deity is believed to have manifested on its own. Seven other temples in the line are Bhu Varaha Swamy temple, Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, and Vanamamalai Perumal Temple in South India and Saligrama, Naimisaranya, Pushkar and Badrinath Temple in North India.
Vaishnava scholarship
Many of the medieval Sri Vaishanava scholars like Nathamuni, Ramanuja, Pillai Lokacharya, Vedanta Desika and Manavala Mamunigal are associated with the temple. Ramanuja was a theologian, philosopher, and scriptural exegete. He is seen by as the third and one of the most important teacher (ācārya) of their tradition (after Nathamuni and Yamunacharya), and by Hindus in general as the leading expounder of , one of the classical interpretations of the dominant Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. Ramanuja renounced his family life and went to Srirangam to occupy the pontificate – Srirangam became the stronghold of him and his disciples.
The doctrine of Vishishtadvaita philosophy, Sri Bhashyam was written and later compiled by Ramanuja over a period of time in this temple town. During his stay in Srirangam, he is said of have written "Gadhya Thrayam", which is recited in the temple during the ninth day (Panguni Uttaram) of the festival of Adi brahmotsavam. The temple is a center for the Vishishtadvaita school where Sanskrit Vedas and Tamil works are preached and taught with great reverence. He attained divinity in Srirangam. The disciples of Ramanuja got his permission to install three metallic images, one each at Sriperumpudur, Melukote and the third, at Srirangam.
He is found seated in the Padmasana (yogic sitting posture), depicting the Gnyana-Mudrai (symbol of knowledge) with his right palm. "Kovil Ozhugu" is a codification of all temple practices, religious and administrative, shaped and institutionalised by Sri Ramanuja after receiving the due rights from Sri Thiruvarangathamudanar. A stone inscription to this effect is installed in the Arya patal vasal (main gate before the first precinct).
Pancharanga Kshetrams (also called Pancharangams, meaning the "five Rangams or Ranganathas") is a group of five sacred Hindu temples, dedicated to Ranganatha, a form of the god Vishnu, on the banks of the Kaveri River. The five Pancharanga Kshetrams in the order of their successive locations, on the banks of the Kaveri River are: The Srirangapatnam called the Adi Ranga, the first temple on the banks of the Kaveri River from the upstream side; the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam known as Adya Ranga (the last temple), Appalarangam or Koviladi at Tiruppernagar in Tamil Nadu, Parimala Ranganatha Perumal Temple or Mayuram at Indalur, Mayiladuthurai and Vatarangam at Sirkazhi. The Sarangapani temple at Kumbakonam is mentioned in place of Vatarangam in some references.
Administration
The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu. An Executive officer appointed by the Board manages the temple along with Sri Azhagiya Manavala Perumal Temple, Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple at Thiruvellarai, Sri Vadivazhagiya Nambi Perumal Temple and Mariamman Temple at Anbil. There are three trustees and a chairman for the board of trustees. Annadhanam scheme, which provides free food to devotees, is implemented in the temple by the Board. Under the scheme, free food is offered to two hundred devotees every day in the temple and the expenditure is fully funded by the contributions from devotees.
Festivals and routine visits
The temple celebrates numerous festivals around the year including processions. These are called utsavam (celebrations).
Vaikunta Ekadashi
Pagal Pathu (10 day time) and Ra Pathu (10 night time) festival is celebrated in the month of Margazhi (December–January) for twenty days. The first ten days are referred as Pagal-Pathu (10-day time festival) and the second half as Ra Pathu (10 day night-time festival). The first day of Ra pathu is Vaikunta Ekadashi. The eleventh day of each fortnight in Hindu calendar is called ekadasi and the holiest of all ekadasis as per vaishnavite tradition is the Vaikunta Ekadashi. During the festival, through song and dance, this place is affirmed to be Bhooloka Vaikuntam (Heaven on Earth). Araiyar Sevai is a divine colloquium of araiyars, who recite and enact Nalayara Divya Prabanda, the 4000 verses of Alvars. Araiyars are born to Araiyar tradition most prevalent in Sri Vaishnava families in Srirangam, Alwar Thirunagari and Srivilliputhur. The tradition of Araiyar Sevai was started by Nathamuni during 10th century. It is believed as per Hindu mythology that 33 crores of gods come down to witness the event. The processional deity is brought to the 1000-pillared hall on the morning of Vaikunta Ekadashi through the Paramapada Vasal (gate to paradise). Lakhs of pilgrims rush to enter it after the gate is opened and the deity passes through it as it is believed that one who enters here will reach vaikuntam (heaven) after death. The gate is open only during the ten days of Ra Pathu (10-day night-time festival). On the last day of the festival, the poet Nammazhwar is said to be given salvation. The performance is enacted by priests and images in the temple depicts Nammazhwar as reaching heaven and getting liberation from the cycle of life and death. At that point, a member from the crowd of devotees, who are witnessing this passion play, goes up to the centre stage and requests Vishnu to return Nammazhwar to humanity, so that his words and form in the temple will continue to inspire and save the devotees. Following this performance of the salvation of Nammazhwar, the cantors are taken in procession round the temple.
Jyestabisheka
The annual gold ornament cleaning festival is called Jyestabisheka (first of anointing) and is celebrated during the Tamil month of aani (June–July). The icons of all deities are abluted with water brought in large vessels of gold and silver.
Brahmotsavam
Brahmotsavam (Prime festival) is held during the Tamil month of Panguni (March–April). The preliminaries like ankurarpanam, rakshabandhanam, bheri thadanam, dhwajarohanam and the sacrificial offerings in the yagasala are gone through as usual. The processions go round the Chitrai street in the evenings. On the second day, the deity is taken to a garden inside the temple. The deity is taken in a palanquin through the river Kaveri to a village on the opposite shore namely Jiyarpuram on the third day.
Other Festivals
The annual temple chariot festival, called Rathothsavam is celebrated during the Tamil month of thai (January–February) and the processional deity, utsavar is taken round the temple in the temple car. Chitra Poornima is a festival based on the mythological incident of Gajendra Moksha (elephant crocodile). The elephant suffered in the jaws of crocodile and god rescued the elephant. Vasanthothsavam is celebrated during the Tamil month of vaikasi (May–June) which according to inscriptions is celebrated from 1444 CE.
See also
Chidambaram Nataraja Temple
Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram
Great Living Chola Temples
Meenakshi Temple, Madurai
Rangapura Vihara
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Hindu temples in Tiruchirappalli
Divya Desams
Vaishnavism
Vishnu temples
UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards winners
Pandyan architecture |
4033621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Holland%20%28AS-3%29 | USS Holland (AS-3) | USS Holland (AS-3) was a submarine tender that served in the United States Navy before and during World War II. Holland was launched by the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington on 12 April 1926, sponsored by Miss Elizabeth Saunders Chase, daughter of Admiral J. V. Chase, and commissioned on 1 June, Comdr. John B. Earle in command. Stationed at San Diego, California, tending submarine divisions there with periodic tours to Panama to service submarines based at the Canal Zone pre-World War two. Later serving in the Pacific theatre, by close of hostilities having given 55 instances of refit to submarines, provided repair and service to 20 surface craft and completed various jobs on shore installations.
She shifted to San Pedro for inactivation overhaul in the Terminal Island Navy Yard, then was towed to San Diego where she was decommissioned on 21 March 1947. She was assigned to the San Diego, California, group of the Pacific Reserve Fleet until her name was struck from the Navy Register on 18 June 1952. Her hull was sold for scrapping on 3 October 1953 to the Bethlehem Steel Corporation.
Service history
Pre-World War II
Holland arrived in San Francisco from Puget Sound on 24 April to become flagship of Captain J. T. Thompkins, Commander Submarine Divisions, Battle Fleet. On 24 September, she was permanently assigned to base at San Diego, California, tending submarine divisions there with periodic tours to Panama to service submarines based at the Canal Zone.
On 5 November 1930, Holland became flagship of Captain Chester W. Nimitz, Commander Submarine Divisions, Battle Fleet with additional duty as Commander of Submarine Division 20. The former command was abolished as of 1 April 1931 and Captain Nimitz retained his flag in Holland as Commander, of his submarine division, now designated Submarine Division 12. He left Holland on 17 June, relieved by Captain Wilhelm L. Friedell.
In addition to being the flagship of Submarine Division 12, Holland temporarily served as Submarine Force Flagship (March–July 1933). In June 1935, she became joint flagship of Submarine Squadron 6 and Submarine Division 12. This duty continued until June 1941 when she became flagship of Submarine Squadron 2.
World War II
On 22 November 1941, Holland arrived at Cavite Naval Base, Philippines, to service submarines of the Asiatic Fleet. Due to the air raids in early December 1941, Holland was hurried out of Manila Bay under cover of night with her vital cargo of repair and replacement parts for submarines of the Asiatic Fleet. Heading south, she escaped unscathed from two air raids while at Balikpapan, Borneo, then repaired a battle-damaged submarine at Soerabaja, Java where she was joined by two destroyers that gave her escort to Port Darwin, Australia, which she reached on 2 January 1942 for round-the-clock operations which included the building of docks and floats as well as the constant repair and equipping of ships as well as submarines. On 3 February, Captain C.Q. Wright took command and she was underway for Tjilaljap, Java, to remove Rear Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, Jr., and his Asiatic Fleet Submarine Force Staff to Australia. Her outstanding service to the Fleet during the first crucial months of the war brought Holland a Navy Unit Commendation.
While based in Australia, under the command of Captain C.Q. Wright, Holland serviced and overhauled several submarines before returning for overhaul at Mare Island Navy Yard in late February 1943. She reached Pearl Harbor from the West Coast in June and completed 22 refits and 13 repair jobs for submarines within the next 11 months. She shifted to Midway Atoll on 1 June 1944 and sailed the following month directly to support submarines in the Mariana Islands. Holland returned to Pearl Harbor late in November 1944, to be fitted out as headquarters ship for Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, Jr., Commander Submarine Force, Pacific Fleet. In January 1945, she steamed out of Pearl Harbor for Guam where she embarked Vice Admiral Lockwood. By the close of hostilities, Holland had given 55 instances of refit to submarines, provided repair and service to 20 surface craft and completed various jobs on shore installations.
Post-war
Vice Admiral Lockwood shifted his Submarine Force Flag ashore to his new quarters on Coconut Island off Guam on 30 August 1945, setting up operations and communications for the work ahead. This left Holland ready to begin a new career as an internal combustion engine repair ship ARG-18. Her value to the submarine force had diminished with the commissioning of many new and modern tenders better equipped to carry on the job of keeping submarines in condition for their assaults against the enemy. With a few alterations, she headed for Buckner Bay, Okinawa, where she embarked Rear Admiral Allen B. Smith, Commander of Service Squadron 10 and his staff before proceeding for Tokyo Bay where she dropped anchor on 29 September 1945.
Holland set course 6 June 1946 by way of Pearl Harbor for San Diego where she arrived on 28 June. She shifted to San Pedro for inactivation overhaul in the Terminal Island Navy Yard, then was towed to San Diego where she was decommissioned on 21 March 1947. She was assigned to the San Diego, California, group of the Pacific Reserve Fleet until her name was struck from the Navy Register on 18 June 1952. Her hull was sold for scrapping on 3 October 1953 to the Bethlehem Steel Corporation.
Awards
Navy Unit Commendation
American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp
Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars
World War II Victory Medal
Navy Occupation Medal
References
External links
Mare Island Navy Yard – 1928. Elbridge Ayer Burbank pencil sketch.
Submarine tenders of the United States Navy
Ships built in Bremerton, Washington
1926 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States |
4033635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming%20Supreme%20Court | Wyoming Supreme Court | The Wyoming Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The Court consists of a Chief Justice and four Associate Justices. Each Justice is appointed by the Governor of Wyoming from a list of three nominees submitted by the judicial nominating commission, for an eight-year term. One year after being appointed, a new justice stands for retention in office on a statewide ballot at the next general election. If a majority votes for retention, the justice serves the remainder of the term and may stand for retention for succeeding eight-year terms by means of a nonpartisan retention ballot every eight years. A justice must be a lawyer with at least nine years' experience in the law, at least 30 years old, and a United States citizen who has resided in Wyoming for at least three years. Justices must retire when they reach 70 years of age.
The five Justices select the Chief Justice from amongst themselves. The person chosen serves as Chief Justice for four years. However, Richard V. Thomas of Cheyenne, a justice from 1974 to 2001, was chief justice only for two years (1985–1986).
Justices
Current justices
References
Notes
External links
Official site
Wyoming
Wyoming state courts
Cheyenne, Wyoming
Courts and tribunals with year of establishment missing |
4033641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua%20Landis | Joshua Landis | Joshua M. Landis (born May 14, 1957) is an American academic who specializes in the Middle East and is an expert on Syria. He is the head of the Center for Middle East Studies at the University of Oklahoma, and since 2004, he has published the blog Syria Comment. He is married to Manar Kachour and has two sons, Kendall and Jonah Landis.
Background
Landis was born on May 14, 1957 in Manhattan, New York City, New York. When he was one year old, his family moved to Saudi Arabia, where his father was sent by Citibank to open the first branch of an American bank in the country. After staying in Saudi Arabia for three years, Landis' family moved to Beirut, Lebanon, due to his father being transferred there to work as Citibank's Vice-President for the Middle East. When Landis was ten years old, his family moved back to the United States.
Landis earned a BA from Swarthmore College, majoring in European History and French Literature. He spent his college sophomore year in France. After graduating, Landis then returned to Beirut in the midst of the Lebanese Civil War to teach at the International College, Beirut. According to Landis, his experience of living in Beirut during the civil war shaped his interpretation of the Syrian Civil War later on. In 1981, Landis went to Damascus University on a Fulbright Grant. During the following year, whilst Landis was still living in Damascus, the Hama uprising of 1982 took place. Landis visited Hama a week after the uprising. Later he earned an MA from Harvard University, and his PhD from Princeton University.
Fluent in Arabic and French, he has studied Turkish, Italian, and Ottoman Turkish. He has received three Fulbright grants and a Social Science Research Council award.
Academia
He taught at Sarah Lawrence College, Wake Forest University, and Princeton University before moving to the University of Oklahoma. Since May 2004, Landis has published the Syrian Comment blog, which focuses on Syrian politics, history, and religion. Landis regularly travels to Washington, D.C. to consult with government agencies. In 2008, he received the Outstanding Teaching Award at his university.
Landis is a frequent analyst on TV and radio, such as PBS News Hour, Charlie Rose Show, CNN and Fox News. He comments frequently for NPR and BBC radio. He has spoken at the Brookings Institution, USIP, Middle East Institute, and Council on Foreign Relations.
References
External links
Joshua M Landis at the University of Oklahoma
Syria Comment
Articles written by Joshua Landis:
""The Battle between ISIS and Syrias Rebel Militias,"" (January 4, 2014) in Syrian Comment
"“The Syrian Uprising of 2011: Why the Assad Regime is Likely to Survive to 2013,”" (February 2012) in Middle East Policy Vol. XIX, No. 1 (2012).
"Shishakli and the Druzes: Integration and Intransigence," in The Syrian Land: Processes of Integration and Fragmentation. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998: 369-396
Syria and the 1948 War in Palestine A shorter version of this article was published as “Syria in the 1948 Palestine War: Fighting King Abdullah’s Greater Syria Plan,” in Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim, eds., Rewriting the Palestine War: 1948 and the History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 178–205. (Translated into French, Spanish and Arabic)
"Early U.S. Policy toward Palestinian Refugees: the Syria Option," in The Palestinian Regugees: Old Problems - New Solutions, eds. Joseph Ginat and Edward J. Perkins, University of Oklahoma Press: Norman OK, 2001, pp. 77–87.
Islamic Education In Syria: Undoing Secularism in Eleanor Doumato and Gregory Starrett, Eds., Teaching Islam: Textbooks and Religion in the Middle East, London & Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007, pp. 177–196.
"The Syrian Opposition,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 30, pp. 45–68. 2007. (written with Joe Pace)
"The Syrian Opposition: The struggle for unity and relevance, 2003–2008," in Fred Lawson, ed., Demystifying Syria, Saqi Books, 2009, pp. 120–143. (written with Joe Pace)
"Will failure to solve the Arab-Israeli conflict mean a new Cold War in the Middle East?" Foreign Policy - Middle East Channel, Tuesday, May 11, 2010
"The U.S.-Syria Relationship: A Few Questions," Middle East Policy, Vol. XVII, No. 3, Fall 2010, pp. 64–73.
Living people
1957 births
University of Oklahoma faculty
Middle Eastern studies in the United States
Swarthmore College alumni
Harvard University alumni
Princeton University alumni |
4033646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%20Price%20Card | Student Price Card | The Student Price Card, also known as SPC Card, is a student loyalty discount program in Canada offering discounts and deals on items such as fashion, food, shoes, and travel and more. Students show their SPC Card at participating locations to receive instant savings every time they shop. Offers vary by participating partner locations.
The program's membership include elementary through post-secondary level students throughout Canada. The program has a reported 1,100,000 members and 120+ participating retail chains. The SPC Card is a fee-based annual loyalty program, valid from August 1 until July 31 the following year.
Banking partner
Since August 2019, CIBC is the banking partner for SPC. Students with an eligible bank account or credit product receive free SPC membership.
The company previously partnered with BMO Bank of Montreal for a BMO SPC MasterCard, offering either Air Miles or cash back for credit card purchases, in addition to no annual fee and a free SPC membership. The credit card can no longer be used for SPC benefits after November 30, 2019.
References
External links
SPC Card Website
Companies based in Vaughan
Customer loyalty programs in Canada
Sales promotion |
4033654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%20into%20Gold | Lead into Gold | Lead into Gold is a side project of American industrial musician Paul Barker, best known as the former bassist for Ministry and the Hermes Pan half of the Luxa/Pan production team. Primarily a solo project by Barker, Lead into Gold featured occasional guest performances by his Ministry bandmates Al Jourgensen and Bill Rieflin as well as Stuart Zechman of Stabbing Westward.
History
In its first incarnation, Lead into Gold only released two 12 inch singles and one full-length studio LP. Idiot was the first release in 1988, followed by the Chicks & Speed: Futurism single and Age of Reason album, both released in 1990. The CD release of Chicks & Speed included the Idiot single in its entirety.
Alternative Press characterized Lead Into Gold as a departure from the "all-encompassing industrial dance cloud" of Barker's other projects that delivers a more intellectual music whose lyrics and message makes up for what it lacks in danceability.
In the video for "Faster Than Light", Nine Inch Nails' vocalist Trent Reznor can be seen playing the guitar. He was rumored to have been in the area for the "Head Like a Hole" video shoot when he made his cameo.
Revival (2015-present)
A limited edition 12” EP titled Low and Slow was released in 2015, roughly 25 years after its recording, on Wax Trax! Records. The tracks are "The Sweetest Kiss", "Cry Baby", "Low & Slow", and a remix of the track "Lunatic/Genius" with additional percussion by Bill Rieflin.
In November 2017, Barker announced that he would be releasing new music under the Lead into Gold name for the first time in 25 years. A 12" single, "A Savage Gift" / "Inside a Golden Sun", was released in February 2018. A full length album, The Sun Behind the Sun, followed in July 2018.
Discography
Studio albums
Age of Reason (1990)
The Sun Behind the Sun (2018)
Singles & EPs
Idiot (1988)
Chicks & Speed: Futurism (1990)
Faster Than Light (12" promo) (1990)
Low & Slow (2015)
A Savage Gift (2018)
References
External links
Lead into Gold at discogs.com
Faster than Light video
Low & Slow EP at bandcamp.com
American industrial music groups
American rock music groups
Wax Trax! Records artists |
4033658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%20Dietrich | Noah Dietrich | Noah Dietrich (February 28, 1889 – February 15, 1982) was an American businessman, who was the chief executive officer of the Howard Hughes business empire from 1925 to 1957. (Even though these dates have been recorded as the official period of employment, Noah Dietrich continued to oversee and make executive decisions for the Hughes industries as late as 1970.) According to his own memoirs, he left the Hughes operation over a dispute involving putting more of his income on a capital gains basis. The manuscript of his eventual memoir, Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes, may have been a key, if inadvertent, source of novelist Clifford Irving's infamous fake autobiography of Hughes.
Early life
Dietrich was born on February 28, 1889 in Madison, Wisconsin, the son of German-born evangelical Lutheran minister John Dietrich, and the former Sarah Peters. He graduated from Janesville High School in 1906, married in 1910, and became a bank cashier in Maxwell, New Mexico for the next six months. They then moved to Los Angeles, where he became an auditor for the Los Angeles Suburban Land Co., and then the Janass Investment Co. In 1917, he became an assistant comptroller for Edward L. Doheny Oil companies in New York City. Then Dietrich, along with his family now consisting of his wife and two daughters, decided to move back to Los Angeles, where he worked for the CPA firm of Haskins and Sells. There he passed the California Board of Accountancy exam in 1923.
Career
"Noah Can Do It"
In November 1925, at the age of 36, Dietrich met 19-year-old Hughes, who had gained control of Hughes Tool Company after buying out the other family heirs. Started by his father, Howard R. Hughes, Sr., Hughes Tool Company – or Toolco – manufactured oil drilling equipment, especially the multiple-edge, revolving-teeth roller cutter drill bits the elder Hughes invented.
Hughes, according to Dietrich, was "looking for someone with wide general knowledge," "Someone who is resourceful and can solve problems." Questions Hughes asked Dietrich included "how a battleship finds the range on its target?", and to "Explain the principles of the internal combustion engine," both of which Dietrich was able to answer satisfactorily.
Dietrich was hired as an executive assistant to explain the production and financial reports issued by Hughes' tool company, eventually becoming Hughes' personal delegate. In his memoir, Dietrich observed that Hughes had little interest in Toolco, other than as a source of revenue. "The tool company," he quoted Hughes as saying, "was my father's success. And it always will be." The company's earnings, however, allowed Hughes to pursue his interest in Hollywood movies.
When still in his early twenties, Hughes told Dietrich, "My first objective is to become the world's number one golfer. Second, the top aviator, and third I want to become the world's most famous motion picture producer. Then, I want you to make me the richest man in the world."
In time, Dietrich came to serve as an executive for most of Hughes' enterprises, including Trans World Airlines (TWA), RKO Pictures and Hughes Aircraft.
Dietrich became Hughes' most indispensable executive – "Noah can do it" was, according to Dietrich's memoir, a frequent Hughes expression whenever difficult, if not impossible, wants or needs needed to be met. Some – such as when Dietrich arranged a stock ticker to be installed in a Hughes home – were merely difficult. Others – such as the time Dietrich arranged the shipment of Hughes' large private liquor stock from his Texas home to his California home during Prohibition – put him at serious risk.
Dietrich guided the expansion of Hughes empire by using Hughes Tool Co. profits to purchase real estate, thus avoiding penalties for excess accumulated surplus. Hughes also limited his salary to $50,000 per year, without dividend payments, thus limiting his income tax. All of Hughes' major expenses, planes, automobiles, houses, etc., were also charged to Hughes Tool Co. as business expenses. Hughes even said of Dietrich, "He knows more about my business than I do," referring to Noah as a "genius".
Some of Dietrich's duties got him caught in the middle of disputes with members of Hughes' family. During a period when Hughes refused to talk to anyone outside a few business associates, Dietrich recalled, a Hughes' aunt Loomis accused Dietrich – who turned out to have been kept in the dark about Hughes' exact whereabouts himself – "of hiding his body and running things" himself. When Hughes returned, Dietrich wrote, he made a special point of calling this aunt. "I didn't want her to continue believing that I was running the Hughes empire while I kept her nephew in the Deep-freeze." A few years later, while Hughes was recovering from injuries he sustained in the crash of his experimental XF-11 aircraft, Hughes refused a visit from his favorite aunt Annette Lummis, and her husband Dr. Fred Lummis. The uncle turned to Dietrich and said, "Now I can better understand your problems in dealing with Hughes. I don't understand him at all."
In 1946, Hughes put Dietrich in charge of Toolco. Dietrich proceeded to modernize the company, and was able to increase profits to the point that Hughes Tool Co. made $285,000,000 in profits over the next eight years.
Dietrich also discussed in considerable detail the real impetus behind the government's investigation of Hughes Aircraft following World War II. Ostensibly, the probe involved Hughes' failure to deliver the infamous flying boat, the Hercules, a military transport aircraft, to the government on time. Dietrich wrote, however, that the real purpose of the probe may have been neutralizing Hughes, owner of TWA, while rival Pan Am – whose president, Juan Trippe, had implored Maine Senator Owen Brewster to carry it – pushed for a federal law establishing only one official American carrier of international air traffic, and Pan Am becoming that carrier.
Dietrich discussed the famous Hughes counterattack before the Senate committee investigating him – and revealed that both his own and Hughes' hotel suites had been bugged during the hearings, allegedly at the behest of Brewster and Trippe. The hearings, and Hughes' legendary triumph over them, helped end both the legislation and Brewster's political career; On Hughes' orders, Dietrich poured money into a challenger's campaign a few years later.
By 1948, Dietrich wrote that his duties were getting "immensely onerous", "If an executive had to be fired, 'Noah can do it.' If millions had to be raised overnight, 'Noah can do it.' If a politico or a starlet had to be paid off, 'Noah can do it.' Noah was getting tired of doing it."
Falling out with Hughes
Though Dietrich was pulling in a salary of $500,000 per year, his tax burden was 70% on the first $100,000 and then 93% for the remainder. Dietrich wanted compensation based on a stock option, which was subject only to a tax of 25%. Yet, Dietrich wrote, Hughes "simply could not bring himself to let anyone share in his ownership."
In 1957, after working for Hughes for 32 years, Dietrich left the Hughes organization over a capital-gains dispute: Hughes had promised to make more of Dietrich's income on a capital gains basis. At the time of the falling-out, Hughes was trying to finance jets for TWA and decided the key was to inflate Hughes Tool profits in order to sell the company to pay for the jets, since Hughes had rejected all other financing solutions, because they threatened to dilute his TWA ownership. At the same juncture, Hughes, Dietrich recalled, also did everything in his power to stop Dietrich's long-planned African safari with his two sons, the first long vacation Dietrich had taken in decades of working for Hughes. Dietrich returned from Africa, he wrote, and finally agreed to go to Texas to implement the plan – on condition that Hughes finally implement the capital gains agreement. When Hughes refused, Dietrich immediately quit – stunning Hughes. (Dietrich quoted Hughes as saying, "Noah, I can't exist without you!")
Hughes didn't let him go without a fight. After pleading failed, Hughes tried to strong-arm Dietrich into reconsidering, going so far, Dietrich recorded, as changing the lock on Dietrich's office– a practice Hughes had followed any time top executives were fired or otherwise departed the Hughes operation, Dietrich recalled. Hughes also sought Dietrich's interest in their oil partnerships. Dietrich wrote that he surrendered his interest just to be rid of Hughes, a move he later regretted, since the leases turned big profits eventually. Dietrich got a court order to reclaim many of his personal possessions from his old offices.
Post-Hughes career and memoirs
After parting ways with Hughes, Dietrich, as a well-respected financial and executive advisor, served on several corporate and financial boards as well as traveled to many speaking engagements. His 1971 memoir, Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes, provided many with the first genuine inside look into the world of Howard Hughes, including and especially his occasional lack of concern that things he wanted done often required breaches of ethics or even the law. Only when he was diagnosed with myasthenia gravis (the same illness that killed shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis), did Dietrich finally retire in full.
Dietrich wrote of Hughes, "Of all his possessions, TWA held a certain mystique for him. He didn't give a damn about the tool company, except as a source of wealth. Hughes Aircraft was an avocation for him, and outlet for his tendency to tinker. RKO was a heady diversion, an opportunity to pursue his sensual enjoyments."
Personal life
By 1936, he had divorced his first wife, and their two daughters were married. By 1945, Dietrich had three children with his second wife. By 1951, Dietrich was separated from his second wife. After leaving Hughes in 1957, Dietrich married for a third time.
In his book Howard, Dietrich wrote, "I much preferred the more exciting life," rather than the sedate life of a CPA. He wrote the book "to leave, for my children and grandchildren, a record of the role I played in a colorful subchapter of American history," and in part, so "the American public should be informed on the uses and misuses of great wealth."
Time revealed in 1972 that a copy of an early draft of the manuscript for Dietrich's memoir, ghost-written by journalist James Phelan, may have fallen into Clifford Irving's hands, and identified the draft as a key element in Irving's being able to convince publishers and others that his hoax Hughes autobiography was genuine. "The instances of duplicated material are numerous," the magazine wrote. "In some cases, the books are virtually identical in detail. In others, they are substantively the same, although the Irving manuscript has been reworded and otherwise disguised. One curiosity: the writing in the Irving manuscript is much better than that in the hastily drafted Phelan version. It is ironic that Irving may be more convincing as a forger than as an author in his own right – just as Elmyr de Hory, Irving's Ibiza friend and the main character in his book Fake!, is much better at doing Picassos and Modiglianis than he is at doing De Horys." When he later wrote his own memoir, The Hoax, Irving corroborated the hypothesis posited by the Time article, writing that he indeed obtained and a made a copy of a draft of Dietrich's manuscript, which he then used as source material for his fabricated Hughes autobiography.
Dietrich and Phelan eventually settled for $40,000 after Dietrich became dissatisfied with Phelan's work. He then turned the project over to another journalist, Bob Thomas, who finished the Dietrich memoir within six weeks.
Death
On February 15, 1982 Dietrich died of heart failure in a hospital in Palm Springs, California. He was just thirteen days short of his ninety-third birthday. He was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, in Glendale, California.
TV/movie adaptations
Noah Dietrich has been portrayed within several adaptations:
Ed Flanders played Dietrich against Tommy Lee Jones as Hughes in the 1977 mini-series The Amazing Howard Hughes. Released one year after Hughes' death, Dietrich's role is highlighted from his commencement with Hughes as Accountant, his subsequent contribution in restructuring Hughes Empire, and his later departure.
Eli Wallach played Dietrich in the 2006 movie The Hoax, about author Clifford Irving's faked Howard Hughes autobiography.
John C. Reilly played Dietrich against Leonardo DiCaprio as Hughes within the 2004 movie The Aviator. A criticism of this adaptation was that it downplayed the role Dietrich played in helping Hughes amass his fortune.
Martin Sheen portrayed Dietrich in the 2016 film Rules Don't Apply.
References
External links
Authorized tribute site
Howard Hughes
1889 births
1982 deaths
American people of German descent
Businesspeople from Madison, Wisconsin
American business executives
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
20th-century American businesspeople |
4033683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20tube%20battery | Vacuum tube battery | In the early days of electronics, vacuum tube (called valves in British contexts) devices (such as radios) were powered by batteries. Each battery had a different designation depending on which tube element it was associated with.
Initially, the only such device was a diode with only a filament (cathode) and a plate (anode). Following the direction of electron flow, these electrodes were identified as "A" and "B", respectively and thus the associated batteries were referred to as the "A" and "B" batteries respectively. Later, when the control grid element was added to create the triode tube, it was logically assigned the letter "C" and supplied from a "C" battery. Subsequent addition of further internal elements to improve the performance of the triode did not require an extension to this series of batteries – these elements were either resistively-biased from the existing batteries, connected to ground or to the cathode.
This nomenclature was used primarily within North America. Different battery names were used elsewhere in the English speaking world.
Categories
The "A" battery is used to provide power to the filament. It is sometimes colloquially referred to as a "wet battery". (A dry cell could be used for the purpose, but the ampere-hour capacity of dry cells was too low at the time to be of practical use in this service.) The term comes from the days of valve (tube) radios when it was common practice to use a dry battery for the plate (anode) voltage and a rechargeable lead/acid "wet" battery for the filament voltage. (The filaments in vacuum tubes consumed much more current than the anodes, and so the "A" battery would drain much more rapidly than the "B" battery; therefore, using a rechargeable "A" battery in this role reduced the need for battery replacement. In contrast, a non-rechargeable "B" battery would need to be replaced relatively infrequently.) A batteries were initially 2 volts, being lead acid accumulators, but with the introduction of all dry battery radios, 1.4 volts became more common. Other voltages can be encountered. For example, 7.5 volt batteries were sometimes used to power a series connected set of 1.4 volt valves (tubes). In Britain and some other countries, the "A" battery was known as the "LT" (low tension) battery if dry, and simply the "accumulator" if wet.
The "B" battery is used to provide the plate voltage. It is sometimes colloquially referred to as a "dry battery" (although there's no reason why a "wet" battery of suitable voltage couldn't be utilised for the purpose). The filament is primarily a heat source and therefore the A battery supplies significant current and rapidly discharges. The B battery experiences comparatively little current draw and retains its stored capacity far longer than an A battery. Early B batteries used with bright emitter tubes were 120 volts, but these quickly became obsolete as they were replaced with examples having voltages of typically 45 volts, 67½ volts, or 90 volts as more efficient tubes became available. Some examples had taps every 22½ volts. Even when the plate voltage rail is fed by a power supply rather than a battery, it is generally referred to as the "B+" line in American schematics. Because plate voltages can be as high as 300V DC, multiple B batteries may be connected together in series to additively provide the required operating voltages. The much higher available voltage of B batteries means that they must be handled more carefully than other battery types due to their ability to shock and/or burn the person handling them. In Britain and in some other countries, the "B" battery was known as the "HT" (high tension) battery.
The "C" battery is used to provide bias to the control grid. Until the early 1930s this was common practice in valve (tube) radio sets but was largely superseded by grid leak resistors or voltage divider biasing. Because the tube grids drew no current, the C battery provided the bias voltage with no current draw. The battery's life in the radio was essentially its shelf life. Grid bias batteries are still manufactured today, but not for radio use. They are popular in schools and colleges as a convenient variable voltage source in science classes. The most popular battery is the 9 volt type with taps every 1½ volts that accept banana plugs. A rare form of "C" battery was the bias cell, a button-size miniature battery designed to deliver a constant voltage with no current drain. These were briefly popular between 1936 and 1945 as the bias cell was less costly than a resistor/capacitor bias network. In Britain and in some other countries, the "C" battery was known as the "GB" (grid bias) battery.
See also
History of the battery
List of battery sizes
List of battery types
Battery nomenclature
References
External links
Instructions for Operating The Crosley 51 Radio Receiver - examples of usage of A, B, and C batteries in an early radio.
1951 Radio Battery Cross Reference Chart - Radio Retailing
Vacuum tubes
Battery shapes
Battery applications |
4033685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolowa | Tolowa | The Tolowa people or Taa-laa-wa Dee-ni’ are a Native American people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethno-linguistic group. Two rancherias (Smith River and Elk Valley) still reside in their traditional territory in northwestern California. Those removed to the Siletz Reservation in Oregon are located there.
Related to current locations, Tolowa people are members of several federally recognized tribes: Tolowa Dee-ni' Nation (Tolowa, Chetco, Yurok), Elk Valley Rancheria (Tolowa and Yurok), Confederated Tribes of Siletz (more than 27 Native Tribes and Bands, speaking 10 distinct languages, including Athapascans speaking groups of SW Oregon, like Upper Umpqua, Coquille, Tututni, Chetco, Tolowa, Galice and Applegate River people), Trinidad Rancheria (Chetco, Hupa, Karuk, Tolowa, Wiyot, and Yurok), Big Lagoon Rancheria (Yurok and Tolowa), Blue Lake Rancheria (Wiyot, Yurok, and Tolowa) as well as the unrecognized Tolowa Nation.
History
Their homeland, Taa-laa-waa-dvn (“Tolowa ancestral-land”) lies along the Pacific Coast between the watersheds of Wilson Creek and Smith River (Tolowa-Chetco: Xaa-wun-taa-ghii~-li, Xaa-wvn’-taa-ghii~-li~, or Nii~-li~) basin and vicinity in northwestern California Del Norte. The area was bounded by the California/Oregon to the north and Wilson Creek, north of the Klamath River (Tolowa-Chetco: Tʽáˑtʃʽɪᵗˑʼdɜn) in California, to the south. They lived in approximately eight permanent villages including on Crescent Bay and Lake Earl (Tolowa-Chetco: Ee-chuu-le' or Ch'uu-let - "large body of water"). The most important Tolowa village is Yontocket, California (Tolowa-Chetco: Yan’-daa-k’vt). Their tribal neighbors were the Chetco (Tolowa-Chetco: Chit Dee-ni’ or Chit-dv-ne' , also: Chit-dee-ni / Chit-dee-ne), Tututni (Tolowa-Chetco: T’uu-du’-dee-ni’ or Ta-́a te ́ne, also: Tu-́tutûn t̟ûn-nĕ) to the north; Shasta Costa (Tolowa-Chetco: Shis-taa-k'wvs-sta-dv-ne or See-staa-k’wvt-sta Dee-ni’), Takelma (Tolowa-Chetco: Ghan’-ts’ii-ne), Galice Creek / Taltushtuntede (Tolowa-Chetco: Talh-dash-dv-ne' ) to the NE, all of which were removed to the Siletz Reservation, and Karuk (Tolowa-Chetco: Ch'vm-ne Dee-ni' , also: Ch’vm-ne Xee-she’ ) to the east; and the Yurok (Tolowa-Chetco: Dvtlh-mvsh, also: Dvtlh-mvsh Xee-she’ ) to the south.
The name "Tolowa" is derived from Taa-laa-welh (Taa-laa-wa), an Algic name given to them by the Yurok (Klamath River People) (meaning "people of Lake Earl").
Their autonym is Hush, Xus or Xvsh, meaning "person" or "human being".
The neighboring Karuk called them Yuh'ára, or Yurúkvaarar ("Indian from downriver") and used this Karuk name also for the Yurok, and the Tolowa territory Yuh'aráriik / Yuh'ararih (″Place of the Downriver Indians″). Today the Karuk use also the term Imtípaheenshas (from Imtipahéeniik - ″Tolowa Indian place, i.e. Crescent City, California″).
They called themselves in a political sense also Dee-ni’ , Dee-ne, Dvn-’ee, Dee-te which means "(is a) citizen of a yvtlh-’i~ (polity)" or "a person belonging to a place or village".
The Tolowa or Dee-ni’ population exceeded 10,000. In the 19th century, epidemics of new infectious diseases, such as smallpox, broke out among the Tolowa, resulting in high mortality. These occurred before they had face-to-face encounters with non-natives because of contact through intermediaries. In 1828 the American Jedediah Smith and his exploration party were the first known non-natives to contact the Tolowa.
The Tolowa embraced the Ghost Dance religion from 1872 to 1882, in hopes of getting relief from European-American encroachment.
Genocide
In 1770 the Tolowa had a population of 1,000; their population soon dropped to 150 in 1910; this was almost entirely due to deliberate mass murder in what has been called genocide which has been recognized by the state of California. In a speech before representatives of Native American peoples in June 2019, California governor Gavin Newsom apologized for the genocide. Newsom said, "That’s what it was, a genocide. No other way to describe it. And that’s the way it needs to be described in the history books." Among these killings the Yontoket Massacre left 150 to 500 Tolowa people recorded dead. Because their homes had burned down, the place received the name "Burnt Ranch". The Yontoket massacre decimated the cultural center of the Tolowa peoples. The natives from the surrounding areas would gather there for their celebrations and discussions. The survivors of the massacre were forced to move to the village north of Smith's River called Howonquet. The slaughtering of the Tolowa people continued for some years. They were seemingly always caught at their Needash celebrations. These massacres caused some unrest which led in part to the Rogue River Indian war. Many Tolowa people were incarcerated at Battery Point in 1855 to withhold them from joining an uprising led by their chief. In 1860, after the Chetco/Rogue River War, 600 Tolowa were forcibly relocated to Indian reservations in Oregon, including what is now known as the Siletz Reservation in the Central Coastal Range. Later, some were moved to the Hoopa Valley Reservation in California. Adding to the number of dead from the Yontoket Massacre and the Battery Point Attack are many more in the following years. These massacres included the Chetko Massacre with 24 dead, the Smith creek massacre with 7 dead, the Howonquet Massacre with 70 dead, the Achulet massacre with 65 dead (not including those whose bodies were left in the lake) and the Stundossun Massacre with 300 dead. In total, 902 Tolowa Native Americans were killed in 7 years. There are no records that any of the perpetrators were ever held accountable. This means over 90% of the entire Tolowa population was killed in deliberate massacres.
Language
They have traditionally spoken Taa-laa-wa Dee-ni' Wee-ya' (Tolowa Dee-ni' Language), the Tolowa language, one of the Athabaskan languages.
At the Siletz Reservation in central Oregon, tribes speaking 10 distinct languages were brought together in the mid-19th century. In the early 21st century, the remaining native language spoken is known as Siletz Dee-ni, related to Tolowa, although many of the original tribes spoke Salish languages.
In 2007, in coordination with the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages, the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians produced a "talking dictionary" in this language to aid in preservation and teaching. Alfred "Bud" Lane, among the last fluent native speakers of Siletz Dee-ni on the reservation, has recorded 14,000 words of the language in this effort.
Culture
The Tolowa organized their subsistence around the plentiful riverine and marine resources and acorns (san-chvn). Their society was not formally stratified, but considerable emphasis was put on personal wealth.
Tolowa villages were organized around a headman and usually consisted of related men, in a patrilineal kinship system, where inheritance and status passed through the male line. The men married women in neighboring tribes. The brides were usually related (sisters), in order for the wealth to remain in the paternal families.
Ethnobotany
They apply a poultice of the chewed leaves of Viola adunca to sore eyes.
Population
Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Various estimates for the 1770 population of Tolowa have ranged from as low as 450 to an upper end around 2,400.
In 1910, there were reportedly 150 Tolowa. The 1920 census listed 121 Tolowa left in Del Norte County, California. By 2009, there were approximately 1,000 Tolowa Indians.
See also
Tolowa language
Tolowa traditional narratives
Eunice Bommelyn, Tolowa historian, genealogist and language advocate
Loren Bommelyn
Notes
Further reading
Collins, James. 1996. Understanding Tolowa Histories: Western Hegemonies and Native American Responses. London: Routledge.
Drucker, Philip. 1937. "The Tolowa and their Southwest Oregon Kin," University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 36:221–300. Berkeley.
Gould, Richard A. 1978. "Tolowa," In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 128–136. Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, vol. 8. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
External links
Elk Valley Rancheria
Official Tolowa Tribe of the Smith River Rancheria website
About the Tolowa Nation
Clinton Hart Merriam photograph collection, Images of Tolowa People
California genocide
Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians
Native Americans in Del Norte County, California
Native American tribes in California
Native American tribes in Oregon
History of Del Norte County, California |
4033694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monto%2C%20Queensland | Monto, Queensland | Monto is a rural town and locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Monto had a population of 1,156 people.
Geography
Monto is located on the Burnett Highway north-west of Brisbane and south of Rockhampton. The Gladstone–Monto Road intersects with the Burnett Highway in the town.
The main street in the town is Newton Street.
History
Gureng Gureng (also known as Gooreng Gooreng, Goreng Goreng, Goeng, Gurang, Goorang Goorang, Korenggoreng) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Gureng Gureng people. The Gooreng Gooreng language region includes the towns of Bundaberg, Gin Gin and Miriam Vale extending south towards Childers, inland to Monto and Mt Perry.
The town takes its name from its railway station, which in turn is an Aboriginal word meaning ridgy plain.
Europeans settled in the area in the late 1840s, maintaining large pastoral holdings at the northern end of the Burnett Valley. Gold unearthed along Three Moon Creek — a tributary of the Burnett River — in the 1870s attracted further settlers. The original site of the diggings, north of present-day Monto, has since been flooded by construction of Cania Dam.
The township of Monto was not formally established until 1924 in which year the post office opened.
Norton Diggings Provisional School opened circa 1881 and is believed to have been repositioned circa 1892 and renamed Norton Goldfield Provisional School. It closed circa 1903 but reopened in 1904 as Norton Provisional School, but then closed in 1907.
Monto State School opened on 25 January 1926.
Monto Baptist Church opened on 23 April 1930. It was at 24 Kelvin Street (). It closed in 1997 and passed into private ownership.
St Therese's Catholic Primary School was opened on 5 February 1940 by the Presentation Sisters.
With dwindling gold reserves, Monto turned its economy towards farming and logging, two of the region's major industries today. Deposits of thermal coal and limestone have been discovered in the shire.
Monto State High School opened on 28 January 1964.
At the 2006 census, Monto had a population of 1,159.
The town was the administrative centre of Monto Shire until its amalgamation in 2008 into the new North Burnett Region local government area.
Amenities
Monto has a cultural and historical complex with a museum reserve, sporting facilities, swimming pool and golf club.
Monto Hospital is a 14-bed hospital operated by Queensland Health at 35 Flinders Street (). It has a 24-hour emergency service.
The North Burnett Regional Council operates a public library in Monto at 50 Newton Street.
The Monto-Bancroft branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at 9 Rutherford Street.
Education
Monto State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 3 Leichhardt Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 110 students with 9 teachers (7 full-time equivalent) and 11 non-teaching staff (5 full-time equivalent).
Monto State High School is a government secondary (7-12) school for boys and girls at Mouatt Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 159 students with 23 teachers (20 full-time equivalent) and 19 non-teaching staff (11 full-time equivalent).
Monto Cluster Special Education Program is a primary and secondary (Prep-12) special education program at Monto State High School.
St Therese's Catholic Primary School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Rayleigh Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 88 students with 9 teachers (8 full-time equivalent) and 3 non-teaching staff (2 full-time equivalent).
Heritage listings
Monto has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Gladstone-Monto Road: Monto Cemetery No 1 and No 2
corner of Huxley, Bell & Edison Streets: Monto Watertower and Rotary Park
Lister, Kelvin, Lyell & Faraday Streets: Monto Town Design (also known as Monto Government Administration Precinct)
Newton Street: Hotel Albert
Newton Street: Monto Shire Hall
53 Newton Street: former Monto Court House
Rutherford Street: former Monto Council Office and Chambers (also known as Sunshine House)
corner Rutherford and Newton Streets: Monto Post Office
Yarrol Road, Ventnor: Ventnor State School
Tourism
Tourism is also a major industry in the region. Besides being a major highway town, the chief local attractions are Cania Gorge National Park and Cania Dam, north of town.
Monto has also added to its attractions as being () the most northerly silo art installation in Australia. Its "Three Moons" silos depict several stories of the past, including the era of gold mining, cattle mustering and The Dreaming. It also has a mural on an old water tower.
Dairy farming
Monto was once the centre of a thriving dairy industry, with more than 400 dairy farms in the area, but deregulation in the 1990s changed that. The number of dairy farms dropped to three.
Mining
In 2006, Monto Minerals floated on the Alternative Investment Market in London, raising approximately A$41 million before expenses. In 2007 it announced plans to begin commercial production of feldspar, ilmenite, apatite and titanomagnetite from its site at the Goondicum crater, just outside the eastern border of Monto Shire. It was reported in September 2008 that Monto Minerals had placed itself in voluntary administration. The mine was then operated by Belridge Enterprises from September 2012 to June 2013, and Melior Resources from April to July 2015 when production was halted due to low market prices. After resuming operations the mine was again closed when Melior Resources appointed a voluntary administrator in September 2019.
Coal mining company Macarthur Coal also owns large amounts of land in the Mulgildie area.
Climate
Notable people from Monto
Gordon Bennett (artist)
Michael Caton
Prof. Megan Davis was born here in 1975.
Gil Jamieson
Mal Meninga
Jeff Seeney
Mark Steketee
See also
Shire of Monto
The Boyne Valley
Cania Gorge National Park
References
External links
Town map of Monto, 1981
Monto Shire Council
Monto: The Age newspaper write-up (includes historical information)
Monto Online
Monto
Populated places established in 1924
North Burnett Region
1924 establishments in Australia
Localities in Queensland |
4033704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bec%20%28novel%29 | Bec (novel) | Bec is a book by Darren Shan in The Demonata series. It is the fourth book of the series released but it is the first chronologically. The protagonist of the book is the central character Bec. It is set in Ireland around 1600 years ago. The last line of the book, "Screams in the dark," is also the first line of the book, as well as the tagline for the novel. Bec is the end of the first part of the Demonata books, where the three protagonists are introduced.
Plot
When a "simple child" named Bran who can run incredibly fast comes to Bec's demon-besieged rath, she and a small consignment of warriors go with him, including the chief's son, Connla, who is "largely untested" in battle; Goll, an old warrior; Lorcan and Ronan, two teenage twins; Fiachna the blacksmith; and Orna, a female warrior. During the journey, the group is attacked by demons, but luckily manage to hide near some ancient lodestones which protect them with powerful Old Magic. Eventually, Bran leads them to a crannóg, where everyone is dead except a druid, Drust. The druid tells them about a tunnel to the demons' world, and how he aims to destroy it. They go with him.
The group finds some horses which help them reach their destination in time, but Fiachna is soon abandoned after his wound becomes life-threatening.
Bec manages to force Bran through the closing tunnel at the last moment with the last of her magic, but is trapped as a result. Soon after, Lord Loss appears and tells Bec that when she appeared to absorb power from him several days earlier, Lord Loss had actually intended for that to happen so that she could close the tunnel. This is because Lord Loss is unique among demons, in that instead of wishing to slaughter all the humans in the world, he actually prefers to prolong the suffering for as long as possible. If the tunnel had remained open, countless other demons would have passed through and destroyed all of mankind within a matter of weeks, which would have ruined Lord Loss' "sport". After telling Bec this, Lord Loss reminds her of the geis that he had placed on her, and that he is bound by his word to kill her. Lord Loss sets his familiars upon Bec, and without any magic to defend herself with, she is easily overwhelmed and killed.
References
Shanville Monthly 68
External links
Official Darren Shan Site
Official Darren Shan Blog
Demonata website
2006 novels
The Demonata novels
Demon novels
Novels about orphans
Novels set in Ireland
HarperCollins books
Little, Brown and Company books |
4033708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonauta%20cornuta | Argonauta cornuta | Argonauta cornuta is a species of pelagic octopus belonging to the genus Argonauta. The female of the species, like all argonauts, creates a paper-thin eggcase that coils around the octopus reminiscent of the way a nautilus lives in its shell (hence the name paper nautilus). The shell is usually approximately 80 mm in length, although it can exceed 90 mm in exceptional specimens; the world record size is 98.6 mm.
This species seems to have a relatively limited distribution confined to the waters surrounding Western Mexico and Baja California. For this reason, it is considered one of the rarest of the Argonauta species.
The taxonomic status of this species is questionable. Further research is needed to determine whether it is a valid species or a synonym of the highly variable A. hians.
The type locality of A. cornuta is unknown. The type specimen is deposited at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia.
References
Sweeney, M. J. (2002). Taxa Associated with the Family Argonautidae Tryon, 1879. Tree of Life web project.
External links
Information on the genus Argonauta
cornuta
Cephalopods described in 1854
Taxa named by Timothy Abbott Conrad |
4033723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Wallsend | Electoral district of Wallsend | Wallsend is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It has only ever been represented by a member of the Labor Party and is currently represented by Sonia Hornery.
Wallsend is a Newcastle suburban electorate, deriving its name from the suburb of the same name, covering 116.83 km². It encompasses part or whole of the suburbs of Beresfield, Birmingham Gardens, Black Hill, Callaghan, Cardiff, Cardiff Heights, Elermore Vale, Fletcher, Glendale, Hexham, Jesmond, Lambton, Lenaghan, Maryland, Minmi, New Lambton, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle University, North Lambton, Rankin Park, Shortland, Tarro, Wallsend, Waratah and Waratah West. There were 56,506 people enrolled within the electorate as of January 2015.
History
Wallsend was initially settled as a coal mining area and has developed into one of the poorer dormitory areas for the industrial hub of Newcastle. Throughout its history Wallsend has been a safe Labor seat.
It was first created in 1894 with the abolition of multi-member districts from part of the electoral district of Newcastle, but was abolished in 1904 with the reduction of the size of the Legislative Assembly after Federation. It was recreated between 1917 but with the introduction of proportional representation in 1920, it was absorbed into Newcastle. In 1930, it was abolished and partly replaced by Waratah. It was most recently recreated at the 1968 redistribution, largely from the abolished district of Kurri Kurri.
In its current incarnation it has had three members to date. The first was Ken Booth who eventually became the state treasurer in the Wran and Unsworth governments. He was succeeded by John Mills, who was in turn succeeded by Sonia Hornery.
Members for Wallsend
Election results
References
Wallsend
1894 establishments in Australia
Wallsend
1904 disestablishments in Australia
Wallsend
1913 establishments in Australia
Wallsend
1920 disestablishments in Australia
Wallsend
1927 establishments in Australia
Wallsend
1930 disestablishments in Australia
Wallsend
1968 establishments in Australia
Wallsend
Politics of Newcastle, New South Wales |
4033731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Jarlath | Saint Jarlath | Saint Jarlath, also known as Iarlaithe mac Loga (fl. 6th century), was an Irish priest and scholar from Connacht, remembered as the founder of the monastic School of Tuam and of the Archdiocese of Tuam, of which he is the patron saint. No medieval Life for Jarlath is extant, but sources for his life and cult include genealogies, martyrologies, the Irish Lives of St Brendan of Clonfert, and a biography compiled by John Colgan in the 17th century.
Background
The Irish genealogies record the existence of two saints named Jarlath: Jarlath son of Lugh (Iarlaithe m. Loga), founder of Tuam, and Jarlath son of Trian (Iarlaithe m. Trena), bishop of Armagh.
Jarlath of Tuam is said to have belonged to the Conmhaícne, who ruled over the greater part of what would become the parish of Tuam. The other saint is said to have belonged to the Dál Fiatach in east Ulster. He is identified as the third Bishop of Armagh, that is after Patrick's heir Benignus and the Annals of Ulster and Innisfallen record his death in the year 481.
In the two Irish Lives of St Brendan, possibly of the 12th century, Jarlath is called a son of Lug, son of Trén, son of Fiacc, son of Mochta, and the First Life in the Book of Lismore continues the pedigree by calling Mochta a son of Bresal, son of Siracht, son of Fiacha the Fair. Both Lives substitute Imchada for Mochta and on this basis, Séamus Mac Mathúna argues that they go back to an original which conflates the genealogy of Iarlaithe mac Loga with that of his namesake in Armagh.
Dónall Mac Giolla Easpaig suggests that the saints could refer to one and the same person:[...] both are given as the third bishop of Armagh [...] placename evidence from the Tuam area would tend to corroborate [this] view [...] the evidence suggests that there was a strong Patrician and, consequently, a strong Armagh influence in the Tuam area from the earliest Christian period [...] the fact that Iarlaithe was a bishop like Benignus of Kilbennan and Felartus of Donaghpatrick, would further indicate that Tuam [...] would have predated Brendan of Clonfert by almost a century.
St Brendan's Irish Lives
Jarlath appears briefly as a prominent figure in the medieval Irish Lives of St Brendan of Clonfert. Brendan is said to have visited Connacht to study under the famous Jarlath. One day, when Jarlath was in his old age, Brendan advised his mentor to leave the school and to depart in a newly built chariot until its two hind shafts broke, because there would be the place of his resurrection (esséirge) and that of many after him. Because Jarlath acknowledged the divinity and superior wisdom of his pupil, saying "take me into thy service for ever and ever", he gladly accepted his advice. His travel did not take him very far, as the shafts broke at Tuaim da Ghualann ("Mound of two shoulders"), that is, at Tuam.
Jarlath died, "full of days", on 26 December, circa 540, aged about 90 years old.
In attributing a leading role to St Brendan in the foundation of Tuam, the Lives suggest that the see of Tuam was united with but subordinate to that of Annaghdown.
Tuam achieved the status of the principal see of Connacht only in 1152 at the Synod of Kells-Mellifont, while Annaghdown became an independent diocesan seat at the Synod of Dublin in 1192. In this light, the assertion in the Lives has been read as reflecting circumstances in the 12th century.
Foundation of Tuam
John Colgan drew up a memoir of the saint in his Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae (1645). Jarlath is said to have studied under St Benignus at Kilbennen, disciple of St Patrick.
Afterwards, he founded his first monastery at Cluainfois (Cloonfush), near Tuam, while his principal seat came to be at Tuam. His monastic school is said to have attracted scholars from all parts of Ireland, including such students as St Brendan of Ardfert and Saint Colman of Cloyne. On the significance of the place-name Tuam, Dónall Mac Giolla Easpaig posits:"[t]he first element in the placename Tuaim Dá Ualann/Ghualann referred to a pagan burial-ground similar to that designated by the second element of Cluain Fearta (see Clonfert). If so Tuam offers another example of an early church being built on or near a pre-Christian sacred site."
Despite his fame, Jarlath left Cloonfush to study under Saint Enda of Aran around 495. In the 520s, he retired to Tuam. He chose Tuam because the wheel of his chariot broke there. Jarlath is included in the second order of Irish saints, which implies that he must have lived prior to the year 540.
A poem ascribed to Cuimmín of Coindeire, which is also cited in Ó Cléirigh's Martyrology of Donegal, states that Jarlath was known for his generosity and devotion to prayer ("three hundred genuflexions every night, and three hundred genuflexions every day"). In the Martyrology of Donegal, he is credited with having predicted the names of his successors, including those of three 'heretical' bishops and one Máel. Similarly, his hagiography in the "Great Synaxaristes of the Orthodox Church" records that as a result of his great asceticism and devotion to prayer he was granted the gift of prophecy.
Feast-day
Saint Jarlath's feast day is 6 June, which is the date of the translation of his relics to a church specially built in his honour next to the Cathedral of Tuam. His remains were encased in a silver shrine, from which the 13th-century church gained the name Teampul na scrín, that is the "church of the shrine", a perpetual vicarage united to the prebend of Kilmainemore in 1415. In a note added to the Félire Óengusso and in other martyrologies, Jarlath's feast-day was recorded as 25 or 26 December.
Jarlath in the 21st century
The first St Jarlath's Festival in Tuam, organised by the Energise Tuam community group, was organised for Saturday 7 June 2008. This included a pageant/parade from Tuam Cathedral through the streets of the town, a school's art competition to raise awareness of the saint and local cultural heritage, and street entertainment.
St Jarlath's broken wheel is a heraldic symbol of Tuam, and is included on the crest of many local organisations, including Tuam Town Council.
St Jarlath Road, a residential street in Cabra in Dublin 7 is named in his honour.
A parish in Oakland, California in the United States and one in Yarragon, Australia are named after him.
See also
School of Tuam
St. Jarlath's College
Aed Ua Oisin
References
Primary sources
Martyrology of Donegal, ed. J.H. Todd and W. Reeves, The Martyrology of Donegal, a calendar of the saints of Ireland. Dublin, 1864. [pp. 348–9 (26 December)]
Poem ascribed to Cuimmín, ed. and tr. Whitley Stokes, "Cuimmín's poem on the saints of Ireland." ZCP 1 (1897). pp. 59–73.
Colgan, John. Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae. Leuven, 1645. 308–10.
The First Irish Life of St Brendan
ed. and tr. Whitley Stokes, Lives of Saints from the Book of Lismore. Anecdota Oxoniensia, Mediaeval and Modern Series 5. Oxford, 1890. pp. 99–116, 247–61. Based on the Book of Lismore copy.
ed. and tr. Denis O’Donoghue, Brendaniana. St Brendan the Voyager in Story and Legend. Dublin, 1893. Partial edition and translation, based on the Book of Lismore as well as copies in Paris BNF celtique et basque 1 and BL Egerton 91.
The Second Irish Life of St Brendan (conflated with the Navigatio). Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique 4190–4200 (transcript by Mícheál Ó Cléirigh)
ed. and tr. Charles Plummer, Bethada náem nÉrenn. Lives of the Irish saints. Oxford: Clarendon, 1922. Vol. 1. pp. 44–95; vol 2.
Great Synaxaristes of the Orthodox Church: Ὁ Ἅγιος Ζαρλάθιος Ἐπίσκοπος Τούαμ Ἰρλανδίας. 6 Ιουνίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
Secondary sources
Charles-Edwards, T.M. (2007). "Connacht, saints of (act. c.400–c.800)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, Sept 2004: January 2007; accessed 14 December 2008.
Mac Giolla Easpaig, Dónall (1996). "Early Ecclesiastical Settlement Names of County Galway", Galway: History and Society. Interdisciplinary essays on the history of an Irish county, ed. Gerard Moran. Dublin: Geography Publications. pp. 795–815.
Mac Mathúna, Séamus (2006). "The Irish Life of Saint Brendan: Textual History, Structure and Date", The Brendan Legend. Texts and versions, ed. Glyn Burgess and Clara Strijbosch. Leiden, Boston: Brill, pp. 117–58.
Further reading
Ó Riain, P. (ed.). Corpus Genealogiarum Sanctorum Hiberniae. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin 1985. pg. 26, line 150.
External links
Archive of
445 births
540 deaths
5th-century Irish priests
6th-century Irish priests
6th-century Christian saints
Medieval saints of Connacht
People from County Galway
Prophets in Christianity
Religion in Tuam
Roman Catholic monks
People of Conmaicne Cuile Toladh |
4033740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal%20celebration | Goal celebration | In sports, a goal celebration is the practice of celebrating the scoring of a goal. The celebration is normally performed by the goalscorer, and may involve their teammates, the manager or coaching staff or the supporters of the team. Whilst referring to the celebration of a goal in general, the term can also be applied to specific actions, such as a player removing their shirt or performing a somersault. Celebrations are generally more substantial in lower-scoring sports, such as association football and ice hockey, where a score has greater significance.
Many goal celebrations have been immortalised, such as in a statue (Thierry Henry and Bobby Orr), advertisements (Ronaldo), postage stamps (Pelé), magazine covers, or in video games: Cristiano Ronaldo, Gareth Bale, Lionel Messi among many others are featured in the FIFA series.
Celebration
Goal song
A goal song or goal celebration music is a short piece of music that is played in sports like football or ice hockey after a goal is scored. A goal horn sometimes sounds before the song is played, especially in the National Hockey League (NHL).
One such song is Bellini's "Samba de Janeiro", which is played after each Bolton Wanderers goal when they play at home and was used as the goal song in UEFA Euro 2008. Van Halen's "Jump" is played every time A.C. Milan scores a goal at the San Siro. "Song 2" by Blur is played at some German and Austrian clubs. In North America, "Rock and Roll (Part Two)" by the Glitter Band is commonly played. Donbass Arena, the home ground of Ukrainian football club Shakhtar Donetsk, has a tradition of playing music each time home players score goals, with a track corresponding to the nationality of a scorer. For example, "Sabre Dance" by the Armenian Aram Khachaturian was played whenever his compatriot Henrikh Mkhitaryan scored. When FC Bayern Munich score a goal in the Allianz Arena, the Can-can plays.
In ice hockey, the use of goal songs is very common. Prior to 2012, a goal by the NHL's Montreal Canadiens, on home ice, was followed by U2's "Vertigo". The New York Rangers play the song "Slapshot", which was written by Ray Castoldi, the music director at Madison Square Garden. The Chicago Blackhawks and Nottingham Panthers play "Chelsea Dagger" by The Fratellis after every home goal.
Common celebrations
A group hug of the players on the pitch with the scorer underneath, or the players jumping on each other's shoulders.
The scorer running to corner flag, standing with one of his hands holding the flagpole while screaming – Gabriel Batistuta's similar celebration when he played for Fiorentina inspired the design of his life-size bronze statue.
The scorer putting an index finger to his lips, as if telling the (opposition) crowd and/or critics to be quiet – Real Madrid forward Raúl memorably celebrated in this manner when scoring against fierce rivals Barcelona at the Nou Camp in 1999.
The scorer pretending to fire a machine gun, as done by Gabriel Batistuta and Edinson Cavani.
The scorer turning his wrist near his ear, this is usually done while running. It was used many times, if not all, by Luca Toni.
The scorer diving onto the grass with arms and legs outstretched. This was supposedly first done by Jürgen Klinsmann, shortly after he joined Tottenham Hotspur. Klinsmann was actually performing this goal celebration to satirise his own (in his belief unjustified) reputation for diving to win free-kicks and penalties. It became known as "a Klinsmann".
The scorer walking or running away in a nonchalant style with a "cocky" smirk as if to say, "I'm the best, that was easy, etc." An adaptation of this involves the scorer standing still and turning or looking around with said look. This was done by Manchester United striker Eric Cantona, and later by Zlatan Ibrahimović.
Ibrahimović also popularised shaping the fingers on both hands in the shape of a heart for his goal celebrations. This has since been used by Gareth Bale and Lorenzo Insigne.
The scorer kissing the ring finger – as Raúl always did. Married players are saluting to their husbands/wives with this celebration. Rivaldo also famously performed this celebration in the quarter-final match against Denmark in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Luis Suárez has popularised a similar celebration, kissing his wrist and fingers as a tribute to his wife and kids.
The scorer sliding on his knees – often done by Didier Drogba and Eden Hazard.
The scorer outstretching both arms and running around changing the angle of arms mimicking an aeroplane. This was made famous by former Brazilian striker Careca and later earned Italian forward Vincenzo Montella his nickname of "little aeroplane" (l'aeroplanino in Italian).
The scorer outstretching both arms and running straight. Brazilian striker Ronaldo often celebrated in this manner in his early career – his goal celebration was the basis for Pirelli's 1998 commercial where he replaced the figure of Christ from the Christ the Redeemer statue while in an Inter Milan strip. Zlatan Ibrahimović, whose idol was Ronaldo, often celebrates with both arms outstretched.
The scorer rocking his arms from side to side, as though rocking a baby. This usually signifies that the scorer recently became a parent, whether or not for the first time. It was brought to the world's attention by Brazilian striker Bebeto (joined by teammates Romário and Mazinho) at the 1994 FIFA World Cup after his quarter-final goal against the Netherlands, celebrating his son Mattheus, born two days before.
The scorer putting the ball underneath their shirt to indicate the pregnancy of a loved one.
The scorer sucking his thumb as a tribute to his child(ren) or to signify that scoring a goal is like child's play, over the years this has become a trademark celebration of Roma legend Francesco Totti. Bruno Fernandes often places his hands over his ears after sucking his thumb.
The scorer pointing towards the skies, either to express gratitude to God or to reference a person who is deceased – Kaká invariably gave thanks. Lionel Messi also celebrates goals in a similar manner, dedicating them to his late grandmother.
The scorer putting his hands behind his ears as if to listen to the reaction of the crowd more. This is usually done when a player is getting booed during the game and then scores, or if a player returns to score against his former club – as Manchester United striker Romelu Lukaku did when he cupped his ears to Everton fans after scoring (they had booed him throughout the game). Rarely, this celebration is aimed at club staff, players or officials for various internal reasons.
The scorer exhibiting some kind of dancing after the goal, usually joined in by teammates. The first player to gain worldwide fame for this was probably Cameroon veteran Roger Milla at the 1990 FIFA World Cup, who celebrated all four of his goals by dancing around the corner flag. Peter Crouch garnered attention for his robot dances after scoring goals for England. Five South Africa (Bafana Bafana) players performed a memorable Macarena-style dance after scoring the opening goal at the 2010 World Cup. Antoine Griezmann's 'Hotline Bling' goal celebration dance features in a 2016 Puma commercial.
The scorer performing some kind of acrobatic routine after the goal. Mexico striker Hugo Sánchez was the first notable exponent of the backflip. Nigerian footballers are well known for performing backflips after they score a goal, this includes a very famous one performed by Julius Aghahowa at the 2002 FIFA World Cup after he scored a goal against Sweden. Lomana LuaLua was banned from performing backflips by his then-club Portsmouth after injuring one of his feet during a celebration. Miroslav Klose and Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang are also noted for celebrating in this manner, albeit with front flips.
The scorer removing his shirt. Since 2004, this is considered Excessive Celebration per FIFA's Laws of the game, and results in a yellow card. Andrés Iniesta was so punished for his celebration in the 2010 World Cup Final. Chloe Kelly was booked during the UEFA Women's Euro 2022 Final, for a celebration otherwise praised in the media as "empowering".
A common alternative, although more common in the late 1990s and early 2000s, was for the scoring player to lift up his shirt and show the crowd a T-shirt with a message underneath. Romário was a frequent adopter of this kind of celebration, showing up with a different message every match. Roma striker Francesco Totti often celebrated goals against Lazio in the Rome derby in this way, once memorably revealing a t-shirt which sported the Italian equivalent of the phrase "I have done you again!"
The scorer imitating to shoot with some kind of weapon, either aiming towards the sky or to some other virtual target. Republic of Ireland striker Robbie Keane once performed a forward roll and finished by mimicking an archer against Saudi Arabia.
Teammates congratulating the scorer by kneeling down and pretending to shine his shoe – Ronaldo's Inter Milan teammates often congratulated him in this manner.
Lying in the prostrate position to thank God in sujud, mostly done by Muslim players – Egyptian forward Mohamed Salah performs this after a goal.
The scorer saluting the crowd – alternatively the scorer mocking the crowd, as Cristiano Ronaldo did twice after scoring against Barcelona at the Nou Camp, in 2012 and 2016, when he gestured to the crowd to "calm down" after he scored.
The scorer jumping and punching the air – this celebration features in Pelé's 1969 Brazilian postage stamp that commemorates his 1,000th career goal. Swedish forward Tomas Brolin often celebrated with a jump-pirouette.
The scorer pulling his shirt over his face – often done by Fabrizio Ravanelli.
The scorer jumping into the crowd. This is commonly done whenever a very significant goal, such as an injury-time winner, is scored, an example being Troy Deeney's last-minute goal for Watford against Leicester City in 2013, sending Watford to a Wembley Play-Off Final.
The scorer running the length of the field. Infamously done by then-Manchester City striker Emmanuel Adebayor against his former club Arsenal in 2009.
Some players who have tattoos on their wrists or forearms will often kiss them to show respect to whoever or whatever the tattoo symbolises. Spanish striker Álvaro Negredo is an example, as is the Uruguayan Luis Suárez.
"The Thierry Henry" or "Henrying" was made famous by striker Thierry Henry, who would celebrate by simply propping himself up against the goal post while another hand was on the hip, hinting that he's tired and/or tired of scoring goals, and has a "been there, done that"-type of reaction. This went viral in social networks, using the pose to photoshop Henry into appropriate settings, from propping up the Leaning Tower of Pisa, to helping Muhammad Ali with his punching bag.
The scorer hitting or kicking the corner flag. Dutch striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar kicked the corner flag after scoring the winning penalty against Mexico in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Australian midfielder Tim Cahill was famous for his regular celebration of shadow boxing around the corner flag. West Ham United forward Paolo Di Canio once snapped a corner flag in half after kicking it in celebration of a goal against Leicester City, which was thought at the time to have been the Italian's final goal for the club before a strongly-rumoured transfer to Manchester United; the move never materialised.
The scorer reacting with their mouth as wide open as possible – the magnitude of Zinedine Zidane's left foot volleyed winner in the 2002 UEFA Champions League Final saw him produce one of his most emotional goal celebrations as he ran towards the touchline with mouth wide open, screaming in delight. Liberian star George Weah had a similar open mouthed expression having run almost the entire length of the field and scored for Milan in 1996.
The scorer blowing a kiss to the crowd (this can be done in a mocking gesture); alternatively, the scorer provoking the crowd by kissing his team badge, or in the case of Barcelona captain Carles Puyol in 2009, kissing his Catalan armband in front of Real Madrid fans.
The scorer pointing/waving to their own fans – alternatively, wave in a provocative manner to opposition fans; after scoring against Manchester United at Old Trafford in 2009 Liverpool striker Fernando Torres held his hand in the air to fans of arch rivals United, with his 'five times' gesture (spread out five fingers) signifying Liverpool's five Champions League titles (to United's three).
The scorer swinging an arm – Mick Channon celebrated with his trademark windmill (swinging one arm round and round); South Korea's Park Ji-sung performed a two armed windmill after scoring against Greece at the 2010 World Cup. The two-armed windmill was also a trademark celebration for Marcelinho Carioca.
The scorer kissing the club/national badge on his or her shirt, to show his or her love and loyalty for the club/country; some players have even revelled in kissing the badge of their new team when scoring against their former club, a notable example being Wayne Rooney kissing the Manchester United badge when scoring against his boyhood team Everton.
Punishment
According to the rules of the games (Law 12):
While it is permissible for a player to demonstrate his joy when a goal has been scored, the celebration must not be excessive.
In recent seasons, FIFA have attempted to crack down on some of the more enthusiastic celebrations. If a player incites the crowd and/or takes their shirt off or puts the ball under their shirt to indicate a pregnancy after scoring a goal, they are likely to get booked by the referee. This can cause huge controversy if the player has already been booked, since they would then be sent off. However, some players get around this rule by pulling the hem of their shirts over the head, without taking the shirt off entirely, but this is not always overturned by the referees. Some players have received fines for dropping their shorts after scoring.
Jumping into the crowd is also a bookable offence ("deliberately leaving the field of play without the referee's permission", as identified in Law 12).
Players might be also fined for revealing T-shirts which contain some kind of message directed to the spectators. Notable examples include Robbie Fowler being fined for showing a T-shirt that was designed to show support for the Liverpool dockers' strike, incorporating the Calvin Klein "CK" into the word doCKer; and Thierry Henry, who was fined by UEFA after he removed his Arsenal shirt to reveal a T-shirt reading "For the new-born Kyd", which was directed to his friend, Texas lead singer Sharleen Spiteri, who had just given birth. In 1999, Robbie Fowler was also fined £60,000 by his club and the Premier League for having celebrated his penalty goal against Everton by getting down on all fours and miming the snorting of cocaine off of the white touchline. Although it was seen as Fowler's response to being accused of drug abuse in the tabloid press, then-manager Gérard Houllier famously claimed that he was merely imitating "a cow eating grass".
In January 1998, Rangers midfielder Paul Gascoigne courted serious controversy during a goal celebration where he mimed playing a flute (symbolic of the flute-playing of Loyalist Orange Order marchers) during a game against Celtic at Celtic Park. The gesture infuriated Celtic fans who had been taunting him and Gascoigne was fined £20,000 by Rangers after the incident. He also received a death threat from an Irish Republican Army (IRA) member following the incident.
Boca Juniors striker Carlos Tevez was sent off for imitating a chicken when celebrating a goal against arch-rivals River Plate during the 2004 Copa Libertadores, clearly mocking the opposition crowd, with River called 'Gallinas' ('chickens') by other fans for choking late on.
Paolo Di Canio made his mark in 2005, when during his period at Lazio, he made a fascist salute to the right-wing fans. He was fined and suspended as a result.
Ipswich Town player David Norris received a fine after using a handcuff gesture to celebrate scoring against Blackpool in November 2008, dedicating the goal to ex-teammate Luke McCormick, who was jailed for death by dangerous driving.
Everton midfielder Tim Cahill received a similar fine for a similar gesture in a match on 2 March 2008.
A similar incident took place in Chelsea against Middlesbrough, when Chelsea's Salomon Kalou scored a brace and thereafter crossed hands with Ivorian teammate Didier Drogba. It was later revealed, however, that he claimed to have wanted to try out a new celebration and was not supporting an Ivorian convictionist.
In a 2009 Premier League match between Manchester City and Arsenal, Manchester City striker Emmanuel Adebayor received a yellow card for running the length of the pitch to celebrate his goal in front of the Arsenal fans. This was seen as controversial because Adebayor signed for Manchester City that summer from Arsenal.
In March 2013, AEK Athens midfielder Giorgos Katidis made a Nazi salute towards the crowd after scoring the winning goal against Veria. Though he later said he did not realise the meaning of the gesture, Katidis was fined €50,000, banned from playing for AEK for the remainder of the season, and given a lifetime ban from representing Greece at the international level.
West Bromwich Albion striker Nicolas Anelka was banned for five games and fined for celebrating a goal scored in December 2013 with a quenelle. While there was controversy with the gesture being linked to anti-Semitism, Anelka was cleared of being anti-Semitic or endorsing anti-Semitism.
At the 2018 World Cup in Russia, Xherdan Shaqiri and fellow Swiss goalscorer Granit Xhaka, who is also of Kosovar descent, celebrated their goals by making an eagle gesture, a symbol of ethnic Albanians, towards Serbian fans. FIFA fined Xhaka and Shaqiri 10,000 Swiss francs "for unsporting behaviour contrary to the principles of fair-play".
Not celebrating a goal
Refusing to celebrate a goal or undertaking muted goal celebrations is not unknown and not uncommon in football. In the case of the former, it is often seen when a player scores against a former club, especially one where the player began his career and/or had his greatest period of success, or where he first made his name. Non-celebration against former clubs does seem to be a fairly recent trend, however. There are several recorded examples of players celebrating against their old club prior to the 2000s, when this practice started to become regarded as disrespectful. Conversely, not celebrating a goal for your current side could be considered somewhat strange. Goalkeepers who score goals via a long kick that is perhaps taken by the wind or evades the opposition goalkeeper upon bouncing on the pitch may not celebrate, as a mark of respect to the opposition goalkeeper.
Muted celebration usually occurs when scoring a consolation goal in a match that is otherwise already lost; celebration may be omitted entirely if there is not enough time left on the clock and the losing team wants the match to continue as soon as possible. It also occurs when a large number of goals have been scored by one team in a match, and the result has been put beyond doubt; for later goals, celebrations might be reduced or non-existent. Several (though not all) of Southampton midfielder Matthew Le Tissier's goal celebrations were notably understated despite the fact that he scored a number of spectacular or technically difficult goals during his career; an example of this being his lack of celebration after scoring a goal from 30 yards against Blackburn Rovers in 1994–95 season which was later voted Goal of The Season. Le Tissier has since stated that he did not celebrate out of respect for his former teammate and friend Tim Flowers, who was the Blackburn goalkeeper that he beat.
In ice hockey, it is seen as good etiquette not to celebrate a goal made on an empty net where the goaltender has been pulled, due to the vulnerability of the opposing team and the lack of challenge.
Notable non-celebrations
Gabriel Batistuta, upon scoring for Roma against Fiorentina, refused to celebrate and even broke down in tears upon doing so; Batistuta was Fiorentina's all-time leading goalscorer and a club symbol for a long time before he joined Roma.
Denis Law, upon scoring for Manchester City against his former club Manchester United on the last day of the 1973–74 Football League First Division, which caused the latter to relegate, refused to celebrate his goal.
Hakan Yakin, a Swiss international of Turkish origin, refused to celebrate when he scored against Turkey at UEFA Euro 2008.
Mesut Özil, a German international of Turkish origin, refused to celebrate when he scored against Turkey during a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match.
A number of players have chosen not to celebrate against their former clubs, including Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink upon scoring for Charlton Athletic against Chelsea, Gary McAllister upon scoring for Liverpool against Coventry City, Fernando Torres upon scoring for Chelsea against Atlético Madrid, Gareth Bale upon scoring for Tottenham Hotspur against Southampton, Romelu Lukaku upon scoring for Everton against West Bromwich Albion, Ivan Rakitić upon scoring for Barcelona against Sevilla (and vice versa upon return to Sevilla) and Gonzalo Higuaín upon scoring for Juventus against Napoli.
Fabrizio Miccoli, upon scoring for Palermo against Lecce, refused to celebrate and even broke down in tears upon doing so, as Lecce was his hometown club.
Before the match between Manchester United and Arsenal, which have a heated rivalry, at Old Trafford on 3 November 2012, former Arsenal captain Robin van Persie said he wouldn't celebrate if he scored. The striker scored within 3 minutes and reacted by raising his hands with an almost blank expression. Later in the reverse fixture of the season on 28 April 2013, he also didn't celebrate after scoring a penalty goal. However, he celebrated against his former club in the following season, causing controversy.
In 2012, Everton goalkeeper Tim Howard scored against Bolton Wanderers from a wind-assisted, 102-yard clearance. Despite becoming just the fourth goalkeeper in Premier League history to score a goal, and despite being mobbed by teammates, Howard refused to celebrate out of respect for opposition goalkeeper Ádám Bogdán.
In the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League knockout phase, Cristiano Ronaldo scored twice against Manchester United, once in the first leg and again in the second leg. Both times he refused to celebrate out of respect to United; he also did not celebrate scoring against Barcelona in May 2018 as former Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson had recently suffered a brain haemorrhage.
In 2013, Stoke City goalkeeper Asmir Begović scored after just 13 seconds with a long clearance against Southampton. Scoring from a distance of 97.5 yards, it earned him a place in the 2015 Guinness World Records for the 'longest goal scored in football'. Despite becoming just the fifth goalkeeper in Premier League history to score a goal, Begović refused to celebrate out of respect to opposing goalkeeper Artur Boruc.
Aaron Ramsey, upon scoring twice for Arsenal against Cardiff City in 2013, refused to celebrate against the club that developed him as a kid. He received applause from Cardiff fans, with some even joining Arsenal fans in singing Ramsey's name late on.
In 2013, Mario Götze did not celebrate after scoring for Bayern Munich against his former club Borussia Dortmund.
In the 2014 World Cup semi-final, it was noted by several commentators during the match that the German players toned down their celebrations as the goals piled up against host nation Brazil. Mats Hummels confirmed that this was deliberate on the part of the German players out of a desire not to humiliate the Brazilians unnecessarily.
Frank Lampard, upon scoring for Manchester City against Chelsea in 2014, refused to celebrate; Lampard was Chelsea's all-time leading goalscorer.
In the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League semi-finals, Álvaro Morata refused to celebrate against former club Real Madrid after scoring for Juventus in both legs.
During a 2017 Cascadia Cup match against Seattle Sounders FC, Vancouver Whitecaps FC striker Fredy Montero refused to celebrate either of his goals in a 2-1 win out of respect for his former club. Montero previously spent four years in Seattle and left as the Sounders' leading goalscorer, which included the first top-flight goal in club history during their inaugural year in Major League Soccer.
In the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League group stage, Cristiano Ronaldo did not celebrate his free kick for Real Madrid against childhood club Sporting CP, stating "they made me who I am".
David Villa has never celebrated scoring against Sporting Gijón, where he started his career, while playing for Valencia and Barcelona.
During a Premier League match, Liverpool's Egyptian forward Mohamed Salah did not celebrate against former club Chelsea to also pay tribute to those killed and injured in the 2017 Sinai mosque attack. Salah did not celebrate scoring against another former club, Roma, after scoring twice for Liverpool in the Champions League. Salah also never celebrated scoring against former club Fiorentina while he played in Italy.
Radamel Falcao, upon scoring for Monaco against former club Porto in 2017, refused to celebrate. He was applauded by Porto fans for the gesture.
In the 2018 FIFA World Cup quarter-finals, Antoine Griezmann did not celebrate his goal against Uruguay because his mentor and club teammates are Uruguayan.
In the 2018–19 FA Cup, Álvaro Morata refused to celebrate after scoring 2 goals against Nottingham Forest. According to Marca, this was aimed at Chelsea assistant manager Gianfranco Zola, who had criticised Morata's performance prior to the match.
After scoring a penalty to give Real Madrid the lead against Levante in 2019, winger Gareth Bale refused to celebrate with his teammates, which some saw as growing dissatisfaction with them as well as his role in the club.
In UEFA Euro 2020, Joel Pohjanpalo of Finland did not celebrate his goal against Denmark out of respect for Christian Eriksen, who had collapsed earlier in the game due to a cardiac arrest.
Injuries
While unusual and somewhat ironic, a variety of football players have injured themselves during celebration: examples include Paulo Diogo (who severed a finger after it got caught in a fence), Thierry Henry, Zlatan Ibrahimović, Fabián Espíndola, (who celebrated a goal that was later disallowed due to offside) and Michy Batshuayi. An Indian footballer, Peter Biaksangzuala, died from a spine injury in 2014 following a failed somersault celebration.
Nicolai Muller once injured himself while celebrating scoring a goal against FC Augsburg when he spun around repeatedly in a "helicopter" style which had until that point, been his trademark celebration. Medical examination confirmed that the striker had ruptured the ACL in his right knee. He was out of action for 10 months, and after his team were relegated he left the club.
Managers and coaches celebrations
Managers (and coaching staff) have been known for their exuberant goal celebrations. Some notable celebrations include;
On 10 April 1993, Alex Ferguson's Manchester United were losing to Sheffield Wednesday in the Premier League with four minutes of the 90 to go before Steve Bruce equalised. After 7 minutes of injury time – dubbed 'Fergie Time', alluding to extra minutes allegedly being granted to Ferguson's teams to get a goal – Bruce scored the 97th-minute winner, with Ferguson running from his dugout on to the touch line, while assistant Brian Kidd ran and leapt on to the field.
In the 2004 Champions League last 16 game between Manchester United and Porto, José Mourinho's Porto were on the verge of a defeat when Costinha scored a goal with 30 seconds left of the official 90 minutes to win the tie. Mourinho jumped up from his dugout, fists punching the air as he sprinted down the sideline near to his celebrating players – this dramatic celebration is regarded as the moment when Mourinho announced himself to the game.
In the 2009 Champions League semi-final, Pep Guardiola's Barcelona were losing to Chelsea with minutes remaining before Andrés Iniesta fired in from 20 yards to win the tie on away goals. An ecstatic Guardiola uncharacteristically sprinted down the touch line near to where his players were celebrating.
At the closing stages of a 2018 Premier League game between Chelsea and Manchester United, former Chelsea and United manager José Mourinho was involved in a tunnel incident. With Chelsea's Ross Barkley scoring a 96th-minute equaliser, Chelsea coach, Marco Ianni, celebrated by running in front of the Manchester United bench and clenching his fists close to Mourinho's face. An incensed Mourinho leapt up and attempted to chase Ianni down the tunnel, with security intervening. As he sat back down Chelsea fans repeatedly (and loudly) chanted "fuck off Mourinho". At full-time, Mourinho walked over to United fans and applauded, and on his way back to the tunnel he held up three fingers towards Chelsea fans, reminding them he won three Premier League titles with the club.
During a Merseyside derby in the 2018–19 Premier League, Liverpool manager Jurgen Klopp caused controversy for his celebrations near the end of the match. As Divock Origi scored a 96-minute winner against Everton, Klopp ran onto the pitch to hug goalkeeper Alisson Becker. Klopp later apologized for his actions, but was nonetheless fined £8,000 by The Football Association.
See also
Football culture
Gatorade shower
Pitch invasion
Touchdown celebration
Try celebration
References
External links
Scoring (association football)
Association football terminology
Gaelic games terminology
Association football culture
Australian rules football culture
Sports culture |
4033741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacor | Jacor | Jacor Communications was a media corporation, existing between 1987 and 1999, which owned many radio stations in the United States. In 1998, Jacor was purchased by Clear Channel Communications, now iHeartMedia, for $2.8 billion.
Jacor Communications began with three religious stations and went on to acquire dozens of radio stations between 1992 and its sale to Clear Channel in 1999. It also owned a few television stations, including WKRC-TV in Cincinnati.
History
Jacor Communications was founded by Terry Jacobs. Jacobs incorporated Jacor Communications in 1979 and purchased three religious stations in 1981. In June 1989, Jacor purchased Telesat Cable, a Northern Kentucky cable provider, for $5 million, which it later sold in May 1994. In 1993, an investor named Sam Zell paid $80 million from the Zell Chillmark fund to purchase controlling interest in Jacor.
In 1992, the Federal Communications Commission increased the number of radio stations a single company could own in one city to 3AMs and 3FMs. After this change, Jacor began purchasing stations, including WKRC (AM) in Cincinnati in 1993.
On February 6, 1996, Jacor announced plans to acquire Noble Broadcast Group Inc for $152 million. After the passing of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Jacor began buying more radio stations.
On February 13, 1996, Jacor announced it would buy Citicasters for $770 million. As part of the merger, Jacor acquired WKRC-TV, a Cincinnati CBS-affiliate television station, and WTSP, a television station in Tampa, Florida. In September, Jacor announced WTSP would be sold to Gannett Co. in exchange for three radio stations.
In May 1993, founder and CEO Terry Jacobs left Jacor. The VP of programming and COO, Randy Michaels, was named president of the company that year, and in 1996, he was promoted to CEO. Jacor's corporate headquarters were in downtown Cincinnati from the mid-1980s through 1996 when they moved across the Ohio River to Covington, Kentucky. In 1997, Jacor acquired the assets of Nationwide Communications.
In 1999, Jacor was sold to Clear Channel Communications for $3.4 billion in stock. Clear Channel also assumed approximately $1.2 billion of Jacor's debt. At the time of its acquisition, Jacor was the third-largest provider of syndicated radio programming, owning 230 radio stations and Premiere Radio networks (a radio syndication company), as well as disseminating The Rush Limbaugh Show and the Dr. Laura Schlessinger show.
Clear Channel named Randy Michaels CEO and chairman of Clear Channel Radio in 2000. In 2008, private equity firms Thomas H. Lee and Bain Capital Partners completed a buyout of Clear Channel Communications.
References
External links
Clear Channel Overview
IHeartMedia
Defunct radio broadcasting companies of the United States
Mass media companies established in 1987
Mass media companies disestablished in 1999
Defunct companies based in Ohio
Defunct companies based in Cincinnati
1987 establishments in Ohio
1999 disestablishments in Ohio |
4033753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzy%20Alc%C3%A1ntara | Izzy Alcántara | Israel Crisóstomo "Izzy" Alcántara (born May 6, 1971) is a former Major League Baseball player for the Boston Red Sox and Milwaukee Brewers.
Minor leagues
Alcántara was signed as an amateur free agent by the Montreal Expos in 1990. In the minor leagues, Alcantara was very successful, with at least 27 home runs and an OPS of .940 or higher in each of his seasons from 1997 to 2001. He led the International League in home runs twice, with 36 in 2001 and 27 in 2002. His OPS of 1.023 in 2000 was the best in the International League. In all his minor league years he batted .283 with 239 home runs and 988 runs batted in.
Boston Red Sox
Alcántara's minor league success did not carry over to the little time he spent in the Major Leagues, as he played parts of two seasons for the Boston Red Sox, debuting in the major leagues on June 25, 2000. That season, he hit .289 with four home runs in 45 at bats. Despite some success at the plate, Alcántara quickly found himself deep on the Red Sox bench after irking Boston manager Jimy Williams by a perceived lack of hustle during a game against the Chicago White Sox. For a time, Williams refused to play Alcántara despite general manager Dan Duquette's insistence the outfielder be put in the lineup of a team that suffered from low power numbers. In , Alcántara's average declined to .263 with no home runs in 38 at bats in Boston although he continued to smash AAA pitching.
Alcántara is remembered for an incident while he was playing with the Pawtucket Red Sox, Boston's AAA affiliate of the International League. On July 3, 2001, after being brushed back a second time by Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons pitcher Blas Cedeño, Alcántara turned around, kicking catcher Jeremy Salazar, karate-style, in the mask before charging the mound, throwing an unsuccessful punch at Cedeño before turning around as other players joined the fight until he was tackled by Kevin Orie. The incident cost Alcántara a six-game suspension and his spot on the International League's All Star squad.
Milwaukee Brewers
Before the season, he was signed as a free agent by the Milwaukee Brewers, where he hit .250 with 2 home runs in 32 at bats. His final Major League game was on August 22, 2002 and he was released by the team after that season.
Later career
2003
Alcántara then played in 2003 with the Mexican League team Vaqueros Laguna but after agreeing a release with his Mexican team, he moved to the Korean league after he played 61 games with 14 home runs and a .341 batting average. He signed a US$100,000 contract with LG Twins including a US$30,000 signing bonus.
2004
He came back to Vaqueros Laguna for the 2004 season, but this time Vaqueros arranged a high buyout clause to his contract in order to have him the whole season. On 24 March 2004 he tied a Mexican league record after hitting 8 home runs in six games, tying the previous record set by the Mexican Héctor Espino in 1969. He was selected to play the Mexican home run derby where he made it to the final round losing to the American Morgan Burkhart 7-8. He finished the season leading the Mexican league in home runs with 27. After the Mexican league imposed a salary cap starting in the 2004 season, that Alcántara refused to accept, his was then suspended.
He returned to the Korean baseball for the 2004 season with Doosan Bears.
Playing the Korean playoff against the Kia Tigers and winning 2-0 but losing to Samsung Lions 1–3 and winning the league third place.
2005
He played for Uni-President Lions of Taiwan's Chinese Professional Baseball League in , where he was nicknamed "Al-Qaeda". He hit 15 home-runs in 44 games, with a batting average of .330, but was released for reasons never fully explained by the management. He later played with the Mexican team Rojos del Águila de Veracruz, posting a .281 with five home runs and 15 RBI in just 27 games. He then joined Rojos del Águila de Veracruz in July in the late part for the league playoffs fight but his team was disqualified by Tigres de la Angelópolis.
Alcántara also played four games for the New Jersey Jackals of the independent Canadian-American Association of Professional Baseball, homering on 10 August before being released on 15 August.
2007
Alcántara contributed with the Colombian team Caimanes de Barranquilla 2007–08 league championship, when he hit a home run in the 10th inning of the fourth game of the best-of-7 series that his team swept.
Winter league
Alcantara played for the Dominican team Tigres del Licey from 1994–95 to the 2004–05 season, winning the 2004 Caribbean Series and the All-Star team selection. He led the Dominican Professional Baseball League in home runs in the 1999-00 season with six, and had 10 HR with 34 RBI and the 2002–03 when he hit 9 HR and had produced 21 RBI. He was released by Licey after hitting .171 with only 4 homers, but surpassing Alonzo Perry with 47 home runs with the Licey uniform and played with Leones del Escogido in the 2005–06 and finally with Estrellas Orientales and later for Gigantes del Cibao for the 2006-07 season, retiring in fourth place with 52 HR in the Dominican league. He acted as assistant coach for Tigres del Licey in the 2009–10 season.
Since 2015, Alcantara acted as assistant coach for Leones del Escogido and became a Christian.
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
Acereros de Monclova players
Boston Red Sox players
Burlington Bees players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in South Korea
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Doosan Bears players
Dominican Republic Protestants
Gigantes del Cibao players
Gulf Coast Expos players
Harrisburg Senators players
Indianapolis Indians players
Leones de Yucatán players
LG Twins players
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball right fielders
Mexican League baseball first basemen
Mexican League baseball outfielders
Milwaukee Brewers players
New Jersey Jackals players
Orlando Rays players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
People from Baní
Reading Phillies players
Rojos del Águila de Veracruz players
St. Petersburg Devil Rays players
Trenton Thunder players
Uni-President Lions players
Vaqueros Laguna players
West Palm Beach Expos players |
4033771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20Blind%20%28TV%20series%29 | Flying Blind (TV series) | Flying Blind is an American sitcom that aired on Fox from September 1992 to May 1993. The series stars Corey Parker and Téa Leoni.
Synopsis
The series revolves around awkward post-collegian Neil Barash (Parker) who, by serendipity, meets beautiful libertine Alicia (Leoni) and begins a relationship with her. The show explores the difficulties faced by self-conscious and repressed Neil in dealing with the erotic antics of Alicia and her eccentric roommates, Jordan (Robert Bauer) and Megan (Clea Lewis).
Veteran comedy actor Peter Boyle guest starred as Alicia's father, a former spy, and Charles Rocket had a recurring role as movie maker Dennis Lake. Thomas Haden Church, acting full-time on Wings, also served in a recurring role as Jonathan. In addition to Leoni, an assortment of stars had guest spots or cameos in the series before they became famous, including Diedrich Bader, Jill Hennessy, Greg Grunberg, Lisa Kudrow, Adam Ferrara, Andy Dick, Willie Garson and Noah Emmerich.
Cast
Corey Parker as Neil Barash
Téa Leoni as Alicia
Cristine Rose as Ellen Barash
Robert Bauer as Jordan
Clea Lewis as Megan
Marcus Giamatti as Ted Sharperson
Michael Tucci as Jeremy Barash
Production
The series was created by Richard Rosenstock, who later went on to write for Fox's Arrested Development. The theme song for the show was "A Million Miles Away", written and performed by David Byrne which appeared on his spring 1992 album release Uh-Oh.
The production companies were Sweetum Productions, and Paramount Network Television in association with (eventual corporate sibling) Viacom Productions. The series later became owned by CBS Media Ventures.
Episodes
Reception
The series got generally favourable notices upon its debut. Ken Tucker gave the show a B+ in Entertainment Weekly, "Flying Blind's pilot episode is so well written, so zippily sexy, that it immediately stands out among Fox's usual run of self-consciously crude comedies. But even if it soon crashes and burns, this pilot for Flying Blind is easily one of the best debut shows of the year." People also graded the pilot a B+ and stated "The show may never again attain the sustained comic brilliance of last week's pilot. But this is a rarity for Fox: a sophisticated and clever sitcom." Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times wrote "It's not only the episode's sharp writing but also its eroticism and its balance between the naivete and predictability of Neil and the spontaneity and instability of Alicia that give "Flying Blind" its uniqueness. What a nice beginning." Mike Duffy of the Detroit Free Press wrote, "Rosenstock has a terrific sense of irreverent non-sexist humor, the sort of contemporary, self-deprecating wit that makes Neil and the outlandishly attractive Alicia most enjoyable. Plus, Flying Blind stars Parker and Leoni share a very nifty comic chemistry in this hip, fast-talking and contemporary romance." The show only lasted one year and has never been released on DVD. Joel Keller of The Huffington Post remarked "I'm not sure why the show only lasted one year, given the talent both in front of and behind the camera (James Burrows directed some episodes, and Linwood Boomer was one of the writers). But when it was on the air, it was mostly an enjoyable show to watch."
References
External links
1990s American sitcoms
1992 American television series debuts
1993 American television series endings
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
Television series about Jews and Judaism
Television series by CBS Studios
Television shows set in New York City
English-language television shows
Comedy television theme songs |
4033773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Angelo | Tony Angelo | Tony Angelo (born December 24, 1978) is an American professional drift racer and stunt driver. Tony formerly drove in the Formula Drift series in his 2013 Scion FR-S for Scion Racing and is also the former host for Motor Trend Channel's Hot Rod Garage.
Career
Tony began building and modifying his own cars as a teenager in his hometown of Doylestown, PA. In the late 90s, Tony was inspired to start drifting by Japanese videos and magazines. He and friend and future pro-driver Chris Forsberg soon helped to start East Coast grassroots drifting events which quickly took off.
In 2003, Tony personally gained national exposure in an article in Wired Magazine at the same time that drifting was gaining massive popularity. At this time doors began to open for Tony to race in the pro series.
Tony began racing professionally in 2004 in Formula Drift’s first year. He was quickly seen as a force on the track. In 2005, Tony earned his D1 license by placing first in a national driver’s search.
After years in FD as a serious competitor, Tony took a break from driving professionally in the U.S. in 2009 and became a judge for Formula Drift. Tony is credited with having majorly changed FD judging and scoring format for the better during this time.
Tony returned to the driver’s seat in 2012 for Scion Racing in his 2009 Scion tC.
In 2013, Tony purchased a salvage Scion FR-S that had been damaged during Hurricane Sandy. In just ten weeks, Tony and his TAngelo Racing team transformed the car into his 750 hp racecar.
Tony Angelo also does stunt work, having driven in ads for Audi, Nissan and Chevrolet.
Tony is the founder and president of Drift Alliance, based out of Englishtown, New Jersey. He is also a member of the Blood Masters team. Tony often drifts his Lexus SC 300 missile car at grassroots events alongside amateur drivers at the Englishtown track where his career started.
Tony was a host on the Motor Trend show Hot Rod Garage, which he left after 6 seasons.
Achievements
President of Drift Alliance
Multiple Formula Drift top 10 and top 8 finished
2013 FD Palm Beach Top 16
2013 FD Palm Beach Top FR-S qualifier
2013 Drift Week Triple Crown at Pikes Peak - 3rd Place
2012 FD Palm Beach Top Scion qualifier
2012 FD Palm Beach Top 4-cylinder qualifier
2012 Top 32 Qualifier all Formula Drift events
2010 FX Open Belarus - 5th Place
3 Formula Drift Team Drift wins
1st place D1 driver’s search
Fastest qualifier record on fastest FD track, Evergreen Speedway
Sponsors
Scion Racing
Hoonigan
Hankook Tires
Exedy Clutches
Alpinestars
Electric Visual
Brian Crower
Recaro
FTW Fuels
Mothers
References
External links
Tony Angelo Driver Page at Scion.com
Formula Drift Profile
Racing drivers from Pennsylvania
D1 Grand Prix drivers
Drifting drivers
Living people
Formula D drivers
1978 births |
4033776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Naborowski | Daniel Naborowski | Daniel Naborowski (1573–1640) was a Polish Baroque poet.
Daniel Naborowski was born in Kraków. Like many Polish noblemen of the time, he was a Calvinist by faith. His education took place not only in Cracow, but also in Wittenberg (1590–1593) and Basle (1593–1595). In Basle he studied medicine, in Orléans he studied law, and from Galileo in Padua he learned military engineering. Once he returned to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, he joined the court of magnate Janusz Radziwiłł, where he became his secretary and physician. He was also magnate's diplomatic envoy, and often traveled abroad. After Janusz death, he moved to the court of his relative Krzysztof Radziwiłł.
He died in Vilna, where near the end of his life, he was appointed the city's judge.
Although some of his works were published in the 17th century (like On the eyes of the English princess who was married to Frederick, the pfaltzgrave of Rhein, elected the king of Bohemia, published in 1621), the majority of his poems were published only in 1961. Besides poems, Naborowski was a translator, and wrote letters, epitaphs, trifles and laments, mostly praising the country's peaceful life in the spirit of sarmatism. He translated three sonnets by Petrarch. He used in these poems Polish alexandrine instead of hendecasyllable, starting thus long tradition of writing sonnets in 13(7+5) metre.
Notes
References
Michael J. Mikoś, Polish Baroque and Enlightenment Literature: An Anthology. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1996. 104-108.
1573 births
1640 deaths
Nobility from Kraków
Polish poets
Polish male writers
Writers from Kraków
Baroque writers
Poets from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth |
4033808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20reconciliation | Bank reconciliation | In bookkeeping, a bank reconciliation is the process by which the bank account balance in an entity’s books of account is reconciled to the balance reported by the financial institution in the most recent bank statement. Any difference between the two figures needs to be examined and, if appropriate, rectified.
Bank statements are commonly routinely produced by the financial institution and used by account holders to perform their bank reconciliations. To assist in reconciliations, many financial institutions now also offer direct downloads of financial transaction information into the account holders accounting software, typically using the .csv file format.
Differences between an entity’s books of account and the bank’s records may arise,for mainly three reasons,they are as follows
1)Difference due to timing in recording entries.
2)Transactions being recorded by the bank but not by the account holder.
3)Errors in recording entries.
Sometimes it may be easy to reconcile the difference by looking at the transactions in the bank statement since the last reconciliation and the entity's own accounting records (cash book) to see if some combination of them tally with the difference to be explained. Otherwise it may be necessary to go through and match every transaction in both sets of records since the last reconciliation, and identify which transactions remain unmatched. The necessary adjustments should then be made in the cash book, or reported to the bank if necessary, or any timing differences recorded to assist with future reconciliations.
For this reason, and to minimise the amount of work involved, it is good practice to carry out reconciliations at reasonably frequent intervals.
Bank reconciliation statement
A bank reconciliation statement is a statement prepared by the entity as part of the reconciliation process' which sets out the entries which have caused the difference between the two balances. It would, for example, list outstanding cheques (ie., issued cheques that have still not been presented at the bank for payment).
The entries in the entity’s books to rectify the discovered discrepancies (except for the outstanding cheques) would typically be made in a subsequent date or period, not backdated. When cheques become stale (ie., out of date), they would typically be reversed, not cancelled.
References
Accounting terminology |
4033829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers%20of%20the%20Night | Soldiers of the Night | Soldiers of the Night is the first studio album by the American heavy metal band Vicious Rumors, released in 1985 through Shrapnel Records (United States) and Roadrunner Records (Europe); a remastered edition was reissued in 2010. It is notably the only Vicious Rumors album to feature vocalist Gary St. Pierre as well as guitarist Vinnie Moore, the latter of whom would release his own debut album, Mind's Eye, in 1986.
Track listing
Personnel
Vicious Rumors
Gary St. Pierre – lead and background vocals
Geoff Thorpe – guitar, background vocals
Vinnie Moore – guitar
Dave Starr – bass, background vocals
Larry Howe – drums, gong, tubular bells
Production
Lionel Baker II – cover art
Steve Fontano – engineer, producer
Steve Pollutro – logo design
Jim Marshall – photography
Tim Gennert – remastering (reissue)
References
Vicious Rumors albums
1985 debut albums
Shrapnel Records albums
Roadrunner Records albums |
4033849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20in%20Command | Second in Command | Second in Command is a 2006 American action film starring Jean-Claude Van Damme and directed by Simon Fellows. The film was released direct-to-DVD in the United States on May 2, 2006.
Plot
Commander Sam Keenan (Jean-Claude Van Damme), a decorated US Navy SEAL, is sent to the Eastern European nation of Moldavia to become the new security attaché at the US Embassy.
When he arrives, Keenan learns that Moldavia is in the middle of a civil war. At the embassy, Keenan meets with Ambassador George Norland (Colin Stinton), who designates Keenan as his "second in command" despite the traditional diplomatic hierarchy, which is contested by others afterward. Recently, the US installed a new government in Moldavia, which is led by Moldavia's newly elected president Yuri Amirev (Serban Celea). Amirev wants the nation to be run as a democratic republic, but under the command of Anton Tavarov (Velibor Topić), communist insurgents have caused a riot at the presidential palace, threatening the fragile stability of the country. The insurgents are loyal to Alexei Kirilov (Costel Lupea), the former brutal communist dictator of Moldavia.
When the palace guards start firing on the insurgents without Amirev's authorization, the insurgents storm the palace, demanding Amirev's head. Keenan volunteers to bring Amirev to the embassy. But events reach critical mass, and the insurgents open fire. Keenan barely makes it back with Amirev, but the fight isn't over yet. Fifty Americans are holed up in the embassy, and Tavarov and his massive army have arrived at the gates, with plans to crash the building and drag Amirev out by any means necessary. To add to Keenan's problems, Norland is killed by a rocket that was launched by one of Tavarov's men.
To defend the embassy, Keenan has only 15 Marines, CIA bureaucrat Frank Gaines (William Tapley), limited ammunition, and his martial arts skills to hold Tavarov's army off until American reinforcements arrive. To make matters worse, Keenan's girlfriend, reporter Michelle Whitman (Julie Cox), is one of the hostages. With Tavarov's crew getting in position for attack, a power struggle takes place between Keenan and Gaines; with help hours away, it will be up to Keenan to rescue the hostages.
When the supposedly loyal General Borgov (a personal CIA "asset" claimed by Gaines) arrives, he turns out to side with the insurgents but Keenan rescues the surviving personnel with help from arriving American military reinforcements.
Cast
Jean-Claude Van Damme as Commander Sam Keenan
Julie Cox as Michelle Whitman
Alan McKenna as Captain John Baldwin
William Tapley as CIA Agent Frank Gaines
Raz Adoti as Gunnery Sergeant Earl Darnell
Velibor Topić as Anton Tavarov
Warren Derosa as Mike Shustec
Ian Virgo as Corporal Will Butler
Serban Celea as President Yuri Amirev
Vlad Ivanov as Regional Security Officer John Lydon
Emanuel Parvu as Corporal Chevantón
Razvan Oprea as Private First Class Devereaux
Mihai Bisericanu as Marshall Geller
Elizabeth Barondes as Jennifer Lennard
Colin Stinton as Ambassador George Norland
Dan Radulescu as Private First Class Pazzini
Catalin Paraschiv as Private First Class Burke
Eugen Cristea as General Borgov
Costel Lupea as President Alexei Kirilov
Production
It is set and filmed in Bucharest, Romania in 50 days on June 7 and July 27, 2005.
Reception
The film opened in the 24th place with $1.04 million in the rentals chart.
David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews gave it 1.5 out of 4. He said that after Van Damme's surprisingly decent previous film Wake of Death it was hard not to be disappointed and criticized the "astonishingly inept directorial choices".
Home media
DVD was released in Region 1 in the United States on May 2, 2006. It was released in Region 2 in the United Kingdom on 15 May 2006. It was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.
References
External links
2006 films
2006 action thriller films
2006 direct-to-video films
American action thriller films
American political thriller films
Films about the United States Marine Corps
Films about United States Navy SEALs
Films produced by Donald Kushner
Films set in Europe
Films set in a fictional country
Films shot in Bucharest
Films shot in Romania
Political action films
Sony Pictures direct-to-video films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Simon Fellows
2000s American films |
4033867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not%20to%20Touch%20the%20Earth | Not to Touch the Earth | "Not to Touch the Earth" is a 1968 song by the Doors from their third album Waiting for the Sun. It is part of an extended performance piece called "Celebration of the Lizard" that the band played live multiple times. A 17-minute studio recording of the complete piece was attempted during the sessions for Waiting for the Sun, and the lyrics were printed in their entirety on the gatefold LP sleeve, but only the musical passage "Not to Touch the Earth" was included on the LP.
The full 1968 studio recording of "Celebration of the Lizard" was released in 2003 on the Legacy: The Absolute Best compilation and the 40th Anniversary Edition CD re-issue of Waiting for the Sun.
Lyrics
In the 2020 book Listen to Classic Rock! Exploring a Musical Genre, author Melissa Ursula Dawn Goldsmith compares "Not to Touch the Earth" to "Shaman's Blues" (from the 1969 The Soft Parade), since both songs lyrically seem to indicate that "Morrison was fascinated by shamanism". Portion of the lyrics refer to John F. Kennedy's assassination: "dead president's corpse in the driver's car".
The song begins with the line, "Not to touch the earth, not to see the sun", these are subchapters of the 60th chapter of The Golden Bough by James Frazer. The chapter is called "Between Heaven and Earth", with subchapter 1, "Not to Touch the Earth", and subchapter 2, "Not to See the Sun". These subchapters detail taboos against certain people (generally royalty or priests) walking upon the ground or having the sun shine directly upon them. Frazer had noted that these superstitions were recurring throughout many primitive cultures, and appeared to be related to traditions and taboos concerning menarche and the following female initiation rites. Frazer's work had an influence on Morrison, according to the Doors biography No One Here Gets Out Alive (1980).
Musical style
"Not to Touch the Earth" has received many characterizations and definitions by both authors and critics, concerning its musical style. Writing a review for the compilation album Perception, critic Stuart Berman characterized it as an acid rock track. Author Melissa Ursula Dawn Goldsmith wrote that the song represents a conventional psychedelic track on Waiting for the Sun, but "musically it is real part of the Doors' art and progressive rock effort." The tune has also been classified as avant-rock song, notably by British journalist Mick Wall.
References
External links
1968 songs
The Doors songs
Songs written by John Densmore
Songs written by Robby Krieger
Songs written by Ray Manzarek
Songs written by Jim Morrison
Song recordings produced by Paul A. Rothchild |
4033876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey%20Phillips | Dewey Phillips | Dewey Phillips (May 13, 1926 – September 28, 1968) was one of rock and roll's pioneering American disc jockeys, along the lines of Cleveland's Alan Freed, before Freed came along.
Early life
Phillips was born in Crump, Tennessee, but spent his childhood in Adamsville. After serving in the Army during World War II, seeing action in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest, he moved to Memphis.
Career
Phillips started his radio career in 1949 on WHBQ/560 in Memphis with a special studio at the Gayoso Hotel. His nightly radio program, "Red, Hot & Blue," appeared on the WHBQ schedule for the first time the night of November 3, 1949, in the 10:15 - 11:00 pm slot. In 1953 WHBQ moved to the mezzanine floor of the Chisca Hotel. Dewey Phillips was the city's leading radio personality for nine years and was the first to simulcast his "Red, Hot & Blue" show on radio and television. During the 1950s he had 100,000 listeners to his 9pm-midnight slot and he received 3,000 letters a week.
Phillips' on-air persona was a speed-crazed hillbilly, with a frantic delivery and entertaining sense of humor. He also had a keen ear for music the listening public would enjoy, and he aired both black and white music, which was abundant in post-World War II Memphis, a booming river city which attracted large numbers of rural blacks and whites (along with their musical traditions). Dr. W. Herbert Brewster, pastor of East Trigg Baptist Church, was a frequent guest on Dewey's program. He played a great deal of rhythm and blues, country music, boogie-woogie, and jazz as well as Sun Records artists. In 1950, Phillips and his friend Sam Phillips (no relation) decided to launch their own record label. Joe Hill Louis waxed an electric blues single, "Boogie in the Park" (recorded in July 1950 and released the following month). It was the only record released on the Phillips label before Sam founded Sun Records.
In July 1954, he was the first DJ to broadcast the young Elvis Presley's debut record, "That's All Right" / "Blue Moon Of Kentucky" (Sun 209), and got Presley to reveal his race in an interview by asking which high school the 19-year-old singer attended (knowing that, because of segregation, his audience would readily know what race attended which schools).
Dewey Phillips was bringing Black Music to segregated Memphis before Alan Freed did the same as Moon Dog in Cleveland. Phillips briefly hosted an afternoon program on WHBQ-TV/13 in the mid-1950s, before Dick Clark took over Philadelphia Bandstand then American Bandstand on WFIL-TV. It mostly consisted of Phillips playing records while he and others clowned around in front of the camera.
Though Phillips was not involved in the payola scandals of the time (as was Freed), he was fired in late 1958 when the station adopted a Top 40 format, phasing out his freeform style. He had Sam Phillips and three other friends, Wink Martindale, T.L. Meade, and Sonny Gilmore to bail him out and keep him steady as work and recognition faded. He spent the last decade of his life working at smaller radio stations, seldom lasting long.
The popular musical Memphis is said to be based loosely on Dewey Phillips' life and career, although elements crucial in the career of Phillips' contemporary Alan Freed appear to be intermixed as well.
Death
Phillips died of heart failure at age 42. He is buried in Hardin County, Tennessee, at Crump Cemetery.
References
Additional sourcing
External links
One hour of airchecks, 1952-1960s. Broadcast August 14, 2002.
American radio personalities
1926 births
1968 deaths
Rockabilly
People from Hardin County, Tennessee
People from Adamsville, Tennessee |
4033885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WILM%20%28AM%29 | WILM (AM) | WILM (1450 AM) is a conservative talk radio station broadcasting in Wilmington, Delaware, United States. The station is owned by iHeartMedia. WILM is known as the station where radio and television talk show Joe Pyne developed the confrontational style now standard in radio and TV talk shows. Another well-known WILM personality was Tom Mees (ESPN) who worked at the station in the 1970s.
In the 1950s and 1960s WILM, under the ownership of Ewing Hawkins, experimented with various music formats, including Top-40 and MOR (middle-of-the-road). For a time, the WILM deejays were known as the "Flip Top Jocks." One of the program directors was Dean Tyler, who would later go on to be an influential broadcaster and manager in Philadelphia radio. In the early 1970s WILM adopted an Adult contemporary music format and featured an all-night block of rhythm and blues music geared to the city's African-American community. At this time, the station was affiliated with the Mutual Broadcasting System.
In January 1976, WILM switched to an all-news format, using the short-lived NIS (News and Information Service), operated by NBC. When the NIS ceased operations shortly thereafter, WILM continued on with its news format. Eventually the station modified its format and affiliated with the CBS radio network for news and features. The station also kept a secondary affiliation with the Mutual Broadcasting System, which carried The Larry King Show.
By the 1990s, WILM had added syndicated talk programming throughout its lineup. The station became one of the first to add, then, the very first to drop Rush Limbaugh's daily show from its schedule. A former program director said the decision was made due to incompatibilities with sales and audience demand but has since acknowledged the station chose not to pay increased carriage fees. During this period, another Wilmington station with a stronger signal, WDEL also adopted a full-time news and talk format, beginning direct competition with WILM, including picking up Rush Limbaugh's program.
By 2000, WILM began to shift toward talk radio. Mike Gallagher's syndicated show joined local host John Watson on the station's daily schedule. An evening hour featured a cavalcade of amateur talk radio hosts; most were members of the Wilmington-area community. Weekend programming was almost exclusively all satellite talk by 2004.
In 2004, owner Sally V. Hawkins sold WILM to Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia) for $4 million. On July 28, 2006, WILM dropped the national newscasts from CBS Radio and switched to Fox News Radio. Clear Channel moved WILM into a new broadcast facility shared with its other Delaware stations. The new facility allows automated operation and Clear Channel reduced WILM's local air staff and local programming and added syndicated talk programming including Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity and Michael Savage. Both Limbaugh and Hannity had been carried by WDEL during a period when it dominated local ratings in the talk format, although these programs have not received comparable ratings on WILM.
In 2010, Clear Channel dropped WILM's morning news block programming and replaced it with a local talk show hosted by Bruce Elliott, who had previously done a weekend talk show at WBAL in Baltimore. In 2011, about six months after Elliott's arrival, Clear Channel dropped WILM's late morning local talk show hosted by John Watson and replaced it with a syndicated program hosted by Glenn Beck (which Clear Channel distributes). Almost all programs on WILM are simulcast on Clear Channel's WDOV in Dover. WILM, which once boasted about its large local news staff, now carries local news from WDOV. Sunday morning programs on WILM are generally public access shows which include health, real estate, gardening and Italian-American programs.
Notable alumni
Tom Donahue - Top 40 DJ in Philadelphia and Los Angeles, d. 1975
Tom Mees - Sports broadcaster, ESPN Radio, d. 1996
Joe Pyne - Nationally syndicated talk show host, d. 1970
External links
FCC History Cards for WILM
ILM
News and talk radio stations in the United States
IHeartMedia radio stations
Radio stations established in 1928
1928 establishments in Delaware |
4033889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Cannon | Frank Cannon | Frank Cannon may refer to:
Frank Cannon (footballer) (1888–1916), English footballer
Frank J. Cannon (1859–1933), United States Senator from Utah
Franklin Cannon (1794–1863), Lieutenant Governor of Missouri
Frank Cannon (drag racer), American drag racer, early user of a front engine dragster
Frank Cannon, fictional title character of the U.S. TV series Cannon
Ardath Mayhar (1930–2012), American author who used the pseudonym Frank Cannon |
4033890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetsaut%20language | Tsetsaut language | The Tsetsaut language is an extinct Athabascan language formerly spoken by the now-extinct Tsetsaut in the Behm and Portland Canal area of Southeast Alaska and northwestern British Columbia. Virtually everything known of the language comes from the limited material recorded by Franz Boas in 1894 from two Tsetsaut slaves of the Nisga'a, which is enough to establish that Tsetsaut formed its own branch of Athabaskan. It is not known precisely when the language became extinct. One speaker was still alive in 1927. The Nisga'a name for the Tsetsaut people is "Jits'aawit"
The Tsetsaut referred to themselves as the Wetaŀ. The English name Tsetsaut is an anglicization of , "those of the interior", used by the Gitxsan and Nisga'a to refer to the Athabaskan-speaking people to the north and east of them, including not only the Tsetsaut but some Tahltan and Sekani.
Examples
The examples by Merritt Ruhlen:
Bibliography
Boas, Franz, and Pliny Earle Goddard (1924) "Ts'ets'aut, an Athapascan Language from Portland Canal, British Columbia." International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–35.
Collison, W. H. (1915) In the Wake of the War Canoe: A Stirring Record of Forty Years' Successful Labour, Peril and Adventure amongst the Savage Indian Tribes of the Pacific Coast, and the Piratical Head-Hunting Haida of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Toronto: Musson Book Company. Reprinted by Sono Nis Press, Victoria, B.C. (ed. by Charles Lillard), 1981.
Dangeli, Reginald (1999) "Tsetsaut History: The Forgotten Tribe of Southern Southeast Alaska." In: Alaska Native Writers, Storytellers & Orators: The Expanded Edition, ed. by Ronald Spatz, Jeane Breinig, and Patricia H. Partnow, pp. 48–54. Anchorage: University of Alaska.
References
External links
First Nations Languages of British Columbia page
OLAC resources in and about the Tsetsaut language
Extinct languages of North America
Northern Athabaskan languages
North Coast of British Columbia
Languages extinct in the 20th century
20th-century disestablishments in North America |
4033896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetsaut | Tsetsaut | The Tsetsaut (Nisga'a language: Jits'aawit; in the Tsetsaut language: Wetaŀ or Wetaɬ) were an Athabaskan-speaking group whose territory was around the head of the Portland Canal, straddling what is now the boundary between the US state of Alaska and the Canadian province of British Columbia. The name T'set'sa'ut, meaning "those of the Interior", was used by the Nisga'a and Gitxsan in reference to their origin as migrants into the region from somewhere farther inland; their use of the term is not to the Tsetsaut alone but also can refer to the Tahltan and the Sekani.
Other than Nisga'a stories about them, little is known about the Tsetsaut other than bits of their language collected from two Tsetsaut slaves of the Nisga'a interviewed by Franz Boas in 1894.
Demise
In 1830 their numbers were estimated to be up to 500, at which point they were living in the Behm Canal, where they had been friendly with the Sanya kwaan of the Tlingit and Lakweip at which point they moved to the Portland Canal. Decimated by attacks and disease, the surviving Tsetsaut, estimated at 12 in 1895, came under the protection of the Nisga'a Eagle clan chief, Sim'oogit "Sganisim Sim'oogit" (Sim'oogit means "chief"). Since the death of the remaining Tsetsaut, that chiefly lineage is now in possession of the Tsetsaut legacy in native law.
According to Teit, Tsetsaut territory "...lay in a strip from near Bradfield Canal and the Iskut across the streams flowing into Behm Canal perhaps to about the head of Boca de Quadra. They occupied all of the upper part of Portland Canal around the BC town of Stewart, and Salmon and Bear Rivers. They may have come down the canal as far as Maple Bay. They occupied all the White River and Meziadin Lake basins and one of their original headquarters, especially for salmon fishing, was at Meziadin Lake. They stretched across the head of the Skeena River above the Kuldo River over to Bear and Sustut lakes "
References
External links
Further reading
Dangeli, Reginald (1999) "Tsetsaut History: The Forgotten Tribe of Southern Southeast Alaska." In: Alaska Native Writers, Storytellers & Orators: The Expanded Edition, ed. by Ronald Spatz, Jeane Breinig, and Patricia H. Partnow, pp. 48–54. Anchorage: University of Alaska.
First Nations in British Columbia
Alaska Native ethnic groups
Native American history of Alaska
North Coast of British Columbia
Extinct Native American peoples |
4033898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20J.%20Cannon | Frank J. Cannon | Frank Jenne Cannon (January 25, 1859July 25, 1933) was the first United States Senator from Utah, who served from 1896 to 1899.
Early life
Born in Salt Lake City, Cannon was the eldest child of Sarah Jenne Cannon and George Q. Cannon. His father was an apostle in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and later was a member of its First Presidency. After attending the school in Salt Lake City, Frank Cannon studied at University of Deseret, graduating at the age of 19. He married Martha Brown of Ogden in 1878.
Political career
In 1891 he helped to organize the Utah Republican Party. After a failed bid to become delegate from the Utah Territory, he succeeded and served from March 4, 1895, to January 4, 1896. Cannon was chosen in 1896 to serve as senator by the Utah Legislature in spite of LDS church leadership favoring his father for the job. He served in the United States Senate, initially, as a member of the Republican Party; however, he later became a member of the Silver Republican Party, founded by his successor (and future employer at The Salt Lake Tribune) Thomas Kearns.
Cannon lost re-election in 1899. Utah's state legislators indicated they would not support Cannon for re-election shortly after the November 1898 elections. Cannon had voted against the Dingley Act, which would have raised tariffs on sugar and helped the Utah sugar industry. It was strongly supported by the LDS Church hierarchy, who now opposed his re-election. Other factors were his support for Free Silver, rumors about immoral acts he may have committed while living in Washington, DC, and the fact that the Utah legislature was controlled by Democrats. Alfred W. McCune, one of Salt Lake City's most prominent businessmen, sought and won the backing of the LDS Church in his bid for the seat. But the legislature quickly deadlocked over the election. One-hundred and twenty-one ballots were cast, and no winner emerged. On February 18, a state representative accused McCune of trying to buy his vote. A seven-member legislative voted 7-to-2 to absolve McCune of the charge, and although ballotting resumed on March 8 McCune still lacked enough votes to win office (he had only 25 votes). The legislature adjourned without having chosen a senator,
Utah's U.S. Senate seat remained vacant until January 1901. The Republicans regained their majority in the state legislature in the election of 1900 and elected a wealthy mine owner Thomas Kearns to fill the seat. The election was still hotly disputed. Kearns received only 8 votes on the first ballot, and balloting continued for four more days. On January 22, Kearns won the election by a vote of 37-to-25 (with a unanimous block of Republican votes).
Cannon affiliated with the Democratic Party in 1900 and served as its state chairman 1902–1904.
Later life
After failing to be re-elected to the U.S. Senate by the Utah legislature, in part due to opposition by the Mormon hierarchy, Cannon worked as the editor of several newspapers, including The Salt Lake Tribune, the Ogden Herald (Ogden, Utah) and established the Ogden Standard in 1888. Between 1904 and 1911, Cannon consistently supported the anti-Mormon American Party in newspaper editorials.
Cannon later rejected Mormonism and wrote a book, with Harvey J. O'Higgins, called Under the Prophet in Utah exposing the rigidly hierarchical nature of the Mormon organization. The book denounced what the authors described as the "church" leadership's "absolutism" and "interference" in politics: "[Mormons] live under an absolutism. They have no more right of judgment than a dead body. Yet the diffusion of authority is so clever that nearly every man seems to share in its operation... and feels himself in some degree a master without observing that he is also a slave". The book details the negotiations Cannon participated in on Utah's behalf leading to statehood in exchange for official rejection of polygamy and LDS leadership's domination of civil politics during the 1890s, and the subsequent back-sliding he observed in the years following statehood.
During the last two decades of his life, he lectured against Mormonism and in support of "free silver" policies (as opposed to the Gold Standard). He died, at the age of 74, in Denver, in 1933.
See also
List of United States senators who switched parties
United States congressional delegates from Utah Territory
References
Sources
Alexander, Thomas G. Mormonism in Transition. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1996.
Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1902.
Committee on Privileges and Elections. In the Matter of the Protests Against the Right of Hon. Reed Smoot, A Senator From the State of Utah, to Hold His Seat. Doc. No. 486. 59th Cong, 1st Sess. Committee on Privileges and Elections. United States Senate. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1906.
Powell, Allan Kent. Utah History Encyclopedia. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1995.
External links
Frank J. Cannon letter, MSS SC 2042 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
1859 births
1933 deaths
Politicians from Salt Lake City
Writers from Salt Lake City
Cannon family
American people of Manx descent
Former Latter Day Saints
People excommunicated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Utah Territory
Republican Party United States senators from Utah
Silver Republican Party United States senators from Utah
Utah Republicans
Utah Silver Republicans
Critics of Mormonism
American newspaper editors
The Salt Lake Tribune people
Editors of Utah newspapers
University of Utah alumni |
4033901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Leaf | Richard Leaf | Richard Leaf (born 1 January 1967) is an English actor.
He has had several small parts in television and stage productions. Leaf met actress Tamsin Greig at a wrap party after Neil Gaiman's 1996 miniseries Neverwhere finished recording. They married in 1997 and they have three children. The actor is notable for his role as the Duke of York, nephew of King Edward I in Mel Gibson's Braveheart. He appeared as Hannibal Lecter's father in the 2007 film Hannibal Rising. He also appeared as John Dawlish, an Auror, in the film Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, and portrayed Jack, the bartender of the Cloverdilly public house, in the 2006 film,'' Penelope.
Filmography
External links
References
1967 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors |
4033904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshoi%20Theatre%2C%20Saint%20Petersburg | Bolshoi Theatre, Saint Petersburg | The Saint Petersburg Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre (The Big Stone Theatre of Saint Petersburg, ) was a theatre in Saint Petersburg.
It was built in 1783 to Antonio Rinaldi's Neoclassical design as the Kamenny (i.e., Stone) Theatre; Giovanni Paisiello’s opera Il mondo della luna was performed at the opening on 24 September. It was rebuilt in 1802 according to the designs of the architect Thomas de Thomon and renamed the Bolshoi, but burned down in 1811. The building was restored in 1818, and modified between 1826 and 1836 by Alberto Cavos to accommodate more modern machinery.
Until 1886, the Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre was principal theatre for both the Imperial Ballet and the Imperial Russian Opera.
In 1886 the building was declared unsafe and, at the behest of the theatre director Ivan Vsevolozhsky, the ballet and opera performances moved to the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, where they have remained ever since. The Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre was then torn down to make way for the Saint Petersburg Conservatory.
Notable premieres
Operas
A Life for the Tsar (1836) – Mikhail Glinka
Ruslan and Lyudmila (1842) – Mikhail Glinka
La forza del destino (1862) – Giuseppe Verdi
Ballets
The Pharaoh's Daughter (1862) – chor. Marius Petipa, mus. Cesare Pugni
The Beauty of Lebanon or The Mountain Spirit chor. by Marius Petipa mus. Cesare Pugni.
The Little Humpbacked Horse (1864) – chor. Arthur Saint-Léon, mus. Cesare Pugni
La Bayadère (1877) – chor. Marius Petipa, mus. Ludwig Minkus
References
Benois, Alexandre: Reminiscences of the Russian Ballet (London, Wyman & Sons, 1941)
Opera houses in Russia
Music venues completed in 1783
Theatres completed in 1783
1783 establishments in the Russian Empire |
4033906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolan%20Overture | Coriolan Overture | The Coriolan Overture (), Op. 62, is a composition written by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1807 for Heinrich Joseph von Collin's 1804 tragedy Coriolan.
The structure and themes of the overture follow the play very generally. The main C minor theme represents Coriolanus' resolve and war-like tendencies (he is about to invade Rome), while the more tender E-flat major theme represents the pleadings of his mother to desist. Coriolanus eventually gives in to tenderness, but since he cannot turn back having led an army of his former enemies to Rome's gates, he kills himself. (This differs from the better-known play Coriolanus by William Shakespeare, in which he is murdered. Both Shakespeare's and Collin's plays are about the same semi-legendary figure, Gaius Marcius Coriolanus, whose actual fate was not recorded.)
The overture was premiered in March 1807 at a private concert in the home of Prince Franz Joseph von Lobkowitz. The Symphony No. 4 in B-flat and the Piano Concerto No. 4 in G were premiered at the same concert.
Scoring
The Coriolan Overture is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in B, 2 bassoons, 2 French horns in E, 2 trumpets in C, timpani, and strings.
Recordings
Two of the most highly regarded recordings are of Wilhelm Furtwängler conducting the Berliner Philharmoniker (1943) and Fritz Reiner conducting the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in 1959. Sir Roger Norrington has created a notable period performance version with his recording of the overture with the London Classical Players.
Other notable recordings include those of Otto Klemperer with the Philharmonia Orchestra, Herbert von Karajan with the Berlin Philharmonic, Karl Böhm with the Vienna Philharmonic, Carlos Kleiber conducting the Bavarian State Orchestra, Christopher Hogwood with the Academy of Ancient Music, and Bruno Walter conducting the Columbia Symphony. The work was a staple of Arturo Toscanini's repertoire, and six recordings under Toscanini's baton are extant as well as one recording of rehearsal excerpts.
Notes
References
Sources
Joseph Kerman/Alan Tyson, "Ludwig van Beethoven", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 21 August 2007), (subscription access)
External links
(includes original manuscript)
Compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven
Overtures
1807 compositions
Compositions in C minor |
4033920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi%20Hamasaki%20Countdown%20Live%202005%E2%80%932006%20A | Ayumi Hamasaki Countdown Live 2005–2006 A | Ayumi Hamasaki Countdown Live 2005–2006 A is a DVD issued by a Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki. It was released on 23 March 2006. It is well-known for its performance of Boys & Girls in which Hamasaki forgets the lyrics.
Track listing
Opening
STEP you
SURREAL
UNITE!
fairyland
Endless sorrow
Because of You
theme of a-nation '03
evolution
flower garden
Humming 7/4
Boys & Girls
Bold & Delicious
Encore
rainy day
LOVE 〜Destiny〜
HEAVEN
Startin'
Trauma
winding road
Ayumi Hamasaki video albums
2006 video albums
Live video albums
2006 live albums
Albums recorded at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium |
4033922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad%20Smith%20%28disambiguation%29 | Chad Smith (disambiguation) | Chad Smith may also refer to:
Chad Smith (born 1961), drummer for the Red Hot Chili Peppers.
Chad Smith (athlete) (born 1974), American decathlete
Chad Smith (soccer) (born 1980), American soccer player
Chad Smith (politician) (born 1950), Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation
Chad Smith (baseball, born 1989), American baseball pitcher
Chad Smith (baseball, born 1995), American baseball pitcher
See also
Chad (name) |
4033927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk-seeking | Risk-seeking | In accounting, finance, and economics, a risk-seeker or risk-lover is a person who has a preference for risk.
While most investors are considered risk averse, one could view casino-goers as risk-seeking. A common example to explain risk-seeking behaviour is; If offered two choices; either $50 as a sure thing, or a 50% chance each of either $100 or nothing, a risk-seeking person would prefer the gamble. Even though the gamble and the "sure thing" have the same expected value, the preference for risk makes the gamble's expected utility for the individual much higher.
The Utility Function and Risk-Seekers
Choice under uncertainty is when a person facing a choice is not certain of the possible outcomes or their probability of occurring. The standard way to model how people choose under uncertain condition, is by using expected utility. In order to calculate expected utility, a utility function 'u' is developed in order to translate money into Utility. Therefore, if a person has '' money, their utility would be . This is explored further when investigating potential "prospects". A prospect, in this context, is a list of expected payoffs and their probabilities of occurring. A prospect is summarised using the form;
The overall expected value of the prospect (A) is subsequently expressed as;
The expected utility, U(A), of the prospect is then determined using the below formula;
The utility function is convex for a risk-lover and concave for a risk-averse person (and subsequently linear for a risk-neutral person). Subsequently, it can be understood that the utility function curves in this way depending on the individual's personal preference towards risk.
Below is an example of a convex utility function, with wealth, '' along the x-axis and utility, '' along the y-axis. The below graph shows how greater payoffs result in larger utility values at an increasing rate. Showing that the person with this utility function is "risk-loving".Alternatively, below is an example of a concave utility function, with wealth, '' along the x-axis and utility, '' along the y-axis. The below graph again display's an individual's utility function, however this time lower payoffs have a larger utility with respect to the original payoff (or "wealth") value. The utility values, although still increasing, do so as a decreasing rate. Showing that this person is "risk-averse".
It is important to note that for prospect theory value functions, risk-seeking behaviour can be observed in the negative domain , where the functions are convex for but concave for .
Psychology
Child personality traits' effect on adulthood – What traits contribute to risk-seeking?
In a study done by Friedman et al. (1995), they found significant evidence to support that low childhood conscientiousness contributed heavily to adulthood mortality. Those who were high in conscientiousness as a child were 30% less likely to die in their adulthood. Ultimately, their findings solidified that low levels of childhood conscientiousness predict risk seeking, and risk-seeking increases the chance of accidental death. Though risk-seeking deteriorates with age, risky exposure to abusive substances in adolescence can lead to lifetime risk factors due to addiction. Conscientious individuals are subject to greater internal impulse control which lets them think out risky decisions more carefully, while those low on conscientiousness are more likely to endanger themselves and others by risky, or sometimes even criminal behaviour.
Psychometric paradigm
The psychometric paradigm explores what stable personality traits and risk behaviours have in common with an individualistic approach. Zuckerman's (1994) sensation seeking theory is important in assessing the causative factors of certain risk-seeking behaviours. Many risk-seeking behaviours justify humans need for sensation seeking. Behaviours like adventurous sports, drug use, promiscuous sex, entrepreneurship, gambling, and dangerous driving to name a few both represent sensation seeking, as well as risk seeking. Impulsivity has been linked to risk-seeking and can be described as the desire to indulge in situations with a potential reward, and little to no planning of the potential punishments of loss or reward. Impulsivity has also been linked to sensation seeking and in recent theories have been combined to form a higher order trait called impulsive sensation seeking.
Neuropsychological paradigm
The neuropsychological paradigm looks at why people make the decisions they do, as well as the neuropsychological processes that contribute to the decisions people make. This view looks less at impulsivity, puts more emphasis on cognitive dynamics and assumes people take risks because they have assessed the future outcomes.
Men vs. women seeking risks
Demographic differences also play a role in risk-seeking between individuals. Through an analysis done by scientists, they demonstrated that men typically seek risks more than women. There are biological differences in men and women that may lead to the drive to seek risks. For example, testosterone plays a large role in risk-seeking in people and women have significantly lower levels of this hormone. This hormone has behavioural effects on aggression, mood and sexual function, all of which can lead to risk-seeking decision making. In their study, they also found that testosterone in excess leads to increased sexual enjoyment, and therefore more of an incentive to engage in risky unprotected sex.
References
Financial economics
Prospect theory
Financial risk
Utility
Personality |
4033930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown%20Point%20State%20Historic%20Site | Crown Point State Historic Site | Crown Point State Historic Site is the site of a former military stronghold at the south end of the wider part of Lake Champlain. The location is in Essex County, New York, United States. The site is on a peninsula in the town of Crown Point, New York.
Crown Point is the location of the 1734–1759 French-built Fort St. Frédéric limestone fortress and an even more ambitious British fort constructed during the French and Indian War, starting in 1759, Fort Crown Point. During the American Revolutionary War, the fort was captured by Seth Warner and his Green Mountain Boys militia on May 12, 1775, but was re-taken by the British invasion under General John Burgoyne early in the summer of 1777.
Once at the front line of the New World clash between two colonizing European nations, the two forts' ruins remain and are operated as a historic attraction by the State of New York.
History
Fort St. Frédéric
Construction started in 1734. When complete, Fort Saint-Frédéric walls were twelve feet thick and four stories high, with cannons on each level. It was manned by hundreds of officers and troops, principally from Les Compagnies Franches de la Marine.
The fort gave the French control of the frontier between New France and the British colonies to the south. As the only permanent stronghold in the area until the building of Fort Carillon at Ticonderoga starting in 1755, many French raids originated there and it was a target of British operations in the French and Indian War. Constructed on the tip of a strategic peninsula at a narrows in the lake, the cannons of Fort Saint-Frédéric and the later British Fort Crown Point were capable of halting all north-south travel on the lake.
In 1759, when British forces moved against Fort Saint-Frédéric during the war, the retreating French destroyed it.
Fort Crown Point
Rather than rehabilitate the ruins of the French fort, General Amherst embarked on the construction of an enormous earthen fort. The Crown Point fort was constructed by his following the capture of Fort Carillon, a French fort to the south (which he renamed Fort Ticonderoga), and the destruction of Fort St. Frédéric. Amherst used the construction of the fort as a means of keeping his men working through the winter of 1759 after pushing the French into modern Canada. The Fort was never directly assaulted. Mostly built after the threat of French invasion had ended, it was used largely for staging rather than as a position in its own right.
After the French and Indian War the British left only a skeletal force at the Fort, which yielded easily to Capt. Seth Warner and 100 Green Mountain Boys, an American militia, on May 12, 1775 in the battle of Crown Point at the start of the American Revolutionary War. The 111 cannons captured from the British at Crown Point proved valuable in driving the British out of Boston. The fort was used as a staging ground by Benedict Arnold during the war for his navy on Lake Champlain. After the destruction of that navy in 1776 in the Battle of Valcour Island, the fort was abandoned to the British in 1777. It was abandoned for good in 1780.
The large earthen walls of the fort are still visible today. A massive, accidental fire in April 1773 entirely destroyed the log and earth fortress, leaving the empty stone ruins of two barracks buildings standing. These ruins still stand and are being carefully preserved.
Today
The historic site was established in 1910 to preserve the ruins of the two forts. Both fort ruins are listed as U.S. National Historic Landmarks. Fort Saint-Frédéric was registered as a National Historic Landmark in 1962.
The park's facilities and services include a picnic area, scenic views, hiking, a museum, history interpreters in replica clothing, and educational services.
See also
List of New York state parks
Notes
External links
Crown Point State Historic Site at NYS OPRHP
Further information on Crown Point
New York (state) historic sites
American Revolutionary War sites
Museums in Essex County, New York
Military and war museums in New York (state)
Parks in Essex County, New York
American Revolutionary War museums in New York (state) |
4033934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretibial%20myxedema | Pretibial myxedema | Pretibial myxedema (myxoedema in British English, also known as Graves' dermopathy, thyroid dermopathy, Jadassohn-Dösseker disease or myxoedema tuberosum) is an infiltrative dermopathy, resulting as a rare complication of Graves' disease, with an incidence rate of about 1–5%.
Signs and symptoms
Pretibial myxedema is almost always preceded by the ocular signs found in Graves' disease.
It usually presents itself as a waxy, discolored induration of the skin—classically described as having a so-called peau d'orange (orange peel) appearance—on the anterior aspect of the lower legs, spreading to the dorsum of the feet, or as a non-localised, non-pitting edema of the skin in the same areas. In advanced cases, this may extend to the upper trunk (torso), upper extremities, face, neck, back, chest and ears.
The lesions are known to resolve very slowly. Application of petroleum jelly on the affected area could relieve the burning sensation and the itching. It occasionally occurs in non-thyrotoxic Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and stasis dermatitis. The serum contains circulating factors which stimulate fibroblasts to increase synthesis of glycosaminoglycans.
Risk factors
There are suggestions in the medical literature that treatment with radioactive iodine for Graves' hyperthyroidism may be a trigger for pretibial myxedema which would be consistent with radioiodine ablation causing or aggravating ophthalmopathy, a condition which commonly occurs with pretibial myxedema and is believed to have common underlying features.
Other known triggers for ophthalmopathy include thyroid hormone imbalance, and tobacco smoking, but there has been little research attempting to confirm these are also risk factors for pretibial myxedema.
Diagnosis
A biopsy of the affected skin reveals mucin in the mid- to lower- dermis. There is no increase in fibroblasts. Over time, secondary hyperkeratosis may occur, which may become verruciform. Many of these patients may also have co-existing stasis dermatitis. Elastic stains will reveal a reduction in elastic tissue.
Management
Many cases of pretibial myxedema, particularly cases that are mild, can be managed without specific pharmacologic treatment; approximately 50% of mild cases achieve complete remission without treatment after several years. When pharmacologic treatment is considered, topical, locally injected, or systemic corticosteroids may be used.
References
External links
Mucinoses
Thyroid
William Osler |
4033938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Qadir%20Gilani | Abdul Qadir Gilani | ʿAbdul Qādir Gīlānī, (, ) known by admirers as Muḥyī l-Dīn Abū Muḥammad b. Abū Sāliḥ ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī al-Ḥasanī wa'l Hussaini (March 23, 1078February 21, 1166), was a Sunni Muslim preacher, ascetic, mystic, jurist, and theologian belonging to the Hanbali school, known for being the eponymous founder of the Qadiriyya tariqa (Sufi order) of Sufism. The Qadiriyya tariqa is named after him.
He was born on 1 Ramdhan 470 AH (March 23, 1078) in the town of Na'if in Gilan, Iran, and died on Monday, February 21, 1166 (11 Rabi' al-Thani 561 AH), in Baghdad.
Name
The honorific Muhiyudin denotes his status with many Sufis as a "reviver of religion". Gilani (Arabic al-Jilani) refers to his place of birth, Gilan. However, Gilani also carried the epithet Baghdadi, referring to his residence and burial in Baghdad.
Family background
Gilani's father, Abu Saleh, was from a Sayyid lineage, tracing his descent from Hasan ibn Ali, a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Abu Saleh was respected as a saint by the people of his day, and was known as Jangi Dost (lit. "fight-lover" in Farsi) in the Iranic-speaking world, which was originally his father's sobriquet. Gilani's mother, Ummul Khair Fatima, was also a Sayyid, having been a descendant of Muhammad al-Jawad, himself descended from Husayn ibn Ali, the younger brother of Hasan.
Education
Gilani spent his early life in Gilan, the province of his birth. In 1095, at the age of eighteen, he went to Baghdad. There, he pursued the study of Hanbali law under Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi and ibn Aqil. He studied Hadith with Abu Muhammad Ja'far al-Sarraj. His Sufi spiritual instructor was Abu'l-Khair Hammad ibn Muslim al-Dabbas. (A detailed description of his various teachers and subjects are included below). After completing his education, Gilani left Baghdad. He spent twenty-five years wandering in the deserts of Iraq.
School of law
Al-Jilani belonged to the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools of law. He placed Shafi'i jurisprudence (fiqh) on an equal footing with the Hanbali school (madhhab), and used to give fatwa according to both of them simultaneously. This is why al-Nawawi praised him in his book entitled Bustan al-'Arifin (Garden of the Spiritual Masters), saying: "We have never known anyone more dignified than Baghdad's Sheikh Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, may Allah be pleased with him, the Sheikh of Shafi'is and Hanbalis in Baghdad".
Later life
In 1127, Gilani returned to Baghdad and began to preach to the public. He joined the teaching staff of the school belonging to his own teacher, al-Mazkhzoomi, and was popular with students. In the morning he taught hadith and tafsir, and in the afternoon he held discourse on the science of the heart and the virtues of the Quran. He was said to have been a convincing preacher and converted numerous Jews and Christians. He was able to reconcile the mystical nature of Sufism with the sober demands of Islamic Law.
Death and burial
Gilani died on 21 February 1166 (11 Rabi' al-Thani 561 AH) at the age of 87. His body was entombed in a shrine within his madrasa in Babul-Sheikh, Rusafa on the east bank of the Tigris in Baghdad, Iraq.
During the reign of the Safavid Shah Ismail I, Gilani's shrine was destroyed. However, in 1535, the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent had a dome built over the shrine, which still exists.
Birthday and death anniversary celebration
11 Rabi' al-Thani is celebrated. as Gilani's birthday, although some scholars give 29 Sha'ban and 17 Rabi' al-Thani as his birth and death days. In the Indian subcontinent, his ‘urs, or death anniversary, is called Giyarwee Shareef, or Honoured Day.
Books
Kitab Sirr al-Asrar wa Mazhar al-Anwar (The Book of the Secret of Secrets and the Manifestation of Light)
Futuh al ghaib (Secrets of the unseen)
Ghunyat tut talibeen (Treasure for seekers) غنیہ الطالیبین
Al-Fuyudat al-Rabbaniya (Emanations of Lordly Grace)
Fifteen Letters: Khamsata 'Ashara Maktuban
Kibriyat e Ahmar
A Concise Description of Jannah & Jahannam
The Sublime Revelation (al-Fatḥ Ar-rabbānī)
See also
Jilala
Moinuddin Chishti
Bibliography
Sayings of Shaikh Abd al-Qadir al-Jīlānī Malfūzāt, Holland, Muhtar (translator). S. Abdul Majeed & Co, Kuala Lumpur (1994) .
Fifteen letters, khamsata ashara maktūban / Shaikh Abd Al-Qādir Al-Jīlānī. Translated from Persian to Arabic by Alī usāmu D-Dīn Al-Muttaqī. Translated from Arabic into English by Muhtar Holland.
Kamsata ašara maktūban. First edition. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn, ʿAlī B., ʿAbd al-Malik al- Muttaqī al-Hindī (about 1480–1567) and Muhtar Holland (1935–). Al-Baz publications, Hollywood, Florida. (1997) .
Jalā Al-Khawātir: a collection of forty-five discourses of Shaikh Abd Al-Qādir Al-Jīlānī, the removal of cares. Chapter 23, pg 308. Jalā al-Khawātir, Holland, Muhtar (1935–) (translator). Al-Baz publications, Fort Lauderdale, Florida. (1997) .
The sultan of the saints: mystical life and teachings of Shaikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani / Muhammad Riaz Qadiri Qadiri, Muhammad Riyaz. Gujranwala, Abbasi publications. (2000) .
The sublime revelation: al-Fath ar-Rabbānī, a collection of sixty-two discourses / Abd al-Qādir al- Jīlānī, Second edition. al-Rabbānī, al-Fath. Al-Baz publications, Fort Lauderdale, Florida. (1998). .
Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din, (Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion), Parts one and two in Arabic. Al-Qadir, Abd, Al-Gaylani. Dar Al-Hurya, Baghdad, Iraq, (1988).
Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din, (Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion.) in Arabic. Introduced by Al-Kilani, Majid Irsan. Dar Al-Khair, Damascus, Bairut, (2005).
Encyclopædia Iranica'', Bibliotheca Persica PresS, .
Geography of the Baz Ahhab second reading in the biography of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani, and the birthplace of his birth according to the methodology of scientific research (MA in Islamic History from Baghdad University in 2001) of Iraqi researcher Jamal al-Din Faleh Kilani, review and submission of the historian Emad Abdulsalam Rauf،Publishe Dar Baz Publishing, United States of America, 2016, translated by Sayed Wahid Al-Qadri Aref.
Notes
References
External links
lisanarabs.جغرافية الباز الأشهب – قراءة ثانية في سيرة الشيخ عبد القادر الكيلاني – جمال الدين الكيلاني GOGHRAFI ALBAZ ALASHB, at archive.org.
Revelations of the Unseen Translation of Futuh al-Ghaib, at archive.org.
Sufficient Provision For Seekers Of The Path Of Truth Translation of parts of Al-Ghunya Li Talibi Tariq Al-Haqq, at archive.org.
Openings from the Lord Translation of excerpts from Al-Fath Al-Rabbani, at archive.org.
Utterances Translation of Malfuzat, at archive.org.
Iranian Sunni Muslims
Iranian religious leaders
Iranian Sufi religious leaders
12th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Hanbalis
Hashemite people
1078 births
1166 deaths
Iranian emigrants to Iraq
People from Gilan Province
People from Amol
11th-century Iranian people
12th-century Iranian people
Hasanids
Iranian Sufi saints
12th-century jurists
Founders of Sufi orders
Mystics from Iran |
4033944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20Case%20File | Virtual Case File | Virtual Case File (or VCF) was a software application developed by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) between 2000 and 2005. The project was officially abandoned in April 2005, while still in development stage and cost the federal government nearly $170 million. In 2006, The Washington Post wrote "In a 318-page report, completed in January 2005 and obtained by The Post under the Freedom of Information Act, [the Aerospace Corporation] said the SAIC software was incomplete, inadequate and so poorly designed that it would be essentially unusable under real-world conditions. Even in rudimentary tests, the system did not comply with basic requirements, the report said. It did not include network-management or archiving systems—a failing that would put crucial law enforcement and national security data at risk"
Origins
In September 2000, the FBI announced the "Trilogy" program, intended to modernize the bureau's outdated Information Technology (IT) infrastructure. The project had three parts: purchasing modern desktop computers for all FBI offices, developing secure high-performance WAN and LAN networks, and modernizing the FBI's suite of investigative software applications. The first two goals of Trilogy were generally successful, despite cost overruns. Replacing the Bureau's Automated Case Support (ACS) software system proved difficult. It had been developed in-house by the bureau and was used to manage all documents relating to cases being investigated by the FBI, enabling agents to search and analyze evidence between different cases. The project was originally scheduled to take three years and cost US$380 million. ACS was considered by 2000 a legacy system, made up of many separate stovepipe applications that were difficult and cumbersome to use. ACS was built on top of many obsolete 1970s-era software tools, including the programming language Natural, the ADABAS database management system, and IBM 3270 green screen terminals. Some IT analysts believed that ACS was already obsolete when it was first deployed in 1995.
Launch
Bob E. Dies, then the bureau's assistant director of information resources and head of the Trilogy project, prepared initial plans in 2000 for a replacement to ACS and several other outdated software applications. In June 2001, a cost-plus contract for the software aspects of the project was awarded to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), and the network aspects were contracted to DynCorp. Dies was the first of five people who would eventually be in charge of the project. The software was originally intended to be deployed in mid-2004, and was originally intended to be little more than a web front-end to the existing ACS data.
Problems and abandonment
Robert Mueller was appointed director of the FBI in September 2001, just one week before the September 11, 2001 attacks. The attacks highlighted the Bureau's information sharing problems and increased pressure for the Bureau to modernize. In December 2001, the scope of VCF was changed with the goal being complete replacement of all previous applications and migration of the existing data into an Oracle database. Additionally, the project's deadline was pushed up to December 2003.
Initial development was based on meetings with users of the current ACS system. SAIC broke its programmers up into eight separate and sometimes competing teams. One SAIC security engineer, Matthew Patton, used VCF as an example in an October 24, 2002 post on the InfoSec News mailing list regarding the state of federal information system projects in response to a Senator's public statements a few days earlier about the importance of doing such projects well. His post was regarded by FBI and SAIC management as attempting to "blow the whistle" on what he saw as crippling mismanagement of a national security-critical project. Patton was quickly removed from the project and eventually left SAIC for personal reasons.
In December 2002, the Bureau asked the United States Congress for increased funding, seeing it was behind schedule. Congress approved an additional $123 million for the Trilogy project. In 2003, the project saw a quick succession of three different CIO's come and go before Zal Azmi took the job, which he held until 2008. Despite development snags throughout 2003, SAIC delivered a version of VCF in December 2003. The software was quickly deemed inadequate by the Bureau, who lamented inadequacies in the software. SAIC claimed most of the FBI's complaints stemmed from specification changes they insisted upon after the fact.
On March 24, 2004, Robert Mueller testified to Congress that the system would be operational by the summer, although this seemed impractical and unlikely to happen. SAIC claimed it would require over $50 million to get the system operational, which the Bureau refused to pay. Finally, in May 2004 the Bureau agreed to pay SAIC $16 million extra to attempt to salvage the system and also brought in Aerospace Corporation to review the project at a further cost of $2 million. Meanwhile, the Bureau had already begun talks for a replacement project beginning as early as 2005. Aerospace Corp.'s generally negative report was released in the fall of 2004. Development continued throughout 2004 until the project was officially scrapped in April 2005.
Reasons for failure
The project demonstrated a systematic failure of software engineering practices:
Lack of a strong technical architecture ("blueprint") from the outset led to poor architectural decisions
Repeated changes in specification
Repeated turnover of management, which contributed to the specification problem
Micromanagement of software developers
The inclusion of many FBI personnel who had little or no formal training in computer science as managers and even engineers on the project
Scope creep as requirements were continually added to the system even as it was falling behind schedule
Code bloat due to changing specifications and scope creep—at one point it was estimated the software had over 700,000 lines of code.
Planned use of a flash cutover deployment made it difficult to adopt the system until it was perfected.
Implications
The bureau faced a great deal of criticism following the failure of the VCF program. The program lost $104 million in taxpayer money. In addition, the bureau continued to use the antiquated ACS system, which many analysts felt was hampering the bureau's new counter-terrorism mission. In March 2005, the bureau announced it was beginning a new, more ambitious software project code-named Sentinel to replace ACS. After several delays, new leadership, a slightly bigger budget, and adoption of agile software development methodology, it was completed under budget and was in use agency-wide on July 1, 2012.
References
External links
IEEE Spectrum article: Who killed the virtual case file? 11 page detailed article of the entire timeline
The FBI's Upgrade That Wasn't - Washington Post article about the project
Testimony of Inspector General Glenn A. Fine before the Department of Justice - February 3, 2005: Project Audit results
Testimony of Inspector General Glenn A. Fine before the Department of Justice - July 27, 2005
Matthew Patton's October 24, 2002 posting on InfoSec News about VCF
IEEE Spectrum Radio audio discussion of the failure. Participants are Peter Neumann, Steve Bellovin, Matt Blaze, and Robert Charette.
Federal Bureau of Investigation |
4033945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side%20of%20the%20road | Side of the road | Side of the road may refer to:
Driving on the left or right
Shoulder (road), a reserved area alongside the verge of a road or motorway
Sidewalk, also known as a pavement or footpath
See also
"Bright Side of the Road", song by Van Morrison
Wrong Side of the Road, a low-budget film made in South Australia in 1980 |
4033946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain%20beetle | Rain beetle | The rain beetles are a group of beetles found in the far west of North America. They spend most of their lives underground, emerging in response to rain or snow, thus the common name. Formerly classified in the Scarabaeidae (and later the Geotrupidae), they are currently assigned to their own family Pleocomidae, considered the sister group to all the remaining families of Scarabaeoidea. The family contains a single extant genus, Pleocoma, and two extinct genera, Cretocoma, described in 2002 from Late Cretaceous deposits in Mongolia, and Proteroscarabeus of Late Cretaceous China.
Possessing a robust oval body form similar to other scarabaeiforms, their ventral side is densely covered with fine, long hairs (genus name derives from Greek (, abundant) and (, hair), extending to the legs and to the margins of thorax and elytra. The back is hairless and glossy. Overall colors range from black to a reddish-brown, while the hairs may range from yellow to red to black. The antennae are 11-segmented, with a club of four to eight lamellae, more than in any other group of the Scarabaeoidea. The mandibles are not functional, and the opening into the esophagus is closed off; adults do not eat.
Larvae have the typical scarabaeiform characteristics, C-shaped bodies generally a creamy white. They feed on roots in the soil, often deep beneath the host plant. Details of the larval stage are only known for some species; they have nine or more instars, and may take up to 13 years to mature. After a late summer pupation, adults of both sexes dig their way to the surface, emerging around the onset of the fall/winter rainy season typical of, for instance, California's climate; some species are active as late as early spring. Females have only vestigial wings, so the males fly around (often while it is raining), homing in on pheromones released by the females. They mate on the surface or in a burrow dug out by the female, then the female lays eggs in the bottom of the burrow. The "triggering" conditions required for some species to fly are so stringent that a given population may only be active for a single day in a given year. Males are commonly attracted to bright lights.
Members of Pleocoma are known from extreme southern Washington, throughout the mountains of Oregon and California, and into the extreme north of Baja California.
References
External links
Scarabaeiformia |
4033952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenz%20Priessnitz | Vincenz Priessnitz | Vincenz Priessnitz, also written Prießnitz (sometimes in German Vinzenz, in English Vincent, in Czech Vincenc; 4 October 1799 – 26 November 1851) was a peasant farmer in Gräfenberg, Austrian Silesia, who is generally considered the founder of modern hydrotherapy, which is used in alternative and orthodox medicine. Priessnitz stressed remedies such as vegetarian food, air, exercise, rest, water, and traditional medicine. He is thus also credited with laying the foundations of what became known as Nature Cure, although it has been noted that his main focus was on hydrotherapeutic techniques. The use of cold water as a curative is recorded in the works of Hippocrates and Galen, and techniques such as spas, bathing, and drinking were used by various physicians in Europe and the US through to the 18th century. The practice was becoming less prevalent entering the 19th century however, until Priessnitz revived the technique after having major success applying it on patients in his spa in Gräfenberg (now Lázně Jeseník). Priessnitz's name first became widely known in the English-speaking world through the publications and lecture tours of Captain R. T. Claridge in 1842 and 1843, after he had stayed at Grafenberg in 1841. However, Priessnitz was already a household name on the European continent, where Richard Metcalfe, in his 1898 biography, stated: "there are hundreds of establishments where the water-cure is carried out on the principles laid down by Priessnitz". Indeed, Priessnitz's fame became so widespread that his death was reported as far away as New Zealand.
Biography
Early life
Vincenz Priessnitz was born into a farmer's family in the village of Gräfenberg (now Lázně Jeseník) near Frývaldov (now Jeseník) and baptized Vincenz Franz. His parents were among the first settlers of the village. When Vincenz was eight his father went blind and he had to help in the farm, especially after his elder brother died four years later. Once Vinzenz watched a roebuck with a wounded limb coming to a pond (or stream) to heal its wound. He healed his own finger injured during timber felling with water wraps (1814). He also relieved pain after spraining his wrist by applying wet bandages, which lessened the inflammation.
In 1816 he was injured more seriously when he broke his ribs in an accident with a cart and the doctor claimed it was fatal or at least crippling. Priessnitz refused to accept the doctor's diagnosis, and over the next year, he healed after applying wet bandages to his chest and drinking large quantities of water. His recovery strengthened his conviction in the practice, and brought him local fame. Priessnitz began healing animals on his farm and in his village, and later began developing techniques and protocols for healing people. Different types of baths focused on healing different body parts and various afflictions, including paralysis, insanity and poisoning. Soon queues of people were coming to Gräfenberg, so in 1822 Vincenz decided to rebuild his father's house, building part of it as a sanatorium and spa for his patients.
Practice at Gräfenberg
As Priessnitz's experience grew, the procedures of his treatments became more precise and regular. To treat many diseases, he would wrap the patient in wet bandages and many layers of blankets to cause heavy perspiration from the heat. After several hours, the patient was then instructed to bathe in cold water, and also drink plenty of water. He believed that the rapid changes in temperature allowed the pores of the skin to open and evacuate bad substances in the blood. Another theory Priessnitz held was that the body tended towards health naturally. His treatments, which involved no drugs or herbal medicines, were designed then to help the body remove foreign matter from the body. The extreme conditions disturbs this matter, which prompts a bodily response. Priessnitz also required his patients to add strenuous exercise to their daily regimen, and sometimes required his patients to fast. The food served was bland and hard, and water was the only drink served. Cold water was sometimes added to the food to promote water intake, and patients were required to drink twelve glasses of water per day at a minimum, with some drinking as many as thirty glasses.
Before Priessnitz's spa was built near his family house, Priessnitz mostly made house calls. As his popularity grew, Priessnitz limited his practice to his residence, and began expanding the Gräfenberg spa with lodgings, dining rooms, showers and bathhouses. Some patients lived in the spa for up to four years. He constructed several douches, which were heavy showers of cold water that flowed from nearby mountains. The water from these douches fell from up to 20 feet in the air, with a stream so strong that new patients were sometimes "flattened by the force of the stream." Other baths were created for different body parts, such as eye baths, foot baths and head baths.
In 1826 he was invited to Vienna to heal the Emperor's brother Anton Victor, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. This gave him a great reputation so many people from all over the country streamed into Gräfenberg.
Opponents and controversy
His "sponge washing" was not accepted by local doctors who accused him of being an impostor with no medical background. These early opponents brought Priessnitz to court several times, but he was acquitted each time, and inspections of his spa confirmed that water was the sole healing agent used in the facility. In 1838 Priessnitz was granted a permit to establish the spa he founded several years earlier. These high-profile cases only served to expand his fame throughout Europe. As hydrotherapy became more widely accepted, his opponents became more concerned with his exact methods than the overall practice, finding Priessnitz's treatments far too extreme and taxing on the body. The food offered at the spa was also notoriously bad-tasting and unhealthy. One visitor complained about being served "veal 10 days old." Dr. Robert Hay Graham, who visited the Gräfenberg spa in October 1842, noted that Preissnitz did not keep any records of his patients, and that his practice was based on hunch and experience over any systematic approach. Graham suggested that Preissnitz's treatment worked on one out of twenty people at best, and that a milder water-cure that was combined with other medicines would be preferable.
Success
In 1839, 1500 patients arrived (among them one monarch, a duke and duchess, 22 princes and 149 counts and countesses) and 120 doctors to study the new therapy. A visit by Arch-Duke Franz Carl in October 1845 was greeted with an address extolling the virtues of Priessnitz and his methods, signed by 124 guests, from a variety of countries. The new spa house, built that year with 30 rooms, was called Castle and the next house was called New Spa House. In 1846 Priessnitz was awarded a medal by the Emperor. Various aristocratic patients did him reverence by erecting monuments in the spa town. Among the most famous guests was Nikolai Gogol who visited the spa twice (1839 and 1846).
In 1842, R. T. Claridge published The Cold Water Cure, its Principles, Theory, and Practice, which detailed Preissnitz's treatments. Claridge was himself a patient of Preissnitz, and his book's descriptions contain notes on the process of his own treatment at the spa, and the effectiveness of Preissnitz's treatments on other patients with various diseases.
Preissnitz's practice spread to the U.S. soon after becoming established in Europe, and several hydropathic medical schools and medical journals were created in the U.S. Some practitioners performed scientific experiments on the effects of known water-cures, and they developed new methods and theories about the field. The usage of extreme temperature was toned down to account for differences in patients' age and condition. One notable theory that emerged was that osmosis contributed to the healing effects of water. The skin was thought to act as a membrane, and impurities in the body would flow out into pure water applied by bandages and baths.
Priessnitz's English biographer, Richard Metcalfe, notes that despite the fame of the Graefenberg setting, Priessnitz believed that the water-cure treatment was what provided his patients relief, not the locale.
That Priessnitz was of this opinion appears from the fact that after his fame had spread throughout Europe, and people came to Graefenberg from all quarters, he did not confine his practice of hydropathy to that healthy region, but visited and treated patients at their own homes in towns, where similar success attended his manipulations.
There are some who would stultify Priessnitz by making his saying, "Man muss Gebirge haben" (One must have mountains), to mean that he considered a mountainous region indispensable to the successful practice of hydropathy. But, as the facts stated above show, the whole career of Priessnitz gives the lie to such a notion.
Death
Vincenz Priessnitz died in 1851. Newspapers of the day reported that on the morning of his death "Priessnitz was up, and stirring about at an early hour and complaining of the cold, and had wood brought in to make a large fire. His friends had for some time believed him to be suffering from dropsy in the chest, and at their earnest entreaty he consented to take a little medicine, exclaiming all the while, 'it is no use.' He would see no physician, but remained to the last true to his profession". At about four o'clock in the afternoon, "he asked to be carried to bed, and upon being laid down he expired. Priessnitz's wife Sofie died in 1854, and was buried in the family crypt in Gräfenberg, where Priessnitz also lay. They had nine children, comprising eight daughters and one son. The son, Vincent Paul Priessnitz, was born on 22 June 1847, and died on 30 June 1884, aged 37.
Legacy
The Museum of Vincenz Priessnitz is in the house which was the seat of the first hydrotherapy institute in Lázně Jeseník.
There is a statue of Priessnitz in Vienna (1911), in Kirchheim unter Teck and a Priessnitz fountain by Carl Konrad Albert Wolff in Poznań, Poland
The 200th anniversary of his birth was listed among the UNESCO anniversaries in 1999.
A band from Jeseník named itself Priessnitz.
A Czech movie based on his life was made in 1999 under the name of Vincenz Priessnitz.
Knowledge of Priessnitz's work in Britain led to the foundation of twenty hydropathic establishments. Of these, two remain one in Peebles, the other Crieff Hydro, Crieff.
In the Polish language, Priessnitz is the eponym for the word for shower, prysznic.
In literature
In The Confidence-Man by Herman Melville, the herb-doctor says, '"The water-cure? Oh, fatal delusion of the well-meaning Preisnitz!"
Further reading
Cornell University Library. Making of America collection.
.
.
Notes
a. Metcalfe's earlier essay on Priessnitz, while comprising a readily digestible summary of his life and work, is best reviewed in conjunction with other works, including Metcalfe's own later book on Priessnitz. For example, in Metcalfe's 1869 essay, he describes Priessnitz's eldest son as having died at an apparently young age. However, there is no mention of this in Metcalfe's better researched 1898 book, which not only provides a picture of Priessnitz's adult son (per this article), but in which the son is stated as being born in 1847 and having died in 1884. This is also consistent with the tribute website that gives the same birth and death dates, and which states the son's age at death as being 37.
References
1799 births
1851 deaths
19th-century Austrian people
19th-century Czech people
Hydrotherapists
Naturopaths
People from Austrian Silesia
People from Jeseník |
4033967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleocoma | Pleocoma | Pleocoma is the only extant genus of rain beetles (family Pleocomidae) and is endemic to the Pacific states of North America. Fossil remains of Pleocoma have been found in the Yixian Formation in China, suggesting beetles in this genus have existed in something like their present form since at least the Cretaceous period. There are 27 described species in Pleocoma.
Species
Fossil Species
†Pleocoma dolichophylla Nikolajev & Ren, 2012
References
Further reading
Scarabaeoidea genera |
4033979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomposa%20Abbey | Pomposa Abbey | Pomposa Abbey is a Benedictine monastery in the comune of Codigoro on the Adriatic coast near Ferrara, Italy. It was one of the most important in northern Italy, famous for the Carolingian manuscripts preserved in its rich library, one of the wealthiest of Carolingian repositories,<ref>G. Mercati, Il Catalogo della biblioteca di Pomposa, 1896; M. Inguanez, "Inventario di Pomposa del 1459", Bollettino del bibliofilo (the 1459 inventory in the archives of Monte Cassino); Guido Billanovich, "'Veterum Vestigia Vatum' nei carmi dei preumanisti padovani", Italia medioevale e umanistica, I (1958:161-64); Billanovich, La biblioteca di Pomposa: Pomposia monasterium modo in Italia primum, 1994.</ref> and for the Romanesque buildings.
History
The earliest report of a Benedictine abbey at this site dates from 874, by which time Pomposa was already a center of sophisticated Carolingian art The settlement was probably two centuries earlier, founded at some point following the devastation of Classe, the port of Ravenna (574) during the Lombard epoch of northern Italy by monks of the Irish missionary, Columbanus. A letter of c. 1093 mentions among classical texts acquired or copied for the library by the abbot Girolamo alludes to Horace (Carmen Saeculare, Satires, Epistles), Virgil's Georgics, Juvenal, Persius, Quintilian, Terence's Andria, Jerome's preface to the history of Eusebius, Cicero's De officiis and De oratore, the abridgement of Livy called Periochae and the Mathematica of Julius Firmicus Maternus.
Until the 14th century the abbey had possessions in the whole of Italy, making its cartulary of more than local importance, but later declined due to impoverishment of the neighbouring area owing to the retreat of the sea front and the increasing presence of malaria of the lower Po valley. It played an important role in the culture of Italy thanks to the work of its scribe monks and in part to the sojourn at Pomposa of Peter Damian. In this abbey Guido d'Arezzo invented the modern musical notation in the early 11th century.
The monks of Pomposa migrated to San Benedetto, Ferrara, 1650, leaving the abbey unoccupied. In the 19th century the abbey was acquired by the Italian government.
The church of Santa Maria is an example of a triple-nave Ravennan Romanesque-style basilica with arcaded aisles and carpentry rafters, originating in the 7th-9th century, and sequentially enlarged as the abbey grew in power and prestige, attaining its present aspect, with a segmental apse, in the 11th century. The interior contains a 12th-century Cosmatesque and mosaic inlaid stone pavement, and frescoes in the apse by Vitale da Bologna and his assistants; and there are also paintings in the refectory by a Riminese master. The chapter hall has early 14th-century frescoes by a pupil of Giotto.
The free-standing campanile (begun in 1063 and completed within several decades), standing at 48 m, is one of the finest surviving belltowers from the Romanesque period, together with the campanile of Abbey of San Mercuriale (75 m), in Forlì.
Notable also is the mid-11th century Palazzo della Ragione facing the abbey church in the forecourt or atrium'' that was built before the abbey church was consecrated in 1026, by an architect trained at Ravenna, Mazulo.
References
External links
Pomposa Abbey - Polo Museale dell'Emilia-Romagna
Benedictine monasteries in Italy
Monasteries in Emilia-Romagna
Romanesque architecture in Emilia-Romagna
Christian monasteries established in the 9th century
Churches in the province of Ferrara |
4033980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomposa | Pomposa | Pomposa may refer to:
Pomposa Abbey
Lido di Pomposa, an Italian seaside resort in the province of Ferrara
Pomposa (phasmid), stick insect genus of the subfamily Necrosciinae |
4033984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Police%20Commission%20%28Philippines%29 | National Police Commission (Philippines) | The National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM; ) is an agency attached to the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) responsible for the administration and control of the Philippine National Police (PNP). It has the authority to administer police entrance examination, to investigate police anomalies and irregularities, and to summarily dismiss erring police officers.
History
The NAPOLCOM traces its roots from the creation of the Police Commission (POLCOM) under Republic Act 4864 (Police Act of 1966). It was reorganized as the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM) in 1972.
The NAPOLCOM was under the Office of the President before being transferred to the Ministry of National Defense in 1975 by virtue of Presidential Decree 765 (Police Integration Law). In 1980, the agency was returned to the Office of the President by Executive Order No. 1040.
In 1990, with the establishment of the Philippine National Police (PNP), the present NAPOLCOM was created within the newly reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) under Republic Act No. 6975. The agency's authority was further strengthened and expanded by Republic Act No. 8551, otherwise known as 'Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998'. Republic Act 8551 also amended Republic Act 6975, carving NAPOLCOM out of the DILG organization and making it simply an attached agency. The attachment of NAPOLCOM to DILG preserves it independence as the sole administrator and controller of the national police force under Article XVI, Section 6 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
Organization
The NAPOLCOM as a collegial body is composed of an ex-officio chairperson, four regular Commissioners, and the PNP Chief as ex-officio member, one of whom is designated by the President as the vice-chairperson. The DILG Secretary is the ex-officio chairperson, while the vice-chairperson is the executive officer of the Commission.
The ex-officio Chairperson and four Commissioners constitute the Commission Proper which serves as the governing body thereof.
The staff services of the Commission are as follows:
Planning and Research Service (PRS) provides technical services to the Commission in areas of overall policy formulation, strategic and operational planning, management systems or procedures, evaluation and monitoring of the Commission’s programs, projects and internal operations; and conducts thorough research and analysis on social and economic condition affecting peace and order in the country.
Legal Affairs Service (LAS) provides the Commission with efficient and effective service as legal counsel of the Commission; draft or studies contracts affecting the Commission and submit appropriate recommendations pertaining thereto; and render legal opinions arising from the administration and operation of the Philippine National Police and the Commission.
Crime Prevention and Coordination Service (CPCS) undertakes criminological researches and studies; formulates a national crime prevention plan; develop a crime prevention and information program; and provide editorial direction for all criminology research and crime prevention publications. Personnel and Administrative Service (PAS) performs personnel functions for the Commission; administers the entrance and promotional examinations for policemen, provides the necessary services relating to records, correspondence, supplies, property and equipment, security and general services, and the maintenance and utilization of facilities; provides services relating to manpower, career planning and development, personnel transactions and employee welfare.
Personnel and Administrative Service (PAS) performs personnel functions for the Commission; administers the entrance and promotional examinations for policemen, provides the necessary services relating to records, correspondence, supplies, property and equipment, security and general services, and the maintenance and utilization of facilities; provides services relating to manpower, career planning and development, personnel transactions and employee welfare.
Inspection, Monitoring and Investigation Service (IMIS) conducts continuous inspection and management audit of personnel, facilities and operations at all levels of command of the PNP; monitors the implementation of the Commission's programs and projects relative to law enforcement; and monitors and investigates police anomalies and irregularities.
Installations and Logistics Service (ILS) reviews the Commission’s plans and programs and formulates policies and procedures regarding acquisition, inventory, control, distribution, maintenance and disposal of supplies and oversees the implementation of programs on transportation facilities and installations and the procurement and maintenance of supplies and equipment.
Financial Service (FS) provides the Commission with staff advice and assistance on budgetary and financial matters, including the overseeing of the processing and disbursement of funds pertaining to the scholarship program and surviving children of deceased and/or permanently incapacitated PNP personnel.
The ex-officio chairperson and four commissioners constitute the Commission Proper which serves as the governing body of NAPOLCOM. The incumbent chairperson is DILG Secretary Benjamin Abalos, Jr.
The NAPOLCOM also has disciplinary appellate boards and various staff services as well as 17 regional offices which are strategically located in the different regional divisions of the country.
References
External links
Philippine National Police
Department of the Interior and Local Government (Philippines)
National law enforcement agencies of the Philippines |
4033991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Andrews%20%28composer%29 | Simon Andrews (composer) | Simon Warren Andrews (born 1958 in Croydon) is a British composer, and Head of Theoretical Studies, Composition, and Director of The Academy Chorale.
Life
He was educated at Chichester Cathedral Choir School. He has a B.A. and B.Mus. in composition, from Christ Church, Oxford, and a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley.
He pursued composition and piano accompaniment at the Royal Academy of Music. His compositions have been performed in California, New York, Baltimore, Boston, China and Zambia.
In addition to composition, Dr. Andrews has been involved in education as Assistant Professor of Music and Director of Choral Ensembles at Franklin and Marshall College, and as Conductor of the Lancaster Opera Company and Music Director of the Harrisburg Choral Society. He joined the faculty of the Pennsylvania Academy of Music in 2001. Dr. Andrews joined the faculty at Elizabethtown College, near Lancaster, PA, as an adjunct theory professor for the spring semester of 2011.
Compositions
Mozart Requiem- For 20 years Simon's passion and obsession led him to revise, edit, and re-orchestrate the final work of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. His version is very different from many others as he strived to take the work of Mozart's friend Franz Xaver Süssmayr, who completed Mozart's requiem after his death, and re-orchestrate it to sound more like Mozart had composed it himself, including the complete restructuring of the development section of Süssmayr's Hosanna fugue in the Sanctus and Benedictus movements.
This piece was first performed in 1996 in Lancaster, PA with the Franklin & Marshall Choir and had its professional debut in November 2006 with the Lancaster Symphony Orchestra in collaboration with the Lancaster Symphony Choir, the Franklin & Marshall Choir, and the Millersville University Chorale under the direction of maestro Stephen Gunzenhauser.
Who Will Go to Bethlehem 2003
References
External links
Artist's website
Living people
English composers
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
1958 births |
4034011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewdrig | Tewdrig | Tewdrig ap Teithfallt (; ), known simply as Tewdrig, was a king of the post-Roman Kingdom of Glywysing. He abdicated in favour of his son Meurig (Maurice) and retired to live a hermitical life, but was recalled to lead his son's army against an intruding Saxon force. He won the battle, but was mortally wounded.
The context of the battle is one of Britons versus invading Saxons, without explicit religious overtones. Since Tewdrig held to a religious lifestyle and was killed while defending a Christian kingdom against pagans, by the standards of that day Tewdrig is considered to be a martyr and a saint. The Latin form of his name is given as 'Theodoric' and his feast day is 1 April.
Tewdrig's name appears in a genealogy of Jesus College MS 20, in the line of one of his descendants, but the only substantive information about the person comes from the twelfth century Book of Llandaff.
The Book of Llandaff places Tewdrig's story in the territory of the historical Kingdom of Gwent (the southeastern part of modern Monmouthshire), though it states that he was a king of Glywysing. The ancient histories of the kingdoms of Gwent and Glywysing are intertwined, and he may have ruled both kingdoms.
Life
There are three theories about the origins of name Tewdrig:
a variant of the Germanic name Theodoric;
it may have been North British, as the name Theodric had been a royal name in Bernicia and/or;
or the Breton royal name Theuderic.
Tewdrig's father, Teithfallt, had also been a king, and the Book of Llandaff notes that during his reign the Saxons had devastated the border regions, chiefly to the northwest near Hereford (i.e., in the historical Kingdom of Ergyng), and also along the River Wye.
While king of Glywysing, Tewdrig ap Teithfallt had been a patron of the Church at Llandaff, with a history of success in battle. At some point in his reign, he abdicated in favour of his son Meurig in order to live a hermitical life at Tintern, a rocky place near a ford across the River Wye. When a Saxon threat to the kingdom emerged, he returned to lead a defence. He was successful, but at a battle or skirmish at or near the ford (called Rhyd Tintern), he was mortally wounded. He asked to be taken to Ynys Echni (called Flat Holm in English) for burial, but got no further than Mathern on an inlet of the Severn estuary, where he languished briefly and died. King Meurig built a church on the spot and buried his father's body there, giving the surrounding land to the Bishops of Llandaff; a bishops' palace was later built there. The place became known first as Merthyr Tewdrig ("Tewdrig the martyr"), and later as Mateyrn ("place of a king") or Mathern. Tewdrig's defence of his homeland was said to be sufficiently decisive that the Saxons would not dare to invade again for thirty years.
There is a minor hagiographic element in this story from the Book of Llandaff. On returning to secular service due to military necessity, Tewdrig is given the prophecy that he will be successful but will be mortally wounded; that a vehicle pulled by two stags, yoked, will appear and carry him towards his destination of Ynys Echni, but that he will die in peace three days after the battle. Wherever the stags halted, fountains gushed forth, but as they approached the Severn the wagon was broken, a very clear stream gushed forth and here Tewdric died.
A number of sources, such as Ussher's Brittanicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates (1639), cite Bishop Godwin's 1615 account of the medieval church at Mathern. Godwin said that he discovered a stone coffin by the altar in the church, containing the saint's bones, and that the skull was badly fractured. Ussher also repeats the account of the Book of Llandaff. In 1958 Hando also recounts the story told to him by an old lady who had lived in Mathern and who claimed to have seen for herself, in 1881, the stone coffin bearing the remains of St. Tewdrig with his mortal wound (a hole in the skull made by a spear-point) still visible.
Sources of information
The Book of Llandaff
The Book of Llandaff was written c. 1125, at a time when the bishopric at Llandaff was struggling against the competing bishoprics at Saint David's and Hereford. The book was written specifically to justify the claims of Llandaff, and Tewdrig's story provides the reason why his son, Meurig ap Tewdrig, donated the lands near Mathern to the see of Llandaff.
Other sources
Tewdrig is not mentioned by Nennius in the Historia Brittonum (c. 850). Lloyd's History of Wales (1911) mentions the Book of Llandaff's account of Tewdrig's combat at the crossing of the Wye, and notes that Merthyr Tewdrig is now called Mathern, but adds nothing further. Nedelec's History of the Early Cambro-British Christians (1879) retells the story from the Book of Llandaff, adding a number of unattributed details which are colourful but inconsequential. Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons (1799) repeats the accounts of the Book of Llandaff and Bishop Godwin (citing Ussher as the source), but then adds that the Saxons in question were those of Wessex, led by Ceolwulf. No authority is provided for this claim.
The Iolo Manuscripts
The Iolo Manuscripts are a collection of manuscripts presented in the early nineteenth century by Edward Williams, who is better known as Iolo Morganwg. Containing elaborate genealogies that connect virtually everyone of note with everyone else of note (and with many connections to "Arthur"), they were at first accepted as genuine, but have since been shown to be an assortment of manuscripts, transcriptions, and fantasies, many invented by Iolo himself. There are many references to Tewdrig and his genealogy. A list of works tainted by their reliance on the material presented by Iolo (sometimes without attribution) would be quite long.
Sources
Bibliography
— from MSS. in the Libraries of Hengwrt, and of Jesus College (English translation)
References
Monarchs of Morgannwg
Monarchs of Gwent
Medieval Welsh saints
6th-century Christian saints
6th-century Welsh monarchs
Monarchs of Glywysing |
4034014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%20Academy%20of%20Music | Pennsylvania Academy of Music | The Pennsylvania Academy of Music (PAM) was a private music school located in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States. The Academy provided music instruction to students with skill levels ranging from elementary to advanced.
History
The Pennsylvania Academy of Music was a 501(c)(3) nonprofit founded in 1989.
The building PAM occupied on Prince Street in downtown Lancaster is now owned by Millersville University and operates as the Ware Center.
Education
The Pennsylvania Academy of Music was one of twelve pre-collegiate autonomous schools accredited by the National Association of Schools of Music, and was a member of the National Guild of the Community Schools of the Arts. It was one of the only schools in the United States that offers a pre-collegiate program in chamber music.
In 2009, the school entered into partnerships with the China Conservatory of Music in Beijing and Lancaster Mennonite School in Lancaster. An exchange program is offered through the China Conservatory, and a high school diploma program focused in music is offered through Lancaster Mennonite High School.
Bankruptcy
On May 27, 2010, PAM filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Under new administration, the Bankruptcy Court supported the re-opening the school on September 1, 2010 at Liberty Place. PAM continued to work with the Court as they tried to transition out of bankruptcy and make progress toward operating as a sustainable institution. On Wednesday, March 30, 2011, PAM chairman Dr. Thomas Godfrey announced the board of directors' decision to close the academy.
Faculty
Piano
Mark Huber
Jody Norton
Dr. Ioannis Potamousis, Chair
Dr. Ju-Ping Song
Dr. Ina Grapenthin
Strings
Dr. Michael T. Jamanis, violin
Simon Andreas Maurer, violin
Ning Mu, viola/violin
Sara Male, cello, Chair
Winds and percussion
Stephen Goss, percussion, Chair
Dr. Matthew Allison, flute
Rainer Beckmann, recorder
Doris Hall-Gulati, clarinet
Ryan Kauffman, saxophone
Voice
John Darrenkamp
Other
Ernesto Tamayo, guitar
Dr. Matthew Allison, theory/composition
Walter Blackburn, solfege/rythmique
Mark Huber, jazz
Dr. Ina Grapenthin, early development
Heather Witmer Kares, staff accompanist
External links
Official site
Charity Navigator: Pennsylvania Academy of Music
LancasterARTS: Pennsylvania Academy of Music
Lancaster Intelligencer Journal: Academy of Music starts work on new hall, May 19, 2006
Lancaster Intelligencer Journal: Academy getting 'significant' state funds for its expansion, May 9, 2006
Acoustical case study (video) — Pennsylvania Academy of Music
References
Education in Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Culture of Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Music schools in Pennsylvania
Schools in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania |
4034015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonauta%20pacifica | Argonauta pacifica | Argonauta pacifica, also known as the Pacific argonaut, is a species of pelagic octopus. The female of the species, like all argonauts, creates a paper-thin eggcase that coils around the octopus much like the way a nautilus lives in its shell (hence the name paper nautilus). The shell is usually approximately 150 mm in length, although it can exceed 200 mm in exceptional specimens; the world record size is 220.0 mm.
A. pacifica seems to have a relatively limited distribution, being confined to the waters surrounding western Mexico, and in particular the Gulf of California. For this reason, it is considered one of the rarest of the Argonauta species, along with A. cornuta and A. nouryi.
The taxonomic status of this species questionable. Further research is needed to determine whether it is a valid species or a synonym of another taxon.
The type specimen of A. pacifica was collected off the coast of California and is deposited at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.
References
Sweeney, M. J. (2002). Taxa Associated with the Family Argonautidae Tryon, 1879. Tree of Life web project.
External links
Information on the genus Argonauta
pacifica
Marine fauna of the Gulf of California
Molluscs described in 1871 |
4034029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%20B.%20Chase | Jackson B. Chase | Jackson Burton Chase (August 19, 1890 – May 4, 1974) was an American Republican politician.
Early life
He was born in Seward, Nebraska on August 19, 1890 and lived in California and Illinois while working for Burlington Railroad. He graduated from high school in Omaha, Nebraska in 1907 and was worked for John Deere Plow Co from 1907 to 1910. He got his Bachelor of Laws from the University of Nebraska in 1912, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity. He received his law degree from the University of Michigan Law School in 1913, passing the bar in the same year setting up practice in Chicago, Illinois
Legal career and public service
During World War I he served with the Field Artillery in the United States Army. He was assistant attorney general of Nebraska in 1921 and 1922. He engaged in the practice of law in Omaha from 1923 to 1942. During his practice he was legal adviser to Omaha Welfare Board in 1930 and 1931. He was also elected a member of the Nebraska House of Representatives in 1933 and 1934. He owned and managed farmland in Nebraska and Iowa.
He served as a major in the Judge Advocate General's Department from 1942 to 1945. He was the chairman of the Nebraska Liquor Control Commission in 1945 and 1946. He was a Judge of the fourth judicial district court of Nebraska from 1946 to 1954.
Congressional Service
He was elected as a Republican to the Eighty-fourth United States Congress serving from January 3, 1955 to January 3, 1957. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1956 to the Eighty-fifth United States Congress instead he was again elected judge of the fourth judicial district court of Nebraska 1956 to 1960. He died in Atlanta, Georgia on May 4, 1974 and is buried in Omaha.
References
1890 births
1974 deaths
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
University of Michigan Law School alumni
Nebraska state court judges
Members of the Nebraska House of Representatives
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
20th-century American judges
People from Seward, Nebraska
20th-century American politicians |
4034033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Truths%20and%20Cycles | Universal Truths and Cycles | Universal Truths and Cycles is the 13th studio album by American indie rock band Guided by Voices. After releasing their previous two albums on TVT Records, Guided by Voices returned to Matador Records.
This was the highest charting Guided by Voices album at the time of release. It peaked at #160 on the Billboard Top 200, #10 on the Independent Albums list, and in the best chart performance of their career, #3 on the Top Heatseekers chart [].
Track listing
All songs written by Robert Pollard.
Side A
"Wire Greyhounds" – 0:35
"Skin Parade" – 2:57
"Zap" – 1:14
"Christian Animation Torch Carriers" – 3:54
"Cheyenne" – 2:58
"The Weeping Bogeyman" – 1:35
"Back to the Lake" – 2:33
"Love 1" – 0:54
"Storm Vibrations" – 4:59
"Factory of Raw Essentials" – 1:25
Side B
"Everywhere with Helicopter" – 2:36
"Pretty Bombs" – 3:06
"Eureka Signs" – 3:06
"Wings of Thorn" – 2:10
"Car Language" – 4:44
"From a Voice Plantation" – 2:06
"The Ids Are Alright" – 1:10
"Universal Truths and Cycles" – 2:19
"Father Sgt. Christmas Card" – 2:04
In the media
In the television series The IT Crowd episode Red Door, Roy hides stolen computer equipment under a Universal Truths and Cycles T-shirt. There is a poster of the same on a wall in Roy and Maurice's office.
In the television series The Wire Nick Sobotka has a Universal Truths and Cycles poster on his wall.
Guided by Voices performed "Everywhere With Helicopter" live on The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn on June 17, 2002.
Personnel
Most of the credits do not give specific instruments played by each individual, but rather list performers who appeared on the release in any capacity.
Guided by Voices
Robert Pollard
Doug Gillard
Tim Tobias
Nate Farley
Additional musicians
Scott Bennett – cello
John McCann – drums
Chris Slusarenko – piano (track 7)
Chris George – cello
Steve Berson – cello
Suellen Ogier – effects
Asha Mevlana – viola, strings
Helen Yee – violin
Technical
Todd Tobias – production
Scott Bennett – assistant engineer
References
2002 albums
Guided by Voices albums
Matador Records albums |
4034038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20International%20Junior%20Hockey%20League | Superior International Junior Hockey League | The Superior International Junior Hockey League (SIJHL) is a junior A ice hockey league and a member of the Canadian Junior Hockey League (CJHL) and Hockey Canada. The league operates in the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Minnesota and Wisconsin. Winners of the SIJHL playoffs compete for the Dudley Hewitt Cup against the winners of the Ontario Junior Hockey League and the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League. The winner of the Dudley Hewitt Cup then moves on to compete for the Centennial Cup, the Canadian Junior A championship.
History
Background
Founded in 2001, the SIJHL is successor of several former Thunder Bay junior A hockey leagues and teams. The Fort William War Veterans were the first representatives of the Thunder Bay region, winning the 1922 Memorial Cup as Canadian National Junior A Champions. Although there is not abundant information on the subject, the Thunder Bay Junior Hockey League may date back to the War Veterans and existed until 1980. From 1980 until 2000, the region (Hockey Northwestern Ontario) was represented by a single team at the junior A level: the Thunder Bay Flyers. The Flyers played their regular season games in the United States Hockey League (USHL), a USA Hockey junior A league, and returned to Canada for the playoffs. The Flyers won the Dudley Hewitt Cup as Central Canadian Junior Champions in 1989, 1991, 1992, and 1995. The Flyers were also National Champions in 1989 and 1992, winning the Centennial Cup. The Flyers folded after the 1999–2000 USHL Season.
The Northwestern Ontario region has also been represented in the past in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League. From 1968 until 1982, the city of Kenora, Ontario, was represented by the Kenora Muskies/Thistles and in the mid-1980s, Thunder Bay had an entry with the Thunder Bay Hornets.
The folding of the Thunder Bay Flyers led to the rebirth of junior A hockey in the Thunder Bay region. The league started under the "Superior International" label in 2001 with five teams, including the Dryden Ice Dogs, First Nation Featherman Hawks, Fort Frances Borderland Thunder, Thunder Bay Bulldogs, and the Thunder Bay Wolves.
2006 Dudley Hewitt Cup
In 2006, the Fort William North Stars won the Dudley Hewitt Cup with a 7–6 overtime win over the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League's Sudbury Jr. Wolves to earn the team and the league its first regional title and its first shot at the national title in the 2006 Royal Bank Cup. The North Stars were eliminated in the Royal Bank Cup semifinal in Brampton, Ontario, with a 3–2 overtime loss to the British Columbia Hockey League's Burnaby Express led by eventual NHL player Kyle Turris.
Expansion and retraction
The presence of the SIJHL in Northwestern Ontario marks the first time since the 1970s that the region has effectively supported a junior hockey league. In 2007, the SIJHL expanded east of Thunder Bay with the Schreiber Diesels and Marathon Renegades. A Wawa, Ontario, franchise was also in the works, but never came to fruition.
On December 17, 2007, the Schreiber Diesels folded mid-season claiming lack of fan support. On December 21, the team was bought by a group of local fans in an effort to keep the Diesels alive. The Marathon Renegades at one point were as high as third place in the SIJHL during the 2007–08 season, but after 37 games played were forced to cancel the rest of its season citing a lack of players through injuries and player defections to other leagues. Al Cresswell, team president, claimed that the shortage of players had become a health risk.
Although the 2008–09 season did not see a return to Marathon, the SIJHL did add the Sioux Lookout Flyers. In the 2008 off-season, the Thunder Bay Bulldogs elected to retract to embolden the Thunder Bay Bearcats. Despite a strong year from the Bearcats and the Schreiber Diesels, both teams elected to cease operation in the summer of 2009. The Fort Frances Jr. Sabres claimed that they would be back for 2009–10, but their owners sold the rights to their players to teams across Canada. In a last-ditch effort, the town of Fort Frances bought the team and renamed them the Fort Frances Lakers, but were forced to find all new players due to the actions of the previous ownership. The Thunder Bay Wolverines elected to apply for promotion to the SIJHL for 2009–10 fresh off of their silver medal performance at the Keystone Cup Canadian Jr. B Championships. Back up to five teams, the SIJHL also made a 20-game interleague setup with the Minnesota Junior Hockey League's Wisconsin Mustangs to diversify the league's competition.
Tenth season and American expansion
The 2010–11 season was the tenth season of the SIJHL. The SIJHL received applications for expansion by two American teams: the Duluth Clydesdales and Wisconsin Mustangs.
In June, the Thunder Bay Wolverines pulled out of the SIJHL. A few days later USA Hockey rejected the transfer bid by the Wisconsin Mustangs to join the SIJHL and the expansion bid of the potential of Duluth, Minnesota, despite approval by Hockey Canada and the SIJHL. The league sat at four teams. The two teams appealed the decision and won, officially giving the league six teams and making the league an international league.
The Fort William North Stars were dominant early in 2010–11, but due to financial difficulties, the team was sold to new ownership and became the Thunder Bay North Stars. The Wisconsin Wilderness jumped into the lead mid-season and won the regular season and playoff titles in their first season in the league.
In the summer of 2011, the SIJHL elected to expand with the Iron Range Ironheads awaiting the permission of USA Hockey and Minnesota Hockey. USA Hockey again denied the league. The decision was appealed and on July 12, 2011, expansion was allowed by USA Hockey as well as the continuation of the Duluth and Spooner franchises. Wisconsin won their second straight league title, coming from behind in the final to beat the Fort Frances Lakers in seven games.
The 2012–13 season was a season of decline for the league's American expansion. During the off-season, USA Hockey allowed the league to transfer Iron Range to new ownership and rename it the Minnesota Iron Rangers. Wisconsin was sold and relocated into the same market as Duluth and renamed the Minnesota Wilderness. Three games into the season, the Sioux Lookout Flyers ceased operations and eventually their franchise when a scandal over the carding of players by their new general manager and coach left them without enough players to continue. In early 2013, the league, after multiple cancelled games, stripped the Duluth Clydesdales of their franchise. Then, after clinching their third regular season and playoff crowns, the Wilderness won the league's second ever Dudley Hewitt Cup as Central Canadian champions. Minnesota Wilderness became the first American team to win the Dudley Hewitt Cup and the first to gain berth into the Royal Bank Cup Canadian Junior A Championship. After winning the Central Canadian Championship, it was announced that the Wilderness would leave the SIJHL at the end of the Royal Bank Cup to join the North American Hockey League, a USA Hockey-sanctioned Tier II league. The Wilderness finished fourth in the National Championship round-robin, earning a berth into the semi-final. Despite leading 4–2 in the third, the Wilderness took too many penalties and lost their lead with seconds to go in the third period. The Alberta Junior Hockey League's Brooks Bandits scored in overtime to win the game 5–4 eliminating the Wilderness. With the Wilderness and Clydesdales gone, the Minnesota Iron Rangers were the remaining American team with membership in the league.
In the spring of 2013, the SIJHL announced expansion to Ear Falls, Ontario, with the English River Miners and on July 11, 2013, admitted a new team in Spooner, Wisconsin, also called the Wisconsin Wilderness. The new Wilderness lasted one season.
In the summer of 2014, commissioner and president Ron Whitehead was relieved of his post. Whitehead held his position from 2005 until 2014 and had been a member of the league executive since its inception in 2001. In 2011, Hockey Northwestern Ontario named Whitehead their Central Zone volunteer of the year.
The league added a second team in Minnesota and their sixth franchise for 2016–17 season with the Thief River Falls Norskies. In 2019, the league added another team in Spooner, Wisconsin, called the Wisconsin Lumberjacks for the 2019–20 season. After several seasons of ownership issues and lack of player recruitment, the Minnesota Iron Rangers ceased operations for the 2019–20 season, returning the league to six teams. The 2019–20 season was then curtailed by the COVID-19 pandemic with one week left in the regular season and no postseason tournaments were held. The ongoing pandemic border-crossing restrictions caused the two American teams to withdraw from the 2020–21 season while the league added a new team called the Kam River Fighting Walleye. The five Canadian teams would play a few games in November and December 2020 along with two U18 minor teams, the Kenora Thistles and Thunder Bay Kings, to fill in the schedule before the season was cancelled entirely.
Teams
Former member teams
Former interleague teams
Iron Range Yellow Jackets (2001–02)
Minot State University-Bottineau Lumberjacks (2005–06)
Northwest Wisconsin Knights (2001–03)
Bill Salonen Cup champions
The winners of the SIJHL Playoffs are awarded the Bill Salonen Cup. Although the Jack Adams Trophy is supposed to be awarded to the branch Junior A champion, Hockey Northwestern Ontario will not bring it out unless there are two leagues vying for the branch championship.
Dudley Hewitt Cup
Single-season team records
Best Winning Record:
2005-06 Fort William North Stars - 50-2-0-0
Most Goals For:
2018-19 Thunder Bay North Stars - 363
Fewest Goals Against:
2004-05 Fort William North Stars - 66
Worst Winning Record:
2008-09 Sioux Lookout Flyers - 2-46-0-2
Fewest Goals For:
2004-05 Thunder Bay Bulldogs - 72
Most Goals Against:
2018-19 Minnesota Iron Rangers - 478
Timeline of teams in the SIJHL
2001–02
SIJHL is founded with five teams: Dryden Ice Dogs, Featherman Hawks, Fort Frances Borderland Thunder, Thunder Bay Bulldogs and Thunder Bay Wolves; as well as two interleague teams: Iron Range Yellow Jackets and Northwest Wisconsin Knights
2002–03
Thunder Bay Wolves become Fort William Wolves
Featherman Hawks become Nipigon Golden Hawks
Iron Range Yellow Jackets break off interlock
2003–04
Nipigon Golden Hawks move to Thunder Bay and become K&A Golden Hawks
Fort William Wolves become Fort William North Stars
Northwest Wisconsin Knights break off interlock
2005–06
Schreiber Diesels join league
Fort Frances Borderland Thunder leaves league
MSU-Bottineau Lumberjacks enter into interlocking schedules
2006–07
Marathon Renegades join league
Thunder Bay Golden Hawks become Thunder Bay Bearcats
MSU-Bottineau Lumberjacks break off interlock
Fort Frances Jr. Sabres join league
2007–08
Marathon Renegades withdraw from league mid-season (January)
2008–09
Sioux Lookout Flyers join league
Thunder Bay Bulldogs merge into Thunder Bay Bearcats
2009–10
Schreiber Diesels leave league
Thunder Bay Bearcats leave league
Fort Frances Jr. Sabres are renamed Fort Frances Lakers
Thunder Bay Wolverines join league from Thunder Bay Junior B Hockey League
Wisconsin Mustangs enter into interlocking schedule
2010–11
Thunder Bay Wolverines leave league
Wisconsin Wilderness (formerly Mustangs) join league from Minnesota Junior Hockey League
Duluth Clydesdales join league
2011–12
Iron Range Ironheads join league
2012–13
Iron Range Ironheads change name to Minnesota Iron Rangers
Wisconsin Wilderness relocate and become Minnesota Wilderness
Sioux Lookout Flyers cease operations
League revokes Duluth Clydesdales franchise
2013–14
Minnesota Wilderness leave league for North American Hockey League
English River Miners join league
New Wisconsin Wilderness join league
2014–15
Wisconsin Wilderness folded
2016–17
Thief River Falls Norskies joins league
2018–19
English River Miners rebranded to Red Lake Miners
2019–20
Wisconsin Lumberjacks joins league
Minnesota Iron Rangers suspended
References
External links
SIJHL website
Hockey Northwestern Ontario website
Canadian Junior Hockey League members
Hockey Northwestern Ontario
Ice hockey in Minnesota
Ice hockey in Wisconsin
A
A |
4034053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Cerrito%20Plaza | El Cerrito Plaza | El Cerrito Plaza may refer to:
El Cerrito Plaza (shopping center), a shopping mall in El Cerrito, California, in the United States.
El Cerrito Plaza (BART station), the Bay Area Rapid Transit station located at the above mall. |
4034060 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation%20Drills | Isolation Drills | Isolation Drills is the12th studio album by American indie rock band Guided by Voices. It was their second and final LP released under TVT Records and their second to feature a major rock producer in Rob Schnapf. The album was also their first to chart on the Billboard 200, peaking at number 168. The album notably features instrumental contributions from Elliott Smith and David Sulzer. Previous longtime band member Tobin Sprout also returned as a guest and contributed with playing piano. While Jim MacPherson plays drums on the album, his replacement Jon McCann is featured in the cover photos, as MacPherson had left the band immediately after the recording to focus on his home life.
Reception
Isolation Drills is currently the highest rating album on the aggregate review website Metacritic of their submitted studio albums.
Accolades
"Glad Girls" was nominated for the High Times "Pot Song of the Year" award. "Chasing Heather Crazy" was named the 319th best song of the decade by Pitchfork. In 2014, the album was ranked number 92 on PopMatters list of the Best Albums of the '00s.
Appearance in popular culture
"Skills Like This" was featured on the ESPN Ultimate X Soundtrack compilation album.
Track listing
All songs written by Robert Pollard.
"Fair Touching" – 3:07
"Skills Like This" – 2:47
"Chasing Heather Crazy" – 2:53
"Frostman" – 0:55
"Twilight Campfighter" – 3:07
"Sister I Need Wine" – 1:40
"Want One?" – 1:48
"The Enemy" – 4:53
"Unspirited" – 2:25
"Glad Girls" – 3:49
"Run Wild" – 3:48
"Pivotal Film" – 3:10
"How's My Drinking?" – 2:38
"The Brides Have Hit Glass" – 2:51
"Fine to See You" – 3:16
"Privately" – 4:05
Title
The opening of "The Enemy" is an excerpt of "Broadcastor House," a track from the 1994 Clown Prince of the Menthol Trailer EP, which may come from the fact that "Broadcastor House" was the initial working title of the album.
Personnel
Guided by Voices
Robert Pollard – lead vocals, guitar
Doug Gillard – lead guitar
Nate Farley – rhythm guitar
Tim Tobias – bass
Jim Macpherson – drums
Additional musicians
David Soldier – string arrangements, violin
Tobin Sprout – piano
Elliott Smith – piano
Marlene Rice – violin
Technical
Rob Schnapf – mixing, producer
Doug Boehm – engineer, mixing
Julian Joyce – mixing
John Shough – engineer
Greg Di Gesu – assistant engineer
Don Tyler – mastering
References
Guided by Voices albums
2001 albums
Albums produced by Rob Schnapf |
4034071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%20Bauhinia%20Star | Gold Bauhinia Star | The Gold Bauhinia Star (, GBS) is the highest Bauhinia Star rank in the honours system of Hong Kong, created in 1997 to replace the British honours system of the Order of the British Empire after the transfer of sovereignty to People's Republic of China and the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). It is awarded to those who have given distinguished service to the community or rendered public or voluntary services of a very high degree of merit.
List of recipients
1998
Mr. WONG Wing-ping, Joseph, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. WOO Kwong-ching, Peter, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Mrs. FAN HSU Lai-tai, Rita, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. John Estmond STRICKLAND, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. HU Hung-lick, Henry, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. HUI Si-yan, Rafael, G.B.S., J.P.(Revoked in 2018)
Mr. Raymond CHOW, G.B.S.
The Honourable LAU Wong-fat, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. CHENG Hon-kwan, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. TSE Chi-wai, Daniel, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. KWONG Ki-chi, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LO Hong-sui, Vincent, G.B.S.
Miss TAM Wai-chu, Maria, G.B.S., J.P.
1999
The Honourable Mrs. FONG WONG Kut-man, Nellie, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LEE Tung-hai, Leo, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. TANG Hsiang-chien, Leo, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. SUEN Ming-yeung, Michael, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Mr. Justice John Barry MORTIMER, G.B.S.
The Honourable LEUNG Chun-ying, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable LEUNG Kam-chung, Antony, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. CHAN Cho Chak, John, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. WONG Hong-yuen, Peter, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. WONG Kin-lap, G.B.S.
The Honourable Mr. Justice LIU Tsz-ming, Benjamin, G.B.S.
Dr. the Honourable CH'IEN Kuo-fung, Raymond, G.B.S., J.P.
Mrs. FOK LO Shiu-ching, Katherine, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Mr. Justice Noel Plunkett POWER, G.B.S.
Mr. KWONG Hon-sang, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable TAM Yiu-chung, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. Ian George McCurdy WINGFIELD, G.B.S., J.P.
2000
The Honourable LEE Yeh-kwong, Charles, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable TANG Ying-yen, Henry, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable CHUNG, Shui-ming, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. WONG Shing-wah, Dominic, G.B.S., OBE, J.P.
Mr. LAM Woon-kwong, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LAN Hong-tsung, David, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Mr. Justice Gerald Paul NAZARETH, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor LI Kwok-cheung, Arthur, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor WOO Chia-wei, CBE, G.B.S., J.P.,
Dr. Hari Naroomal HARILELA, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. LEE Hon-chiu, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LEUNG Nai-pang, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. CHAN Wing-kee, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. CHAN Yau-hing, Robin, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. LAU Wah-sum, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. CHUNG Chi-yung, G.B.S.
Mr. Peter Dennis Antony SUTCH, G.B.S.
2001
Miss YUE Chung-yee, Denise, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. IP Shu-kwan, Stephen, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable TIEN Pei-chun, James, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. the Honourable David LI Kwok-po, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable LAU Hon-chuen, Ambrose, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Mr. Justice WONG Kin-chow, Michael, G.B.S.
Mr. YAM Chi-kwong, Joseph, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. George HO, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. Ronald Joseph ARCULLI, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. TSUI Tsin-tong, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. LEONG Che-hung, Edward, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. WONG Kin-hang, Philip, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. WU Wai-yung, Raymond, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LIU Lit-man, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LO Chung-wing, Victor, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. James Kerr FINDLAY, G.B.S.
Mr. HUI Ki-on, G.B.S.
Mr. CHENG Kar-shun, Henry, G.B.S.
Mr. Martin Gilbert BARROW, G.B.S.
Mr. TSE Sze-wing, Edmund, G.B.S.
2002
Mr. CHAU Tak-hay, G.B.S., J.P.
Mrs. YAM KWAN Pui-ying, Lily, G.B.S., J.P.
Mrs. IP LAU Suk-yee, Regina, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LEE Shing-see, G.B.S., J.P.
Mrs. CHOW LIANG Shuk-yee, Selina, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable TSANG Yok-sing, Jasper, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor CHANG, Hsin-kang, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor POON Chung-kwong, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor TAM Sheung-wai, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Mr. Justice WOO Kwok-hing, G.B.S.
Mr. Stuart Wreford HARBINSON, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. NG Wing-fui, Nicholas, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. HU Fa-kuang, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. CHAN Sui-kau, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor YOUNG Tse-tse, Rosie, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. CHENG Wai-kin, Edgar, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. Gordon SIU, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. CHENG CHANG Yung-tsung, Alice, G.B.S.
2003
Mr. TSANG Yam-pui, G.B.S.
The Honourable Mr. Justice LEONG Shiu-chung, Arthur, G.B.S.
Dr. the Honourable LI Ka-cheung, Eric, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. the Honourable WONG Yu-hong, Philip, G.B.S.
Professor CHEN Kwan-yiu, Edward, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. KUNG Ziang-mien, James, G.B.S.
Mrs. LAW FAN Chiu-fun, Fanny, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LAI Nin, Alan, G.B.S., J.P.
Mrs. LAM PEI Yu-dja, Peggy, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. LAM LEE Kiu-yue, Alice Piera, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. HUI Chi-ming, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. CHENG Mo-chi, Moses, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. LO Ka-shui, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Michael D. KADOORIE, G.B.S.
Dr. HO Hung-sun, Stanley, G.B.S.
Mr. YUAN Geng, G.B.S.
Mr. Simon Herbert MAYO, G.B.S.
Dr. FUNG Kwok-king, Victor, G.B.S.
Mr. FUNG Siu-por, Lawrence, G.B.S.
Mr. James Edward THOMPSON, G.B.S.
2004
The Honourable FOK Tsun-ting, Timothy, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable LAU Kin-yee, Miriam, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable IP Kwok-him, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. Haider Hatim Tyebjee BARMA, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. CHOW Yei-ching, G.B.S.
Sir WU Ying-sheung, Gordon, G.B.S.
Mr. LEUNG Po-wing, Bowen, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. FANG Hung, Kenneth, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. David Gordon ELDON, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. SZE Cho-cheung, Michael, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. YUEN Mo, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. Allan ZEMAN, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. CHOA Wing-sien, George, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. CHENG Wai-chee, Christopher, G.B.S., J.P.
Ms. YIP Wai-jane, G.B.S.
2005
The Honourable MA Lik, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor NG Ching-fai, G.B.S.
Dr. LUI Che-woo, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. YEOH Eng-kiong, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. YEUNG Kai-yin, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. CHENG Hoi-chuen, Vincent, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. Eric Charles BARNES, G.B.S.
2006
The Honourable Bernard Charnwut CHAN, G.B.S., J.P.
Ir. LO Yiu-ching, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. CHAU How-chen, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. YU Kwok-chun, G.B.S., J.P.
Ms. LEE Lai-kuen, Shelley, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. MONG Man-wai, William, G.B.S.
2007
The Honourable CHEUNG Kin-chung, Matthew, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Mrs.LEUNG LAU Yau-fun, Sophie, G.B.S., SBS, J.P.
The Most Venerable The Honourable KOK Kwong, G.B.S.
Mr. HO Sai-chu, G.B.S., SBS, J.P.
Dr. YU Sun-say, Jose, G.B.S., SBS, J.P.
Dr. HO Chi-ping, Patrick, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. LIAO Sau-tung, Sarah Mary, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LEE Ming-kwai, G.B.S.
The Most Reverend KWONG Kong-kit, Peter, G.B.S.
2008
The Honourable CHENG Yiu-tong, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable LIAO Cheung-sing, Andrew, G.B.S., SC, J.P.
Dr. the Honourable CHEUNG Kin-tung, Marvin, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. FONG Ching, Eddy, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LAM Chung-lun, Billy, G.B.S., J.P.
Mrs. LEUNG WONG Bei-fong, Sally, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. WONG Chi-yun, Allan, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. WU Ting-yuk, Anthony, G.B.S., J.P.
2009
The Honourable LAM Sui-lung, Stephen, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable LEE Siu-kwong, Ambrose, G.B.S., IDSM, J.P.
Dr. the Honourable CHOW Yat-ngok, York, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Mrs. CHA SHIH May-lung, Laura, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor the Honourable CHEUNG Bing-leung, Anthony, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable CHEUNG Hok-ming, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Mr. Justice Michael STUART-MOORE, G.B.S.
Mr. HO Chi-ming, Kevin, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. CHOI Chee-ming, Francis, G.B.S., J.P.
Ms. TAI Yuen-ying, Alice, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. WU James Tak, G.B.S.
Mr. MA Si-hang, Frederick, G.B.S.
2010
The Honourable TSANG Tak-sing, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Mrs LAM CHENG Yuet-ngor, Carrie, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable LEUNG Kwan-yuen, Andrew, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LEE, Kai-ming, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. CHOW Man-yiu, Paul, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. HUI Chun-fui, Victor, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. TAI Tak-fung, G.B.S., J.P.
Mrs. YAU TSANG Ka-lai, Carrie, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. CHEUNG Chun-yuen, Barry, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. CHAN Chun-yuen, Thomas, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. MAK Chai-kwong, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. Albert Jinghan CHENG, G.B.S., J.P.
2011
The Honourable YAU Tang-wah, Edward, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Eva CHENG, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor the Honourable LAU Juen-yee, Lawrence, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable WU Hung-yuk, Anna, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable LAM Kin-fung, Jeffrey, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor TSUI Lap-chee, G.B.S., J.P.
Ms. TING Yuk-chee, Christina, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. CHAN Tung, G.B.S., J.P.
Ms. CHENG Yeuk-wah, Teresa, G.B.S., SC, J.P.
Miss CHOI Ying-pik, Yvonne, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Mr. Justice Anthony Gordon ROGERS, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. SO Chak-kwong, Jack, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. TANG King-shing, G.B.S., PDSM
Mr. HUI Wing-mau, G.B.S.
The Honourable Mrs. Justice Doreen Maria LE PICHON, G.B.S.
Mrs. LAU NG Wai-lan, Rita, G.B.S.
2012
Professor the Honourable CHAN Ka-keung, Ceajer, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable SO Kam-leung, Gregory, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable TAM Chi-yuen, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. TONG Hin-ming, Timothy, G.B.S.
Mr. TANG Kwok-bun, Benjamin, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Mr. Justice Michael John HARTMANN, G.B.S.
Mr. CHAN Tak-lam, Norman, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor Gabriel M. LEUNG, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor LAU Siu-kai, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. CHEN Nan-lok, Philip, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. YEUNG Ka-sing, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. CHUNG Pui-lam, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. HO Suen-wai, Francis, G.B.S., J.P.
Ms. BIRCH LEE Suk-yee, Sandra, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor Felice LIEH-MAK, G.B.S., J.P.
Ir. Ronald James BLAKE, G.B.S., J.P.
2013
The Honourable SHEK Lai-him, Abraham, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. NG Sze-fuk, George, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LEE Chung-tak, Joseph, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor LEE Chack-fan, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor CHOW Wing-sun, Nelson, G.B.S., J.P.
Ms. YANG Mun-tak, Marjorie, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LEE Cho-jat, G.B.S.
The Honourable Sir Gerard BRENNAN, G.B.S.
Ms. CHAN Shuk-leung, G.B.S.
2014
The Honourable Mr. Justice Frank STOCK, G.B.S., J.P.
The Right Honourable the Lord HOFFMANN, G.B.S.
Miss AU King-chi, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. CHAN Chung-bun, Bunny, G.B.S., J.P.
Ir. Dr. WONG Kwok-keung, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. HUNG Chao-hong, Albert, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. LAW Chi-kwong, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. CHOI Koon-shum, Jonathan, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. Duncan Warren PESCOD, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. YOUNG Lap-moon, Raymond, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. WU Moon-hoi, Marco, G.B.S.
2015
The Honourable CHOW Chung-kong, G.B.S., J.P.
The Right Honourable the Lord MILLETT, G.B.S.
The Honourable CHEUNG Yu-yan, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. WONG Hung-chiu, Raymond, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. WONG Ying-wai, Wilfred, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. LEE Ka-kit, Peter, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. WAI Chi-sing, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LAM Shu-chit, G.B.S.
Mr. KAN Fook-yee, G.B.S.
Mr. TSANG Wai-hung, G.B.S., PDSM
Mr. KOO Joseph, G.B.S.
The Right Honourable the Lord WOOLF, G.B.S.
Dr. LAM Kin-ngok, Peter, G.B.S.
Mr. CHOI Park-lai, G.B.S.
2016
The Honourable LAI Tung-kwok, G.B.S., I.D.S.M., J.P.
The Honourable WONG Kam-sing, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable CHAN Mo-po, Paul, G.B.S., M.H., J.P.
The Honourable CHAN Kam-lam, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable FANG Kang, Vincent, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Mr Justice TO Kwai-fung, Anthony, G.B.S.
Mr. TUNG Chee-chen, G.B.S., J.P.
Ms. WONG Sean-yee, Anissa, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. YUEN Ming-fai, Richard, G.B.S., J.P.
Miss TAM Kam-lan, Annie, G.B.S., J.P.
Ms. KI Man-fung, Leonie, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. PANG Yiu-kai, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. YEUNG Chun-kam, Charles, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LIU Changle, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LO Man-tuen, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. Winfried ENGELBRECHT-BRESGES, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LAM Kwong-siu, G.B.S.
Mr. TANG Kwok-wai, Paul, G.B.S., J.P.
2017
The Honourable NG Hak-kim, Eddie, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. the Honourable KO Wing-man, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable CHEUNG Chi-kong, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable YANG Wei-hsiung, Nicholas, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable CHEUNG Wan-ching, Clement, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable SUI Wai-keung, Stephen, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable MA Siu-cheung, Eric, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. SUN Tak-kei, David, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable WONG Ting-kwong, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable CHAN Kin-por, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Mr. Justice FUNG Wah, Barnabas, G.B.S.
Mr. LAW Chi-kong, Joshua, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. SHIU Sin-por, G.B.S., J.P.
Miss HO Shuk-yee, Susie, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. NG Leung-ho, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor CHOW Chun-kay, Stephen, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. MA Ho-fai, G.B.S., J.P.
Ms. KAO Ching-chi, Sophia, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LAU Ping-cheung, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. LI Sau-hung, Eddy, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. WONG Yau-kar, David, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LAU Ming-wai, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. CHUNG Chi-ping, Roy, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. IP Sik-on, Simon, G.B.S., J.P.
Ms. LAM Shuk-yee, G.B.S.
2018
The Right Honourable the Lord NEUBERGER of Abbotsbury, G.B.S.
Mr. LIN Sun-mo, Willy, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. HON Chi-keung, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. FONG Yun-wah, Henry, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. Thomas Brian STEVENSON, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor YUEN Kwok-yung, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. Charles Nicholas BROOKE, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. CHENG Wai-sun, Edward, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. KUNG Lin-cheng, Leo, G.B.S., J.P.
The Honourable Mr. Justice Michael Victor LUNN, G.B.S.
2019
The Honourable LIAO Cheung-kong, Martin, G.B.S., J.P.
The Right Honourable the Lord WALKER of Gestingthorpe, G.B.S.
The Most Reverend Dr. KWONG Paul, G.B.S.
Mr. WONG Ho-yuen, Andrew, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. YING Yiu-hong, Stanley, G.B.S., J.P.
Mrs. LAI CHAN Chi-kuen, Marion, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. NG Sau-kei, Wilfred, G.B.S., MH, J.P.
Mr. TONG Carlson, G.B.S., J.P.
Professor LEONG Chi-yan, John, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. CHEN Cheng-jen, Clement, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. CHEUK Wing-hing, G.B.S., J.P.
2020
Mr. LO Wai-chung, Stephen, G.B.S., P.D.S.M., J.P.
The Honourable Mr. Justice Anthony Murray GLEESON, G.B.S.
The Honourable MA Fung-kwok, G.B.S., J.P.
Miss LAU Yin-wah, Emma, G.B.S., J.P.
Ms. TSE Man-yee, Elizabeth, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. CHOW Tat-ming, Thomas, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LAI Yee-tak, Joseph, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. TONG Chi-keung, Donald, G.B.S., J.P.
Ms. CHAN Yuen-han, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. PANG Cheung-wai, Thomas, G.B.S., J.P.
Dr. TAM Kam-kau, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. WONG Tung-shun, Peter, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. LAU, James Henry Jr., G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. KUNG Chun-lung, G.B.S., J.P.
Mr. NG Woon-yim, G.B.S., M.H.
References
External links
See also
Silver Bauhinia Star
Bronze Bauhinia Star
Orders, decorations, and medals of Hong Kong
Lists of Hong Kong people
Awards established in 1997 |
4034075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad%20Maule | Brad Maule | George Bradley Maule (born October 11, 1951) is an American actor best known for his role as Tony Jones on the American television serial General Hospital. He played the role from 1984 until February 2006.
Acting Roles
REDEARTH88 (Gregory Atkins - 2007)
General Hospital (Dr. Tony Jones, 1984 - February 10, 2006, November 2019)
7th Heaven (12 episodes, 2002–2005)
The Young and the Restless (Reverend Palmer, 2004)
Passions (Dr. Able, 2003)
Port Charles (Dr. Tony Jones - 1997, 1999, 2000)
Too Soon for Jeff (1996)
Buffalo Bill (1984)
Malibu (1983)
Three's Company (1981)
Charlie's Angels (1980–1981)
The Last Married Couple In America (1980)
Barbary Coast (1978)
References
External links
Interview with Brad Maule on (re)Search my Trash
1951 births
American male soap opera actors
Living people
People from Rotan, Texas
Stephen F. Austin State University alumni
Stephen F. Austin State University faculty |
4034076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberton%2C%20Prince%20Edward%20Island | Alberton, Prince Edward Island | Alberton is a Canadian town located in Prince County, Prince Edward Island. It is situated in the western part of the county in the township of Lot 5.
Alberton is a service centre for local fishing and farming communities, and is adjacent to the community and harbour of Northport.
History
The area was long settled by the Mi'kmaq Nation. Europeans first ventured to the area in 1534 when French explorer Jacques Cartier recorded making landfall at nearby Cape Kildare during his journey of discovery in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and St. Lawrence River. Acadians settled on the island in small numbers through the 17th and 18th centuries but only moved in greater numbers to the western part of Ile-Saint-Jean and specifically north of present-day Alberton to the Tignish area following their expulsion by British military forces in the late 1750s.
Following British victory over France, the island's sovereignty passed to Britain in 1763. In 1765, Captain Samuel Holland surveyed the island and the British government instituted a feudal system of land ownership. The township of Lot 5, which contains present-day Alberton, was granted to Edward Lewis, a British Member of Parliament in the 1767 land lottery.
Northport, located near present-day Alberton began to be settled in the 1780s after Lewis made plans for a small trading town called "Lewis Town". Located at Bury Head in Northport, it was established in June 1788 and was first populated by local Acadians who had escaped expulsion three decades before British settlements. Scottish and Devonshire settlers were brought in by Lewis to settle his township.
A local shipbuilding industry and lumber trade at Northport brought prosperity to the area throughout the 1800s, although this went into decline as more forested areas were lost to agriculture, on account of the excellent soils in the area.
Alberton started to take shape in the 1840s and underwent several name changes including Cross Roads, The Cross, and Stump Town. The nearby shipbuilding, lumber and shipping industries had resulted in developing a sustainable community which was a major trade centre in western Prince County. In 1862, it was named in honour of Albert Edward, the Prince of Wales, who later became King Edward VII and who had visited Prince Edward Island in 1860. The community was named Alberton on 27 June 1862.
Railways and other constructions
In 1872, the Prince Edward Island Railway was constructed, making the port at Northport, adjacent to Alberton, its western terminus. It connected Alberton with communities to the east such as O'Leary, Summerside, Charlottetown, Georgetown and Souris.
The western terminus was subsequently extended further from Alberton to Tignish in a sharp diversion just east of the Alberton passenger station, where a wye was constructed and a small railway yard, leading to the spur to Northport. Alberton went into its own terminus during this period, with various mills, manufacturing businesses, stores and services. The community became a village in 1878, and became home to a court house and justice centre for western Prince County that year.
Alberton became the centre of the worldwide silver fox industry when Charles Dalton and Robert Oulton began farming the fur-bearing animals on an island in the harbour at Northport in 1894, bringing tremendous prosperity to area residents and business owners. Despite a fire that devastated part of the town the following year, Alberton quickly reflected its growing economic importance of the village. The railway constructed a new passenger station designed by architect Charles Benjamin Chappell for Alberton in the early 1900s entirely out of stone, one of only two such stations on the island (the other being in Kensington).
The fox farming industry brought increased growth in the population and tax base for the community, which resulted in an upgrade from village status, becoming an incorporated town in May 1913. Silver fox farming remained profitable through the 1940s. Many distinctive houses in the community are a reminder of the fortunes that were made during this period.
The Western Hospital was constructed in 1945 and was the first hospital built west of Summerside. The public library opened in 1951, followed by the federal government building in 1962 and the Jacques Cartier Arena and a community museum in 1964. The Maplewood Manor nursing home opened in 1967.
Geography
Alberton is roughly halfway between Tignish and O'Leary, and is situated along the north shore of the island, fronting the open Gulf of St. Lawrence. It has a land area of approximately .
90 km : Confederation Bridge (to New Brunswick)
120 km : Charlottetown
66 km : Summerside
176 km : Wood Islands ferry (to Nova Scotia)
Climate
Alberton experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) similar to that of coastal Hokkaido, being somewhat less extreme due to the island condition and being surrounded by the Gulf of St Lawrence. The amount of rain recorded on a single day was 102 mm on 5 August 1989 and the daily record of snowfall was 56.1 cm on 15 December 2003. Although the odors associated with fishing and shipping, according to one 2008 report air quality agrees the criteria of regulatory projects of the same.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Alberton had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Economy
The majority of the Alberton work force is employed in the service sector, serving a surrounding population of 5000 residents in western Prince County.
Fishing
The fishing industry in the adjacent community of Northport is a significant economic activity, with landings by fishing boats totalling 3 million kilograms of species such as American lobster, mussels, snow crab, soft-shell clams, cod, herring, American plaice, mackerel, sea scallop, yellowtail, eel, winter flounder, smelt, rock crab, tomcod, silversides, porbeagle, and blue shark.
Source: 1996, DFO
Agriculture
The agriculture industry in areas surrounding Alberton is dominated by farmers growing potatoes that are used for table stock, French fries, potato chips or cooking, although a significant number of seed growers are in the area as well.
Education
In 2011 Holland College West Prince Campus opened the doors in a beautiful new facility located in the centre of Alberton. The town has private day care and publicly funded kindergarten facilities, as well as Alberton Elementary School (gr.1-6, 234 students). Students are also transported by bus to the more centrally located M.E. Callaghan School (gr. 7–9, 378 students) and Westisle Composite High School (gr. 10–12, 748 students), both being located in nearby communities.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Alberton is located on Route 12, which is part of the North Cape Coastal Drive. The town is several kilometers northeast of Route 2, the main provincial east–west secondary highway. Alberton Harbor in Northport is administered by the small craft harbors division of the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
Health care
Alberton is home to the Western Hospital which serves the area with 25 acute care beds and 2 palliative care beds. There is a pharmacy, and a 24-hour medical clinic located at the hospital. In addition, there is Maplewood Manor which is a long-term care facility, and the new Rev W.J. Phillips Residence which offers 25 units of enriched residential care.
Amenities
The town is in close proximity to three provincial parks: Mill River Provincial Park, Bloomfield Provincial Park, and Jacques Cartier Provincial Park. It is also located on the Confederation Trail for walking, running and bicycling in the summer.
The area offers opportunities for recreational fishing at Gallant's Pond, Arsenault's Pond, Blanchard's Pond, Gordon's Pond, Warren's Pond, Black
Pond, Leard's Pond, MacAusland's Pond, Livingstone's Pond, Mill River Bridge,
Cain's Brook, Miminegash River, Little Tignish River, the Old Dam Site on the
Mill River, the Trout River, and the Little and Big Pierre Jacques Rivers. Atlantic Salmon can also be fished (using a fly) in Leard's Pond and Trout River after the middle of June.
Historic Sites
The Alberton Court House was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1981. It has housed the Alberton Museum since 1980 and contains various displays from its collection pertaining to the area.
The town park contains a monument to the pioneers of silver fox farming, Robert Oulton and Charles Dalton.
Facilities
Facilities include:
Holland College West Prince Campus
Alberton Community Centre (bowling lanes, bingo,)
Alberton Elementary School
Alberton Library
Iron Haven Gym
Jacques Cartier Memorial Arena
Maplewood Manor
Stone Station Park
Prince County Exhibition Grounds
Town Community Room
Veterans Memorial Park
Western Community Curling Club
soccer field
two baseball diamonds
Events
The Prince County Exhibition is held every August and features livestock shows, exhibits, meals, racing, youth talent, strongman competition, and a midway.
Other events include the Alberton Day Festival, Canada Day .
Churches
Alberton has seven churches:
Alberton Baptist Church
Alberton Presbyterian Church
Apostolic Pentecostal
Gordon Memorial United Church Of Canada
Kingdom Hall Of Jehovah's Witness
Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church
St. Peter's Anglican Church
Media
The Journal Pioneer, a weekly newspaper published in Summerside, maintains its office for western Prince County in Alberton.
The West Prince Graphic is a weekly newspaper serving the western part of Prince County and is published locally.
A bi-weekly advertising
paper called the Penny Saver is published and distributed to all the residents of Western PEI.
Notable person
Joe O'Brien, Harness racing driver.
References
External links
Communities in Prince County, Prince Edward Island
Towns in Prince Edward Island
Populated coastal places in Canada
Populated places established in 1534
1534 establishments in the French colonial empire |
4034081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A2n%20Thomas | Siân Thomas | Siân Thomas (born 20 September 1953) is a British actress who trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama. She is known both for her work on stage and for her television and film appearances such as Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix in which she played Amelia Bones. Her voice is known to listeners both for her poetry readings on Radio 3 and for her audiobooks.
Career
Thomas played a prominent role in 1993 TV film Wide-Eyed and Legless, known as The Wedding Gift outside of the UK. Based on a true story, the drama tells of the author Deric Longden's (played by Jim Broadbent) final years of marriage to his first wife Diana (Julie Walters) in the early 1980s and her fight against an illness which doctors then did not understand, later believed to be a form of chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis. The film also featured Thora Hird as Deric Longden's mother Annie. Thomas played partially-sighted Aileen Armitage, the novelist who would become Longden's second wife in 1990.
In 2002 she appeared in London's West End theatre production Up for Grabs with Madonna. The critic Michael Billington commented that "Madonna is not positively bad: just technically awkward. But, fortunately, she is buttressed by strong supporting players. Sian Thomas, who can get a laugh simply through the flick of an eyelid, is superb as a Courtauld-trained consultant longing to get her revenge on the corporate world."
In 2004, Thomas played the leading role of Lady Macbeth in the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of Macbeth at Stratford-on-Avon. Billington wrote that "Sian Thomas was also born to play Lady Macbeth. She has the right mixture of attack, sexiness and emotional drive", adding that she gave Shakespeare's sometimes complex lines exactly the right stress to bring out the subtle antitheses. He noted, too, that she brought out the character's steadily growing "tactical and emotional isolation".
In the musical Spring Awakening in London in 2009, she and Richard Cordery played "all the adult roles with cartoon-like aplomb".
In 2010, Thomas played the leading role of the queen in the National Theatre Wales's production of Aeschylus's The Persians, described by The Guardian as "a tremendous performance as the queen, a woman of fiery splendour reduced to ululating agony as the disasters mount and she cries 'this is the peak of my misery'."
In 2011, she played the leading lady Martha in the Northern Stage and Sheffield theatres co-production of Edward Albee's play Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?. The critic Clare Brennan commented that she and the leading man Jasper Britton "seize the parts for their own", as Thomas's Martha "part praying mantis, part puppet, jerks around the stage as if impelled by forces trying to rip free from her control – despair, grief and rage."
From 2012 she appeared as Atorloppe in the BBC's Merlin series.
Thomas has read poetry for the BBC Radio 3 programme Words and Music. She has also been employed on several audiobooks including Allison Pearson's I Think I Love You and Marina Lewycka's A Short History of Tractors in Ukrainian.
Family
Thomas spent part of her childhood living in Canada. She is the sister of the actress Sara Mair-Thomas. Her partner is the British poet Tony Harrison.
Partial filmography
Prick Up Your Ears (1987) - Marilyn Orton
Erik the Viking (1989) - Thorhild the Sarcastic
Vanity Fair (2004) - Lady Darlington
Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006) - Madame Gaillard
The Ruby in the Smoke (2006) - Mrs. Rees
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) - Amelia Bones
War Machine (2017) - Secretary of State Edith May
Finding Your Feet (2018) - Lilly
References
External links
1953 births
Welsh film actresses
Welsh television actresses
Welsh stage actresses
Living people
Audiobook narrators
Alumni of the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama
People from Stratford-upon-Avon
Welsh expatriates in Canada
21st-century Welsh actresses
20th-century Welsh actresses |
4034085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term%20sheet | Term sheet | A term sheet is a bullet-point document outlining the material terms and conditions of a potential business agreement, establishing the basis for future negotiations between a seller and buyer. It is usually the first documented evidence of possible acquisition. It may be either binding or non-binding.
After a term sheet has been "executed", it guides legal counsel in the preparation of a proposed "final agreement". It then guides, but is not necessarily binding, as the signatories negotiate, usually with legal counsel, the final terms of their agreement.
Term sheets are very similar to "letters of intent" (LOI) in that they are both preliminary, mostly non-binding documents meant to record two or more parties' intentions to enter into a future agreement based on specified (but incomplete or preliminary) terms. The difference between the two is slight and mostly a matter of style: an LOI is typically written in letter form and focuses on the parties' intentions; a term sheet skips most of the formalities and lists deal terms in bullet-point or similar format. There is an implication that an LOI only refers to the final form. A term sheet may be a proposal, not an agreed-to document.
Venture capital financing
Within the context of venture capital financing, a term sheet typically includes conditions for financing a startup company. The key offering terms in such a term sheet include (a) amount raised, (b) price per share, (c) pre-money valuation, (d) liquidation preference, (e) voting rights, (f) anti-dilution provisions, and (g) registration rights.
It is customary to begin the negotiation of a venture investment with the circulation of a term sheet, which is a summary of the terms the proposer (the issuer, the investor, or an intermediary) is prepared to accept. The term sheet is analogous to a letter of intent, a nonbinding outline of the principal points which the stock purchase agreement and related agreements will cover in detail.
The advantage of the abbreviated term sheet format is, first, that it expedites the process. Experienced counsel immediately know generally what is meant when the term sheet specifies "one demand registration at the issuer's expense, unlimited piggybacks at the issuer's expense, weighted average antidilution"; it saves time not to have to spell out the long-form edition of those references. Second, since the term sheet does not propose to be an agreement of any sort, it is less likely that a court will find unexpected promissory content; a "letter of intent" can be a dangerous document unless it specifies very clearly, as it should, which portions are meant to be binding and which merely guide the discussion and drafting. Some portions of a term sheet can have binding effect, of course, if and to the extent an interlocutory memorialization is needed of some binding promises, that is, confidentiality of the disclosures made in the negotiation. The summary format of a term sheet, however, makes it less likely that any party will be misled into thinking that some form of enforceable agreement has been memorialized when it has not.
Some important terms to founders and venture capitalists:
Return - Valuation/ Dilution: One of the most important terms for founders is valuation; whether the evaluation is high or not tells the entrepreneurs whether or not the investor is credible. Also, option pools are part of the evaluation and usually founders have the power to negotiate option pool, they shouldn’t get greedy and should present a strong case. This term is important since option pool can lower the effective valuation.
Control - BOD: A very common and usual arrangement is a board of three directors, one from investor and two from founders (for motivational purposes).
Liquidation Preferences: This represents how much the founders will receive in an event of company sale etc. Thus it is very important as the ultimate goal is to make returns. Terms represented by CRV seem normal and acceptable.
Founder vesting: This plays a major role in motivating the founders
Voting rights: Voting rights are very important to the investor in this case for them to demand rights of whether to accept or reject actions taken by the founders such as sale, additional financing and other matters that should be approved by a certain percentage of Series A Preferred stockholders (the VC).
Co-Sale Terms: If one of the common shareholders were to sell his/her shares, partially or completely, they should include the investors, or drag them along with the sale and sell part of theirs. This is very crucial to the investor.
References
External links
MaRS Term sheet template (angel or venture capital investors)
Legal documents |
4034087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Chien | Raymond Chien | Raymond Ch'ien Kuo-fung GBS CBE JP (, born 26 January 1952 in Tokyo, Japan) Raymond Ch'ien, is a Hong Kong businessman and former politician. "Ch'ien Kuo-fung" literally translates to "money + fruit + abundance" in Chinese.
Career
He is director of The Wharf Ltd. and HSBC; former non-executive chairman of MTR Corporation Limited until 2015 and chairman of CDC Corporation. He was a director of HSBC Holdings until 2007, when he became Chairman of Hang Seng Bank.
He chairs the Advisory Committee on Corruption of the Independent Commission Against Corruption and the Chairman of the Hong Kong/European Union Business Cooperation Committee, and is a Hong Kong member of the APEC Business Advisory Council. He was also a member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong from 1992 to June 2002 under both British Administration and HKSAR. He was the chairman of St Stephen's College Council.
In January 2013, he was re-appointed MTR Corporation Chairman. He held this position until December 2015.
Honours
He was appointed the Justice of the Peace in 1993; named Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1994 and awarded the Gold Bauhinia Star Medal in 1999.
References
External link
http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/investrelation/governance.php
1952 births
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Executive Council of Hong Kong
Hong Kong bankers
Hong Kong chief executives
Hang Seng Bank
HSBC people
Living people
MTR Corporation
The Wharf (Holdings)
Recipients of the Gold Bauhinia Star
Politicians from Tokyo
Members of the Selection Committee of Hong Kong
China Resources people |
4034091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%20the%20Collapse | Do the Collapse | Do the Collapse is the 11th album by Dayton, Ohio indie rock group Guided by Voices. In contrast with their lo-fi reputation, the album features glossy production work from Ric Ocasek, which drew a mixed reception from critics and fans. "Hold On Hope" was covered by country singer Glen Campbell on his 61st album Ghost on the Canvas in 2011. In his introduction to James Greer's book Guided by Voices: A Brief History: Twenty-One Years of Hunting Accidents in the Forests of Rock and Roll, Academy Award-winning film maker Steven Soderbergh referenced the album stating "that album Ric Ocasek produced was terrific."
Critical reception
AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave a negative review, giving the album 2 stars of 5. He criticized the album for having similar compositions of past releases despite major production differences, and considered the band to be lost musically speaking. He also believed the production didn't work with the tracks and resulted in the band creating an "overblown" sound which contrasted negatively with their indie aesthetics. Conversely, in a warmer review for NME, the album was praised as a “timeless, seamless, psychedelic folk-rock soul-quaver perfection to fall in love with life to”.
Accolades
The track "Teenage FBI" was named the 160th on the "500 Greatest Modern Rock Song of All Time" by 97X in 2006.
In popular culture
featured on the soundtrack to the Buffy the Vampire Slayer TV-series.
featured on NCAA Football 2006.
featured on the Scrubs episode "My Occurrence"
featured on the 2000 film Attraction.
Track listing
"Teenage FBI" – 2:53
"Zoo Pie" – 2:18
"Things I Will Keep" – 2:25
"Hold on Hope" – 3:31
"In Stitches" – 3:39
"Dragons Awake!" – 2:08
"Surgical Focus" – 3:48
"Optical Hopscotch" – 3:01
"Mushroom Art" – 1:47
"Much Better Mr. Buckles" – 2:24
"Wormhole" – 2:33
"Strumpet Eye" – 1:58
"Liquid Indian" – 3:38
"Wrecking Now" – 2:33
"Picture Me Big Time" – 4:01
"An Unmarketed Product" – 1:08
Personnel
Guided by Voices
Robert Pollard – lead vocals, guitar
Doug Gillard – guitar, keyboard, backing vocals
Greg Demos – bass guitar
Jim Macpherson – drums
Additional musicians
Ariane Lallemand – cello
Dylan Williams – viola
David Soldier – string arrangements, violin
Ric Ocasek – keyboards
Brian Sperber – keyboards
Technical
Ric Ocasek – production, mixing, engineering
Brian Sperber – engineer, mixing
George Marino – mastering
References
1999 albums
Guided by Voices albums
Albums produced by Ric Ocasek |
4034093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Dulov | Alexander Dulov | Alexander Andreevich Dulov (; May 15, 1931, Moscow — November 15, 2007) was a Soviet and Russian poet, songwriter, bard, and chemist.
Biography
Alexander Dulov graduated from Moscow State University with a specialization in Chemistry and worked at the Russian Academy of Science Institute of Organic Chemistry. Dulov started to write songs in the early 1950s. He has written more than 200 songs over his career. A few of his songs were written based on his own poetry, but the majority used the poetry of other authors such as Sasha Cherny, Vladislav Khodasevich, Konstantin Bal'mont, Vasily Kurochkin, Nikolay Gumilev, Nikolay Rubtsov, Anna Kipner, Varlam Shalamov, Daniil Andreev, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Igor Irtenyev, Alexander Kushner, and others. Alexander Dulov died on November 15, 2007.
Publications
Александр Дулов. А музыке нас птицы научили. М., Вагант, 2001.
Discography
Ариозо неглупца (2000)
Дорога в дождь (1999)
Три сосны (2000)
Наш разговор
1931 births
2007 deaths
Moscow State University alumni
Russian chemists
Soviet chemists
20th-century chemists
Russian bards
Russian male poets
Soviet male singer-songwriters
20th-century Russian singers
20th-century Russian male singers |
4034108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encore%20Books | Encore Books | Encore Books was a regional chain of bookstores based in the eastern United States until its closure in 1999.
Founding
Encore Books was started by David Schlessinger, who went on to found the Zany Brainy and Five Below retail chains. It enjoyed a prosperous early life and was sold to the Rite Aid Corporation, which later spun the company off.
Troubles
By the time of its closure, the 50 Encore Books locations were owned by Lauriat's, a 127-year-old company based in Canton, Massachusetts. Problems were legion in the company's final years. A leveraged buyout, rapid expansion, and difficulty working with publishers due to competition from Borders and Barnes & Noble had forced the company into bankruptcy. Lauriat's had already gone through a round of store closings by the time the closure of the entire chain was announced. In 1999, the company closed the 71 stores that operated under the Lauriat's, Book Corner and Encore names.
Stores
Most Encore Books locations were small operations, similar to the B. Dalton and Waldenbooks stores popular in the 1970s and 1980s. However, the company operated two large stores, dubbed Encore Books and Music—complete with a music section, plush chairs, and a coffee shop—in Princeton, New Jersey, and Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. Its two other largest stores operated in State College, Pennsylvania, and Middletown, New York. It operated a smaller, but very successful store on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia throughout the 1970s and 1980s.
References
Minzesheimer, Bob, "Even small chains are swallowed in battle of the bookstore giants," USA Today, August 12, 1999.
Rulison, Larry, "Cohn closes on fund for Five Below chain," Philadelphia Business Journal, October 10, 2003.
http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/2003/10/13/newscolumn1.html
"Lauriat's bookstore chain to close, liquidate inventory," The Associated Press, June 11, 1999.
Defunct retail companies of the United States
Retail companies disestablished in 1999
Bookstores in Massachusetts
Defunct companies based in Massachusetts |
4034111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte%20Acton | Brigitte Acton | Brigitte Acton (born November 30, 1985) is a Canadian alpine skier. Acton competed at the 2006 Winter Games, where she finished 11th in the giant slalom, 17th in the slalom, and 10th in the combined. She also competed at the 2010 Winter Games.
She finished first in Slalom in the 2006 Canadian National Championships, second in Giant Slalom and seventh in Super G.
Personal life
Acton's mother, Diane Pratte, competed in the 1972 Olympics in Sapporo, Japan. Acton's father, Gordon Acton was a member of the Canadian National Ski Team, as well as her sister Lise-Marie, uncles Raymond and Michel Pratte and aunt Claude Pratte.
On September 3, 2010, Acton married NHL goaltender Mike Smith. They have four children.
References
External links
Recent race results
Olympic.ca
1985 births
Living people
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Canadian female alpine skiers
Canadian people of English descent
Olympic alpine skiers of Canada
Sportspeople from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
Skiing people from Ontario |
4034135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Dictator | Digital Dictator | Digital Dictator is the second studio album by the American heavy metal band Vicious Rumors, released in 1988 through Shrapnel Records (United States) and Roadrunner Records (Europe); a remastered edition was reissued in 2009.
Track listing
Personnel
Vicious Rumors
Carl Albert – lead vocals
Geoff Thorpe – guitar, background vocals
Mark McGee – guitar, mandolin, background vocals
Dave Starr – bass, background vocals
Larry Howe – drums, background vocals
Additional musicians
John Lavaysse – background vocals
Dino Alden – background vocals, assistant engineer
Production
Dave Starr – mixing
Dino Alden – engineer (assistant)
Guy Aitchison – cover art
Steve Pollutro – logo
George Horn – mastering at Fantasy Studios, Berkeley, California
Rocky Ball – photography
Geoff Thorpe – cover concept, mixing, producer
Mark McGee – mixing
Doug Troxell – photography, production manager, sleeve design
Steve Fontano – producer, engineer, mixing
Rick Likong – photography
John Umphrey – photography
Stephanie Ball – photography
Tim Gennert – remastering (reissue)
References
Vicious Rumors albums
1987 albums
Shrapnel Records albums
Roadrunner Records albums |
4034142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin%20Grove%20Teachers%20College | Kelvin Grove Teachers College | Kelvin Grove Teachers' College was established in 1961 to provide courses in primary and secondary teacher education from its predecessor the Queensland Teachers' Training College.
The Queensland Teachers' Training College was established in 1914 with 25 enrolments. In 1923 the college moved to the "old" Trades Hall on the corner of Edward and Turbot Streets in Brisbane, where it remained until January 1942. The following month, the College moved to the campus of the North Brisbane Intermediate School at Kelvin Grove, when it had an enrolment of 676 students, most in its primary teaching course. At that time the student population also included 72 mature-aged students recruited to meet the shortage of teachers due to war-time exigencies.
The College subsequently underwent a series of name changes, initially to the Senior Teachers' Training College (1944), and then to the Queensland Teachers' College (1950), Kelvin Grove Teachers' College (1961), Kelvin Grove College of Teacher Education (1974), Kelvin Grove College of Advanced Education (1976), Kelvin Grove Campus of the Brisbane College of Advanced Education (1982), and Kelvin Grove Campus of the Queensland University of Technology (1990).
Notable alumni
Fran Bailey
Major General Michael Fairweather, AM
Alan Jones
Laurie Lawrence, former Australian Olympic swimming coach and Rugby Union international.
References
Teachers colleges in Australia
Colleges of Advanced Education |
4034167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Baldwin%2C%203rd%20Earl%20Baldwin%20of%20Bewdley | Arthur Baldwin, 3rd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley | Arthur Windham Baldwin, 3rd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley (22 March 1904 – 5 July 1976) was a British businessman, RAF officer, and author. His books included a combative defence of the posthumous reputation of his father, Stanley Baldwin, the former prime minister of the UK, in which he severely criticised several leading historians of the time.
Early life
Baldwin was the younger son of Stanley Baldwin, later 1st Earl of Baldwin of Bewdley, and his wife, Lucy, . He was known to his family and friends by the nickname "Bloggs".
He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.
Career
In the inter-war years Baldwin was a director of several companies, including the Round Oak Steel Works, Redpath, Brown, and the Great Western Railway, and between 1938 and 1974 he was a director of the Equitable Life Assurance Society. He served in the Royal Air Force during World War II. Despising patronage, he successfully set out to gain a commission through the ranks.
Baldwin published three books in the 1950s and 60s. The first was a biography of his father, written as a result of his strong feeling that the official biography by G. M. Young did not do Stanley Baldwin justice. Baldwin strongly criticised not only Young, but other historians, including John Wheeler-Bennett, D. C. Somervell and Sir Lewis Namier for, in his view, misjudging the former prime minister. His second book, The Macdonald Sisters was a study of the four daughters of the Rev G. B. Macdonald: Alice married Rudyard Kipling's father; Georgiana married Edward Burne-Jones; Agnes married Edward Poynter; and Louisa married Alfred Baldwin, Windham's paternal grandfather. In 1967 he published a memoir of his wartime experiences. The reviewer in The Times, commented, "He tells it all with amusement and skill … the atmosphere of the RAF seeps unmistakably through."
Peerage
On 10 August 1958, on the death of the second earl, his elder brother, Oliver, Baldwin succeeded to the United Kingdom titles of Earl Baldwin of Bewdley and Viscount Corvedale. He spoke in the House of Lords from time to time, mostly on the subjects of transport and industry.
Personal life
On 25 August 1936, Baldwin was married to Joan Elspeth Tomes, daughter of Charles Alexander Tomes, merchant in the Far East with Shewan, Tomes & Co. They had one child:
Edward Alfred Alexander Baldwin, 4th Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, (3 January 1938 – 16 June 2021)
The 3rd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley died on 5 July 1976, aged 72. The Countess Baldwin of Bewdley died in 1980.
Arms
Works
Notes, references and sources
Notes
References
Sources
1904 births
1976 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Children of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Earls Baldwin of Bewdley
Royal Air Force officers
English biographers
English autobiographers |
4034168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily%20Brydon | Emily Brydon | Emily Brydon (born April 21, 1980, in Fernie, British Columbia) is a Canadian former alpine skier. She reached the podium on the World Cup circuit nine times—five in downhill, three in super G, and one in combined—and won once, a super G in 2008 in St. Moritz. She competed in the 2006 Winter Olympics. Her coaches were Heinzpeter Platter, Rob Boyd, and Brett Zagozewski. She also competed in the 2010 Winter Olympics but fell and did not finish.
References
External links
Profile at Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics
1980 births
Living people
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Canadian female alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers of Canada
People from Fernie, British Columbia
Sportspeople from British Columbia
20th-century Canadian women
21st-century Canadian women |
4034197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Jong-seok%20%28politician%29 | Lee Jong-seok (politician) | Lee Jong-seok (born May 11, 1958) is a former South Korean Minister of Unification and chairman of the National Security Council, having succeeded Chung Dong-young on February 10, 2006. His appointment was controversial as certain lawmakers wanted to separate the two posts, while others were troubled by questions raised during his confirmation hearings over his apparent failure to properly brief President Roh Moo-hyun. Prior to his appointment, he had been the council's deputy chief.
He was a member of the ruling Uri Party. A graduate of Sungkyunkwan University who spent most of his career as an academic, he authored the 2000 book "Understanding Contemporary North Korea". He is widely seen as an important behind-the-scenes figure in South Korea's neutralist realignment in foreign policy between the United States and North Korea, working on the Sunshine Policy and accompanying Kim Dae-jung to the North Korean summit meeting in 2000.
Lee is now a senior researcher at the Sejong Institute in the southern Seoul suburb of Seongnam, Gyeonggi Province.
External links
"Roh Appoints Ministers Over Lawmakers' Objections", The Chosun Ilbo, February 10, 2006.
"Official and Unofficial Scrutiny of a Minister-to-Be", The Chosun Ilbo, February 6, 2006.
"New policymaker for North preceded by his reputation", The Joongang Daily, January 14, 2006.
Living people
Sungkyunkwan University alumni
Government ministers of South Korea
1958 births
People from Gyeonggi Province
Experts on North Korea |
4034209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNZS%20Monowai | HMNZS Monowai | The name HMNZS Monowai may apply to the following ships of the Royal New Zealand Navy:
, an armed merchant cruiser commissioned 1940–1943
, a hydrographic survey vessel commissioned 1977–1997
Royal New Zealand Navy ship names |
4034222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teruo%20Yajima | Teruo Yajima | was a Japanese writer.
He was born and raised in Tokyo, and studied French literature at Waseda University. After dropping out of university, he worked as an editor of Weekly Manga Action. As a disciple of Takaaki Yoshimoto, he wrote for Yoshimoto's magazine "Shikô (試行: Trial)". In the 1970s, his novel "Mô hitotsu no seikatsu (Another Life)" was nominated for The Akutagawa Prize. William Faulkner and Oe Kenzaburo had a big influence on his novels.
1999 deaths
1939 births
Japanese writers |
4034239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil%20Na%27od | Dil Na'od | Dil Na'od was the last King of Aksum before the Zagwe dynasty. He lived in either the 9th or 10th century. Dil Na'od was the younger son of Ged'a Jan (or Degna Djan), and succeeded his older brother 'Anbasa Wedem as negus. According to E. A. Wallis Budge, "The reign of Delna'ad was short, perhaps about ten years." However, James Bruce has recorded another tradition, that Dil Na'od was an infant when Gudit slaughtered the princes imprisoned at Debre Damo, his relatives, and forced some of his nobles to take him out of his kingdom to save his life.
Dil Na'od is recorded as both campaigning in the Ethiopian Highlands south of Axum, and sending missionaries into that region. With Abuna Salama I, he helped to build the church of Debre Igziabher overlooking Lake Hayq.
According to one tradition, he was defeated by Mara Takla Haymanot, a prince from Lasta province, who married Dil Na'od's daughter, Masaba Warq. According to tradition, a son of Dil Na'od was carried to Amhara, where he was harbored until his descendants overthrew the Zagwe, and re-established the Solomonic dynasty.
Dil'Naod is credited with building and establishing the original structures for both the church of Debre Egzi-'abhēr & Istifanos Monastery at Lake Hayq.
References
External links
This article was previously published in B. Michael, S. Chojnacki and R. Pankhurst (eds.), The Dictionary of Ethiopian Biography, Vol. 1: From Early Times to the End of the Zagwé Dynasty c. 1270 A.D (Addis Ababa, 1975).
Kings of Axum
10th-century monarchs in Africa |
4034241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve%20Bank%20of%20Fiji | Reserve Bank of Fiji | The Reserve Bank of Fiji (RBF) is the central bank of the Pacific island country of Fiji. The responsibilities of the RBF include issue of currency, control of money supply, currency exchange, monetary stability, promotion of sound finances, and fostering economic development.
The current Governor of the Bank is Faizul Ariff Ali.
The Bank is the only institution that is permitted to issue Fijian dollars and put them into circulation.
Statutory responsibilities
The functions, powers, and responsibilities of the Bank are specified in the Reserve Bank of Fiji Act, 1983. The principal purposes of the Bank as stated in Part ll, Section 4 of the Reserve Bank Act are as follows:
Departments and functions
The Bank has four main departments – economics, financial markets, financial institutions and currency and corporate services. The key roles of each department are as follows:
Economics
The Economics department's main responsibility is to conduct economic analysis and provide advice on the formulation of monetary policy. Some of the key tasks performed by the department are as follows:
Monitoring economic and financial developments and providing advice on appropriate monetary policy settings in Fiji;
Undertaking research and preparing economic forecasts;
Writing and co-ordinating the Bank's publications; and
Co-ordinating economic policy with relevant authorities.
Financial Markets
The Financial Markets department has the primary responsibility for implementing monetary policy, managing Fiji's foreign reserves and providing banking services to the Government. It also handles foreign exchange regulation and control as well as exchange rates. Its key functions include:
Conducting open market operations to achieve operational monetary policy targets;
Managing Fiji's foreign reserves;
Maintaining appropriate exchange rate arrangements;
Acting as a fiscal agent of the Fiji Government and registrar for debt instruments issued by the Fiji Government. This function has also been extended to a number of statutory corporations;
Providing banking services to Government and commercial banks; and
Administering exchange controls to monitor and regulate capital flows through the banking system.
Financial Institutions
The Financial Institutions department's major objective is to maintain a sound market-based financial system through prudential supervision of licensed financial institutions and the insurance industry. Key areas of duties include:
Regularly reviewing international developments in the area of financial system supervision and payment system structure and their impact on the supervisory arrangements in Fiji;
Supervising licensed financial institutions and maintaining confidence by minimising detriments to the interests of depositors and policyholders;
Processing applications for those wishing to become licensed banks, credit institutions, insurers, brokers and agents; and
Ensuring that prudential policies and guidelines are up to date and that licensed institutions conform to these standard requirements.
Currency and Corporate Services
The Currency and Corporate Services department has primary responsibility for currency issue and internal administration of the Bank, including financial reporting and human resources management. Its key areas of work include:
Ensuring availability and supply of good quality currency;
Ensuring that the Bank has a qualified and trained workforce to meet the output requirements;
Providing support services to other departments in the Bank; and
Ensuring that the financial accounts of the Bank are prepared in a timely manner.
Other activities
The Bank is also active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion. It is also one of the original 17 regulatory institutions to make specific national commitments to financial inclusion under the Maya Declaration during the 2011 Global Policy Forum held in Mexico.
Governors
General Managers of the Central Monetary Authority of Fiji 1973-1983
1973-1974: Ian Craik
1974-1977: R J A Earland
1977-1980: H J Tomkins
1980-1983: Savenaca Siwatibau
Governors of the Reserve Bank of Fiji since 1983
1983-1988: Savenaca Siwatibau
1988-2000: Ratu Jone Kubuabola
2000-2009: Savenaca Narube
2009-2010: Sada Reddy
2010-2017: Barry Whiteside
2017-: Faizul Ariff Ali
Reserve Bank of Fiji building
The Reserve Bank of Fiji Building is in Suva, Fiji and was Fiji's first skyscraper and the tallest building in Fiji. The fourteen storey building was commissioned in the late 1970s and completed in 1984.
References
External links
Reserve Bank of Fiji official site
Reserve bank building data sheet
Architect's page on reserve bank
Government buildings completed in 1984
Fiji
Reserve Bank building
Skyscraper office buildings
Buildings and structures in Suva
1984 establishments in Fiji |
4034243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole%20Camondo | École Camondo | The École Camondo is a five-year private school of product design and interior architecture located in Paris, France, which was created in 1944 and was recognized by the French Ministry of Education in 1989. It is named after the Camondo family, a European family of Jewish financiers and philanthropists.
School Profile
École Camondo, located in Paris, France, is a well-known private higher education institution, established in October 1944. It is the top interior architecture design school in France and is considered by professionals as the best interior design school. One of the Schools of Architecture and Product Design. The school has trained famous designers such as philippe starck[1], Pierre Paulin[2]...
Teaching Construction
The Camondo School of Design belongs to the French decoration organization MAD (Musée Arts décoratifs), which is composed of the French Decoration Museum, the Camon Donisi Museum, the Carrousel Studio, and the Camondo School of Design. It is one of the few in Europe that is supported by a museum. School. The duration of schooling is five years, and the postgraduate graduation is the RNCP Level I Diploma. The school offers a unique curriculum that builds on a specific education in interior architecture and design, developing students' creativity and individuality with artistic methods, sociology, anthropology, semiotics...
Academic Research
For nearly 70 years, the Camondo School has been training designers who envision interior and exterior living environments, individual and collective functions and desired uses and experiences of spaces. This is leading in the field of national and international higher education as it provides students with the critical flexibility to train to adapt to changing careers due to the intersection of interior architecture and design.[3]
Camondo School provides education and training relevant to professional fields and contemporary society. Partners engage in intensive dialogue between professionals and students. In the realm of pragmatic and creative experimentation, they pose practical problems and provide companies with rational and innovative solutions through the practice of project study groups, high-intensity studios and cross-curriculum.
Since 1988, the academy has been located at 266 Avenue Raspail in Paris, built by architect Cuno Brullmann, opposite the Cartier Foundation for Contemporary Art.
Research Area
École Boulle École Boulle is one of the top arts and crafts schools in France and Europe and one of the largest design arts schools in Europe. Named after André-Charles Boulle, a famous furniture maker in the 17th century, the famous Boulle Advanced Decorative Arts Academy in France is a school famous for furniture design education. It was founded in 1886 and is located in the 12th district of Paris. This school gives me the feeling that the scale is large in design schools, and the majors include applied art, product design, furniture making, jewelry design and space design. Due to historical reasons, this school attaches great importance to craftsmanship, and there are many workshops like factories inside the school. The most interesting part of the open day is to see the various equipment in their workshop. They will show how different tools are used, and at the same time, they will display industrial products and artworks produced and processed by different processes.
The diploma offered by the school is DNMADE - Diplôme National des Métiers d’Art et du Design, which roughly translates to the National Diploma of Arts and Crafts and Design.[4] The professional direction is divided into two categories: Métiers d’Art and Design. The only three-year undergraduate training in the craft direction is the first year of basic knowledge, the second year of in-depth study, and the third year of professional development. It is subdivided into six majors: Craft in Heritage Conservation, Craft Materials Science and Innovation, Craft and Decoration, Craft and Space, Craft and Activity, and Craft and Social Innovation. Students of each major must choose one of the thirteen workshops to do the project from start to finish, and the assessment method is mainly based on project assessment. Optional workshops include jewelry art, metal carving, decorative finishing, joinery, model carving, decorative carving, model making, wood carving, tapestry and more. The Design track offers both undergraduate and postgraduate study. Three years for undergraduate and two years for postgraduate. The direction is subdivided into space design, product design and festival place design.
Advantage Professional
An entrance exam is required for undergraduate applications, and a school interview is required for graduate applications. Entrance needs to provide French scores, and the class is also a pure French environment. All in all, this is a craftsman school that values the combination of craftsmanship and design. If you are interested in the various production processes of the French tradition, this will be the best choice! École Camondo École Camondo, the main campus is located in the 14th district of Paris. It was established in October 1944. The school is surrounded by Haussmann-style buildings, next to the private school of architecture called École Spécialed'architecture, opposite the Cartier designed by Jean Nouvel The Foundation, officially introduced as the top interior architecture design school in France, is regarded by professionals as one of the best interior design and architecture schools. Since 2019, the Toulon campus has been newly opened. On the coast of the famous French Riviera, it can be accompanied by the Atlantic Ocean day and night. Well-known alumni include designer Philippe Starck, Pierre Paulin…
It is particularly worth mentioning that the Camondo Design Academy belongs to the French decoration group MAD (Musée Arts décoratifs), which also owns the French Decoration Museum, the Camon Donisi Museum, the carrousel studio and other institutions. It is one of the few museums in Europe to receive support from the museum 's school. Students will get a pass from MAD and can freely enter and exit other institutions of the group. In addition to a lot of furniture collections, the Camondonisi Museum will also provide students with some elective courses related to it. [3]
The frequency of school lectures and open classes is very high. At the beginning of the semester, there will be a two-day special lecture day. Experts, designers and artists in different fields are invited to share, which ensures enough and good knowledge intake. The school attaches great importance to the cultivation of art and creativity.[5] There are courses close to pure art in both compulsory and elective courses to fully stimulate the imagination. We attach great importance to the integrity of design. In addition to the design of the space itself, the biggest project of each semester has teachers to guide the layout, font design, printing and exhibition design. Every part of a project will be designed, and during the semester, there will be a visit to the printing factory to see directly how the paper processed by different processes is processed. When the exhibition is set up, students will carry various toolboxes and materials for on-site work, and use tools to build booths and prepare brochures just like preparing works of art.
Notable former students
Pierre Paulin, designer
Patrick Bouchain, architect
Jean-Michel Wilmotte, architect, urban designer
Patrick Rubin, architect
Jacques Grange, interior designer
Philippe Starck, designer
Tran Nu Yen Khe, Vietnamese-born French actress
Robert Couturier, interior architect
Reference
[1] https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B
[2] https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0
[3] https://www.ecolecamondo.fr/en/formation/programmes-pedagogiques/
[4] https://www.ecolecamondo.fr/en/vie-etudiante/les-echanges-academiques/
[5] https://www.ecolecamondo.fr/en/
[6] https://www.ecolecamondo.fr/en/vie-etudiante/echanges-internationaux/
External links
Official web Site
Education in Paris
Architecture schools in France |
4034244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksana | Aksana | Aksana may refer to:
Aksana (given name), a female given name
Aksana (wrestler) (Živilė Raudonienė, born 1982), Lithuanian professional wrestler
Hemaris aksana, a moth of the family Sphingidae.
Kawésqar language, also known as Aksana |
4034247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonauta%20nodosa | Argonauta nodosa | Argonauta nodosus [previously known as Argonauta nodosa], also known as the knobby or knobbed argonaut, is a species of pelagic octopus. The female of the species, like all argonauts, creates a paper-thin eggcase that coils around the octopus much like the way a nautilus lives in its shell (hence the name paper nautilus). The shell is usually approximately 150 mm in length, although it can exceed 250 mm in exceptional specimens; the world record size is 292.0 mm. A. nodosus produces a very characteristic shell, which is covered in many small nodules on the ridges across the shell, hence the specific epithet nodosus and common name. These nodules are less obvious or even absent in juvenile females, especially those under 5 cm in length. All other argonaut species have smooth ridges across the shell walls.
A. nodosus has a relatively wide distribution covering the Indo-Pacific region as well as the eastern coast of South America. The species is most common in southern Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. It is only known from the Southern Hemisphere.
A. nodosus is thought to feed primarily on pelagic molluscs. Captive females have been observed readily taking dead prawns and fish. The species is preyed on by numerous predators. It has been reported in the stomach contents of Alepisaurus ferox from the south-western Pacific. A. nodosus has also been found in the stomach contents of Australian fur seals, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus, in the Bass Strait and southern Tasmania.
Females grow to 100 mm ML and 300 mm total length, while males do not exceed 40 mm in length. The specialised webbed arm pair of this species is covered in numerous chromatophores. Mark Norman notes that "the colour of these webs can quickly change from maroon red to reflective silver".
It has been reported that the egg clusters of A. nodosus from southern Australia can be clearly divided into three portions, each with eggs at a similar developmental stage. Similar development has been observed in the egg masses of Argonauta bottgeri.
A. nodosus is occasionally involved in mass strandings along the South African and southern Australian coastlines. The strandings are seasonal and generally occur between April and August, towards the end of the animals' spawning season.
The type specimen of A. nodosus was collected off the Cape of Good Hope. The type repository is unknown.
References
External links
Tree of Life web project: Argonauta
nodosus
Molluscs described in 1786
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN |
4034249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulda%20Regehr%20Clark | Hulda Regehr Clark | Hulda Regehr Clark (18 October 1928 in Rosthern, Saskatchewan – 3 September 2009 in Chula Vista, California) was a Canadian naturopath, author, and practitioner of alternative medicine. Clark claimed all human disease was related to parasitic infection, and also claimed to be able to cure all diseases, including cancer and HIV/AIDS, by "zapping" them with electrical devices which she marketed. Clark wrote several books describing her methods and operated clinics in the United States. Following a string of lawsuits and eventual action by the Federal Trade Commission, she relocated to Tijuana, Mexico, where she ran the Century Nutrition clinic.
Clark's claims and devices have been dismissed by authorities, ranging from the United States Federal Trade Commission and Food and Drug Administration to CAM figures such as Andrew Weil, as scientifically unfounded, "bizarre", and potentially fraudulent. Clark died 3 September 2009 from blood and bone cancer.
Background
Clark began her studies in biology at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada, where she was awarded Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees. After two years of study at McGill University, she attended the University of Minnesota studying biophysics and cell physiology. She received her doctorate degree in 1958 from the University of Minnesota. Her own biographical sketch states her degree was in physiology, but the Graduate School's Register of Ph.D. Degrees conferred by the University of Minnesota, July 1956-June 1966, states she received a Ph.D. in Zoology in 1958. Her thesis was entitled A Study of the Ion Balance of Crayfish Muscle: evidence for two compartments of cellular potassium.
In 1979, Clark left government-funded research and began private consulting and her own research. From 2002 until her death she operated the Century Nutrition health clinic in Tijuana, Mexico, where her focus was primarily on late-stage cancer patients. Clark and her son Geoff separately owned businesses her patients and others used, including a restaurant, her self-publishing company, and a "self-health" store that sold her inventions. She published several books, including The Cure of All Cancers, The Cure for HIV/AIDS and The Cure For All Diseases. According to civil court records, her books generated over $7 million in sales by 2002, although Clark disputed this figure.
She held a naturopathy degree from the non-accredited and defunct Clayton College of Natural Health a school lacking accreditation from any accreditation agency recognized by the United States Department of Education.
Treatment claims
According to Clark, all disease is caused by foreign organisms and pollutants that damage the immune system. She asserted that eliminating these organisms from the body using herbal or electrical means while removing pollutants from the diet would cure all diseases.
In her book The Cure For All Cancers, Clark postulated all cancers and many other diseases are caused by the flatworm Fasciolopsis buski. "The adult [fluke], though, stays tightly stuck to our intestine or liver, causing cancer, or uterus, causing endometriosis, or thymus, causing AIDS, or kidney, causing Hodgkin's disease)." "I have found that cancer, HIV, diabetes, endometriosis, Hodgkin's disease, Alzheimer's disease, lupus, MS and "universal allergy syndrome" are examples of fluke disease." However, this worm does not live in the United States or Europe, but mainly in India, parts of China, Vietnam and other east-Asian countries, and only in rural areas where people are eating unboiled food from water plants, or where pigs live close to humans. According to Clark, depression is caused by hookworms. Epilepsy and seizures are caused by swelling in the brain, attracting calcium and heavy metals, The swelling being caused by parasites of the genus Ascaris as well as by malvin, a natural dye found in strawberries, chicken, and eggs.
Clark claimed she could cure all diseases, whereas, she asserted, conventional treatments for diseases, such as cancer and HIV/AIDS, often only aim to relieve symptoms. She was described in the book Denying AIDS as "perhaps the first quack AIDS curer." David Amrein's website contains a disclaimer stating that her treatments are "not prescribed as treatment for medical or psychological conditions" and "...the treatments outlined herein are not intended to be a replacement or substitute for other forms of conventional medical treatment." Nonetheless, Clark advocated for the use of her methods as a substitute for standard medical care:
Regarding the effectiveness of her treatment, Clark wrote, "The method is 100% effective in stopping cancer regardless of the type of cancer or how terminal it may be. It follows that this method must work for you, too, if you are able to carry out the instructions."
Major themes in her books
Diet Cleanup: Clark said that most foods and supplements were sullied by contaminants such as heavy metals and mycotoxins
Homeography: According to Clark, a "new science ... which is the electronic analog of homeopathy." She said an electronic signature of a substance can be transferred into bottles making a "bottle copy" of the original substance and that it can be done indefinitely.
Liver flush: She advocated the use of a "liver flush". She said it removes gallstones and parasites from the liver and bile ducts. This involves fasting, epsom salt laxatives and a mixture of olive oil and grapefruit juice (the latter being known to interact with many prescription drugs).
Parasites: Clark said people have parasites that cause numerous problems. She described herbal and electronic methods to remove them, such as her Zapper device (see below).
Syncrometer: A "bioresonance" device developed by Clark and claimed to detect contaminants in substances at an accuracy of one part per quadrillion (ppq).
Zapper: A device to pulse low voltage direct current (DC) through the body at specific frequencies. Clark said this device kills viruses, bacteria and parasites. In one case, a patient with a cardiac pacemaker suffered arrhythmias as a side effect of her "Zapper".
Sting operation, flight, arrest, and legal issues
Indiana
In 1993, while Clark lived and practiced in Indiana, a former patient complained to the Indiana attorney general. An investigator for the Indiana Department of Health and a deputy attorney general visited her office incognito as part of a sting operation. Clark proceeded to test the investigator and "told him he had the HIV virus , but said that he did not have cancer." She told the investigator that she could cure his HIV in three minutes, but that he would "get it back" unless he committed to returning for six more appointments. She then ordered blood tests from a laboratory.
Unknown to the investigators, Clark learned of the undercover investigators' status. She then stated everything she had told them had been a "mistake". Two days later, before an arrest warrant could be served, she had vacated the premises and disappeared.
Six years later, in September 1999, Clark was located and arrested in San Diego, California, based on a fugitive warrant from Indiana. According to Clark, this was the first time she learned about the charge. Her lawyer protested the long delay before her arrest, but a prosecutor implied that she fled Indiana "when she learned that she was being investigated by the state," and the local police department had limited resources to devote to finding her. She was returned to Indiana to stand trial, where she was charged with practicing medicine without a license. The charge was later dismissed for failure to provide her with a speedy trial. The judge's verdict did not address the merits of the charges but only the issue of whether the delay had compromised Clark's ability to mount a defense and her right to a speedy trial.
Mexico
In February 2001, Mexican authorities inspected Clark's Century Nutrition clinic and ordered it shut down, as the clinic had never registered and was operating without a license. In June 2001, the Mexican authorities announced that the clinic would be permitted to reopen, but was prohibited from offering "alternative" treatments. The clinic was also fined 160,000 pesos (about $18,000), and Clark was barred from working in Mexico, even as a consultant; however, the San Diego Union-Tribune reported in 2003 that there was evidence that Clark continued to work at the clinic.
Federal Trade Commission and Food and Drug Administration action
The Federal Trade Commission brought a complaint against the Dr. Clark Research Foundation because of the foundation's claims about the effectiveness of the Syncrometer, the Super-Zapper Deluxe and "Dr. Clark's New 21 Day Program for Advanced Cancers." In November 2004, the case reached stipulated judgment, wherein the case's judge ordered the foundation's operators to offer refunds to the purchasers of these devices and to refrain from making a number of claims about those devices. The Director of Enforcement at the Food and Drug Administration has stated Clark's devices seem to be "fraudulent."
Evaluation of claims and criticism
Hulda Clark has been criticized because her claims lack scientific validity and consist of anecdotal evidence. Joseph Pizzorno, a prominent naturopathic physician, evaluated Clark's claims and found that her books mixed patients with conventionally diagnosed cancer with those whose cancer diagnosis was based solely on her use of the "Syncrometer". The patients with medically diagnosed cancer did not respond to Clark's treatment, while those she had diagnosed using the "Syncrometer" were "cured". Pizzorno concluded that Clark's treatments were ineffective and treatments based on Clark's recommendations "pose a substantive public health danger".
The Swiss Study Group for Complementary and Alternative Methods in Cancer (SCAC) issued a strong warning to cancer patients considering Clark's methods:
Prominent alternative medicine proponent Andrew Weil has written, "No studies have backed up [Clark's] bizarre claims, and it’s unclear whether the cancer patients she’s supposedly cured ever had cancer to begin with."
In 2002, the San Diego Union-Tribune reported Clark and her son Geoff operated a restaurant and leased housing for patients at Clark's Tijuana clinic. The article described a couple whose daughter, suffering from spinal muscular atrophy, was treated for 10 months by Clark at a cost of approximately $30,000 without improvement. Despite the cost and lack of improvement, the couple stated Clark insisted she was close to curing the child, and stopping treatment might endanger her. The patient's mother commented, "People don’t understand why we stayed so long, but Hulda Clark did a very good job of preying on us," and Clark, while stating she could not respond to the parents' allegations on grounds of patient confidentiality, denied their statements in general.
Death
Clark died on 3 September 2009 in Chula Vista, California, of multiple myeloma (a blood and bone cancer). In memoriam, Oskar Thorvaldsson of the Self Health Resource Center, recalled that he first learned that she had been diagnosed by a doctor to have died from arthritis and spinal cord injury. A month later, on 6 October, her family published a summary of the cause of death being multiple myeloma, a blood and bone cancer as "the most likely cause".
Works
The Three Owls Reading Method (1965–67)
The Cure for All Cancers (1993)
The Cure For HIV / AIDS (1993)
The Cure for All Diseases (1995)
The Cure For All Advanced Cancers (1999)
Syncrometer Science Laboratory Manual (2000)
The Prevention of all Cancers (2004)
The Cure and Prevention of All Cancers (2007)
See also
Radionics
List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments
References
External links
Federal Trade Commission Action Against Dr. Clark Research Association
State of Indiana v. Hulda Clark, Probable Cause Affidavit. Filed 16 August 1993.
The Bizarre Claims of Hulda Clark at Quackwatch, which has been involved in litigation with Clark
1928 births
2009 deaths
Alternative cancer treatment advocates
HIV/AIDS denialists
Naturopaths
University of Saskatchewan alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
Deaths from multiple myeloma
People from Rosthern, Saskatchewan
Pseudoscientific diet advocates
Radionic practitioners
Alternative detoxification promoters
Health fraud
Medical controversies in Canada |
4034273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicryl | Vicryl | Vicryl (polyglactin 910) is an absorbable, synthetic, usually braided suture, manufactured by Ethicon Inc., a subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson. A monofilament version is also made for use in ophthalmic practice. It is indicated for soft tissue approximation and ligation. The suture holds its tensile strength for approximately two to three weeks in tissue and is completely absorbed by acid hydrolysis within 56 to 70 days. Vicryl and other polyglycolic-acid sutures may also be treated for more rapid breakdown ("Vicryl Rapide") in rapidly healing tissues such as mucous membrane or impregnated with triclosan ("Vicryl Plus Antibacterial") to provide antimicrobial protection of the suture line. Because Vicryl is slow-absorbing and often braided, its use is contraindicated in the closure of any cutaneous wound exposed to the air, as it draws moisture from the healing tissue to the skin and allows bacteria and irritants to migrate into the wound. This may lead to high reactivity to the contaminants, poor wound healing, and eventually infection.
Although the name "Vicryl" is a trademark of Ethicon, the term "vicryl" has been used generically referring to any synthetic absorbable suture made primarily of polyglycolic acid. Other brands of polyglycolic acid suture include PolySyn, Surgicryl, Polysorb, and Dexon, all of which are manufactured by different companies. Vicryl is a copolymer of lactide (a cyclic diester of lactic acid) and glycolide (a cyclic diester of glycolic acid). In practice, Vicryl comes braided, dyed or undyed with the following decay schedule: 75% at two weeks, 50% at three weeks, and 25% at four weeks (i.e., the sutures retain that proportion of tensile strength at those dates).
References
Surgical suture material |
4034281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuen%20Wan%20Public%20Ho%20Chuen%20Yiu%20Memorial%20College | Tsuen Wan Public Ho Chuen Yiu Memorial College | Tsuen Wan Public Ho Chuen Yiu Memorial College (TWPHCYMC; ) is an English-as-a-medium-of-instruction (EMI) secondary school located at Shek Wai Kok Estate, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong.
History
The school is named after Ho Chuen-yiu, a Tsuen Wan businessman and community leader. He founded the Tsuen Wan Rural Committee and served two terms as the chairman of the Heung Yee Kuk.
The school was founded in 1977 and moved to its current campus in 1978.
Following the handover of Hong Kong in 1997, the Hong Kong government announced that the default medium of instruction would be Chinese, requiring approval from the Education Department for continued use of English. Many EMI schools were thereafter forced to become Chinese-as-a-medium-of-instruction (CMI) schools. TWPHCYMC was one of the schools permitted to continue teaching in English.
Tsang Chi-kin (曾志健), a TWPHCYMC form five student, was shot in the chest by the police during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. The shooting took place in Tsuen Wan during territory-wide unrest on 1 October 2019, China's National Day. Students of TWPHCYMC and other schools protested the following day in support of the student, who survived, and alleged police brutality. Tsang was charged with rioting and assaulting the police. In December 2020 it was reported that Tsang and his girlfriend had escaped Hong Kong and gone into exile.
Following the shooting, the school stated that Tsang would not be expelled. This prompted criticism from Chinese sources, such as the Xinhua News Agency, a mouthpiece of the Chinese Communist Party, which published an editorial attacking the school and Hong Kong educators in general.
School facilities
The school has a computer-assisted learning centre, computerised music room, computerised art room, computer room, student union room, student activity centre, etc. All classrooms are equipped with computers and projectors. All rooms are air-conditioned.
Extra-curricular activities
There are four houses: Integrity, Elegance, Loyalty and Benevolence. More than 10 clubs and societies of academic, service, sports or other interests are also organized.
Healthy school policy
Objectives:
1. To develop a healthy school culture
2. To encourage a healthy lifestyle among students
See also
Education in Hong Kong
List of schools in Hong Kong
References
External links
Educational institutions established in 1977
Secondary schools in Hong Kong
Shek Wai Kok
1977 establishments in Hong Kong |
4034297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolene | Prolene | Prolene is a synthetic, monofilament, nonabsorbable polypropylene suture. It is indicated for skin closure and general soft tissue approximation and ligation. Its advantages include minimal tissue reactivity and durability. Disadvantages include fragility, high plasticity, high expense, and difficulty of use compared to standard nylon sutures.
Composed of an isotactic crystalline stereoisomer of polypropylene, Prolene sutures are intended to be durable and long lasting. They are dyed blue, allowing for easy visibility against skin and when operating. It is composed of a single filament.
A polypropylene mesh is also marketed under the name Prolene by Ethicon. It is used for repairing hernias and other injuries to the fascia.
Prolene commonly is used in both human and veterinary medicine for skin closure. In human medicine it is used in cardiovascular, ophthalmic and neurological procedures. It is often used in conjunction with the absorbable suture Monocryl. Prolene is manufactured by Ethicon Inc., a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson. The name Prolene is a trademark of Ethicon Inc. and is produced in Cornelia, Georgia, USA.
Prolene has also become the mainstay of vascular anastomoses and had facilitated significant advances in cardiac and vascular surgery. It is used on both small vessels such as coronary artery bypasses and large vessels including the aorta. It is used in obstetrical practice, during cesarean sections to suture the rectus sheath of the abdominal wall because it is non-absorbable in nature and provides the sheath the due strength it deserves (rectus sheath is composed of various tendon extensions and muscle fibres and maintains the strength of the abdominal wall; if it becomes weak the abdominal contents start herniating out) it stays there forever and is also often seen during repeat cesarean section as that of the previous section.
Use in paintbrushes
Prolene is also used in the manufacture of artist's watercolour paint brushes. When carefully blended with the traditional material Siberian weasel hair, it produces a brush of comparable quality at a more economical price. See kolinsky sable-hair brush.
See also
Monocryl
External links
Ethicon Product Catalog
Information on Polypropylene Sutures
Information on other Non-Absorbable Sutures
Surgical suture material |
4034299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Australian%20Army%20Educational%20Corps | Royal Australian Army Educational Corps | The Royal Australian Army Educational Corps (RAAEC) is a specialist corps within the Australian Army. Formed in 1949, the corps had its genesis in other services that existed within the Australian forces during World War I and World War II. It is currently made up entirely of commissioned officers and is responsible for the provision of education-related services within the Army. Its various roles include instruction, designing computer-based learning materials, instructional systems, language training, literacy, and numeracy.
History
The RAAEC was established in September 1949 as the Australian Army Educational Corps and was granted Royal assent in 1960. Consisting of the Crown and a boomerang upon which the corps' initials are inscribed superimposed over a "fluted flambeau of flames", the current RAAEC corps badge was adopted in 1964. It is the only corps badge in the Australian Army where the crown does not appear at the top and is based on the badge devised for the Royal Army Educational Corps by King George VI in 1949.
The corps grew out of the Australian Army Education Service (AAES), which was established on 29 October 1943 during World War II, under the command of Colonel Robert Madgwick. Through the AAES, the corps draws its lineage from the Australian Army Education Scheme, which was established under Madgwick on 5 March 1941. That scheme itself was based loosely upon a vocational education scheme that had been established during World War I within the Australian Imperial Force in 1918 under George Merrick Long, as part of the demobilisation and repatriation process.
Throughout its history, the corps has deployed members to support Australian forces deployed on operations. Initially, they deployed to Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force, where they provided education support for service personnel and their children. Later, members of the corps were sent to Korea during the Korean War, where they were attached at battalion level to provide soldiers with training in the field. During the Vietnam War, RAAEC personnel were deployed to support the 1st Australian Task Force at Nui Dat.
Throughout its history, the corps has also provided short and long-term courses to enlisted soldiers. Short-term courses have been developed internally by education staff, while some long-term courses were accredited with external authorities. In Australia during the 1960s and 1970s, many education courses were provided to soldiers as aq requirement for promotion to a higher rank. At the same time, In the (former) Territory of Papua New Guinea, Australian National Servicemen in the education corps provided courses in literacy, numeracy, and citizenship to non-commissioned ranks at various army barracks.
Current role and structure
The RAAEC is responsible for many educational areas of military training, including the development and implementation of technology and communications training at the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy, managing and conducting long-distance education, teaching English to foreign students, analysing education proposals, developing training, and delivering literacy and numeracy and "train the trainer" programs to non-commissioned officers (NCOs) on promotion courses.
Currently, the corps is made up entirely of commissioned officers in the specialist service officer/professionally qualified stream, although in the past the RAAEC has had some NCOs allocated to it. The majority of the corps' personnel are civil qualified teachers; however, additional information technology specialists have been laterally recruited to manage the computer-based learning packages within the Army Learning Production Centre.
Members of the RAAEC are posted to a number of locations including:
Headquarters Forces Command – Army: Sydney;
Army Learning Production Centre (ALPC): Sydney, Brisbane, Albury/Wodonga;
Defence International Training Centre (DITC): Laverton, Victoria;
Various major training establishments in Victoria, New South Wales, Canberra and Queensland;
Individual training centres, located in every state;
Some overseas locations, including positions as language advisors.
The current Colonel-in-Chief of the RAAEC is The Duchess of Gloucester. The current Head of the Corps is Colonel Anita Rynne.
Notes
References
Order of precedence
Educational
Australian army units with royal patronage
1949 establishments in Australia
Military education and training in Australia
Military units and formations established in 1949 |
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